SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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in Basra, Iraq, school principal Ansal stands for a portrait in her office. She says,'Poverty, mental health, child labour, child marriage, are some of the main factors for our students … Poverty is the main issue that makes them drop out school'. Photo credit: © UNICEF/UN0614639/Ibarra Sánchez* ISBN: 9789231007163 https://doi.org/10.54676/EFLH5184 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (https://www.unesco.org/en/ open-access/cc-sa). Images marked with an asterisk (*) do not fall under the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/" CC-BY-SA license and may not be used or reproduced without the prior permission of the copyright holders. <!-- image --> ## S H O R T S U M M A R Y ## How can education systems attract, appoint and retain good education leaders? Leadership matters in education. Strong leaders are needed to help institutions, systems and societies change for the better. Strong leaders work in collaboration with other actors towards the same goals. At the school level, they are the principals but also those who surround them, in the school and in the community, in positions of responsibility. At the system level, they are civil servants working as district officers, supervisors or planners. At the societal level, they are political leaders, as well as a very broad range of actors who help shape education goals, from unions and researchers to civil society and the media. Entitled Lead for learning, this report argues that, in pursuing specific goals, education leaders are more than just managers. They are change agents, who need the time, trust and support to focus on setting a vision and developing the people they serve and work with. The report calls for investment in and empowerment of school and system leaders. There should be fair hiring processes and growth opportunities that recognize the full scope of leaders' roles. Moreover, leadership works best when it is shared, empowering others to lead as they can within their roles. 62% of countries use competitive practices for school leaders' recruitment There is no one leadership style that works. Different contexts, capacities and personalities mean that styles vary, and rightfully so. This, combined with the different goals that each leader is trying to achieve, means that their impact is hard to fully assess. Yet, all research	[ "in", "Basra", ",", "Iraq", ",", "school", "principal", "Ansal", "stands", "for", "a", "portrait", "in", "her", "office", ".", "She", "says,'Poverty", ",", "mental", "health", ",", "child", "labour", ",", "child", "marriage", ",", "are", "some", "of", "the", "main", "factors", "for", "our", "students", "…", "Poverty", "is", "the", "main", "issue", "that", "makes", "them", "drop", "out", "school", "'", ".", "\n\n", "Photo", "credit", ":", "©", "UNICEF", "/", "UN0614639", "/", "Ibarra", "Sánchez", "", "\n\n", "ISBN", ":", "9789231007163", "https://doi.org/10.54676/EFLH5184", "\n\n", "This", "publication", "is", "available", "in", "Open", "Access", "under", "the", "Attribution", "-", "ShareAlike", "3.0", "IGO", "(", "CC", "-", "BY", "-", "SA", "3.0", "IGO", ")", "license", "(", "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/", ")", ".", "By", "using", "the", "content", "of", "this", "publication", ",", "the", "users", "accept", "to", "be", "bound", "by", "the", "terms", "of", "use", "of", "the", "UNESCO", "Open", "Access", "Repository", "(", "https://www.unesco.org/en/", "open", "-", "access", "/", "cc", "-", "sa", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Images", "marked", "with", "an", "asterisk", "(", "", ")", "do", "not", "fall", "under", "the", "\"", "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/", "\"", "CC", "-", "BY", "-", "SA", "license", "and", "may", "not", "be", "used", "or", "reproduced", "without", "the", "prior", "permission", "of", "the", "copyright", "holders", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "S", "H", "O", "R", "T", " ", "S", "U", "M", "M", "A", "R", "Y", "\n\n", "#", "#", "How", "can", "education", "systems", "attract", ",", "appoint", "and", "retain", "good", "education", "leaders", "?", "\n\n", "Leadership", "matters", "in", "education", ".", "Strong", "leaders", "are", "needed", "to", "help", "institutions", ",", "systems", "and", "societies", "change", "for", "the", "better", ".", "Strong", "leaders", "work", "in", "collaboration", "with", "other", "actors", "towards", "the", "same", "goals", ".", "At", "the", "school", "level", ",", "they", "are", "the", "principals", "but", "also", "those", "who", "surround", "them", ",", "in", "the", "school", "and", "in", "the", "community", ",", "in", "positions", "of", "responsibility", ".", "At", "the", "system", "level", ",", "they", "are", "civil", "servants", "working", "as", "district", "officers", ",", "supervisors", "or", "planners", ".", "At", "the", "societal", "level", ",", "they", "are", "political", "leaders", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "very", "broad", "range", "of", "actors", "who", "help", "shape", "education", "goals", ",", "from", "unions", "and", "researchers", "to", "civil", "society", "and", "the", "media", ".", "\n\n", "Entitled", "Lead", "for", "learning", ",", "this", "report", "argues", "that", ",", "in", "pursuing", "specific", "goals", ",", "education", "leaders", "are", "more", "than", "just", "managers", ".", "They", "are", "change", "agents", ",", "who", "need", "the", "time", ",", "trust", "and", "support", "to", "focus", "on", "setting", "a", "vision", "and", "developing", "the", "people", "they", "serve", "and", "work", "with", ".", "The", "report", "calls", "for", "investment", "in", "and", "empowerment", "of", "school", "and", "system", "leaders", ".", "There", "should", "be", "fair", "hiring", "processes", "and", "growth", "opportunities", "that", "recognize", "the", "full", "scope", "of", "leaders", "'", "roles", ".", "Moreover", ",", "leadership", "works", "best", "when", "it", "is", "shared", ",", "empowering", "others", "to", "lead", "as", "they", "can", "within", "their", "roles", ".", "\n\n", "62", "%", "of", "countries", "use", "competitive", "practices", "for", "school", "leaders", "'", "recruitment", "\n\n", "There", "is", "no", "one", "leadership", "style", "that", "works", ".", "Different", "contexts", ",", "capacities", "and", "personalities", "mean", "that", "styles", "vary", ",", "and", "rightfully", "so", ".", "This", ",", "combined", "with", "the", "different", "goals", "that", "each", "leader", "is", "trying", "to", "achieve", ",", "means", "that", "their", "impact", "is", "hard", "to", "fully", "assess", ".", "Yet", ",", "all", "research" ]	[]
gender and women in science and theorizing them based on polycentric historical archives and scholarship that are not always dominated by the English language. In fact, as Naomi Oreskes has pointed out, even in the US context, 'The types of work that women have done in many branches of American science [in the twentieth century] fit conventional notions of objectivity', rather than the opposite. Scientific objectivity, Oreskes countered, was not the most appropriate value for understanding women's invisibility in science; the ideology of scientific heroism was, especially in field sciences like geology and geodesy. 43 At the heart of it, women's invisibility in science is the outcome of power asymmetries, power being a concept which has long engaged feminist scholarship itself. As the chapters in this volume also discuss, across different times and geographies, some historical actors have managed to acquire sufficient political, economic, social and symbolic capital to be in a position to define what 'science' is, what problems are worthy of investigation, who counts as a 'scientist', what counts as 'scientific' labour, who should be rewarded for it and who, indeed, should be preserved in the archives of science. A substantial body of scholarship on science in imperial settings has added flesh to this argument, demonstrating that many of these asymmetries can be traced back to colonial regimes of knowledge and power. In colonial and quasi- colonial contexts like those of India and China, sciencemaking was inseparable from the business of empire- making; heroes - and scientific rationality - were defined by insidious considerations of race, not only gender, sexuality, class, caste and so on. 44 In fact, this is also the case in the American context discussed above; it is one of the reasons Lee Shetterly was asked to justify the significance of her research on Black women mathematicians at NASA. Scholarship on science and imperialism has also been instrumental in recovering the contributions to science of many invisible colonized actors, by moving away from the scientific establishment into the field, the bazaar, the entrepôt and so on, and reconceptualizing science as practice, not only knowledge. 45 It is clear that not all marginalized actors were marginalized in the same way; in/ visibility in science was intersectional. 1 3 If we are to capture their contributions to science, we need to broaden our understanding of what constitutes a 'legitimate' site of knowledge- making and 'legitimate' scientific work.	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Academic Editors: Pascal Venet and Jiangfeng Ni Received: 2 December 2024 Revised: 10 January 2025 Accepted: 13 January 2025 Published: 16 January 2025 Citation: Quintero Pulido, D.F.; Covrig, C.F.; Bruchhausen, M. On the Performance of Portable NiMH Batteries of General Use. Batteries 2025 ,11, 30. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/batteries11010030 Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Article On the Performance of Portable NiMH Batteries of General Use Diego F. Quintero Pulido * , Catalin Felix Covrig and Matthias Bruchhausen European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands; [email protected] (C.F.C.); [email protected] (M.B.) *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: NiMH batteries are the most used technology of rechargeable batteries sold directly to consumers. Herein, we study the performance of the most common sizes of portable NiMH batteries (AA, AAA, D, C, and 9V). The performance and durability parameters—capacity, charge retention, charge recovery, and endurance in cycles—are measured for these types of batteries, according to the standard IEC 61951-2:2017 NiMH batteries. The purpose of this study is to create a basis for setting minimum performance requirements for the parameters in the European Regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries, EU 2023/1542, Annex III, Part B. Results show that the charging time of 16 h could be reduced to 8 h for verifying the rated capacity. The performance of commercial batteries with regard to charge retention, charge recovery, and endurance in cycles is often found to be 25–30% better than required in the relevant IEC standard. Furthermore, we present a short comparative analysis of an application test (IEC 60086-2:2021 “toy”) for portable NiMH batteries with primary batteries. Such data allow comparing the performance of portable NiMH batteries compared to primary batteries in the application test “toy”. Keywords: NiMH battery; performance; portable batteries of general use; IEC standard; AA; AAA; C; D; 9V; battery regulation 1. Introduction The European Parliament and the Council adopted Regulation EU 2023/1542 concern- ing batteries and waste batteries in July 2023 [ 1]. It covers various categories of batteries, and one of its goals is to guarantee minimum performance and durability of batteries in the EU market to reduce environmental impacts. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission supports technical aspects for the regulation’s implementation in the coming years. 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both in terms of the available data (which seem to be relatively skewed towards the technological sectors) and in terms of the dominance of Ukraine in terms of re- cords, compared to the other five countries. Never- theless, the analysis does highlight some relevant information about the innovation potential fuelled by the start-ups and venture capital-backed com- panies in the EaP countries. In particular, several synergies and complementa- rities between different EaP countries are primar- ily found as follows: ■the Software industry is particularly devel- oped in the region, appearing at the top of the rankings (both in terms of company and employment specialisation) for all countries, except Azerbaijan; ■the Software industries in these countries are also mainly active in the Information Technol- ogy, Mobile and Apps sectors. One exception is Georgia, for which a substantial amount of Software companies are related to Financial Services and Payments – two sectors in which the country is the leader in the region accord- ing to all specialisation indices; ■Armenia is predominantly specialised in ‘tech’ sectors; it shares strength in Mobile with Azer- baijan, as both countries feature a relevant number of industries that develop mobile software and apps; ■Ukraine covers sectors which find no corre- spondence in other countries. Table 2.54 presents the recommended selection of industry groups, based on the analysed Crunch- base data on start-ups and venture capital-backed companies. Although no official mapping of the Crunchbase Industry Groups to NACE exists, the above industry groups can be qualitatively led back to the NACE sectors presented in Table 2.55.3.6. Cluster organisations Cluster organisations are relevant intermediary structures which foster industrial, research and in- novation cooperation. Although the number of iden- tified clusters in EaP countries is small, it provides a high-quality view of the formalisation, dynamism and collaboration of the value chains in the various EaP STI ecosystems and can be useful venues sup- porting entrepreneurial discovery process. The existence of cluster or cluster-like structures in the EaP countries can be verified, for instance, by the following two sources: 1. the European Cluster Collaboration Platform 2. the report Review of the state of development of clusters in EaP countries. The European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) is a service facility aiming to provide dy- namic mapping of over 1 000 profiled cluster organisations worldwide. The facility offers a database on regional, national, international and sectoral clusters and their networks, including relevant geographic,	[ "both", "in", "terms", "of", "\n", "the", "available", "data", "(", "which", "seem", "to", "be", "relatively", "\n", "skewed", "towards", "the", "technological", "sectors", ")", "and", "in", "\n", "terms", "of", "the", "dominance", "of", "Ukraine", "in", "terms", "of", "re-", "\n", "cords", ",", "compared", "to", "the", "other", "five", "countries", ".", "Never-", "\n", "theless", ",", "the", "analysis", "does", "highlight", "some", "relevant", "\n", "information", "about", "the", "innovation", "potential", "fuelled", "\n", "by", "the", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "com-", "\n", "panies", "in", "the", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "In", "particular", ",", "several", "synergies", "and", "complementa-", "\n", "rities", "between", "different", "EaP", "countries", "are", "primar-", "\n", "ily", "found", "as", "follows", ":", "\n ", "■", "the", "Software", "industry", "is", "particularly", "devel-", "\n", "oped", "in", "the", "region", ",", "appearing", "at", "the", "top", "of", "\n", "the", "rankings", "(", "both", "in", "terms", "of", "company", "and", "\n", "employment", "specialisation", ")", "for", "all", "countries", ",", "\n", "except", "Azerbaijan", ";", "\n ", "■", "the", "Software", "industries", "in", "these", "countries", "are", "\n", "also", "mainly", "active", "in", "the", "Information", "Technol-", "\n", "ogy", ",", "Mobile", "and", "Apps", "sectors", ".", "One", "exception", "\n", "is", "Georgia", ",", "for", "which", "a", "substantial", "amount", "of", "\n", "Software", "companies", "are", "related", "to", "Financial", "\n", "Services", "and", "Payments", "–", "two", "sectors", "in", "which", "\n", "the", "country", "is", "the", "leader", "in", "the", "region", "accord-", "\n", "ing", "to", "all", "specialisation", "indices", ";", "\n ", "■", "Armenia", "is", "predominantly", "specialised", "in", "‘", "tech", "’", "\n", "sectors", ";", "it", "shares", "strength", "in", "Mobile", "with", "Azer-", "\n", "baijan", ",", "as", "both", "countries", "feature", "a", "relevant", "\n", "number", "of", "industries", "that", "develop", "mobile", "\n", "software", "and", "apps", ";", "\n ", "■", "Ukraine", "covers", "sectors", "which", "find", "no", "corre-", "\n", "spondence", "in", "other", "countries", ".", "\n", "Table", "2.54", "presents", "the", "recommended", "selection", "\n", "of", "industry", "groups", ",", "based", "on", "the", "analysed", "Crunch-", "\n", "base", "data", "on", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "\n", "companies", ".", "\n", "Although", "no", "official", "mapping", "of", "the", "Crunchbase", "\n", "Industry", "Groups", "to", "NACE", "exists", ",", "the", "above", "industry", "\n", "groups", "can", "be", "qualitatively", "led", "back", "to", "the", "NACE", "\n", "sectors", "presented", "in", "Table", "2.55.3.6", ".", "Cluster", "organisations", "\n", "Cluster", "organisations", "are", "relevant", "intermediary", "\n", "structures", "which", "foster", "industrial", ",", "research", "and", "in-", "\n", "novation", "cooperation", ".", "Although", "the", "number", "of", "iden-", "\n", "tified", "clusters", "in", "EaP", "countries", "is", "small", ",", "it", "provides", "\n", "a", "high", "-", "quality", "view", "of", "the", "formalisation", ",", "dynamism", "\n", "and", "collaboration", "of", "the", "value", "chains", "in", "the", "various", "\n", "EaP", "STI", "ecosystems", "and", "can", "be", "useful", "venues", "sup-", "\n", "porting", "entrepreneurial", "discovery", "process", ".", "\n", "The", "existence", "of", "cluster", "or", "cluster", "-", "like", "structures", "\n", "in", "the", "EaP", "countries", "can", "be", "verified", ",", "for", "instance", ",", "\n", "by", "the", "following", "two", "sources", ":", "\n", "1", ".", "the", "European", "Cluster", "Collaboration", "Platform", "\n", "2", ".", "the", "report", "Review", "of", "the", "state", "of", "development", "\n", "of", "clusters", "in", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "The", "European", "Cluster", "Collaboration", "Platform", "\n", "(", "ECCP", ")", "is", "a", "service", "facility", "aiming", "to", "provide", "dy-", "\n", "namic", "mapping", "of", "over", "1", "000", "profiled", "cluster", "\n", "organisations", "worldwide", ".", "The", "facility", "offers", "a", "\n", "database", "on", "regional", ",", "national", ",", "international", "and", "\n", "sectoral", "clusters", "and", "their", "networks", ",", "including", "\n", "relevant", "geographic", "," ]	[]
WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. Geneva: WHO. https://www .who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684.Crashes geolocated from police situation r eports Crashes iden tiﬁed by crow dsourc ed r eports that were geolocat ed and clustered into in dividual cra shes IBRD KEN45648 \| MARCH 2021 PART II Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries Data policies, laws, and regulations: Creating a trust environment Creating value in the data economy: The role of competition, trade, and tax policy Institutions for data governance: Building trust through collective actionAligning data governance with the social contract 5. 6. 7. 8. Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries \| 157Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries5CHAPTER Main messages As new mobile technologies emerge, policy makers should proactively facilitate their rollout by promoting service competition, where possible, and infrastructure sharing, where necessary. Universal service policies should incorporate measures designed to ease the demand-side barriers often faced by those who do not seek data services even when they are locally available. These measures include programs to improve the aﬀ ordability of handsets and data services, while enhancing the digital literacy of excluded groups. To ensure high-speed, cost-eﬀ ective data services, policy makers should facilitate development of domestic data infrastructure that allows local storage, processing, and exchange of data so that data need not travel through distant overseas facilities. A competitive market and open governance arrangements are two policies that support the creation of internet exchange points. Establishment of colocation data centers will depend on a stable investment climate for private sector investors, combined with the availability of low-cost reliable sources of clean energy. 1 2 3 4 158 \| World Development Report 2021 Data infrastructure as a source of inequity Infrastructure is a prerequisite for collecting, exchanging, storing, processing, and distributing modern data because of its digital character. Har - nessing the full economic and social value of modern data services calls for digital infrastructure that is universally accessible, while also offering adequate internet speed at affordable cost. Yet the developing world is lagging behind, with major gaps between rich and poor people on broadband connectivity, and a substantial divide emerging between rich and poor countries in the availability of data infrastructure. Well-designed infrastructure policies are needed to redress these adverse trends. Concerns about inequities in access to data infra-	[ "WHO", "(", "World", "Health", "Organization", ")", ".", "2018", ".", "Global", "Status", " \n", "Report", "on", "Road", "Safety", "2018", ".", "Geneva", ":", "WHO", ".", "https://www", " \n", ".who.int", "/", "publications", "/", "i", "/", "item/9789241565684.Crashes", "geolocated", "from", "police", "situation", "r", "eports", "\n", "Crashes", "iden", "tiﬁed", "by", "crow", "dsourc", "ed", "r", "eports", "that", "were", "geolocat", "ed", "and", "clustered", "\n", "into", "in", "dividual", "cra", "she", "s", "IBRD", "KEN45648", " ", "\|", " ", "MARCH", "2021", "\n", "PART", "II", "\n", "Data", "infrastructure", "policy", ":", "Ensuring", "equitable", "\n", "access", "for", "poor", "people", "and", "poor", "countries", "\n", "Data", "policies", ",", "laws", ",", "and", "regulations", ":", "\n", "Creating", "a", "trust", "environment", "\n", "Creating", "value", "in", "the", "data", "economy", ":", "\n", "The", "role", "of", "competition", ",", "trade", ",", "and", "tax", "policy", "\n", "Institutions", "for", "data", "governance", ":", "\n", "Building", "trust", "through", "collective", "actionAligning", "data", "governance", "\n", "with", "the", "social", "contract", "\n", "5", ".", "\n", "6", ".", "\n", "7", ".", "\n", "8", ".", "\n", "Data", "infrastructure", "policy", ":", "Ensuring", "equitable", "access", "for", "poor", "people", "and", "poor", "countries", " ", "\|", " ", "157Data", "infrastructure", "policy", ":", "\n", "Ensuring", "equitable", "access", "for", "poor", "people", "and", "poor", "countries5CHAPTER", "\n", "Main", "messages", " \n", "As", "new", "mobile", "technologies", "emerge", ",", "policy", "makers", "should", "proactively", "\n", "facilitate", "their", "rollout", "by", "promoting", "service", "competition", ",", "where", "possible", ",", "and", "infrastructure", "sharing", ",", "where", "necessary", ".", "\n", "Universal", "service", "policies", "should", "incorporate", "measures", "designed", "to", "ease", "\n", "the", "demand", "-", "side", "barriers", "often", "faced", "by", "those", "who", "do", "not", "seek", "data", "services", "even", "when", "they", "are", "locally", "available", ".", "These", "measures", "include", "programs", "to", "improve", "the", "aﬀ", " ", "ordability", "of", "handsets", "and", "data", "services", ",", "while", "enhancing", "the", "digital", "literacy", "of", "excluded", "groups", ".", "\n", "To", "ensure", "high", "-", "speed", ",", "cost", "-", "eﬀ", " ", "ective", "data", "services", ",", "policy", "makers", "should", "\n", "facilitate", "development", "of", "domestic", "data", "infrastructure", "that", "allows", "local", "storage", ",", "processing", ",", "and", "exchange", "of", "data", "so", "that", "data", "need", "not", "travel", "through", "distant", "overseas", "facilities", ".", "\n", "A", "competitive", "market", "and", "open", "governance", "arrangements", "are", "two", "policies", "\n", "that", "support", "the", "creation", "of", "internet", "exchange", "points", ".", "Establishment", "of", "colocation", "data", "centers", "will", "depend", "on", "a", "stable", "investment", "climate", "for", "private", "sector", "investors", ",", "combined", "with", "the", "availability", "of", "low", "-", "cost", "reliable", "sources", "of", "clean", "energy", ".", "1", "\n", "2", "\n", "3", "\n", "4", "\n", "158", " ", "\|", " ", "World", "Development", "Report", "2021", "\n", "Data", "infrastructure", "as", "a", "source", "of", "\n", "inequity", "\n", "Infrastructure", "is", "a", "prerequisite", "for", "collecting", ",", "\n", "exchanging", ",", "storing", ",", "processing", ",", "and", "distributing", "modern", "data", "because", "of", "its", "digital", "character", ".", "Har", "-", "\n", "nessing", "the", "full", "economic", "and", "social", "value", "of", "modern", "\n", "data", "services", "calls", "for", "digital", "infrastructure", "that", "is", "universally", "accessible", ",", "while", "also", "offering", "adequate", "internet", "speed", "at", "affordable", "cost", ".", "Yet", "the", "developing", "world", "is", "lagging", "behind", ",", "with", "major", "gaps", "between", "rich", "and", "poor", "people", "on", "broadband", "connectivity", ",", "and", "a", "substantial", "divide", "emerging", "between", "rich", "and", "poor", "countries", "in", "the", "availability", "of", "data", "infrastructure", ".", "Well", "-", "designed", "infrastructure", "policies", "are", "needed", "to", "redress", "these", "adverse", "trends", ".", "\n", "Concerns", "about", "inequities", "in", "access", "to", "data", "infra-", "\n" ]	[ { "end": 152, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 } ]
comes from advertisements and referral programs. Share this page ... Researchers have developed a blueprint for weaving hopfions—complex, knot-like light structures—into repeating spacetime crystals. By exploiting two-color beams, they can generate ordered chains and lattices with tunable topology, potentially revolutionizing data storage, communications, and photonic processing. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image -->	[ "comes", "from", "advertisements", "and", "referral", "programs", ".", "\n\n", "Share", "this", "page", "...", "\n\n", "Researchers", "have", "developed", "a", "blueprint", "for", "weaving", "hopfions", "—", "complex", ",", "knot", "-", "like", "light", "structures", "—", "into", "repeating", "spacetime", "crystals", ".", "By", "exploiting", "two", "-", "color", "beams", ",", "they", "can", "generate", "ordered", "chains", "and", "lattices", "with", "tunable", "topology", ",", "potentially", "revolutionizing", "data", "storage", ",", "communications", ",", "and", "photonic", "processing", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Report", "Ad", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">" ]	[]
offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives School leaders cannot lead schools alone 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 15 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders. Chapter 5 on system leadership points at several key positions in education administration at the local and central levels where officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals and through their effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. At the local level, the roles and responsibilities of system leaders support schools. At the central level, system leaders, by definition, design change that can potentially affect all parts of the system. At the local level, depending on the education system’s governance structures, district education officers, inspectors, supervisors and superintendents may or may not demonstrate a commitment to raising standards, improving individual learning, supporting schools and accounting to communities for the quality of service provided. They may be proactive and resourceful, seeking advice for professional improvement, taking initiative, looking for evidence, planning ahead, anticipating needs and finding solutions, often beyond the call of duty. But even when their roles are clearly described, they may fear taking responsibility and be negligent and insensitive to community needs, and unaware of priorities or ways to address them. They may show favouritism or biases, breach duties, and regard their position not as a public service but as an opportunity for private benefit. At the central level, there are similar issues but an even	[ "offer", "other", "channels", "of", "communication", "with", "the", "school", "community", ".", "These", "bodies", "have", "varying", "formal", "responsibilities", "enshrined", "in", "legislation", "and", "regulations", ".", "Member", "selection", "processes", "aim", "to", "ensure", "representation", ",", "although", "the", "actual", "selection", "is", "the", "result", "of", "social", "dynamics", "and", "may", "lead", "to", "exclusions", ".", "Even", "when", "they", "convene", ",", "these", "management", "bodies", "tend", "to", "be", "consumed", "with", "day", "-", "to", "-", "day", "affairs", "instead", "of", "leadership", ",", "and", "operate", "with", "caution", ",", "focusing", "on", "legal", "responsibilities", ".", "Yet", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "they", "have", "played", "a", "leadership", "role", ",", "helping", "shape", "school", "priorities", "and", "steer", "school", "directors", ".", "\n", "Students", "participate", "in", "school", "councils", ",", "although", "rarely", "\n", "with", "a", "leadership", "element", ".", "Such", "instances", "are", "more", "common", "in", "university", "governance", "and", "management", ",", "especially", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "where", "student", "participation", "is", "considered", "a", "measure", "of", "institutional", "excellence", ".", "The", "ability", "of", "the", "student", "body", "to", "select", "its", "representatives", "\n \n", "School", "leaders", "can", "not", "lead", "schools", "alone", "\n", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORT", "\n", "15", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "transparently", ";", "agree", "on", "clear", "positions", "on", "issues", "related", "to", "\n", "student", "outcomes", ",", "inclusion", "and", "welfare", ";", "and", "demonstrate", "leadership", "varies", "not", "only", "in", "terms", "of", "legal", "frameworks", "but", "also", "by", "the", "political", "culture", ".", "Certain", "conditions", "enable", "the", "meaningful", "participation", "of", "student", "leaders", ".", "\n", "Chapter", "5", "on", "system", "leadership", " ", "points", "at", "several", "key", "\n", "positions", "in", "education", "administration", "at", "the", "local", "and", "\n", "central", "levels", "where", "officials", "can", "exercise", "leadership", "through", "their", "commitment", "to", "the", "achievement", "of", "national", "education", "goals", "and", "through", "their", "effectiveness", "in", "carrying", "out", "their", "responsibilities", ".", "At", "the", "local", "level", ",", "the", "roles", "and", "responsibilities", "of", "system", "leaders", "support", "schools", ".", "At", "the", "central", "level", ",", "system", "leaders", ",", "by", "definition", ",", "design", "change", "that", "can", "potentially", "affect", "all", "parts", "of", "the", "system", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "local", "level", ",", "depending", "on", "the", "education", "system", "’s", "\n", "governance", "structures", ",", "district", "education", "officers", ",", "inspectors", ",", "supervisors", "and", "superintendents", "may", "or", "may", "not", "demonstrate", "a", "commitment", "to", "raising", "standards", ",", "improving", "individual", "learning", ",", "supporting", "schools", "and", "accounting", "to", "communities", "for", "the", "quality", "of", "service", "provided", ".", "They", "may", "be", "proactive", "and", "resourceful", ",", "seeking", "advice", "for", "professional", "improvement", ",", "taking", "initiative", ",", "looking", "for", "evidence", ",", "planning", "ahead", ",", "anticipating", "needs", "and", "finding", "solutions", ",", "often", "beyond", "the", "call", "of", "duty", ".", "But", "even", "when", "their", "roles", "are", "clearly", "described", ",", "they", "may", "fear", "taking", "responsibility", "and", "be", "negligent", "and", "insensitive", "to", "community", "needs", ",", "and", "unaware", "of", "priorities", "or", "ways", "to", "address", "them", ".", "They", "may", "show", "favouritism", "or", "biases", ",", "breach", "duties", ",", "and", "regard", "their", "position", "not", "as", "a", "public", "service", "but", "as", "an", "opportunity", "for", "private", "benefit", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "central", "level", ",", "there", "are", "similar", "issues", "but", "an", "even", "\n" ]	[]
gobernanza y rendición de cuentas, las cuales varían mucho de un país a otro, ya que, a menudo, se basan en normas culturales ( recuadro 1.1 ) (Ärlestig et al., 2016). Las oportunidades para ejercer el liderazgo también varían dependiendo del país, especialmente entre las instituciones educativas. Cada centro preescolar, escuela, instituto técnico y profesional, colegio, universidad y centro de educación de adultos se sitúa en un contexto diferente. Además, sus responsables se enfrentan a expectativas distintas por parte de los miembros de la comunidad a la que sirven. Los centros educativos pequeños y grandes, públicos y privados, urbanos y rurales, con recursos y sin recursos, se enfrentan a condiciones diferentes. Las instituciones que operan en contextos de emergencia o en comunidades étnica y lingüísticamente heterogéneas exigen que los líderes estén profundamente informados y sean sensibles a su entorno. Estas tres preguntas ayudan a enmarcar el debate sobre las funciones de los líderes educativos. En lo que respecta a la primera cuestión -el propósito de la educación-, es posible que los líderes educativos no sepan cómo abordar unos y otros objetivos y corran el riesgo de que los árboles no les dejen ver el bosque. Es posible que centrarse en la mejora de los resultados mensurables del aprendizaje, que es en lo que se basan la mayoría de los estudios de investigación, pueda ir en detrimento de la mejora de otra serie de resultados deseables de la educación, como el establecimiento de un entorno inclusivo ## RECUADRO 1.1: ## Las reformas de la autonomía y la rendición de cuentas en algunos países han configurado la percepción de las funciones de liderazgo educativo a escala mundial Según un informe mundial sobre liderazgo, uno de los principales retos es que, aunque la mayoría de la gente estaría de acuerdo en que el liderazgo es importante para la educación, gran parte de las pruebas que lo corroboran proceden de un número relativamente pequeño de países de altos ingresos, principalmente anglófonos, que, por razones históricas y culturales, han experimentado con enfoques de gobernanza particulares. Sus reformas los distinguen del resto del mundo, sin embargo, ejercen una gran influencia en los debates mundiales sobre liderazgo educativo. La autonomía de las escuelas en cuanto a planificación, presupuestación y asignación de recursos educativos, incluidos los recursos humanos, depende de la centralización del sistema educativo. Los países que han avanzado en la investigación sobre el impacto del liderazgo	[ "gobernanza", "y", "rendición", "de", "cuentas", ",", "las", "cuales", "varían", "mucho", "de", "un", "país", "a", "otro", ",", "ya", "que", ",", "a", "menudo", ",", "se", "basan", "en", "normas", "culturales", "(", "recuadro", "1.1", ")", "(", "Ärlestig", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2016", ")", ".", "Las", "oportunidades", "para", "ejercer", "el", "liderazgo", "también", "varían", "dependiendo", "del", "país", ",", "especialmente", "entre", "las", "instituciones", "educativas", ".", "Cada", "centro", "preescolar", ",", "escuela", ",", "instituto", "técnico", "y", "profesional", ",", "colegio", ",", "universidad", "y", "centro", "de", "educación", "de", "adultos", "se", "sitúa", "en", "un", "contexto", "diferente", ".", "Además", ",", "sus", "responsables", "se", "enfrentan", "a", "expectativas", "distintas", "por", "parte", "de", "los", "miembros", "de", "la", "comunidad", "a", "la", "que", "sirven", ".", "Los", "centros", "educativos", "pequeños", "y", "grandes", ",", "públicos", "y", "privados", ",", "urbanos", "y", "rurales", ",", "con", "recursos", "y", "sin", "recursos", ",", "se", "enfrentan", "a", "condiciones", "diferentes", ".", "Las", "instituciones", "que", "operan", "en", "contextos", "de", "emergencia", "o", "en", "comunidades", "étnica", "y", "lingüísticamente", "heterogéneas", "exigen", "que", "los", "líderes", "estén", "profundamente", "informados", "y", "sean", "sensibles", "a", "su", "entorno", ".", "\n\n", "Estas", "tres", "preguntas", "ayudan", "a", "enmarcar", "el", "debate", "sobre", "las", "funciones", "de", "los", "líderes", "educativos", ".", "En", "lo", "que", "respecta", "a", "la", "primera", "cuestión", "-el", "propósito", "de", "la", "educación-", ",", "es", "posible", "que", "los", "líderes", "educativos", "no", "sepan", "cómo", "abordar", "unos", "y", "otros", "objetivos", "y", "corran", "el", "riesgo", "de", "que", "los", "árboles", "no", "les", "dejen", "ver", "el", "bosque", ".", "Es", "posible", "que", "centrarse", "en", "la", "mejora", "de", "los", "resultados", "mensurables", "del", "aprendizaje", ",", "que", "es", "en", "lo", "que", "se", "basan", "la", "mayoría", "de", "los", "estudios", "de", "investigación", ",", "pueda", "ir", "en", "detrimento", "de", "la", "mejora", "de", "otra", "serie", "de", "resultados", "deseables", "de", "la", "educación", ",", "como", "el", "establecimiento", "de", "un", "entorno", "inclusivo", "\n\n", "#", "#", "RECUADRO", "1.1", ":", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Las", "reformas", "de", "la", "autonomía", "y", "la", "rendición", "de", "cuentas", "en", "algunos", "países", "han", "configurado", "la", "percepción", "de", "las", "funciones", "de", "liderazgo", "educativo", "a", "escala", "mundial", "\n\n", "Según", "un", "informe", "mundial", "sobre", "liderazgo", ",", "uno", "de", "los", "principales", "retos", "es", "que", ",", "aunque", "la", "mayoría", "de", "la", "gente", "estaría", "de", "acuerdo", "en", "que", "el", "liderazgo", "es", "importante", "para", "la", "educación", ",", "gran", "parte", "de", "las", "pruebas", "que", "lo", "corroboran", "proceden", "de", "un", "número", "relativamente", "pequeño", "de", "países", "de", "altos", "ingresos", ",", "principalmente", "anglófonos", ",", "que", ",", "por", "razones", "históricas", "y", "culturales", ",", "han", "experimentado", "con", "enfoques", "de", "gobernanza", "particulares", ".", "Sus", "reformas", "los", "distinguen", "del", "resto", "del", "mundo", ",", "sin", "embargo", ",", "ejercen", "una", "gran", "influencia", "en", "los", "debates", "mundiales", "sobre", "liderazgo", "educativo", ".", "\n\n", "La", "autonomía", "de", "las", "escuelas", "en", "cuanto", "a", "planificación", ",", "presupuestación", "y", "asignación", "de", "recursos", "educativos", ",", "incluidos", "los", "recursos", "humanos", ",", "depende", "de", "la", "centralización", "del", "sistema", "educativo", ".", "Los", "países", "que", "han", "avanzado", "en", "la", "investigación", "sobre", "el", "impacto", "del", "liderazgo" ]	[ { "end": 165, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 144 }, { "end": 159, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 144 }, { "end": 165, "label": "YEAR", "start": 161 } ]
an empty rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. The test mouse was allowed to habituate to the arena for 10 min. After this habituation period, it was guided to the center of the arena, and a novel unfamiliar mouse (juvenile 4-8 week old C57Bl6/J male mouse) was placed into a mesh enclosure in one corner, whereas an identical empty mesh enclosure was placed in the opposite corner of the arena. The mesh enclosure allowed for air exchange, visual, olfactory and auditory interaction, but prevented fighting and biting of the miniature microscope cable by the interactor mouse. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min. Behavioral measurements during this test phase included visits to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object) (<10 cm, for a minimum of 5s) and overall time spent in proximity. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. On test day 2, the same identical procedure was performed, with the position of the empty mesh enclosure and the one containing an unfamiliar interactor exchanged. Tracking was automatically performed using the ANY-maze software and analyzed with custom-written MATLAB (MathWorks) scripts. ## Fear conditioning and memory retrieval On testing day 1 (fear conditioning), mice were placed in a 30 3 30 cm chamber with transparent walls and a metal rod floor (context A) (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy) inside a sound-attenuating chamber under low light conditions. Behavioral protocols for stimuli control were generated using the ANY-maze software via TTL pulses. Following a 240 s acclimation period, an 80 dB white noise [conditioned stimulus (CS)] lasting 30 s followed by a 2 s delivery of a 0.5 mA alternating current footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)] was delivered five times with pseudorandom inter-trial interval (ITI) (range of 64-104 s). The chamber was cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. After twenty-four hours (testing day 2) mice were tested for fear memory retrieval. Animals were placed in a 30 x 30 chamber that differed from the conditioning context by having a solid Plexiglass floor and black and white stripes and squares patterns on the walls. Following a 240 s acclimation period, the same CS, lasting 30 s, was presented five times with a pseudorandom ITI (range of 60-100 s). 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Their leadership styles reflect their personalities and expertise but also adapt to fit their teams’ characteristics, their organizations’ goals and their context. The variety of leadership styles is precisely why there is no easy way of demonstrating how they impact education. It is also why that impact is frequently overlooked. Yet the need for good school, system and political leaders is acute to help drive education in the right direction, particularly as education challenges remain daunting. Leadership is often associated with politics and business. Popular literature on management gives many examples of considering the skills, personality traits, behaviours, styles, motivations and values of leaders, with a tendency to focus on them as exceptional individuals. In one such example, a five-item list describes ‘what effective leaders do’. The authors say that they set standards of excellence and an example for others to follow (‘model the way’); envision an ideal of what an organization can become (‘inspire a shared vision’); look for innovative ways to improve an organization (‘challenge the process’); foster collaboration, strive to create an atmosphere of trust and make each person feel capable (‘enable others to act’); and recognize the contributions that individuals make (‘encourage the heart’) (Kouzes and Posner, 2017). In another well-read publication targeting the business world, leadership is defined as ‘a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal’ (Kruse, 2013). This definition has two implications: first, that leadership is not conferred automatically by being in a position of power but by an ability to affect other people’s actions, and second, that leadership is framed in terms of a goal for which leaders play an important role in its formulation and behind which members of a team, organization or society can rally. In education, a recent definition mirrors these two concepts: ‘leadership is the advocacy of a particular form of organizing’ (Eacott, 2022): ‘advocacy’ stands for an influence process, while the ‘form of organizing’ alludes to the existence of a goal. Considering that leadership in education involves specific goals, a process of influence to mobilize people towards them, and opportunities but also constraints to achieving them, three questions arise. First, what goals do education leaders try to achieve? This report calls all those interested in education to #LeadforLearning. Defining the objectives of learning is a political process that involves everyone with a stake in education. 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abortion was correlated with women's right to control their bodies, the deconstruction of the dominant conceptualization of motherhood, the transformation of the notion of family into a choice and the distinction between sexuality and reproduction. 74 Similarly, contraception was communicated through collective actions for sharing experiences and knowledge, as a continuous mutual learning process. 75 In such articles, contraception as part of birth control was correlated with women's and social liberation, which contradicted the established 'sexophobic ideology'. The contextualization of the issue included the study of women's reproductive organs and menstrual cycle, while at the same time it was conceived as a step towards the reformation of the women's relationship with the doctors based on equality. 76 Last, related analysis perceived contraception as a 'women's right and state's duty' linked to the 'improvement of women's sexual life'. 77 ## Conclusion In this chapter, I examined the relationship between science and society in the second half of the twentieth century in Greece by focusing on the public presence of abortion and contraception, right after the first feminist attempts to secure reproductive justice. More specifically, I documented the publics and counterpublics of birth control, focusing on the meanings embodied in the discourses produced by different social groups. I have emphasized the role of gender power relations in science communication practices and argued that this methodological path could operate as a lens that enables us to depict the overlooked role of women in the reconstruction of the relationship between science and society. To that end, I have used the feminist and queer approaches regarding the notion of the public sphere and showed that approaching the concept as a complex and fluid entity is necessary for examining herstories of science communication and, consequently, women's involvement in science. It is exactly this fluidity that I suggest shows the multilayered phenomenon of the relationship between science and society and reveals women's engagement with different forms of knowledge. In examining the publics of birth control, I have focused on the press - the public debate, the medical, political and religious/ religion- friendly spheres. Regarding the press, I demonstrated how polarization became the primary practice of the communication of birth control and resulted in the de- scientization of abortion and contraception in the public discourses. In other words, focusing on presenting opinions of different social groups for or against the decriminalization of abortions or the use of contraception,	[ "abortion", "was", "correlated", "with", "women", "'s", "right", "to", "control", "their", "bodies", ",", "the", "deconstruction", "of", "the", "dominant", "conceptualization", "of", "motherhood", ",", "the", "transformation", "of", "the", "notion", "of", "family", "into", "a", "choice", "and", "the", "distinction", "between", "sexuality", "and", "reproduction", ".", "74", "\n\n", "Similarly", ",", " ", "contraception", " ", "was", " ", "communicated", " ", "through", " ", "collective", " ", "actions", "for", " ", "sharing", " ", "experiences", " ", "and", " ", "knowledge", ",", "as", "a", "continuous", "mutual", "learning", "process", ".", "75", " ", "In", "such", "articles", ",", "contraception", "as", "part", "of", "birth", "control", "was", "correlated", "with", "women", "'s", "and", "social", "liberation", ",", "which", "contradicted", "the", "established", "\n\n", "'", "sexophobic", "ideology", "'", ".", "The", "contextualization", "of", "the", "issue", "included", "the", "study", "of", "women", "'s", "reproductive", "organs", "and", "menstrual", "cycle", ",", "while", "at", "the", "same", "time", "it", "was", "conceived", "as", "a", "step", "towards", "the", "reformation", "of", "the", "women", "'s", "relationship", "with", "the", "doctors", "based", "on", "equality", ".", "76", " ", "Last", ",", "related", "analysis", "perceived", "contraception", "as", "a", "'", "women", "'s", "right", "and", "state", "'s", "duty", "'", "linked", "to", "the", "'", "improvement", "of", "women", "'s", "sexual", "life", "'", ".", "77", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Conclusion", "\n\n", "In", "this", "chapter", ",", "I", "examined", "the", "relationship", "between", "science", "and", "society", "in", "the", "second", "half", "of", "the", "twentieth", "century", "in", "Greece", "by", "focusing", "on", "the", "public", "presence", "of", "abortion", "and", "contraception", ",", "right", "after", "the", "first", "feminist", "attempts", "to", "secure", "reproductive", "justice", ".", "More", "specifically", ",", "I", "documented", "the", "publics", "and", "counterpublics", "of", "birth", "control", ",", "focusing", "on", "the", "meanings", "embodied", "in", " ", "the", " ", "discourses", " ", "produced", " ", "by", " ", "different", " ", "social", " ", "groups", ".", " ", "I", " ", "have", " ", "emphasized", "the", "role", "of", "gender", "power", "relations", "in", "science", "communication", "practices", "and", "argued", "that", "this", "methodological", "path", "could", "operate", "as", "a", "lens", "that", "enables", "us", "to", "depict", "the", "overlooked", "role", "of", "women", "in", "the", "reconstruction", "of", "the", "relationship", "between", "science", "and", "society", ".", "To", "that", "end", ",", "I", "have", "used", "the", "feminist", "and", "queer", "approaches", "regarding", "the", "notion", "of", "the", "public", "sphere", "and", "showed", "that", "approaching", "the", "concept", "as", "a", "complex", "and", "fluid", "entity", "is", "necessary", "for", "examining", "herstories", "of", "science", "communication", "and", ",", "consequently", ",", "women", "'s", "involvement", "in", "science", ".", "It", "is", "exactly", "this", "fluidity", "that", "I", "suggest", "shows", "the", "multilayered", "phenomenon", "of", "the", "relationship", "between", "science", "and", "society", "and", "reveals", "women", "'s", "engagement", "with", "different", "forms", "of", "knowledge", ".", "\n\n", "In", "examining", "the", "publics", "of", "birth", "control", ",", "I", "have", "focused", "on", "the", "press", "-", "the", "public", "debate", ",", "the", "medical", ",", "political", "and", "religious/", " ", "religion-", " ", "friendly", "spheres", ".", "Regarding", " ", "the", " ", "press", ",", " ", "I", " ", "demonstrated", " ", "how", " ", "polarization", " ", "became", " ", "the", " ", "primary", "practice", "of", "the", "communication", "of", "birth", "control", "and", "resulted", "in", "the", "de-", " ", "scientization", "of", "abortion", "and", "contraception", "in", "the", "public", "discourses", ".", "In", "other", "words", ",", "focusing", "on", "presenting", "opinions", "of", "different", "social", "groups", "for", "or", "against", "the", "decriminalization", "of", "abortions", "or", "the", "use", "of", "contraception", "," ]	[ { "end": 251, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 249 }, { "end": 414, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 412 }, { "end": 829, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 827 }, { "end": 970, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 968 } ]
sharks. Divers collected more than 600 discarded teeth from an aquarium housing the sharks. 16 teeth – those that were completely intact and undamaged – were used for the pH experiment, while 36 more teeth were used to measure before and after circumference. The teeth were incubated for eight weeks in separate 20-liter tanks. “This study began as a bachelor’s project and grew into a peer-reviewed publication. It’s a great example of the potential of student research,” said the study’s senior author, Prof Sebastian Fraune, who heads the Zoology and Organismic Interactions Institute at HHU. “Curiosity and initiative can spark real scientific discovery.” Compared to the teeth incubated at 8.1 pH, the teeth exposed to more acidic water were significantly more damaged. “We observed visible surface damage such as cracks and holes, increased root corrosion, and structural degradation,” said Fraune. Tooth circumference was also greater at higher pH levels. Teeth, however, did not actually grow, but the surface structure became more irregular, resulting in it appearing larger on 2D images. While an altered tooth surface may improve cutting efficiency, it potentially also makes teeth structurally weaker and more prone to break. Small damage, big effects The study only looked at discarded teeth of non-living mineralized tissue, which means repair processes that may happen in living organisms could not be considered. “In living sharks, the situation may be more complex. They could potentially remineralize or replace damaged teeth faster, but the energy costs of this would be probably higher in acidified waters,” Fraune explained. Blacktip reef sharks must swim with their mouths permanently open to be able to breathe, so teeth are constantly exposed to water. If the water is too acidic, the teeth automatically take damage, especially if acidification intensifies, the researchers said. “Even moderate drops in pH could affect more sensitive species with slow tooth replication circles or have cumulative impacts over time,” Baum pointed out. “Maintaining ocean pH near the current average of 8.1 could be critical for the physical integrity of predators’ tools.” In addition, the study only focused on the chemical effects of ocean acidification on non-living tissue. Future studies should examine changes to teeth, their chemical structure, and mechanical resilience in live sharks, the researchers said. The study shows, however, that microscopic damage might be enough to pose a serious problem for animals depending on their teeth for survival. “It’s a reminder that climate change	[ "sharks", ".", "Divers", "collected", "more", "than", "600", "discarded", "teeth", "from", "an", "aquarium", "housing", "the", "sharks", ".", "16", "teeth", "–", "those", "that", "were", "completely", "intact", "and", "undamaged", "–", "were", "used", "for", "the", "pH", "experiment", ",", "while", "36", "more", "teeth", "were", "used", "to", "measure", "before", "and", "after", "circumference", ".", "The", "teeth", "were", "incubated", "for", "eight", "weeks", "in", "separate", "20", "-", "liter", "tanks", ".", "“", "This", "study", "began", "as", "a", "bachelor", "’s", "project", "and", "grew", "into", "a", "peer", "-", "reviewed", "publication", ".", "It", "’s", "a", "great", "example", "of", "the", "potential", "of", "student", "research", ",", "”", "said", "the", "study", "’s", "senior", "author", ",", "Prof", "Sebastian", "Fraune", ",", "who", "heads", "the", "Zoology", "and", "Organismic", "Interactions", "Institute", "at", "HHU", ".", "“", "Curiosity", "and", "initiative", "can", "spark", "real", "scientific", "discovery", ".", "”", "\n\n\n", "Compared", "to", "the", "teeth", "incubated", "at", "8.1", "pH", ",", "the", "teeth", "exposed", "to", "more", "acidic", "water", "were", "significantly", "more", "damaged", ".", "“", "We", "observed", "visible", "surface", "damage", "such", "as", "cracks", "and", "holes", ",", "increased", "root", "corrosion", ",", "and", "structural", "degradation", ",", "”", "said", "Fraune", ".", "Tooth", "circumference", "was", "also", "greater", "at", "higher", "pH", "levels", ".", "Teeth", ",", "however", ",", "did", "not", "actually", "grow", ",", "but", "the", "surface", "structure", "became", "more", "irregular", ",", "resulting", "in", "it", "appearing", "larger", "on", "2D", "images", ".", "While", "an", "altered", "tooth", "surface", "may", "improve", "cutting", "efficiency", ",", "it", "potentially", "also", "makes", "teeth", "structurally", "weaker", "and", "more", "prone", "to", "break", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Small", "damage", ",", "big", "effects", "\n\n\n", "The", "study", "only", "looked", "at", "discarded", "teeth", "of", "non", "-", "living", "mineralized", "tissue", ",", "which", "means", "repair", "processes", "that", "may", "happen", "in", "living", "organisms", "could", "not", "be", "considered", ".", "“", "In", "living", "sharks", ",", "the", "situation", "may", "be", "more", "complex", ".", "They", "could", "potentially", "remineralize", "or", "replace", "damaged", "teeth", "faster", ",", "but", "the", "energy", "costs", "of", "this", "would", "be", "probably", "higher", "in", "acidified", "waters", ",", "”", "Fraune", "explained", ".", "\n\n\n", "Blacktip", "reef", "sharks", "must", "swim", "with", "their", "mouths", "permanently", "open", "to", "be", "able", "to", "breathe", ",", "so", "teeth", "are", "constantly", "exposed", "to", "water", ".", "If", "the", "water", "is", "too", "acidic", ",", "the", "teeth", "automatically", "take", "damage", ",", "especially", "if", "acidification", "intensifies", ",", "the", "researchers", "said", ".", "“", "Even", "moderate", "drops", "in", "pH", "could", "affect", "more", "sensitive", "species", "with", "slow", "tooth", "replication", "circles", "or", "have", "cumulative", "impacts", "over", "time", ",", "”", "Baum", "pointed", "out", ".", "“", "Maintaining", "ocean", "pH", "near", "the", "current", "average", "of", "8.1", "could", "be", "critical", "for", "the", "physical", "integrity", "of", "predators", "’", "tools", ".", "”", "\n\n\n", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "study", "only", "focused", "on", "the", "chemical", "effects", "of", "ocean", "acidification", "on", "non", "-", "living", "tissue", ".", "Future", "studies", "should", "examine", "changes", "to", "teeth", ",", "their", "chemical", "structure", ",", "and", "mechanical", "resilience", "in", "live", "sharks", ",", "the", "researchers", "said", ".", "The", "study", "shows", ",", "however", ",", "that", "microscopic", "damage", "might", "be", "enough", "to", "pose", "a", "serious", "problem", "for", "animals", "depending", "on", "their", "teeth", "for", "survival", ".", "“", "It", "’s", "a", "reminder", "that", "climate", "change" ]	[]
the way the Ministry tried to limit the number of medical professionals working in schools getting tenure. It was also because many of them had started their jobs as school doctors shortly before the law allowing them to work in secondary schools for girls was passed, in 1928. Consequently, they did not have the requested three provisional years, even though they possessed the mandatory School Hygiene diploma. 162 Negotiating in/visibility To illustrate the professional trajectory for women who decided to become school doctors, I have selected two cases that are representative for this career, made possible by the 1928 law. Medicine had been a highly respected profession since the nineteenth century, allowing those who prac - tised it financial independence and bringing them social prestige. However, even though women were allowed to study in medical schools in Europe around the turn of the century,57 not all of them ended up practising,58 while others occupied subordinated positions inside the public health administra - tion.59 Although after the war the number of female students in medicine in Greater Romania increased and they began working in hospitals, materni - ties and other healthcare institutions, it was still male doctors who consti - tuted the majority of medical personnel leading and working in the sanitary administration.60 Therefore, when the 1928 law was passed, the recruit - ment of female doctors for the public health administration was still in its infancy. By then however there were two different generations of female medical graduates: women born at the end of the previous century, who had finished their studies prior to the war, and those born at the turn of the century, who had studied during the 1920s. The cases I have selected are representative of the two categories: the first doctor belongs to the first gen - eration of female professionals, while the latter belongs to the second gen - eration. Still, one can notice that both women had been appointed hygiene teachers and had also been granted tenure around the same year. As those moments were almost simultaneous, one can conclude that age or genera - tional traits did not have a significant impact on the opportunities that the new law opened for female doctors. Their professional paths seemed to have depended entirely on the financial capacity of the public school administra - tion to accommodate them. Eliza Ștefănescu Eliza Ștefănescu was born in 1882	[ "the", "way", "the", "Ministry", "tried", "to", "limit", "the", "number", "of", "medical", "professionals", "\n", "working", "in", "schools", "getting", "tenure", ".", "It", "was", "also", "because", "many", "of", "them", "had", "\n", "started", "their", "jobs", "as", "school", "doctors", "shortly", "before", "the", "law", "allowing", "them", "\n", "to", "work", "in", "secondary", "schools", "for", "girls", "was", "passed", ",", "in", "1928", ".", "Consequently", ",", "\n", "they", "did", "not", "have", "the", "requested", "three", "provisional", "years", ",", "even", "though", "they", "\n", "possessed", "the", "mandatory", "School", "Hygiene", "diploma", ".", " \n \n \n", "162", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "To", "illustrate", "the", "professional", "trajectory", "for", "women", "who", "decided", "to", "\n", "become", "school", "doctors", ",", "I", "have", "selected", "two", "cases", "that", "are", "representative", "\n", "for", "this", "career", ",", "made", "possible", "by", "the", "1928", "law", ".", "Medicine", "had", "been", "a", "highly", "\n", "respected", "profession", "since", "the", "nineteenth", "century", ",", "allowing", "those", "who", "prac", "-", "\n", "tised", "it", "financial", "independence", "and", "bringing", "them", "social", "prestige", ".", "However", ",", "\n", "even", "though", "women", "were", "allowed", "to", "study", "in", "medical", "schools", "in", "Europe", "\n", "around", "the", "turn", "of", "the", "century,57", "not", "all", "of", "them", "ended", "up", "practising,58", "while", "\n", "others", "occupied", "subordinated", "positions", "inside", "the", "public", "health", "administra", "-", "\n", "tion.59", "Although", "after", "the", "war", "the", "number", "of", "female", "students", "in", "medicine", "in", "\n", "Greater", "Romania", "increased", "and", "they", "began", "working", "in", "hospitals", ",", "materni", "-", "\n", "ties", "and", "other", "healthcare", "institutions", ",", "it", "was", "still", "male", "doctors", "who", "consti", "-", "\n", "tuted", "the", "majority", "of", "medical", "personnel", "leading", "and", "working", "in", "the", "sanitary", "\n", "administration.60", "Therefore", ",", "when", "the", "1928", "law", "was", "passed", ",", "the", "recruit", "-", "\n", "ment", "of", "female", "doctors", "for", "the", "public", "health", "administration", "was", "still", "in", "its", "\n", "infancy", ".", "By", "then", "however", "there", "were", "two", "different", "generations", "of", "female", "\n", "medical", "graduates", ":", "women", "born", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "previous", "century", ",", "who", "\n", "had", "finished", "their", "studies", "prior", "to", "the", "war", ",", "and", "those", "born", "at", "the", "turn", "of", "the", "\n", "century", ",", "who", "had", "studied", "during", "the", "1920s", ".", "The", "cases", "I", "have", "selected", "are", "\n", "representative", "of", "the", "two", "categories", ":", "the", "first", "doctor", "belongs", "to", "the", "first", "gen", "-", "\n", "eration", "of", "female", "professionals", ",", "while", "the", "latter", "belongs", "to", "the", "second", "gen", "-", "\n", "eration", ".", "Still", ",", "one", "can", "notice", "that", "both", "women", "had", "been", "appointed", "hygiene", "\n", "teachers", "and", "had", "also", "been", "granted", "tenure", "around", "the", "same", "year", ".", "As", "those", "\n", "moments", "were", "almost", "simultaneous", ",", "one", "can", "conclude", "that", "age", "or", "genera", "-", "\n", "tional", "traits", "did", "not", "have", "a", "significant", "impact", "on", "the", "opportunities", "that", "the", "\n", "new", "law", "opened", "for", "female", "doctors", ".", "Their", "professional", "paths", "seemed", "to", "have", "\n", "depended", "entirely", "on", "the", "financial", "capacity", "of", "the", "public", "school", "administra", "-", "\n", "tion", "to", "accommodate", "them", ".", "\n", "Eliza", "Ștefănescu", "\n", "Eliza", "Ștefănescu", "was", "born", "in", "1882" ]	[ { "end": 931, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 929 }, { "end": 970, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 968 }, { "end": 1062, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1060 }, { "end": 1378, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1376 } ]
\| [56] \| \| WHO (2024), WHO COVID-19 dashboard , https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?m49=404&n=o. \| [14] \| \| WHO (2023), COVID-19 Response Fund , https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/ke (accessed on 12 June 2023). WHO (2023), The Engagement of Civil Society Organizations in the COVID-19 Response in the WHO African Region , WHO Regional Office for Africa, \| [42] [75] \| \| https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/366388/9789290234876- eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. \| \| \| WHO (2022), COVID-19 VACCINATION IN THE WHO AFRICAN REGION , https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/352340/CV-20220307-eng.pdf. \| [39] \| \| WHO (2020), Covid-19 in Africa: Response areas , https://www.afro.who.int/covid-19-africa- response-areas (accessed on 12 June 2023). \| [55] \| \| WHO (2020), The EU and WHO working Together to Defeat COVID-19 in Kenya , https://www.afro.who.int/news/eu-and-who-working-together-defeat-covid-19-kenya (accessed on 12 June 2023). \| [59] \| \| WHO/UNICEF (2022), Kenya: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: 2021 revision , https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ken.pdf. \| [8] \| \| World Bank (2024), World Development Indicators , https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators/preview/on#. \| [17] \|  [1] \| World Bank (2023), The World Bank in Kenya , \| [1] \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------\| \| https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kenya/overview (accessed on 12 June 2023). \| \| \| World Bank (2022), Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review \| [44] \| \| of Country Measures , World Bank, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- \| \| \| reports/documentdetail/110221643895832724/social-protection-and-jobs-responses-to- \| \| \| covid-19-a-real-time-review-of-country-measures (accessed on 6 April 2023). \| \| \| World Bank (2021), Kenya Secures $130 Million for COVID-19 Vaccines , \| [49] \| \| https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/06/28/kenya-secures-130-million-for- covid-19-vaccines (accessed on 12 June 2023). \| \| \| World Bank (2021), PROJECT PAPER: SECOND ADDITIONAL FINANCING FOR KENYA \| [29] \| \| COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT , https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/774251625191282014/pdf/Kenya-COVID-19- \| \| \| World Bank (2020), Implementation Status & Results Report: KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH \| [48] \| \| EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT (P173820) , \| \| \| https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/764231608307099083/pdf/Disclosable- Version-of-the-ISR-KENYA-COVID-19-HEALTH-EMERGENCY-RESPONSE-PROJECT- \| \| \| P173820-Sequence-No-02.pdf. \| \| \| World Bank (2020), Project Paper: KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE \| [23] \| \| PROJECT , https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/231411611543772887/pdf/Kenya- \| \| \| COVID-19-Health-Emergency-Response-Project-Additional-Financing.pdf. \| \| \| World Bank (2020), Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in Kenya , \| [18] \| \| https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- \| \| ## Notes - 1 The 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- 7 E. Geoff, 'Politics, culture and the public sphere', Positions , 10: 1 (2002), 230. - 8 M. Hawkesworth, 'Gender and the 'public': A theoretical overview', paper presented at the 20th Congress of the International Political Science Association, 9- 13 July 2006. - 9 P. Werbner, 'Political motherhood and the feminization of citizenship: Women's activism and the transformation of the public sphere', in N. Yuval- Davis and P. Werbner (eds), Women, Citizenship and Difference (Postcolonial Encounters) (London: Zed Books, 1999), p. 221. - 10 Geoff, 'Politics, culture and the public sphere', p. 230. - 11 M. M. Ferree, W. A. Gamson, J. Gerhards and D. Rucht, 'Four models of the public sphere in modern democracies', Theory and Society , 31 (2002), 307. - 12 R. Benson, 'Shaping the public sphere: Habermas and beyond', American Sociologist , 40 (2009), 178. - 13 M. Loehwing and J. Motter, 'Publics, counterpublics and the promise of democracy', Philosophy & Rhetoric , 42: 3 (2009), 220- 41. - 14 Loehwing and Motter, 'Public, counterpublics', p. 221. 2 9 5 - 15 S. Susen, 'Critical notes on Habermas's theory of the public sphere', Sociological Analysis , 5: 1 (2011), 52. - 16 Susen, 'Critical notes', p. 53. - 17 Susen, 'Critical notes', p. 55. - 18 M. Pajnik, 'Feminist reflections on Habermas's communicative action: The need for an inclusive political theory', European Journal of Social Theory , 9: 3 (2006), 391. - 19 J. Rendal, 'Women and the public sphere', Gender & History, 11: 3 (1999), 482. - 20 N. Fraser, 'Transnationalizing the public sphere: On the legitimacy and efficacy of public opinion in a post- Westphalian world', Theory Culture Society , 24 (2007), 7- 30. - 21 N. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy', Social Text , 25: 26 (1990), 67- 68. - 22 N. Fraser, 'Politics, culture, and the public sphere: Toward a postmodern conception', in L. Nicholson and S. Seidman (eds), Social Postmodernism: Beyond Identity Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995), p. 291. - 23 M. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (London: Zone Books, 2005), p. 56. - 24 Warner, Publics and Counterpublics , p. 58. - 25 Loehwing and Motter, 'Publics and counterpublics', p. 223. - 26 R. Cohen and S. O'Byrne, ' 'Can you hear me now…Good!' Feminism(s), the public/ private divide, and Citizens United v. FEC', UCLA Journal of Gender and Law , 20: 1 (2013), 39. - 27 The Junta of the Colonels (1967- 74). The fall of the dictatorial regime and the military government was defined by the Polytechnic Uprising, a dynamic rebellion that started with the occupation of the National Technical University of Athens and ended with the tank invasion and bloodshed of 17 November 1973. See A. 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the skull using ultraviolet light-curable glue (Loctite 4305, Henkel) and miniature screws (P.A. Precision Screws). Dental acrylic (Paladur, Heraeus) was used to seal the skull and attach a custom-made head bar for animal head fixation during the miniature microscope mounting procedure. Mice were allowed to recover for 1 week after surgery before checking for GCaMP6s expression. ## Optogenetic manipulations VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 45) were bilaterally injected with AAV2/5.CAG.flex.ArchT-GFP (University of North Carolina vector core, UNC) or AAV2/5.CAG.flex.GFP (University of North Carolina vector core, UNC) into the aIC (300 nL per hemisphere, coordinates from bregma: AP: +1.95 mm; ML: ± 2.85 mm; DV: 3.3 mm). Immediately after the AAV injection, mice were bilaterally implanted with custom-made optic fiber connectors (fiber numerical aperture 0.5, fiber inner core diameter 200 m m, length: 5mm; Thorlabs). Fiber tips were lowered 3 mm below the cortical surface using a custom-built holder. Implants were fixed to the skull using cyanoacrylate glue (Ultra Gel, Henkel) and miniature screws (P.A. Precision Screws). Dental acrylic was used to seal the skull. Mice were allowed to recover for a minimum of 4 weeks before behavioral testing to ensure adequate viral transduction. ## Deep-brain Ca 2+ imaging Ca 2+ imaging studies in freely moving mice were performed via the implanted GRIN lens using a miniaturized microscope (nVista, V3, nVista HD; Inscopix) as previously described (Ghosh et al., 2011). A base plate for the miniature microscope was glued to the dental acrylic implant at least 1 week before the start of behavioral experiments. During this time, mice were habituated to a brief head-fixation on a running wheel in a custom-made mounting station and to the miniature microscope attachment procedure. Images were acquired using the nVista HD software (Inscopix) at 1024 x 800 pixels, covering a field-of-view of approximately 600 m m 3 600 m m , at a frame rate of 20 Hz. Imaging parameters were set at LED power of 40-80% (0.9-1.7 mW at the objective, 475 nm). For each mouse, the same parameters were maintained across repeated behavioral sessions. Time stamps of imaging <!-- image --> <!-- image --> frames and behavioral stimuli were collected for alignment using the AMi-2 Digital interface (ANY-maze). All behavioral sessions were recorded using an overhead camera and the ANY-maze software. ## Social preference test Social preference was assessed by means of a modified classical three-chamber social task (Ramos-Prats et al., 2019), consisting of	[ "the", "skull", "using", "ultraviolet", "light", "-", "curable", "glue", "(", "Loctite", "4305", ",", "Henkel", ")", "and", "miniature", "screws", "(", "P.A.", "Precision", "Screws", ")", ".", "Dental", "acrylic", "(", "Paladur", ",", "Heraeus", ")", "was", "used", "to", "seal", "the", "skull", "and", "attach", "a", "custom", "-", "made", "head", "bar", "for", "animal", "head", "fixation", "during", "the", "miniature", "microscope", "mounting", "procedure", ".", "Mice", "were", "allowed", "to", "recover", "for", "1", "week", "after", "surgery", "before", "checking", "for", "GCaMP6s", "expression", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Optogenetic", "manipulations", "\n\n", "VIP", "-", "ires", "-", "cre", "mice", "(", "N", "=", "45", ")", "were", "bilaterally", "injected", "with", "AAV2/5.CAG.flex", ".", "ArchT", "-", "GFP", "(", "University", "of", "North", "Carolina", "vector", "core", ",", "UNC", ")", "or", "AAV2/5.CAG.flex", ".", "GFP", "(", "University", "of", "North", "Carolina", "vector", "core", ",", "UNC", ")", "into", "the", "aIC", "(", "300", "nL", "per", "hemisphere", ",", "coordinates", "from", "bregma", ":", "AP", ":", "+1.95", "mm", ";", "ML", ":", "±", "2.85", "mm", ";", "DV", ":", "3.3", "mm", ")", ".", "Immediately", "after", "the", "AAV", "injection", ",", "mice", "were", "bilaterally", "implanted", "with", "custom", "-", "made", "optic", "fiber", "connectors", "(", "fiber", "numerical", "aperture", "0.5", ",", "fiber", "inner", "core", "diameter", "200", "m", "m", ",", "length", ":", "5", "mm", ";", "Thorlabs", ")", ".", "Fiber", "tips", "were", "lowered", "3", "mm", "below", "the", "cortical", "surface", "using", "a", "custom", "-", "built", "holder", ".", "Implants", "were", "fixed", "to", "the", "skull", "using", "cyanoacrylate", "glue", "(", "Ultra", "Gel", ",", "Henkel", ")", "and", "miniature", "screws", "(", "P.A.", "Precision", "Screws", ")", ".", "Dental", "acrylic", "was", "used", "to", "seal", "the", "skull", ".", "Mice", "were", "allowed", "to", "recover", "for", "a", "minimum", "of", "4", "weeks", "before", "behavioral", "testing", "to", "ensure", "adequate", "viral", "transduction", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Deep", "-", "brain", "Ca", "2", "+", "imaging", "\n\n", "Ca", "2", "+", "imaging", "studies", "in", "freely", "moving", "mice", "were", "performed", "via", "the", "implanted", "GRIN", "lens", "using", "a", "miniaturized", "microscope", "(", "nVista", ",", "V3", ",", "nVista", "HD", ";", "Inscopix", ")", "as", "previously", "described", "(", "Ghosh", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2011", ")", ".", "A", "base", "plate", "for", "the", "miniature", "microscope", "was", "glued", "to", "the", "dental", "acrylic", "implant", "at", "least", "1", "week", "before", "the", "start", "of", "behavioral", "experiments", ".", "During", "this", "time", ",", "mice", "were", "habituated", "to", "a", "brief", "head", "-", "fixation", "on", "a", "running", "wheel", "in", "a", "custom", "-", "made", "mounting", "station", "and", "to", "the", "miniature", "microscope", "attachment", "procedure", ".", "Images", "were", "acquired", "using", "the", "nVista", "HD", "software", "(", "Inscopix", ")", "at", "1024", "x", "800", "pixels", ",", "covering", "a", "field", "-", "of", "-", "view", "of", "approximately", "600", "m", "m", "3", "600", "m", "m", ",", "at", "a", "frame", "rate", "of", "20", "Hz", ".", "Imaging", "parameters", "were", "set", "at", "LED", "power", "of", "40", "-", "80", "%", "(", "0.9", "-", "1.7", "mW", "at", "the", "objective", ",", "475", "nm", ")", ".", "For", "each", "mouse", ",", "the", "same", "parameters", "were", "maintained", "across", "repeated", "behavioral", "sessions", ".", "Time", "stamps", "of", "imaging", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "frames", "and", "behavioral", "stimuli", "were", "collected", "for", "alignment", "using", "the", "AMi-2", "Digital", "interface", "(", "ANY", "-", "maze", ")", ".", "All", "behavioral", "sessions", "were", "recorded", "using", "an", "overhead", "camera", "and", "the", "ANY", "-", "maze", "software", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Social", "preference", "test", "\n\n", "Social", "preference", "was", "assessed", "by", "means", "of", "a", "modified", "classical", "three", "-", "chamber", "social", "task", "(", "Ramos", "-", "Prats", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2019", ")", ",", "consisting", "of" ]	[ { "end": 2576, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2552 }, { "end": 2570, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2552 }, { "end": 2576, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2572 }, { "end": 1516, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1498 }, { "end": 1510, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1498 }, { "end": 1516, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1512 } ]
- 19. Luo X, Zhou W, Y an X et al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa641. - 20. Wang L. C-reactive protein levels in the early stage of COVID-19. Med Mal Infect 2020; 50: 332-4. - 21. Zhang J,Yu M,T ong S, Liu L, T ang L. Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol 2020. https://doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104392. - 22. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020. https://doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248. - 23. Yuki K , Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical Immunology 2020; 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427. - 24. Mortensen RF . C-reactive protein, inflammation, and innate immunity. Immunol Res 2001; 24 (2):163-176. - 25. Nehring SM, Goyal A, Bansal P , Patel BC. C Reactive Protein (CRP). T reasure Island (FL): StatPearls publishing; 2020; PMID : 28722873NBK441843. - 26. Marnell L, Mold C, Du Clos TW. C-reactive protein: ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol 2005; 117: 104-11. - 27. Coster D, Wasserman A, Fisher E, et al. Using the kinetics of C-reactive protein response to improve the differential diagnosis between acute bacterial and viral infections. Infection 2020; 48: 241-8. - 28. Ballou SP , Kushner I. C-reactive protein and the acute phase response. Adv Intern Med 1992; 37: 313-36. - 29. Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: the role of inflammatory biomarkers. World J Crit Care Med 2019; 8(5): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v8.i5.59. - 30. Chen W, Zheng KI, et al. Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19 (1): 18; https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12941-020-00362-2. - 31. Wang G,Wu C et al. C-Reactive Protein Level May Predict the Risk of COVID- 19 Aggravation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7 (5). https://doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa153. - 32. T an C, Huang Y et al. C-reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID-19 early. J Med Virol 2020; 1-7. Received: July 17, 2020	[ "-", "19", ".", "Luo", "X", ",", "Zhou", "W", ",", "Y", "an", "X", "et", "al", ".", "Prognostic", "value", "of", "C", "-", "reactive", "protein", " ", "in", "patients", "with", " ", "COVID-19", ".", " ", "Clin", " ", "Infect", "Dis2020", ".", "https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa641", ".", "\n", "-", "20", ".", "Wang", "L.", " ", "C", "-", "reactive", " ", "protein", " ", "levels", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "early", " ", "stage", " ", "of", "COVID-19", ".", "Med", "Mal", "Infect", "2020", ";", "50", ":", "332", "-", "4", ".", "\n", "-", "21", ".", "Zhang", "J", ",", "Yu", "M", ",", "T", "ong", "S", ",", "Liu", "L", ",", "T", "ang", "L.", "Predictive", "factors", "for", "disease", "progression", "in", "hospitalized", "patients", "with", "coronavirus", "disease", "2019", "in", "Wuhan", ",", "China", ".", "J", "Clin", "Virol", "2020", ".", "https://doi:10.1016", "/", "j.jcv.2020.104392", ".", "\n", "-", "22", ".", "Qin", "C", ",", "Zhou", "L", ",", "Hu", "Z", ",", 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a 12/12 h light/dark cycle with access to food and water ad libitum. All behavioral experiments were conducted during the light cycle. ## METHOD DETAILS ## Surgical procedures Anesthesia was induced with a combination of intraperitoneally injected Ketamine (80 mg/kg; Ketasol, AniMedica) and Xylazine (5 mg/kg; Xylasol, Animedica) and maintained with 2% Sevofluran (SEVOrane). The head was then fixed on a stereotactic frame (Model 1900; Kopf Instruments) and ophthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes to avoid drying. Postoperative pain medication included administration of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim; 1 mg/kg subcutaneously). At the end of the experimental procedures, mice were deeply anesthetized with thiopental sodium (150 mg/kg, i.p.) and transcardially perfused with a fixative made of 4% paraformaldehyde, 15% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate-buffer (PB), pH 7.2-7.4. Brains were cut into 50 m mthick coronal sections using a vibratome (Leica Microsystems VT1000S, Vienna, Austria). ## Mono-trans-synaptic rabies tracing VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 7) were unilaterally injected with a 1:1 mixture of AAV1.syn.FLEX.splitTVA-EGFP-tTA (1.7 3 10 13 GC/mL, ^ diluted 1:50, Addgene #100798) and AAV1.TREtight.mTagBFP2-B19G (3.2 3 10 13 GC/mL, Addgene #100799) into the aIC (coor-^ dinates from bregma: AP: +2.00 mm; ML: ± 2.75 mm; DV: 3.4 mm) in a volume of 300 nL. Mice were allowed to recover for 1 week before the injection of the rabies virus RV.EnvA.dG.mCherry (300 nL, produced in house; Viral Vector Core, Salk Institute) using the same coordinates. One week following the RV injection in the aIC, mice were transcardially perfused as described above. ## Anterograde tracing VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 2) were unilaterally injected with a AAV5.CamKIIa-hChR2(HI34R)-mCherry (5.1 3 10 12 GC/mL, Addgene ^ #26975) into the MD (coordinates from bregma: AP: /C0 1.58mm; ML: +0.44 mm; DV: /C0 3.20 mm) in a volume of 300 nL. Mice were allowed to recover for 3 weeks before perfusion to ensure adequate viral transduction. ## Deep-brain Ca 2+ imaging VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 7) were unilaterally injected with 300 nL AAV2/9.CAG.flex.GCaMP6s (Addgene, #100842) into the aIC using a glass pipette (tip diameter /C24 30 m m) connected to a Picospritzer III microinjection system (Parker Hannifin Corporation) at the following coordinates from bregma: anterior-posterior (AP): +1.95 mm; medio-lateral (ML): +2.85 mm; dorso-ventral (DV): 3.3 mm. Immediately after the AAV injection, a GRIN lens (0.6 3 7.3 mm GLP-0673, Inscopix) was lowered into the aIC as previously described using a custom-built lens holder, and fixed to	[ "a", "12/12", "h", "light", "/", "dark", "cycle", "with", "access", "to", "food", "and", "water", "ad", "libitum", ".", "All", "behavioral", "experiments", "were", "conducted", "during", "the", "light", "cycle", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "METHOD", "DETAILS", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Surgical", "procedures", "\n\n", "Anesthesia", "was", "induced", "with", "a", "combination", "of", "intraperitoneally", "injected", "Ketamine", "(", "80", "mg", "/", "kg", ";", "Ketasol", ",", "AniMedica", ")", "and", "Xylazine", "(", "5", "mg", "/", "kg", ";", "Xylasol", ",", "Animedica", ")", "and", "maintained", "with", "2", "%", "Sevofluran", "(", "SEVOrane", ")", ".", "The", "head", "was", "then", "fixed", "on", "a", "stereotactic", "frame", "(", "Model", "1900", ";", "Kopf", "Instruments", ")", "and", "ophthalmic", "ointment", "was", "applied", "to", "the", "eyes", "to", "avoid", "drying", ".", "Postoperative", "pain", "medication", "included", "administration", "of", "meloxicam", "(", "Metacam", ",", "Boehringer", "Ingelheim", ";", "1", "mg", "/", "kg", "subcutaneously", ")", ".", "\n\n", "At", "the", "end", "of", "the", "experimental", "procedures", ",", "mice", "were", "deeply", "anesthetized", "with", "thiopental", "sodium", "(", "150", "mg", "/", "kg", ",", "i.p", ".", ")", "and", "transcardially", "perfused", "with", "a", "fixative", "made", "of", "4", "%", "paraformaldehyde", ",", "15", "%", "picric", "acid", "in", "0.1", "M", "phosphate", "-", "buffer", "(", "PB", ")", ",", "pH", "7.2", "-", "7.4", ".", "Brains", "were", "cut", "into", "50", "m", "mthick", "coronal", "sections", "using", "a", "vibratome", "(", "Leica", "Microsystems", "VT1000S", ",", "Vienna", ",", "Austria", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Mono", "-", "trans", "-", "synaptic", "rabies", "tracing", "\n\n", "VIP", "-", "ires", "-", "cre", "mice", "(", "N", "=", "7", ")", "were", "unilaterally", "injected", "with", "a", "1:1", "mixture", "of", "AAV1.syn", ".", "FLEX.splitTVA", "-", "EGFP", "-", "tTA", "(", "1.7", "3", "10", "13", "GC", "/", "mL", ",", "^", "diluted", "1:50", ",", "Addgene", "#", "100798", ")", "and", "AAV1.TREtight.mTagBFP2", "-", "B19", "G", "(", "3.2", "3", "10", "13", "GC", "/", "mL", ",", "Addgene", "#", "100799", ")", "into", "the", "aIC", "(", "coor-^", "dinates", "from", "bregma", ":", "AP", ":", "+2.00", "mm", ";", "ML", ":", "±", "2.75", "mm", ";", "DV", ":", "3.4", "mm", ")", "in", "a", "volume", "of", "300", "nL.", "Mice", "were", "allowed", "to", "recover", "for", "1", "week", "before", "the", "injection", "of", "the", "rabies", "virus", "RV.EnvA.dG.mCherry", "(", "300", "nL", ",", "produced", "in", "house", ";", "Viral", "Vector", "Core", ",", "Salk", "Institute", ")", "using", "the", "same", "coordinates", ".", "One", "week", "following", "the", "RV", "injection", "in", "the", "aIC", ",", "mice", "were", "transcardially", "perfused", "as", "described", "above", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Anterograde", "tracing", "\n\n", "VIP", "-", "ires", "-", "cre", "mice", "(", "N", "=", "2", ")", "were", "unilaterally", "injected", "with", "a", "AAV5.CamKIIa", "-", "hChR2(HI34R)-mCherry", "(", "5.1", "3", "10", "12", "GC", "/", "mL", ",", "Addgene", "^", "#", "26975", ")", "into", "the", "MD", "(", "coordinates", "from", "bregma", ":", "AP", ":", "/C0", "1.58", "mm", ";", "ML", ":", "+0.44", "mm", ";", "DV", ":", "/C0", "3.20", "mm", ")", "in", "a", "volume", "of", "300", "nL.", "Mice", "were", "allowed", "to", "recover", "for", "3", "weeks", "before", "perfusion", "to", "ensure", "adequate", "viral", "transduction", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Deep", "-", "brain", "Ca", "2", "+", "imaging", "\n\n", "VIP", "-", "ires", "-", "cre", "mice", "(", "N", "=", "7", ")", "were", "unilaterally", "injected", "with", "300", "nL", "AAV2/9.CAG.flex", ".", "GCaMP6s", "(", "Addgene", ",", "#", "100842", ")", "into", "the", "aIC", "using", "a", "glass", "pipette", "(", "tip", "diameter", "/C24", "30", "m", "m", ")", "connected", "to", "a", "Picospritzer", "III", "microinjection", "system", "(", "Parker", "Hannifin", "Corporation", ")", "at", "the", "following", "coordinates", "from", "bregma", ":", "anterior", "-", "posterior", "(", "AP", "):", "+1.95", "mm", ";", "medio", "-", "lateral", "(", "ML", "):", "+2.85", "mm", ";", "dorso", "-", "ventral", "(", "DV", "):", "3.3", "mm", ".", "Immediately", "after", "the", "AAV", "injection", ",", "a", "GRIN", "lens", "(", "0.6", "3", "7.3", "mm", "GLP-0673", ",", "Inscopix", ")", "was", "lowered", "into", "the", "aIC", "as", "previously", "described", "using", "a", "custom", "-", "built", "lens", "holder", ",", "and", "fixed", "to" ]	[]
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, Franziska Roesner, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Defending against neural fake news. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12616 . Yukun Zhu, Ryan Kiros, Rich Zemel, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. 2015. Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books. In Proceedings of the 15th IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV) , pages 19-27. Table 3: Best parameters per decoding strategy. \| strategy \| best parameters \| \|-------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| top-k top-p \| k = 2 p = 0 . 4 beam size = 15 groups = 2 penalty = 0 . 2 penalty = 0 . 1 top-k = 100 beam size = 6 ; L = 1 \| \| BS \| \| \| GROUPBS \| \| \| SIBLINGBS \| \| \| DELAYEDBS \| \| \| BS b \| beam size = 15 blocking order = 20 \| ## 8 Appendix ## 8.1 Hyperparameters We conduct a parameter sweep on the small transformer model on the validation set. The following table shows the configuration for each decoding strategy that leds to the highest USPG score. ## 8.2 Generation Examples We reported some examples generated with different strategies in table 5. ## 8.3 Other metrics We explored how decoding strategy affects other dimensions of the generated text. Results are reported in table 4. We measure several statistics ovtaer the generated text: - · The average number of distinct sentences for each generated text; - · The average number of named entities in each sentence; - · The average number of tokens in each sentence; - · The average number of conjunctions in the dependency tree of each sentence; To compute the above metrics, we used spaCy . In particular we used its tokenizer to split tokens and sentences, its named entity recognition capability to identify named entities and its dependency parser to count the number of conjunctions. Furthermore, we analyzed the grammatical correctness of the generated text, counting the success <!-- image --> Delay Lenght Figure 5: Ablation study over delay length. We report on the x-axis the delay length and on the y-axis the number of distinct supported sentences obtained for each delay length. Horizontal lines represent the value obtained on the validation set using top-k decoding strategy. All the generations were performed on the validation set using the small transformer trained on CCNEWS.	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2 2 7 3 1 13 3 2 36 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 34 19 19 699 AZ 12 9 2 22 284 BY 34 12 15 33 328 2880 GE 19 9 15 3 32 348 MD 2 33 3 61 863 UA 19 22 328 32 61 9 112 PublicationsFigure 3.58. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 216 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Regional collaboration in Optics and pho- tonics Similar trends can be observed in the case of Op- tics and photonics. Most collaborations are with external partners. There are few EC projects in col- laboration within the EaP.Regional collaboration in Transportation In terms of Transportation publications, there are very few. The highest number of collaborations are Ukraine and Belarus with external partners. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 1 1 1 1 4 12 1 2 1 4 7 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 2 17 6 1 6 296 AZ 2 3 3 1 2 45 BY 17 3 5 10 63 826 GE 6 3 5 1 10 257 MD 1 1 10 1 10 70 UA 6 2 63 10 10 1 988 PublicationsFigure 3.59. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Optics and photonics’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 3 17 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM AZ BY 10 66 GE MD UA 10 505 PublicationsFigure 3.60. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Transportation’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation217 Russian federation Germany Poland United States France United Kingdom Italy Spain China Switzerland Agrifood 289 140 127 150 105 84 113 66 42 51 Biotechnology 966 580 671 661 548 241 156 146 159 45 Chemistry and chemical engineering 1 186 633 399 356 287 116 143 119 86 54 Electric and electronic technologies 304 173 248 182 134 68 82 84 81 22 Energy 361 149 233 171 72 52 66 73	[ "2", "2", "7", "\n", "3", "1", "13", "3", "2", "36", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "34", "19", "19", "699", "\n", "AZ", "12", "9", "2", "22", "284", "\n", "BY", "34", "12", "15", "33", "328", "2880", "\n", "GE", "19", "9", "15", "3", "32", "348", "\n", "MD", "2", "33", "3", "61", "863", "\n", "UA", "19", "22", "328", "32", "61", "9", "112", "\n", "PublicationsFigure", "3.58", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", ",", "in", "the", "\n", "‘", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "’", "domain", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "216", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Regional", "collaboration", "in", "Optics", "and", "pho-", "\n", "tonics", "\n", "Similar", "trends", "can", "be", "observed", "in", "the", "case", "of", "Op-", "\n", "tics", "and", "photonics", ".", "Most", "collaborations", "are", "with", "\n", "external", "partners", ".", "There", "are", "few", "EC", "projects", "in", "col-", "\n", "laboration", "within", "the", "EaP.Regional", "collaboration", "in", "Transportation", "\n", "In", "terms", "of", "Transportation", "publications", ",", "there", "\n", "are", "very", "few", ".", "The", "highest", "number", "of", "collaborations", "\n", "are", "Ukraine", "and", "Belarus", "with", "external", "partners", ".", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "1", "1", "1", "\n", "1", "1", "4", "12", "\n", "1", "2", "\n", "1", "4", "7", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "2", "17", "6", "1", "6", "296", "\n", "AZ", "2", "3", "3", "1", "2", "45", "\n", "BY", "17", "3", "5", "10", "63", "826", "\n", "GE", "6", "3", "5", "1", "10", "257", "\n", "MD", "1", "1", "10", "1", "10", "70", "\n", "UA", "6", "2", "63", "10", "10", "1", "988", "\n", "PublicationsFigure", "3.59", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", ",", "in", "the", "\n", "‘", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "’", "domain", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "3", "\n", "17", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "10", "66", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "10", "505", "\n", "PublicationsFigure", "3.60", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", ",", "in", "the", "\n", "‘", "Transportation", "’", "domain", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation217", "\n", "Russian", "\n", "federation", "\n", "Germany", "\n", "Poland", "\n", "United", "\n", "States", "\n", "France", "\n", "United", "\n", "Kingdom", "\n", "Italy", "\n", "Spain", "\n", "China", "\n", "Switzerland", "\n", "Agrifood", "289", "140", "127", "150", "105", "84", "113", "66", "42", "51", "\n", "Biotechnology", "966", "580", "671", "661", "548", "241", "156", "146", "159", "45", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "1", "186", "633", "399", "356", "287", "116", "143", "119", "86", "54", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "304", "173", "248", "182", "134", "68", "82", "84", "81", "22", "\n", "Energy", "361", "149", "233", "171", "72", "52", "66", "73" ]	[]
\| 21.57%) Nanotechnology and materials (8 \| 10.53%) Nanotechnology and materials (4 \| 6.9%)ICT and computer science (15 \| 34.88%) ICT and computer science (16 \| 23.88%) ICT and computer science (34 \| 16.67%)ICT and computer science (61 \| 18.89%) ICT and computer science (2 \| 10.53%)ICT and computer science (18 \| 31.03%)ICT and computer science (19 \| 25.0%)Environmental sciences and industries (3 \| 15.79%) Environmental sciences and industries (8 \| 13.79%)Environmental sciences and industries (15 \| 19.74%)Environmental sciences and industries (63 \| 19.5%)Environmental sciences and industries (45 \| 22.06%) Energy (5 \| 11.63%) Energy (54 \| 16.72%)Energy (2 \| 10.53%) Energy (11 \| 16.42%) Energy (6 \| 7.89%)Energy (43 \| 21.08%)Agrifood (2 \| 10.53%) Agrifood (5 \| 8.62%) Agrifood (7 \| 9.21%)Optics and photonics (13 \| 19.4%)Health and wellbeing (10 \| 13.16%) Health and wellbeing (4 \| 6.9%)Health and wellbeing (41 \| 20.1%)Health and wellbeing (56 \| 17.34%)Health and wellbeing (4 \| 9.3%) Biotechnology (3 \| 6.98%) Biotechnology (29 \| 8.98%)Biotechnology (1 \| 5.26%) Biotechnology (20 \| 9.8%)Biotechnology (3 \| 5.17%)Fundamental physics and mathematics (7 \| 10.45%) Fundamental physics and mathematics (3 \| 6.98%)Chemistry and chemical engineering (1 \| 5.26%)Chemistry and chemical engineering (6 \| 8.96%) Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation173 4. Critical mass, specialisation and excellence indicators in the S&T specialisation domains 4.1 Methodology The S&T specialisation domains in the Eastern Partnership (i.e. the labelled topic groups extract- ed using the topic modelling technique in Chapter 2) have been further characterised by computing their respective critical mass and specialisation in- dicators in each of the six EaP countries. An initial overview has been compiled of the do- mains featuring the most intensive S&T activity in each country by looking at the raw number of records (critical mass) per domain, per type of source and per country. The domains have been ranked accordingly. Additionally, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been calculated for all domains in each country, in terms of number of publications, for the period 2012-2019 (the selected period for this analysis). This gives an indication of whether or not the number of publications in a domain has been growing over the last few years, signalling the growing or dwindling relevance of said domain in the country. The CAGR has not been comput- ed for patents, as the number of patents regis- tered has been decreasing over the	[ "\|", "21.57", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "8", "\|", "10.53", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "4", "\|", "6.9%)ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "15", "\|", "34.88", "%", ")", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "16", "\|", "23.88", "%", ")", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "34", "\|", "16.67%)ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "61", "\|", "18.89", "%", ")", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "2", "\|", "10.53%)ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "18", "\|", "31.03%)ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", "\n", "(", "19", "\|", "25.0%)Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industries", "\n", "(", "3", "\|", "15.79", "%", ")", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industries", "\n", "(", "8", "\|", "13.79%)Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industries", "\n", "(", "15", "\|", "19.74%)Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industries", "\n", "(", "63", "\|", "19.5%)Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industries", "\n", "(", "45", "\|", "22.06", "%", ")", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "(", "5", "\|", "11.63", "%", ")", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "(", "54", "\|", "16.72%)Energy", "\n", "(", "2", "\|", "10.53", "%", ")", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "(", "11", "\|", "16.42", "%", ")", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "(", "6", "\|", "7.89%)Energy", "\n", "(", "43", "\|", "21.08%)Agrifood", "\n", "(", "2", "\|", "10.53", "%", ")", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "(", "5", "\|", "8.62", "%", ")", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "(", "7", "\|", "9.21%)Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "(", "13", "\|", "19.4%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "10", "\|", "13.16", "%", ")", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "4", "\|", "6.9%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "41", "\|", "20.1%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "56", "\|", "17.34%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "4", "\|", "9.3", "%", ")", "\n", "Biotechnology", "\n", "(", "3", "\|", "6.98", "%", ")", "\n", "Biotechnology", "\n", "(", "29", "\|", "8.98%)Biotechnology", "\n", "(", "1", "\|", "5.26", "%", ")", "\n", "Biotechnology", "\n", "(", "20", "\|", "9.8%)Biotechnology", "\n", "(", "3", "\|", "5.17%)Fundamental", "physics", "\n", "and", "mathematics", "\n", "(", "7", "\|", "10.45", "%", ")", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "\n", "and", "mathematics", "\n", "(", "3", "\|", "6.98%)Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering", "\n", "(", "1", "\|", "5.26%)Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering", "\n", "(", "6", "\|", "8.96", "%", ")", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation173", "\n", "4", ".", "Critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "\n", "and", "excellence", "indicators", "in", "the", "\n", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "4.1", "Methodology", "\n", "The", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "the", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "(", "i.e.", "the", "labelled", "topic", "groups", "extract-", "\n", "ed", "using", "the", "topic", "modelling", "technique", "in", "Chapter", "\n", "2", ")", "have", "been", "further", "characterised", "by", "computing", "\n", "their", "respective", "critical", "mass", "and", "specialisation", "in-", "\n", "dicators", "in", "each", "of", "the", "six", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "An", "initial", "overview", "has", "been", "compiled", "of", "the", "do-", "\n", "mains", "featuring", "the", "most", "intensive", "S&T", "activity", "\n", "in", "each", "country", "by", "looking", "at", "the", "raw", "number", "of", "\n", "records", "(", "critical", "mass", ")", "per", "domain", ",", "per", "type", "of", "\n", "source", "and", "per", "country", ".", "The", "domains", "have", "been", "\n", "ranked", "accordingly", ".", "\n", "Additionally", ",", "the", "compound", "annual", "growth", "rate", "\n", "(", "CAGR", ")", "has", "been", "calculated", "for", "all", "domains", "in", "\n", "each", "country", ",", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "publications", ",", "\n", "for", "the", "period", "2012", "-", "2019", "(", "the", "selected", "period", "for", "\n", "this", "analysis", ")", ".", "This", "gives", "an", "indication", "of", "whether", "\n", "or", "not", "the", "number", "of", "publications", "in", "a", "domain", "has", "\n", "been", "growing", "over", "the", "last", "few", "years", ",", "signalling", "\n", "the", "growing", "or", "dwindling", "relevance", "of", "said", "domain", "\n", "in", "the", "country", ".", "The", "CAGR", "has", "not", "been", "comput-", "\n", "ed", "for", "patents", ",", "as", "the", "number", "of", "patents", "regis-", "\n", "tered", "has", "been", "decreasing", "over", "the" ]	[]
a source gas. - PECVD plasma enhanced CVD - TCVD thermal CVD - MOCVD metal organic CVD - a thermal CVD method By a plasma CVD method, a high-quality film can be formed at a relatively low temperature. Furthermore, a thermal CVD method does not use plasma and thus is a deposition method that enables less plasma damage to an object. For example, a wiring, an electrode, an element (e.g., a transistor or a capacitor), or the like included in a semiconductor device might be charged up by receiving charges from plasma. In that case, accumulated charges might break the wiring, electrode, element, or the like included in the semiconductor device. By contrast, when a thermal CVD method not using plasma is employed, such plasma damage is not caused and the yield of the semiconductor device can be increased. A thermal CVD method does not cause plasma damage during deposition, so that a film with few defects can be obtained. - An ALD method is also a deposition method that can enables less plasma damage to an object. Thus, a film with few defects can be obtained. - a precursor used in an ALD method sometimes contains impurities such as carbon. - a film provided by an ALD method contains impurities such as carbon in a larger amount than a film provided by another deposition method. - impurities can be quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). - a film is formed by reaction at a surface of an object. - a CVD method and an ALD method are deposition methods that enable favorable step coverage almost regardless of the shape of an object. - an ALD method enables excellent step coverage and excellent thickness uniformity and can be favorably used to cover a surface of an opening with a high aspect ratio, for example. - an ALD method has a relatively low deposition rate; hence, it is sometimes preferable to combine an ALD method with another deposition method with a high deposition rate, such as a CVD method. - the composition of a film to be formed can be controlled with a flow rate ratio of the source gases. - a film with a certain composition can be formed depending on the flow rate ratio of the source gases. - a CVD method or an ALD method by changing the flow rate ratio of the source gases while forming the	[ "a", "source", "gas", ".", "\n", "-", "PECVD", "\n", "plasma", "enhanced", "CVD", "\n", "-", "TCVD", "\n", "thermal", "CVD", "\n", "-", "MOCVD", "\n", "metal", "organic", "CVD", "\n", "-", "a", "thermal", "CVD", "method", "\n", "By", "a", "plasma", "CVD", "method", ",", "a", "high", "-", "quality", "film", "can", "be", "formed", "at", "a", "relatively", "low", "temperature", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "a", "thermal", "CVD", "method", "does", "not", "use", "plasma", "and", "thus", "is", "a", "deposition", "method", "that", "enables", "less", "plasma", "damage", "to", "an", "object", ".", "For", "example", ",", "a", "wiring", ",", "an", "electrode", ",", "an", "element", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "transistor", "or", "a", "capacitor", ")", ",", "or", "the", "like", "included", "in", "a", "semiconductor", "device", "might", "be", "charged", "up", "by", "receiving", "charges", "from", "plasma", ".", "In", "that", "case", ",", "accumulated", "charges", "might", "break", "the", "wiring", ",", "electrode", ",", "element", ",", "or", "the", "like", "included", "in", "the", "semiconductor", "device", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "when", "a", "thermal", "CVD", "method", "not", "using", "plasma", "is", "employed", ",", "such", "plasma", "damage", "is", "not", "caused", "and", "the", "yield", "of", "the", "semiconductor", "device", "can", "be", "increased", ".", "A", "thermal", "CVD", "method", "does", "not", "cause", "plasma", "damage", "during", "deposition", ",", "so", "that", "a", "film", "with", "few", "defects", "can", "be", "obtained", ".", "\n", "-", "An", "ALD", "method", "\n", "is", "also", "a", "deposition", "method", "that", "can", "enables", "less", "plasma", "damage", "to", "an", "object", ".", "Thus", ",", "a", "film", "with", "few", "defects", "can", "be", "obtained", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "precursor", "used", "in", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "sometimes", "contains", "impurities", "such", "as", "carbon", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "film", "provided", "by", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "contains", "impurities", "such", "as", "carbon", "in", "a", "larger", "amount", "than", "a", "film", "provided", "by", "another", "deposition", "method", ".", "\n", "-", "impurities", "\n", "can", "be", "quantified", "by", "X", "-", "ray", "photoelectron", "spectroscopy", "(", "XPS", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "film", "\n", "is", "formed", "by", "reaction", "at", "a", "surface", "of", "an", "object", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "CVD", "method", "and", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "are", "deposition", "methods", "that", "enable", "favorable", "step", "coverage", "almost", "regardless", "of", "the", "shape", "of", "an", "object", ".", "\n", "-", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "enables", "excellent", "step", "coverage", "and", "excellent", "thickness", "uniformity", "and", "can", "be", "favorably", "used", "to", "cover", "a", "surface", "of", "an", "opening", "with", "a", "high", "aspect", "ratio", ",", "for", "example", ".", "\n", "-", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "has", "a", "relatively", "low", "deposition", "rate", ";", "hence", ",", "it", "is", "sometimes", "preferable", "to", "combine", "an", "ALD", "method", "with", "another", "deposition", "method", "with", "a", "high", "deposition", "rate", ",", "such", "as", "a", "CVD", "method", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "composition", "of", "a", "film", "to", "be", "formed", "\n", "can", "be", "controlled", "with", "a", "flow", "rate", "ratio", "of", "the", "source", "gases", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "film", "with", "a", "certain", "composition", "\n", "can", "be", "formed", "depending", "on", "the", "flow", "rate", "ratio", "of", "the", "source", "gases", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "CVD", "method", "or", "an", "ALD", "method", "\n", "by", "changing", "the", "flow", "rate", "ratio", "of", "the", "source", "gases", "while", "forming", "the" ]	[]
Faculty of Medicine started becoming resentful towards older professionals who had been working in different institutions prior to and after the war, not necessarily because they pursued such positions, but because they were needed. The Ministry of Instruction seemed to agree with their complaints, since from that moment on, due to economic difficulties, the holding of multiple public positions by a single individual was no longer permitted. However, because doctors appointed to school positions did not have tenure for at least three years, their salary was paid by the School Committee, which meant that the amount was akin to a daily allowance. The Ministry of Instruction only paid their full salaries once doctors received tenure from the school. This was the reason some doctors juggled multiple jobs. In fact, some male doctors resigned because they found their pay incommensurate with the work they did in schools. The Ministry of Instruction was thus trying to correct the consequences of a flawed law, which relied heavily on the collaboration of doctors who were also engaged elsewhere, as it lacked the funds to finance all specialists who obtained tenure. Another important reason for this situation was Constantin Angelescu s long- term vision regarding the creation of new ʼ schools and school services. In his opinion, what mattered most was passing the law and initiating the project; once this stage had been completed, financial means would be found more easily. 40 In fact, in the case of school medical services this way of thinking generated massive pressure on the School Committees' budget, as they were the ones covering the doctors' salaries until they received tenure. ## Male versus female doctors The new legislation generated inequity and frustration between male and female doctors. If women fared better in larger cities, since the number of secondary schools was higher, in smaller towns they faced numerous problems. Smaller towns meant fewer opportunities not only for women, but also for men; however, men were still better integrated into the public administration, as underdeveloped as it was, and they tried to protect their monopoly. One extraordinary example from Curtea de Argeș, a small town in the southern part of the country, shows that male doctors went to extreme lengths to preserve their privileges. In September 1929, shortly after being appointed doctor at the theological seminary boarding school by the Ministry of Instruction, George Ivancianu wrote to the school authorities	[ "Faculty", "of", "Medicine", "started", "becoming", "resentful", "towards", "older", "professionals", "who", "had", "been", "working", "in", "different", "institutions", "prior", "to", "and", "after", "the", "war", ",", "not", "necessarily", "because", "they", "pursued", "such", "positions", ",", "but", "because", "they", "were", "needed", ".", "The", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "seemed", "to", "agree", "with", "their", "complaints", ",", "since", "from", "that", "moment", "on", ",", "due", "to", "economic", "difficulties", ",", "the", "holding", "of", "multiple", "public", "positions", "by", "a", "single", "individual", "was", "no", "longer", "permitted", ".", "\n\n", "However", ",", "because", "doctors", "appointed", "to", "school", "positions", "did", "not", "have", "tenure", "for", "at", "least", "three", "years", ",", "their", "salary", "was", "paid", "by", "the", "School", "Committee", ",", "which", "meant", "that", "the", "amount", "was", "akin", "to", "a", "daily", "allowance", ".", "The", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "only", "paid", "their", "full", "salaries", "once", "doctors", "received", "tenure", "from", "\n\n", "the", "school", ".", "This", "was", "the", "reason", "some", "doctors", "juggled", "multiple", "jobs", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "some", "male", "doctors", "resigned", "because", "they", "found", "their", "pay", "incommensurate", "with", "the", "work", "they", "did", "in", "schools", ".", "\n\n", "The", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "was", "thus", "trying", "to", "correct", "the", "consequences", "of", "a", "flawed", "law", ",", "which", "relied", "heavily", "on", "the", "collaboration", "of", "doctors", "who", "were", "also", "engaged", "elsewhere", ",", "as", "it", "lacked", "the", "funds", "to", "finance", "all", "specialists", "who", "obtained", "tenure", ".", "Another", "important", "reason", "for", "this", "situation", "was", "Constantin", " ", "Angelescu", "s", " ", "long-", " ", "term", " ", "vision", " ", "regarding", " ", "the", " ", "creation", " ", "of", " ", "new", "ʼ", "schools", "and", "school", "services", ".", "In", "his", "opinion", ",", "what", "mattered", "most", "was", "passing", "the", "law", "and", "initiating", "the", "project", ";", "once", "this", "stage", "had", "been", "completed", ",", "financial", "means", "would", "be", "found", "more", "easily", ".", "40", " ", "In", "fact", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "school", "medical", "services", "this", "way", "of", "thinking", "generated", "massive", "pressure", "on", "the", "School", "Committees", "'", "budget", ",", "as", "they", "were", "the", "ones", "covering", "the", "doctors", "'", "salaries", "until", "they", "received", "tenure", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Male", "versus", "female", "doctors", "\n\n", "The", "new", "legislation", "generated", "inequity", "and", "frustration", "between", "male", "and", "female", " ", "doctors", ".", " ", "If", " ", "women", " ", "fared", " ", "better", " ", "in", " ", "larger", " ", "cities", ",", " ", "since", " ", "the", " ", "number", "of", " ", "secondary", " ", "schools", " ", "was", " ", "higher", ",", " ", "in", " ", "smaller", " ", "towns", " ", "they", " ", "faced", " ", "numerous", "problems", ".", "Smaller", "towns", "meant", "fewer", "opportunities", "not", "only", "for", "women", ",", "but", "also", "for", "men", ";", "however", ",", "men", "were", "still", "better", "integrated", "into", "the", "public", " ", "administration", ",", "as", "underdeveloped", "as", "it", "was", ",", "and", "they", "tried", "to", "protect", "their", "monopoly", ".", "One", "extraordinary", "example", "from", "Curtea", "de", "Argeș", ",", "a", "small", "town", "in", "the", "southern", "part", "of", "the", "country", ",", "shows", "that", "male", "doctors", "went", "to", "extreme", "lengths", "to", "preserve", "their", "privileges", ".", "In", "September", "1929", ",", "shortly", "after", "being", "appointed", "doctor", "at", "the", "theological", "seminary", "boarding", "school", "by", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "George", "Ivancianu", "wrote", "to", "the", "school", "authorities" ]	[ { "end": 1501, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1499 } ]
except fuels (SITC 2) for almost 13%, those in Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6) for more than 10% and those in Machinery and transport equipment (SITC 7) for almost 16%. The 26 goods categories with emerging strength represent almost 48% of the total exports. Export specialisations are primarily increasing in Beverages and tobacco (SITC 1); Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (SITC 2); and Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6). Georgia has a diversified export specialisation, suggesting that the country should be better able to deal with economic downturns and to benefit from booming product markets. ## Table 2.18. Goods export specialisation for Georgia \| SITC \| Goods name \| Current strength \| %share of exports \| Emerging strength \| %share of exports \| \|--------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\| \| \| \| 18 \| 60.9% \| 26 \| 47.9% \| \| 0 \| Food and live animals \| \| \| \| \| \| 001 \| Live animals other than animals of division 03 \| X \| 1.8% \| \| \| \| 056 \| Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. \| \| \| X \| 0.2% \| \| 058 \| Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) \| \| \| X \| 0.4% \| \| 075 \| Spices \| X \| 0.3% \| X \| 0.3% \| \| 098 \| Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. \| \| \| X \| 0.2% \| \| 1 \| Beverages and tobacco \| \| \| \| \| \| 111 \| Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. \| X \| 4.4% \| X \| 4.4% \| \| 112 \| Alcoholic beverages \| X \| 9.0% \| X \| 9.0% \| \| 2 \| Crude materials, inedible, except fuels \| \| \| \| \| \| 283 \| Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copper \| X \| 11.4% \| X \| 11.4% \| \| 288 \| Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. \| X \| 1.3% \| \| \| \| 289 \| Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) \| \| \| X \| 0.3% \| \| 3 \| Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials \| \| \| \| \| \| 333 \| Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude \| \| \| X \| 1.3% \| \| 334 \| Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s.,	[ "except", "fuels", "(", "SITC", "2", ")", "for", "almost", "13", "%", ",", "those", "in", "Manufactured", "goods", "classified", "chiefly", "by", "material", "(", 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discussed herein. - the AI/ML outputs are used by their respective MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322 to update and/or control various MRF aspects. - the data stream data 342 and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) 312 to train AI/ML object recognition model(s) to identify recoverable (commodity) materials from waste/material streams based on features extracted from the data stream data 342 . - the features can be based on the sensor data 331 (e.g., indicated size, shape, color, molecular structure, and/or other properties of the recoverable materials) and/or MHU status information 332 (e.g., MHU capabilities, MHU operational parameters, operational and/or system data/metrics of on-board compute systems, and/or the like). - the trained AI/ML object recognition models can then be used by the control system 302 and/or individual MHUs 322 to identify and/or recognize the commodity materials from later obtained data stream data 342 , which can then be used by the MHUs 322 to efficiently sort out the desired (commodity) materials from the waste stream and/or other material streams. - the data stream data 342 and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) 312 to optimize the functionality of the set of MHUs 322 and/or optimize the functionality of the MRF system as a whole. - the AI/ML system(s) 312 can determine optimal operational parameters 343 for different MHUs 322 and/or other MRF components in the MRF to optimize the sorting of materials out of the waste streams (or other material streams) based on the information from other MHUs 322 and/or the local MRF data streams 331 , 332 . - the operational parameters 343 can include optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the tasks/actions performed by individual MHUs 322 , optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the types and/or amounts of data collected by individual sensors 321 , rearranging individual MHUs 322 and/or individual sensors 321 within the MRF for sorting different materials and/or for load balancing purposes, and/or the like. - the rearranging of the MRF components can include taking MRF components offline, and instructing them to be moved to a service area for maintenance and/or testing purposes. - the operational parameters 343 can include autonomous control of material baling and bunker section selection based on material conditions, capacity, and/or the like. 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(que pueden incluir la manipulación) tengan asociaciones o connotaciones negativas. Incluso la influencia puede considerarse positiva o negativa. Pero, ¿es eso suficiente para que el liderazgo se pueda considerar como un concepto independiente? Otro comentarista llegó a preguntar: «si el liderazgo es un tipo, o una faceta, de influencia, ¿no significa eso que el «liderazgo» como tal es innecesario? Es decir, si de lo que realmente estamos hablando es de influencia, ¿por qué no utilizamos directamente esa palabra? (…). En resumidas cuentas, ¿por qué, al describir y analizar el flujo de la acción colectiva y la conducta de las personas como parte de ese proceso hablamos de liderazgo y no de influencia o poder?» (Gronn, 2003, p. 276-277). Una de las conclusiones más citadas en la literatura sobre el liderazgo educativo es que «prácticamente no hay casos documentados de escuelas con problemas que se hayan recuperado sin la intervención de un buen líder » (Leithwood et al., 2004). La intención de este informe es ver cómo puede utilizarse esta perspectiva para ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones a diseñar políticas que garanticen que cada establecimiento o institución educativa cuente con líderes preparados para abordar y resolver competentemente los problemas educativos. Esto desplaza la atención de los individuos excepcionales a los procesos sistemáticos. ¿Necesitamos otro héroe, o tenemos que animar y nutrir a diversos grupos de personas con un buen potencial de liderazgo para que ejerzan este tipo de carreras? Si las personas que ocupan actualmente puestos de liderazgo son vulnerables a estar demasiado seguras de sí mismas, de sus capacidades y de sus puntos de vista, ¿cómo pueden organizarse los sistemas educativos para apoyar la contratación en estos puestos de personas comprometidas y que no actúen solas, sino con y para su comunidad? <!-- image --> ## ¿Necesitamos más héroes? <!-- image --> Definir el liderazgo en educación en términos de influencia y objetivos abre el ámbito de este informe. Es necesario movilizar a nivel escolar, local, nacional y mundial a las personas y las organizaciones, independientemente de la función o cargo que desempeñen, para que definan objetivos concretos y trabajen colectivamente en su consecución ( cuadro 1.1 ). - Los líderes escolares acaparan la mayor atención tanto en la investigación como en la política. Según el país, la cultura, el contexto, la gobernanza y la práctica, pueden utilizarse términos como «administrador/a», «director/a», «rector/a» o «jefe/a	[ "(", "que", "pueden", "incluir", "la", "manipulación", ")", "tengan", "asociaciones", "o", "connotaciones", "negativas", ".", "Incluso", "la", "influencia", "puede", "considerarse", "positiva", "o", "negativa", ".", "Pero", ",", "¿", "es", "eso", "suficiente", "para", "que", "el", "liderazgo", "se", "pueda", "considerar", "como", "un", "concepto", "independiente", "?", "Otro", "comentarista", "llegó", "a", "preguntar", ":", "«", "si", "el", "liderazgo", "es", "un", "tipo", ",", "o", "una", "faceta", ",", "de", "influencia", ",", "¿", "no", "significa", "eso", "que", "el", "«", "liderazgo", "»", "como", "tal", "es", "innecesario", "?", "Es", "decir", ",", "si", "de", "lo", "que", "realmente", "estamos", "hablando", "es", "de", "influencia", ",", "¿", "por", "qué", "no", "utilizamos", "directamente", "esa", "palabra", "?", "(", "…", ")", ".", "En", "resumidas", "cuentas", ",", "¿", "por", "qué", ",", "al", "describir", "y", "analizar", "el", "flujo", "de", "la", "acción", "colectiva", "y", "la", "conducta", "de", "las", "personas", "como", "parte", "de", "ese", "proceso", "hablamos", "de", "liderazgo", "y", "no", "de", "influencia", "o", "poder", "?", "»", "(", "Gronn", ",", "2003", ",", "p.", "276", "-", "277", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Una", "de", "las", "conclusiones", "más", "citadas", "en", "la", "literatura", "sobre", "el", "liderazgo", "educativo", "es", "que", "«", "prácticamente", "no", "hay", "casos", "documentados", "de", "escuelas", "con", "problemas", "que", "se", "hayan", "recuperado", "sin", "la", "intervención", "de", "un", "buen", "líder", "»", "(", "Leithwood", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2004", ")", ".", "La", "intención", "de", "este", "informe", "es", "ver", "cómo", "puede", "utilizarse", "esta", "perspectiva", "para", "ayudar", "a", "los", "responsables", "de", "la", "toma", "de", "decisiones", "a", "diseñar", "políticas", "que", "garanticen", "que", "cada", "establecimiento", "o", "institución", "educativa", "cuente", "con", "líderes", "preparados", "para", "abordar", "y", "resolver", "competentemente", "los", "problemas", "educativos", ".", "Esto", "desplaza", "la", "atención", "de", "los", "individuos", "excepcionales", "a", "los", "procesos", "sistemáticos", ".", "¿", "Necesitamos", "otro", "héroe", ",", "o", "tenemos", "que", "animar", "y", "nutrir", "a", "diversos", "grupos", "de", "personas", "con", "un", "buen", "potencial", "de", "liderazgo", "para", "que", "ejerzan", "este", "tipo", "de", "carreras", "?", "Si", "las", "personas", "que", "ocupan", "actualmente", "puestos", "de", "liderazgo", "son", "vulnerables", "a", "estar", "demasiado", "seguras", "de", "sí", "mismas", ",", "de", "sus", "capacidades", "y", "de", "sus", "puntos", "de", "vista", ",", "¿", "cómo", "pueden", "organizarse", "los", "sistemas", "educativos", "para", "apoyar", "la", "contratación", "en", "estos", "puestos", "de", "personas", "comprometidas", "y", "que", "no", "actúen", "solas", ",", "sino", "con", "y", "para", "su", "comunidad", "?", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "¿", "Necesitamos", "más", "héroes", "?", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Definir", "el", "liderazgo", "en", "educación", "en", "términos", "de", "influencia", "y", "objetivos", "abre", "el", "ámbito", "de", "este", "informe", ".", "Es", "necesario", "movilizar", "a", "nivel", "escolar", ",", "local", ",", "nacional", "y", "mundial", "a", "las", "personas", "y", "las", "organizaciones", ",", "independientemente", "de", "la", "función", "o", "cargo", "que", "desempeñen", ",", "para", "que", "definan", "objetivos", "concretos", "y", "trabajen", "colectivamente", "en", "su", "consecución", "(", "cuadro", "1.1", ")", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Los", "líderes", "escolares", "acaparan", "la", "mayor", "atención", "tanto", "en", "la", "investigación", "como", "en", "la", "política", ".", "Según", "el", "país", ",", "la", "cultura", ",", "el", "contexto", ",", "la", "gobernanza", "y", "la", "práctica", ",", "pueden", "utilizarse", "términos", "como", "«", "administrador", "/", "a", "»", ",", "«", "director", "/", "a", "»", ",", "«", "rector", "/", "a", "»", "o", "«", "jefe", "/", "a" ]	[ { "end": 743, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 720 }, { "end": 725, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 720 }, { "end": 731, "label": "YEAR", "start": 727 }, { "end": 989, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 967 }, { "end": 983, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 967 }, { "end": 989, "label": "YEAR", "start": 985 } ]
Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.	[ "Disclaimer", "/", "Publisher", "'s", "Note", ":", "The", "statements", ",", "opinions", "and", "data", "contained", "in", "all", "publications", "are", "solely", "those", "of", "the", "individual", "author(s", ")", "and", "contributor(s", ")", "and", "not", "of", "MDPI", "and/or", "the", "editor(s", ")", ".", "MDPI", "and/or", "the", "editor(s", ")", "disclaim", "responsibility", "for", "any", "injury", "to", "people", "or", "property", "resulting", "from", "any", "ideas", ",", "methods", ",", "instructions", "or", "products", "referred", "to", "in", "the", "content", "." ]	[]
provided a platform for collaboration for women scientists beyond the East- West divide. Although Rees Koerner and Gooday caution against 'glib[ly] describ[ing] their geographical scope as global', the available data show that ICWES was regularly attended by women delegates from around thirty countries, with variations in regional visibility 1 9 between different conferences: 'South American nations were most visible in ICWES 1 (USA); African nations were first apparent at ICWES 2 (UK); and only at ICWES 4 (Poland) was there broad participation from Eastern European nations, with the USA constituency (44 attendees) for the first time overshadowed by a large majority of native (Polish) participants (423 attendees).' As the two authors emphasize, the ICWES archive provides an opportunity to place engineering firmly on the agenda of future historiographies of women in 'science', not least because engineering was less exclusionary a field than the fundamental or 'pure' sciences, as the participation of delegates from African, Asian and South American countries also demonstrate. This is not to say that certain countries did not feature more prominently in the organization of these conferences than others. Indeed, as the authors point out, 'the planning and programming of successive meetings relied on the national- level organisations for women in science and engineering most prominently in eight countries: Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Poland, UK and USA'. Rees Koerner and Gooday's chapter also renders visible the intersections of collective and individual agencies of women in STEMM, for example, by showing that transnational collaboration between national bodies and the untiring effort of individual engineers like Ira Rischowski were essential to the success of these events. The trans- regional approach they employ is particularly effective at exposing the politics and anxieties over the low number of women in science in the US and Western Europe, especially in the charged geopolitical climate of the Cold War, when comparison with the countries of the communist bloc became topical. As the authors point out, 'it was left … to the communist countries participating in ICWES meetings to highlight their more developed capacity to educate, equip and enrol women for roles in engineering and applied science'. The political undertones of this mission cannot be ignored and delegates from communist countries likely regarded the promotion of women's participation in engineering and applied science as a tool of science diplomacy. 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in the hospital, as well as in pri - vate homes. Scientific work In addition to her medical practice, Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti also devoted herself to scientific research on tropical diseases, which was to be the first small contribution before a large scientific institute could be established. She focused on cutaneous leishmaniasis,55 also known at the time as ‘Oriental’ or ‘Baghdad lump’, which was caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and left permanent scars in the form of large ulcers all over the body. She set herself the task of finding a natural vector, while trying to prevent the disease from developing by transplanting a small graft of skin from a person who had already had the disease, which provided immunity. In her report to Masaryk, she stated: In the field of medical research, cutaneous leishmaniasis (the so- called Baghdad lump) has been investigated. To prove its natural vectors, the cooperation of Dr Drbohlav of the State Institute of Health was requested for microbiological investigations on a large scale. Personally, I am trying my method of immu - nisation against the Baghdad lump (by skin transplantation, with very good results so far).56 113 113 Vlasta Kálalová Di-Lotti in Iraq Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti was interested in the latest research in the field of tropical medicine, which since the beginning of the twentieth century had strongly emphasized research on leishmaniasis. We can only assume that she was led to it by the doctors at the British Royal Hospital, who dealt with the disease on a daily basis and also had the latest scientific articles at their disposal.57 She shared her research with scientists from the State Institute of Health in Prague, Jaroslav Drbohlav (head of the Laboratory for Entomology and Parasitology) and Heřman Šikl, founder of the field of his - tology in Czechoslovakia. She also sought advice from colleagues from the University of Jerusalem, Oskar Theodor and Saul Adler, who worked in the Department of Parasitology and visited Iraq in 1928. During the 1940s, Saul Adler developed a vaccine against leishmaniasis using living parasites. Vlasta used electrocauterization of the ulcer shortly after detection but tried as well to find a prevention method. Her immunization method was based on transplantation of a skin graft collected from an area near the ulcer. At first, she tried to apply her own skin graft that she transplanted to her first nurse Ruth	[ "in", "the", "hospital", ",", "as", "well", "as", "in", "pri", "-", "\n", "vate", "homes", ".", "\n", "Scientific", "work", "\n", "In", "addition", "to", "her", "medical", "practice", ",", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "Di-", " ", "Lotti", "also", "devoted", "\n", "herself", "to", "scientific", "research", "on", "tropical", "diseases", ",", "which", "was", "to", "be", "the", "first", "\n", "small", "contribution", "before", "a", "large", "scientific", "institute", "could", "be", "established", ".", "She", "\n", "focused", "on", "cutaneous", "leishmaniasis,55", "also", "known", "at", "the", "time", "as", "‘", "Oriental", "’", "\n", "or", "‘", "Baghdad", "lump", "’", ",", "which", "was", "caused", "by", "protozoa", "of", "the", "genus", "Leishmania", " \n", "and", "left", "permanent", "scars", "in", "the", "form", "of", "large", "ulcers", "all", "over", "the", "body", ".", "She", "\n", "set", "herself", "the", "task", "of", "finding", "a", "natural", "vector", ",", "while", "trying", "to", "prevent", "the", "\n", "disease", "from", "developing", "by", "transplanting", "a", "small", "graft", "of", "skin", "from", "a", "person", "\n", "who", "had", "already", "had", "the", "disease", ",", "which", "provided", "immunity", ".", "In", "her", "report", "\n", "to", "Masaryk", ",", "she", "stated", ":", "\n", "In", "the", "field", "of", "medical", "research", ",", "cutaneous", "leishmaniasis", "(", "the", "so-", " ", "called", "Baghdad", "\n", "lump", ")", "has", "been", "investigated", ".", "To", "prove", "its", "natural", "vectors", ",", "the", "cooperation", "of", "\n", "Dr", "Drbohlav", "of", "the", "State", "Institute", "of", "Health", "was", "requested", "for", "microbiological", "\n", "investigations", "on", "a", "large", "scale", ".", "Personally", ",", "I", "am", "trying", "my", "method", "of", "immu", "-", "\n", "nisation", "against", "the", "Baghdad", "lump", "(", "by", "skin", "transplantation", ",", "with", "very", "good", "\n", "results", "so", "far).56", " \n \n \n", "113", "\n", "113", "\n", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "Di", "-", "Lotti", "in", "Iraq", "\n", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "Di-", " ", "Lotti", "was", "interested", "in", "the", "latest", "research", "in", "the", "field", "of", "\n", "tropical", "medicine", ",", "which", "since", "the", "beginning", "of", "the", "twentieth", "century", "had", "\n", "strongly", "emphasized", "research", "on", "leishmaniasis", ".", "We", "can", "only", "assume", "that", "\n", "she", "was", "led", "to", "it", "by", "the", "doctors", "at", "the", "British", "Royal", "Hospital", ",", "who", "dealt", "\n", "with", "the", "disease", "on", "a", "daily", "basis", "and", "also", "had", "the", "latest", "scientific", "articles", "\n", "at", "their", "disposal.57", "She", "shared", "her", "research", "with", "scientists", "from", "the", "State", "\n", "Institute", "of", "Health", "in", "Prague", ",", "Jaroslav", "Drbohlav", "(", "head", "of", "the", "Laboratory", "for", "\n", "Entomology", "and", "Parasitology", ")", "and", "Heřman", "Šikl", ",", "founder", "of", "the", "field", "of", "his", "-", "\n", "tology", "in", "Czechoslovakia", ".", "She", "also", "sought", "advice", "from", "colleagues", "from", "the", "\n", "University", "of", "Jerusalem", ",", "Oskar", "Theodor", "and", "Saul", "Adler", ",", "who", "worked", "in", "the", "\n", "Department", "of", "Parasitology", "and", "visited", "Iraq", "in", "1928", ".", "During", "the", "1940s", ",", "\n", "Saul", "Adler", "developed", "a", "vaccine", "against", "leishmaniasis", "using", "living", "parasites", ".", "\n", "Vlasta", "used", "electrocauterization", "of", "the", "ulcer", "shortly", "after", "detection", "but", "tried", "\n", "as", "well", "to", "find", "a", "prevention", "method", ".", "Her", "immunization", "method", "was", "based", "\n", "on", "transplantation", "of", "a", "skin", "graft", "collected", "from", "an", "area", "near", "the", "ulcer", ".", "At", "\n", "first", ",", "she", "tried", "to", "apply", "her", "own", "skin", "graft", "that", "she", "transplanted", "to", "her", "first", "\n", "nurse", "Ruth" ]	[ { "end": 342, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 340 }, { "end": 1200, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1198 }, { "end": 1651, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1649 } ]
Zindi. 2020. “GIZ AI4D Africa Language Challenge, Round 2: $6,000 USD.” Competitions, June 1, 2020. https://zindi.africa /competitions/ai4d-african-language-dataset-challenge. Zou, James, and Londa Schiebinger. 2018. “AI Can Be Sexist and Racist: It’s Time to Make It Fair.” Nature 559 (7714): 324–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05707-8. 150 \| World Development Report 2021Two-way flows of data between local, regional, and international meteorological centers have high value for social and economic development.Spotlight 4.1 Gathering, sharing, and using better data on weather, water, and climate from low- and middle-income countries The need for weather and climate information is growing rapidly as people are becoming more vulner - able to natural hazards, including those exacerbated by climate change. To support economic and social development, all countries need to have access to sufficiently accurate, reliable, and understandable weather, water, and climate data (as stated in the Sus-tainable Development Goals). 1 This is the case every - where, but particularly in low- and middle-income countries, which are bearing the brunt of losses from natural hazards. 2 Scientific and technological advances have brought weather prediction systems to a level where they can provide weather intelligence to inform the decisions of individuals and groups of individuals. 3 But such data are useful for decision-making only if more high- quality observational data are shared, assimilated, or used to adjust model outputs. While satellites provide most of the data for models, local data play several critical roles. Scientists from national meteorological services work with regional and global centers to cali-brate global models at national and local scales. The more local data are shared internationally, the better the weather predictions produced by global centers can be applied locally. Exchanging more and better data internationally and doing so more fre-quently have many direct benefits, yielding better- performing models, more accurate local forecasts, and improved verification of forecasts, helping to monitor, improve, and compare the quality of fore-casts and forecasting systems. Recognizing the benefit of sharing national data with regional and global forecasting centers, Ukraine recently increased the number of weather stations reporting data to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from 30 to 130. 4 The extra data produced by these stations will help to improve global forecasts and thus regional and national forecasts. In particular, local observa-tions of near-surface temperature and humidity will improve estimates of soil moisture, which influence regional and global forecasts of near-surface tem-perature and rainfall. Additional data on snow depth from	[ "Zindi", ".", "2020", ".", "“", "GIZ", "AI4D", "Africa", "Language", "Challenge", ",", "Round", "2", ":", "\n", "$", "6,000", "USD", ".", "”", "Competitions", ",", "June", "1", ",", "2020", ".", "https://zindi.africa", " \n", "/competitions", "/", "ai4d", "-", "african", "-", "language", "-", "dataset", "-", "challenge", ".", "\n", "Zou", ",", "James", ",", "and", "Londa", "Schiebinger", ".", "2018", ".", "“", "AI", "Can", "Be", "Sexist", "\n", "and", "Racist", ":", "It", "’s", "Time", "to", "Make", "It", "Fair", ".", "”", "Nature", "559", "(", "7714", "):", "324–26", ".", "https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05707-8", ".", "\n", "150", " ", "\|", " ", "World", "Development", "Report", "2021Two", "-", "way", "flows", "of", "data", "between", "local", ",", "regional", ",", "and", "international", "\n", "meteorological", "centers", "have", "high", "value", "for", "social", "and", "economic", "development", ".", "Spotlight", "4.1", "\n", "Gathering", ",", "sharing", ",", "and", "using", "better", "\n", "data", "on", "weather", ",", "water", ",", "and", "climate", "from", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "\n", "The", "need", "for", "weather", "and", "climate", "information", "is", "\n", "growing", "rapidly", "as", "people", "are", "becoming", "more", "vulner", "-", "\n", "able", "to", "natural", "hazards", ",", "including", "those", "exacerbated", "by", "climate", "change", ".", "To", "support", "economic", "and", "social", "development", ",", "all", "countries", "need", "to", "have", "access", "to", "sufficiently", "accurate", ",", "reliable", ",", "and", "understandable", "weather", ",", "water", ",", "and", "climate", "data", "(", "as", "stated", "in", "the", "Sus", "-", "tainable", "Development", "Goals", ")", ".", "\n", "1", "This", "is", "the", "case", "every", "-", "\n", "where", ",", "but", "particularly", "in", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", ",", "which", "are", "bearing", "the", "brunt", "of", "losses", "from", "natural", "hazards", ".", "\n", "2", "\n", "Scientific", "and", "technological", "advances", "have", "brought", " \n", "weather", "prediction", "systems", "to", "a", "level", "where", "they", "can", "provide", "weather", "intelligence", "to", "inform", "the", "decisions", "of", "individuals", "and", "groups", "of", "individuals", ".", "\n", "3", "But", "such", "\n", "data", "are", "useful", "for", "decision", "-", "making", "only", "if", "more", "high-", " \n", "quality", "observational", "data", "are", "shared", ",", "assimilated", ",", "or", "used", "to", "adjust", "model", "outputs", ".", "While", "satellites", "provide", "most", "of", "the", "data", "for", "models", ",", "local", "data", "play", "several", "critical", "roles", ".", "Scientists", "from", "national", "meteorological", "services", "work", "with", "regional", "and", "global", "centers", "to", "cali", "-", "brate", "global", "models", "at", "national", "and", "local", "scales", ".", "\n", "The", "more", "local", "data", "are", "shared", "internationally", ",", " \n", "the", "better", "the", "weather", "predictions", "produced", "by", "global", "centers", "can", "be", "applied", "locally", ".", "Exchanging", "more", "and", "better", "data", "internationally", "and", "doing", "so", "more", "fre", "-", "quently", "have", "many", "direct", "benefits", ",", "yielding", "better-", " \n", "performing", "models", ",", "more", "accurate", "local", "forecasts", ",", "and", "improved", "verification", "of", "forecasts", ",", "helping", "to", "monitor", ",", "improve", ",", "and", "compare", "the", "quality", "of", "fore", "-", "casts", "and", "forecasting", "systems", ".", "\n", "Recognizing", "the", "benefit", "of", "sharing", "national", "\n", "data", "with", "regional", "and", "global", "forecasting", "centers", ",", "Ukraine", "recently", "increased", "the", "number", "of", "weather", "stations", "reporting", "data", "to", "the", "European", "Centre", "for", "Medium", "-", "Range", "Weather", "Forecasts", "(", "ECMWF", ")", "from", "30", "to", "130", ".", "\n", "4", "The", "extra", "data", "produced", "by", "these", "stations", "\n", "will", "help", "to", "improve", "global", "forecasts", "and", "thus", "regional", "and", "national", "forecasts", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "local", "observa", "-", "tions", "of", "near", "-", "surface", "temperature", "and", "humidity", "will", "improve", "estimates", "of", "soil", "moisture", ",", "which", "influence", "regional", "and", "global", "forecasts", "of", "near", "-", "surface", "tem", "-", "perature", "and", "rainfall", ".", "Additional", "data", "on", "snow", "depth", "from" ]	[ { "end": 178, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 }, { "end": 349, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 179 } ]
\| 16.9% \| \| Chronic conditions : anaemia, blood pressure, giddiness, diabetes, ulcer. \| 0.0% \| 23.3% \| 23.5% \| 16.9% \| \| Total \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| More serious conditions reported by our medics, but still illnesses that can be treated by the private medical provider, are given in Table 6.3. Of the non-routine cases seen in the private providers 23.1% are due to gastrointestinal illness - diar -rhoea, vomiting, dehydration and dysentery. These data illustrate the types of illnesses being treated in private healthcare providers offering a range of treatments for the most common ailments to more serious illnesses. Our medical providers tell us that when they feel they are unable to provide a medical diagnosis, they make a referral to an alternative provider or hospital where they know this can be undertaken. These referrals include where surgery is required, for example, in cases of accidents. They also refer cases of suspected cancer, chest pains and symptoms related to heart attacks, suspected kidney issues and those suffering from diabetes. With regards to more severe illnesses, Dr Ansaritold us: 'Yes, they do come, those patients with severe symptoms. Sometimes patients come with symptoms of cancer. But I cannot do anything for these patients, so I refer them. There are many patients who say this to me that, doctor, you have advised me correctly and referred me to the hospital, otherwise we could have been in a problematic situation. Two of the patients I have seen recently are currently being diagnosed in Safdarjung hospital. Whenever I feel any of my patients have symptoms which can cause severe problems, I refer them outside.' Dr Sanjeev said on referrals that 'in the case of hypertension, we measure BP and oxygen levels. To check the oxygen levels, we check ECG.' For the ECG, he refers to the City Lab, which is nearby, within a two minute walki. Going on to say: 'Whether the reason is sick sinus syndrome, or it is normal. Whether cardiac heartbeat is high or slow. Is there any blockage or not? These are things the ECG reports tell us. The cardiac and sinus are common things. When something else is suspected we ask them to get the Echo test. Echo is more detailed.' ## Competence of the private healthcare provider 'Each morning, I come to office and make sure all is well. 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of economic and innovation potential Table S.1. Summary table of mapping results for Armenia NACE Economic – All industries C E SITC Goods exports C E NACE Innovation – Enterprise Survey Results unavailable 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 17 Paper 1 Meat and meat preparations X 24 Basic metals NACE Economic – Manufacturing C E 2 Dairy products and birds' eggs X 41-43 Construction 11 Beverages X 3Fish (not marine mammals), crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereofX 49-53 Transport 12 Tobacco products X X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X 11 Beverages X NACE Innovation – Patents 16Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 12 Tobacco and tobacco manufactures X 10 Manufacture of food products 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 27Crude fertilizers, other than those of division 56, and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones) X 11 Manufacture of beverages 32 Other manufacturing X X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 35 Electric current X 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures. X 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 68 Non-ferrous metals X 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators 72 Machinery specialized for particular industries X 74General industrial machinery and equipment, and machine parts X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 84 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories X 62, 63 Software 87Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus. X 26, 61 Mobile 61, 62, 63 Information technology EBOPS Services exports C E 53, 55, 79 Travel and tourism 1.3 Other transport X Gaming 2.2 Personal travel X 61, 63 Internet services 3 Communications services X 63 Apps 3.2 Telecommunications services X 4 Construction services X Clusters 5 Insurance services X X Green energy and environmental services 6 Financial services X Education and knowledge transfer 7.2 Information services X Food and agriculture 9 Other business services X Information and communication technologies 10.1 Audio-visual and related services X X 10.2 Other personal, cultural, and recreational services X X 11 Government services X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation125 126 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Table S.2. Summary table of mapping results for Azerbaijan NACE Economic – All industries C E	[ "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Table", "S.1", ".", "Summary", "table", "of", "mapping", "results", "for", "Armenia", "\n", "NACE", "Economic", "–", "All", "industries", "C", "E", " ", "SITC", "Goods", "exports", "C", "E", " ", "NACE", "Innovation", "–", "Enterprise", "Survey", "\n", "Results", "unavailable", " ", "0", "Live", "animals", "other", "than", "animals", "of", "division", "03", " ", "X", " ", "17", "Paper", "\n", "1", "Meat", "and", "meat", "preparations", " ", "X", " ", "24", "Basic", "metals", "\n", "NACE", "Economic", "–", "Manufacturing", "C", "E", " ", "2", "Dairy", "products", "and", "birds", "'", "eggs", " ", "X", " ", "41", "-", "43", "Construction", "\n", "11", "Beverages", "X", " ", "3Fish", "(", "not", "marine", "mammals", ")", ",", "crustaceans", ",", "molluscs", "\n", "and", "aquatic", "invertebrates", ",", "and", "preparations", "\n", "thereofX", " ", "49", "-", "53", "Transport", "\n", "12", "Tobacco", "products", "X", "X", " ", "7Coffee", ",", "tea", ",", "cocoa", ",", "spices", ",", "and", "manufactures", "\n", "thereof", "X", " \n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", " ", "X", " ", "11", "Beverages", "X", " ", "NACE", "Innovation", "–", "Patents", "\n", "16Wood", "products", ",", "cork", ",", "straw", ",", "plaiting", "\n", "materials", "X", " ", "12", "Tobacco", "and", "tobacco", "manufactures", "X", " ", "10", "Manufacture", "of", "food", "products", "\n", "28Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "X", " ", "27Crude", "fertilizers", ",", "other", "than", "those", "of", "division", "56", ",", "\n", "and", "crude", "minerals", "(", "excluding", "coal", ",", "petroleum", "and", "\n", "precious", "stones", ")", "X", " ", "11", "Manufacture", "of", "beverages", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "X", "X", " ", "28", "Metalliferous", "ores", "and", "metal", "scrap", "X", "X", " ", "12", "Manufacture", "of", "tobacco", "products", "\n", "35", "Electric", "current", "X", " ", "26.1", "Manufacture", "of", "electronic", "components", "and", "boards", "\n", "54", "Medicinal", "and", "pharmaceutical", "products", " ", "X", " ", "26.2", "Manufacture", "of", "computers", "and", "peripheral", "equipment", "\n", "66", "Non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "manufactures", ".", "X", " ", "26.6", "Manufacture", "of", "irradiation", "\n", "68", "Non", "-", "ferrous", "metals", "X", " ", "27.2", "Manufacture", "of", "batteries", "and", "accumulators", "\n", "72", "Machinery", "specialized", "for", "particular", "industries", " ", "X", " \n", "74General", "industrial", "machinery", "and", "equipment", ",", "and", "\n", "machine", "parts", "X", " ", "NACE", "Innovation", "–", "VC", "&", "start", "-", "ups", "\n", "84", "Articles", "of", "apparel", "and", "clothing", "accessories", " ", "X", " ", "62", ",", "63", "Software", "\n", "87Professional", ",", "scientific", "and", "controlling", "instruments", "\n", "and", "apparatus", ".", "X", " ", "26", ",", "61", "Mobile", "\n ", "61", ",", "62", ",", "63", "Information", "technology", "\n", "EBOPS", "Services", "exports", "C", "E", " ", "53", ",", "55", ",", "79", "Travel", "and", "tourism", "\n", "1.3", "Other", "transport", " ", "X", " ", "Gaming", "\n", "2.2", "Personal", "travel", "X", " ", "61", ",", "63", "Internet", "services", "\n", "3", "Communications", "services", " ", "X", " ", "63", "Apps", "\n", "3.2", "Telecommunications", "services", " ", "X", " \n", "4", "Construction", "services", "X", " ", "Clusters", "\n", "5", "Insurance", "services", "X", "X", " ", "Green", "energy", "and", "environmental", "services", "\n", "6", "Financial", "services", " ", "X", " ", "Education", "and", "knowledge", "transfer", "\n", "7.2", "Information", "services", " ", "X", " ", "Food", "and", "agriculture", "\n", "9", "Other", "business", "services", " ", "X", " ", "Information", "and", "communication", "technologies", "\n", "10.1", "Audio", "-", "visual", "and", "related", "services", "X", "X", " \n", "10.2", "Other", "personal", ",", "cultural", ",", "and", "recreational", "services", "X", "X", " \n", "11", "Government", "services", " ", "X", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation125", "126", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Table", "S.2", ".", "Summary", "table", "of", "mapping", "results", "for", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "NACE", "Economic", "–", "All", "industries", "C", "E" ]	[]
successfully removed or sorted, and/or the like). - the air systems can also contain temperature, flow, and/or speed instrumentation to report 332 its readings to the control system 302 as status information 332 . - the control system 302 uses the feedback 332 from the air systems to dynamically adjust the operation of the air systems themselves, adjust the operation of various other components 312 , 321 , 322 of the MRF. - the control system 302 may instruct 333 the air systems to activate, deactivate, adjust one or more operating parameters (e.g., increase or decrease air pressure, and/or the like), and/or move to a different location/area of the MRF based on the information obtained from various data streams. - the control system 302 may signal 333 the air system to decrease its working air pressure so that the lighter contaminants are successfully removed from the waste stream while reducing the overall resources consumed by the air system. - Some of the MHUs 322 include conveyor systems, which includes mechanical handling equipment that moves materials or objects from one location to another.	[ "successfully", "removed", "or", "sorted", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "air", "systems", "\n", "can", "also", "contain", "temperature", ",", "flow", ",", "and/or", "speed", "instrumentation", "to", "report", "332", "its", "readings", "to", "the", "control", "system", "302", "as", "status", "information", "332", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "control", "system", "302", "\n", "uses", "the", "feedback", "332", "from", "the", "air", "systems", "to", "dynamically", "adjust", "the", "operation", "of", "the", "air", "systems", "themselves", ",", "adjust", "the", "operation", "of", "various", "other", "components", "312", ",", "321", ",", "322", "of", "the", "MRF", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "control", "system", "302", "\n", "may", "instruct", "333", "the", "air", "systems", "to", "activate", ",", "deactivate", ",", "adjust", "one", "or", "more", "operating", "parameters", "(", "e.g.", ",", "increase", "or", "decrease", "air", "pressure", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "and/or", "move", "to", "a", "different", "location", "/", "area", "of", "the", "MRF", "based", "on", "the", "information", "obtained", "from", "various", "data", "streams", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "control", "system", "302", "\n", "may", "signal", "333", "the", "air", "system", "to", "decrease", "its", "working", "air", "pressure", "so", "that", "the", "lighter", "contaminants", "are", "successfully", "removed", "from", "the", "waste", "stream", "while", "reducing", "the", "overall", "resources", "consumed", "by", "the", "air", "system", ".", "\n", "-", "Some", "of", "the", "MHUs", "322", "\n", "include", "conveyor", "systems", ",", "which", "includes", "mechanical", "handling", "equipment", "that", "moves", "materials", "or", "objects", "from", "one", "location", "to", "another", "." ]	[]
Step 0 (j) Step 3 (k) Step 4 (l) Step 5 Figure 108: Results (contacts, joints, velocities) of test MEPE25. STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1 1.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2 2.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3 3.00000E-01 4 4 4 4 2 2 7.107E-03 7.107E-03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 4 4.00000E-01 3 3 3 3 2 2 1.071E-01 1.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 5 5.00000E-01 6 6 6 4 2 2 2.071E-01 2.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 However, the solution looks weird in terms of velocities because at step 3 the imposed vertical velocity of the bottom left node of the projectile is not respected. This then produces a gradual degradation of the solution at steps 4 and 5, leading to a crash at step 6 due to excessive deformation of element 3. It seems unlikely that this pathological behavior be due to the REDP procedure since, as already noted, this procedure has no eect at step 3 when the weird velocity rst appears. This will be veried in the next test case. 93 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 6.4.7 Case MEPE35 This test is a repetition of case MEPE05 by adding (only) the REDU option. Like in the previous case, the simulation crashes at step 6 due to zero Jacobian in element 3, due to the appearance of a spurious velocity at step 3. This conrms that the REDP procedure is not responsible for the non-physical result obtained in test MEPE25. Therefore, the problem is probably due to the over-constraining, as observed in some of the previous examples (all dofs are piloted by either BLOQ or VITE, and in addition contact occurs). (a) Step 0 (b) Step 3 (c) Step 4 (d) Step 5 (e) Step 0 (f) Step 3 (g) Step 4 (h) Step 5 (i) Step 0 (j) Step 3 (k) Step 4 (l) Step 5 Figure 109: Results (contacts, joints, velocities) of test MEPE35. 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as cash transfers and other initiatives targeting youth and vulnerable populations to help mitigate economic impacts. Timely and flexible funding, particularly through budget support, allowed for rapid health and economic interventions. However, challenges such as logistical delays and limited vaccine awareness highlighted areas for improvement.  ## Lessons fro m Kenya's experience Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic highlights several key lessons for future crisis management: - · Strong national leadership and co-ordination are critical for effective response: The Kenyan government's proactive leadership and activation of emergency response mechanisms, including the National COVID-19 Taskforce and the Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC), enabled external partners to co-ordinate efforts, facilitating rapid containment measures and effective resource mobilisation. This experience demonstrates the importance of an adaptable emergency framework for future health crises. - · Overall, health systems were strengthened but concerns emerged about regional disparities: Significant investments in health infrastructure, supported by development partners strengthened Kenya's intensive care unit (ICU) capacity, oxygen generation, and laboratory facilities, enhancing the COVID response and resilience for future health crises. Community engagement and innovative communication strategies, backed by development co-operation, played a crucial role in combating vaccine hesitancy. However, disparity in vaccine coverage highlights challenges in equitable distribution, calling for increased efforts in future crises. - · Robust and adaptable social protection systems are essential for mitigating socioeconomic impacts during crises: While challenging to implement and scale up in the midst of the crisis, t he expansion of Kenya's National Safety Net Programme (NSNP) and food and cash transfer initiatives, supported by development partners including the AfDB and the World Food Programme, provided vital assistance to vulnerable populations, showing the importance of flexible and scalable social protection systems for crisis response. 1 ## Kenya's development landscape and the impact of COVID-19 Over the past decade, Kenya has experienced sustained economic growth, social development and political stability. Despite these advancements, the country continues to face significant challenges, including poverty, inequality and youth unemployment. As of 2019, 27.2% of Kenya's population lived under the poverty line of USD 2.15 per day (World Bank, 2023[1]). Between 2015 and 2019, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate averaged 4.8% before contracting by 0.3% in 2020 and then rebounding to a decadal high of 7.5% in 2021 (IMF, 2023[2]). Agriculture in Kenya accounts for more than a third of total GDP and over 40% of all employment (FAO, 2019[3]). 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chemical engi- neering’ and ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T clusters. In both cases, the concordance was produced solely by publications. Again, it was decided to manually remove the concord- ance with the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T domain based on its semantic content;. ■for the cluster ‘Chemical Products’, a concord- ance between the E&I domain ‘Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products’ and the ‘Biotechnology’, ‘Chemistry and chemical en- gineering’ and ‘Nanotechnology and materi- als’ S&T domains could be found. In all cases, the concordance is produced by both patent MOLDOVA Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Food Processing and Manufacturing10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages• Agrifood Leather, Apparel & Footwear13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products Wood Products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials• Chemistry and chemical engineering Chemical Products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products• Biotechnology • Chemistry and chemical engineering • Nanotechnology and materials Communications Equipment and Services61 Telecommunications • ICT and computer science Computer Programming, Information Services and Financial Services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 4.5. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Moldova 242 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials and publications and seems to be satisfactory even after a dedicated inspection of the tex- tual content of the respective S&T domains; ■for the cluster ‘Communications Equipment and Services’, a reasonable concordance be- tween the ‘Telecommunications’ E&I domain and the ‘ICT and computer science’ S&T do-main could be identified. The concordance is in this case produced by publications only. The most relevant keywords for these Moldovan S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. Figure 4.13. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Moldova Figure 4.15. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Moldova Figure 4.17. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova Figure 4.14. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Moldova Figure 4.16. 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countries focus on principal certification varies by country ................................................................. 65 Figure 3.10 Principals in some countries spend at least twice as much time in teaching-related tasks than in other countries ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 68 Figure 3.11 Principals appear to enjoy high levels of job satisfaction .............................................................................................................. 69 Figure 4.1 A variety of stakeholders are represented in school management teams .............................................................................. 80 Figure 4.2 Most teachers in middle leadership positions are involved in teacher appraisal .................................................................. 83 Figure 4.3 Parents are more likely than community members to be mandated to participate in school management committees ........................................................................................................................................................................ 91 Figure 4.4 Parental engagement in school governance is high in Latin America ........................................................................................ 92 Figure 5.1 In Latvia, one third of education ministry officials reported high levels of professional development on commissioning and using research ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 5.2 In Latvia, one half of local education officials reported high levels of need for professional development on methodological and subject support to teachers .................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 5.3 External school inspection is becoming less common in OECD countries ............................................................................. 107 Figure 6.1 Curriculum emphasis varies by type of political regime .............................................................................................................. 118 Figure 6.2 Teacher hiring and firing is politically influenced in many countries ....................................................................................... 120 Figure 6.3 Within two years of their appointment, 51% of education ministers have left office ........................................................ 123 Figure 7.1 A country-led process will be used to make decisions on education statistics ................................................................... 146 Figure 7.2 Some SDG 4 indicators have been under scrutiny due to low data coverage ....................................................................... 147 Figure 8.1 Since 2015, the out-of-school population has stagnated ........................................................................................................... 152 Figure 8.2 Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for more than half of the total number out-of-school children and adolescents ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 154 Figure 8.3 COVID-19 does not appear to have had a negative impact on out-of-school rates ........................................................... 155 xvi 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT Figure 8.4 The gaps between timely and ultimate completion rates have remained persistently high in sub-Saharan Africa .................................................................................................................................................................... 158 Figure 8.5 In Yemen, conflict has compromised the education opportunities of an entire generation ............................................ 159 Figure 8.6 Completion rates in Yemen show significant regional variation ............................................................................................... 159 Figure 8.7 Adolescents’ learning outcome levels fell in reading and especially mathematics between 2018 and 2022 ........... 160 Figure 8.8 Since 2012, the percentage of students achieving minimum proficiency has fallen by 12 percentage points in reading and 6 percentage points in mathematics ........................................................................................................ 162 Figure 8.9 Those who drop out	[ "countries", "focus", "on", "principal", "certification", "varies", "by", "country", ".................................................................", "65", "\n", "Figure", "3.10", " ", "Principals", "in", "some", "countries", "spend", "at", "least", "twice", "as", "much", "time", "in", "teaching", "-", "related", "tasks", "than", " \n ", "in", "other", "countries", " ", "........................................................................................................................................................................................", "68", "\n", "Figure", "3.11", " ", "Principals", "appear", "to", "enjoy", "high", "levels", "of", "job", "satisfaction", "..............................................................................................................", "69", "\n", "Figure", "4.1", " ", "A", "variety", "of", "stakeholders", "are", "represented", "in", "school", "management", "teams", "..............................................................................", "80", "\n", "Figure", "4.2", " ", "Most", "teachers", "in", "middle", "leadership", "positions", "are", "involved", "in", "teacher", "appraisal", "..................................................................", "83", "\n", "Figure", "4.3", " ", "Parents", "are", "more", "likely", "than", "community", "members", "to", "be", "mandated", "to", "participate", "in", "school", " \n ", "management", "committees", " ", "........................................................................................................................................................................", "91", "\n", "Figure", "4.4", "Parental", "engagement", "in", "school", "governance", "is", "high", "in", "Latin", "America", "........................................................................................", "92", "\n", "Figure", "5.1", " ", "In", "Latvia", ",", "one", "third", "of", "education", "ministry", "officials", "reported", "high", "levels", "of", "professional", "development", "on", " \n ", "commissioning", "and", "using", "research", " ", ".....................................................................................................................................................", "104", "\n", "Figure", "5.2", " ", "In", "Latvia", ",", "one", "half", "of", "local", "education", "officials", "reported", "high", "levels", "of", "need", "for", "professional", "development", " \n ", "on", "methodological", "and", "subject", "support", "to", "teachers", " ", "....................................................................................................................", "104", "\n", "Figure", "5.3", " ", "External", "school", "inspection", "is", "becoming", "less", "common", "in", "OECD", "countries", ".............................................................................", "107", "\n", "Figure", "6.1", "Curriculum", "emphasis", "varies", "by", "type", "of", "political", "regime", "..............................................................................................................", "118", "\n", "Figure", "6.2", " ", "Teacher", "hiring", "and", "firing", "is", "politically", "influenced", "in", "many", "countries", " ", ".......................................................................................", "120", "\n", "Figure", "6.3", " ", "Within", "two", "years", "of", "their", "appointment", ",", "51", "%", "of", "education", "ministers", "have", "left", "office", "........................................................", "123", "\n", "Figure", "7.1", " ", "A", "country", "-", "led", "process", "will", "be", "used", "to", "make", "decisions", "on", "education", "statistics", "...................................................................", "146", "\n", "Figure", "7.2", " ", "Some", "SDG", "4", "indicators", "have", "been", "under", "scrutiny", "due", "to", "low", "data", "coverage", ".......................................................................", "147", "\n", "Figure", "8.1", " ", "Since", "2015", ",", "the", "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "population", "has", "stagnated", " ", "...........................................................................................................", "152", "\n", "Figure", "8.2", " ", "Sub", "-", "Saharan", "Africa", "accounts", "for", "more", "than", "half", "of", "the", "total", "number", "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "children", " \n ", "and", "adolescents", " ", "........................................................................................................................................................................................", "154", "\n", "Figure", "8.3", " ", "COVID-19", "does", "not", "appear", "to", "have", "had", "a", "negative", "impact", "on", "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rates", "...........................................................", "155", "\n", "xvi", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORT", "\n", "Figure", "8.4", " ", "The", "gaps", "between", "timely", "and", "ultimate", "completion", "rates", "have", "remained", "persistently", " \n ", "high", "in", "sub", "-", "Saharan", "Africa", " ", "....................................................................................................................................................................", "158", "\n", "Figure", "8.5", " ", "In", "Yemen", ",", "conflict", "has", "compromised", "the", "education", "opportunities", "of", "an", "entire", "generation", " ", "............................................", "159", "\n", "Figure", "8.6", " ", "Completion", "rates", "in", "Yemen", "show", "significant", "regional", "variation", " ", "...............................................................................................", "159", "\n", "Figure", "8.7", " ", "Adolescents", "’", "learning", "outcome", "levels", "fell", "in", "reading", "and", "especially", "mathematics", "between", "2018", "and", "2022", "...........", "160", "\n", "Figure", "8.8", " ", "Since", "2012", ",", "the", "percentage", "of", "students", "achieving", "minimum", "proficiency", "has", "fallen", "by", "12", "percentage", " \n ", "points", "in", "reading", "and", "6", "percentage", "points", "in", "mathematics", "........................................................................................................", "162", "\n", "Figure", "8.9", " ", "Those", "who", "drop", "out" ]	[]
6.0 CONCLUSION For most economic sectors, corporate income tax (CIT) is levied at the business entity level. This means that the income derived from various projects or commercial activities undertaken by a single business entity is merged or consolidated into a single tax base. This approach is commonly referred to as consolidation of the tax base of a taxpayer. In mining, a company may carry on multiple projects and/or undertake several activities along the mining value chain or be involved in non-mining activities, such as transport, manufacturing, or even sophisticated financial investment activities. In these cases, where consolidation rules are in place, the company may use costs incurred in one project (e.g., during exploration) and/or activity (e.g., when undertaking manufacturing activities) to offset profits earned in another. Such consolidation is fiscally attractive for mining taxpayers because it allows tax savings resulting from the deduction of costs related to one project/activity against the income generated by another project/activity. These tax savings reduce the after-tax costs of investments. They can, in turn, encourage mining companies to invest in exploration and continue other mining and non-mining activities because they can recover their costs sooner, which may improve their cash flows. For governments, attracting investments is an important policy objective, and these considerations related to consolidation play an important role in the decisions of investors. However, such consolidation can postpone government tax revenues. By offsetting costs or losses against the income of producing mines, companies can defer the payment of CITs-sometimes for very long periods or indefinitely. Consolidation can also result in revenue loss if exploration projects are unsuccessful or when a mining investor undertakes non-mining activities, such as speculative and high-risk financial investment activities. Furthermore, where mining investors engage in base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) practices, consolidation might accelerate those effects and may result in permanent losses of tax revenues for the host jurisdiction. Balancing these potentially conflicting objectives through careful tax policy design is essential to ensure that investors do not lose the deductibility of legitimate expenses incurred, and governments ensure the collection of economic rents. 1 1 Economic or resource rent has been defined as 'the excess of the total project lifetime value arising from the exploitation of a deposit over the sum of all costs of exploitation including the compensation to all factors of production.' See Land (2008, p. 5). ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0	[ "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "For", "most", "economic", "sectors", ",", "corporate", "income", "tax", "(", "CIT", ")", "is", "levied", "at", "the", "business", "entity", "level", ".", "This", "means", "that", "the", "income", "derived", "from", "various", "projects", "or", "commercial", "activities", "undertaken", "by", "a", "single", "business", "entity", "is", "merged", "or", "consolidated", "into", "a", "single", "tax", "base", ".", "This", "approach", "is", "commonly", "referred", "to", "as", "consolidation", "of", "the", "tax", "base", "of", "a", "taxpayer", ".", "\n\n", "In", "mining", ",", "a", "company", "may", "carry", "on", "multiple", "projects", "and/or", "undertake", "several", "activities", "along", "the", "mining", "value", "chain", "or", "be", "involved", "in", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ",", "such", "as", "transport", ",", "manufacturing", ",", "or", "even", "sophisticated", "financial", "investment", "activities", ".", "In", "these", "cases", ",", "where", "consolidation", "rules", "are", "in", "place", ",", "the", "company", "may", "use", "costs", "incurred", "in", "one", "project", "(", "e.g.", ",", "during", "exploration", ")", "and/or", "activity", "(", "e.g.", ",", "when", "undertaking", "manufacturing", "activities", ")", "to", "offset", "profits", "earned", "in", "another", ".", "\n\n", "Such", "consolidation", "is", "fiscally", "attractive", "for", "mining", "taxpayers", "because", "it", "allows", "tax", "savings", "resulting", "from", "the", "deduction", "of", "costs", "related", "to", "one", "project", "/", "activity", "against", "the", "income", "generated", "by", "another", "project", "/", "activity", ".", "These", "tax", "savings", "reduce", "the", "after", "-", "tax", "costs", "of", "investments", ".", "They", "can", ",", "in", "turn", ",", "encourage", "mining", "companies", "to", "invest", "in", "exploration", "and", "continue", "other", "mining", "and", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "because", "they", "can", "recover", "their", "costs", "sooner", ",", "which", "may", "improve", "their", "cash", "flows", ".", "\n\n", "For", "governments", ",", "attracting", "investments", "is", "an", "important", "policy", "objective", ",", "and", "these", "considerations", "related", "to", "consolidation", "play", "an", "important", "role", "in", "the", "decisions", "of", "investors", ".", "However", ",", "such", "consolidation", "can", "postpone", "government", "tax", "revenues", ".", "By", "offsetting", "costs", "or", "losses", "against", "the", "income", "of", "producing", "mines", ",", "companies", "can", "defer", "the", "payment", "of", "CITs", "-", "sometimes", "for", "very", "long", "periods", "or", "indefinitely", ".", "Consolidation", "can", "also", "result", "in", "revenue", "loss", "if", "exploration", "projects", "are", "unsuccessful", "or", "when", "a", "mining", "investor", "undertakes", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ",", "such", "as", "speculative", "and", "high", "-", "risk", "financial", "investment", "activities", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "where", "mining", "investors", "engage", "in", "base", "erosion", "and", "profit", "shifting", "(", "BEPS", ")", "practices", ",", "consolidation", "might", "accelerate", "those", "effects", "and", "may", "result", "in", "permanent", "losses", "of", "tax", "revenues", "for", "the", "host", "jurisdiction", ".", "\n\n", "Balancing", "these", "potentially", "conflicting", "objectives", "through", "careful", "tax", "policy", "design", "is", "essential", "to", "ensure", "that", "investors", "do", "not", "lose", "the", "deductibility", "of", "legitimate", "expenses", "incurred", ",", "and", "governments", "ensure", "the", "collection", "of", "economic", "rents", ".", "1", "\n\n", "1", " ", "Economic", "or", "resource", "rent", "has", "been", "defined", "as", "'", "the", "excess", "of", "the", "total", "project", "lifetime", "value", "arising", "from", "the", "exploitation", "of", "a", "deposit", "over", "the", "sum", "of", "all", "costs", "of", "exploitation", "including", "the", "compensation", "to", "all", "factors", "of", "production", ".", "'", "See", "Land", "(", "2008", ",", "p.", "5", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0" ]	[]
[bib][paper][corpus] 2. M. Shardlow, P. Przybyła, “Deanthropomorphising NLP: Can a language model be conscious?,” PLOS ONE, vol. 19, issue 12, 2024. [bib][paper] 3. P. Przybyła, M. Shardlow, “Using NLP to quantify the environmental cost and diversity benefits of in-person NLP conferences,” in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, Dublin, Ireland, 2022. [bib][paper][data][code] ### NLP applications for biomedical and scholarly text 1. N. Duran-Silva, P. Accuosto, P. Przybyła, H. Saggion, “AffilGood: Building reliable institution name disambiguation tools to improve scientific literature analysis,” in Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Scholarly Document Processing (SDP 2024), Bangkok, Thailand, 2024. [bib][paper][code+data] 2. A. J. Brockmeier, M. Ju, P. Przybyła, S. Ananiadou, “Improving reference prioritisation with PICO recognition,” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 19, p. 256, 2019. [bib][paper] 3. P. Przybyła, A. J. Brockmeier, S. 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Ogrodniczuk, “PolQA: Polish Question Answering Dataset,” in Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), Torino, Italy, 2024.	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the use of CapEx is an appropriate allocation key to apportion indirect and general expenditures, and mining revenues are an appropriate allocation key to apportion indirect and general revenues. - · Resource-rich countries should issue publicly available guidance defining direct, indirect, and general revenues and expenditures, including the preferred allocation method and apportionment key for each category, where apportionment is necessary. This will create consistency in the industry, which will be important for compliance and implementation. In doing so, resource-rich countries should create reporting templates to require companies to report according to the different categories. ## How can countries deal with the risk of abuse of domestic transfer pricing in the context of ring-fencing? - · Resource-rich countries could address the risk of abuse of domestic transfer pricing by applying transfer pricing rules to the domestic transactions as well as to internal dealings (economic activities carried out by different parts of the same taxpayer legal entity). ## How can countries best design taxpayers' compliance obligations? - · There are different ways for taxpayers to comply with ring-fencing rules. Countries can opt to request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ringfenced area, or they can require the filing of a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. Whatever the selected option is, taxpayers should maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. 6.0 Conclusion ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES ## 6.0 CONCLUSION Governments of resource-rich countries are looking for ways to accelerate tax revenues and ensure correct administration and compliance with special mining taxation regimes, as well as to prevent permanent revenue losses due to BEPS practices. This challenge can be complicated by the omnipresence of tax incentives in the mining sector, which may be effective if well-designed, but wasteful if not. These concerns are legitimate given the need to collect revenue to fund public needs. At the same time, these governments seek to attract additional investments into the exploration and development of new mining projects. There are thus multiple tax and investment policy objectives that need to be considered and balanced carefully. The information gathered here provides evidence of the prevalence of ring-fencing as well as countries'	[ "the", "use", "of", "CapEx", "is", "an", "appropriate", "allocation", "key", "to", "apportion", "indirect", "and", "general", "expenditures", ",", "and", "mining", "revenues", "are", "an", "appropriate", "allocation", "key", "to", "apportion", "indirect", "and", "general", "revenues", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "issue", "publicly", "available", "guidance", "defining", "direct", ",", "indirect", ",", "and", "general", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", ",", "including", "the", "preferred", "allocation", "method", "and", "apportionment", "key", "for", "each", "category", ",", "where", "apportionment", "is", "necessary", ".", "This", "will", "create", "consistency", "in", "the", "industry", ",", "which", "will", "be", "important", "for", "compliance", "and", "implementation", ".", "In", "doing", "so", ",", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "create", "reporting", "templates", "to", "require", "companies", "to", "report", "according", "to", "the", "different", "categories", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "How", "can", "countries", "deal", "with", "the", "risk", "of", "abuse", "of", "domestic", "transfer", "pricing", "in", "the", "context", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "?", "\n\n", "-", "·", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "could", "address", "the", "risk", "of", "abuse", "of", "domestic", "transfer", "pricing", "by", "applying", "transfer", "pricing", "rules", "to", "the", "domestic", "transactions", "as", "well", "as", "to", "internal", "dealings", "(", "economic", "activities", "carried", "out", "by", "different", "parts", "of", "the", "same", "taxpayer", "legal", "entity", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "How", "can", "countries", "best", "design", "taxpayers", "'", "compliance", "obligations", "?", "\n\n", "-", "·", "There", "are", "different", "ways", "for", "taxpayers", "to", "comply", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "Countries", "can", "opt", "to", "request", "one", "single", "tax", "return", "filed", "by", "the", "taxpayer", "that", "includes", "separate", "tax", "base", "calculations", "for", "each", "ringfenced", "area", ",", "or", "they", "can", "require", "the", "filing", "of", "a", "separate", "tax", "return", "for", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "area", "or", "activity", ".", "Whatever", "the", "selected", "option", "is", ",", "taxpayers", "should", "maintain", "all", "the", "necessary", "accounting", "documents", "and", "records", "to", "provide", "justifications", "for", "the", "completion", "of", "the", "relevant", "tax", "returns", ".", "\n\n", "6.0", "Conclusion", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "Governments", "of", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "are", "looking", "for", "ways", "to", "accelerate", "tax", "revenues", "and", "ensure", "correct", "administration", "and", "compliance", "with", "special", "mining", "taxation", "regimes", ",", "as", "well", "as", "to", "prevent", "permanent", "revenue", "losses", "due", "to", "BEPS", "practices", ".", "This", "challenge", "can", "be", "complicated", "by", "the", "omnipresence", "of", "tax", "incentives", "in", "the", "mining", "sector", ",", "which", "may", "be", "effective", "if", "well", "-", "designed", ",", "but", "wasteful", "if", "not", ".", "These", "concerns", "are", "legitimate", "given", "the", "need", "to", "collect", "revenue", "to", "fund", "public", "needs", ".", "\n\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "these", "governments", "seek", "to", "attract", "additional", "investments", "into", "the", "exploration", "and", "development", "of", "new", "mining", "projects", ".", "There", "are", "thus", "multiple", "tax", "and", "investment", "policy", "objectives", "that", "need", "to", "be", "considered", "and", "balanced", "carefully", ".", "\n\n", "The", "information", "gathered", "here", "provides", "evidence", "of", "the", "prevalence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "as", "well", "as", "countries", "'" ]	[]
artificial intelligence applications, and/or any other suitable AI/ML mechanisms/techniques, such as any of those discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the AI/ML system(s) can include data mining, optimization functions, generalization functions, and/or statistical analyses, even though these concepts are sometimes considered to be separate from ML. The AI/ML system(s) can be implemented separately from the or as part of the . In one example, the operates one or more model(s) and/or algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) . In another example, a host compute node (e.g., inference/prediction host) operates the model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) . The host compute node may include, for example, one or more network functions (or network access nodes), application functions (or application servers), cloud compute nodes/clusters, edge compute nodes/clusters, and/or other systems/services that host AI/ML models for training (e.g., online or offline learning), and/or detecting patterns and/or producing inferences and/or predictions (e.g., model execution). Additionally or alternatively, the same or different AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) can be distributed to different MRF components, such that individual AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) are implemented by respective MHUs and/or . In any of the aforementioned examples, the AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) can be operated by general-purpose hardware elements and/or ML/AI-specific hardware elements such as hardware accelerators, GPU pools, and/or the like. The AI/ML system(s) include AI/ML workflows and/or pipelines for building, training (e.g., including self-learning and/or retraining), validating, optimizing, testing, executing and/or deploying AI/ML models that produce inferences that are used to improve MRF design, operational efficiency, recovery efficiency, commodity purity, system optimization, maintenance, and/or the like. In various implementations, the AI/ML system(s) identify recyclables and other commodities for recovery through AI/ML technology (e.g., deep learning and/or the like). In some examples, the AI/ML system(s) employs multi-layered neural networks and machine/computer vision system(s) to identify objects (e.g., recoverable or recyclable materials) in one or more material streams. In these implementations, the AI/ML system(s) is/are able to identify recoverable materials in an MRF by processing image and/or video data fed through a detection pipeline and/or deep learning (DL) neural networks (NNs). The DL NNs are computational ML models based on distributed representations that is/are inspired by the human brain. Additional aspects of such NNs that can be used by the AI/ML system(s) are discussed infra w.r.t . As alluded to previously, the can receive various data streams, which the utilizes to adjust various aspects of the MRF. The data streams	[ "artificial", "intelligence", "applications", ",", "and/or", "any", "other", "suitable", "AI", "/", "ML", "mechanisms", "/", "techniques", ",", "such", "as", "any", "of", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "can", "include", "data", "mining", ",", "optimization", "functions", ",", "generalization", "functions", ",", "and/or", "statistical", "analyses", ",", "even", "though", "these", "concepts", "are", "sometimes", "considered", "to", "be", "separate", "from", "ML", ".", "\n\n", "The", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "can", "be", "implemented", "separately", "from", "the", " ", "or", "as", "part", "of", "the", " ", ".", "In", "one", "example", ",", "the", " ", "operates", "one", "or", "more", "model(s", ")", "and/or", "algorithm(s", ")", "of", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", ".", "In", "another", "example", ",", "a", "host", "compute", "node", "(", "e.g.", ",", "inference", "/", "prediction", "host", ")", "operates", "the", "model(s)/algorithm(s", ")", "of", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", ".", "The", "host", "compute", "node", "may", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "one", "or", "more", "network", "functions", "(", "or", "network", "access", "nodes", ")", ",", "application", "functions", "(", "or", "application", "servers", ")", ",", "cloud", "compute", "nodes", "/", "clusters", ",", "edge", "compute", "nodes", "/", "clusters", ",", "and/or", "other", "systems", "/", "services", "that", "host", "AI", "/", "ML", "models", "for", "training", "(", "e.g.", ",", "online", "or", "offline", "learning", ")", ",", "and/or", "detecting", "patterns", "and/or", "producing", "inferences", "and/or", "predictions", "(", "e.g.", ",", "model", "execution", ")", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "same", "or", "different", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s)/algorithm(s", ")", "of", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "can", "be", "distributed", "to", "different", "MRF", "components", ",", "such", "that", "individual", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s)/algorithm(s", ")", "are", "implemented", "by", "respective", "MHUs", " ", "and/or", " ", ".", "In", "any", "of", "the", "aforementioned", "examples", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s)/algorithm(s", ")", "of", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "can", "be", "operated", "by", "general", "-", "purpose", "hardware", "elements", "and/or", "ML", "/", "AI", "-", "specific", "hardware", "elements", "such", "as", "hardware", "accelerators", ",", "GPU", "pools", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "\n\n", "The", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "include", "AI", "/", "ML", "workflows", "and/or", "pipelines", "for", "building", ",", "training", "(", "e.g.", ",", "including", "self", "-", "learning", "and/or", "retraining", ")", ",", "validating", ",", "optimizing", ",", "testing", ",", "executing", "and/or", "deploying", "AI", "/", "ML", "models", "that", "produce", "inferences", "that", "are", "used", "to", "improve", "MRF", "design", ",", "operational", "efficiency", ",", "recovery", "efficiency", ",", "commodity", "purity", ",", "system", "optimization", ",", "maintenance", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "In", "various", "implementations", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "identify", "recyclables", "and", "other", "commodities", "for", "recovery", "through", "AI", "/", "ML", "technology", "(", "e.g.", ",", "deep", "learning", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "employs", "multi", "-", "layered", "neural", "networks", "and", "machine", "/", "computer", "vision", "system(s", ")", "to", "identify", "objects", "(", "e.g.", ",", "recoverable", "or", "recyclable", "materials", ")", "in", "one", "or", "more", "material", "streams", ".", "In", "these", "implementations", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "is", "/", "are", "able", "to", "identify", "recoverable", "materials", "in", "an", "MRF", "by", "processing", "image", "and/or", "video", "data", "fed", "through", "a", "detection", "pipeline", "and/or", "deep", "learning", "(", "DL", ")", "neural", "networks", "(", "NNs", ")", ".", "The", "DL", "NNs", "are", "computational", "ML", "models", "based", "on", "distributed", "representations", "that", "is", "/", "are", "inspired", "by", "the", "human", "brain", ".", "Additional", "aspects", "of", "such", "NNs", "that", "can", "be", "used", "by", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "are", "discussed", "infra", "w.r.t", ".", "\n\n", "As", "alluded", "to", "previously", ",", "the", " ", "can", "receive", "various", "data", "streams", ",", "which", "the", " ", "utilizes", "to", "adjust", "various", "aspects", "of", "the", "MRF", ".", "The", "data", "streams" ]	[]
measured by the PISA standardised scores. While the number of STEM graduates is rising, the pace is not sufficient to keep up with the growth in demand in STEM jobs and large gender disparities are evident: there are almost twice as many males as females. Underperformance also extends to adult learning, hindering the possibility for retraining to adapt the labour market to advanced technologies. Participation in adult education and training is relatively low overall and varies significantly across the EU. For example, only 37% of adults participated in training in 2016 and this rate has hardly increased since. To achieve the target of having at least 60% of adults participating in training every year set by the 2020 European Skills Agenda, some 50 million more workers would need to receive training. A similar situation affects vocational training, which ranges widely in its quality and effectiveness within the EU. While education and training are a national competency, EU investments have yielded relatively poor results . Under the current EU Budget, around EUR 64 billion is spent on investment in skills but results have been limited. This failure is down to several factors. First, the lack of willingness among Member States, who are responsible for skills policies, to go beyond soft forms of coordination. Second, insufficient involvement of industry in developing job-specific skills. Third, EU skills investments suffer from a lack of systematic evaluations, preventing learning about the effectiveness of alternative strategies and refining of interventions. Fourth, collective efforts to improve skills are hampered by an underuse of “skills intelligence”, meaning reliable, granular and comparable information on skills needs, existing stocks and desired flows within and across Member States. Such information is essential to assess existing and forecast skills gaps across sectors and regions, and target policies and spending appropriately. While new sources of information and methodologies have become available, the actual use of granular skills data for policy design, remains low and uneven across both EU institutions and individual Member States. The EU should overhaul its approach to skills, making it more strategic, future-oriented and focused on emerging skill shortages . The report recommends that, first, the EU and Members States enhance their use of skills intelligence by making much more intense use of data to understand and act on existing skills gaps. Second, educa - tion and training systems need to become more responsive to the changing skill needs and	[ "measured", "by", "the", "PISA", "standardised", "scores", ".", "While", "the", "number", "of", "STEM", "graduates", "is", "rising", ",", "the", "pace", "is", "\n", "not", "sufficient", "to", "keep", "up", "with", "the", "growth", "in", "demand", "in", "STEM", "jobs", "and", "large", "gender", "disparities", "are", "evident", ":", "there", "are", "\n", "almost", "twice", "as", "many", "males", "as", "females", ".", "Underperformance", "also", "extends", "to", "adult", "learning", ",", "hindering", "the", "possibility", "\n", "for", "retraining", "to", "adapt", "the", "labour", "market", "to", "advanced", "technologies", ".", "Participation", "in", "adult", "education", "and", "training", "is", "\n", "relatively", "low", "overall", "and", "varies", "significantly", "across", "the", "EU", ".", "For", "example", ",", "only", "37", "%", "of", "adults", "participated", "in", "training", "\n", "in", "2016", "and", "this", "rate", "has", "hardly", "increased", "since", ".", "To", "achieve", "the", "target", "of", "having", "at", "least", "60", "%", "of", "adults", "participating", "\n", "in", "training", "every", "year", "set", "by", "the", "2020", "European", "Skills", "Agenda", ",", "some", "50", "million", "more", "workers", "would", "need", "to", "receive", "\n", "training", ".", "A", "similar", "situation", "affects", "vocational", "training", ",", "which", "ranges", "widely", "in", "its", "quality", "and", "effectiveness", "within", "the", "\n", "EU", ".", "\n", "While", "education", "and", "training", "are", "a", "national", "competency", ",", "EU", "investments", "have", "yielded", "relatively", "poor", "\n", "results", ".", "Under", "the", "current", "EU", "Budget", ",", "around", "EUR", "64", "billion", "is", "spent", "on", "investment", "in", "skills", "but", "results", "have", "been", "\n", "limited", ".", "This", "failure", "is", "down", "to", "several", "factors", ".", "First", ",", "the", "lack", "of", "willingness", "among", "Member", "States", ",", "who", "are", "responsible", "\n", "for", "skills", "policies", ",", "to", "go", "beyond", "soft", "forms", "of", "coordination", ".", "Second", ",", "insufficient", "involvement", "of", "industry", "in", "developing", "\n", "job", "-", "specific", "skills", ".", "Third", ",", "EU", "skills", "investments", "suffer", "from", "a", "lack", "of", "systematic", "evaluations", ",", "preventing", "learning", "about", "\n", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "alternative", "strategies", "and", "refining", "of", "interventions", ".", "Fourth", ",", "collective", "efforts", "to", "improve", "skills", "are", "\n", "hampered", "by", "an", "underuse", "of", "“", "skills", "intelligence", "”", ",", "meaning", "reliable", ",", "granular", "and", "comparable", "information", "on", "skills", "\n", "needs", ",", "existing", "stocks", "and", "desired", "flows", "within", "and", "across", "Member", "States", ".", "Such", "information", "is", "essential", "to", "assess", "\n", "existing", "and", "forecast", "skills", "gaps", "across", "sectors", "and", "regions", ",", "and", "target", "policies", "and", "spending", "appropriately", ".", "While", "\n", "new", "sources", "of", "information", "and", "methodologies", "have", "become", "available", ",", "the", "actual", "use", "of", "granular", "skills", "data", "for", "policy", "\n", "design", ",", "remains", "low", "and", "uneven", "across", "both", "EU", "institutions", "and", "individual", "Member", "States", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "should", "overhaul", "its", "approach", "to", "skills", ",", "making", "it", "more", "strategic", ",", "future", "-", "oriented", "and", "focused", "on", "\n", "emerging", "skill", "shortages", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "that", ",", "first", ",", "the", "EU", "and", "Members", "States", "enhance", "their", "use", "of", "skills", "\n", "intelligence", "by", "making", "much", "more", "intense", "use", "of", "data", "to", "understand", "and", "act", "on", "existing", "skills", "gaps", ".", "Second", ",", "educa", "-", "\n", "tion", "and", "training", "systems", "need", "to", "become", "more", "responsive", "to", "the", "changing", "skill", "needs", "and" ]	[]
limited role in making such investment decisions. These considerations are relevant for designing special exceptions from the ring-fencing rules, such as for the purpose of attracting investment into the marginal ore projects, where the tax deferral advantage may play an important role. Some resource-rich countries have found it necessary to relax their ring- fencing rules to attract further investment. Resource-rich countries such as PNG and South Africa have had ring-fencing rules for a long time. At some point, these governments considered the need to relax strict ring-fencing rules to attract further investment in the context of low commodity prices (see Box 7). On the other hand, countries such as Kenya, PNG, and the Cook Islands have introduced an exemption to ring-fencing rules in which 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 20 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersunsuccessful exploration expenditures are incurred by the mining investor who holds more than one mine. The policy objective behind the exception seems to be to try to balance different policy objectives: deliver early government revenues and attract exploration investments to their jurisdiction. See Section 4 for more details. BOX 7. THE RELAXATION OF RING -FENCING RULES IN PNG AND SOUTH AFRICA South Africa In the early 1980s, many mines were being developed in South Africa. If a company owned more than one mine, the unredeemed capital expenditure of one mine could be deducted from the mining income from another mine. Some major mergers and takeovers caused the government authorities to express concerns that vast new capital expenditures could substantially erode the mining tax base. Consequently, South Africa introduced ring-fencing rules mine by mine and distinguished mining from non-mining activities (Davis T ax Committee, 2016, p. 50). Following a steep decline in new mining investment, South Africa announced a partial relaxation of the ring-fencing rules for “new mines” (a mine opened after March 14, 1990) (Leger & Nicol, 1992). This meant that the “old mines” in the same entity may have access to the unredeemed capital expenditure of the “new mine” but limited to 25% of the remaining taxable income of the “old mines” after they have exhausted all their applicable capital expenditure in a given tax year” (Davis T ax Committee, 2014). 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and optical media 27.1 Electric motors, generators, transformers, etc. 27.2 Batteries and accumulators 27.3 Wiring and wiring devices 27.4 Electric lighting equipment 54 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 27.5 Domestic appliances 27.9 Other electrical equipment 28.1 General-purpose machinery 28.2 Special-purpose machinery 29.1 Motor vehicles 29.2 Automobile bodies, trailers and semi-trailers 29.3 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles 30.1 Building of ships and boats 30.2 Railway locomotives and rolling stock 30.3 Air and spacecraft and related machinery 30.4 Military fighting vehicles 30.9 Transport equipment n.e.c. 31.0 Furniture 32.1 Jewellery, bijouterie and related articles 32.2 Musical instruments 32.3 Sports goods 32.4 Games and toys 32.5 Medical and dental instruments and supplies 32.9 Other manufacturing n.e.c. 33.1 Repair of fabricated metal products/machinery 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery/equipment n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation55 Figures 2.2 and Figure 2.3 show the average distribution for 2011-2017 for the industries se- lected for the employment and turnover analysis. Employment shares are above 10% in Other food products (NACE 107) in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova; in Beverages (NACE 11) in Armenia and Georgia; in Wearing apparel (NACE 14) in Moldova; in Other non-metallic mineral products (NACE 23) in Azerbaijan; and in Basic metals (NACE 24) in Georgia and Ukraine. Turnover shares are above 10% in Processing/preserving of meat (NACE 101) in Azerbaijan; in Other food products (NACE 107) in Armenia and Moldova; in Beverages (NACE 11) in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova; in Coke and re- fined petroleum products (NACE 19) in Azerbaijan; in Other non-metallic mineral products (NACE 23) in Georgia and Moldova; and in Basic metals (NACE 24) in Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine. Figure 2.2. Distribution of employment in Manufacturing for five EaP countries 101_Processing/preserving of meat 103_Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 105_Dairy products 107_Other food products 110_Beverages 13_Textiles 15_Leather and related products 170_Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 182_Reproduction of recorded media 20_Chemicals and chemical products 22_Rubber and plastic products 24_Basic metals 26_Computer, electronic and optical products 28_Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 30_Other transport equipment 32_Other manufacturingArmenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 102_Processing/preserving of ﬁsh, etc. 104_Vegetable and animal oils and fats 106_Grain mill products, starches and starch products 108_Prepared animal feeds 120_Tobacco products 14_Wearing apparel 16_Wood and of products of wood	[ "and", "optical", "media", "\n ", "27.1", " ", "Electric", "motors", ",", "generators", ",", "transformers", ",", "etc", 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clocks. Cervical epithelial cells are steroid hormone -sensitive (e.g., oestrogen and progesterone). Menopause, which occurs at around 50 years of age, leads to dramatically decreased levels of steroid hormones and there was a significant change in the general and epithelial clock after me nopause (Figure 4), suggesting that the clocks are influenced by hormonal changes occurring at menopause. Figure 4. The WID general and epithelial clocks are altered by menopause. , p<0.05; , p<0.01, in Wilcoxon signed -rank test. HEAP – D8.2 Ageing DNAme signatures page 12/15 Project No. 874662 HORIZON 2020 3.3 Relative epithelial age The WID epithelial and immune clocks are derived from age DMPs specific to epithelial and immune cells but as they are a linear combination of beta values, they define epigenetic clocks in any cell. We can therefore interpret each cell as possessing three separate epigenetic clocks – general, epithelial, and immune. The tick rate of each clock is cell type -specific; the general clock serves as a good predictor of age across all cell types whereas the epithelial clock acts as a better predictor in epithelial cells etc. Examining the general, epithelial, and immune clocks in pre -menopausal women we observed a slightly increased general tick rate and a reduced epithelial tick rate in breast and ovarian cancers. This motivated us to define the WID -relative epithelial age (WID -REA), i.e., the difference between epithelial and general clocks. The WID -REA in pre -menopausal breast cancers was significantly lower than in samples from healthy cancer -free controls (Figure 5), and women in the lowest quartile had a brea st cancer odds ratio of 2.7 (data not shown) . A reduced WID -REA was also present in pre-menopausal ovarian cancers but not statistically significant. Figure 5. The WID -REA is reduced in pre -menopausal women with breast cancer. *, p<0.01 in Wilcoxon signed -rank test. Hormones are a nother factor tha t may influence epithelial age, and therefore we examined the WID -REA with respect to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Post -menopausal cancer -free control women who were eve r HEAP – D8.2 Ageing DNAme signatures page 13/15 Project No. 874662 HORIZON 2020 on HRT showed a significantly reduced WID -REA (Figure 6a), and the reduct ion increased with HRT duration (Figure 6b) , consistent with a retardation of the epithelial clock relative to the general clock that becomes more pronounced over time. 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main targets ................................. 125 Box 6.2 Students led political efforts to transform education in Chile .................................................................................................. 129 Box 6.3 Film makers can be education leaders too ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Box 8.1 How can the impact of crises on out-of-school populations be estimated? ........................................................................ 156 Box 8.2 In Yemen, conflict has denied an entire generation of education opportunities ................................................................. 159 Box 8.3 Those who do not reach the end of lower secondary school are highly unlikely to be proficient in reading and mathematics ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Box 8.4 The Assessment for Minimum Proficiency Level is a new source of evidence on learning in low- and lower-middle-income countries .......................................................................................................................................................... 164 Box 12.1 There is a huge variety globally in the extent to which children are educated in their home language ....................... 213 Box 15.2 Education is severely under attack in the State of Palestine ..................................................................................................... 243 Box 15.3 Schools in the Pacific Islands are particularly threatened by climate hazards .................................................................... 249 Box 16.1 Germany leads in funding international students .......................................................................................................................... 256 Box 18.1 After a significant period of expansion, Chinese aid to education has declined .................................................................. 290 Box 18.2 Japan has built a disaster-resilient education system ................................................................................................................. 294 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT xix Leadership in education KEY MESSAGES Education leaders are more than managers. They are change agents. Policymakers face a major challenge: how to ensure that people with the right skills and vision are identified, selected, prepared and supported as leaders. National plans at the school, system and political level need to nurture four essential leadership dimensions: set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people. Yet a global review of school principal preparation and training programmes and courses suggests that barely half of them focus on any of these four dimensions – and just one third focus on all four. Good schools need good school leaders. Effective principals bring out the best in students. In the United States, it was estimated that principal and teacher leadership inputs contributed up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes, ranking just below teachers' impact on learning among school-controlled factors. Effective principals bring out the best in teachers. A study of 32 countries affirmed that strong leadership correlates with improved teaching practices. Globally, 57% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on their observations. However, the share of secondary school principals overseeing teaching activities fell from 81% in 2015	[ "main", "targets", ".................................", "125", "\n", "Box", "6.2", " ", "Students", "led", "political", "efforts", "to", "transform", "education", "in", "Chile", "..................................................................................................", "129", "\n", "Box", "6.3", " ", "Film", "makers", "can", "be", "education", "leaders", "too", ".......................................................................................................................................", "131", "\n", "Box", "8.1", " ", "How", "can", "the", "impact", "of", "crises", "on", "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "populations", "be", "estimated", "?", "........................................................................", "156", "\n", "Box", "8.2", " ", "In", "Yemen", ",", "conflict", "has", "denied", "an", "entire", "generation", "of", "education", "opportunities", " 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"foster", "collaboration", "and", "develop", "people", ".", "Yet", "a", "global", "review", "of", "school", "principal", "preparation", "and", "training", "programmes", "and", "courses", "suggests", "that", "barely", "half", "of", "them", "focus", "on", "any", "of", "these", "four", "dimensions", "–", "and", "just", "one", "third", "focus", "on", "all", "four", ".", "\n", "Good", "schools", "need", "good", "school", "leaders", ".", "\n ", "Effective", "principals", "bring", "out", "the", "best", "in", "students", ".", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "it", "was", "estimated", "that", "principal", "and", "teacher", "leadership", "inputs", "contributed", "up", "to", "27", "%", "of", "the", "variance", "in", "student", "outcomes", ",", "ranking", "just", "below", "teachers", "'", "impact", "on", "learning", "among", "school", "-", "controlled", "factors", ".", "\n ", "Effective", "principals", "bring", "out", "the", "best", "in", "teachers", ".", "A", "study", "of", "32", "countries", "affirmed", "that", "strong", "leadership", "correlates", "with", "improved", "teaching", "practices", ".", "Globally", ",", "57", "%", "of", "countries", "expect", "principals", "to", "provide", "feedback", "to", "teachers", "based", "on", "their", "observations", ".", "However", ",", "the", "share", "of", "secondary", "school", "principals", "overseeing", "teaching", "activities", "fell", "from", "81", "%", "in", "2015" ]	[]
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for remote learning and home working, as well as improving the overall resilience of economies to shocks of various kinds (see spot - light 5.1). In the context of low- and middle-income coun- tries, wireless broadband networks have emerged as the most relevant technology for accessing data ser - vices. The impacts of wireless broadband are greater than those of wired broadband in these nations, 13 par- ticularly because the expansion of fixed broadband is relatively limited and has yet to reach the minimum threshold to have a statistically significant effect on economic growth. 14 Even in upper-middle-and high-income nations, where fixed broadband is more prevalent users spend most of their time online on mobile phones.	[ "for", "remote", "learning", "and", "home", "working", ",", "as", "well", "as", "improving", "the", "overall", "resilience", " \n", "of", "economies", "to", "shocks", "of", "various", "kinds", "(", "see", "spot", "-", "\n", "light", "5.1", ")", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "context", "of", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "coun-", "\n", "tries", ",", "wireless", "broadband", "networks", "have", "emerged", "as", "the", "most", "relevant", "technology", "for", "accessing", "data", "ser", "-", "\n", "vices", ".", "The", "impacts", "of", "wireless", "broadband", "are", "greater", "than", "those", "of", "wired", "broadband", "in", "these", "nations", ",", "\n", "13", "par-", "\n", "ticularly", "because", "the", "expansion", "of", "fixed", "broadband", "is", "relatively", "limited", "and", "has", "yet", "to", "reach", "the", "minimum", "threshold", "to", "have", "a", "statistically", "significant", "effect", "on", "economic", "growth", ".", "\n", "14", "Even", "in", "upper", "-", "middle", "-", "and", "\n", "high", "-", "income", "nations", ",", "where", "fixed", "broadband", "is", "more", "prevalent", "users", "spend", "most", "of", "their", "time", "online", "on", "mobile", "phones", "." ]	[]
( Dupont, 2008 ; Ramanathan, 2006 ), ‘nuisances’ ( Ghertner, 2008 ) changing their environments to ‘dirty’ ones ( Baviskar, 2003 ) who have no place within ‘World-Class Cities’ ( Chatterjee, 2004 ; Bhan, 2016 ). Those being evicted may or may not be offered alternative plots of land or dwellings in a resettlement colony. This will depend upon when the household became a resident of the original basti, whether they were renters or owners of their dwelling, and the ability to provide various personal documentation required by the Delhi High Court. In some cases, there is also the requirement to have avail - able money to buy a resettlement colony plot of land ( Bhan, 2016 ). The resettle - ment colony may not have any amenities, including water, garbage disposal or a transport system ( Routray, 2022 ; Roy, 2003 ). Resettlement colonies are often on the periphery of the city, typically 30 miles away from the original community that is being evicted and offered plots of around 18 square metres for a family of five. Construction of housing is private and not subject to building regulations ( Heller, et al., 2021 , p. 113). The process of resettlement not only involves involuntary settlement in un- inhabitable lands without basic amenities, but also destroys the networks, relationships and patronage of key leaders and politicians …. A lifetime is needed to build various kinds of relationships, networks and support systems … residents are scattered after the demolitions and have to start new lives displaced with others from faraway jhuggi settlements. (Routray, 2022, 112 ) It is believed by some, especially within the judiciary, that alternative sites should not be offered to those who encroach and squat on public land. The inability of the government to plan for the development of the city should not be replaced by an 8 Urban life in Delhi slums ‘arbitrary system’ of providing land to those who are evicted from their unplanned bastis.5 However, resettlement colonies are the only way that residents of JJ slums can become legitimate in contemporary Delhi, a city shaped by judicial decisions taken in the ‘public interest’ ( Bhan, 2016 ). 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Negotiating in/ visibility Negotiating in/ visibility Women, science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century Edited by Amelia Bonea and Irina Nastasă- Matei Manchester University Press Copyright © Manchester University Press 2025 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both author and publisher. An electronic version of this book has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY- NC- ND) licence, thanks to the support of University of Manchester Library, which permits non- commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https:// crea tive comm ons.org/ licen ses/ by- nc- nd/ 4.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL www.manche ster univ ersi typr ess.co.uk British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 5261 7838 1 hardback First published 2025 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third- party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. EU authorised representative for GPSR: Easy Access System Europe, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia [email protected] Cover credit: Delegates from Tanzania, Thailand, Nigeria, Argentina, Uganda and the United Kingdom on an outing to Palazzo Madama during the third ICWES in Turin, Italy, 1971. Courtesy of WES and the IET archives. Typeset by Newgen Publishing UK Copiilor no ştri Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xi Acknowledgements xvii List of abbreviations xix Foreword by Mariko Ogawa xxi Introduction: In/ visible women, science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century – Amelia Bonea and Irina Nastasă- Matei 1 I Laboratory cultures: Visible scientific rebels, invisible innovators 1 Breaking down the barriers at Cambridge in the 1930s: Reinet Maasdorp’s experience at Rutherford’s Cavendish Laboratory – Kathryn Keeble 39 2 ‘Your research is crap, do not bother to apply again’: Female evolutionary biology theorists as scientific rebels and oppositional scientists – Nuala Proinnseas Caomhánach 57 II In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and	[ "Negotiating", "in/", " ", "visibility", "\n \n", "Negotiating", "in/", " ", "visibility", "\n", "Women", ",", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "\n", "medicine", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", "\n", 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"\n", "The", "publisher", "has", "no", "responsibility", "for", "the", "persistence", "or", "\n", "accuracy", "of", "URLs", "for", "any", "external", "or", "third-", " ", "party", "internet", "\n", "websites", "referred", "to", "in", "this", "book", ",", "and", "does", "not", "guarantee", "\n", "that", "any", "content", "on", "such", "websites", "is", ",", "or", "will", "remain", ",", "accurate", "\n", "or", "appropriate", ".", "\n", "EU", "authorised", "representative", "for", "GPSR", ":", "\n", "Easy", "Access", "System", "Europe", ",", "Mustamäe", "tee", "50", ",", "10621", "\n", "Tallinn", ",", "Estonia", "\n", "[email protected]", "\n", "Cover", "credit", ":", "Delegates", "from", "Tanzania", ",", "Thailand", ",", "Nigeria", ",", "\n", "Argentina", ",", "Uganda", "and", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "on", "an", "outing", "\n", "to", "Palazzo", "Madama", "during", "the", "third", "ICWES", "in", "Turin", ",", "Italy", ",", "\n", "1971", ".", "Courtesy", "of", "WES", "and", "the", "IET", "archives", ".", "\n", "Typeset", "by", "Newgen", "Publishing", "UK", " \n", "Copiilor", "no", "ştri", " \n", "Contents", "\n", "List", "of", "figures", " ", "ix", "\n", "List", "of", "tables", " ", "x", "\n", "List", "of", "contributors", " ", "xi", "\n", "Acknowledgements", " ", "xvii", "\n", "List", "of", "abbreviations", " ", "xix", "\n", "Foreword", "by", "Mariko", "Ogawa", " ", "xxi", "\n", "Introduction", ":", "In/", " ", "visible", "women", ",", "science", ",", "engineering", " \n", "and", "medicine", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", "–", "Amelia", "Bonea", "\n \n", "and", "Irina", "Nastasă-", " ", "Matei", " ", "1", "\n", "I", "Laboratory", "cultures", ":", "Visible", "scientific", "rebels", ",", " \n", "invisible", "innovators", "\n ", "1", "Breaking", "down", "the", "barriers", "at", "Cambridge", "in", "the", "1930s", ":", "Reinet", "\n", "Maasdorp", "’s", "experience", "at", "Rutherford", "’s", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", "–", "\n \n", "Kathryn", "Keeble", " ", "39", "\n ", "2", "‘", "Your", "research", "is", "crap", ",", "do", "not", "bother", "to", "apply", "again", "’", ":", "\n", "Female", "evolutionary", "biology", "theorists", "as", "scientific", "rebels", "and", "\n", "oppositional", "scientists", "–", "Nuala", "Proinnseas", "Caomhánach", " ", "57", "\n", "II", "In/", "visibilities", "across", "borders", ":", "Scientific", "collaborations", " \n", "and" ]	[]
Each month we sent out the announcement about the forthcoming lecture to our co- sponsors for promotion through their communication channels. We also sent announcements about the talks to any departments with which the speaker was affiliated. This assistance from the co- sponsors proved to be critical in helping to publicize the lecture series. Indeed, 47.6 per cent of the people who registered heard about the lecture series through our cosponsors' emails. We also advertised through university- wide newsletters that reached undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty members and staff. About 20 per cent of our audience resulted from these advertisements (see Table 13.1). Some other ways that attendees learned about the lecture series were through social media, professors sharing the announcements with their classes and university calendars. After several lectures, we also began asking registrants if they would be interested in subscribing to an email list for future events. We subsequently shared announcements through this list as well. In the registration form we asked a question about how people heard about the lecture series. We listed several options for hearing about the lecture through the organizers, but not the mailing list. It seems people chose 3 1 1 Table 13.1 Count of how registrants learned about the lecture series for 2020- 21 academic year \| Method of learning about lecture \| Number of responses \| \|------------------------------------\|-----------------------\| \| Department email \| 485 \| \| EWeek, GradLinks or iNews \| 207 \| \| Social media \| 109 \| \| Organizers \| 108 \| \| Referral \| 41 \| \| Professor \| 29 \| \| Mailing list \| 13 \| \| Library \| 10 \| \| Calendar \| 9 \| \| Website \| 8 \| 'organizers' if they had heard about the lecture from the mailing list, but a few did write in 'mailing list'. The number of registrants typically ranged from 53 to 185 and approximately 50 per cent of those who registered attended the lecture. We made sure to convey to our speakers that the audience would comprise individuals who were not specialists and therefore unfamiliar with their discipline, and thus it was important for their talk to be accessible to a broad audience. Through the many different advertising approaches, we were able to have a broad mix of faculty, staff and students registering for the lectures (see Table 13.2). Staff was the highest percentage of registrants (330 attendees), followed	[ "Each", "month", "we", "sent", "out", "the", "announcement", "about", "the", "forthcoming", "lecture", "to", "our", "co-", " ", "sponsors", "for", "promotion", "through", "their", "communication", "channels", ".", "We", "also", "sent", "announcements", "about", "the", "talks", "to", "any", "departments", "with", "which", "the", "speaker", "was", "affiliated", ".", "This", "assistance", "from", "the", "co-", " ", "sponsors", "proved", "to", "be", "critical", "in", "helping", "to", "publicize", "the", "lecture", "series", ".", "Indeed", ",", "47.6", "per", "cent", "of", "the", "people", "who", "registered", "heard", "about", "the", "lecture", "series", "through", "our", "cosponsors", "'", "emails", ".", "\n\n", "We", " ", "also", " ", "advertised", " ", "through", " ", "university-", " ", "wide", " ", "newsletters", " ", "that", " ", "reached", "undergraduate", " ", "and", " ", "graduate", " ", "students", ",", " ", "and", " ", "faculty", " ", "members", " ", "and", " ", "staff", ".", "About", "20", "per", "cent", "of", "our", "audience", "resulted", "from", "these", "advertisements", "(", "see", "Table", "13.1", ")", ".", "Some", "other", "ways", "that", "attendees", "learned", "about", "the", "lecture", "series", "were", "through", "social", "media", ",", "professors", "sharing", "the", "announcements", "with", "their", "classes", "and", "university", "calendars", ".", "After", "several", "lectures", ",", "we", "also", "began", "asking", "registrants", "if", "they", "would", "be", "interested", "in", "subscribing", "to", "an", "email", "list", "for", "future", "events", ".", "We", "subsequently", "shared", "announcements", "through", "this", "list", "as", "well", ".", "In", "the", "registration", "form", "we", "asked", "a", "question", "about", "how", "people", "heard", "about", "the", "lecture", "series", ".", "We", "listed", "several", "options", "for", "hearing", "about", "the", "lecture", "through", "the", "organizers", ",", "but", "not", "the", "mailing", "list", ".", "It", "seems", "people", "chose", "\n\n", "3", "\n\n", "1", "\n\n", "1", "\n\n", "Table", "13.1", "Count", "of", "how", "registrants", "learned", "about", "the", "lecture", "series", "for", "2020-", " ", "21", "academic", "year", "\n\n", "\|", "Method", "of", "learning", "about", "lecture", " ", "\|", " ", "Number", "of", "responses", "\|", "\n", "\|------------------------------------\|-----------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Department", "email", " ", "\|", " ", "485", "\|", "\n", "\|", "EWeek", ",", "GradLinks", "or", "iNews", " ", "\|", " ", "207", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Social", "media", " ", "\|", " ", "109", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Organizers", " ", "\|", " ", "108", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Referral", " ", "\|", " ", "41", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Professor", " ", "\|", " ", "29", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Mailing", "list", " ", "\|", " ", "13", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Library", " ", "\|", " ", "10", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Calendar", " ", "\|", " ", "9", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Website", " ", "\|", " ", "8", "\|", "\n\n", "'", "organizers", "'", "if", "they", "had", "heard", "about", "the", "lecture", "from", "the", "mailing", "list", ",", "but", "a", "few", "did", "write", "in", "'", "mailing", "list", "'", ".", "The", "number", "of", "registrants", "typically", "ranged", "from", " ", "53", " ", "to", " ", "185", " ", "and", " ", "approximately", " ", "50", " ", "per", " ", "cent", " ", "of", " ", "those", " ", "who", " ", "registered", "attended", "the", "lecture", ".", "\n\n", "We", "made", "sure", "to", "convey", "to", "our", "speakers", "that", "the", "audience", "would", "comprise", "individuals", "who", "were", "not", "specialists", "and", "therefore", "unfamiliar", "with", "their", "discipline", ",", "and", "thus", "it", "was", "important", "for", "their", "talk", "to", "be", "accessible", "to", "a", "broad", "audience", ".", "Through", "the", "many", "different", "advertising", "approaches", ",", "we", "were", "able", "to", "have", "a", "broad", "mix", "of", "faculty", ",", "staff", "and", "students", "registering", "for", "the", "lectures", "(", "see", "Table", "13.2", ")", ".", "Staff", "was", "the", "highest", "percentage", "of", "registrants", "(", "330", "attendees", ")", ",", "followed" ]	[]
for each strategic priority, with well-defined objectives, governance, and financing . For the first cycle, the objectives could correspond to the goals set out in this report. Governance of the Action Plans should aim to minimise bureau - cracy and involve a wide range of stakeholders: Member States, technical experts, the private sector, and EU insti - tutions and agencies. The Commission should have a mandate for horizontal actions and exclusive competencies of the EU, such as revamping competition policy and reducing administrative and regulatory burdens. For shared competencies like closing the skills gap and accelerating innovation, the Commission should provide guidelines and share the institutional setup for implementation with relevant national bodies and industry experts, as discussed in the relevant chapters of this report. In specific sectors of the economy, a new setup could be envisaged bringing together the Commission, industry and Member States, as well as relevant sectoral agencies. 01. During the first half of the 2019-2024 parliamentary term. 02. Article 121 TFEU provides a legal basis for establishing a Competitiveness Coordination Framework. The procedure involves the Council and the European Council. 67THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 6The consolidation of the EU’s various coordination mechanisms should be matched by a consolidation of its budgetary resources . EU resources should focus on funding public goods that are critical to the EU’s strategic priorities and which would otherwise be undersupplied by Member States or the private sector [see the chapter on investment] . Already under the current Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), programmes such as InvestEU could be made more effective by adjusting the mandates of the implementing partners to enable more risk-taking. Under the next MFF, the report recommends defining a “Competitiveness Pillar” with funding hypothecated to delivering the Action Plans. The EU also needs to leverage better the large spending power of the Member States – which is collectively equivalent to other major economies – by improving cooperation and focus. It is recommended to create nationally pre-allocated envelopes in the MFF to incentivise and co-finance multi-country industrial projects, which can be activated by a sub-group of interested Member States if necessary. It is also proposed to deploy two revamped tools: a new Competitiveness IPCEI allowing State aid for cross-border projects, including industrial infra - structure, and a new Competitiveness Joint Undertaking to quickly set up public-private partnerships between the Commission, interested Member States and	[ "for", "each", "\n", "strategic", "priority", ",", "with", "well", "-", "defined", "objectives", ",", "governance", ",", "and", "financing", ".", "For", "the", "first", "cycle", ",", "the", "objectives", "\n", "could", "correspond", "to", "the", "goals", "set", "out", "in", "this", "report", ".", "Governance", "of", "the", "Action", "Plans", "should", "aim", "to", "minimise", "bureau", "-", "\n", "cracy", "and", "involve", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "stakeholders", ":", "Member", "States", ",", "technical", "experts", ",", "the", "private", "sector", ",", "and", "EU", "insti", "-", "\n", "tutions", "and", "agencies", ".", "The", "Commission", "should", "have", "a", "mandate", "for", "horizontal", "actions", "and", "exclusive", "competencies", "\n", "of", "the", "EU", ",", "such", "as", "revamping", "competition", "policy", "and", "reducing", "administrative", "and", "regulatory", "burdens", ".", "For", "shared", "\n", "competencies", "like", "closing", "the", "skills", "gap", "and", "accelerating", "innovation", ",", "the", "Commission", "should", "provide", "guidelines", "and", "\n", "share", "the", "institutional", "setup", "for", "implementation", "with", "relevant", "national", "bodies", "and", "industry", "experts", ",", "as", "discussed", "in", "\n", "the", "relevant", "chapters", "of", "this", "report", ".", "In", "specific", "sectors", "of", "the", "economy", ",", "a", "new", "setup", "could", "be", "envisaged", "bringing", "\n", "together", "the", "Commission", ",", "industry", "and", "Member", "States", ",", "as", "well", "as", "relevant", "sectoral", "agencies", ".", "\n", "01", ".", "During", "the", "first", "half", "of", "the", "2019", "-", "2024", "parliamentary", "term", ".", "\n", "02", ".", "Article", "121", "TFEU", "provides", "a", "legal", "basis", "for", "establishing", "a", "Competitiveness", "Coordination", "\n", "Framework", ".", "The", "procedure", "involves", "the", "Council", "and", "the", "European", "Council", ".", "\n", "67THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "6The", "consolidation", "of", "the", "EU", "’s", "various", "coordination", "mechanisms", "should", "be", "matched", "by", "a", "consolidation", "of", "\n", "its", "budgetary", "resources", ".", "EU", "resources", "should", "focus", "on", "funding", "public", "goods", "that", "are", "critical", "to", "the", "EU", "’s", "strategic", "\n", "priorities", "and", "which", "would", "otherwise", "be", "undersupplied", "by", "Member", "States", "or", "the", "private", "sector", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "\n", "investment", "]", ".", "Already", "under", "the", "current", "Multiannual", "Financial", "Framework", "(", "MFF", ")", ",", "programmes", "such", "as", "InvestEU", "could", "\n", "be", "made", "more", "effective", "by", "adjusting", "the", "mandates", "of", "the", "implementing", "partners", "to", "enable", "more", "risk", "-", "taking", ".", "Under", "\n", "the", "next", "MFF", ",", "the", "report", "recommends", "defining", "a", "“", "Competitiveness", "Pillar", "”", "with", "funding", "hypothecated", "to", "delivering", "\n", "the", "Action", "Plans", ".", "The", "EU", "also", "needs", "to", "leverage", "better", "the", "large", "spending", "power", "of", "the", "Member", "States", "–", "which", "\n", "is", "collectively", "equivalent", "to", "other", "major", "economies", "–", "by", "improving", "cooperation", "and", "focus", ".", "It", "is", "recommended", "to", "\n", "create", "nationally", "pre", "-", "allocated", "envelopes", "in", "the", "MFF", "to", "incentivise", "and", "co", "-", "finance", "multi", "-", "country", "industrial", "projects", ",", "\n", "which", "can", "be", "activated", "by", "a", "sub", "-", "group", "of", "interested", "Member", "States", "if", "necessary", ".", "It", "is", "also", "proposed", "to", "deploy", "two", "\n", "revamped", "tools", ":", "a", "new", "Competitiveness", "IPCEI", "allowing", "State", "aid", "for", "cross", "-", "border", "projects", ",", "including", "industrial", "infra", "-", "\n", "structure", ",", "and", "a", "new", "Competitiveness", "Joint", "Undertaking", "to", "quickly", "set", "up", "public", "-", "private", "partnerships", "between", "the", "\n", "Commission", ",", "interested", "Member", "States", "and" ]	[]
estimates and knowledge of a ma rket-adherent overview of the value chain. Future studies could especially focus on improving sector -specific and polymer -specific data for less -explored sectors coupled with a boosted in -depth knowledge of waste mismanagement, trade (of primary/secondary plastic products and polymers), and recyclates ’ fate. Overall, the collected insights from the present study could not only assist decision makers in identifying and prioritize areas for interventions but also support researchers and practitioners in delving deeper into those aspects being key assets for future sustainability interventions supporting the shift to a circular plastic value chain. 39 References Amadei, A. M., De Laurentiis, V., Sala, S. , A review of monetary valuation in life cycle assessment: State of the art and future needs , J. Clean. Prod., 329, 129668 , 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129668 . Amadei, A.M. and Ardente, F., Modelling plastic flows in the European Union value chain , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC130613, 2022, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130613 . Amadei, A.M., Sanyé -Mengual E., and Sala S., Modeling the EU Plastic Footprint: Exploring Data Sources and Littering Potential , Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 178, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106086 . Andreasi Bassi S., Biganzoli F., Ferrara N., Amadei A.M., Valente A., Sala S. and Ardente F., Updated characterisation and normalisation factors for the Environmental Footprint 3.1 method , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC130796, 2023, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130796 . Antonopoulos, I., Faraca G., and Tonini D., Recycling of Post -Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste in EU: Process Efficiencies, Material Flows, and Barriers , Waste Management, Vol. 126, pp. 694 –705, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.002 . Castellani V., Hidalgo C., Gelabert L., Riera M.R., Escamilla M., Sany é Mengual E., Sala S., 2019. Consumer Footprint. Basket of Products indicator on Household goods , EUR 29710 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978 -92-76-01614 -4, doi:10.2760/462368, JRC116120. Cimpan, C., Bjelle E.L., and Strømman, A.H., Plastic Packaging Flows in Europe: A Hybrid Input -Output Approach , Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1572 –1587, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13175 . ECHA (European Chemical Agency), Annex XV, Restriction Report, Proposal for a Restriction, Version number: 1.2 , 2019. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/05bd96e3 -b969 -0a7c -c6d0 - 441182893720 (accessed May 2022). EEA (European Environment Agency), 2024 a. Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe . https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics -from -textiles -towards - a (accessed November 2024). EEA (European Environment Agency), 2024b . Circularity Metrics Lab. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/circularity (accessed August 2024). ecoinvent, e coinvent Version 3.6, 2024. https://support.ecoinvent.org/database (accessed June 2024).	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to a version space, which may be developed via machine learning. The term “softmax” or “softmax function” at least in some examples refers to a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions; the “softmax function” is used in multinomial logistic regression and is often used as the last activation function of a neural network to normalize the output of a network to a probability distribution over predicted output classes. The term “supervised learning” at least in some examples refers to an ML technique that aims to learn a function or generate an ML model that produces an output given a labeled data set. Supervised learning algorithms build models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. For example, supervised learning involves learning a function or model that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs or some other form of labeled training data including a set of training examples. Each input-output pair includes an input object (e.g., a vector) and a desired output object or value (referred to as a “supervisory signal”). Supervised learning can be grouped into classification algorithms, regression algorithms, and instance-based algorithms.	[ "to", "a", "version", "space", ",", "which", "may", "be", "developed", "via", "machine", "learning", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "softmax", "”", "or", "“", "softmax", "function", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "generalization", "of", "the", "logistic", "function", "to", "multiple", "dimensions", ";", "the", "“", "softmax", "function", "”", "is", "used", "in", "multinomial", "logistic", "regression", "and", "is", "often", "used", "as", "the", "last", "activation", "function", "of", "a", "neural", "network", "to", "normalize", "the", "output", "of", "a", "network", "to", "a", "probability", "distribution", "over", "predicted", "output", "classes", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "supervised", "learning", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "ML", "technique", "that", "aims", "to", "learn", "a", "function", "or", "generate", "an", "ML", "model", "that", "produces", "an", "output", "given", "a", "labeled", "data", "set", ".", "Supervised", "learning", "algorithms", "build", "models", "from", "a", "set", "of", "data", "that", "contains", "both", "the", "inputs", "and", "the", "desired", "outputs", ".", "For", "example", ",", "supervised", "learning", "involves", "learning", "a", "function", "or", "model", "that", "maps", "an", "input", "to", "an", "output", "based", "on", "example", "input", "-", "output", "pairs", "or", "some", "other", "form", "of", "labeled", "training", "data", "including", "a", "set", "of", "training", "examples", ".", "Each", "input", "-", "output", "pair", "includes", "an", "input", "object", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "vector", ")", "and", "a", "desired", "output", "object", "or", "value", "(", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "“", "supervisory", "signal", "”", ")", ".", "Supervised", "learning", "can", "be", "grouped", "into", "classification", "algorithms", ",", "regression", "algorithms", ",", "and", "instance", "-", "based", "algorithms", "." ]	[]
decisions and market functions of cross-border relevance are taken centrally . A stronger, more robust institutional framework would entail strengthening monitoring, investigation and decision-making powers at the EU level with the possi - bility of providing full regulatory oversight over all decisions and processes that have direct cross-border impact. A genuine Energy Union should ensure that central market functions of relevance for an integrated market are performed centrally and subject to proper regulatory oversight. While “hard-to-abate” industries will benefit from lower energy prices, the EU should take a pragmatic approach to decarbonisation to mitigate potential trade-offs [see the chapters on energy-intensive indus - tries, and transport] . For the EU to lead the decarbonisation of EIIs, a stronger focus is needed by both the EU and national governments to provide sufficient financial resources. The report recommends earmaking a larger share of ETS revenues to EIIs, with resources targeted towards innovating assets and processes and enhancing the skills needed for decarbonisation, for example by supporting the uptake of green hydrogen or carbon capture and storage solutions. ETS revenues should also be used to support the decarbonisation of the transport sector, helping reach the EU’s milestones for shifting more activity to sustainable modes of transport. Decarbonisation funding across the EU should be based on common, competitive and simple instruments, such as Carbon CfDs or competitive auctions by the European Hydrogen Bank. A basket of options should be in place to financially support transport decarbonisa - tion. These could include CfDs to de-risk investment in low carbon fuels, blending EU grants with support by EIB and National Promotional Banks, and Regulatory Asset Based models for investment in (high speed) railway infrastructure. At the same time, a global level playing field for EIIs and transport operators should be ensured during the transition. While CBAM is an important instrument for European companies to stay competitive against their international peers that face lower or no carbon prices, its success is still uncertain. The EU should closely monitor and improve the CBAM design during the transition phase and consider postponing the phase out of free ETS free allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineffective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufac - turing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies]	[ "decisions", "and", "\n", "market", "functions", "of", "cross", "-", "border", "relevance", "are", "taken", "centrally", ".", "A", "stronger", ",", "more", "robust", "institutional", "framework", "\n", "would", "entail", "strengthening", "monitoring", ",", "investigation", "and", "decision", "-", "making", "powers", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "with", "the", "possi", "-", "\n", "bility", "of", "providing", "full", "regulatory", "oversight", "over", "all", "decisions", "and", "processes", "that", "have", "direct", "cross", "-", "border", "impact", ".", "\n", "A", "genuine", "Energy", "Union", "should", "ensure", "that", "central", "market", "functions", "of", "relevance", "for", "an", "integrated", "market", "are", "\n", "performed", "centrally", "and", "subject", "to", "proper", "regulatory", "oversight", ".", "\n", "While", "“", "hard", "-", "to", "-", "abate", "”", "industries", "will", "benefit", "from", "lower", "energy", "prices", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "take", "a", "pragmatic", "\n", "approach", "to", "decarbonisation", "to", "mitigate", "potential", "trade", "-", "offs", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapters", "on", "energy", "-", "intensive", "indus", "-", "\n", "tries", ",", "and", "transport", "]", ".", "For", "the", "EU", "to", "lead", "the", "decarbonisation", "of", "EIIs", ",", "a", "stronger", "focus", "is", "needed", "by", "both", "the", "EU", "and", "\n", "national", "governments", "to", "provide", "sufficient", "financial", "resources", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "earmaking", "a", "larger", "share", "\n", "of", "ETS", "revenues", "to", "EIIs", ",", "with", "resources", "targeted", "towards", "innovating", "assets", "and", "processes", "and", "enhancing", "the", "skills", "\n", "needed", "for", "decarbonisation", ",", "for", "example", "by", "supporting", "the", "uptake", "of", "green", "hydrogen", "or", "carbon", "capture", "and", "storage", "\n", "solutions", ".", "ETS", "revenues", "should", "also", "be", "used", "to", "support", "the", "decarbonisation", "of", "the", "transport", "sector", ",", "helping", "reach", "\n", "the", "EU", "’s", "milestones", "for", "shifting", "more", "activity", "to", "sustainable", "modes", "of", "transport", ".", "Decarbonisation", "funding", "across", "the", "\n", "EU", "should", "be", "based", "on", "common", ",", "competitive", "and", "simple", "instruments", ",", "such", "as", "Carbon", "CfDs", "or", "competitive", "auctions", "\n", "by", "the", "European", "Hydrogen", "Bank", ".", "A", "basket", "of", "options", "should", "be", "in", "place", "to", "financially", "support", "transport", "decarbonisa", "-", "\n", "tion", ".", "These", "could", "include", "CfDs", "to", "de", "-", "risk", "investment", "in", "low", "carbon", "fuels", ",", "blending", "EU", "grants", "with", "support", "by", "EIB", "and", "\n", "National", "Promotional", "Banks", ",", "and", "Regulatory", "Asset", "Based", "models", "for", "investment", "in", "(", "high", "speed", ")", "railway", "infrastructure", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "a", "global", "level", "playing", "field", "for", "EIIs", "and", "transport", "operators", "should", "be", "ensured", "during", "the", "transition", ".", "\n", "While", "CBAM", "is", "an", "important", "instrument", "for", "European", "companies", "to", "stay", "competitive", "against", "their", "international", "peers", "\n", "that", "face", "lower", "or", "no", "carbon", "prices", ",", "its", "success", "is", "still", "uncertain", ".", "The", "EU", "should", "closely", "monitor", "and", "improve", "the", "\n", "CBAM", "design", "during", "the", "transition", "phase", "and", "consider", "postponing", "the", "phase", "out", "of", "free", "ETS", "free", "allowances", "for", "\n", "EIIs", "if", "implementation", "is", "ineffective", ".", "\n", "To", "capitalise", "on", "the", "decarbonisation", "push", ",", "Europe", "should", "refocus", "its", "support", "for", "clean", "tech", "manufac", "-", "\n", "turing", ",", "focusing", "on", "technologies", "where", "it", "either", "has", "a", "lead", "or", "where", "there", "is", "a", "strategic", "case", "for", "developing", "\n", "domestic", "capacity", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "clean", "technologies", "]" ]	[]
1.a.2 \| Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 \| \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| 4.5.4 2023 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 38 ₋₄ \| 10 ₋₄ \| \| \| \| \| 9,8 ₋₂ \| … \| 5790 ₋₄ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 12,8 \| 6881 5714 11 698 \| 6055 \| 1493 ₋₄ 2193 \| ₋₁ 2326 \| … 11 9 24 ₋₂ \| 9 26 ₋₂ … \| ₋₁ 4 \| 13 ALB \| \| 2,7 ₋₁ 1,9 4,8 ₋₁ 5,0 6,4 ₋₂ \| 9,0 ₋₁ 12,8 ₋₁ 11,3 ₋₂ \| ₋₂ 15 9342 … 11 528 ₋₂ 13 \| 008 ₋₂ 16 … 452 ₋₂ 15 113 \| 590 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ 20 174 ₋₂ \| 994 ₋₂ 18 7390 19 ₋₂ \| ₋₂ 34 … 22 ₋₂ \| 24 ₋₂ \| 38 ₋₂ 27 32 ₋₂ 20 \| BEL \| \| 1,9 4,1 ₋₂ \| … \| … 2608 \| … … 2118 5446 \| 19 344 \| … \| … 13 \| … 33 \| 32 ₋₂ \| BMU BIH \| \| 4,7 ₋₂ \| 10,4 ₋₂ 10,6 ₋₂ \| 9612 ₋₂ \| 7624 ₋₂ 8033 \| 5835 ₋₂ ₋₂ \| 16 33 ₋₂ \| 26 ₋₂ \| 27 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| 4,1 ₋₁ \| 11,1 ₋₁ \| … \| … … \| ₋₂ 7265 \| 817 ₋₂ \| … \| … \| 25 ₋₂ \| BGR \| \| \| \| … \| 7506 \| 10 \| … … \| 20 ₋₂ \| … \| 22 ₋₂ \| CAN \| \| 4,1 ₋₂ \| 10,7 ₋₂ \| \| ₋₂ … \| 6331 ₋₂ 13 \| 830 18 ₋₂ \| 17 ₋₂ \| 27 ₋₂ \| 17 ₋₂ 29 ₋₂ \| HRV CZE \| \| 4,8 ₋₂ 5,3 ₋₁ \| 10,9 ₋₂ 11,8 ₋₁ \| 8949 ₋₂ 8472 732 ₋₂ 14 \| ₋₂ 12 924 ₋₂ 15 579 \| ₋₂ 31 477 ₋₂ \| 15 ₋₂ \| 21 ₋₂ \| 22 ₋₂ \| 45 ₋₂ \| DNK \| \| \| \| 10 \| 900 ₋₂ ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| \| 21 \| 19 \| \| \| \|	[ "1.a.2", "\|", "Gasto", "(", "%", "público", "educación", "Primaria", "Secundaria", "1.a.2", "\|", "Gasto", "(", "%", "público", "educación", "Primaria", "Secundaria", "1.a.2", "\|", "Gasto", "(", "%", "público", "educación", "Primaria", "Secundaria", "1.a.2", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "4.5.4", "2023", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "38", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "10", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "9,8", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "5790", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "12,8", " ", "\|", "6881", "5714", "11", "698", " ", "\|", "6055", " ", "\|", "1493", "₋₄", "2193", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "2326", " ", "\|", "…", "11", "9", "24", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9", "26", "₋₂", "…", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "4", " ", "\|", "13", "ALB", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "2,7", "₋₁", "1,9", "4,8", "₋₁", "5,0", "6,4", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9,0", "₋₁", "12,8", "₋₁", "11,3", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "15", "9342", "…", "11", "528", "₋₂", "13", " ", "\|", "008", "₋₂", "16", "…", "452", "₋₂", "15", "113", " ", "\|", "590", "₋₂", "23", "₋₂", "20", "174", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "994", "₋₂", "18", "7390", "19", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "34", "…", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "38", "₋₂", "27", "32", "₋₂", "20", " ", "\|", "BEL", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "1,9", "4,1", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "2608", " ", "\|", "…", "…", "2118", "5446", " ", "\|", "19", "344", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "13", " ", "\|", "…", "33", " ", "\|", "32", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "BMU", "BIH", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,7", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "10,4", "₋₂", "10,6", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9612", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "7624", "₋₂", "8033", " ", "\|", "5835", "₋₂", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "16", "33", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "26", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "11,1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "7265", " ", "\|", "817", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "25", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "BGR", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "7506", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "20", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "CAN", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,1", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "10,7", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "…", " ", "\|", "6331", "₋₂", "13", " ", "\|", "830", "18", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "17", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "17", "₋₂", "29", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "HRV", "CZE", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,8", "₋₂", "5,3", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "10,9", "₋₂", "11,8", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "8949", "₋₂", "8472", "732", "₋₂", "14", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "12", "924", "₋₂", "15", "579", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "31", "477", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "45", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "DNK", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "900", "₋₂", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "19", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|" ]	[]
enable policy makers to advance stronger economic growth across the region. Such a transition will require continued and sustained foundational reform to maximize the drivers of economic growth while pivoting to new transformative reforms to promote the development of more complex economic structures and institutions. These involve the need to discipline incumbents, boost the role of the private sector, strengthen the competitive environment, and reward merit. The emphasis on a strategy driven by innovation is also critically important for those countries that have already attained high-income status. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Scan the QR code to see all the titles in this series. <!-- image -->	[ "enable", "policy", "makers", "to", "advance", "stronger", "economic", "growth", "across", "the", "region", ".", "Such", "a", "transition", "will", "require", "continued", "and", "sustained", "foundational", "reform", "to", "maximize", "the", "drivers", "of", "economic", "growth", "while", "pivoting", "to", "new", "transformative", "reforms", "to", "promote", "the", "development", "of", "more", "complex", "economic", "structures", "and", "institutions", ".", "These", "involve", "the", "need", "to", "discipline", "incumbents", ",", "boost", "the", "role", "of", "the", "private", "sector", ",", "strengthen", "the", "competitive", "environment", ",", "and", "reward", "merit", ".", "The", "emphasis", "on", "a", "strategy", "driven", "by", "innovation", "is", "also", "critically", "important", "for", "those", "countries", "that", "have", "already", "attained", "high", "-", "income", "status", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Scan", "the", "QR", "code", "to", "see", "all", "the", "titles", "in", "this", "series", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">" ]	[]
mln ha, and water consumption will increase to 2122 cu. km/year. Tables 2 and 3 give the planned irrigation development in the Amudarya River basin and in general for Afghanistan. Table 2 ## Predicted Development and Irrigation Water Intake in the Amudarya River Basin \| River basin \| Existing \| Existing \| Perspective areas, thou ha \| Perspective areas, thou ha \| Perspective areas, thou ha \| Planned water intake, km 3 /yr \| Planned water intake, km 3 /yr \| Planned water intake, km 3 /yr \| \|------------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|------------------------------\|------------------------------\|------------------------------\|----------------------------------\|----------------------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| \| area, thou ha, 1965 \| water intakem cu.km \| 1990 \| 2000 \| 2020 \| 1990 \| 2000 \| 2020 \| \| Harirud (Tedjen) \| 54 \| 0.65 \| 98 \| 140 \| 140 \| 1.2 \| 1.4 \| 1.4 \| \| Local drainless rivers \| 264 \| 2.0 \| 300* \| 400* \| 600* \| 8 \| 4 \| 5 \| \| Konduz \| 104 \| 1.2 \| 145 \| 220 \| 245 \| 1.5 \| 2.2 \| 2.5 \| \| Kowkchen \| 28 \| 0.3 \| 40 \| 70 \| 70 \| 0.4 \| 0.7 \| 0.7 \| \| Panj \| 34 \| 0.4 \| 50 \| 70 \| 70 \| 0.5 \| 0.6 \| 0.7 \| \| Amudarya \| 16 \| 4.75 \| 723 \| 1250 \| 1580 \| 7.6 \| 12.4 \| 16 \| * Growth of irrigated lands in the basins of drainless rivers is possible due to water resources of the Amudarya. Table 3 ## Predicted Development of Irrigated Farming and Assumed Water Intake in the River Basins of Afghanistan \| Basin \| Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha \| Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha \| Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha \| Assumed water intake, cu. km \| Assumed water intake, cu. km \| Assumed water intake, cu. km \| \|----------\|-------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| \| 1990 \| 2000 \| 2020 \| 1990 \| 2000 \| 2020 \| \| Amudarya \| 723 \| 12.5 \| 1580 \| 7.6 \| 12.4 \| 16 \| \| Helmand \| 800 \| 400 \| 500 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| \| Kabul \| 110 \| 146 \| 146 \| 1.1 \| 1.5 \| 1.5 \| \| TOTAL: \| 1143 \| 1806 \| 2226 \| 11.7 \| 179 \| 22.5 \| Nowadays the Amudarya is an international, transborder river between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.	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this calibration procedure yields satisfactory results: the averagemeasured nuclear charge remains in agreement with the trueTable 4 Parameters of the charge calibration of the VESPA IC for each side of the chamber Source side Backing side /angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsym 1.041 0.962 a[MeV−1]5 .05(11)×10−43.18(13)×10−4 b 3.33(1)×10−22.92(1)×10−2 Fig. 13 Results of the charge calibration of the IC. aMeasured ZL distributions of95 38Sr and134 52Te isomers (normalized). Note that the light partner of Te ( ZH=52) is Pd ( ZL=46) in the spontaneous ﬁssion of252Cf ( ZCN=98). bValidation of the charge calibration using the isomers: the average measured nuclear charge /angbracketleftˆZL/angbracketrightis compared to the true ZL. The four isomers used in the calibration procedure are depicted as red dots. The \|δZ\|/lessorequalslant0.3 area is colored in green. cFWHM of the measured ˆZLdistributions as a function of the nuclear charge one ( ZL±0.5) between the calibration points (Fig 13b). However, we observe that extrapolation of the calibration below ZL=38 should be limited. Although the results remain valid for ZL=37, they become incorrect for a smaller nuclear charge ( ZL=35). For ZL/greaterorequalslant37, we can deﬁne a systematic uncertainty on Zamounting to ±0.3, as represented in Fig. 13b as a green area. It can also be observed from Figs. 13a, c that the width of the obtained nuclear charge 123 5 Page 10 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Fig. 14 Measured light nuclear charge yield obtained with VESPA IC after calibration (blue). Uncertainties correspond to charge deviationwithin [ −0.3, 0.3] (see text). The red and orange histograms correspond to different parameterizations of Wahl’s Z pmodel (from Refs. [ 51]a n d [52], respectively), folded with the IC charge resolution distributions increases as the fragmentation becomes more asymmetric (i.e., ZLbecomes smaller). This effect is due to the form of Eq. ( 2): the further away the fragments are from the symmetry (i.e., the larger rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym), the more sensitive ˆZLis to ﬂuctuations in TKE. For the same reason, the fragments far from symmetry are more sensitive to the uncertainties on the calibration parameters from Table 4than the ones close to symmetry. The FWHM of the measured ZL distributions between 37 and 49 ranges between 5.9 and 2.5. These results are comparable to the ones mentioned in Ref. [50]. From this charge calibration, the nuclear charge yield of light fragments from252Cf spontaneous ﬁssion can be obtained from the VESPA data, as depicted in Fig. 14.T h e uncertainties	[ "this", "\n", "calibration", "procedure", "yields", "satisfactory", "results", ":", "the", "averagemeasured", "nuclear", "charge", "remains", "in", "agreement", "with", "the", "trueTable", "4", "Parameters", "of", "the", "charge", "calibration", "of", "the", "VESPA", "IC", "for", "each", "\n", "side", "of", "the", "chamber", "\n", "Source", "side", "Backing", "side", "\n", "/angbracketleftrt", "/", "angbracketrightsym", "1.041", "0.962", "\n", "a[MeV−1]5", ".05(11)×10−43.18(13)×10−4", "\n", "b", "3.33(1)×10−22.92(1)×10−2", "\n", "Fig", ".", "13", "Results", "of", "the", "charge", "calibration", "of", "the", "IC", ".", "aMeasured", "ZL", "\n", "distributions", "of95", "\n", "38Sr", "and134", "\n", "52Te", "isomers", "(", "normalized", ")", ".", "Note", "that", "the", "light", "\n", "partner", "of", "Te", "(", "ZH=52", ")", "is", "Pd", "(", "ZL=46", ")", "in", "the", "spontaneous", "ﬁssion", "\n", "of252Cf", "(", "ZCN=98", ")", ".", "bValidation", "of", "the", "charge", "calibration", "using", "the", "\n", "isomers", ":", "the", "average", "measured", "nuclear", "charge", "/angbracketleftˆZL", "/", "angbracketrightis", "compared", "to", "the", "\n", "true", "ZL", ".", "The", "four", "isomers", "used", "in", "the", "calibration", "procedure", "are", "depicted", "\n", "as", "red", "dots", ".", "The", "\|δZ\|/lessorequalslant0.3", "area", "is", "colored", "in", "green", ".", "cFWHM", "of", "the", "\n", "measured", "ˆZLdistributions", "as", "a", "function", "of", "the", "nuclear", "charge", "\n", "one", "(", "ZL±0.5", ")", "between", "the", "calibration", "points", "(", "Fig", "13b", ")", ".", "\n", "However", ",", "we", "observe", "that", "extrapolation", "of", "the", "calibration", "\n", "below", "ZL=38", "should", "be", "limited", ".", "Although", "the", "results", "\n", "remain", "valid", "for", "ZL=37", ",", "they", "become", "incorrect", "for", "a", "\n", "smaller", "nuclear", "charge", "(", "ZL=35", ")", ".", "For", "ZL", "/", "greaterorequalslant37", ",", "we", "can", "\n", "deﬁne", "a", "systematic", "uncertainty", "on", "Zamounting", "to", "±0.3", ",", "as", "\n", "represented", "in", "Fig", ".", "13b", "as", "a", "green", "area", ".", "It", "can", "also", "be", "observed", "\n", "from", "Figs", ".", "13a", ",", "c", "that", "the", "width", "of", "the", "obtained", "nuclear", "charge", "\n", "123", " ", "5", "Page", "10", "of", "12", "Eur", ".", "Phys", ".", "J.", "A", " ", "(", "2025", ")", "61:5", "\n", "Fig", ".", "14", "Measured", "light", "nuclear", "charge", "yield", "obtained", "with", "VESPA", "IC", "\n", "after", "calibration", "(", "blue", ")", ".", "Uncertainties", "correspond", "to", "charge", "deviationwithin", "[", "−0.3", ",", "0.3", "]", "(", "see", "text", ")", ".", "The", "red", "and", "orange", "histograms", "correspond", "\n", "to", "different", "parameterizations", "of", "Wahl", "’s", "Z", "\n", "pmodel", "(", "from", "Refs", ".", "[", "51]a", "n", "d", "\n", "[", "52", "]", ",", "respectively", ")", ",", "folded", "with", "the", "IC", "charge", "resolution", "\n", "distributions", "increases", "as", "the", "fragmentation", "becomes", "more", "\n", "asymmetric", "(", "i.e.", ",", "ZLbecomes", "smaller", ")", ".", "This", "effect", "is", "due", "\n", "to", "the", "form", "of", "Eq", ".", "(", "2", "):", "the", "further", "away", "the", "fragments", "are", "\n", "from", "the", "symmetry", "(", "i.e.", ",", "the", "larger", "rt−/angbracketleft", "rt", "/", "angbracketrightsym", ")", ",", "the", "more", "\n", "sensitive", "ˆZLis", "to", "ﬂuctuations", "in", "TKE", ".", "For", "the", "same", "reason", ",", "\n", "the", "fragments", "far", "from", "symmetry", "are", "more", "sensitive", "to", "the", "\n", "uncertainties", "on", "the", "calibration", "parameters", "from", "Table", "4than", "\n", "the", "ones", "close", "to", "symmetry", ".", "The", "FWHM", "of", "the", "measured", "ZL", "\n", "distributions", "between", "37", "and", "49", "ranges", "between", "5.9", "and", "2.5", ".", "\n", "These", "results", "are", "comparable", "to", "the", "ones", "mentioned", "in", "Ref", ".", "\n", "[", "50", "]", ".", "\n", "From", "this", "charge", "calibration", ",", "the", "nuclear", "charge", "yield", "\n", "of", "light", "fragments", "from252Cf", "spontaneous", "ﬁssion", "can", "be", "\n", "obtained", "from", "the", "VESPA", "data", ",", "as", "depicted", "in", "Fig", ".", "14.T", "h", "e", "\n", "uncertainties" ]	[ { "end": 1755, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1753 }, { "end": 1765, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1763 }, { "end": 2440, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2438 } ]
in supporting national response efforts became crucial. In 2022, the participants of the COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition (hereafter referred to as the 'Coalition') launched the 'Strategi c Joint Evaluation of the Collective International Development and Humanitarian Assistance Response to the COVID19 Pandemic' to take stock of and learn from this response. Conducted under the auspices of the Coalition and led by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Development Co -operation Directorate (DCD), this evaluation seeks to generate credible evidence, assess coherence and effectiveness, and draw lessons to strengthen future responses to global crises. The Coalition was established in 2020 to provide actionable insights and foster accountability in international co-operation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comprising more than 65 organisations, including evaluation units from OECD and non-OECD governments, UN agencies and multilateral institutions, the Coalition leverages diverse experiences to create high-quality, timely evaluations and to feed evidence into decision making in near real time. Its collective efforts enable learning across stakeholders and ensure that the global development community can better deliver on its commitments. In line with the Coalition's values of credibility, usefulness and partnership, this strategic joint evaluation builds and complements other evaluations and reviews conducted on COVID-19 responses over the past four years. It brings together multiple actors to address the gap in evaluative evidence around the overall results of the collective pandemic response effort, offering a system-wide perspective. This case study of Kenya was undertaken by the Independent Development Evaluation (IDEV) at the African Development Bank (AfDB). The Secretariat would like to express its appreciation to Eustace Uzor from the IDEV for drafting this case study, and to Stefano Contratto and Megan Kennedy-Chouane (OECD) and Josh Fuchs (IOD Parc) for support with its finalisation. Numerous officials and partners from Kenya were involved in interviews, research and reports which informed this case study. The Secretariat is grateful for the expertise, insights and resources contributed by all those involved in this collaborative undertaking, including the OECD Members that provided funding for this strategic joint evaluation. This is one of nine case studies looking at international support in specific countries, which, together with a set of provider country case studies, a synthesis of evaluations and a study of the philanthropic response, form a major source of evidence for the evaluation. An overarching report will be published in 2025, along with supporting policy briefs and thematic summaries. 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regional and national governments for public and private institutions. Pupil/teacher ratio. Average number of pupils per teacher at a specific level of education. Purchasing power parity (PPP). An exchange rate adjustment that accounts for price differences between countries, allowing international comparisons of real output and income. Qualified teacher. Teacher who has the minimum academic qualification necessary to teach at a specific level of education in a given country. Teacher attrition rate. Number of teachers at a given level of education leaving the profession in a given school year, expressed as a percentage of teachers at that level and in that school year. ## Technical and vocational education and training. Programmes designed mainly to prepare students for direct entry into a particular occupation or trade (or class of occupations or trades). Trained teacher. Teacher who has fulfilled at least the minimum organized teacher-training requirements (pre service or in-service) to teach a specific level of education according to national policy or law. Transition rate. Number of new entrants to the first grade of an education level in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of students who were enrolled in the final grade of the previous education level in the previous year and who do not repeat that grade the following year. ## LEADERSHIP TERMS Accountability: An obligation, based on a legal, political, social or moral justification, to provide an account of how clearly defined responsibilities (defined as actions or results), have been met. Appointment: A process of making a job offer which is accepted and the successful applicant commences employment in a vacant position. Appraisal: Evaluation of job performance based on established criteria. Autonomy: Authority to make decisions over the allocation of resources. Certification: A process that confirms professional achievement beyond the acquisition of minimum qualifications. Coaching: A structured and non-directive professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It typically has a short duration and requires specific qualifications of the coach (see mentoring ). Distributed leadership : An approach to leadership where practice takes shape through the interactions and the situation of multiple members of an organization or team, rather than the actions of an individual leader (see shared leadership ). 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MFA boundaries included all the key steps of the value chain from production to end -of- life and recycling, covering 9 sectors and 15 polymers. Specific plastic flows typically less explored in literature were studied, including p lastic imports and exports along the value chain , plastic losses into the environment as well as plastic waste mismanagement . Notably, the granular data collected enabled the modelling of bio-based plastic and biodegradable plastics flows , together with the exploration of plastic chemical recycling processes. The variety of collected data at the level of polymers and sectors were combined to generate product -specific results , thoroughly discussing the associated modelling challenges . Further, the interactions with stakeholders, improved and deepened the knowledge of the various interlinkages of the EU plastic value chain and enabled a finer modelling of polymers -specific and sectors -specific flows. Additionally, the MFA was combined with a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) , unvei ling the value chain impacts across 16 impact categories , including but not limited to Climate Change. On top, a flexible and replicable methodology combin ing sectors -specific and polymers -specific estimates to obtain products -specific results was discussed. Such approach could also potentially be applied to other product -specific MFAs even beyond plastics . The LCA followed the Environmental Footprint 3.1 method recommended by the European Commission . Results underlined that t he EU-27 plastic production amounted to 57.9 Mt in 2022 , with only 1.1% of the total needs being covered by bio-based plastics . The results highlighted the dominance of the Packaging sector, being 33.9% of total plastic consumption. Despite 36.6 Mt of waste being properly collected (86% of waste generated) , significant quantities of plastic s were either lost or mismanage d along the value chain , accounting to 6.6 Mt (11.4 % of the total EU production ). The average EU -27 end -of-life recycling rate was 19.6 %, mostly due to mechanical recycling activities (and a negligible contribution of chemical recycling ). The LCA study revealed that more than 252 Mt CO2 eq. were emitted along the life cycle of the 2022 EU plastic value chain1, considering all flows connected to plastic consumption in the EU . The Packaging sector contributed to around 29% of the total impacts, with a striking importance attributable to the production and manufacturing stages (representing 79% of Climate Change impacts ). This study represents	[ "MFA", "boundaries", "included", " ", "all", "the", "key", "steps", "of", "the", "value", "chain", " ", "from", "production", "to", "end", "-of-", "\n", "life", "and", "recycling", ",", "covering", "9", "sectors", "and", "15", "polymers", ".", " ", "Specific", "plastic", " ", "flows", "typically", "less", "explored", "in", "\n", "literature", "were", "studied", ",", "including", "p", "lastic", "imports", "and", "exports", "along", "the", "value", "chain", ",", "plastic", "losses", "\n", "into", "the", "environment", "as", "well", "as", " ", "plastic", "waste", "mismanagement", ".", "Notably", ",", "the", "granular", "data", "collected", "\n", "enabled", "the", "modelling", "of", " ", "bio", "-", "based", "plastic", "and", "biodegradable", "plastics", " ", "flows", ",", "together", "with", "the", "\n", "exploration", "of", " ", "plastic", "chemical", "recycling", "processes", ".", "The", "variety", "of", "collected", "data", "at", "the", "level", "of", "\n", "polymers", "and", "sectors", "were", "combined", "to", "generate", "product", "-specific", "results", ",", "thoroughly", "discussing", "the", "\n", "associated", "modelling", "challenges", ".", "Further", ",", "the", "interactions", "with", "stakeholders", ",", "improved", "and", "\n", "deepened", "the", "knowledge", "of", "the", "various", "interlinkages", "of", "the", "EU", "plastic", "value", "chain", "and", "enabled", "a", "\n", "finer", "modelling", "of", "polymers", "-specific", "and", "sectors", "-specific", "flows", ".", "Additionally", ",", "the", "MFA", "was", "combined", "\n", "with", "a", "Life", "Cycle", "Assessment", "(", "LCA", ")", ",", "unvei", "ling", "the", "value", "chain", " ", "impacts", "across", "16", "impact", "categories", ",", "\n", "including", "but", "not", "limited", "to", "Climate", "Change", ".", " ", "On", "top", ",", "a", "flexible", "and", "replicable", "methodology", "combin", "ing", "\n", "sectors", "-specific", "and", "polymers", "-specific", "estimates", "to", "obtain", "products", "-specific", "results", "was", "discussed", ".", "\n", "Such", "approach", " ", "could", "also", "potentially", "be", "applied", "to", "other", "product", "-specific", "MFAs", "even", "beyond", "plastics", ".", "\n", "The", "LCA", "followed", " ", "the", "Environmental", "Footprint", " ", "3.1", "method", "recommended", "by", "the", "European", "\n", "Commission", ".", "Results", "underlined", "that", "t", "he", "EU-27", "plastic", "production", "amounted", "to", "57.9", " ", "Mt", "in", "2022", ",", "with", "\n", "only", "1.1", "%", "of", "the", "total", "needs", "being", "covered", "by", "bio", "-", "based", "plastics", ".", "The", "results", "highlighted", "the", "\n", "dominance", "of", "the", "Packaging", "sector", ",", "being", " ", "33.9", "%", "of", "total", "plastic", "consumption", ".", " ", "Despite", "36.6", " ", "Mt", "of", "\n", "waste", "being", "properly", "collected", " ", "(", "86", "%", "of", "waste", "generated", ")", ",", "significant", " ", "quantities", " ", "of", "plastic", "s", "were", "\n", "either", "lost", "or", " ", "mismanage", "d", "along", "the", "value", "chain", ",", "accounting", " ", "to", "6.6", "Mt", "(", "11.4", "%", "of", "the", "total", "EU", "\n", "production", ")", ".", "The", "average", "EU", "-27", "end", "-of", "-", "life", "recycling", "rate", " ", "was", "19.6", "%", ",", "mostly", "due", "to", "mechanical", "\n", "recycling", "activities", "(", "and", "a", "negligible", "contribution", "of", "chemical", "recycling", ")", ".", "The", "LCA", "study", "revealed", "that", "\n", "more", "than", " ", "252", "Mt", "CO2", "eq", ".", "were", "emitted", "along", "the", "life", "cycle", "of", "the", "2022", "EU", "plastic", "value", "chain1", ",", "\n", "considering", "all", "flows", "connected", "to", "plastic", "consumption", "in", "the", "EU", ".", "The", "Packaging", "sector", "contributed", "\n", "to", "around", "29", "%", "of", "the", "total", "impacts", ",", "with", "a", "striking", "importance", "attributable", "to", " ", "the", "production", "and", "\n", "manufacturing", "stages", "(", "representing", "79", "%", "of", "Climate", "Change", "impacts", ")", ".", "This", "study", "represents" ]	[]
Designed cover image: Pauline Dixon First published 2026 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2026 Pauline Dixon and Steve Humble The right of Pauline Dixon and Steve Humble to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www .taylorfrancis .com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International license. Any third party material in this book is not included in the OA Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Please direct any permissions enquiries to the original rightsholder. This work was made Open Access thanks to funding from Rising Tide Foundation. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781032740331 (hbk) ISBN: 9781032740362 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003467342 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342 Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Figures 2.1 , 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7a, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 6.2, 6.3, A.1: StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC Part Title II, III, IV Photo Images: Flooded Cellar Productions To Jane Jacobs, Elinor Ostrom and Friedrich Hayek with respect, gratitude and love List of Figures xii List of Tables xiv Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvi PART I Neighbourhood cohesion 1 1 The draw of the city 3 Introduction 3 Why Delhi? 5 Delhi master plans 8 Featured neighbourhoods 9 The influence of economists 10 Why Jane Jacobs 12 Why F. A. Hayek? 14 Why Elinor Ostrom? 17 Plan of the book 20 Notes 23 References 23 2 Resilient cities – Why does slum type matter? 27 Introduction 27 Neighbourhoods 29 Measures 30 Characteristics of participants – Well-being and neighbourhood cohesion 31 Data analysis 32 Neighbourhood Cohesion Index (NCI) 34 Subjective well-being (SWB) 36Contents x ContentsContents Associations between NCI and SWB 38 Characteristics of participants - perceptions of community and the involvement within it 40 Social Capital 42 Neighbourhood	[ "Designed", "cover", "image", ":", "Pauline", "Dixon", "\n", "First", "published", "2026", "\n", "by", "Routledge", "\n", "4", "Park", "Square", ",", "Milton", "Park", ",", "Abingdon", ",", "Oxon", "OX14", "4RN", "\n", "and", "by", "Routledge", "\n", "605", "Third", "Avenue", ",", "New", "York", ",", "NY", "10158", "\n", "Routledge", "is", "an", "imprint", "of", "the", "Taylor", "&", "Francis", "Group", ",", "an", "informa", "business", "\n", "©", "2026", "Pauline", "Dixon", "and", "Steve", "Humble", "\n", "The", "right", "of", "Pauline", "Dixon", "and", "Steve", "Humble", "to", "be", "identified", "as", "authors", "of", "\n", "this", "work", "has", "been", "asserted", "in", "accordance", "with", "sections", "77", "and", "78", "of", "the", "\n", "Copyright", ",", "Designs", "and", "Patents", "Act", "1988", ".", "\n", "The", "Open", "Access", "version", "of", "this", "book", ",", "available", "at", "www", " ", ".taylorfrancis", ".com", ",", " ", "has", "\n", "been", "made", "available", "under", "a", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "-", "Non", "Commercial", "-", "No", "\n", "Derivatives", "(", "CC", "-", "BY", "-", "NC", "-", "ND", ")", "4.0", "International", "license", ".", "\n", "Any", "third", "party", "material", "in", "this", "book", "is", "not", "included", "in", "the", "OA", "Creative", "\n", "Commons", "license", ",", "unless", "indicated", "otherwise", "in", "a", "credit", "line", "to", "the", "material", ".", "\n", "Please", 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"Chennai", ",", "India", "\n", "Figures", "2.1", ",", "2.2", ",", "2.3", ",", "2.4", ",", "2.5", ",", "3.2", ",", "3.3", ",", "4.5", ",", "4.6", ",", "4.7a", ",", "4.8", ",", "4.9", ",", "4.10", ",", "6.2", ",", "6.3", ",", "A.1", ":", " \n", "StataCorp", ".", "2023", ".", "Stata", "Statistical", "Software", ":", "Release", "18", ".", "College", "Station", ",", "TX", ":", "StataCorp", "LLC", "\n", "Part", "Title", "II", ",", "III", ",", "IV", "Photo", "Images", ":", "Flooded", "Cellar", "Productions", "\n", "To", "Jane", "Jacobs", ",", "Elinor", "Ostrom", "and", "Friedrich", "Hayek", "with", "\n", "respect", ",", "gratitude", "and", "love", "\n", "List", "of", "Figures", "xii", "\n", "List", "of", "Tables", "xiv", "\n", "Acknowledgements", "xv", "\n", "Abbreviations", "xvi", "\n", "PART", " ", "I", "\n", "Neighbourhood", "cohesion", "1", "\n", "1", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", " ", "3", "\n", "Introduction", "3", "\n", "Why", "Delhi", "?", "5", "\n", "Delhi", "master", "plans", 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"within", "it", "40", "\n", "Social", "Capital", "42", "\n", "Neighbourhood" ]	[]
PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 We see that in this case, despite the presence of the ASNoption, the contact normal (green arrow) is not vertical but joins the centers of the two penetrating pinballs. This is due to the use of parent (0-level) pinballs and to the coarseness of the mesh (two elements isolated in space). The contact normal is therefore aligned along the contact joint (red segment). From the .PIN le we see that both the penetration and the penetration rate vary from one sub- case to the other. The penetration is p=p 21 = 0:414 in the rst sub-case (perfectly aligned bodies) and decreases along with the sliding until it becomes zero in the last sub-case, which corresponds to a displacement equal to the side of the quadrangle. The penetration rate also decreases along with the sliding. This conrms the in uence of sliding along the penetration amount, at least when using parent pinballs. 97 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 6.5.2 Case MEPE42 This test is identical to case MEPE41 but uses MLEV 1 descendant pinballs. Figure 111 shows the result of each sub-case and the .PIN le is listed below, from which one can read the measured (maximum) penetration in each sub-test. (a) Step 0 (b) Step 1 (c) Step 2 (d) Step 3 (e) Step 4 (f) Step 5 (g) Step 6 (h) Step 7 (i) Step 8 (j) Step 9 (k) Step 10 Figure 111: Results of test MEPE42. STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.071E-01 2.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.375E-01 2.375E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.828E-01 2.828E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.928E-01 2.928E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.828E-01 2.828E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.588E-01 2.588E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T	[ "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "0.000E+00", "\n", "We", "see", "that", "in", "this", "case", ",", "despite", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "ASNoption", ",", "the", "contact", "normal", "(", "green", "arrow", ")", "\n", "is", "not", "vertical", "but", "joins", "the", "centers", "of", "the", "two", "penetrating", "pinballs", ".", "This", "is", "due", "to", "the", "use", "of", "parent", "\n", "(", "0", "-", "level", ")", "pinballs", "and", "to", "the", "coarseness", "of", "the", "mesh", "(", "two", "elements", "isolated", "in", "space", ")", ".", "The", "contact", "\n", "normal", "is", "therefore", "aligned", "along", "the", "contact", "joint", "(", "red", "segment", ")", ".", "\n", "From", "the", ".PIN", "\f", "le", "we", "see", "that", "both", "the", "penetration", "and", "the", "penetration", "rate", "vary", "from", "one", "sub-", "\n", "case", "to", "the", "other", ".", "The", "penetration", "is", "p", "=", "p", "\n", "2\u00001", "=", "0:414", "in", "the", "\f", "rst", "sub", "-", "case", "(", "perfectly", "aligned", "bodies", ")", "\n", "and", "decreases", "along", "with", "the", "sliding", "until", "it", "becomes", "zero", "in", "the", "last", "sub", "-", "case", ",", "which", "corresponds", "to", "\n", "a", "displacement", "equal", "to", "the", "side", "of", "the", "quadrangle", ".", "The", "penetration", "rate", "also", "decreases", "along", "with", "\n", "the", "sliding", ".", "\n", "This", "con", "\f", "rms", "the", "in", "\n", "uence", "of", "sliding", "along", "the", "penetration", "amount", ",", "at", "least", "when", "using", "parent", "\n", "pinballs", ".", "\n", "97", "\n", "Tuesday", "12thAugust", ",", "2025", "@", "13:38", "\n", "6.5.2", "Case", "MEPE42", "\n", "This", "test", "is", "identical", "to", "case", "MEPE41", "but", "uses", "MLEV", "1", "descendant", "pinballs", ".", "Figure", "111", "shows", "the", "\n", "result", "of", "each", "sub", "-", "case", "and", "the", ".PIN", "\f", "le", "is", "listed", "below", ",", "from", "which", "one", "can", "read", "the", "measured", "\n", "(", "maximum", ")", "penetration", "in", "each", "sub", "-", "test", ".", "\n", "(", "a", ")", "Step", "0", "\n ", "(", "b", ")", "Step", "1", "\n ", "(", "c", ")", "Step", "2", "\n ", "(", "d", ")", "Step", "3", "\n", "(", "e", ")", "Step", "4", "\n ", "(", "f", ")", "Step", "5", "\n ", "(", "g", ")", "Step", "6", "\n ", "(", "h", ")", "Step", "7", "\n", "(", "i", ")", "Step", "8", "\n ", "(", "j", ")", "Step", "9", "\n ", "(", "k", ")", "Step", "10", "\n", "Figure", "111", ":", "Results", "of", "test", "MEPE42", ".", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2.071E-01", "2.071E-01", "1.000E+00", "1.000E+00", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2.375E-01", "2.375E-01", "1.000E+00", "1.000E+00", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2.828E-01", "2.828E-01", "1.000E+00", "1.000E+00", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2.928E-01", "2.928E-01", "1.000E+00", "1.000E+00", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2.828E-01", "2.828E-01", "1.000E+00", "1.000E+00", "\n", "STEP", "T", "N_RAW", "N_NCOL", "N_RCEL", "N_REDP", "N_REDU", "N_REBO", "PENEMX", "PENEMAX", "PDOTMX", "PDOTMAX", "\n", "0", "0.00000E+00", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2.588E-01", "2.588E-01", "7.071E-01", "7.071E-01", "\n", "STEP", "T" ]	[]
They were released the following day, when another journalist, Sekou Jamal Pendessa was arrested. On 28 February, the Conakry Court of Appeal sentenced him to three months in prison, including two suspended, but released him immediately, as he had already spent a month in detention.2 On 9 July, Omar Sylla, Mamadou Billo Bah and Mohammed Cissé, all members of the National Front for the Defence of the Constitution, were arrested at Omar Sylla9s house. According to Mohammed Cissé, who was released the next day, they were arrested by gendarmes and detained by members of the special forces on the island of Kassa. Mohammed Cissé was violently assaulted and said that all three were tortured during interrogation.3 In a statement issued on 17 July, the General Prosecutor9s Of ûce of the Court of Appeal in Conakry (the capital), said the activists had not been arrested by the authorities and that no prison in the country was holding them. At the end of the year Mamadou Billo Bah and Omar Sylla remained forcibly disappeared. On 3 December, journalist Habib Marouane Camara was arrested by gendarmes, according to witnesses, and his whereabouts remained unknown at the end of the year. The authorities claimed they were not informed of his arrest.On 5 May, three people died in disciplinary premises of the gendarmerie and police <due to the intense heatwave that the country has been experiencing over the past 72 hours=, according to the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. On 25 June the military prosecutor of Conakry announced the death of former army chief of staff Sadiba Koulibaly on 22 June. He had been arrested on 4 June and sentenced to ûve years in prison for <desertion and illegal possession of weapons=.4 The Military Court Prosecutor9s Of ûce attributed his death to cardiac arrest; his lawyer said that his client was in good health before his incarceration. OHCHR warned of detention conditions of children in Guinea. According to its August report, children 3 often imprisoned without trial 3 live in overcrowded prisons in terrible conditions. On 31 July, the Dixinn Criminal Court convicted eight people for crimes against humanity in a trial about the massacre of 28 September 2009, during which more than 150 protesters were killed and over 100 women were subjected to rape and other sexual violence by members of the defence and security forces. 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and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation343 ARMENIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersFuel Technology; Instrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; Signal Processing AZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 10 Manufacture of food products Food Science 13 Manufacture of textilesSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Biomaterials 14 Manufacture of wearing apparelSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 15 Manufacture of leather and related productsSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materialsMaterials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Biomaterials 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; Fuel Technology; General Chemical Engineering; Geochemistry and Petrology; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology; Biochemistry; Drug Discovery; Pharmacology; General Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Science; General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics; Biomaterials 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsFuel Technology; General Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials 344 Annexes GEORGIA 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The draw of the city 25 Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities . New York, NY: Random House. Kanigel, R. (2016) . Eyes of the Street: The Life of Jane Jacobs . New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach, Journal of Economic Literature , 35(1), 60–85. Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Kudva, N. (2009). The Everyday and the Episodic: The Spatial and Political Impacts of Urban Informality, Environment and Planning , A41(7), 1614–1628. Lebel, L. , Anderies, J. M., Campbell, B., Folke, C., Hatfield-Dodds, S., Hughes, T. P., and Wilson, J. (2006). Governance and the Capacity to Manage Resilience in Regional Social-Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society , 11(1), 1–21. Laurence, P. L. (2016). Becoming Jane Jacobs . Pennsylvania, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. McFarlane, C. (2012). Rethinking Informality: Politics, Crisis, and the City, Planning Theory and Practice , 13(1), 89–108. Mises, L. (1922 [1981]). Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis . Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. Mises, L. (1996). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics . 4th edition. New York, NY: Fox and Wilkes. Mises, L. (2000). Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow . 3rd edition. New York, NY: Regnery Gateway Inc. Nasar, S. (1991). Business Profile: Neglected Economist Honored by President, The New York Times. Available at: https://web .archive .org /web /20210428003307 /https:/ /www .nytimes .com /1991 /11 /19 /business /business -people -neglected -economist -honored -by -president .html (Accessed February 2025). Nolan, L. B. (2015). Slum Definitions in Urban India: Implications for the Measurement of Health Inequalities, Population Development Review , 41(1), 59–84. Ostrom, V. , Tiebout, C. M., and Warren, R. L. (1961). The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry, American Political Science Review , 55(4), 831–842. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ostrom, E. (2003). Rethinking Governance Systems and Challenging Disciplinary Boundaries, in P. D. Aligica (ed.), Rethinking Institutional Analysis: Interviews with Vincent and Elinor Ostrom . Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, Mercatus Center, Nov. 7, 2003, pp. 7–14; Reprinted in D. H. Cole and M. D. McGinnis (eds.) Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of Political Economy . Mayland, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 51–64. Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Ostrom, E. (2009a). Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Systems . Nobel Prize Lecture. Aula Magna: Stockholm University.	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a diverse group of experts, including policymakers, EdTech entrepreneurs, researchers, and funders. Together, they explored each scenario, iterating on the details based on their knowledge of how the future could unfold – and ranking them based on likelihood. Here are the scenarios we envision for education systems in 2035. It’s important to note that these scenarios aren’t predictions, but possibilities: narratives that explore how different trends and decisions might interact to create radically different futures for learners, teachers, and systems. Choose a scenario to learn more. Scenarios for AI in education systems in 2035 The wealthy get smarter, the smarter get wealthier It’s 2035, and AI has exacerbated the learning divide between and within nations. High-income countries are reaping the benefits of AI-powered learning tools, while low and middle-income countries face barriers such as lack of connectivity, digital literacy, and relevant AI products. Learning poverty – 70% in 2022 – remains persistently high. Children in low-income countries leave education systems unprepared to thrive in an AI-enabled workforce, keeping low-income countries stuck while high-income countries accelerate away. This scenario was voted most likely by experts. Chasing the AI mirage AI distraction has diverted resources away from learning outcomes. Hype around AI has led to significant resource misallocation, as donors, governments, investors and schools invested heavily in AI products with little evidence of impact. These products failed to meaningfully or cost-effectively tackle the global learning crisis. This scenario was voted 2nd most likely by experts. AI Tutors for all Effective personalised learning is available to many learners. Universally accessible personalised learning systems provide high-quality learning. The cost of AI is too cheap to meter, content is tailored and applicable to children all over the world, and data gives teachers and policymakers detailed information on where to invest their energy and resources. A diverse array of startups and products build these personalised learning systems, powered by commoditised and open-sourced LLMs trained on different languages and datasets. This scenario was voted 3rd most likely (joint) by experts. Big tech in the classroom AI-led learning, dominated by big tech, ushers in an era of surveillance. AI education products have become ubiquitous in classrooms. ‘Big tech’ players often give away these products in agreement with governments and telecoms companies, with access to training data shared in return. There is no ‘opt out’ of these systems for individual learners or teachers. 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consist of a categorical classification: a textual re- cord can have a strong affiliation to some topics, and a weak affiliation to others. LDA presents several advantages with respect to alternative quantitative analyses or other seman- tic analysis techniques (such as keyword extrac- tion). For instance, the topics emerge from – and are characterised by – the language actually used by specialists (sometimes at odds with external classification systems managed by third parties), the process allows for the identification of trans- 55 The weight is computed by numerically maximising a mathematical model based on the Dirichlet probability distribution. In a nutshell, the model assumes that every document in the corpus is associated with a weight rang- ing from 0 to 1 for each of the topics. Weights close to zero denote a weak linkage between a given document and a certain topic, while weights close to one indicate a strong connection between a document and a topic. Work- ing with topics and weights requires technical analyses that are beyond the scope of this work, therefore topics and weights are not discussed in this document. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation147 versal concepts which contribute to several topics and, finally, polysemy is well dealt with (at odds with keyword extraction). However, the fact that topics lack a label and that the classification of documents is not categorical may unnecessarily complicate the reading of the results with the aim of identifying niches of excellence and areas of specialisation in the context of S3. For this reason, the following applies in this work: 1. groups of topics linked to sub-fields of a giv- en S&T specialisation domain (as perceived by the eye of a non-specialist) were automati- cally clustered and then manually merged to- gether. In the following analyses, results are always presented in terms of these group- ings, because topics offer an excessively fine- grained resolution; 2. each topic group was manually labelled with a self-contained, intelligible name, which can be swiftly adopted in the policy-setting discourse; 3. document/topic weights were converted into a binary classification, so that in the following analyses each record is categorically assigned to the respective topics. Note that, in this set- ting, the association of a single record to mul- tiple topic groups is still allowed. 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the field of the EU plastic value chain were also explored . This literature research focused on gather ing documents devoted to the material flow a nalysis and life cycle assessments of plastics s ectors, plastics polymers and plastics products in the E U. To this end, academic databases such as Scopus® (Scopus, 2024 ), Google Scholar ( Google Scholar, 2024 ), and other similar platforms were scrutinized to find potentially relevant studies. This process was further enhanced via snowball literature collection, recognizing pertinent references cited within the first set of articles. Furthermore, gathered data were complemented through insights collected from the most reputable statistical resources and datasets provided by leading industry associations and authoritative bodies in the EU plastic field (e.g. Plastics Europe , 2024; Plastics Recyclers Europe , 2024 ). In the 2019 MFA (Amadei and Ardente, 2021), data were adjusted when needed to the year and geography in scope via the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (The World Bank, 2022), following a country -region -specific approach. This adjustment was applied to the data provided in the reference sources assessed considering the specific country -region -year of each of the retrieved numerical data. Despite adjusting data based on GDP is a valid approach, using plastic production volumes as a reference metric may offer greater pre cision, particularly in the case of countries such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland (as t hese nations show high GDP levels, and relatively low plastic production volumes ). Consequently , in the EU -27 2022 MFA presented in this report, all data were adjusted based on the reference year and the geography in scope via specific plastic production volumes. The annual plastic production data for each European country and year from 2000 to 2023 was retrieved from Eurostat (Eurostat , 2022 ). When sources provided data for the EU area including for instance other countries ( such as United Kin gdom, Sweden, etc.) , it was necessary to precisely adapt them to the EU27 scope . In case of missing production data from Eurostat database, proxies were used to fill the gaps (e.g., as plastic production data were missing for the Norway geography, Sweden was used to represent it due to its similar geography and GDP) . The collec ted data was then adjusted using correction factors calculated based on the reference year 2022 for EU -27 (Equation 1). Equation 1. 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COUR 2 'ns4-D' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 3 'ns5-D' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 1 2 3 AXES 1. 'DISP (m)' LIST 1 2 3 AXES 1. 'DISP (m)' COUR 4 'ns3-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 5 'ns4-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 6 'ns5-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 4 5 6 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' LIST 4 5 6 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' 164 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 COUR 7 'ns3-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 8 'ns4-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 9 'ns5-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' LIST 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' COUR 14 'WTOT' WTOT COUR 15 'WCIN' WCIN COUR 16 'WINT' WINT COUR 17 'WIMP' WIMP TRAC 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' COUR 18 'vehi EEXT' EEXT REGION 1 COUR 19 'vehi ECIN' ECIN REGION 1 COUR 10 'vehi EINT' EINT REGION 1 TRAC 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)'COUR 20 'vehi IMPU1' IMPU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 21 'vehi IMPU2' IMPU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 22 'vehi IMPU3' IMPU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' LIST 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' COUR 32 'vehi RESU1' RESU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 33 'vehi RESU2' RESU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 34 'vehi RESU3' RESU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' LIST 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' COUR 44 'vehi IRES1' IRES COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 45 'vehi IRES2' IRES COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 46 'vehi IRES3' IRES COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' LIST 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' FIN 165 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 List of input les I ip2d11.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d11.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	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Part of the speech, 'A Living Network of Relationships', which Jane gave at the New School for Social Research in New York in April 1958, addresses the issue of slum clearances. The destruction of housing brings about the uprooting of communities. And with this displacement, the annihilation of local businesses, churches, friendships and group relationships, which are then beyond repair. Jane in her speech, goes on: Our rebuilders have no idea what they are destroying, and they have no idea of repairing the damage-or making it possible for anyone else to do so. The entire theory of urban rebuilding rests on the premise that subsidized improvements will catalyse further spontaneous improvement. It is not work -ing that way in New York. Living communities, portions of living commer -cial districts, are so ruthlessly and haphazardly amputated that the remnants, far from improving, get galloping gangrene. Furthermore, the newly built projects themselves stifle the growth of relationships. We are now conscious that this is true of the huge public housing projects. What we may not be so aware of is that this stifling of variety and of economic and social relation -ships is inherent in the massive project approach itself, whether public or private housing or anything else . ( Zipp and Storring, 2017, p. 176) ## In situ slum rehabilitation schemes From what we have learned from our own research in the streets of Delhi and the readings of Jane Jacobs, keeping original neighbourhoods as they are and upgrad -ing them within the current location has many benefits. Slums change and evolve themselves. Where slum rehabilitation is prescribed by the government, minimising the loss of what comes with a thriving community environment is crucial. Using the term 'in-situ', would seem to concur with that premise. In situ - adverb or adjective: 'being in the original position'; 'not having been moved' synonyms 'unmoved' and 'unaltered'. Experts agree: The city of Delhi has launched repeated drives to upgrade slums, has conducted countless surveys of eligible households, budgeted enormous sums and produced reams of reports and evaluations, but virtually all slum upgrade projects have failed …. A more practical approach for policy makers is to focus on so-called in-situ upgrading of slums, that is, instead of removing slums, making them more liveable by improving the housing quality, basic infrastructure, and delivery of basic services like water and sanitation. ( Heller, 2016, p. 1-2) The	[ "Part", "of", "the", "speech", ",", "'", "A", "Living", "Network", "of", "Relationships", "'", ",", "which", "Jane", "gave", "at", "the", "New", "School", "for", "Social", "Research", "in", "New", "York", "in", "April", "1958", ",", "addresses", "the", "issue", "of", "slum", "clearances", ".", "The", "destruction", "of", "housing", "brings", "about", "the", "uprooting", "of", "communities", ".", "And", "with", "this", "displacement", ",", "the", "annihilation", "of", "local", "businesses", ",", "churches", ",", "friendships", "and", "group", "relationships", ",", "which", "are", "then", "beyond", "repair", ".", "Jane", "in", "her", "speech", ",", "goes", "on", ":", "\n\n", "Our", "rebuilders", "have", "no", "idea", "what", "they", "are", "destroying", ",", "and", "they", "have", "no", "idea", "of", " ", "repairing", " ", "the", " ", "damage", "-", "or", "making", "it", "possible", "for", "anyone", "else", "to", "do", "so", ".", "The", "entire", "theory", "of", "urban", "rebuilding", "rests", "on", "the", "premise", "that", "subsidized", "improvements", "will", "catalyse", "further", "spontaneous", "improvement", ".", "It", "is", "not", "work", "-ing", "that", "way", "in", "New", "York", ".", "Living", "communities", ",", "portions", "of", "living", "commer", "-cial", "districts", ",", "are", "so", "ruthlessly", "and", "haphazardly", "amputated", "that", "the", "remnants", ",", "far", " ", "from", " ", "improving", ",", "get", "galloping", "gangrene", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "newly", "built", "projects", "themselves", "stifle", "the", "growth", "of", "relationships", ".", "We", "are", "now", "conscious", "that", "this", "is", "true", "of", "the", "huge", "public", "housing", "projects", ".", "What", "we", "may", "not", "be", "so", "aware", "of", "is", "that", "this", "stifling", "of", "variety", "and", "of", "economic", "and", "social", "relation", "-ships", "is", "inherent", "in", "the", "massive", "project", "approach", "itself", ",", "whether", "public", "or", "private", "housing", "or", "anything", "else", ".", "\n\n", "(", "Zipp", "and", "Storring", ",", "2017", ",", "p.", "176", ")", "\n\n", "#", "#", "In", "situ", "slum", "rehabilitation", "schemes", "\n\n", "From", "what", "we", "have", "learned", "from", "our", "own", "research", "in", "the", "streets", "of", "Delhi", "and", "the", "readings", "of", "Jane", "Jacobs", ",", "keeping", "original", "neighbourhoods", "as", "they", "are", "and", "upgrad", "-ing", "them", "within", "the", "current", "location", "has", "many", "benefits", ".", "Slums", "change", "and", "evolve", "themselves", ".", "Where", "slum", "rehabilitation", "is", "prescribed", "by", "the", "government", ",", "minimising", "\n\n", "the", "loss", "of", "what", "comes", "with", "a", "thriving", "community", "environment", "is", "crucial", ".", "Using", "the", "term", "'", "in", "-", "situ", "'", ",", "would", "seem", "to", "concur", "with", "that", "premise", ".", "\n\n", "In", "situ", "-", "adverb", "or", "adjective", ":", "'", "being", "in", "the", "original", "position", "'", ";", "'", "not", "having", "been", "moved", "'", "synonyms", "'", "unmoved", "'", "and", "'", "unaltered", "'", ".", "\n\n", "Experts", "agree", ":", "\n\n", "The", "city", "of", "Delhi", "has", "launched", "repeated", "drives", "to", "upgrade", "slums", ",", "has", "conducted", "countless", "surveys", "of", "eligible", "households", ",", "budgeted", "enormous", "sums", "and", "produced", "reams", "of", "reports", "and", "evaluations", ",", "but", "virtually", "all", "slum", "upgrade", "projects", "have", "failed", "…", ".", "A", "more", "practical", "approach", "for", "policy", "makers", "is", "to", "focus", "on", "so", "-", "called", "in", "-", "situ", "upgrading", "of", "slums", ",", "that", "is", ",", "instead", "of", "removing", "slums", ",", "making", "them", "more", "liveable", "by", "improving", "the", "housing", "quality", ",", "basic", "infrastructure", ",", "and", "delivery", "of", "basic", "services", "like", "water", "and", "sanitation", ".", "\n\n", "(", "Heller", ",", "2016", ",", "p.", "1", "-", "2", ")", "\n\n", "The" ]	[ { "end": 1328, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1297 }, { "end": 1314, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1297 }, { "end": 1320, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1316 }, { "end": 2519, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2499 }, { "end": 2505, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2499 }, { "end": 2511, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2507 } ]
should be very carefully considered due to the potential implications for tax base determination. In South Africa, the courts have formulated judicial interpretations on what activities would constitute a mining activity, and what activities will be considered a manufacturing activity, given the different tax treatment. In the case of CSAR v Foskor, the South African Court of Appeal concluded that mining operations end when the ore is extracted from the soil, and any processing beyond extraction constitutes manufacturing (see Box 12). 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 37 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersBOX 12. MINING VERSUS MANUFACTURING In the CSAR v. Foskor case, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) of South Africa had to decide whether Foskor’s activities were manufacturing or mining in nature. As part of Foskor’s business operations, phosphate- bearing ore was initially crushed and then milled before the minerals of economic importance were separated through a series of metallurgical separation processes. The final products were concentrates containing phosphates that were dried and sold to fertilizer manufacturers. The case was significant for several reasons. The tax administration (South African Revenue Service) argued that the processing activities of the extracted ore already constituted a process that was separate from mining activities, and therefore, the tax treatment related to manufacturing should apply. The taxpayer argued that the ore processing activity is still part of the mining activity and should not be treated as a separate manufacturing process. The second significant element of this case relates to the treatment of CapEx. In the case of mining activities, investors can deduct 100% of the CapEx expenses in most cases from the mining income in the year they accrue and carry forward any excess amount into future years,20 whereas in manufacturing activities, the taxpayers can deduct CapEx expenses only over a period of 4 years. The third significant element of this case is that it also had implications for ring-fencing, as the outcomes of mining activities will be determined and taxed separately from the outcomes of manufacturing activities. The court of first instance found that the aim of Fosker’s operation was the extraction or mining of phosphates, and no different finished product emerged thereafter. The phosphates sold by Foskor occurred naturally in the earth,	[ "should", "be", "very", "carefully", "considered", "due", "to", "the", "potential", "\n", "implications", "for", "tax", "base", "determination", ".", "In", "South", "Africa", ",", "the", "courts", "have", "\n", "formulated", "judicial", "interpretations", "on", "what", "activities", "would", "constitute", "a", "\n", "mining", "activity", ",", "and", "what", "activities", "will", "be", "considered", "a", "manufacturing", "\n", "activity", ",", "given", "the", "different", "tax", "treatment", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "CSAR", "v", "Foskor", ",", "the", "\n", "South", "African", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "concluded", "that", "mining", "operations", "end", "when", "\n", "the", "ore", "is", "extracted", "from", "the", "soil", ",", "and", "any", "processing", "beyond", "extraction", "\n", "constitutes", "manufacturing", "(", "see", "Box", "12", ")", ".", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "37", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersBOX", "12", ".", "MINING", "VERSUS", "MANUFACTURING", "\n", "In", "the", "CSAR", "v.", "Foskor", "case", ",", "the", "Supreme", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "(", "SCA", ")", "of", "South", "\n", "Africa", "had", "to", "decide", "whether", "Foskor", "’s", "activities", "were", "manufacturing", "or", "\n", "mining", "in", "nature", ".", "As", "part", "of", "Foskor", "’s", "business", "operations", ",", "phosphate-", "\n", "bearing", "ore", "was", "initially", "crushed", "and", "then", "milled", "before", "the", "minerals", "of", "\n", "economic", "importance", "were", "separated", "through", "a", "series", "of", "metallurgical", "\n", "separation", "processes", ".", "The", "final", "products", "were", "concentrates", "containing", "\n", "phosphates", "that", "were", "dried", "and", "sold", "to", "fertilizer", "manufacturers", ".", "\n", "The", "case", "was", "significant", "for", "several", "reasons", ".", "The", "tax", "administration", "\n", "(", "South", "African", "Revenue", "Service", ")", "argued", "that", "the", "processing", "activities", "\n", "of", "the", "extracted", "ore", "already", "constituted", "a", "process", "that", "was", "separate", "\n", "from", "mining", "activities", ",", "and", "therefore", ",", "the", "tax", "treatment", "related", "to", "\n", "manufacturing", "should", "apply", ".", "The", "taxpayer", "argued", "that", "the", "ore", "processing", "\n", "activity", "is", "still", "part", "of", "the", "mining", "activity", "and", "should", "not", "be", "treated", "as", "a", "\n", "separate", "manufacturing", "process", ".", "\n", "The", "second", "significant", "element", "of", "this", "case", "relates", "to", "the", "treatment", "of", "\n", "CapEx", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "mining", "activities", ",", "investors", "can", "deduct", "100", "%", "of", "the", "\n", "CapEx", "expenses", "in", "most", "cases", "from", "the", "mining", "income", "in", "the", "year", "they", "\n", "accrue", "and", "carry", "forward", "any", "excess", "amount", "into", "future", "years,20", "whereas", "\n", "in", "manufacturing", "activities", ",", "the", "taxpayers", "can", "deduct", "CapEx", "expenses", "\n", "only", "over", "a", "period", "of", "4", "years", ".", "\n", "The", "third", "significant", "element", "of", "this", "case", "is", "that", "it", "also", "had", "implications", "\n", "for", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "as", "the", "outcomes", "of", "mining", "activities", "will", "be", "determined", "\n", "and", "taxed", "separately", "from", "the", "outcomes", "of", "manufacturing", "activities", ".", "\n", "The", "court", "of", "first", "instance", "found", "that", "the", "aim", "of", "Fosker", "’s", "operation", "was", "\n", "the", "extraction", "or", "mining", "of", "phosphates", ",", "and", "no", "different", "finished", "product", "\n", "emerged", "thereafter", ".", "The", "phosphates", "sold", "by", "Foskor", "occurred", "naturally", "in", "\n", "the", "earth", "," ]	[ { "end": 2114, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2112 } ]
the con - joint experiment results and give us confidence in our findings. As we can see, both methods produce very similar significant results. They illustrate a dominance for higher levels of education in brokers and also that partisanship is important at both broker and neighbour levels. All respondents prefer both brokers and neighbours who have the same political affiliations as them. Particular party allegiance was significantly important in both the conjoint and factorial study for broker preferred choice. Party allegiance is not statistically significant regarding neighbour choice. Authors’ note Figures 4.5, 4.6, 4.7a, 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 from StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. References Arifin, B. , Swallow, B. M., Suyanto, S., and Coe, R. D. (2009). A conjoint analysis of farmer preferences for community forestry contracts in the Sumber Jaya Watershed, Indonesia, Ecological Economics , 68(7), 2040–2050. Auspurg, K. , and Hinz, T. (2015). Factorial Survey Experiments . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. Auerbach, A. M. (2017). Neighbourhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India’s Slum Development Committees, World Development , 96, 119–135. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2018). How clients select brokers: Competition and choice in India’s slums, American Political Science Review , 112(4), 775–791. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2023). Migrants and Machine Politics . How’s India’s Urban Poor Seek Representation and Responsiveness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bakken, D. , and Frazier, C. L. (2006). Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Consumer Decision Making, in R. Grover and M. Vriens (eds.) The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publication, pp. 607–670. Leading the slums 109 Clogg, C. C. , Petkova, E., and Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models, American Journal of Sociology , 100, 1261–1312. Cornelius, W. (1975). Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Dietz, T. , and Kalof, L. (2009). Introduction to Social Statistics: The Logic of Statistical Reasoning . Chichester, UK: Wiley. Hainmueller, J. , Hopkins, D. J., and Yamamoto, T. (2014). Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices Via Stated Preference Experiments, Political Analysis , 20, 221–230. Hainmueller, J. , and Hopkins, D. (2015). The Hidden American Immigration Consensus, American Journal of Political Science , 59(3), 529–548. Humble, S. (2020). Quantitative Analysis of Questionnaires: Techniques to Explore Structures and Relationships . New York, NY: Routledge.	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\| \| 14 \| ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 18 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| 27 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| ## CUADRO 2: ODS 4, Meta 4.1 - Educación primaria y secundaria De aquí al 2030, asegurar que todas las niñas y todos los niños terminen la educación primaria y secundaria, que ha de ser gratuita, equitativa y de calidad, y producir resultados de aprendizaje pertinentes y efectivos	[ "\|", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "CUADRO", "2", ":", "ODS", "4", ",", "Meta", "4.1", "-", "Educación", "primaria", "y", "secundaria", "\n\n", "De", "aquí", "al", "2030", ",", "asegurar", "que", "todas", "las", "niñas", "y", "todos", "los", "niños", "terminen", "la", "educación", "primaria", "y", "secundaria", ",", "que", "ha", "de", "ser", "gratuita", ",", "equitativa", "y", "de", "calidad", ",", "y", "producir", "resultados", "de", "aprendizaje", "pertinentes", "y", "efectivos" ]	[]
# Spider uses trapped fireflies as glowing bait to attract more prey British Ecological Society image: Sheet web spider with fireflies caught in web view more Credit: Tunghai University Spider <!-- image --> Ecologists have observed a species of nocturnal spider attracting prey to its web using the bioluminescent beacons of already trapped fireflies. This rare example of a predator exploiting its prey’s mating signal for its own gain is documented in the British Ecological Society’s Journal of Animal Ecology. Researchers at Tunghai University, Taiwan have observed sheet web spiders Psechrus clavis capturing fireflies in their webs and leaving them there while they emitted bioluminescent light for up to an hour. The researchers even observed the spiders going to check on the captured fireflies from time to time. Intrigued by this unusual behaviour the researchers set up an experiment to test whether this was a strategy used by the spiders to increase their hunting success. In the experiment, they placed LEDs that resembled fireflies, in real sheet spider webs and left other webs clear as controls. They found three times the amount of prey was attracted to webs with the LEDs compared to the control webs. This increased to ten times more prey when they only looked at fireflies being captured. The findings confirm that captured fireflies left as bait increase the hunting success rate of the spiders. The researchers also noticed that the majority of captured fireflies were male, who were likely mistaking the glow for potential mates. Dr I-Min Tso, the lead author of the study said: “Our findings highlight a previously undocumented interaction where firefly signals, intended for sexual communication, are also beneficial to spiders. “This study sheds new light on the ways that nocturnal sit-and-wait predators can rise to the challenges of attracting prey and provides a unique perspective on the complexity of predator-prey interactions.” The researchers suggest that this behaviour could have developed in sheet web spiders to avoid costly investment in their own bioluminescence like other sit-and-wait predators, such as anglerfish. Instead, the spiders are able to outsource prey attraction to their prey’s own signals. The sheet web spider Psechrus clavis is a nocturnal sit and wait predator found in subtropical forests of East Asia. It’s main source of prey, the winter firefly Diaphanes lampyroides, uses continuous, non-flashing bioluminescence to attract mates. 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roles with broader impact <!-- image --> School principals need to master a large set of skills to play these roles. They need to be able to use data, prioritize, plan, implement, supervise and assess to solve problems (Bouchamma et al., 2020). They need to communicate effectively to develop a shared understanding, mobilize teams around objectives and promote professional growth (Ramos et al., 2021). They need to have emotional intelligence, self-awareness, social awareness and self-regulation skills to build constructive relationships (Bouchamma et al., 2019). The extent to which these four school principal leadership role expectations are shared is significantly conditioned by context. For instance, a review of six studies in Africa suggested that there were few expectations on principals to be instructional leaders (Bush et al., 2021). But in high-income, mainly anglophone countries, the rise of standardized testing and accountability mechanisms has placed high expectations on principals to be responsible for student achievement (Cranston, 2013; Leithwood, 2001; Leithwood et al., 2002; Moller, 2007). ## BOX 2.1: ## Various terms are used to designate school principals in national regulations The term 'principal' is common worldwide, reflecting various educational traditions and structures. In the Caribbean, the term is used, for example, in the education acts of Barbados and Saint Lucia (Barbados Government, 2007; Saint Lucia Government, 1999). In the Pacific, Kiribati and Nauru define a principal as the person responsible for daily school management (Kiribati Government, 2013; Nauru Government, 2011), while New Zealand's Education and Training Act designates the principal as the chief executive (New Zealand Government, 2023). In Africa, Lesotho's 2010 Education Act defines a school principal as a teacher in charge of a school, with a range of roles, including instructional leadership (Lesotho Government, 2010). Alternative terms such as 'school head' , 'head teacher' or 'headmaster' are also used. In Nepal, the 1971 Education Act uses 'headmaster' and the 2018 Act defines the 'head teacher' as the executive chief responsible for management (Nepal Government, 2010, 2018). The 1978 Education Act in the United Republic of Tanzania refers to head teachers, headmasters and managers (United Republic of Tanzania Government, 1978). The terms principal and head teacher are often used interchangeably. In Brunei Darussalam, the 2003 Education Act considers them synonymous (Brunei Darussalam Government, 2011). Uganda's 2008 Education Act defines 'head teacher' to include 'headmistress, headmaster, principal or director' (Uganda Government, 2008). But some countries draw clear distinctions between these terms. 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' the tent, which is loose fitting but allows a person to share a sense of sameness with others under a common large-group tent. The canvas of the tent refers to one s ' core large-group identity. Some common threads, such as identifications with intimate others in one s ' environment, including their prejudices towards Others, are used in the construction of the two layers, the individual garment and the canvas of the tent. ⁹ While it is the tent pole -the leader -that holds the 7 Volkan (1997). 8 Erikson (1956, p. 57). The problem of ego identity. 9 Volkan (1988). The need to have enemies and allies: From clinical practice to international relationships ; Volkan (1997); Volkan (2004). Blind trust: Large groups and leaders in times of crises and terror; Volkan (2020). Large-group psychology: Racism, societal divisions, narcissistic leaders and who we are now. tent erect, the tent s canvas (large-group identity) protects the psychological state ' of both the leader and the group.¹ ⁰ Worldwide, large-group identities develop in childhood and then become fixed after the individual goes through the adolescence passage. Under a huge largegroup tent there are subgroups and subgroup identities, such as professional identities. A person can change a subgroup identity without much anxiety but, for practical purposes, cannot change his or her core large-group identity. I am referring to general and typical situations here and not considering unusual individuals in a society, such as those who may be products of parents from different ethnic groups, or voluntary immigrants, especially in childhood. Think of a man -let s say he is French ' -who is an amateur photographer. If he decides to stop practicing photography and take up carpentry he may call himself a carpenter instead of a photographer, but he cannot stop being French and become German. While a large group s identity may become modified by major historical ' events, the evolution of a new large-group identity is rare, such as when a substantial group of South Slavs became Bosniaks while under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Sometimes new large-group identities develop in adulthood. We see this especially in certain religious cults such as Aum Shinrikyo and the Branch Davidians, guerrilla or terrorist organizations such as Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, FARC) and the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), as well	[ "'", "the", "tent", ",", "which", "is", "loose", "fitting", "but", "allows", "a", "person", "to", "share", "a", "sense", "of", "sameness", "with", "others", "under", "a", "common", "large", "-", "group", "tent", ".", "The", "canvas", "of", "the", "tent", "refers", "to", "one", "s", "'", "core", "large", "-", "group", "identity", ".", "Some", "common", "threads", ",", "such", "as", "identifications", "with", "intimate", "others", "in", "one", "s", "'", "environment", ",", "including", "their", "prejudices", "towards", "Others", ",", "are", "used", "in", "the", "construction", "of", "the", "two", "layers", ",", "the", "individual", "garment", "and", "the", "canvas", "of", "the", 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85ᵢ 87ᵢ 10 4 10 6 17 18 97 98 88 93 66 75 -1.0 1.1 … … … … … … … … 22₋₂ … 85 90 … … … … 8.1 7.6₋₁ 18.3 23.1₋₂ BOL Brazil 86ᵢ 90₋₁ᵢ 5 3 4 2 12 9 88 92 79 88 60 71 12.3 8.8 37₋₂ … 17₋₂ … 49 50₋₁ 30 27₋₁ … … … 93₋₂ … 78₋₂ … 86₋₂ 6.2 5.5₋₂ 12.7 12.8₋₂ BRA British Virgin Islands … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₊₁ 100₋₁ 92 50₋₁ … … … … 4.7 2.5₋₁ 13.3 10.9₊₁ VGB Cayman Islands 93₋₂ 87 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 88₋₂ 98 … 98 … 99 … 1.5₋₁ … 15.0₋₄ CYM Chile 93ᵢ 92₋₁ᵢ 2 1 1 0.3 5 2 98 96 96 97 79 84 5.6 4.5 58₋₂ … 44₋₂ … 72 66₋₁ 28 44₋₁ … … … … … … … … 4.9 5.0₋₂ 19.6 14.9₋₂ CHL Colombia 87₋₁ᵢ … 3 2 4 2 15 6 92 95 77 81 68 66 7.2 5.4 39₋₂ … 15₋₂ … 57 49₋₁ 34 29₋₁ 83₊₁ 84₋₁ 94 98₋₁ 97 98₋₁ 98 98₋₁ … … … … COL Costa Rica 91ᵢ 91₋₁ᵢ 1 1 4 1 12 2 96 99 67 73 51 55 9.3 10.3 50₋₂ … 21₋₂ … 60 53₋₁ 38 28₋₁ 51₊₁ 83₋₃ 94 94₋₃ 97 97₋₃ 96 97₋₃ 6.9 6.2₋₂ 23.4 31.2₋₂ CRI Cuba 100 98 3 2 3 5 21 26 99 99 96 96 74 71 5.2 8.8 … … … … … … … … … 66 100 100 100 100 100 100 9.0 9.4₋₂ 15.3 17.0₋₁ CUB Curaçao … 97ᵢ 6 18 12 20 20 22 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5.1₋₂ … 19.5 12.4₋₁ CUW Dominica 71 94 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 93₊₁ 100 64 66 46₋₁ … 46₋₁ … 3.4 4.7 10.2 7.1₊₁ DMA Dominican Republic 86ᵢ 84 7 9 4 12 21 30 90 94 84 90 54 60 14.6	[ "85ᵢ", "87ᵢ", "10", "4", "10", "6", "17", "18", "97", "98", "88", "93", "66", "75", "-1.0", "1.1", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "22₋₂", "…", "85", "90", "…", "…", "…", "…", "8.1", "7.6₋₁", "18.3", "23.1₋₂", "BOL", "\n", "Brazil", "86ᵢ", "90₋₁ᵢ", "5", "3", "4", "2", "12", "9", "88", "92", "79", "88", "60", "71", "12.3", "8.8", "37₋₂", "…", "17₋₂", "…", "49", "50₋₁", "30", "27₋₁", "…", "…", "…", "93₋₂", "…", "78₋₂", "…", "86₋₂", "6.2", "5.5₋₂", "12.7", "12.8₋₂", "BRA", "\n", "British", "Virgin", "Islands", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "100₊₁", "100₋₁", "92", "50₋₁", "…", "…", "…", "…", "4.7", "2.5₋₁", "13.3", "10.9₊₁", "VGB", "\n", "Cayman", "Islands", "93₋₂", "87", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "100", "88₋₂", "98", "…", "98", "…", "99", "…", "1.5₋₁", "…", "15.0₋₄", "CYM", "\n", "Chile", "93ᵢ", "92₋₁ᵢ", "2", "1", "1", "0.3", "5", "2", "98", "96", "96", "97", "79", "84", "5.6", "4.5", "58₋₂", "…", "44₋₂", "…", "72", "66₋₁", "28", "44₋₁", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "4.9", "5.0₋₂", "19.6", "14.9₋₂", "CHL", "\n", "Colombia", "87₋₁ᵢ", "…", "3", "2", "4", "2", "15", "6", "92", "95", "77", "81", "68", "66", "7.2", "5.4", "39₋₂", "…", "15₋₂", "…", "57", "49₋₁", "34", "29₋₁", "83₊₁", "84₋₁", "94", "98₋₁", "97", "98₋₁", "98", "98₋₁", "…", "…", "…", "…", "COL", "\n", "Costa", "Rica", "91ᵢ", "91₋₁ᵢ", "1", "1", "4", "1", "12", "2", "96", "99", "67", "73", "51", "55", "9.3", "10.3", "50₋₂", "…", "21₋₂", "…", "60", "53₋₁", "38", "28₋₁", "51₊₁", "83₋₃", "94", "94₋₃", "97", "97₋₃", "96", "97₋₃", "6.9", "6.2₋₂", "23.4", "31.2₋₂", "CRI", "\n", "Cuba", "100", "98", "3", "2", "3", "5", "21", "26", "99", "99", "96", "96", "74", "71", "5.2", "8.8", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "66", "100", "100", "100", "100", "100", "100", "9.0", "9.4₋₂", "15.3", "17.0₋₁", "CUB", "\n", "Curaçao", "…", "97ᵢ", "6", "18", "12", "20", "20", "22", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "5.1₋₂", "…", "19.5", "12.4₋₁", "CUW", "\n", "Dominica", "71", "94", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "…", "93₊₁", "100", "64", "66", "46₋₁", "…", "46₋₁", "…", "3.4", "4.7", "10.2", "7.1₊₁", "DMA", "\n", "Dominican", "Republic", "86ᵢ", "84", "7", "9", "4", "12", "21", "30", "90", "94", "84", "90", "54", "60", "14.6" ]	[]
a transmit signal path. - the modem 1207 a may implement a real-time OS (RTOS) to manage resources of the modem 1207 a , schedule tasks, and the like. - RTOS real-time OS - the communication circuitry 1207 also includes TRx 1207 b to enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. - the TRx 1207 b may include one or more radios that are compatible with, and/or may operate according to any one or more of the radio communication technologies, radio access technologies (RATs), and/or communication protocols/standards including any combination of those discussed herein. - TRx 1207 b includes a receive signal path, which comprises circuitry to convert analog RF signals (e.g., an existing or received modulated waveform) into digital baseband signals to be provided to the modem 1207 a . - the TRx 1207 b also includes a transmit signal path, which comprises circuitry configured to convert digital baseband signals provided by the modem 1207 a to be converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via an antenna array including one or more antenna elements (not shown).	[ "a", "transmit", "signal", "path", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "modem", "1207", "a", "\n", "may", "implement", "a", "real", "-", "time", "OS", "(", "RTOS", ")", "to", "manage", "resources", "of", "the", "modem", "1207", "a", ",", "schedule", "tasks", ",", "and", "the", "like", ".", "\n", "-", "RTOS", "\n", "real", "-", "time", "OS", "\n", "-", "the", "communication", "circuitry", "1207", "\n", "also", "includes", "TRx", "1207", "b", "to", "enable", "communication", "with", "wireless", "networks", "using", "modulated", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "through", "a", "non", "-", "solid", "medium", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "TRx", "1207", "b", "\n", "may", "include", "one", "or", "more", "radios", "that", "are", "compatible", "with", ",", "and/or", "may", "operate", "according", "to", "any", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "radio", "communication", "technologies", ",", "radio", "access", "technologies", "(", "RATs", ")", ",", "and/or", "communication", "protocols", "/", "standards", "including", "any", "combination", "of", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "\n", "-", "TRx", "1207", "b", "\n", "includes", "a", "receive", "signal", "path", ",", "which", "comprises", "circuitry", "to", "convert", "analog", "RF", "signals", "(", "e.g.", ",", "an", "existing", "or", "received", "modulated", "waveform", ")", "into", "digital", "baseband", "signals", "to", "be", "provided", "to", "the", "modem", "1207", "a", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "TRx", "1207", "b", "\n", "also", "includes", "a", "transmit", "signal", "path", ",", "which", "comprises", "circuitry", "configured", "to", "convert", "digital", "baseband", "signals", "provided", "by", "the", "modem", "1207", "a", "to", "be", "converted", "into", "analog", "RF", "signals", "(", "e.g.", ",", "modulated", "waveform", ")", "that", "will", "be", "amplified", "and", "transmitted", "via", "an", "antenna", "array", "including", "one", "or", "more", "antenna", "elements", "(", "not", "shown", ")", "." ]	[]
doctor, since she was already working with rural populations of different genders and ages, but towards the pre- adolescent boys, who were approaching puberty. The medical examinations required under the law, such as periodic body measurements and general examinations, were perceived as inappropriate when conducted by a professional of the opposite sex, more so if she was a woman. Among other things, this way of thinking was connected to the way secondary schools were designed. The law reflected the extreme shame surrounding the body and sexuality displayed by the general population,48 in both urban and rural areas, on the one hand, and the ferociously prudish attitude of the political elite, on the other. It was in fact the very peak of a conservative school policy, the product of a political class that went out of its ways to dissociate reproduction from human anatomy for the sake of preserving the good morals of students, at least of those in theoretical schools.49 However, in doing so, they offered new opportunities to women. At the same time, this was the outcome of an obvious attempt to modernize society by providing medical assistance and career guidance to the young generations, perceived as the most vulnerable and also bearers of a new way of life, healthy, rational and socially involved, a true preparation for adult - hood and even more importantly, in the case of boys, for active citizenship. Still, gender was not the only criterion for the exclusion of female and male doctors from secondary schools; language also played a role. Mastering Romanian became another standard by which medical profes - sionals were being evaluated, mainly in provincial towns that prior to World War I had belonged to different states. For example, at the Principele Carol High School in Gura Humorului, a small town in the province of Bukovina, the local reviser considered appointing Dr Sonia Donetz, who had applied 160 Negotiating in/visibility for the position. The main reason for this option was the fact that she was the only one among her colleagues in town who spoke Romanian fluently. The resolution issued by the Ministry of Instruction was however clear: no female doctor would be considered suited for a boys’ school, the principal being urged to find a male alternative.50 This case sheds light on a procedure that was highly discriminatory and against the best interests of the institu - tion: a female	[ "doctor", ",", "since", "\n", "she", "was", "already", "working", "with", "rural", "populations", "of", "different", "genders", "and", "\n", "ages", ",", "but", "towards", "the", "pre-", " ", "adolescent", "boys", ",", "who", "were", "approaching", "puberty", ".", "\n", "The", "medical", "examinations", "required", "under", "the", "law", ",", "such", "as", "periodic", "body", "\n", "measurements", "and", "general", "examinations", ",", "were", "perceived", "as", "inappropriate", "\n", "when", "conducted", "by", "a", "professional", "of", "the", "opposite", "sex", ",", "more", "so", "if", "she", "was", "\n", "a", "woman", ".", "Among", "other", "things", ",", "this", "way", "of", "thinking", "was", "connected", "to", "the", "\n", "way", "secondary", "schools", "were", "designed", ".", "The", "law", "reflected", "the", "extreme", "shame", "\n", "surrounding", "the", "body", "and", "sexuality", "displayed", "by", "the", "general", "population,48", "\n", "in", "both", "urban", "and", "rural", "areas", ",", "on", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "and", "the", "ferociously", "prudish", "\n", "attitude", "of", "the", "political", "elite", ",", "on", "the", "other", ".", "It", "was", "in", "fact", "the", "very", "peak", "of", "\n", "a", "conservative", "school", "policy", ",", "the", "product", "of", "a", "political", "class", "that", "went", "out", "\n", "of", "its", "ways", "to", "dissociate", "reproduction", "from", "human", "anatomy", "for", "the", "sake", "\n", "of", "preserving", "the", "good", "morals", "of", "students", ",", "at", "least", "of", "those", "in", "theoretical", "\n", "schools.49", "However", ",", "in", "doing", "so", ",", "they", "offered", "new", "opportunities", "to", "women", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "this", "was", "the", "outcome", "of", "an", "obvious", "attempt", "to", "modernize", "\n", "society", "by", "providing", "medical", "assistance", "and", "career", "guidance", "to", "the", "young", "\n", "generations", ",", "perceived", "as", "the", "most", "vulnerable", "and", "also", "bearers", "of", "a", "new", "way", "\n", "of", "life", ",", "healthy", ",", "rational", "and", "socially", "involved", ",", "a", "true", "preparation", "for", "adult", "-", "\n", "hood", "and", "even", "more", "importantly", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "boys", ",", "for", "active", "citizenship", ".", "\n", "Still", ",", "gender", "was", "not", "the", "only", "criterion", "for", "the", "exclusion", "of", "female", "\n", "and", "male", "doctors", "from", "secondary", "schools", ";", "language", "also", "played", "a", "role", ".", "\n", "Mastering", "Romanian", "became", "another", "standard", "by", "which", "medical", "profes", "-", "\n", "sionals", "were", "being", "evaluated", ",", "mainly", "in", "provincial", "towns", "that", "prior", "to", "World", "\n", "War", "I", "had", "belonged", "to", "different", "states", ".", "For", "example", ",", "at", "the", "Principele", "Carol", "\n", "High", "School", "in", "Gura", "Humorului", ",", "a", "small", "town", "in", "the", "province", "of", "Bukovina", ",", "\n", "the", "local", "reviser", "considered", "appointing", "Dr", "Sonia", "Donetz", ",", "who", "had", "applied", " \n \n \n", "160", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "for", "the", "position", ".", "The", "main", "reason", "for", "this", "option", "was", "the", "fact", "that", "she", "was", "\n", "the", "only", "one", "among", "her", "colleagues", "in", "town", "who", "spoke", "Romanian", "fluently", ".", "\n", "The", "resolution", "issued", "by", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "was", "however", "clear", ":", "no", "\n", "female", "doctor", "would", "be", "considered", "suited", "for", "a", "boys", "’", "school", ",", "the", "principal", "\n", "being", "urged", "to", "find", "a", "male", "alternative.50", "This", "case", "sheds", "light", "on", "a", "procedure", "\n", "that", "was", "highly", "discriminatory", "and", "against", "the", "best", "interests", "of", "the", "institu", "-", "\n", "tion", ":", "a", "female" ]	[ { "end": 601, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 599 }, { "end": 997, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 995 }, { "end": 2338, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2336 } ]
Conclusions Portable NiMH batteries of general use are an important technology and require specific performance testing. The performance and durability parameters—rated capacity, charge retention, capacity recovery, and endurance in cycles—are measured in this study according to the applicable standard IEC 61951-2:2017/AMD1:2022. Our findings show that better energy efficiency is achieved by reducing charging times (e.g., 8 h), as compared to 16 h defined for charging of NiMH batteries at 0.1 C in this standard. However, reducing charging time must be analyzed in more detail to observe if this change does not affect the battery’s capacity.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 18 of 20 Furthermore, the charge retention tests show that batteries lose 5% to 10% capacity after the 28-day storage period. This suggests that the minimum discharge time in IEC 61951 can be modified from 3 h to 4 h for these batteries. For the charge recovery, our results suggest that stored batteries after 8 months can pass the performance test of IEC 61951-2 and that the required discharge time could be increased from 4 h to, e.g., 5 h. In addition, the endurance test shows that a maximum charge voltage may be added as an end-of-charge criterion to reduce the charging time, and the minimum number of cycles could be increased to be more in line with manufacturer-declared values; however, this needs to be analyzed more in detail to evaluate a realistic value for battery cycles per size. Lastly, the application test shows that portable NiMH batteries in general can perform the “toy” test intended for primary batteries (IEC 60086-2); our results suggest that NiMH batteries can be used for this specific application as portable primary batteries. Results confirm the common experience that NiMH batteries can replace primary batteries in a toy application. While a primary typically lasts longer than a NiMH battery on a single charge, a NiMH battery can be recharged. Author Contributions: D.F.Q.P . performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; C.F.C. wrote the materials part and corrected the paper; and M.B. supervised the research and corrected the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was partly funded by the Administrative Agreement No. 36075 between the European Commission services JRC, DG ENV and DG GROW. 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Figure 2.4. Distribution of goods exports (2012-2019) by SITC Rev. 4 one-digit class 0_Food and live animals 1_Beverages and tobacco 2_Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 3_Mineral fuels, lubriﬁcants and related materials 4_Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5_Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 6_Manufactured goods classiﬁed chieﬂy by material 7_Machinery and transport equipment 8_Miscellaneous manufactured articles 9_Commodities and transactions not classiﬁed elsewhere in the sitcArmenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation65 Current strengths Emerging strengths Degree of specialisationRelative size Change in degree of specialisation Armenia 1.5 0.1% >0 Azerbaijan 1.5 0.1% >0 Georgia 1.5 0.1% >0 Moldova 1.5 0.1% >0 Ukraine 1.5 0.1% >0Table 2.15. Thresholds used to identify goods export specialisationsMethodology Export specialisation is measured by comparing relative export shares for each country to the un- weighted average export shares of the EaP coun- tries: ■goods categories with a current strength, including specialised goods categories with critical mass, where the degree of specialisa- tion for export volumes are above predefined thresholds; ■goods categories with an emerging strength, including emerging goods catego- ries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of speciali- sation for export volumes is above predefined thresholds. For all SITC three-digit goods categories, the fol- lowing indicators have been calculated for each EaP country: ■the degree of specialisation for export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■average relative share of export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for export values for three time periods: between 2012 and 2015, between 2014 and 2017 and between 2016 and 2019.Degrees of specialisation have been calculat- ed relative to the unweighted average of the six EaP countries. Specialised goods categories with critical mass are identified as those goods categories for which the degree of specialisa- tion and relative size for both export values are above the thresholds for at least 6 out of 8 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.15. Emerging goods categories with increas- ing degrees of specialisation are identified as those goods categories for which the change in the degree of specialisation for export values are above the thresholds shown in the last col- umn in Table 2.11. 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The Business of the State. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank. 2024. World Development Report 2024: The Middle-Income T rap. Washington, DC: World Bank. ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology , which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified paper, with nearly all containing 50–100 percent recycled content. The recycled fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine–free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine–free (EECF) processes. More information about the Bank’s environmental philosophy can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility . Twenty-seven countries have reached high-income status since 1990. Ten of these are in the Europe and Central Asia region and have joined the European Union. Another 20 in the region have become more prosperous since the 1990s. However, their transition to high-income status has been delayed. These middle-income countries have found that the prospects for growth to high-income status have become even more difficult since the 2007–09 global financial crisis. This reflects partly a slowdown in structural reforms at home and partly the challenges associated with a deterioration in the global environment. The concern has emerged that many countries in the region may be caught in the middle-income trap, a phase in development characterized by a recurring deceleration in growth and by per capita incomes that are systematically below the high-income threshold. To ensure that these countries overcome the obstacles to growth and achieve progress toward high-income status, policy makers need to make the transition from a strategy driven largely by investment to a strategy that is supported by the importation and diffusion of global capital, knowledge, and technology and then to a strategy that complements these with innovation. The report Greater Heights: Growing to High Income in Europe and Central Asia relies on the 3i strategy described in World Development Report 2024—investment, infusion, and innovation—to propose policy options to assist middle-income countries in Europe and Centr al Asia in the effort to reach high-income status. 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Spanish based creole (Holm, ibid). Holm refers this to Dutch influence; hence [biha]- 'travel', from Spanish 'viajar' /bjaxar/ and [vibora]- 'snake' from Spanish 'vibora' /bibora/. Notice that whereas /v/ and /b/ are both pronounced as [b] in Spanish, they are pronounced as two separate phonemes in Papiemento, thanks to the above Dutch influence. Likewise, Saramaccan, an English based creole, has borrowed the fricative /v/ from Portuguese and other languages, e.g., [vivo]- 'alive' from Portuguese 'vivo'. The fricative /v/ is also absent from the phonemic inventories of many West African languages. In Bambara and Malinke which both lack the fricative in question, for instance, the voiced bilabial /b/ becomes its counterpart bilabial fricative [ β ] inter-vocalically, as does the glide /w/ (Holm, 2000). From what has gone so far, one has no choice but to postulate that our informants' use of the bilabial fricative in the pronunciation of 'seven' must have been instigated by superstrate influence. That is, the above phonological rule of changing /b/ and /v/ to the bilabial fricative [ β ] must have originated from Spanish. This assumption is justified along the following lines. English-based creoles come in two major groups, according to historical, geographical and linguistic factors: the Atlantic group, spoken in West Africa and the Caribbean area and the Pacific group. The Atlantic group consists mostly of plantation creoles which are structurally similar to the Atlantic creoles that are based on Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French (Holm, 2000, p. 91). Of these languages we are concerned with Spanish (regarding the existence of the voiced bilabial fricative in Jamaican Creole). The literature of pidgin and creole languages is replete with evidence of Spanish linguistic influence on the Caribbean area and on contemporary European languages there, including English. It is beyond the scope of this work to review this literature, but the reader is referred to Holm (2000) for details. According to Holm (ibid), the Spanish settlement in Jamaica began in 1509 and the English had to attack the Spaniards (who were there already) to rid them of the island before they colonized it. Thus, Spanish influence on the speech of the inhabitants is inevitable. Moreover, 'contact between Spanish and creoles based on other languages was prolonged in several areas' (Holm, ibid, p. 126). In fact, people travel freely in the Caribbean, which makes contact among speakers of varied creoles effortless. 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Many publications have documented the clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 infection, and several international learned societies have developed protocols for disease management, and proposed some prognosis indicators. The biological analysis, especially the inflammatory and hematologic one, represents a major tool in the diagnosis (6), and in the detection of severe forms (7). Many prognosis factors including lymphocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin 6, procalcitonin, and CRP , were evaluated (8), but the predictive power of each of these indicators in disease classification and prognosis remains largely unclear. Previous studies have indicated that the aberrant host immune response and cytokine storm may play an important role in the severity of COVID-19 (9). CRP is an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection. The CRP serum 44. Na osnovu te`ine bolesti primecene su zna~ajne razlike u starosti, polu, komorbiditetima i respiratornim simptomima. Sli~no tome, biolo{ka analiza otkrila je zna~ajne razlike u broju neutrofila, broju limfocita, broju eozinofila i nivou CRP-a. Me\|utim, prema ROC krivama ovih laboratorijskih biomarkera, AUC (oblast ispod krive) CRP-a na 0,872 bio je zna~ajno veci od svih ostalih parametara. Dalje, CRP je nezavisno povezan sa te`inom bolesti COVID-19 (OR = 1,11, 95% IC (1,01-1,22) i OR = 1,13, 95% IC (1,041,23)). Zaklju~ak: Ovo istra`ivanje je otkrilo da nivo CRP-a pri prijemu predstavlja jednostavan i nezavisan faktor koji mo`e biti koristan za rano otkrivanje te`ine bolesti COVID-19 i lako sprovo\|enje primarne nege. Klju~ne re~i: COVID-2019, SARS-CoV-2, C-reaktivni protein, rani pokazatelj, ozbiljnost level is routinely measured in early diagnosis of pneumonia(10), and some Chinese publications have reported the prognosis value of CRP (11). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and biological characteristics of the COVID19 infected patients, and investigated the ability of CRP to predict at an earlier time the disease severity, in comparison with other biomarkers. ## Materials and Methods ## Study population and design We performed a retrospective study including all patients with COVID-19, admitted in the International University Cheikh Khalifa Hospital, during the period from February to April 2020. We included only the laboratory-confirmed cases, as the diagnosis was performed by a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to test nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens according to the WHO guidance. Epidemiological characteristics including demographics, recent exposure history, clinical symptoms and signs, and laboratory findings, were obtained from electronic medical records (DXcare and LIMS informatics system). 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cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 19Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsX X X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsX X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X X X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsX X 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 30Manufacture of other transport equipment X 310 Furniture X 33Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentX X X X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.10. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Azerbaijan 60 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Georgia Results of the economic mapping for Georgia are shown in Table 2.11. In total, 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Beverages (110); Printing and service activities related to printing (181); and Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. (210). Industries with emerging strength include Prepared animal feeds (108); Beverages (110); Manufacture of textiles (13); and Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (25). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 5 8 4 11 5 4 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch productsX X X 108 Prepared animal feeds X X X 110 Beverages X X X X X X 13 Manufacture of textiles X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 181Printing and service activities related to printingX X X X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc.X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment X X X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 310 Furniture X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.11. 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on my com -puter and I can contact other practitioners in my community and beyond. We chat online and discuss any cases we may have that the community should be aware of. Like diseases and illness that could spread, or cases that are causing me to think about medication or referral.' Dr Ansari ## And: 'To keep my skills up I go to seminars on a regular basis. In pharmaceuti -cal sectors, like MK pharma, Cipla, FBC, mankind & Himalaya, they often organize various seminars. Himalayas are doing it more often and Ayurveda pharma also.' Dr Sanjeev When considering the competency of private providers with no MBBS qualifica -tion to those with MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, equivalent to an MD degree in the U.S.), Das et al., (2022) find a correlation between informal providers' medical knowledge with that of MBBS providers in the same state. 'States where public providers are more knowledgeable are also those where private providers are more knowledgeable' (p. 10). Also, that 'across Indian states, equal qualifications do not imply equal quality. The knowledge of an informal pro -vider in Gujarat or Tamil Nadu is substantially higher than that of a fully trained MBBS provider in Bihar or Jharkhand' (p. 10). When measuring medical quality, typically the medical qualifications of the doctors, their medical supplies, along with the infrastructure (electricity and refrigeration) to ensure operational optimality, are all taken as important factors. Medical knowledge and the competence of medical personnel are also part of quality provision ( Das and Hammer, 2005 ; Collier et al., 2003 ; Das and Mohpal, 2016 ; Das et al., 2016). Considering the diagnosis techniques of doctors in Delhi, with different qualifications working in the private and public healthcare systems, it was found that non-MBBS providers knew fewer relevant questions and examinations to perform during a diagnosis than their public or qualified private counterparts. However, when carrying out the diagnosis, the non-MBBS healthcare provider asked all the questions and performed all the tasks associated with their skill set. The examination of the patient would typically last, in this case, 15 minutes. 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must have soap and water available. The UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for WASH services also monitors how many schools provide a limited service that does not fully meet the SDG criteria. In Chad, 73% of schools have a handwashing facility but only 10% have both water and soap available. In Montenegro, all schools have a sanitation facility, but a detailed assessment in 2022 found that only 11% of toilet stalls could be locked from the inside and meet the privacy criteria (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). In 2023, 77% of primary schools around the world had access to basic drinking water. Coverage levels were similar for basic sanitation and hygiene services. Levels are higher in lower and upper secondary schools, at around 87% for drinking water and sanitation and 80% for handwashing facilities. According to Joint Monitoring Programme estimates, current levels and progress rates mean that the world is unlikely to achieve universal coverage by 2030. This would require doubling the current rate of progress for FIGURE 15.1: Fast progress on access to WASH services is possible from all starting points Primary schools with access to water and sanitation services, by type of service, 2015 and 2023 a. Water b. Sanitation c. Handwashing % % Indonesia St Kitts/Nevis Togo Solomon Is 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 Burkina Faso Cambodia Uruguay Sierra Leone 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Niger Rwanda Cambodia Senegal Sri Lanka St Kitts/Nevis 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 % Notes: The baseline refers to 2014–16 and the endline to 2021–23, depending on data availability. Highlighted countries increased by over three percentage points per year over the period. GEM StatLink: https:/ /bit.ly/GEM2024_fig15_1Source: UIS database. 240 CHAPTER 15 • EDUCATION FACILITIES AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 15 drinking water and sanitation and quadrupling the rate for basic hygiene services (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). Notable progress has been made in access to basic drinking water in sub-Saharan Africa – from 44% in 2016 to 53% in 2022 in primary schools and from 54% in 2015 to 63% in 2023 in upper secondary schools.BOX 15.1: One third of countries have set benchmarks for school internet connectivity The Education 2030 Framework for Action called on countries to establish benchmarks, or national targets, as a way of increasing a	[ "must", "have", "soap", "and", "water", "available", ".", "The", "UNICEF", "/", "WHO", "Joint", "Monitoring", "Programme", "for", "WASH", "services", "also", "monitors", "how", "many", "schools", "provide", "a", "limited", "service", "that", "does", "not", "fully", "meet", "the", "SDG", "criteria", ".", "In", "Chad", ",", "73", "%", "of", "schools", "have", "a", "handwashing", "facility", "but", "only", "10", "%", "have", "both", "water", "and", "soap", "available", ".", "In", "Montenegro", ",", "all", "schools", "have", "a", "sanitation", "facility", ",", "but", "a", 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Rose, H., 'Hand, brain, and heart: A feminist epistemology for the natural sciences.' Signs , 9: 1 (1983): 73- 90. Rose, H. Love, Power and Knowledge: Toward a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences . Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994. Rosser, S. V. The Science Glass Ceiling: Academic Women Scientists and the Struggle to Succeed . London: Routledge, 2004. Rossiter, M. W. 'The Matthew Matilda effect in science.' Social Studies of Science , 23: 2 (1993), 325- 41. Rossiter, M. W. Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Rossiter, M. W. Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 19401972 . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Rossiter, M. W. ' 'Women's work' in science, 1880- 1910.' Isis , 71: 3 (1980), 381- 98. Røstvik, C. M. and A. Fyfe. 'Ladies, gentlemen, and scientific publication at the Royal Society, 1945- 1990.' Open Library of Humanities , 4: 1 (2018), 1- 40. Russett, C. E. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989. Scheich, E. 'Science, politics and morality: The relationship of Lise Meitner and Elisabeth Schiemann.' Osiris , Women, Gender, and Science: New Directions , 12 (1997), 143- 68. Schiebinger, L. 'The history and philosophy of women in science: A review essay.' Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 12: 2 (1987), 305- 32. Schiebinger, L. Has Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Schiebinger, L. 'Feminist history of colonial science.' Hypatia , 19: 1 (2004), 233- 54.	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G10F; A45C; A63C; A63J; B62B; F23Q; G10G 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies [32.5]A61B; A61H; B04B; G01T; A61C; A61D; A61F; A61J; A61L; A61M; C12M; A61K 8/*; G21G; A61G; A62B; B01LA61K 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. [32.9] B65D; G03D; G03F; G09B; G09F 42.2 Construction of utility projects [42.2] E03B; E03C 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects [42.9]E02B 43 Specialised construction activities [43]E03F; E04G; E04B; E04H; E04C; E04D; E04F 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activities [62]G06Q Source: Van Looy, V. et al., Patent statistics: Concordance IPC v8 - NACE Rev.2, Eurostat, 2015. 332 Annexes Annex 8. NACE v2 to S&T domains correspondence tables via IPC, for each EaP countryThe following tables report the NACE to S&T do- main mappings obtained via patent IPC classes for all EaP countries. The mappings are obtained by determining the intersection of each S&T do- main with the IPC classes of the patent records associated with the domain and by leveraging IPC to NACE concordances. Notably, the NACE-S&T do- main mappings could vary from country to country because of the different possible overlaps between S&T domains and the relative patent classes. ARMENIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 10Manufacture of food productsAgrifood A23L; A23C 11Manufacture of beveragesAgrifood A23L 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsAgrifood A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsAgrifood C07H; A61K; C12P 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth and wellbeing A61K 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectric and electronic technologies H05H; H01L; G06F; H01J 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsFundamental physics and mathematicsG06F; H04L 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsICT and computer science G06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsNanotechnology and materials H01L 32 Other manufacturing Agrifood A61K 32 Other manufacturing Health and wellbeing A61K 32 Other manufacturing Nanotechnology and materials G09F Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation333 AZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsChemistry and chemical engineering C07C; B01J 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsEnergy C07C 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsBiotechnology A61K; A61P 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth	[ "G10F", ";", "A45C", ";", "A63C", ";", "A63J", ";", "B62B", ";", "F23Q", ";", "\n", "G10", "G", "\n", "32.5Manufacture", "of", "medical", "and", "dental", "\n", 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"S&T", "domains", "and", "the", "relative", "patent", "classes", ".", "\n", "ARMENIA", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "IPC", "classes", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "S&T", "domain", "Mapping", "\n", "10Manufacture", "of", "food", "\n", "productsAgrifood", "A23L", ";", "A23C", "\n", "11Manufacture", "of", "\n", "beveragesAgrifood", "A23L", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsAgrifood", "A61", "K", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsHealth", "and", "wellbeing", "A61", "K", "\n", "21Manufacture", "of", "basic", "\n", "pharmaceutical", "products", "\n", "and", "pharmaceutical", "\n", "preparationsAgrifood", "C07H", ";", "A61", "K", ";", "C12P", "\n", "21Manufacture", "of", "basic", "\n", "pharmaceutical", "products", "\n", "and", "pharmaceutical", "\n", "preparationsHealth", "and", "wellbeing", "A61", "K", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsElectric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "H05H", ";", "H01L", ";", "G06F", ";", "H01J", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsFundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematicsG06F", ";", "H04L", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsICT", "and", "computer", "science", "G06F", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "\n", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsNanotechnology", "and", "materials", "H01L", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "Agrifood", "A61", "K", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "A61", "K", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "G09F", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation333", "\n", "AZERBAIJAN", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "IPC", "classes", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "S&T", "domain", "Mapping", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsBiotechnology", "A61", "K", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsChemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "C07C", ";", "B01J", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsEnergy", "C07C", "\n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "productsHealth", "and", "wellbeing", "A61", "K", "\n", "21Manufacture", "of", "basic", "\n", "pharmaceutical", "products", "\n", "and", "pharmaceutical", "\n", "preparationsBiotechnology", "A61", "K", ";", "A61P", "\n", "21Manufacture", "of", "basic", "\n", "pharmaceutical", "products", "\n", "and", "pharmaceutical", "\n", "preparationsHealth" ]	[]
concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders' roles have been changing over the past few decades (Gurr, 2023). The general shift has been from seeing the school principal playing an administrative and bureaucratic function to expecting more involvement in working with teachers and other staff to improve school 'results' (Pont, 2020). Expectations about the form of these results are shaped by social preferences and the beliefs of education authorities and the education community, including leaders themselves. <!-- image --> The concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders' roles have been changing over the last few decades <!-- image --> ## TABLE 1.1: There are diverse leadership roles in education School leaders manage human and financial resources but can shape schools' objectives (from inclusion to well-being), steer teaching and learning, develop staff, and foster collaborations. Teacher leaders are crucial for fostering collaboration within schools, balancing their teaching with oversight of specific areas, such as curricula, school welfare and professiona l development. Education officials at the central and local levels, often referred to as middle or system leaders, take actions to implement government policy and support schools to achieve their goals. Political leaders, such as ministers of education or parliamentarians, can shape the direction of an education system. Student leaders, when involved in education governance, can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility for learning. Yoana Quintero is a rural school principal in Mexico in a challenging area plagued with a lack of public services, marginalized populations, gang violence and drug trafficking. Facilities are poor. Water, electricity and telephone services are scarce. Drawing on her knowledge of the community, she has forged partnerships with local institutions, including the health centre, police station and community services, to address school needs. She motivates and empowers her teaching staff, fostering a culture of care and support that extends beyond the classroom to create a favourable and supportive environment for teaching and learning. Sok Weng is a principal at the Bunrany Hun Sen Romeas Primary School in Cambodia. He has been working in education for 40 years. During COVID-19, he worked hard to prevent any children at his school from dropping out. He coordinated home learning packages to help students stay in school and keep up with their learning. Sharhabeel Marashdeh is an assistant school principal at the Al-Dhiraa Secondary School for Boys in Jordan. He has a bachelor's in mathematics and an advanced	[ "concept", "of", "school", "leadership", "and", "perceptions", "of", "leaders", "'", "roles", "have", "been", "changing", "over", "the", "past", "few", "decades", "(", "Gurr", ",", "2023", ")", ".", "The", "general", "shift", "has", "been", "from", "seeing", "the", "school", "principal", "playing", "an", "administrative", "and", "bureaucratic", "function", "to", "expecting", "more", "involvement", "in", "working", "with", "teachers", "and", "other", "staff", "to", "improve", "school", "'", "results", "'", "(", "Pont", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "Expectations", "about", "the", "form", "of", "these", "results", "are", "shaped", "by", "social", "preferences", "and", "the", "beliefs", "of", "education", "authorities", "and", "the", "education", "community", ",", "including", "leaders", "themselves", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "The", "concept", "of", "school", "leadership", "and", "perceptions", "of", "leaders", "'", "roles", "have", "been", "changing", "over", "the", "last", "few", "decades", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "TABLE", "1.1", ":", "\n\n", "There", "are", "diverse", "leadership", "roles", "in", "education", "\n\n", "School", "leaders", "manage", "human", "and", "financial", "resources", "but", "can", "shape", "schools", "'", "objectives", "(", "from", "inclusion", "to", "well", "-", "being", ")", ",", "steer", "teaching", "and", "learning", ",", "develop", "staff", ",", "and", "foster", "collaborations", ".", "\n\n", "Teacher", "leaders", "are", "crucial", "for", "fostering", "collaboration", "within", "schools", ",", "balancing", "their", "teaching", "with", "oversight", "of", "specific", "areas", ",", "such", "as", "curricula", ",", "school", "welfare", "and", "professiona", "l", "development", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "officials", "at", "the", "central", "and", "local", "levels", ",", "often", "referred", "to", "as", "middle", "or", "system", "leaders", ",", "take", "actions", "to", "implement", "government", "policy", "and", "support", "schools", "to", "achieve", "their", "goals", ".", "\n\n", "Political", "leaders", ",", "such", "as", "ministers", "of", "education", "or", "parliamentarians", ",", "can", "shape", "the", "direction", "of", "an", "education", "system", ".", "\n\n", "Student", "leaders", ",", "when", "involved", "in", "education", "governance", ",", "can", "foster", "a", "sense", "of", "ownership", "and", "responsibility", "for", "learning", ".", "\n\n", "Yoana", "Quintero", "is", "a", "rural", "school", "principal", "in", "Mexico", "in", "a", "challenging", "area", "plagued", "with", "a", "lack", "of", "public", "services", ",", "marginalized", "populations", ",", "gang", "violence", "and", "drug", "trafficking", ".", "Facilities", "are", "poor", ".", "Water", ",", "electricity", "and", "telephone", "services", "are", "scarce", ".", "Drawing", "on", "her", "knowledge", "of", "the", "community", ",", "she", "has", "forged", "partnerships", "with", "local", "institutions", ",", "including", "the", "health", "centre", ",", "police", "station", "and", "community", "services", ",", "to", "address", "school", "needs", ".", "She", "motivates", "and", "empowers", "her", "teaching", "staff", ",", "fostering", "a", "culture", "of", "care", "and", "support", "that", "extends", "beyond", "the", "classroom", "to", "create", "a", "favourable", "and", "supportive", "environment", "for", "teaching", "and", "learning", ".", "\n\n", "Sok", "Weng", "is", "a", "principal", "at", "the", "Bunrany", "Hun", "Sen", "Romeas", "Primary", "School", "in", "Cambodia", ".", "He", "has", "been", "working", "in", "education", "for", "40", "years", ".", "During", "COVID-19", ",", "he", "worked", "hard", "to", "prevent", "any", "children", "at", "his", "school", "from", "dropping", "out", ".", "He", "coordinated", "home", "learning", "packages", "to", "help", "students", "stay", "in", "school", "and", "keep", "up", "with", "their", "learning", ".", "\n\n", "Sharhabeel", "Marashdeh", "is", "an", "assistant", "school", "principal", "at", "the", "Al", "-", "Dhiraa", "Secondary", "School", "for", "Boys", "in", "Jordan", ".", "He", "has", "a", "bachelor", "'s", "in", "mathematics", "and", "an", "advanced" ]	[]
related materials (22%). ## Table 2.14. Available three-digit goods export data (number of goods categories) \| \| 2012 \| 2013 \| 2014 \| 2015 \| 2016 \| 2017 \| 2018 \| 2019 \| \|------------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\| \| Armenia \| 204 \| 212 \| 204 \| 227 \| 219 \| 219 \| 227 \| 228 \| \| Azerbaijan \| 196 \| 192 \| 192 \| 197 \| 217 \| 223 \| 220 \| 220 \| \| Georgia \| 231 \| 231 \| 231 \| 230 \| 235 \| 235 \| 239 \| 243 \| \| Moldova \| 221 \| 226 \| 221 \| 225 \| 229 \| 226 \| 222 \| 219 \| \| Ukraine \| 255 \| 253 \| 254 \| 251 \| 252 \| 254 \| 249 \| -- \| Sources: UN Comtrade Database. <!-- image --> ## Methodology Export specialisation is measured by comparing relative export shares for each country to the unweighted average export shares of the EaP countries: - ■ goods categories with a current strength, including specialised goods categories with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation for export volumes are above predefined thresholds; - ■ goods categories with an emerging strength, including emerging goods categories with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for export volumes is above predefined thresholds. For all SITC three-digit goods categories, the following indicators have been calculated for each EaP country: - ■ the degree of specialisation for export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; - ■ average relative share of export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; - ■ rate of change in degree of specialisation for export values for three time periods: between 2012 and 2015, between 2014 and 2017 and between 2016 and 2019. ## Table 2.15. Thresholds used to identify goods export specialisations \| \| Current strengths \| Current strengths \| Emerging strengths \| \|------------\|--------------------------\|---------------------\|------------------------------------\| \| \| Degree of specialisation \| Relative size \| Change in degree of specialisation \| \| Armenia \| 1.5 \| 0.1% \| >0 \| \| Azerbaijan \| 1.5 \| 0.1% \| >0 \| \| Georgia \| 1.5 \| 0.1% \| >0 \| \| Moldova \| 1.5 \| 0.1% \| >0 \| \| Ukraine \| 1.5 \| 0.1% \| >0 \| Degrees of specialisation have been calculated relative to the unweighted average of the six EaP countries. Specialised goods categories with critical mass are	[ "related", "materials", "(", "22", "%", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Table", "2.14", ".", "Available", "three", "-", "digit", "goods", "export", "data", "(", "number", "of", "goods", "categories", ")", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "2012", "\|", " ", "2013", "\|", " ", "2014", "\|", " ", "2015", "\|", " ", "2016", "\|", " ", "2017", "\|", " ", "2018", "\|", "2019", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|------------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|", "\n", "\|", "Armenia", " ", "\|", " ", "204", "\|", " ", "212", "\|", " ", "204", "\|", " ", "227", "\|", " ", "219", "\|", " ", "219", "\|", " ", "227", "\|", "228", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Azerbaijan", "\|", " ", "196", "\|", " ", "192", "\|", " ", "192", "\|", " ", "197", "\|", " ", "217", "\|", " ", "223", "\|", " ", "220", "\|", "220", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Georgia", " ", "\|", " ", "231", "\|", " ", "231", "\|", " ", "231", "\|", " ", "230", "\|", " ", "235", "\|", " ", "235", "\|", " ", "239", "\|", "243", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Moldova", " ", "\|", " ", "221", "\|", " ", "226", "\|", " ", "221", "\|", " ", "225", "\|", " ", "229", "\|", " ", "226", "\|", " ", "222", "\|", "219", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ukraine", " ", "\|", " ", "255", "\|", " ", "253", "\|", " ", "254", "\|", " ", "251", "\|", " ", "252", "\|", " ", "254", "\|", " ", "249", "\|", "--", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "Sources", ":", "UN", "Comtrade", "Database", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Methodology", "\n\n", "Export", " ", "specialisation", " ", "is", " ", "measured", " ", "by", " ", "comparing", "relative", "export", "shares", "for", "each", "country", "to", "the", "unweighted", "average", "export", "shares", "of", "the", "EaP", "countries", ":", "\n\n", "-", "■", "goods", "categories", "with", "a", "current", "strength", ",", "including", " ", "specialised", " ", "goods", " ", "categories", " ", "with", "critical", "mass", ",", "where", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "export", "volumes", "are", "above", "predefined", "thresholds", ";", "\n", "-", "■", "goods", "categories", "with", "an", "emerging", "strength", ",", "including", "emerging", "goods", "categories", "with", "increasing", "degrees", "of", "specialisation", ",", "where", "the", "change", "in", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "export", "volumes", "is", "above", "predefined", "thresholds", ".", "\n\n", "For", "all", "SITC", "three", "-", "digit", "goods", "categories", ",", "the", "following", " ", "indicators", " ", "have", " ", "been", " ", "calculated", " ", "for", " ", "each", "EaP", "country", ":", "\n\n", "-", "■", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "export", "values", "for", "each", "year", "in", "the", "2012", "-", "2019", "period", ";", "\n", "-", "■", "average", " ", "relative", " ", "share", " ", "of", " ", "export", " ", "values", " ", "for", "each", "year", "in", "the", "2012", "-", "2019", "period", ";", "\n", "-", "■", "rate", "of", "change", "in", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "export", "values", "for", "three", "time", "periods", ":", "between", "2012", "and", "2015", ",", "between", "2014", "and", "2017", "and", "between", "2016", "and", "2019", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Table", "2.15", ".", "Thresholds", "used", "to", "identify", "goods", "export", "specialisations", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Current", "strengths", " ", "\|", "Current", "strengths", " ", "\|", "Emerging", "strengths", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|------------\|--------------------------\|---------------------\|------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Degree", "of", "specialisation", "\|", "Relative", "size", " ", "\|", "Change", "in", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Armenia", " ", "\|", "1.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", "%", " ", "\|", ">", "0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Azerbaijan", "\|", "1.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", "%", " ", "\|", ">", "0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Georgia", " ", "\|", "1.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", "%", " ", "\|", ">", "0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Moldova", " ", "\|", "1.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", "%", " ", "\|", ">", "0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ukraine", " ", "\|", "1.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", "%", " ", "\|", ">", "0", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "Degrees", " ", "of", " ", "specialisation", " ", "have", " ", "been", " ", "calculated", "relative", "to", "the", "unweighted", "average", "of", "the", "six", "EaP", " ", "countries", ".", "Specialised", " ", "goods", " ", "categories", "with", " ", "critical", " ", "mass", " ", "are", " " ]	[ { "end": 751, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 730 } ]
X \| 0.2% \| \| 781 \| Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver), including station-wagons and racing cars \| X \| 15.4% \| \| \| \| 791 \| Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipment \| \| \| X \| 0.5% \| \| 8 \| Miscellaneous manufactured articles \| \| \| \| \| \| 843 \| Men's or boys' coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) \| X \| 0.3% \| X \| 0.3% \| \| 872 \| Instruments and appliances, n.e.s., for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes \| X \| 0.3% \| \| \| \| 874 \| Measuring, checking, analysing and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. \| \| \| X \| 0.2% \| \| 893 \| Articles, n.e.s., of plastics \| \| \| X \| 0.3% \| \| 9 \| Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC \| \| \| \| \| ## Mapping of goods export specialisations - results for Moldova	[ "X", " ", "\|", "0.2", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "781", " ", "\|", "Motor", "cars", "and", "other", "motor", "vehicles", "principally", "designed", "for", "the", "transport", "of", "persons", "(", "other", "than", "motor", "vehicles", "for", "the", "transport", "of", "ten", "or", "more", "persons", ",", "including", "the", "driver", ")", ",", "including", "station", "-", "wagons", "and", "racing", "cars", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "15.4", "%", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "791", " ", "\|", "Railway", "vehicles", "(", "including", "hovertrains", ")", "and", "associated", "equipment", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.5", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "Miscellaneous", "manufactured", "articles", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "843", " ", "\|", "Men", "'s", "or", "boys", "'", "coats", ",", "capes", ",", "jackets", ",", "suits", ",", "blazers", ",", "trousers", ",", "shorts", ",", "shirts", ",", "underwear", ",", "nightwear", "and", "similar", "articles", "of", "textile", "fabrics", ",", "knitted", "or", "crocheted", "(", "other", "than", "those", "of", "subgroup", "845.2", ")", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.3", "%", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.3", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "872", " ", "\|", "Instruments", "and", "appliances", ",", "n.e.s", ".", ",", "for", "medical", ",", "surgical", ",", "dental", "or", "veterinary", "purposes", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.3", "%", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "874", " ", "\|", "Measuring", ",", "checking", ",", "analysing", "and", "controlling", "instruments", "and", "apparatus", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.2", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "893", " ", "\|", "Articles", ",", "n.e.s", ".", ",", "of", "plastics", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "0.3", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "Commodities", "and", "transactions", "not", "classified", "elsewhere", "in", "the", "SITC", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Mapping", "of", "goods", "export", "specialisations", "-", "results", "for", "Moldova" ]	[]
or the like can be used. - a metal oxide containing one or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used for the insulator 207 , the insulator 270 , and the insulator 273 . It is also possible to use a nitride of silicon or a nitride of silicon containing oxygen, such as silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide. - the insulator 270 and the insulator 273 function as etching stoppers when a contact is formed in the insulator 280 and the insulator 281 , the insulator 270 and the insulator 273 are preferably formed using a material whose etching rate is different from the etching rate of the insulator 280 and the insulator 281 . - the insulator 207 functions as an etching stopper when a contact is formed in the insulator 216 - the insulator 207 is preferably formed using a material whose etching rate is different from the etching rate of the insulator 216 . - aluminum oxide has a high barrier property, so that even a thin aluminum oxide film having a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 3.0 nm can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen and nitrogen. - hafnium oxide has lower barrier property than aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide having a large thickness can have a high barrier property. Therefore, the amount of added hydrogen and nitrogen can be adjusted appropriately by adjusting the thickness of hafnium oxide. - the insulator 250 functioning as the gate insulator is preferably an insulator including an excess-oxygen region. - the insulator 224 preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. - an insulator containing an oxide of one or more kinds of aluminum, hafnium, and gallium can be used for the insulator 222 and the insulator 226 , which function as part of the gate insulator. - silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which is thermally stable, is preferably used for the insulator 220 . - the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the gate insulator can be reduced while the physical thickness of the gate insulator is kept. - on-state current can be increased without reduction in the influence of the electric field applied from the gate electrode. 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UN-Habitat. ( 2005 ). Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements . Nairobi: UN-Habitat. UN-Habitat. ( 2022a ). World Cities Report: Envisaging the Future of Cities . Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-Habitat. ( 2022b ). Global Action Plan: Accelerating for Transforming Informal Settlements and Slums by 2030 . Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Varley, A. (2013). Postcolonialising Informality?, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 31(1), 4–22. Weinstein, L. (2014). The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai . Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Press. World Bank . (2019). The World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work . Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. 2 The trust of a city street is formed over time from many, many little public sidewalk contacts. It grows out of people stopping […], getting advice from the grocer and giving advice to the news-stand man, comparing opinions with other customers at the bakery […] admonishing the children, hearing about a job from the hardware man and borrowing a dollar from the druggist, admiring the new babies and sym - pathizing over the way a coat faded. 2 Resilient cities – Why does slum type matter? This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342-310.4324/9781003467342-3 28 Urban life in Delhi slumsResilient cities Customs vary: in some neighbourhoods people compare notes on their dogs; in others they compare notes on their landlords. Most of it is ostensibly utterly trivial, but the sum is not trivial at all. The sum of such casual, public contact at a local level – most of it fortuitous, most of it associated with errands, all of it metred by the person concerned and not thrust upon him by anyone – is a feeling for the public identity of people, a web of public respect and trust, and a resource in time of personal or neighbourhood need. The absence of this trust is a disaster to a city street. (Jacobs, 1961 , p. 66–67) Introduction Neighbourhoods are districts of an urban city where neighbours live and come together through social and cultural networks. As the above quote by Jane Jacobs illustrates, for some, a ‘neighbourhood’ defines who they are in terms of social position, dignity and identity, offering a community with humility and empathy. Neighbourhoods can form boundaries as well as promote rich cultural diversity and pluralism. 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\| 0.4 2 \| 1 \| 18 \| \| \| 100 \| 99 98 \| 99 99 \| \| 93 \| \| \| \| \| Switzerland \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 16 \| 100 \| \| \| \| \| 97 \| 1.6 \| 2.4 \| 2.4 \| \| Ukraine United Kingdom \| 69 ᵢ 99 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 76 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 1 \| 1 1 \| 3 2 \| 2 5 \| 100 \| 100 \| 99 100 \| 99 100 \| 95 88 \| 90 \| 2.6 3.2 \| 2.0 3.2 \| 2.0 3.2 \| \| United States \| 91 ᵢ \| … 87 ₋₁ \| 2 \| 3 \| \| 2 \| \| 4 \| 100 100 \| 100 100 \| 99 \| 99 \| 92 \| 94 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ᵢ \| 3 \| 3 \| 2 \| \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.8 \| \| 2.5 \| 2.5 \|	[ "\|", "0.4", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "99", "98", " ", "\|", "99", "99", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "93", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Switzerland", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "97", " ", "\|", "1.6", " ", "\|", "2.4", " ", "\|", "2.4", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ukraine", "United", "Kingdom", " ", "\|", "69", "ᵢ", "99", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "76", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", "1", " ", "\|", "1", "1", " ", "\|", "3", "2", " ", "\|", "2", "5", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "99", "100", " ", "\|", "99", "100", " ", "\|", "95", "88", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "2.6", "3.2", " ", "\|", "2.0", "3.2", " ", "\|", "2.0", "3.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "United", "States", " ", "\|", "91", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", "87", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "100", "100", " ", "\|", "100", "100", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2.8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2.5", " ", "\|", "2.5", " ", "\|" ]	[]
countries, can apply these strategies. The EU’s deci - sion-making rules are based on a valid internal logic – to achieve consensus or at least reach a broad majority – but they appear slow and cumbersome in comparison with developments taking place externally. Crucially, Europe’s decision-making rules have not substantially evolved as the EU has enlarged and as the global environment facing Europe has become more hostile and complex. Decisions are typically made issue-by-issue in different sub-com - mittees, with little coordination across policy areas. Multiple veto players can delay or dilute action. The upshot is a legislative process with an average time of 19 months to agree new laws01 – from the Commission’s proposal to the signing of the adopted act – and which even then does not deliver results at the level and pace EU citizens expect. Strengthening the EU requires Treaty changes, but it is not a precondition for Europe to move forward: much can be done with targeted adjustments. Until the consensus for Treaty changes is in place, a renewed European partnership should be built on three overarching goals: refocusing the work of the EU, accelerating EU action and integration, and simplifying rules. REFOCUSING THE WORK OF THE EU The report recommends establishing a new “Competitiveness Coordination Framework” to foster EU-wide coordination in priority areas, replacing other overlapping coordination instruments . The EU has a variety of tools to coordinate policies, such as the European Semester for economic policies and National Energy and Climate Plans for energy policies. In most cases, however, the established processes have so far proven to be largely bureaucratic and ineffective at fostering genuine EU-wide policy coordination. The new framework would address only EU-level strategic priorities – “EU Competitiveness Priorities” – which would be formulated and adopted by the European Council. These priorities would be defined at the beginning of each European political cycle in a European Council debate and adopted in European Council conclusions02. Thereafter, the coordination of all economic policies relevant to the EU’s agreed strategic priorities would be merged into the new coordination framework, excluding fiscal policy surveillance which would continue to be governed by the European Semester exercise. Not only would this rationalisation help to organise and focus the EU’s activities, it would also represent a major simplifi - cation exercise for both EU and national administrations. 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in Basra, Iraq, school principal Ansal stands for a portrait in her office. She says,'Poverty, mental health, child labour, child marriage, are some of the main factors for our students … Poverty is the main issue that makes them drop out school'. Photo credit: © UNICEF/UN0614639/Ibarra Sánchez* ISBN: 9789231007163 https://doi.org/10.54676/EFLH5184 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (https://www.unesco.org/en/ open-access/cc-sa). Images marked with an asterisk (*) do not fall under the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/" CC-BY-SA license and may not be used or reproduced without the prior permission of the copyright holders.  ## S H O R T S U M M A R Y ## How can education systems attract, appoint and retain good education leaders? Leadership matters in education. Strong leaders are needed to help institutions, systems and societies change for the better. Strong leaders work in collaboration with other actors towards the same goals. At the school level, they are the principals but also those who surround them, in the school and in the community, in positions of responsibility. At the system level, they are civil servants working as district officers, supervisors or planners. At the societal level, they are political leaders, as well as a very broad range of actors who help shape education goals, from unions and researchers to civil society and the media. Entitled Lead for learning, this report argues that, in pursuing specific goals, education leaders are more than just managers. They are change agents, who need the time, trust and support to focus on setting a vision and developing the people they serve and work with. The report calls for investment in and empowerment of school and system leaders. There should be fair hiring processes and growth opportunities that recognize the full scope of leaders' roles. Moreover, leadership works best when it is shared, empowering others to lead as they can within their roles. 62% of countries use competitive practices for school leaders' recruitment There is no one leadership style that works. Different contexts, capacities and personalities mean that styles vary, and rightfully so. This, combined with the different goals that each leader is trying to achieve, means that their impact is hard to fully assess. Yet, all research

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[]

gender and women in science and theorizing them based on polycentric historical archives and scholarship that are not always dominated by the English language. In fact, as Naomi Oreskes has pointed out, even in the US context, 'The types of work that women have done in many branches of American science [in the twentieth century] fit conventional notions of objectivity', rather than the opposite. Scientific objectivity, Oreskes countered, was not the most appropriate value for understanding women's invisibility in science; the ideology of scientific heroism was, especially in field sciences like geology and geodesy. 43 At the heart of it, women's invisibility in science is the outcome of power asymmetries, power being a concept which has long engaged feminist scholarship itself. As the chapters in this volume also discuss, across different times and geographies, some historical actors have managed to acquire sufficient political, economic, social and symbolic capital to be in a position to define what 'science' is, what problems are worthy of investigation, who counts as a 'scientist', what counts as 'scientific' labour, who should be rewarded for it and who, indeed, should be preserved in the archives of science. A substantial body of scholarship on science in imperial settings has added flesh to this argument, demonstrating that many of these asymmetries can be traced back to colonial regimes of knowledge and power. In colonial and quasi- colonial contexts like those of India and China, sciencemaking was inseparable from the business of empire- making; heroes - and scientific rationality - were defined by insidious considerations of race, not only gender, sexuality, class, caste and so on. 44 In fact, this is also the case in the American context discussed above; it is one of the reasons Lee Shetterly was asked to justify the significance of her research on Black women mathematicians at NASA. Scholarship on science and imperialism has also been instrumental in recovering the contributions to science of many invisible colonized actors, by moving away from the scientific establishment into the field, the bazaar, the entrepôt and so on, and reconceptualizing science as practice, not only knowledge. 45 It is clear that not all marginalized actors were marginalized in the same way; in/ visibility in science was intersectional. 1 3 If we are to capture their contributions to science, we need to broaden our understanding of what constitutes a 'legitimate' site of knowledge- making and 'legitimate' scientific work.

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Academic Editors: Pascal Venet and Jiangfeng Ni Received: 2 December 2024 Revised: 10 January 2025 Accepted: 13 January 2025 Published: 16 January 2025 Citation: Quintero Pulido, D.F.; Covrig, C.F.; Bruchhausen, M. On the Performance of Portable NiMH Batteries of General Use. Batteries 2025 ,11, 30. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/batteries11010030 Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Article On the Performance of Portable NiMH Batteries of General Use Diego F. Quintero Pulido * , Catalin Felix Covrig and Matthias Bruchhausen European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands; [email protected] (C.F.C.); [email protected] (M.B.) *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: NiMH batteries are the most used technology of rechargeable batteries sold directly to consumers. Herein, we study the performance of the most common sizes of portable NiMH batteries (AA, AAA, D, C, and 9V). The performance and durability parameters—capacity, charge retention, charge recovery, and endurance in cycles—are measured for these types of batteries, according to the standard IEC 61951-2:2017 NiMH batteries. The purpose of this study is to create a basis for setting minimum performance requirements for the parameters in the European Regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries, EU 2023/1542, Annex III, Part B. Results show that the charging time of 16 h could be reduced to 8 h for verifying the rated capacity. The performance of commercial batteries with regard to charge retention, charge recovery, and endurance in cycles is often found to be 25–30% better than required in the relevant IEC standard. Furthermore, we present a short comparative analysis of an application test (IEC 60086-2:2021 “toy”) for portable NiMH batteries with primary batteries. Such data allow comparing the performance of portable NiMH batteries compared to primary batteries in the application test “toy”. Keywords: NiMH battery; performance; portable batteries of general use; IEC standard; AA; AAA; C; D; 9V; battery regulation 1. Introduction The European Parliament and the Council adopted Regulation EU 2023/1542 concern- ing batteries and waste batteries in July 2023 [ 1]. It covers various categories of batteries, and one of its goals is to guarantee minimum performance and durability of batteries in the EU market to reduce environmental impacts. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission supports technical aspects for the regulation’s implementation in the coming years. One category of batteries covered by

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both in terms of the available data (which seem to be relatively skewed towards the technological sectors) and in terms of the dominance of Ukraine in terms of re- cords, compared to the other five countries. Never- theless, the analysis does highlight some relevant information about the innovation potential fuelled by the start-ups and venture capital-backed com- panies in the EaP countries. In particular, several synergies and complementa- rities between different EaP countries are primar- ily found as follows: ■the Software industry is particularly devel- oped in the region, appearing at the top of the rankings (both in terms of company and employment specialisation) for all countries, except Azerbaijan; ■the Software industries in these countries are also mainly active in the Information Technol- ogy, Mobile and Apps sectors. One exception is Georgia, for which a substantial amount of Software companies are related to Financial Services and Payments – two sectors in which the country is the leader in the region accord- ing to all specialisation indices; ■Armenia is predominantly specialised in ‘tech’ sectors; it shares strength in Mobile with Azer- baijan, as both countries feature a relevant number of industries that develop mobile software and apps; ■Ukraine covers sectors which find no corre- spondence in other countries. Table 2.54 presents the recommended selection of industry groups, based on the analysed Crunch- base data on start-ups and venture capital-backed companies. Although no official mapping of the Crunchbase Industry Groups to NACE exists, the above industry groups can be qualitatively led back to the NACE sectors presented in Table 2.55.3.6. Cluster organisations Cluster organisations are relevant intermediary structures which foster industrial, research and in- novation cooperation. Although the number of iden- tified clusters in EaP countries is small, it provides a high-quality view of the formalisation, dynamism and collaboration of the value chains in the various EaP STI ecosystems and can be useful venues sup- porting entrepreneurial discovery process. The existence of cluster or cluster-like structures in the EaP countries can be verified, for instance, by the following two sources: 1. the European Cluster Collaboration Platform 2. the report Review of the state of development of clusters in EaP countries. The European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) is a service facility aiming to provide dy- namic mapping of over 1 000 profiled cluster organisations worldwide. The facility offers a database on regional, national, international and sectoral clusters and their networks, including relevant geographic,

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WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. Geneva: WHO. https://www .who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684.Crashes geolocated from police situation r eports Crashes iden tiﬁed by crow dsourc ed r eports that were geolocat ed and clustered into in dividual cra shes IBRD KEN45648 | MARCH 2021 PART II Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries Data policies, laws, and regulations: Creating a trust environment Creating value in the data economy: The role of competition, trade, and tax policy Institutions for data governance: Building trust through collective actionAligning data governance with the social contract 5. 6. 7. 8. Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries | 157Data infrastructure policy: Ensuring equitable access for poor people and poor countries5CHAPTER Main messages As new mobile technologies emerge, policy makers should proactively facilitate their rollout by promoting service competition, where possible, and infrastructure sharing, where necessary. Universal service policies should incorporate measures designed to ease the demand-side barriers often faced by those who do not seek data services even when they are locally available. These measures include programs to improve the aﬀ ordability of handsets and data services, while enhancing the digital literacy of excluded groups. To ensure high-speed, cost-eﬀ ective data services, policy makers should facilitate development of domestic data infrastructure that allows local storage, processing, and exchange of data so that data need not travel through distant overseas facilities. A competitive market and open governance arrangements are two policies that support the creation of internet exchange points. Establishment of colocation data centers will depend on a stable investment climate for private sector investors, combined with the availability of low-cost reliable sources of clean energy. 1 2 3 4 158 | World Development Report 2021 Data infrastructure as a source of inequity Infrastructure is a prerequisite for collecting, exchanging, storing, processing, and distributing modern data because of its digital character. Har - nessing the full economic and social value of modern data services calls for digital infrastructure that is universally accessible, while also offering adequate internet speed at affordable cost. Yet the developing world is lagging behind, with major gaps between rich and poor people on broadband connectivity, and a substantial divide emerging between rich and poor countries in the availability of data infrastructure. Well-designed infrastructure policies are needed to redress these adverse trends. Concerns about inequities in access to data infra-

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offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives School leaders cannot lead schools alone 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 15 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders. Chapter 5 on system leadership points at several key positions in education administration at the local and central levels where officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals and through their effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. At the local level, the roles and responsibilities of system leaders support schools. At the central level, system leaders, by definition, design change that can potentially affect all parts of the system. At the local level, depending on the education system’s governance structures, district education officers, inspectors, supervisors and superintendents may or may not demonstrate a commitment to raising standards, improving individual learning, supporting schools and accounting to communities for the quality of service provided. They may be proactive and resourceful, seeking advice for professional improvement, taking initiative, looking for evidence, planning ahead, anticipating needs and finding solutions, often beyond the call of duty. But even when their roles are clearly described, they may fear taking responsibility and be negligent and insensitive to community needs, and unaware of priorities or ways to address them. They may show favouritism or biases, breach duties, and regard their position not as a public service but as an opportunity for private benefit. At the central level, there are similar issues but an even

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gobernanza y rendición de cuentas, las cuales varían mucho de un país a otro, ya que, a menudo, se basan en normas culturales ( recuadro 1.1 ) (Ärlestig et al., 2016). Las oportunidades para ejercer el liderazgo también varían dependiendo del país, especialmente entre las instituciones educativas. Cada centro preescolar, escuela, instituto técnico y profesional, colegio, universidad y centro de educación de adultos se sitúa en un contexto diferente. Además, sus responsables se enfrentan a expectativas distintas por parte de los miembros de la comunidad a la que sirven. Los centros educativos pequeños y grandes, públicos y privados, urbanos y rurales, con recursos y sin recursos, se enfrentan a condiciones diferentes. Las instituciones que operan en contextos de emergencia o en comunidades étnica y lingüísticamente heterogéneas exigen que los líderes estén profundamente informados y sean sensibles a su entorno. Estas tres preguntas ayudan a enmarcar el debate sobre las funciones de los líderes educativos. En lo que respecta a la primera cuestión -el propósito de la educación-, es posible que los líderes educativos no sepan cómo abordar unos y otros objetivos y corran el riesgo de que los árboles no les dejen ver el bosque. Es posible que centrarse en la mejora de los resultados mensurables del aprendizaje, que es en lo que se basan la mayoría de los estudios de investigación, pueda ir en detrimento de la mejora de otra serie de resultados deseables de la educación, como el establecimiento de un entorno inclusivo ## RECUADRO 1.1: ## Las reformas de la autonomía y la rendición de cuentas en algunos países han configurado la percepción de las funciones de liderazgo educativo a escala mundial Según un informe mundial sobre liderazgo, uno de los principales retos es que, aunque la mayoría de la gente estaría de acuerdo en que el liderazgo es importante para la educación, gran parte de las pruebas que lo corroboran proceden de un número relativamente pequeño de países de altos ingresos, principalmente anglófonos, que, por razones históricas y culturales, han experimentado con enfoques de gobernanza particulares. Sus reformas los distinguen del resto del mundo, sin embargo, ejercen una gran influencia en los debates mundiales sobre liderazgo educativo. La autonomía de las escuelas en cuanto a planificación, presupuestación y asignación de recursos educativos, incluidos los recursos humanos, depende de la centralización del sistema educativo. Los países que han avanzado en la investigación sobre el impacto del liderazgo

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an empty rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. The test mouse was allowed to habituate to the arena for 10 min. After this habituation period, it was guided to the center of the arena, and a novel unfamiliar mouse (juvenile 4-8 week old C57Bl6/J male mouse) was placed into a mesh enclosure in one corner, whereas an identical empty mesh enclosure was placed in the opposite corner of the arena. The mesh enclosure allowed for air exchange, visual, olfactory and auditory interaction, but prevented fighting and biting of the miniature microscope cable by the interactor mouse. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min. Behavioral measurements during this test phase included visits to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object) (<10 cm, for a minimum of 5s) and overall time spent in proximity. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. On test day 2, the same identical procedure was performed, with the position of the empty mesh enclosure and the one containing an unfamiliar interactor exchanged. Tracking was automatically performed using the ANY-maze software and analyzed with custom-written MATLAB (MathWorks) scripts. ## Fear conditioning and memory retrieval On testing day 1 (fear conditioning), mice were placed in a 30 3 30 cm chamber with transparent walls and a metal rod floor (context A) (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy) inside a sound-attenuating chamber under low light conditions. Behavioral protocols for stimuli control were generated using the ANY-maze software via TTL pulses. Following a 240 s acclimation period, an 80 dB white noise [conditioned stimulus (CS)] lasting 30 s followed by a 2 s delivery of a 0.5 mA alternating current footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)] was delivered five times with pseudorandom inter-trial interval (ITI) (range of 64-104 s). The chamber was cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. After twenty-four hours (testing day 2) mice were tested for fear memory retrieval. Animals were placed in a 30 x 30 chamber that differed from the conditioning context by having a solid Plexiglass floor and black and white stripes and squares patterns on the walls. Following a 240 s acclimation period, the same CS, lasting 30 s, was presented five times with a pseudorandom ITI (range of 60-100 s). The chamber was cleaned with 1% acetic acid before

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[]

Their leadership styles reflect their personalities and expertise but also adapt to fit their teams’ characteristics, their organizations’ goals and their context. The variety of leadership styles is precisely why there is no easy way of demonstrating how they impact education. It is also why that impact is frequently overlooked. Yet the need for good school, system and political leaders is acute to help drive education in the right direction, particularly as education challenges remain daunting. Leadership is often associated with politics and business. Popular literature on management gives many examples of considering the skills, personality traits, behaviours, styles, motivations and values of leaders, with a tendency to focus on them as exceptional individuals. In one such example, a five-item list describes ‘what effective leaders do’. The authors say that they set standards of excellence and an example for others to follow (‘model the way’); envision an ideal of what an organization can become (‘inspire a shared vision’); look for innovative ways to improve an organization (‘challenge the process’); foster collaboration, strive to create an atmosphere of trust and make each person feel capable (‘enable others to act’); and recognize the contributions that individuals make (‘encourage the heart’) (Kouzes and Posner, 2017). In another well-read publication targeting the business world, leadership is defined as ‘a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal’ (Kruse, 2013). This definition has two implications: first, that leadership is not conferred automatically by being in a position of power but by an ability to affect other people’s actions, and second, that leadership is framed in terms of a goal for which leaders play an important role in its formulation and behind which members of a team, organization or society can rally. In education, a recent definition mirrors these two concepts: ‘leadership is the advocacy of a particular form of organizing’ (Eacott, 2022): ‘advocacy’ stands for an influence process, while the ‘form of organizing’ alludes to the existence of a goal. Considering that leadership in education involves specific goals, a process of influence to mobilize people towards them, and opportunities but also constraints to achieving them, three questions arise. First, what goals do education leaders try to achieve? This report calls all those interested in education to #LeadforLearning. Defining the objectives of learning is a political process that involves everyone with a stake in education. There is a

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abortion was correlated with women's right to control their bodies, the deconstruction of the dominant conceptualization of motherhood, the transformation of the notion of family into a choice and the distinction between sexuality and reproduction. 74 Similarly, contraception was communicated through collective actions for sharing experiences and knowledge, as a continuous mutual learning process. 75 In such articles, contraception as part of birth control was correlated with women's and social liberation, which contradicted the established 'sexophobic ideology'. The contextualization of the issue included the study of women's reproductive organs and menstrual cycle, while at the same time it was conceived as a step towards the reformation of the women's relationship with the doctors based on equality. 76 Last, related analysis perceived contraception as a 'women's right and state's duty' linked to the 'improvement of women's sexual life'. 77 ## Conclusion In this chapter, I examined the relationship between science and society in the second half of the twentieth century in Greece by focusing on the public presence of abortion and contraception, right after the first feminist attempts to secure reproductive justice. More specifically, I documented the publics and counterpublics of birth control, focusing on the meanings embodied in the discourses produced by different social groups. I have emphasized the role of gender power relations in science communication practices and argued that this methodological path could operate as a lens that enables us to depict the overlooked role of women in the reconstruction of the relationship between science and society. To that end, I have used the feminist and queer approaches regarding the notion of the public sphere and showed that approaching the concept as a complex and fluid entity is necessary for examining herstories of science communication and, consequently, women's involvement in science. It is exactly this fluidity that I suggest shows the multilayered phenomenon of the relationship between science and society and reveals women's engagement with different forms of knowledge. In examining the publics of birth control, I have focused on the press - the public debate, the medical, political and religious/ religion- friendly spheres. Regarding the press, I demonstrated how polarization became the primary practice of the communication of birth control and resulted in the de- scientization of abortion and contraception in the public discourses. In other words, focusing on presenting opinions of different social groups for or against the decriminalization of abortions or the use of contraception,

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sharks. Divers collected more than 600 discarded teeth from an aquarium housing the sharks. 16 teeth – those that were completely intact and undamaged – were used for the pH experiment, while 36 more teeth were used to measure before and after circumference. The teeth were incubated for eight weeks in separate 20-liter tanks. “This study began as a bachelor’s project and grew into a peer-reviewed publication. It’s a great example of the potential of student research,” said the study’s senior author, Prof Sebastian Fraune, who heads the Zoology and Organismic Interactions Institute at HHU. “Curiosity and initiative can spark real scientific discovery.” Compared to the teeth incubated at 8.1 pH, the teeth exposed to more acidic water were significantly more damaged. “We observed visible surface damage such as cracks and holes, increased root corrosion, and structural degradation,” said Fraune. Tooth circumference was also greater at higher pH levels. Teeth, however, did not actually grow, but the surface structure became more irregular, resulting in it appearing larger on 2D images. While an altered tooth surface may improve cutting efficiency, it potentially also makes teeth structurally weaker and more prone to break. Small damage, big effects The study only looked at discarded teeth of non-living mineralized tissue, which means repair processes that may happen in living organisms could not be considered. “In living sharks, the situation may be more complex. They could potentially remineralize or replace damaged teeth faster, but the energy costs of this would be probably higher in acidified waters,” Fraune explained. Blacktip reef sharks must swim with their mouths permanently open to be able to breathe, so teeth are constantly exposed to water. If the water is too acidic, the teeth automatically take damage, especially if acidification intensifies, the researchers said. “Even moderate drops in pH could affect more sensitive species with slow tooth replication circles or have cumulative impacts over time,” Baum pointed out. “Maintaining ocean pH near the current average of 8.1 could be critical for the physical integrity of predators’ tools.” In addition, the study only focused on the chemical effects of ocean acidification on non-living tissue. Future studies should examine changes to teeth, their chemical structure, and mechanical resilience in live sharks, the researchers said. The study shows, however, that microscopic damage might be enough to pose a serious problem for animals depending on their teeth for survival. “It’s a reminder that climate change

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[]

the way the Ministry tried to limit the number of medical professionals working in schools getting tenure. It was also because many of them had started their jobs as school doctors shortly before the law allowing them to work in secondary schools for girls was passed, in 1928. Consequently, they did not have the requested three provisional years, even though they possessed the mandatory School Hygiene diploma. 162 Negotiating in/visibility To illustrate the professional trajectory for women who decided to become school doctors, I have selected two cases that are representative for this career, made possible by the 1928 law. Medicine had been a highly respected profession since the nineteenth century, allowing those who prac - tised it financial independence and bringing them social prestige. However, even though women were allowed to study in medical schools in Europe around the turn of the century,57 not all of them ended up practising,58 while others occupied subordinated positions inside the public health administra - tion.59 Although after the war the number of female students in medicine in Greater Romania increased and they began working in hospitals, materni - ties and other healthcare institutions, it was still male doctors who consti - tuted the majority of medical personnel leading and working in the sanitary administration.60 Therefore, when the 1928 law was passed, the recruit - ment of female doctors for the public health administration was still in its infancy. By then however there were two different generations of female medical graduates: women born at the end of the previous century, who had finished their studies prior to the war, and those born at the turn of the century, who had studied during the 1920s. The cases I have selected are representative of the two categories: the first doctor belongs to the first gen - eration of female professionals, while the latter belongs to the second gen - eration. Still, one can notice that both women had been appointed hygiene teachers and had also been granted tenure around the same year. As those moments were almost simultaneous, one can conclude that age or genera - tional traits did not have a significant impact on the opportunities that the new law opened for female doctors. Their professional paths seemed to have depended entirely on the financial capacity of the public school administra - tion to accommodate them. Eliza Ștefănescu Eliza Ștefănescu was born in 1882

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- 7 E. Geoff, 'Politics, culture and the public sphere', Positions , 10: 1 (2002), 230. - 8 M. Hawkesworth, 'Gender and the 'public': A theoretical overview', paper presented at the 20th Congress of the International Political Science Association, 9- 13 July 2006. - 9 P. Werbner, 'Political motherhood and the feminization of citizenship: Women's activism and the transformation of the public sphere', in N. Yuval- Davis and P. Werbner (eds), Women, Citizenship and Difference (Postcolonial Encounters) (London: Zed Books, 1999), p. 221. - 10 Geoff, 'Politics, culture and the public sphere', p. 230. - 11 M. M. Ferree, W. A. Gamson, J. Gerhards and D. Rucht, 'Four models of the public sphere in modern democracies', Theory and Society , 31 (2002), 307. - 12 R. Benson, 'Shaping the public sphere: Habermas and beyond', American Sociologist , 40 (2009), 178. - 13 M. Loehwing and J. Motter, 'Publics, counterpublics and the promise of democracy', Philosophy & Rhetoric , 42: 3 (2009), 220- 41. - 14 Loehwing and Motter, 'Public, counterpublics', p. 221. 2 9 5 - 15 S. Susen, 'Critical notes on Habermas's theory of the public sphere', Sociological Analysis , 5: 1 (2011), 52. - 16 Susen, 'Critical notes', p. 53. - 17 Susen, 'Critical notes', p. 55. - 18 M. Pajnik, 'Feminist reflections on Habermas's communicative action: The need for an inclusive political theory', European Journal of Social Theory , 9: 3 (2006), 391. - 19 J. Rendal, 'Women and the public sphere', Gender & History, 11: 3 (1999), 482. - 20 N. Fraser, 'Transnationalizing the public sphere: On the legitimacy and efficacy of public opinion in a post- Westphalian world', Theory Culture Society , 24 (2007), 7- 30. - 21 N. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy', Social Text , 25: 26 (1990), 67- 68. - 22 N. Fraser, 'Politics, culture, and the public sphere: Toward a postmodern conception', in L. Nicholson and S. Seidman (eds), Social Postmodernism: Beyond Identity Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995), p. 291. - 23 M. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (London: Zone Books, 2005), p. 56. - 24 Warner, Publics and Counterpublics , p. 58. - 25 Loehwing and Motter, 'Publics and counterpublics', p. 223. - 26 R. Cohen and S. O'Byrne, ' 'Can you hear me now…Good!' Feminism(s), the public/ private divide, and Citizens United v. FEC', UCLA Journal of Gender and Law , 20: 1 (2013), 39. - 27 The Junta of the Colonels (1967- 74). The fall of the dictatorial regime and the military government was defined by the Polytechnic Uprising, a dynamic rebellion that started with the occupation of the National Technical University of Athens and ended with the tank invasion and bloodshed of 17 November 1973. See A. Liakos, Ο ελληνικός 20 ος αιώνας [ The Greek 20th Century ] (Athens: Polis Publications 2020), pp. 392-

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the skull using ultraviolet light-curable glue (Loctite 4305, Henkel) and miniature screws (P.A. Precision Screws). Dental acrylic (Paladur, Heraeus) was used to seal the skull and attach a custom-made head bar for animal head fixation during the miniature microscope mounting procedure. Mice were allowed to recover for 1 week after surgery before checking for GCaMP6s expression. ## Optogenetic manipulations VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 45) were bilaterally injected with AAV2/5.CAG.flex.ArchT-GFP (University of North Carolina vector core, UNC) or AAV2/5.CAG.flex.GFP (University of North Carolina vector core, UNC) into the aIC (300 nL per hemisphere, coordinates from bregma: AP: +1.95 mm; ML: ± 2.85 mm; DV: 3.3 mm). Immediately after the AAV injection, mice were bilaterally implanted with custom-made optic fiber connectors (fiber numerical aperture 0.5, fiber inner core diameter 200 m m, length: 5mm; Thorlabs). Fiber tips were lowered 3 mm below the cortical surface using a custom-built holder. Implants were fixed to the skull using cyanoacrylate glue (Ultra Gel, Henkel) and miniature screws (P.A. Precision Screws). Dental acrylic was used to seal the skull. Mice were allowed to recover for a minimum of 4 weeks before behavioral testing to ensure adequate viral transduction. ## Deep-brain Ca 2+ imaging Ca 2+ imaging studies in freely moving mice were performed via the implanted GRIN lens using a miniaturized microscope (nVista, V3, nVista HD; Inscopix) as previously described (Ghosh et al., 2011). A base plate for the miniature microscope was glued to the dental acrylic implant at least 1 week before the start of behavioral experiments. During this time, mice were habituated to a brief head-fixation on a running wheel in a custom-made mounting station and to the miniature microscope attachment procedure. Images were acquired using the nVista HD software (Inscopix) at 1024 x 800 pixels, covering a field-of-view of approximately 600 m m 3 600 m m , at a frame rate of 20 Hz. Imaging parameters were set at LED power of 40-80% (0.9-1.7 mW at the objective, 475 nm). For each mouse, the same parameters were maintained across repeated behavioral sessions. Time stamps of imaging   frames and behavioral stimuli were collected for alignment using the AMi-2 Digital interface (ANY-maze). All behavioral sessions were recorded using an overhead camera and the ANY-maze software. ## Social preference test Social preference was assessed by means of a modified classical three-chamber social task (Ramos-Prats et al., 2019), consisting of

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a 12/12 h light/dark cycle with access to food and water ad libitum. All behavioral experiments were conducted during the light cycle. ## METHOD DETAILS ## Surgical procedures Anesthesia was induced with a combination of intraperitoneally injected Ketamine (80 mg/kg; Ketasol, AniMedica) and Xylazine (5 mg/kg; Xylasol, Animedica) and maintained with 2% Sevofluran (SEVOrane). The head was then fixed on a stereotactic frame (Model 1900; Kopf Instruments) and ophthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes to avoid drying. Postoperative pain medication included administration of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim; 1 mg/kg subcutaneously). At the end of the experimental procedures, mice were deeply anesthetized with thiopental sodium (150 mg/kg, i.p.) and transcardially perfused with a fixative made of 4% paraformaldehyde, 15% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate-buffer (PB), pH 7.2-7.4. Brains were cut into 50 m mthick coronal sections using a vibratome (Leica Microsystems VT1000S, Vienna, Austria). ## Mono-trans-synaptic rabies tracing VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 7) were unilaterally injected with a 1:1 mixture of AAV1.syn.FLEX.splitTVA-EGFP-tTA (1.7 3 10 13 GC/mL, ^ diluted 1:50, Addgene #100798) and AAV1.TREtight.mTagBFP2-B19G (3.2 3 10 13 GC/mL, Addgene #100799) into the aIC (coor-^ dinates from bregma: AP: +2.00 mm; ML: ± 2.75 mm; DV: 3.4 mm) in a volume of 300 nL. Mice were allowed to recover for 1 week before the injection of the rabies virus RV.EnvA.dG.mCherry (300 nL, produced in house; Viral Vector Core, Salk Institute) using the same coordinates. One week following the RV injection in the aIC, mice were transcardially perfused as described above. ## Anterograde tracing VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 2) were unilaterally injected with a AAV5.CamKIIa-hChR2(HI34R)-mCherry (5.1 3 10 12 GC/mL, Addgene ^ #26975) into the MD (coordinates from bregma: AP: /C0 1.58mm; ML: +0.44 mm; DV: /C0 3.20 mm) in a volume of 300 nL. Mice were allowed to recover for 3 weeks before perfusion to ensure adequate viral transduction. ## Deep-brain Ca 2+ imaging VIP-ires-cre mice (N = 7) were unilaterally injected with 300 nL AAV2/9.CAG.flex.GCaMP6s (Addgene, #100842) into the aIC using a glass pipette (tip diameter /C24 30 m m) connected to a Picospritzer III microinjection system (Parker Hannifin Corporation) at the following coordinates from bregma: anterior-posterior (AP): +1.95 mm; medio-lateral (ML): +2.85 mm; dorso-ventral (DV): 3.3 mm. Immediately after the AAV injection, a GRIN lens (0.6 3 7.3 mm GLP-0673, Inscopix) was lowered into the aIC as previously described using a custom-built lens holder, and fixed to

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[]

Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, Franziska Roesner, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Defending against neural fake news. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12616 . Yukun Zhu, Ryan Kiros, Rich Zemel, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. 2015. Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books. In Proceedings of the 15th IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV) , pages 19-27. Table 3: Best parameters per decoding strategy. | strategy | best parameters | |-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | top-k top-p | k = 2 p = 0 . 4 beam size = 15 groups = 2 penalty = 0 . 2 penalty = 0 . 1 top-k = 100 beam size = 6 ; L = 1 | | BS | | | GROUPBS | | | SIBLINGBS | | | DELAYEDBS | | | BS b | beam size = 15 blocking order = 20 | ## 8 Appendix ## 8.1 Hyperparameters We conduct a parameter sweep on the small transformer model on the validation set. The following table shows the configuration for each decoding strategy that leds to the highest USPG score. ## 8.2 Generation Examples We reported some examples generated with different strategies in table 5. ## 8.3 Other metrics We explored how decoding strategy affects other dimensions of the generated text. Results are reported in table 4. We measure several statistics ovtaer the generated text: - · The average number of distinct sentences for each generated text; - · The average number of named entities in each sentence; - · The average number of tokens in each sentence; - · The average number of conjunctions in the dependency tree of each sentence; To compute the above metrics, we used spaCy . In particular we used its tokenizer to split tokens and sentences, its named entity recognition capability to identify named entities and its dependency parser to count the number of conjunctions. Furthermore, we analyzed the grammatical correctness of the generated text, counting the success  Delay Lenght Figure 5: Ablation study over delay length. We report on the x-axis the delay length and on the y-axis the number of distinct supported sentences obtained for each delay length. Horizontal lines represent the value obtained on the validation set using top-k decoding strategy. All the generations were performed on the validation set using the small transformer trained on CCNEWS.

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2 2 7 3 1 13 3 2 36 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 34 19 19 699 AZ 12 9 2 22 284 BY 34 12 15 33 328 2880 GE 19 9 15 3 32 348 MD 2 33 3 61 863 UA 19 22 328 32 61 9 112 PublicationsFigure 3.58. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 216 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Regional collaboration in Optics and pho- tonics Similar trends can be observed in the case of Op- tics and photonics. Most collaborations are with external partners. There are few EC projects in col- laboration within the EaP.Regional collaboration in Transportation In terms of Transportation publications, there are very few. The highest number of collaborations are Ukraine and Belarus with external partners. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 1 1 1 1 4 12 1 2 1 4 7 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 2 17 6 1 6 296 AZ 2 3 3 1 2 45 BY 17 3 5 10 63 826 GE 6 3 5 1 10 257 MD 1 1 10 1 10 70 UA 6 2 63 10 10 1 988 PublicationsFigure 3.59. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Optics and photonics’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 3 17 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM AZ BY 10 66 GE MD UA 10 505 PublicationsFigure 3.60. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Transportation’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation217 Russian federation Germany Poland United States France United Kingdom Italy Spain China Switzerland Agrifood 289 140 127 150 105 84 113 66 42 51 Biotechnology 966 580 671 661 548 241 156 146 159 45 Chemistry and chemical engineering 1 186 633 399 356 287 116 143 119 86 54 Electric and electronic technologies 304 173 248 182 134 68 82 84 81 22 Energy 361 149 233 171 72 52 66 73

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[]

| 21.57%) Nanotechnology and materials (8 | 10.53%) Nanotechnology and materials (4 | 6.9%)ICT and computer science (15 | 34.88%) ICT and computer science (16 | 23.88%) ICT and computer science (34 | 16.67%)ICT and computer science (61 | 18.89%) ICT and computer science (2 | 10.53%)ICT and computer science (18 | 31.03%)ICT and computer science (19 | 25.0%)Environmental sciences and industries (3 | 15.79%) Environmental sciences and industries (8 | 13.79%)Environmental sciences and industries (15 | 19.74%)Environmental sciences and industries (63 | 19.5%)Environmental sciences and industries (45 | 22.06%) Energy (5 | 11.63%) Energy (54 | 16.72%)Energy (2 | 10.53%) Energy (11 | 16.42%) Energy (6 | 7.89%)Energy (43 | 21.08%)Agrifood (2 | 10.53%) Agrifood (5 | 8.62%) Agrifood (7 | 9.21%)Optics and photonics (13 | 19.4%)Health and wellbeing (10 | 13.16%) Health and wellbeing (4 | 6.9%)Health and wellbeing (41 | 20.1%)Health and wellbeing (56 | 17.34%)Health and wellbeing (4 | 9.3%) Biotechnology (3 | 6.98%) Biotechnology (29 | 8.98%)Biotechnology (1 | 5.26%) Biotechnology (20 | 9.8%)Biotechnology (3 | 5.17%)Fundamental physics and mathematics (7 | 10.45%) Fundamental physics and mathematics (3 | 6.98%)Chemistry and chemical engineering (1 | 5.26%)Chemistry and chemical engineering (6 | 8.96%) Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation173 4. Critical mass, specialisation and excellence indicators in the S&T specialisation domains 4.1 Methodology The S&T specialisation domains in the Eastern Partnership (i.e. the labelled topic groups extract- ed using the topic modelling technique in Chapter 2) have been further characterised by computing their respective critical mass and specialisation in- dicators in each of the six EaP countries. An initial overview has been compiled of the do- mains featuring the most intensive S&T activity in each country by looking at the raw number of records (critical mass) per domain, per type of source and per country. The domains have been ranked accordingly. Additionally, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been calculated for all domains in each country, in terms of number of publications, for the period 2012-2019 (the selected period for this analysis). This gives an indication of whether or not the number of publications in a domain has been growing over the last few years, signalling the growing or dwindling relevance of said domain in the country. The CAGR has not been comput- ed for patents, as the number of patents regis- tered has been decreasing over the

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[]

a source gas. - PECVD plasma enhanced CVD - TCVD thermal CVD - MOCVD metal organic CVD - a thermal CVD method By a plasma CVD method, a high-quality film can be formed at a relatively low temperature. Furthermore, a thermal CVD method does not use plasma and thus is a deposition method that enables less plasma damage to an object. For example, a wiring, an electrode, an element (e.g., a transistor or a capacitor), or the like included in a semiconductor device might be charged up by receiving charges from plasma. In that case, accumulated charges might break the wiring, electrode, element, or the like included in the semiconductor device. By contrast, when a thermal CVD method not using plasma is employed, such plasma damage is not caused and the yield of the semiconductor device can be increased. A thermal CVD method does not cause plasma damage during deposition, so that a film with few defects can be obtained. - An ALD method is also a deposition method that can enables less plasma damage to an object. Thus, a film with few defects can be obtained. - a precursor used in an ALD method sometimes contains impurities such as carbon. - a film provided by an ALD method contains impurities such as carbon in a larger amount than a film provided by another deposition method. - impurities can be quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). - a film is formed by reaction at a surface of an object. - a CVD method and an ALD method are deposition methods that enable favorable step coverage almost regardless of the shape of an object. - an ALD method enables excellent step coverage and excellent thickness uniformity and can be favorably used to cover a surface of an opening with a high aspect ratio, for example. - an ALD method has a relatively low deposition rate; hence, it is sometimes preferable to combine an ALD method with another deposition method with a high deposition rate, such as a CVD method. - the composition of a film to be formed can be controlled with a flow rate ratio of the source gases. - a film with a certain composition can be formed depending on the flow rate ratio of the source gases. - a CVD method or an ALD method by changing the flow rate ratio of the source gases while forming the

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[]

Faculty of Medicine started becoming resentful towards older professionals who had been working in different institutions prior to and after the war, not necessarily because they pursued such positions, but because they were needed. The Ministry of Instruction seemed to agree with their complaints, since from that moment on, due to economic difficulties, the holding of multiple public positions by a single individual was no longer permitted. However, because doctors appointed to school positions did not have tenure for at least three years, their salary was paid by the School Committee, which meant that the amount was akin to a daily allowance. The Ministry of Instruction only paid their full salaries once doctors received tenure from the school. This was the reason some doctors juggled multiple jobs. In fact, some male doctors resigned because they found their pay incommensurate with the work they did in schools. The Ministry of Instruction was thus trying to correct the consequences of a flawed law, which relied heavily on the collaboration of doctors who were also engaged elsewhere, as it lacked the funds to finance all specialists who obtained tenure. Another important reason for this situation was Constantin Angelescu s long- term vision regarding the creation of new ʼ schools and school services. In his opinion, what mattered most was passing the law and initiating the project; once this stage had been completed, financial means would be found more easily. 40 In fact, in the case of school medical services this way of thinking generated massive pressure on the School Committees' budget, as they were the ones covering the doctors' salaries until they received tenure. ## Male versus female doctors The new legislation generated inequity and frustration between male and female doctors. If women fared better in larger cities, since the number of secondary schools was higher, in smaller towns they faced numerous problems. Smaller towns meant fewer opportunities not only for women, but also for men; however, men were still better integrated into the public administration, as underdeveloped as it was, and they tried to protect their monopoly. One extraordinary example from Curtea de Argeș, a small town in the southern part of the country, shows that male doctors went to extreme lengths to preserve their privileges. In September 1929, shortly after being appointed doctor at the theological seminary boarding school by the Ministry of Instruction, George Ivancianu wrote to the school authorities

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[ { "end": 1501, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1499 } ]

except fuels (SITC 2) for almost 13%, those in Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6) for more than 10% and those in Machinery and transport equipment (SITC 7) for almost 16%. The 26 goods categories with emerging strength represent almost 48% of the total exports. Export specialisations are primarily increasing in Beverages and tobacco (SITC 1); Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (SITC 2); and Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6). Georgia has a diversified export specialisation, suggesting that the country should be better able to deal with economic downturns and to benefit from booming product markets. ## Table 2.18. Goods export specialisation for Georgia | SITC | Goods name | Current strength | %share of exports | Emerging strength | %share of exports | |--------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------| | | | 18 | 60.9% | 26 | 47.9% | | 0 | Food and live animals | | | | | | 001 | Live animals other than animals of division 03 | X | 1.8% | | | | 056 | Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.2% | | 058 | Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) | | | X | 0.4% | | 075 | Spices | X | 0.3% | X | 0.3% | | 098 | Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.2% | | 1 | Beverages and tobacco | | | | | | 111 | Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. | X | 4.4% | X | 4.4% | | 112 | Alcoholic beverages | X | 9.0% | X | 9.0% | | 2 | Crude materials, inedible, except fuels | | | | | | 283 | Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copper | X | 11.4% | X | 11.4% | | 288 | Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. | X | 1.3% | | | | 289 | Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) | | | X | 0.3% | | 3 | Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials | | | | | | 333 | Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude | | | X | 1.3% | | 334 | Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s.,

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[]

discussed herein. - the AI/ML outputs are used by their respective MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322 to update and/or control various MRF aspects. - the data stream data 342 and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) 312 to train AI/ML object recognition model(s) to identify recoverable (commodity) materials from waste/material streams based on features extracted from the data stream data 342 . - the features can be based on the sensor data 331 (e.g., indicated size, shape, color, molecular structure, and/or other properties of the recoverable materials) and/or MHU status information 332 (e.g., MHU capabilities, MHU operational parameters, operational and/or system data/metrics of on-board compute systems, and/or the like). - the trained AI/ML object recognition models can then be used by the control system 302 and/or individual MHUs 322 to identify and/or recognize the commodity materials from later obtained data stream data 342 , which can then be used by the MHUs 322 to efficiently sort out the desired (commodity) materials from the waste stream and/or other material streams. - the data stream data 342 and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) 312 to optimize the functionality of the set of MHUs 322 and/or optimize the functionality of the MRF system as a whole. - the AI/ML system(s) 312 can determine optimal operational parameters 343 for different MHUs 322 and/or other MRF components in the MRF to optimize the sorting of materials out of the waste streams (or other material streams) based on the information from other MHUs 322 and/or the local MRF data streams 331 , 332 . - the operational parameters 343 can include optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the tasks/actions performed by individual MHUs 322 , optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the types and/or amounts of data collected by individual sensors 321 , rearranging individual MHUs 322 and/or individual sensors 321 within the MRF for sorting different materials and/or for load balancing purposes, and/or the like. - the rearranging of the MRF components can include taking MRF components offline, and instructing them to be moved to a service area for maintenance and/or testing purposes. - the operational parameters 343 can include autonomous control of material baling and bunker section selection based on material conditions, capacity, and/or the like. In these ways, the MRF components 321 , 322 can be configured to work together

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[]

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(que pueden incluir la manipulación) tengan asociaciones o connotaciones negativas. Incluso la influencia puede considerarse positiva o negativa. Pero, ¿es eso suficiente para que el liderazgo se pueda considerar como un concepto independiente? Otro comentarista llegó a preguntar: «si el liderazgo es un tipo, o una faceta, de influencia, ¿no significa eso que el «liderazgo» como tal es innecesario? Es decir, si de lo que realmente estamos hablando es de influencia, ¿por qué no utilizamos directamente esa palabra? (…). En resumidas cuentas, ¿por qué, al describir y analizar el flujo de la acción colectiva y la conducta de las personas como parte de ese proceso hablamos de liderazgo y no de influencia o poder?» (Gronn, 2003, p. 276-277). Una de las conclusiones más citadas en la literatura sobre el liderazgo educativo es que «prácticamente no hay casos documentados de escuelas con problemas que se hayan recuperado sin la intervención de un buen líder » (Leithwood et al., 2004). La intención de este informe es ver cómo puede utilizarse esta perspectiva para ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones a diseñar políticas que garanticen que cada establecimiento o institución educativa cuente con líderes preparados para abordar y resolver competentemente los problemas educativos. Esto desplaza la atención de los individuos excepcionales a los procesos sistemáticos. ¿Necesitamos otro héroe, o tenemos que animar y nutrir a diversos grupos de personas con un buen potencial de liderazgo para que ejerzan este tipo de carreras? Si las personas que ocupan actualmente puestos de liderazgo son vulnerables a estar demasiado seguras de sí mismas, de sus capacidades y de sus puntos de vista, ¿cómo pueden organizarse los sistemas educativos para apoyar la contratación en estos puestos de personas comprometidas y que no actúen solas, sino con y para su comunidad?  ## ¿Necesitamos más héroes?  Definir el liderazgo en educación en términos de influencia y objetivos abre el ámbito de este informe. Es necesario movilizar a nivel escolar, local, nacional y mundial a las personas y las organizaciones, independientemente de la función o cargo que desempeñen, para que definan objetivos concretos y trabajen colectivamente en su consecución ( cuadro 1.1 ). - Los líderes escolares acaparan la mayor atención tanto en la investigación como en la política. Según el país, la cultura, el contexto, la gobernanza y la práctica, pueden utilizarse términos como «administrador/a», «director/a», «rector/a» o «jefe/a

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provided a platform for collaboration for women scientists beyond the East- West divide. Although Rees Koerner and Gooday caution against 'glib[ly] describ[ing] their geographical scope as global', the available data show that ICWES was regularly attended by women delegates from around thirty countries, with variations in regional visibility 1 9 between different conferences: 'South American nations were most visible in ICWES 1 (USA); African nations were first apparent at ICWES 2 (UK); and only at ICWES 4 (Poland) was there broad participation from Eastern European nations, with the USA constituency (44 attendees) for the first time overshadowed by a large majority of native (Polish) participants (423 attendees).' As the two authors emphasize, the ICWES archive provides an opportunity to place engineering firmly on the agenda of future historiographies of women in 'science', not least because engineering was less exclusionary a field than the fundamental or 'pure' sciences, as the participation of delegates from African, Asian and South American countries also demonstrate. This is not to say that certain countries did not feature more prominently in the organization of these conferences than others. Indeed, as the authors point out, 'the planning and programming of successive meetings relied on the national- level organisations for women in science and engineering most prominently in eight countries: Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Poland, UK and USA'. Rees Koerner and Gooday's chapter also renders visible the intersections of collective and individual agencies of women in STEMM, for example, by showing that transnational collaboration between national bodies and the untiring effort of individual engineers like Ira Rischowski were essential to the success of these events. The trans- regional approach they employ is particularly effective at exposing the politics and anxieties over the low number of women in science in the US and Western Europe, especially in the charged geopolitical climate of the Cold War, when comparison with the countries of the communist bloc became topical. As the authors point out, 'it was left … to the communist countries participating in ICWES meetings to highlight their more developed capacity to educate, equip and enrol women for roles in engineering and applied science'. The political undertones of this mission cannot be ignored and delegates from communist countries likely regarded the promotion of women's participation in engineering and applied science as a tool of science diplomacy. Of course, the link between science, gender and politics was not emblematic of

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[]

in the hospital, as well as in pri - vate homes. Scientific work In addition to her medical practice, Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti also devoted herself to scientific research on tropical diseases, which was to be the first small contribution before a large scientific institute could be established. She focused on cutaneous leishmaniasis,55 also known at the time as ‘Oriental’ or ‘Baghdad lump’, which was caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and left permanent scars in the form of large ulcers all over the body. She set herself the task of finding a natural vector, while trying to prevent the disease from developing by transplanting a small graft of skin from a person who had already had the disease, which provided immunity. In her report to Masaryk, she stated: In the field of medical research, cutaneous leishmaniasis (the so- called Baghdad lump) has been investigated. To prove its natural vectors, the cooperation of Dr Drbohlav of the State Institute of Health was requested for microbiological investigations on a large scale. Personally, I am trying my method of immu - nisation against the Baghdad lump (by skin transplantation, with very good results so far).56 113 113 Vlasta Kálalová Di-Lotti in Iraq Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti was interested in the latest research in the field of tropical medicine, which since the beginning of the twentieth century had strongly emphasized research on leishmaniasis. We can only assume that she was led to it by the doctors at the British Royal Hospital, who dealt with the disease on a daily basis and also had the latest scientific articles at their disposal.57 She shared her research with scientists from the State Institute of Health in Prague, Jaroslav Drbohlav (head of the Laboratory for Entomology and Parasitology) and Heřman Šikl, founder of the field of his - tology in Czechoslovakia. She also sought advice from colleagues from the University of Jerusalem, Oskar Theodor and Saul Adler, who worked in the Department of Parasitology and visited Iraq in 1928. During the 1940s, Saul Adler developed a vaccine against leishmaniasis using living parasites. Vlasta used electrocauterization of the ulcer shortly after detection but tried as well to find a prevention method. Her immunization method was based on transplantation of a skin graft collected from an area near the ulcer. At first, she tried to apply her own skin graft that she transplanted to her first nurse Ruth

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Zindi. 2020. “GIZ AI4D Africa Language Challenge, Round 2: $6,000 USD.” Competitions, June 1, 2020. https://zindi.africa /competitions/ai4d-african-language-dataset-challenge. Zou, James, and Londa Schiebinger. 2018. “AI Can Be Sexist and Racist: It’s Time to Make It Fair.” Nature 559 (7714): 324–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05707-8. 150 | World Development Report 2021Two-way flows of data between local, regional, and international meteorological centers have high value for social and economic development.Spotlight 4.1 Gathering, sharing, and using better data on weather, water, and climate from low- and middle-income countries The need for weather and climate information is growing rapidly as people are becoming more vulner - able to natural hazards, including those exacerbated by climate change. To support economic and social development, all countries need to have access to sufficiently accurate, reliable, and understandable weather, water, and climate data (as stated in the Sus-tainable Development Goals). 1 This is the case every - where, but particularly in low- and middle-income countries, which are bearing the brunt of losses from natural hazards. 2 Scientific and technological advances have brought weather prediction systems to a level where they can provide weather intelligence to inform the decisions of individuals and groups of individuals. 3 But such data are useful for decision-making only if more high- quality observational data are shared, assimilated, or used to adjust model outputs. While satellites provide most of the data for models, local data play several critical roles. Scientists from national meteorological services work with regional and global centers to cali-brate global models at national and local scales. The more local data are shared internationally, the better the weather predictions produced by global centers can be applied locally. Exchanging more and better data internationally and doing so more fre-quently have many direct benefits, yielding better- performing models, more accurate local forecasts, and improved verification of forecasts, helping to monitor, improve, and compare the quality of fore-casts and forecasting systems. Recognizing the benefit of sharing national data with regional and global forecasting centers, Ukraine recently increased the number of weather stations reporting data to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from 30 to 130. 4 The extra data produced by these stations will help to improve global forecasts and thus regional and national forecasts. In particular, local observa-tions of near-surface temperature and humidity will improve estimates of soil moisture, which influence regional and global forecasts of near-surface tem-perature and rainfall. Additional data on snow depth from

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| 16.9% | | Chronic conditions : anaemia, blood pressure, giddiness, diabetes, ulcer. | 0.0% | 23.3% | 23.5% | 16.9% | | Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | More serious conditions reported by our medics, but still illnesses that can be treated by the private medical provider, are given in Table 6.3. Of the non-routine cases seen in the private providers 23.1% are due to gastrointestinal illness - diar -rhoea, vomiting, dehydration and dysentery. These data illustrate the types of illnesses being treated in private healthcare providers offering a range of treatments for the most common ailments to more serious illnesses. Our medical providers tell us that when they feel they are unable to provide a medical diagnosis, they make a referral to an alternative provider or hospital where they know this can be undertaken. These referrals include where surgery is required, for example, in cases of accidents. They also refer cases of suspected cancer, chest pains and symptoms related to heart attacks, suspected kidney issues and those suffering from diabetes. With regards to more severe illnesses, Dr Ansaritold us: 'Yes, they do come, those patients with severe symptoms. Sometimes patients come with symptoms of cancer. But I cannot do anything for these patients, so I refer them. There are many patients who say this to me that, doctor, you have advised me correctly and referred me to the hospital, otherwise we could have been in a problematic situation. Two of the patients I have seen recently are currently being diagnosed in Safdarjung hospital. Whenever I feel any of my patients have symptoms which can cause severe problems, I refer them outside.' Dr Sanjeev said on referrals that 'in the case of hypertension, we measure BP and oxygen levels. To check the oxygen levels, we check ECG.' For the ECG, he refers to the City Lab, which is nearby, within a two minute walki. Going on to say: 'Whether the reason is sick sinus syndrome, or it is normal. Whether cardiac heartbeat is high or slow. Is there any blockage or not? These are things the ECG reports tell us. The cardiac and sinus are common things. When something else is suspected we ask them to get the Echo test. Echo is more detailed.' ## Competence of the private healthcare provider 'Each morning, I come to office and make sure all is well. I turn

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of economic and innovation potential Table S.1. Summary table of mapping results for Armenia NACE Economic – All industries C E SITC Goods exports C E NACE Innovation – Enterprise Survey Results unavailable 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 17 Paper 1 Meat and meat preparations X 24 Basic metals NACE Economic – Manufacturing C E 2 Dairy products and birds' eggs X 41-43 Construction 11 Beverages X 3Fish (not marine mammals), crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereofX 49-53 Transport 12 Tobacco products X X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X 11 Beverages X NACE Innovation – Patents 16Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 12 Tobacco and tobacco manufactures X 10 Manufacture of food products 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 27Crude fertilizers, other than those of division 56, and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones) X 11 Manufacture of beverages 32 Other manufacturing X X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 35 Electric current X 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures. X 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 68 Non-ferrous metals X 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators 72 Machinery specialized for particular industries X 74General industrial machinery and equipment, and machine parts X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 84 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories X 62, 63 Software 87Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus. X 26, 61 Mobile 61, 62, 63 Information technology EBOPS Services exports C E 53, 55, 79 Travel and tourism 1.3 Other transport X Gaming 2.2 Personal travel X 61, 63 Internet services 3 Communications services X 63 Apps 3.2 Telecommunications services X 4 Construction services X Clusters 5 Insurance services X X Green energy and environmental services 6 Financial services X Education and knowledge transfer 7.2 Information services X Food and agriculture 9 Other business services X Information and communication technologies 10.1 Audio-visual and related services X X 10.2 Other personal, cultural, and recreational services X X 11 Government services X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation125 126 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Table S.2. Summary table of mapping results for Azerbaijan NACE Economic – All industries C E

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successfully removed or sorted, and/or the like). - the air systems can also contain temperature, flow, and/or speed instrumentation to report 332 its readings to the control system 302 as status information 332 . - the control system 302 uses the feedback 332 from the air systems to dynamically adjust the operation of the air systems themselves, adjust the operation of various other components 312 , 321 , 322 of the MRF. - the control system 302 may instruct 333 the air systems to activate, deactivate, adjust one or more operating parameters (e.g., increase or decrease air pressure, and/or the like), and/or move to a different location/area of the MRF based on the information obtained from various data streams. - the control system 302 may signal 333 the air system to decrease its working air pressure so that the lighter contaminants are successfully removed from the waste stream while reducing the overall resources consumed by the air system. - Some of the MHUs 322 include conveyor systems, which includes mechanical handling equipment that moves materials or objects from one location to another.

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Step 0 (j) Step 3 (k) Step 4 (l) Step 5 Figure 108: Results (contacts, joints, velocities) of test MEPE25. STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1 1.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2 2.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3 3.00000E-01 4 4 4 4 2 2 7.107E-03 7.107E-03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 4 4.00000E-01 3 3 3 3 2 2 1.071E-01 1.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 5 5.00000E-01 6 6 6 4 2 2 2.071E-01 2.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 However, the solution looks weird in terms of velocities because at step 3 the imposed vertical velocity of the bottom left node of the projectile is not respected. This then produces a gradual degradation of the solution at steps 4 and 5, leading to a crash at step 6 due to excessive deformation of element 3. It seems unlikely that this pathological behavior be due to the REDP procedure since, as already noted, this procedure has no eect at step 3 when the weird velocity rst appears. This will be veried in the next test case. 93 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 6.4.7 Case MEPE35 This test is a repetition of case MEPE05 by adding (only) the REDU option. Like in the previous case, the simulation crashes at step 6 due to zero Jacobian in element 3, due to the appearance of a spurious velocity at step 3. This conrms that the REDP procedure is not responsible for the non-physical result obtained in test MEPE25. Therefore, the problem is probably due to the over-constraining, as observed in some of the previous examples (all dofs are piloted by either BLOQ or VITE, and in addition contact occurs). (a) Step 0 (b) Step 3 (c) Step 4 (d) Step 5 (e) Step 0 (f) Step 3 (g) Step 4 (h) Step 5 (i) Step 0 (j) Step 3 (k) Step 4 (l) Step 5 Figure 109: Results (contacts, joints, velocities) of test MEPE35. STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1 1.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2 2.00000E-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3 3.00000E-01 4 4

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as cash transfers and other initiatives targeting youth and vulnerable populations to help mitigate economic impacts. Timely and flexible funding, particularly through budget support, allowed for rapid health and economic interventions. However, challenges such as logistical delays and limited vaccine awareness highlighted areas for improvement.  ## Lessons fro m Kenya's experience Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic highlights several key lessons for future crisis management: - · Strong national leadership and co-ordination are critical for effective response: The Kenyan government's proactive leadership and activation of emergency response mechanisms, including the National COVID-19 Taskforce and the Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC), enabled external partners to co-ordinate efforts, facilitating rapid containment measures and effective resource mobilisation. This experience demonstrates the importance of an adaptable emergency framework for future health crises. - · Overall, health systems were strengthened but concerns emerged about regional disparities: Significant investments in health infrastructure, supported by development partners strengthened Kenya's intensive care unit (ICU) capacity, oxygen generation, and laboratory facilities, enhancing the COVID response and resilience for future health crises. Community engagement and innovative communication strategies, backed by development co-operation, played a crucial role in combating vaccine hesitancy. However, disparity in vaccine coverage highlights challenges in equitable distribution, calling for increased efforts in future crises. - · Robust and adaptable social protection systems are essential for mitigating socioeconomic impacts during crises: While challenging to implement and scale up in the midst of the crisis, t he expansion of Kenya's National Safety Net Programme (NSNP) and food and cash transfer initiatives, supported by development partners including the AfDB and the World Food Programme, provided vital assistance to vulnerable populations, showing the importance of flexible and scalable social protection systems for crisis response. 1 ## Kenya's development landscape and the impact of COVID-19 Over the past decade, Kenya has experienced sustained economic growth, social development and political stability. Despite these advancements, the country continues to face significant challenges, including poverty, inequality and youth unemployment. As of 2019, 27.2% of Kenya's population lived under the poverty line of USD 2.15 per day (World Bank, 2023[1]). Between 2015 and 2019, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate averaged 4.8% before contracting by 0.3% in 2020 and then rebounding to a decadal high of 7.5% in 2021 (IMF, 2023[2]). Agriculture in Kenya accounts for more than a third of total GDP and over 40% of all employment (FAO, 2019[3]). Some counties in

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chemical engi- neering’ and ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T clusters. In both cases, the concordance was produced solely by publications. Again, it was decided to manually remove the concord- ance with the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T domain based on its semantic content;. ■for the cluster ‘Chemical Products’, a concord- ance between the E&I domain ‘Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products’ and the ‘Biotechnology’, ‘Chemistry and chemical en- gineering’ and ‘Nanotechnology and materi- als’ S&T domains could be found. In all cases, the concordance is produced by both patent MOLDOVA Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Food Processing and Manufacturing10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages• Agrifood Leather, Apparel & Footwear13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products Wood Products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials• Chemistry and chemical engineering Chemical Products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products• Biotechnology • Chemistry and chemical engineering • Nanotechnology and materials Communications Equipment and Services61 Telecommunications • ICT and computer science Computer Programming, Information Services and Financial Services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 4.5. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Moldova 242 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials and publications and seems to be satisfactory even after a dedicated inspection of the tex- tual content of the respective S&T domains; ■for the cluster ‘Communications Equipment and Services’, a reasonable concordance be- tween the ‘Telecommunications’ E&I domain and the ‘ICT and computer science’ S&T do-main could be identified. The concordance is in this case produced by publications only. The most relevant keywords for these Moldovan S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. Figure 4.13. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Moldova Figure 4.15. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Moldova Figure 4.17. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova Figure 4.14. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Moldova Figure 4.16. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Moldova Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries

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[]

countries focus on principal certification varies by country ................................................................. 65 Figure 3.10 Principals in some countries spend at least twice as much time in teaching-related tasks than in other countries ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 68 Figure 3.11 Principals appear to enjoy high levels of job satisfaction .............................................................................................................. 69 Figure 4.1 A variety of stakeholders are represented in school management teams .............................................................................. 80 Figure 4.2 Most teachers in middle leadership positions are involved in teacher appraisal .................................................................. 83 Figure 4.3 Parents are more likely than community members to be mandated to participate in school management committees ........................................................................................................................................................................ 91 Figure 4.4 Parental engagement in school governance is high in Latin America ........................................................................................ 92 Figure 5.1 In Latvia, one third of education ministry officials reported high levels of professional development on commissioning and using research ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 5.2 In Latvia, one half of local education officials reported high levels of need for professional development on methodological and subject support to teachers .................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 5.3 External school inspection is becoming less common in OECD countries ............................................................................. 107 Figure 6.1 Curriculum emphasis varies by type of political regime .............................................................................................................. 118 Figure 6.2 Teacher hiring and firing is politically influenced in many countries ....................................................................................... 120 Figure 6.3 Within two years of their appointment, 51% of education ministers have left office ........................................................ 123 Figure 7.1 A country-led process will be used to make decisions on education statistics ................................................................... 146 Figure 7.2 Some SDG 4 indicators have been under scrutiny due to low data coverage ....................................................................... 147 Figure 8.1 Since 2015, the out-of-school population has stagnated ........................................................................................................... 152 Figure 8.2 Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for more than half of the total number out-of-school children and adolescents ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 154 Figure 8.3 COVID-19 does not appear to have had a negative impact on out-of-school rates ........................................................... 155 xvi 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT Figure 8.4 The gaps between timely and ultimate completion rates have remained persistently high in sub-Saharan Africa .................................................................................................................................................................... 158 Figure 8.5 In Yemen, conflict has compromised the education opportunities of an entire generation ............................................ 159 Figure 8.6 Completion rates in Yemen show significant regional variation ............................................................................................... 159 Figure 8.7 Adolescents’ learning outcome levels fell in reading and especially mathematics between 2018 and 2022 ........... 160 Figure 8.8 Since 2012, the percentage of students achieving minimum proficiency has fallen by 12 percentage points in reading and 6 percentage points in mathematics ........................................................................................................ 162 Figure 8.9 Those who drop out

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6.0 CONCLUSION For most economic sectors, corporate income tax (CIT) is levied at the business entity level. This means that the income derived from various projects or commercial activities undertaken by a single business entity is merged or consolidated into a single tax base. This approach is commonly referred to as consolidation of the tax base of a taxpayer. In mining, a company may carry on multiple projects and/or undertake several activities along the mining value chain or be involved in non-mining activities, such as transport, manufacturing, or even sophisticated financial investment activities. In these cases, where consolidation rules are in place, the company may use costs incurred in one project (e.g., during exploration) and/or activity (e.g., when undertaking manufacturing activities) to offset profits earned in another. Such consolidation is fiscally attractive for mining taxpayers because it allows tax savings resulting from the deduction of costs related to one project/activity against the income generated by another project/activity. These tax savings reduce the after-tax costs of investments. They can, in turn, encourage mining companies to invest in exploration and continue other mining and non-mining activities because they can recover their costs sooner, which may improve their cash flows. For governments, attracting investments is an important policy objective, and these considerations related to consolidation play an important role in the decisions of investors. However, such consolidation can postpone government tax revenues. By offsetting costs or losses against the income of producing mines, companies can defer the payment of CITs-sometimes for very long periods or indefinitely. Consolidation can also result in revenue loss if exploration projects are unsuccessful or when a mining investor undertakes non-mining activities, such as speculative and high-risk financial investment activities. Furthermore, where mining investors engage in base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) practices, consolidation might accelerate those effects and may result in permanent losses of tax revenues for the host jurisdiction. Balancing these potentially conflicting objectives through careful tax policy design is essential to ensure that investors do not lose the deductibility of legitimate expenses incurred, and governments ensure the collection of economic rents. 1 1 Economic or resource rent has been defined as 'the excess of the total project lifetime value arising from the exploitation of a deposit over the sum of all costs of exploitation including the compensation to all factors of production.' See Land (2008, p. 5). ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0

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the use of CapEx is an appropriate allocation key to apportion indirect and general expenditures, and mining revenues are an appropriate allocation key to apportion indirect and general revenues. - · Resource-rich countries should issue publicly available guidance defining direct, indirect, and general revenues and expenditures, including the preferred allocation method and apportionment key for each category, where apportionment is necessary. This will create consistency in the industry, which will be important for compliance and implementation. In doing so, resource-rich countries should create reporting templates to require companies to report according to the different categories. ## How can countries deal with the risk of abuse of domestic transfer pricing in the context of ring-fencing? - · Resource-rich countries could address the risk of abuse of domestic transfer pricing by applying transfer pricing rules to the domestic transactions as well as to internal dealings (economic activities carried out by different parts of the same taxpayer legal entity). ## How can countries best design taxpayers' compliance obligations? - · There are different ways for taxpayers to comply with ring-fencing rules. Countries can opt to request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ringfenced area, or they can require the filing of a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. Whatever the selected option is, taxpayers should maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. 6.0 Conclusion ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES ## 6.0 CONCLUSION Governments of resource-rich countries are looking for ways to accelerate tax revenues and ensure correct administration and compliance with special mining taxation regimes, as well as to prevent permanent revenue losses due to BEPS practices. This challenge can be complicated by the omnipresence of tax incentives in the mining sector, which may be effective if well-designed, but wasteful if not. These concerns are legitimate given the need to collect revenue to fund public needs. At the same time, these governments seek to attract additional investments into the exploration and development of new mining projects. There are thus multiple tax and investment policy objectives that need to be considered and balanced carefully. The information gathered here provides evidence of the prevalence of ring-fencing as well as countries'

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artificial intelligence applications, and/or any other suitable AI/ML mechanisms/techniques, such as any of those discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the AI/ML system(s) can include data mining, optimization functions, generalization functions, and/or statistical analyses, even though these concepts are sometimes considered to be separate from ML. The AI/ML system(s) can be implemented separately from the or as part of the . In one example, the operates one or more model(s) and/or algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) . In another example, a host compute node (e.g., inference/prediction host) operates the model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) . The host compute node may include, for example, one or more network functions (or network access nodes), application functions (or application servers), cloud compute nodes/clusters, edge compute nodes/clusters, and/or other systems/services that host AI/ML models for training (e.g., online or offline learning), and/or detecting patterns and/or producing inferences and/or predictions (e.g., model execution). Additionally or alternatively, the same or different AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) can be distributed to different MRF components, such that individual AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) are implemented by respective MHUs and/or . In any of the aforementioned examples, the AI/ML model(s)/algorithm(s) of the AI/ML system(s) can be operated by general-purpose hardware elements and/or ML/AI-specific hardware elements such as hardware accelerators, GPU pools, and/or the like. The AI/ML system(s) include AI/ML workflows and/or pipelines for building, training (e.g., including self-learning and/or retraining), validating, optimizing, testing, executing and/or deploying AI/ML models that produce inferences that are used to improve MRF design, operational efficiency, recovery efficiency, commodity purity, system optimization, maintenance, and/or the like. In various implementations, the AI/ML system(s) identify recyclables and other commodities for recovery through AI/ML technology (e.g., deep learning and/or the like). In some examples, the AI/ML system(s) employs multi-layered neural networks and machine/computer vision system(s) to identify objects (e.g., recoverable or recyclable materials) in one or more material streams. In these implementations, the AI/ML system(s) is/are able to identify recoverable materials in an MRF by processing image and/or video data fed through a detection pipeline and/or deep learning (DL) neural networks (NNs). The DL NNs are computational ML models based on distributed representations that is/are inspired by the human brain. Additional aspects of such NNs that can be used by the AI/ML system(s) are discussed infra w.r.t . As alluded to previously, the can receive various data streams, which the utilizes to adjust various aspects of the MRF. The data streams

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measured by the PISA standardised scores. While the number of STEM graduates is rising, the pace is not sufficient to keep up with the growth in demand in STEM jobs and large gender disparities are evident: there are almost twice as many males as females. Underperformance also extends to adult learning, hindering the possibility for retraining to adapt the labour market to advanced technologies. Participation in adult education and training is relatively low overall and varies significantly across the EU. For example, only 37% of adults participated in training in 2016 and this rate has hardly increased since. To achieve the target of having at least 60% of adults participating in training every year set by the 2020 European Skills Agenda, some 50 million more workers would need to receive training. A similar situation affects vocational training, which ranges widely in its quality and effectiveness within the EU. While education and training are a national competency, EU investments have yielded relatively poor results . Under the current EU Budget, around EUR 64 billion is spent on investment in skills but results have been limited. This failure is down to several factors. First, the lack of willingness among Member States, who are responsible for skills policies, to go beyond soft forms of coordination. Second, insufficient involvement of industry in developing job-specific skills. Third, EU skills investments suffer from a lack of systematic evaluations, preventing learning about the effectiveness of alternative strategies and refining of interventions. Fourth, collective efforts to improve skills are hampered by an underuse of “skills intelligence”, meaning reliable, granular and comparable information on skills needs, existing stocks and desired flows within and across Member States. Such information is essential to assess existing and forecast skills gaps across sectors and regions, and target policies and spending appropriately. While new sources of information and methodologies have become available, the actual use of granular skills data for policy design, remains low and uneven across both EU institutions and individual Member States. The EU should overhaul its approach to skills, making it more strategic, future-oriented and focused on emerging skill shortages . The report recommends that, first, the EU and Members States enhance their use of skills intelligence by making much more intense use of data to understand and act on existing skills gaps. Second, educa - tion and training systems need to become more responsive to the changing skill needs and

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limited role in making such investment decisions. These considerations are relevant for designing special exceptions from the ring-fencing rules, such as for the purpose of attracting investment into the marginal ore projects, where the tax deferral advantage may play an important role. Some resource-rich countries have found it necessary to relax their ring- fencing rules to attract further investment. Resource-rich countries such as PNG and South Africa have had ring-fencing rules for a long time. At some point, these governments considered the need to relax strict ring-fencing rules to attract further investment in the context of low commodity prices (see Box 7). On the other hand, countries such as Kenya, PNG, and the Cook Islands have introduced an exemption to ring-fencing rules in which 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 20 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersunsuccessful exploration expenditures are incurred by the mining investor who holds more than one mine. The policy objective behind the exception seems to be to try to balance different policy objectives: deliver early government revenues and attract exploration investments to their jurisdiction. See Section 4 for more details. BOX 7. THE RELAXATION OF RING -FENCING RULES IN PNG AND SOUTH AFRICA South Africa In the early 1980s, many mines were being developed in South Africa. If a company owned more than one mine, the unredeemed capital expenditure of one mine could be deducted from the mining income from another mine. Some major mergers and takeovers caused the government authorities to express concerns that vast new capital expenditures could substantially erode the mining tax base. Consequently, South Africa introduced ring-fencing rules mine by mine and distinguished mining from non-mining activities (Davis T ax Committee, 2016, p. 50). Following a steep decline in new mining investment, South Africa announced a partial relaxation of the ring-fencing rules for “new mines” (a mine opened after March 14, 1990) (Leger & Nicol, 1992). This meant that the “old mines” in the same entity may have access to the unredeemed capital expenditure of the “new mine” but limited to 25% of the remaining taxable income of the “old mines” after they have exhausted all their applicable capital expenditure in a given tax year” (Davis T ax Committee, 2014). Although the old ring-fencing

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and optical media 27.1 Electric motors, generators, transformers, etc. 27.2 Batteries and accumulators 27.3 Wiring and wiring devices 27.4 Electric lighting equipment 54 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 27.5 Domestic appliances 27.9 Other electrical equipment 28.1 General-purpose machinery 28.2 Special-purpose machinery 29.1 Motor vehicles 29.2 Automobile bodies, trailers and semi-trailers 29.3 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles 30.1 Building of ships and boats 30.2 Railway locomotives and rolling stock 30.3 Air and spacecraft and related machinery 30.4 Military fighting vehicles 30.9 Transport equipment n.e.c. 31.0 Furniture 32.1 Jewellery, bijouterie and related articles 32.2 Musical instruments 32.3 Sports goods 32.4 Games and toys 32.5 Medical and dental instruments and supplies 32.9 Other manufacturing n.e.c. 33.1 Repair of fabricated metal products/machinery 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery/equipment n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation55 Figures 2.2 and Figure 2.3 show the average distribution for 2011-2017 for the industries se- lected for the employment and turnover analysis. Employment shares are above 10% in Other food products (NACE 107) in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova; in Beverages (NACE 11) in Armenia and Georgia; in Wearing apparel (NACE 14) in Moldova; in Other non-metallic mineral products (NACE 23) in Azerbaijan; and in Basic metals (NACE 24) in Georgia and Ukraine. Turnover shares are above 10% in Processing/preserving of meat (NACE 101) in Azerbaijan; in Other food products (NACE 107) in Armenia and Moldova; in Beverages (NACE 11) in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova; in Coke and re- fined petroleum products (NACE 19) in Azerbaijan; in Other non-metallic mineral products (NACE 23) in Georgia and Moldova; and in Basic metals (NACE 24) in Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine. Figure 2.2. Distribution of employment in Manufacturing for five EaP countries 101_Processing/preserving of meat 103_Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 105_Dairy products 107_Other food products 110_Beverages 13_Textiles 15_Leather and related products 170_Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 182_Reproduction of recorded media 20_Chemicals and chemical products 22_Rubber and plastic products 24_Basic metals 26_Computer, electronic and optical products 28_Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 30_Other transport equipment 32_Other manufacturingArmenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 102_Processing/preserving of ﬁsh, etc. 104_Vegetable and animal oils and fats 106_Grain mill products, starches and starch products 108_Prepared animal feeds 120_Tobacco products 14_Wearing apparel 16_Wood and of products of wood

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clocks. Cervical epithelial cells are steroid hormone -sensitive (e.g., oestrogen and progesterone). Menopause, which occurs at around 50 years of age, leads to dramatically decreased levels of steroid hormones and there was a significant change in the general and epithelial clock after me nopause (Figure 4), suggesting that the clocks are influenced by hormonal changes occurring at menopause. Figure 4. The WID general and epithelial clocks are altered by menopause. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01, in Wilcoxon signed -rank test. HEAP – D8.2 Ageing DNAme signatures page 12/15 Project No. 874662 HORIZON 2020 3.3 Relative epithelial age The WID epithelial and immune clocks are derived from age DMPs specific to epithelial and immune cells but as they are a linear combination of beta values, they define epigenetic clocks in any cell. We can therefore interpret each cell as possessing three separate epigenetic clocks – general, epithelial, and immune. The tick rate of each clock is cell type -specific; the general clock serves as a good predictor of age across all cell types whereas the epithelial clock acts as a better predictor in epithelial cells etc. Examining the general, epithelial, and immune clocks in pre -menopausal women we observed a slightly increased general tick rate and a reduced epithelial tick rate in breast and ovarian cancers. This motivated us to define the WID -relative epithelial age (WID -REA), i.e., the difference between epithelial and general clocks. The WID -REA in pre -menopausal breast cancers was significantly lower than in samples from healthy cancer -free controls (Figure 5), and women in the lowest quartile had a brea st cancer odds ratio of 2.7 (data not shown) . A reduced WID -REA was also present in pre-menopausal ovarian cancers but not statistically significant. Figure 5. The WID -REA is reduced in pre -menopausal women with breast cancer. **, p<0.01 in Wilcoxon signed -rank test. Hormones are a nother factor tha t may influence epithelial age, and therefore we examined the WID -REA with respect to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Post -menopausal cancer -free control women who were eve r HEAP – D8.2 Ageing DNAme signatures page 13/15 Project No. 874662 HORIZON 2020 on HRT showed a significantly reduced WID -REA (Figure 6a), and the reduct ion increased with HRT duration (Figure 6b) , consistent with a retardation of the epithelial clock relative to the general clock that becomes more pronounced over time. Surprisingly ,

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main targets ................................. 125 Box 6.2 Students led political efforts to transform education in Chile .................................................................................................. 129 Box 6.3 Film makers can be education leaders too ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Box 8.1 How can the impact of crises on out-of-school populations be estimated? ........................................................................ 156 Box 8.2 In Yemen, conflict has denied an entire generation of education opportunities ................................................................. 159 Box 8.3 Those who do not reach the end of lower secondary school are highly unlikely to be proficient in reading and mathematics ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Box 8.4 The Assessment for Minimum Proficiency Level is a new source of evidence on learning in low- and lower-middle-income countries .......................................................................................................................................................... 164 Box 12.1 There is a huge variety globally in the extent to which children are educated in their home language ....................... 213 Box 15.2 Education is severely under attack in the State of Palestine ..................................................................................................... 243 Box 15.3 Schools in the Pacific Islands are particularly threatened by climate hazards .................................................................... 249 Box 16.1 Germany leads in funding international students .......................................................................................................................... 256 Box 18.1 After a significant period of expansion, Chinese aid to education has declined .................................................................. 290 Box 18.2 Japan has built a disaster-resilient education system ................................................................................................................. 294 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT xix Leadership in education KEY MESSAGES Education leaders are more than managers. They are change agents. Policymakers face a major challenge: how to ensure that people with the right skills and vision are identified, selected, prepared and supported as leaders. National plans at the school, system and political level need to nurture four essential leadership dimensions: set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people. Yet a global review of school principal preparation and training programmes and courses suggests that barely half of them focus on any of these four dimensions – and just one third focus on all four. Good schools need good school leaders. Effective principals bring out the best in students. In the United States, it was estimated that principal and teacher leadership inputs contributed up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes, ranking just below teachers' impact on learning among school-controlled factors. Effective principals bring out the best in teachers. A study of 32 countries affirmed that strong leadership correlates with improved teaching practices. Globally, 57% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on their observations. However, the share of secondary school principals overseeing teaching activities fell from 81% in 2015

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for remote learning and home working, as well as improving the overall resilience of economies to shocks of various kinds (see spot - light 5.1). In the context of low- and middle-income coun- tries, wireless broadband networks have emerged as the most relevant technology for accessing data ser - vices. The impacts of wireless broadband are greater than those of wired broadband in these nations, 13 par- ticularly because the expansion of fixed broadband is relatively limited and has yet to reach the minimum threshold to have a statistically significant effect on economic growth. 14 Even in upper-middle-and high-income nations, where fixed broadband is more prevalent users spend most of their time online on mobile phones.

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( Dupont, 2008 ; Ramanathan, 2006 ), ‘nuisances’ ( Ghertner, 2008 ) changing their environments to ‘dirty’ ones ( Baviskar, 2003 ) who have no place within ‘World-Class Cities’ ( Chatterjee, 2004 ; Bhan, 2016 ). Those being evicted may or may not be offered alternative plots of land or dwellings in a resettlement colony. This will depend upon when the household became a resident of the original basti, whether they were renters or owners of their dwelling, and the ability to provide various personal documentation required by the Delhi High Court. In some cases, there is also the requirement to have avail - able money to buy a resettlement colony plot of land ( Bhan, 2016 ). The resettle - ment colony may not have any amenities, including water, garbage disposal or a transport system ( Routray, 2022 ; Roy, 2003 ). Resettlement colonies are often on the periphery of the city, typically 30 miles away from the original community that is being evicted and offered plots of around 18 square metres for a family of five. Construction of housing is private and not subject to building regulations ( Heller, et al., 2021 , p. 113). The process of resettlement not only involves involuntary settlement in un- inhabitable lands without basic amenities, but also destroys the networks, relationships and patronage of key leaders and politicians …. A lifetime is needed to build various kinds of relationships, networks and support systems … residents are scattered after the demolitions and have to start new lives displaced with others from faraway jhuggi settlements. (Routray, 2022, 112 ) It is believed by some, especially within the judiciary, that alternative sites should not be offered to those who encroach and squat on public land. The inability of the government to plan for the development of the city should not be replaced by an 8 Urban life in Delhi slums ‘arbitrary system’ of providing land to those who are evicted from their unplanned bastis.5 However, resettlement colonies are the only way that residents of JJ slums can become legitimate in contemporary Delhi, a city shaped by judicial decisions taken in the ‘public interest’ ( Bhan, 2016 ). Delhi master plans There have been three master plans for Delhi (MPD) with a fourth about to be published, each setting out a 20-year plan: • MPD I (1962–1981). • MPD II – (1981–2001) issued nine years late

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Negotiating in/ visibility Negotiating in/ visibility Women, science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century Edited by Amelia Bonea and Irina Nastasă- Matei Manchester University Press Copyright © Manchester University Press 2025 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both author and publisher. An electronic version of this book has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY- NC- ND) licence, thanks to the support of University of Manchester Library, which permits non- commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https:// crea tive comm ons.org/ licen ses/ by- nc- nd/ 4.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL www.manche ster univ ersi typr ess.co.uk British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 5261 7838 1 hardback First published 2025 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third- party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. EU authorised representative for GPSR: Easy Access System Europe, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia [email protected] Cover credit: Delegates from Tanzania, Thailand, Nigeria, Argentina, Uganda and the United Kingdom on an outing to Palazzo Madama during the third ICWES in Turin, Italy, 1971. Courtesy of WES and the IET archives. Typeset by Newgen Publishing UK Copiilor no ştri Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xi Acknowledgements xvii List of abbreviations xix Foreword by Mariko Ogawa xxi Introduction: In/ visible women, science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century – Amelia Bonea and Irina Nastasă- Matei 1 I Laboratory cultures: Visible scientific rebels, invisible innovators 1 Breaking down the barriers at Cambridge in the 1930s: Reinet Maasdorp’s experience at Rutherford’s Cavendish Laboratory – Kathryn Keeble 39 2 ‘Your research is crap, do not bother to apply again’: Female evolutionary biology theorists as scientific rebels and oppositional scientists – Nuala Proinnseas Caomhánach 57 II In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and

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[]

Each month we sent out the announcement about the forthcoming lecture to our co- sponsors for promotion through their communication channels. We also sent announcements about the talks to any departments with which the speaker was affiliated. This assistance from the co- sponsors proved to be critical in helping to publicize the lecture series. Indeed, 47.6 per cent of the people who registered heard about the lecture series through our cosponsors' emails. We also advertised through university- wide newsletters that reached undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty members and staff. About 20 per cent of our audience resulted from these advertisements (see Table 13.1). Some other ways that attendees learned about the lecture series were through social media, professors sharing the announcements with their classes and university calendars. After several lectures, we also began asking registrants if they would be interested in subscribing to an email list for future events. We subsequently shared announcements through this list as well. In the registration form we asked a question about how people heard about the lecture series. We listed several options for hearing about the lecture through the organizers, but not the mailing list. It seems people chose 3 1 1 Table 13.1 Count of how registrants learned about the lecture series for 2020- 21 academic year | Method of learning about lecture | Number of responses | |------------------------------------|-----------------------| | Department email | 485 | | EWeek, GradLinks or iNews | 207 | | Social media | 109 | | Organizers | 108 | | Referral | 41 | | Professor | 29 | | Mailing list | 13 | | Library | 10 | | Calendar | 9 | | Website | 8 | 'organizers' if they had heard about the lecture from the mailing list, but a few did write in 'mailing list'. The number of registrants typically ranged from 53 to 185 and approximately 50 per cent of those who registered attended the lecture. We made sure to convey to our speakers that the audience would comprise individuals who were not specialists and therefore unfamiliar with their discipline, and thus it was important for their talk to be accessible to a broad audience. Through the many different advertising approaches, we were able to have a broad mix of faculty, staff and students registering for the lectures (see Table 13.2). Staff was the highest percentage of registrants (330 attendees), followed

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for each strategic priority, with well-defined objectives, governance, and financing . For the first cycle, the objectives could correspond to the goals set out in this report. Governance of the Action Plans should aim to minimise bureau - cracy and involve a wide range of stakeholders: Member States, technical experts, the private sector, and EU insti - tutions and agencies. The Commission should have a mandate for horizontal actions and exclusive competencies of the EU, such as revamping competition policy and reducing administrative and regulatory burdens. For shared competencies like closing the skills gap and accelerating innovation, the Commission should provide guidelines and share the institutional setup for implementation with relevant national bodies and industry experts, as discussed in the relevant chapters of this report. In specific sectors of the economy, a new setup could be envisaged bringing together the Commission, industry and Member States, as well as relevant sectoral agencies. 01. During the first half of the 2019-2024 parliamentary term. 02. Article 121 TFEU provides a legal basis for establishing a Competitiveness Coordination Framework. The procedure involves the Council and the European Council. 67THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 6The consolidation of the EU’s various coordination mechanisms should be matched by a consolidation of its budgetary resources . EU resources should focus on funding public goods that are critical to the EU’s strategic priorities and which would otherwise be undersupplied by Member States or the private sector [see the chapter on investment] . Already under the current Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), programmes such as InvestEU could be made more effective by adjusting the mandates of the implementing partners to enable more risk-taking. Under the next MFF, the report recommends defining a “Competitiveness Pillar” with funding hypothecated to delivering the Action Plans. The EU also needs to leverage better the large spending power of the Member States – which is collectively equivalent to other major economies – by improving cooperation and focus. It is recommended to create nationally pre-allocated envelopes in the MFF to incentivise and co-finance multi-country industrial projects, which can be activated by a sub-group of interested Member States if necessary. It is also proposed to deploy two revamped tools: a new Competitiveness IPCEI allowing State aid for cross-border projects, including industrial infra - structure, and a new Competitiveness Joint Undertaking to quickly set up public-private partnerships between the Commission, interested Member States and

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estimates and knowledge of a ma rket-adherent overview of the value chain. Future studies could especially focus on improving sector -specific and polymer -specific data for less -explored sectors coupled with a boosted in -depth knowledge of waste mismanagement, trade (of primary/secondary plastic products and polymers), and recyclates ’ fate. Overall, the collected insights from the present study could not only assist decision makers in identifying and prioritize areas for interventions but also support researchers and practitioners in delving deeper into those aspects being key assets for future sustainability interventions supporting the shift to a circular plastic value chain. 39 References Amadei, A. M., De Laurentiis, V., Sala, S. , A review of monetary valuation in life cycle assessment: State of the art and future needs , J. Clean. Prod., 329, 129668 , 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129668 . Amadei, A.M. and Ardente, F., Modelling plastic flows in the European Union value chain , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC130613, 2022, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130613 . Amadei, A.M., Sanyé -Mengual E., and Sala S., Modeling the EU Plastic Footprint: Exploring Data Sources and Littering Potential , Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 178, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106086 . Andreasi Bassi S., Biganzoli F., Ferrara N., Amadei A.M., Valente A., Sala S. and Ardente F., Updated characterisation and normalisation factors for the Environmental Footprint 3.1 method , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC130796, 2023, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130796 . Antonopoulos, I., Faraca G., and Tonini D., Recycling of Post -Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste in EU: Process Efficiencies, Material Flows, and Barriers , Waste Management, Vol. 126, pp. 694 –705, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.002 . Castellani V., Hidalgo C., Gelabert L., Riera M.R., Escamilla M., Sany é Mengual E., Sala S., 2019. Consumer Footprint. Basket of Products indicator on Household goods , EUR 29710 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978 -92-76-01614 -4, doi:10.2760/462368, JRC116120. Cimpan, C., Bjelle E.L., and Strømman, A.H., Plastic Packaging Flows in Europe: A Hybrid Input -Output Approach , Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1572 –1587, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13175 . ECHA (European Chemical Agency), Annex XV, Restriction Report, Proposal for a Restriction, Version number: 1.2 , 2019. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/05bd96e3 -b969 -0a7c -c6d0 - 441182893720 (accessed May 2022). EEA (European Environment Agency), 2024 a. Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe . https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics -from -textiles -towards - a (accessed November 2024). EEA (European Environment Agency), 2024b . Circularity Metrics Lab. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/circularity (accessed August 2024). ecoinvent, e coinvent Version 3.6, 2024. https://support.ecoinvent.org/database (accessed June 2024).

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to a version space, which may be developed via machine learning. The term “softmax” or “softmax function” at least in some examples refers to a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions; the “softmax function” is used in multinomial logistic regression and is often used as the last activation function of a neural network to normalize the output of a network to a probability distribution over predicted output classes. The term “supervised learning” at least in some examples refers to an ML technique that aims to learn a function or generate an ML model that produces an output given a labeled data set. Supervised learning algorithms build models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. For example, supervised learning involves learning a function or model that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs or some other form of labeled training data including a set of training examples. Each input-output pair includes an input object (e.g., a vector) and a desired output object or value (referred to as a “supervisory signal”). Supervised learning can be grouped into classification algorithms, regression algorithms, and instance-based algorithms.

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decisions and market functions of cross-border relevance are taken centrally . A stronger, more robust institutional framework would entail strengthening monitoring, investigation and decision-making powers at the EU level with the possi - bility of providing full regulatory oversight over all decisions and processes that have direct cross-border impact. A genuine Energy Union should ensure that central market functions of relevance for an integrated market are performed centrally and subject to proper regulatory oversight. While “hard-to-abate” industries will benefit from lower energy prices, the EU should take a pragmatic approach to decarbonisation to mitigate potential trade-offs [see the chapters on energy-intensive indus - tries, and transport] . For the EU to lead the decarbonisation of EIIs, a stronger focus is needed by both the EU and national governments to provide sufficient financial resources. The report recommends earmaking a larger share of ETS revenues to EIIs, with resources targeted towards innovating assets and processes and enhancing the skills needed for decarbonisation, for example by supporting the uptake of green hydrogen or carbon capture and storage solutions. ETS revenues should also be used to support the decarbonisation of the transport sector, helping reach the EU’s milestones for shifting more activity to sustainable modes of transport. Decarbonisation funding across the EU should be based on common, competitive and simple instruments, such as Carbon CfDs or competitive auctions by the European Hydrogen Bank. A basket of options should be in place to financially support transport decarbonisa - tion. These could include CfDs to de-risk investment in low carbon fuels, blending EU grants with support by EIB and National Promotional Banks, and Regulatory Asset Based models for investment in (high speed) railway infrastructure. At the same time, a global level playing field for EIIs and transport operators should be ensured during the transition. While CBAM is an important instrument for European companies to stay competitive against their international peers that face lower or no carbon prices, its success is still uncertain. The EU should closely monitor and improve the CBAM design during the transition phase and consider postponing the phase out of free ETS free allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineffective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufac - turing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies]

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1.a.2 | Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 | Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 | Gasto (% público educación Primaria Secundaria 1.a.2 | | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | 4.5.4 2023 | | | | | | | | 38 ₋₄ | 10 ₋₄ | | | | | 9,8 ₋₂ | … | 5790 ₋₄ | | | | | | | | | 12,8 | 6881 5714 11 698 | 6055 | 1493 ₋₄ 2193 | ₋₁ 2326 | … 11 9 24 ₋₂ | 9 26 ₋₂ … | ₋₁ 4 | 13 ALB | | 2,7 ₋₁ 1,9 4,8 ₋₁ 5,0 6,4 ₋₂ | 9,0 ₋₁ 12,8 ₋₁ 11,3 ₋₂ | ₋₂ 15 9342 … 11 528 ₋₂ 13 | 008 ₋₂ 16 … 452 ₋₂ 15 113 | 590 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ 20 174 ₋₂ | 994 ₋₂ 18 7390 19 ₋₂ | ₋₂ 34 … 22 ₋₂ | 24 ₋₂ | 38 ₋₂ 27 32 ₋₂ 20 | BEL | | 1,9 4,1 ₋₂ | … | … 2608 | … … 2118 5446 | 19 344 | … | … 13 | … 33 | 32 ₋₂ | BMU BIH | | 4,7 ₋₂ | 10,4 ₋₂ 10,6 ₋₂ | 9612 ₋₂ | 7624 ₋₂ 8033 | 5835 ₋₂ ₋₂ | 16 33 ₋₂ | 26 ₋₂ | 27 ₋₂ | | | | 4,1 ₋₁ | 11,1 ₋₁ | … | … … | ₋₂ 7265 | 817 ₋₂ | … | … | 25 ₋₂ | BGR | | | | … | 7506 | 10 | … … | 20 ₋₂ | … | 22 ₋₂ | CAN | | 4,1 ₋₂ | 10,7 ₋₂ | | ₋₂ … | 6331 ₋₂ 13 | 830 18 ₋₂ | 17 ₋₂ | 27 ₋₂ | 17 ₋₂ 29 ₋₂ | HRV CZE | | 4,8 ₋₂ 5,3 ₋₁ | 10,9 ₋₂ 11,8 ₋₁ | 8949 ₋₂ 8472 732 ₋₂ 14 | ₋₂ 12 924 ₋₂ 15 579 | ₋₂ 31 477 ₋₂ | 15 ₋₂ | 21 ₋₂ | 22 ₋₂ | 45 ₋₂ | DNK | | | | 10 | 900 ₋₂ ₋₂ | ₋₂ | | 21 | 19 | | | |

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enable policy makers to advance stronger economic growth across the region. Such a transition will require continued and sustained foundational reform to maximize the drivers of economic growth while pivoting to new transformative reforms to promote the development of more complex economic structures and institutions. These involve the need to discipline incumbents, boost the role of the private sector, strengthen the competitive environment, and reward merit. The emphasis on a strategy driven by innovation is also critically important for those countries that have already attained high-income status.   Scan the QR code to see all the titles in this series.

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mln ha, and water consumption will increase to 2122 cu. km/year. Tables 2 and 3 give the planned irrigation development in the Amudarya River basin and in general for Afghanistan. Table 2 ## Predicted Development and Irrigation Water Intake in the Amudarya River Basin | River basin | Existing | Existing | Perspective areas, thou ha | Perspective areas, thou ha | Perspective areas, thou ha | Planned water intake, km 3 /yr | Planned water intake, km 3 /yr | Planned water intake, km 3 /yr | |------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------| | | area, thou ha, 1965 | water intakem cu.km | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 | | Harirud (Tedjen) | 54 | 0.65 | 98 | 140 | 140 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | | Local drainless rivers | 264 | 2.0 | 300* | 400* | 600* | 8 | 4 | 5 | | Konduz | 104 | 1.2 | 145 | 220 | 245 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.5 | | Kowkchen | 28 | 0.3 | 40 | 70 | 70 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | | Panj | 34 | 0.4 | 50 | 70 | 70 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | | Amudarya | 16 | 4.75 | 723 | 1250 | 1580 | 7.6 | 12.4 | 16 | * Growth of irrigated lands in the basins of drainless rivers is possible due to water resources of the Amudarya. Table 3 ## Predicted Development of Irrigated Farming and Assumed Water Intake in the River Basins of Afghanistan | Basin | Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha | Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha | Predicted development of irrigated farming, thou ha | Assumed water intake, cu. km | Assumed water intake, cu. km | Assumed water intake, cu. km | |----------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------| | | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 | 1990 | 2000 | 2020 | | Amudarya | 723 | 12.5 | 1580 | 7.6 | 12.4 | 16 | | Helmand | 800 | 400 | 500 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | Kabul | 110 | 146 | 146 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | | TOTAL: | 1143 | 1806 | 2226 | 11.7 | 179 | 22.5 | Nowadays the Amudarya is an international, transborder river between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

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[]

this calibration procedure yields satisfactory results: the averagemeasured nuclear charge remains in agreement with the trueTable 4 Parameters of the charge calibration of the VESPA IC for each side of the chamber Source side Backing side /angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsym 1.041 0.962 a[MeV−1]5 .05(11)×10−43.18(13)×10−4 b 3.33(1)×10−22.92(1)×10−2 Fig. 13 Results of the charge calibration of the IC. aMeasured ZL distributions of95 38Sr and134 52Te isomers (normalized). Note that the light partner of Te ( ZH=52) is Pd ( ZL=46) in the spontaneous ﬁssion of252Cf ( ZCN=98). bValidation of the charge calibration using the isomers: the average measured nuclear charge /angbracketleftˆZL/angbracketrightis compared to the true ZL. The four isomers used in the calibration procedure are depicted as red dots. The |δZ|/lessorequalslant0.3 area is colored in green. cFWHM of the measured ˆZLdistributions as a function of the nuclear charge one ( ZL±0.5) between the calibration points (Fig 13b). However, we observe that extrapolation of the calibration below ZL=38 should be limited. Although the results remain valid for ZL=37, they become incorrect for a smaller nuclear charge ( ZL=35). For ZL/greaterorequalslant37, we can deﬁne a systematic uncertainty on Zamounting to ±0.3, as represented in Fig. 13b as a green area. It can also be observed from Figs. 13a, c that the width of the obtained nuclear charge 123 5 Page 10 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Fig. 14 Measured light nuclear charge yield obtained with VESPA IC after calibration (blue). Uncertainties correspond to charge deviationwithin [ −0.3, 0.3] (see text). The red and orange histograms correspond to different parameterizations of Wahl’s Z pmodel (from Refs. [ 51]a n d [52], respectively), folded with the IC charge resolution distributions increases as the fragmentation becomes more asymmetric (i.e., ZLbecomes smaller). This effect is due to the form of Eq. ( 2): the further away the fragments are from the symmetry (i.e., the larger rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym), the more sensitive ˆZLis to ﬂuctuations in TKE. For the same reason, the fragments far from symmetry are more sensitive to the uncertainties on the calibration parameters from Table 4than the ones close to symmetry. The FWHM of the measured ZL distributions between 37 and 49 ranges between 5.9 and 2.5. These results are comparable to the ones mentioned in Ref. [50]. From this charge calibration, the nuclear charge yield of light fragments from252Cf spontaneous ﬁssion can be obtained from the VESPA data, as depicted in Fig. 14.T h e uncertainties

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in supporting national response efforts became crucial. In 2022, the participants of the COVID-19 Global Evaluation Coalition (hereafter referred to as the 'Coalition') launched the 'Strategi c Joint Evaluation of the Collective International Development and Humanitarian Assistance Response to the COVID19 Pandemic' to take stock of and learn from this response. Conducted under the auspices of the Coalition and led by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Development Co -operation Directorate (DCD), this evaluation seeks to generate credible evidence, assess coherence and effectiveness, and draw lessons to strengthen future responses to global crises. The Coalition was established in 2020 to provide actionable insights and foster accountability in international co-operation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comprising more than 65 organisations, including evaluation units from OECD and non-OECD governments, UN agencies and multilateral institutions, the Coalition leverages diverse experiences to create high-quality, timely evaluations and to feed evidence into decision making in near real time. Its collective efforts enable learning across stakeholders and ensure that the global development community can better deliver on its commitments. In line with the Coalition's values of credibility, usefulness and partnership, this strategic joint evaluation builds and complements other evaluations and reviews conducted on COVID-19 responses over the past four years. It brings together multiple actors to address the gap in evaluative evidence around the overall results of the collective pandemic response effort, offering a system-wide perspective. This case study of Kenya was undertaken by the Independent Development Evaluation (IDEV) at the African Development Bank (AfDB). The Secretariat would like to express its appreciation to Eustace Uzor from the IDEV for drafting this case study, and to Stefano Contratto and Megan Kennedy-Chouane (OECD) and Josh Fuchs (IOD Parc) for support with its finalisation. Numerous officials and partners from Kenya were involved in interviews, research and reports which informed this case study. The Secretariat is grateful for the expertise, insights and resources contributed by all those involved in this collaborative undertaking, including the OECD Members that provided funding for this strategic joint evaluation. This is one of nine case studies looking at international support in specific countries, which, together with a set of provider country case studies, a synthesis of evaluations and a study of the philanthropic response, form a major source of evidence for the evaluation. An overarching report will be published in 2025, along with supporting policy briefs and thematic summaries. The lessons emerging from

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[]

regional and national governments for public and private institutions. Pupil/teacher ratio. Average number of pupils per teacher at a specific level of education. Purchasing power parity (PPP). An exchange rate adjustment that accounts for price differences between countries, allowing international comparisons of real output and income. Qualified teacher. Teacher who has the minimum academic qualification necessary to teach at a specific level of education in a given country. Teacher attrition rate. Number of teachers at a given level of education leaving the profession in a given school year, expressed as a percentage of teachers at that level and in that school year. ## Technical and vocational education and training. Programmes designed mainly to prepare students for direct entry into a particular occupation or trade (or class of occupations or trades). Trained teacher. Teacher who has fulfilled at least the minimum organized teacher-training requirements (pre service or in-service) to teach a specific level of education according to national policy or law. Transition rate. Number of new entrants to the first grade of an education level in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of students who were enrolled in the final grade of the previous education level in the previous year and who do not repeat that grade the following year. ## LEADERSHIP TERMS Accountability: An obligation, based on a legal, political, social or moral justification, to provide an account of how clearly defined responsibilities (defined as actions or results), have been met. Appointment: A process of making a job offer which is accepted and the successful applicant commences employment in a vacant position. Appraisal: Evaluation of job performance based on established criteria. Autonomy: Authority to make decisions over the allocation of resources. Certification: A process that confirms professional achievement beyond the acquisition of minimum qualifications. Coaching: A structured and non-directive professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It typically has a short duration and requires specific qualifications of the coach (see mentoring ). Distributed leadership : An approach to leadership where practice takes shape through the interactions and the situation of multiple members of an organization or team, rather than the actions of an individual leader (see shared leadership ). Education administration: A process of coordinating financial, human, and material resources to enable an education institution to achieve its

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MFA boundaries included all the key steps of the value chain from production to end -of- life and recycling, covering 9 sectors and 15 polymers. Specific plastic flows typically less explored in literature were studied, including p lastic imports and exports along the value chain , plastic losses into the environment as well as plastic waste mismanagement . Notably, the granular data collected enabled the modelling of bio-based plastic and biodegradable plastics flows , together with the exploration of plastic chemical recycling processes. The variety of collected data at the level of polymers and sectors were combined to generate product -specific results , thoroughly discussing the associated modelling challenges . Further, the interactions with stakeholders, improved and deepened the knowledge of the various interlinkages of the EU plastic value chain and enabled a finer modelling of polymers -specific and sectors -specific flows. Additionally, the MFA was combined with a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) , unvei ling the value chain impacts across 16 impact categories , including but not limited to Climate Change. On top, a flexible and replicable methodology combin ing sectors -specific and polymers -specific estimates to obtain products -specific results was discussed. Such approach could also potentially be applied to other product -specific MFAs even beyond plastics . The LCA followed the Environmental Footprint 3.1 method recommended by the European Commission . Results underlined that t he EU-27 plastic production amounted to 57.9 Mt in 2022 , with only 1.1% of the total needs being covered by bio-based plastics . The results highlighted the dominance of the Packaging sector, being 33.9% of total plastic consumption. Despite 36.6 Mt of waste being properly collected (86% of waste generated) , significant quantities of plastic s were either lost or mismanage d along the value chain , accounting to 6.6 Mt (11.4 % of the total EU production ). The average EU -27 end -of-life recycling rate was 19.6 %, mostly due to mechanical recycling activities (and a negligible contribution of chemical recycling ). The LCA study revealed that more than 252 Mt CO2 eq. were emitted along the life cycle of the 2022 EU plastic value chain1, considering all flows connected to plastic consumption in the EU . The Packaging sector contributed to around 29% of the total impacts, with a striking importance attributable to the production and manufacturing stages (representing 79% of Climate Change impacts ). This study represents

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Designed cover image: Pauline Dixon First published 2026 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2026 Pauline Dixon and Steve Humble The right of Pauline Dixon and Steve Humble to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www .taylorfrancis .com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International license. Any third party material in this book is not included in the OA Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Please direct any permissions enquiries to the original rightsholder. This work was made Open Access thanks to funding from Rising Tide Foundation. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781032740331 (hbk) ISBN: 9781032740362 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003467342 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342 Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Figures 2.1 , 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7a, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 6.2, 6.3, A.1: StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC Part Title II, III, IV Photo Images: Flooded Cellar Productions To Jane Jacobs, Elinor Ostrom and Friedrich Hayek with respect, gratitude and love List of Figures xii List of Tables xiv Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvi PART I Neighbourhood cohesion 1 1 The draw of the city 3 Introduction 3 Why Delhi? 5 Delhi master plans 8 Featured neighbourhoods 9 The influence of economists 10 Why Jane Jacobs 12 Why F. A. Hayek? 14 Why Elinor Ostrom? 17 Plan of the book 20 Notes 23 References 23 2 Resilient cities – Why does slum type matter? 27 Introduction 27 Neighbourhoods 29 Measures 30 Characteristics of participants – Well-being and neighbourhood cohesion 31 Data analysis 32 Neighbourhood Cohesion Index (NCI) 34 Subjective well-being (SWB) 36Contents x ContentsContents Associations between NCI and SWB 38 Characteristics of participants - perceptions of community and the involvement within it 40 Social Capital 42 Neighbourhood

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PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 We see that in this case, despite the presence of the ASNoption, the contact normal (green arrow) is not vertical but joins the centers of the two penetrating pinballs. This is due to the use of parent (0-level) pinballs and to the coarseness of the mesh (two elements isolated in space). The contact normal is therefore aligned along the contact joint (red segment). From the .PIN le we see that both the penetration and the penetration rate vary from one sub- case to the other. The penetration is p=p 21 = 0:414 in the rst sub-case (perfectly aligned bodies) and decreases along with the sliding until it becomes zero in the last sub-case, which corresponds to a displacement equal to the side of the quadrangle. The penetration rate also decreases along with the sliding. This conrms the in uence of sliding along the penetration amount, at least when using parent pinballs. 97 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 6.5.2 Case MEPE42 This test is identical to case MEPE41 but uses MLEV 1 descendant pinballs. Figure 111 shows the result of each sub-case and the .PIN le is listed below, from which one can read the measured (maximum) penetration in each sub-test. (a) Step 0 (b) Step 1 (c) Step 2 (d) Step 3 (e) Step 4 (f) Step 5 (g) Step 6 (h) Step 7 (i) Step 8 (j) Step 9 (k) Step 10 Figure 111: Results of test MEPE42. STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 2 2 2 2 2 2 2.071E-01 2.071E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.375E-01 2.375E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.828E-01 2.828E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.928E-01 2.928E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.828E-01 2.828E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.588E-01 2.588E-01 7.071E-01 7.071E-01 STEP T

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[]

They were released the following day, when another journalist, Sekou Jamal Pendessa was arrested. On 28 February, the Conakry Court of Appeal sentenced him to three months in prison, including two suspended, but released him immediately, as he had already spent a month in detention.2 On 9 July, Omar Sylla, Mamadou Billo Bah and Mohammed Cissé, all members of the National Front for the Defence of the Constitution, were arrested at Omar Sylla9s house. According to Mohammed Cissé, who was released the next day, they were arrested by gendarmes and detained by members of the special forces on the island of Kassa. Mohammed Cissé was violently assaulted and said that all three were tortured during interrogation.3 In a statement issued on 17 July, the General Prosecutor9s Of ûce of the Court of Appeal in Conakry (the capital), said the activists had not been arrested by the authorities and that no prison in the country was holding them. At the end of the year Mamadou Billo Bah and Omar Sylla remained forcibly disappeared. On 3 December, journalist Habib Marouane Camara was arrested by gendarmes, according to witnesses, and his whereabouts remained unknown at the end of the year. The authorities claimed they were not informed of his arrest.On 5 May, three people died in disciplinary premises of the gendarmerie and police <due to the intense heatwave that the country has been experiencing over the past 72 hours=, according to the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. On 25 June the military prosecutor of Conakry announced the death of former army chief of staff Sadiba Koulibaly on 22 June. He had been arrested on 4 June and sentenced to ûve years in prison for <desertion and illegal possession of weapons=.4 The Military Court Prosecutor9s Of ûce attributed his death to cardiac arrest; his lawyer said that his client was in good health before his incarceration. OHCHR warned of detention conditions of children in Guinea. According to its August report, children 3 often imprisoned without trial 3 live in overcrowded prisons in terrible conditions. On 31 July, the Dixinn Criminal Court convicted eight people for crimes against humanity in a trial about the massacre of 28 September 2009, during which more than 150 protesters were killed and over 100 women were subjected to rape and other sexual violence by members of the defence and security forces. According to a 2024 UNICEF report, 95%

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[]

and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation343 ARMENIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersFuel Technology; Instrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; Signal Processing AZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 10 Manufacture of food products Food Science 13 Manufacture of textilesSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Biomaterials 14 Manufacture of wearing apparelSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 15 Manufacture of leather and related productsSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materialsMaterials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Biomaterials 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; Fuel Technology; General Chemical Engineering; Geochemistry and Petrology; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology; Biochemistry; Drug Discovery; Pharmacology; General Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Pharmaceutical Science; General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics; Biomaterials 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsFuel Technology; General Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials 344 Annexes GEORGIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 10 Manufacture of food products Food Science 13 Manufacture of textiles Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 15 Manufacture of leather and related products Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materialsMaterials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded

[ "and", "equipmentElectronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Electronic", ",", "\n", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation343", "\n", "ARMENIA", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "ASJC", "subject", "fields", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "ASJC", "Scopus", "subject", "field", "\n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "equipmentElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Instrumentation", ";", "\n", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "28", "Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "Instrumentation", "\n", 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"Chemistry", ";", "Mechanics", "of", "Materials", "\n", "18", "Printing", "and", "reproduction", "of", "recorded" ]

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a diverse group of experts, including policymakers, EdTech entrepreneurs, researchers, and funders. Together, they explored each scenario, iterating on the details based on their knowledge of how the future could unfold – and ranking them based on likelihood. Here are the scenarios we envision for education systems in 2035. It’s important to note that these scenarios aren’t predictions, but possibilities: narratives that explore how different trends and decisions might interact to create radically different futures for learners, teachers, and systems. Choose a scenario to learn more. Scenarios for AI in education systems in 2035 The wealthy get smarter, the smarter get wealthier It’s 2035, and AI has exacerbated the learning divide between and within nations. High-income countries are reaping the benefits of AI-powered learning tools, while low and middle-income countries face barriers such as lack of connectivity, digital literacy, and relevant AI products. Learning poverty – 70% in 2022 – remains persistently high. Children in low-income countries leave education systems unprepared to thrive in an AI-enabled workforce, keeping low-income countries stuck while high-income countries accelerate away. This scenario was voted most likely by experts. Chasing the AI mirage AI distraction has diverted resources away from learning outcomes. Hype around AI has led to significant resource misallocation, as donors, governments, investors and schools invested heavily in AI products with little evidence of impact. These products failed to meaningfully or cost-effectively tackle the global learning crisis. This scenario was voted 2nd most likely by experts. AI Tutors for all Effective personalised learning is available to many learners. Universally accessible personalised learning systems provide high-quality learning. The cost of AI is too cheap to meter, content is tailored and applicable to children all over the world, and data gives teachers and policymakers detailed information on where to invest their energy and resources. A diverse array of startups and products build these personalised learning systems, powered by commoditised and open-sourced LLMs trained on different languages and datasets. This scenario was voted 3rd most likely (joint) by experts. Big tech in the classroom AI-led learning, dominated by big tech, ushers in an era of surveillance. AI education products have become ubiquitous in classrooms. ‘Big tech’ players often give away these products in agreement with governments and telecoms companies, with access to training data shared in return. There is no ‘opt out’ of these systems for individual learners or teachers. This scenario was voted 3rd most

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[]

consist of a categorical classification: a textual re- cord can have a strong affiliation to some topics, and a weak affiliation to others. LDA presents several advantages with respect to alternative quantitative analyses or other seman- tic analysis techniques (such as keyword extrac- tion). For instance, the topics emerge from – and are characterised by – the language actually used by specialists (sometimes at odds with external classification systems managed by third parties), the process allows for the identification of trans- 55 The weight is computed by numerically maximising a mathematical model based on the Dirichlet probability distribution. In a nutshell, the model assumes that every document in the corpus is associated with a weight rang- ing from 0 to 1 for each of the topics. Weights close to zero denote a weak linkage between a given document and a certain topic, while weights close to one indicate a strong connection between a document and a topic. Work- ing with topics and weights requires technical analyses that are beyond the scope of this work, therefore topics and weights are not discussed in this document. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation147 versal concepts which contribute to several topics and, finally, polysemy is well dealt with (at odds with keyword extraction). However, the fact that topics lack a label and that the classification of documents is not categorical may unnecessarily complicate the reading of the results with the aim of identifying niches of excellence and areas of specialisation in the context of S3. For this reason, the following applies in this work: 1. groups of topics linked to sub-fields of a giv- en S&T specialisation domain (as perceived by the eye of a non-specialist) were automati- cally clustered and then manually merged to- gether. In the following analyses, results are always presented in terms of these group- ings, because topics offer an excessively fine- grained resolution; 2. each topic group was manually labelled with a self-contained, intelligible name, which can be swiftly adopted in the policy-setting discourse; 3. document/topic weights were converted into a binary classification, so that in the following analyses each record is categorically assigned to the respective topics. Note that, in this set- ting, the association of a single record to mul- tiple topic groups is still allowed. With regard to point 1. above, the topic model- ling exercise yields a series

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the field of the EU plastic value chain were also explored . This literature research focused on gather ing documents devoted to the material flow a nalysis and life cycle assessments of plastics s ectors, plastics polymers and plastics products in the E U. To this end, academic databases such as Scopus® (Scopus, 2024 ), Google Scholar ( Google Scholar, 2024 ), and other similar platforms were scrutinized to find potentially relevant studies. This process was further enhanced via snowball literature collection, recognizing pertinent references cited within the first set of articles. Furthermore, gathered data were complemented through insights collected from the most reputable statistical resources and datasets provided by leading industry associations and authoritative bodies in the EU plastic field (e.g. Plastics Europe , 2024; Plastics Recyclers Europe , 2024 ). In the 2019 MFA (Amadei and Ardente, 2021), data were adjusted when needed to the year and geography in scope via the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (The World Bank, 2022), following a country -region -specific approach. This adjustment was applied to the data provided in the reference sources assessed considering the specific country -region -year of each of the retrieved numerical data. Despite adjusting data based on GDP is a valid approach, using plastic production volumes as a reference metric may offer greater pre cision, particularly in the case of countries such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland (as t hese nations show high GDP levels, and relatively low plastic production volumes ). Consequently , in the EU -27 2022 MFA presented in this report, all data were adjusted based on the reference year and the geography in scope via specific plastic production volumes. The annual plastic production data for each European country and year from 2000 to 2023 was retrieved from Eurostat (Eurostat , 2022 ). When sources provided data for the EU area including for instance other countries ( such as United Kin gdom, Sweden, etc.) , it was necessary to precisely adapt them to the EU27 scope . In case of missing production data from Eurostat database, proxies were used to fill the gaps (e.g., as plastic production data were missing for the Norway geography, Sweden was used to represent it due to its similar geography and GDP) . The collec ted data was then adjusted using correction factors calculated based on the reference year 2022 for EU -27 (Equation 1). Equation 1. Correction factor

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COUR 2 'ns4-D' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 3 'ns5-D' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 1 2 3 AXES 1. 'DISP (m)' LIST 1 2 3 AXES 1. 'DISP (m)' COUR 4 'ns3-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 5 'ns4-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 6 'ns5-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 4 5 6 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' LIST 4 5 6 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' 164 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 COUR 7 'ns3-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 8 'ns4-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 9 'ns5-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' LIST 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' COUR 14 'WTOT' WTOT COUR 15 'WCIN' WCIN COUR 16 'WINT' WINT COUR 17 'WIMP' WIMP TRAC 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' COUR 18 'vehi EEXT' EEXT REGION 1 COUR 19 'vehi ECIN' ECIN REGION 1 COUR 10 'vehi EINT' EINT REGION 1 TRAC 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)'COUR 20 'vehi IMPU1' IMPU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 21 'vehi IMPU2' IMPU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 22 'vehi IMPU3' IMPU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' LIST 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' COUR 32 'vehi RESU1' RESU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 33 'vehi RESU2' RESU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 34 'vehi RESU3' RESU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' LIST 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' COUR 44 'vehi IRES1' IRES COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 45 'vehi IRES2' IRES COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 46 'vehi IRES3' IRES COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' LIST 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' FIN 165 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 List of input les I ip2d11.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d11.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[]

Part of the speech, 'A Living Network of Relationships', which Jane gave at the New School for Social Research in New York in April 1958, addresses the issue of slum clearances. The destruction of housing brings about the uprooting of communities. And with this displacement, the annihilation of local businesses, churches, friendships and group relationships, which are then beyond repair. Jane in her speech, goes on: Our rebuilders have no idea what they are destroying, and they have no idea of repairing the damage-or making it possible for anyone else to do so. The entire theory of urban rebuilding rests on the premise that subsidized improvements will catalyse further spontaneous improvement. It is not work -ing that way in New York. Living communities, portions of living commer -cial districts, are so ruthlessly and haphazardly amputated that the remnants, far from improving, get galloping gangrene. Furthermore, the newly built projects themselves stifle the growth of relationships. We are now conscious that this is true of the huge public housing projects. What we may not be so aware of is that this stifling of variety and of economic and social relation -ships is inherent in the massive project approach itself, whether public or private housing or anything else . ( Zipp and Storring, 2017, p. 176) ## In situ slum rehabilitation schemes From what we have learned from our own research in the streets of Delhi and the readings of Jane Jacobs, keeping original neighbourhoods as they are and upgrad -ing them within the current location has many benefits. Slums change and evolve themselves. Where slum rehabilitation is prescribed by the government, minimising the loss of what comes with a thriving community environment is crucial. Using the term 'in-situ', would seem to concur with that premise. In situ - adverb or adjective: 'being in the original position'; 'not having been moved' synonyms 'unmoved' and 'unaltered'. Experts agree: The city of Delhi has launched repeated drives to upgrade slums, has conducted countless surveys of eligible households, budgeted enormous sums and produced reams of reports and evaluations, but virtually all slum upgrade projects have failed …. A more practical approach for policy makers is to focus on so-called in-situ upgrading of slums, that is, instead of removing slums, making them more liveable by improving the housing quality, basic infrastructure, and delivery of basic services like water and sanitation. ( Heller, 2016, p. 1-2) The

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should be very carefully considered due to the potential implications for tax base determination. In South Africa, the courts have formulated judicial interpretations on what activities would constitute a mining activity, and what activities will be considered a manufacturing activity, given the different tax treatment. In the case of CSAR v Foskor, the South African Court of Appeal concluded that mining operations end when the ore is extracted from the soil, and any processing beyond extraction constitutes manufacturing (see Box 12). 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 37 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersBOX 12. MINING VERSUS MANUFACTURING In the CSAR v. Foskor case, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) of South Africa had to decide whether Foskor’s activities were manufacturing or mining in nature. As part of Foskor’s business operations, phosphate- bearing ore was initially crushed and then milled before the minerals of economic importance were separated through a series of metallurgical separation processes. The final products were concentrates containing phosphates that were dried and sold to fertilizer manufacturers. The case was significant for several reasons. The tax administration (South African Revenue Service) argued that the processing activities of the extracted ore already constituted a process that was separate from mining activities, and therefore, the tax treatment related to manufacturing should apply. The taxpayer argued that the ore processing activity is still part of the mining activity and should not be treated as a separate manufacturing process. The second significant element of this case relates to the treatment of CapEx. In the case of mining activities, investors can deduct 100% of the CapEx expenses in most cases from the mining income in the year they accrue and carry forward any excess amount into future years,20 whereas in manufacturing activities, the taxpayers can deduct CapEx expenses only over a period of 4 years. The third significant element of this case is that it also had implications for ring-fencing, as the outcomes of mining activities will be determined and taxed separately from the outcomes of manufacturing activities. The court of first instance found that the aim of Fosker’s operation was the extraction or mining of phosphates, and no different finished product emerged thereafter. The phosphates sold by Foskor occurred naturally in the earth,

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the con - joint experiment results and give us confidence in our findings. As we can see, both methods produce very similar significant results. They illustrate a dominance for higher levels of education in brokers and also that partisanship is important at both broker and neighbour levels. All respondents prefer both brokers and neighbours who have the same political affiliations as them. Particular party allegiance was significantly important in both the conjoint and factorial study for broker preferred choice. Party allegiance is not statistically significant regarding neighbour choice. Authors’ note Figures 4.5, 4.6, 4.7a, 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 from StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. References Arifin, B. , Swallow, B. M., Suyanto, S., and Coe, R. D. (2009). A conjoint analysis of farmer preferences for community forestry contracts in the Sumber Jaya Watershed, Indonesia, Ecological Economics , 68(7), 2040–2050. Auspurg, K. , and Hinz, T. (2015). Factorial Survey Experiments . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. Auerbach, A. M. (2017). Neighbourhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India’s Slum Development Committees, World Development , 96, 119–135. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2018). How clients select brokers: Competition and choice in India’s slums, American Political Science Review , 112(4), 775–791. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2023). Migrants and Machine Politics . How’s India’s Urban Poor Seek Representation and Responsiveness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bakken, D. , and Frazier, C. L. (2006). Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Consumer Decision Making, in R. Grover and M. Vriens (eds.) The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publication, pp. 607–670. Leading the slums 109 Clogg, C. C. , Petkova, E., and Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models, American Journal of Sociology , 100, 1261–1312. Cornelius, W. (1975). Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Dietz, T. , and Kalof, L. (2009). Introduction to Social Statistics: The Logic of Statistical Reasoning . Chichester, UK: Wiley. Hainmueller, J. , Hopkins, D. J., and Yamamoto, T. (2014). Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices Via Stated Preference Experiments, Political Analysis , 20, 221–230. Hainmueller, J. , and Hopkins, D. (2015). The Hidden American Immigration Consensus, American Journal of Political Science , 59(3), 529–548. Humble, S. (2020). Quantitative Analysis of Questionnaires: Techniques to Explore Structures and Relationships . New York, NY: Routledge.

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| | 14 | ₋₂ | | | | | | | | | | 18 | | | | | | | | | | | ₋₂ | ₋₂ | ₋₂ | ₋₂ | ₋₂ | | | | | | 27 ₋₂ | | | | | | ## CUADRO 2: ODS 4, Meta 4.1 - Educación primaria y secundaria De aquí al 2030, asegurar que todas las niñas y todos los niños terminen la educación primaria y secundaria, que ha de ser gratuita, equitativa y de calidad, y producir resultados de aprendizaje pertinentes y efectivos

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# Spider uses trapped fireflies as glowing bait to attract more prey British Ecological Society image: Sheet web spider with fireflies caught in web view more Credit: Tunghai University Spider  Ecologists have observed a species of nocturnal spider attracting prey to its web using the bioluminescent beacons of already trapped fireflies. This rare example of a predator exploiting its prey’s mating signal for its own gain is documented in the British Ecological Society’s Journal of Animal Ecology. Researchers at Tunghai University, Taiwan have observed sheet web spiders Psechrus clavis capturing fireflies in their webs and leaving them there while they emitted bioluminescent light for up to an hour. The researchers even observed the spiders going to check on the captured fireflies from time to time. Intrigued by this unusual behaviour the researchers set up an experiment to test whether this was a strategy used by the spiders to increase their hunting success. In the experiment, they placed LEDs that resembled fireflies, in real sheet spider webs and left other webs clear as controls. They found three times the amount of prey was attracted to webs with the LEDs compared to the control webs. This increased to ten times more prey when they only looked at fireflies being captured. The findings confirm that captured fireflies left as bait increase the hunting success rate of the spiders. The researchers also noticed that the majority of captured fireflies were male, who were likely mistaking the glow for potential mates. Dr I-Min Tso, the lead author of the study said: “Our findings highlight a previously undocumented interaction where firefly signals, intended for sexual communication, are also beneficial to spiders. “This study sheds new light on the ways that nocturnal sit-and-wait predators can rise to the challenges of attracting prey and provides a unique perspective on the complexity of predator-prey interactions.” The researchers suggest that this behaviour could have developed in sheet web spiders to avoid costly investment in their own bioluminescence like other sit-and-wait predators, such as anglerfish. Instead, the spiders are able to outsource prey attraction to their prey’s own signals. The sheet web spider Psechrus clavis is a nocturnal sit and wait predator found in subtropical forests of East Asia. It’s main source of prey, the winter firefly Diaphanes lampyroides, uses continuous, non-flashing bioluminescence to attract mates. Video footage captured by the researchers in their experiment shows sheet web

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roles with broader impact  School principals need to master a large set of skills to play these roles. They need to be able to use data, prioritize, plan, implement, supervise and assess to solve problems (Bouchamma et al., 2020). They need to communicate effectively to develop a shared understanding, mobilize teams around objectives and promote professional growth (Ramos et al., 2021). They need to have emotional intelligence, self-awareness, social awareness and self-regulation skills to build constructive relationships (Bouchamma et al., 2019). The extent to which these four school principal leadership role expectations are shared is significantly conditioned by context. For instance, a review of six studies in Africa suggested that there were few expectations on principals to be instructional leaders (Bush et al., 2021). But in high-income, mainly anglophone countries, the rise of standardized testing and accountability mechanisms has placed high expectations on principals to be responsible for student achievement (Cranston, 2013; Leithwood, 2001; Leithwood et al., 2002; Moller, 2007). ## BOX 2.1: ## Various terms are used to designate school principals in national regulations The term 'principal' is common worldwide, reflecting various educational traditions and structures. In the Caribbean, the term is used, for example, in the education acts of Barbados and Saint Lucia (Barbados Government, 2007; Saint Lucia Government, 1999). In the Pacific, Kiribati and Nauru define a principal as the person responsible for daily school management (Kiribati Government, 2013; Nauru Government, 2011), while New Zealand's Education and Training Act designates the principal as the chief executive (New Zealand Government, 2023). In Africa, Lesotho's 2010 Education Act defines a school principal as a teacher in charge of a school, with a range of roles, including instructional leadership (Lesotho Government, 2010). Alternative terms such as 'school head' , 'head teacher' or 'headmaster' are also used. In Nepal, the 1971 Education Act uses 'headmaster' and the 2018 Act defines the 'head teacher' as the executive chief responsible for management (Nepal Government, 2010, 2018). The 1978 Education Act in the United Republic of Tanzania refers to head teachers, headmasters and managers (United Republic of Tanzania Government, 1978). The terms principal and head teacher are often used interchangeably. In Brunei Darussalam, the 2003 Education Act considers them synonymous (Brunei Darussalam Government, 2011). Uganda's 2008 Education Act defines 'head teacher' to include 'headmistress, headmaster, principal or director' (Uganda Government, 2008). But some countries draw clear distinctions between these terms. Sierra

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' the tent, which is loose fitting but allows a person to share a sense of sameness with others under a common large-group tent. The canvas of the tent refers to one s ' core large-group identity. Some common threads, such as identifications with intimate others in one s ' environment, including their prejudices towards Others, are used in the construction of the two layers, the individual garment and the canvas of the tent. ⁹ While it is the tent pole -the leader -that holds the 7 Volkan (1997). 8 Erikson (1956, p. 57). The problem of ego identity. 9 Volkan (1988). The need to have enemies and allies: From clinical practice to international relationships ; Volkan (1997); Volkan (2004). Blind trust: Large groups and leaders in times of crises and terror; Volkan (2020). Large-group psychology: Racism, societal divisions, narcissistic leaders and who we are now. tent erect, the tent s canvas (large-group identity) protects the psychological state ' of both the leader and the group.¹ ⁰ Worldwide, large-group identities develop in childhood and then become fixed after the individual goes through the adolescence passage. Under a huge largegroup tent there are subgroups and subgroup identities, such as professional identities. A person can change a subgroup identity without much anxiety but, for practical purposes, cannot change his or her core large-group identity. I am referring to general and typical situations here and not considering unusual individuals in a society, such as those who may be products of parents from different ethnic groups, or voluntary immigrants, especially in childhood. Think of a man -let s say he is French ' -who is an amateur photographer. If he decides to stop practicing photography and take up carpentry he may call himself a carpenter instead of a photographer, but he cannot stop being French and become German. While a large group s identity may become modified by major historical ' events, the evolution of a new large-group identity is rare, such as when a substantial group of South Slavs became Bosniaks while under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Sometimes new large-group identities develop in adulthood. We see this especially in certain religious cults such as Aum Shinrikyo and the Branch Davidians, guerrilla or terrorist organizations such as Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, FARC) and the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), as well

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85ᵢ 87ᵢ 10 4 10 6 17 18 97 98 88 93 66 75 -1.0 1.1 … … … … … … … … 22₋₂ … 85 90 … … … … 8.1 7.6₋₁ 18.3 23.1₋₂ BOL Brazil 86ᵢ 90₋₁ᵢ 5 3 4 2 12 9 88 92 79 88 60 71 12.3 8.8 37₋₂ … 17₋₂ … 49 50₋₁ 30 27₋₁ … … … 93₋₂ … 78₋₂ … 86₋₂ 6.2 5.5₋₂ 12.7 12.8₋₂ BRA British Virgin Islands … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100₊₁ 100₋₁ 92 50₋₁ … … … … 4.7 2.5₋₁ 13.3 10.9₊₁ VGB Cayman Islands 93₋₂ 87 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 88₋₂ 98 … 98 … 99 … 1.5₋₁ … 15.0₋₄ CYM Chile 93ᵢ 92₋₁ᵢ 2 1 1 0.3 5 2 98 96 96 97 79 84 5.6 4.5 58₋₂ … 44₋₂ … 72 66₋₁ 28 44₋₁ … … … … … … … … 4.9 5.0₋₂ 19.6 14.9₋₂ CHL Colombia 87₋₁ᵢ … 3 2 4 2 15 6 92 95 77 81 68 66 7.2 5.4 39₋₂ … 15₋₂ … 57 49₋₁ 34 29₋₁ 83₊₁ 84₋₁ 94 98₋₁ 97 98₋₁ 98 98₋₁ … … … … COL Costa Rica 91ᵢ 91₋₁ᵢ 1 1 4 1 12 2 96 99 67 73 51 55 9.3 10.3 50₋₂ … 21₋₂ … 60 53₋₁ 38 28₋₁ 51₊₁ 83₋₃ 94 94₋₃ 97 97₋₃ 96 97₋₃ 6.9 6.2₋₂ 23.4 31.2₋₂ CRI Cuba 100 98 3 2 3 5 21 26 99 99 96 96 74 71 5.2 8.8 … … … … … … … … … 66 100 100 100 100 100 100 9.0 9.4₋₂ 15.3 17.0₋₁ CUB Curaçao … 97ᵢ 6 18 12 20 20 22 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5.1₋₂ … 19.5 12.4₋₁ CUW Dominica 71 94 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 93₊₁ 100 64 66 46₋₁ … 46₋₁ … 3.4 4.7 10.2 7.1₊₁ DMA Dominican Republic 86ᵢ 84 7 9 4 12 21 30 90 94 84 90 54 60 14.6

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[]

a transmit signal path. - the modem 1207 a may implement a real-time OS (RTOS) to manage resources of the modem 1207 a , schedule tasks, and the like. - RTOS real-time OS - the communication circuitry 1207 also includes TRx 1207 b to enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. - the TRx 1207 b may include one or more radios that are compatible with, and/or may operate according to any one or more of the radio communication technologies, radio access technologies (RATs), and/or communication protocols/standards including any combination of those discussed herein. - TRx 1207 b includes a receive signal path, which comprises circuitry to convert analog RF signals (e.g., an existing or received modulated waveform) into digital baseband signals to be provided to the modem 1207 a . - the TRx 1207 b also includes a transmit signal path, which comprises circuitry configured to convert digital baseband signals provided by the modem 1207 a to be converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via an antenna array including one or more antenna elements (not shown).

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[]

doctor, since she was already working with rural populations of different genders and ages, but towards the pre- adolescent boys, who were approaching puberty. The medical examinations required under the law, such as periodic body measurements and general examinations, were perceived as inappropriate when conducted by a professional of the opposite sex, more so if she was a woman. Among other things, this way of thinking was connected to the way secondary schools were designed. The law reflected the extreme shame surrounding the body and sexuality displayed by the general population,48 in both urban and rural areas, on the one hand, and the ferociously prudish attitude of the political elite, on the other. It was in fact the very peak of a conservative school policy, the product of a political class that went out of its ways to dissociate reproduction from human anatomy for the sake of preserving the good morals of students, at least of those in theoretical schools.49 However, in doing so, they offered new opportunities to women. At the same time, this was the outcome of an obvious attempt to modernize society by providing medical assistance and career guidance to the young generations, perceived as the most vulnerable and also bearers of a new way of life, healthy, rational and socially involved, a true preparation for adult - hood and even more importantly, in the case of boys, for active citizenship. Still, gender was not the only criterion for the exclusion of female and male doctors from secondary schools; language also played a role. Mastering Romanian became another standard by which medical profes - sionals were being evaluated, mainly in provincial towns that prior to World War I had belonged to different states. For example, at the Principele Carol High School in Gura Humorului, a small town in the province of Bukovina, the local reviser considered appointing Dr Sonia Donetz, who had applied 160 Negotiating in/visibility for the position. The main reason for this option was the fact that she was the only one among her colleagues in town who spoke Romanian fluently. The resolution issued by the Ministry of Instruction was however clear: no female doctor would be considered suited for a boys’ school, the principal being urged to find a male alternative.50 This case sheds light on a procedure that was highly discriminatory and against the best interests of the institu - tion: a female

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Conclusions Portable NiMH batteries of general use are an important technology and require specific performance testing. The performance and durability parameters—rated capacity, charge retention, capacity recovery, and endurance in cycles—are measured in this study according to the applicable standard IEC 61951-2:2017/AMD1:2022. Our findings show that better energy efficiency is achieved by reducing charging times (e.g., 8 h), as compared to 16 h defined for charging of NiMH batteries at 0.1 C in this standard. However, reducing charging time must be analyzed in more detail to observe if this change does not affect the battery’s capacity.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 18 of 20 Furthermore, the charge retention tests show that batteries lose 5% to 10% capacity after the 28-day storage period. This suggests that the minimum discharge time in IEC 61951 can be modified from 3 h to 4 h for these batteries. For the charge recovery, our results suggest that stored batteries after 8 months can pass the performance test of IEC 61951-2 and that the required discharge time could be increased from 4 h to, e.g., 5 h. In addition, the endurance test shows that a maximum charge voltage may be added as an end-of-charge criterion to reduce the charging time, and the minimum number of cycles could be increased to be more in line with manufacturer-declared values; however, this needs to be analyzed more in detail to evaluate a realistic value for battery cycles per size. Lastly, the application test shows that portable NiMH batteries in general can perform the “toy” test intended for primary batteries (IEC 60086-2); our results suggest that NiMH batteries can be used for this specific application as portable primary batteries. Results confirm the common experience that NiMH batteries can replace primary batteries in a toy application. While a primary typically lasts longer than a NiMH battery on a single charge, a NiMH battery can be recharged. Author Contributions: D.F.Q.P . performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; C.F.C. wrote the materials part and corrected the paper; and M.B. supervised the research and corrected the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was partly funded by the Administrative Agreement No. 36075 between the European Commission services JRC, DG ENV and DG GROW. Data Availability Statement: The original data presented in the study are openly available in the Joint Research Centre data catalogue

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[]

Figure 2.4. Distribution of goods exports (2012-2019) by SITC Rev. 4 one-digit class 0_Food and live animals 1_Beverages and tobacco 2_Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 3_Mineral fuels, lubriﬁcants and related materials 4_Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5_Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 6_Manufactured goods classiﬁed chieﬂy by material 7_Machinery and transport equipment 8_Miscellaneous manufactured articles 9_Commodities and transactions not classiﬁed elsewhere in the sitcArmenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation65 Current strengths Emerging strengths Degree of specialisationRelative size Change in degree of specialisation Armenia 1.5 0.1% >0 Azerbaijan 1.5 0.1% >0 Georgia 1.5 0.1% >0 Moldova 1.5 0.1% >0 Ukraine 1.5 0.1% >0Table 2.15. Thresholds used to identify goods export specialisationsMethodology Export specialisation is measured by comparing relative export shares for each country to the un- weighted average export shares of the EaP coun- tries: ■goods categories with a current strength, including specialised goods categories with critical mass, where the degree of specialisa- tion for export volumes are above predefined thresholds; ■goods categories with an emerging strength, including emerging goods catego- ries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of speciali- sation for export volumes is above predefined thresholds. For all SITC three-digit goods categories, the fol- lowing indicators have been calculated for each EaP country: ■the degree of specialisation for export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■average relative share of export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for export values for three time periods: between 2012 and 2015, between 2014 and 2017 and between 2016 and 2019.Degrees of specialisation have been calculat- ed relative to the unweighted average of the six EaP countries. Specialised goods categories with critical mass are identified as those goods categories for which the degree of specialisa- tion and relative size for both export values are above the thresholds for at least 6 out of 8 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.15. Emerging goods categories with increas- ing degrees of specialisation are identified as those goods categories for which the change in the degree of specialisation for export values are above the thresholds shown in the last col- umn in Table 2.11. To identify current strengths for each country, the

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The Business of the State. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank. 2024. World Development Report 2024: The Middle-Income T rap. Washington, DC: World Bank. ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology , which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified paper, with nearly all containing 50–100 percent recycled content. The recycled fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine–free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine–free (EECF) processes. More information about the Bank’s environmental philosophy can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility . Twenty-seven countries have reached high-income status since 1990. Ten of these are in the Europe and Central Asia region and have joined the European Union. Another 20 in the region have become more prosperous since the 1990s. However, their transition to high-income status has been delayed. These middle-income countries have found that the prospects for growth to high-income status have become even more difficult since the 2007–09 global financial crisis. This reflects partly a slowdown in structural reforms at home and partly the challenges associated with a deterioration in the global environment. The concern has emerged that many countries in the region may be caught in the middle-income trap, a phase in development characterized by a recurring deceleration in growth and by per capita incomes that are systematically below the high-income threshold. To ensure that these countries overcome the obstacles to growth and achieve progress toward high-income status, policy makers need to make the transition from a strategy driven largely by investment to a strategy that is supported by the importation and diffusion of global capital, knowledge, and technology and then to a strategy that complements these with innovation. The report Greater Heights: Growing to High Income in Europe and Central Asia relies on the 3i strategy described in World Development Report 2024—investment, infusion, and innovation—to propose policy options to assist middle-income countries in Europe and Centr al Asia in the effort to reach high-income status. Drawing on comprehensive empirical analysis, the report

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Spanish based creole (Holm, ibid). Holm refers this to Dutch influence; hence [biha]- 'travel', from Spanish 'viajar' /bjaxar/ and [vibora]- 'snake' from Spanish 'vibora' /bibora/. Notice that whereas /v/ and /b/ are both pronounced as [b] in Spanish, they are pronounced as two separate phonemes in Papiemento, thanks to the above Dutch influence. Likewise, Saramaccan, an English based creole, has borrowed the fricative /v/ from Portuguese and other languages, e.g., [vivo]- 'alive' from Portuguese 'vivo'. The fricative /v/ is also absent from the phonemic inventories of many West African languages. In Bambara and Malinke which both lack the fricative in question, for instance, the voiced bilabial /b/ becomes its counterpart bilabial fricative [ β ] inter-vocalically, as does the glide /w/ (Holm, 2000). From what has gone so far, one has no choice but to postulate that our informants' use of the bilabial fricative in the pronunciation of 'seven' must have been instigated by superstrate influence. That is, the above phonological rule of changing /b/ and /v/ to the bilabial fricative [ β ] must have originated from Spanish. This assumption is justified along the following lines. English-based creoles come in two major groups, according to historical, geographical and linguistic factors: the Atlantic group, spoken in West Africa and the Caribbean area and the Pacific group. The Atlantic group consists mostly of plantation creoles which are structurally similar to the Atlantic creoles that are based on Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French (Holm, 2000, p. 91). Of these languages we are concerned with Spanish (regarding the existence of the voiced bilabial fricative in Jamaican Creole). The literature of pidgin and creole languages is replete with evidence of Spanish linguistic influence on the Caribbean area and on contemporary European languages there, including English. It is beyond the scope of this work to review this literature, but the reader is referred to Holm (2000) for details. According to Holm (ibid), the Spanish settlement in Jamaica began in 1509 and the English had to attack the Spaniards (who were there already) to rid them of the island before they colonized it. Thus, Spanish influence on the speech of the inhabitants is inevitable. Moreover, 'contact between Spanish and creoles based on other languages was prolonged in several areas' (Holm, ibid, p. 126). In fact, people travel freely in the Caribbean, which makes contact among speakers of varied creoles effortless. At least, one cannot rule out

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Many publications have documented the clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 infection, and several international learned societies have developed protocols for disease management, and proposed some prognosis indicators. The biological analysis, especially the inflammatory and hematologic one, represents a major tool in the diagnosis (6), and in the detection of severe forms (7). Many prognosis factors including lymphocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin 6, procalcitonin, and CRP , were evaluated (8), but the predictive power of each of these indicators in disease classification and prognosis remains largely unclear. Previous studies have indicated that the aberrant host immune response and cytokine storm may play an important role in the severity of COVID-19 (9). CRP is an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection. The CRP serum 44. Na osnovu te`ine bolesti primecene su zna~ajne razlike u starosti, polu, komorbiditetima i respiratornim simptomima. Sli~no tome, biolo{ka analiza otkrila je zna~ajne razlike u broju neutrofila, broju limfocita, broju eozinofila i nivou CRP-a. Me|utim, prema ROC krivama ovih laboratorijskih biomarkera, AUC (oblast ispod krive) CRP-a na 0,872 bio je zna~ajno veci od svih ostalih parametara. Dalje, CRP je nezavisno povezan sa te`inom bolesti COVID-19 (OR = 1,11, 95% IC (1,01-1,22) i OR = 1,13, 95% IC (1,041,23)). Zaklju~ak: Ovo istra`ivanje je otkrilo da nivo CRP-a pri prijemu predstavlja jednostavan i nezavisan faktor koji mo`e biti koristan za rano otkrivanje te`ine bolesti COVID-19 i lako sprovo|enje primarne nege. Klju~ne re~i: COVID-2019, SARS-CoV-2, C-reaktivni protein, rani pokazatelj, ozbiljnost level is routinely measured in early diagnosis of pneumonia(10), and some Chinese publications have reported the prognosis value of CRP (11). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and biological characteristics of the COVID19 infected patients, and investigated the ability of CRP to predict at an earlier time the disease severity, in comparison with other biomarkers. ## Materials and Methods ## Study population and design We performed a retrospective study including all patients with COVID-19, admitted in the International University Cheikh Khalifa Hospital, during the period from February to April 2020. We included only the laboratory-confirmed cases, as the diagnosis was performed by a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to test nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens according to the WHO guidance. Epidemiological characteristics including demographics, recent exposure history, clinical symptoms and signs, and laboratory findings, were obtained from electronic medical records (DXcare and LIMS informatics system). We classified the disease severity

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cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 19Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsX X X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsX X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X X X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsX X 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 30Manufacture of other transport equipment X 310 Furniture X 33Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentX X X X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.10. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Azerbaijan 60 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Georgia Results of the economic mapping for Georgia are shown in Table 2.11. In total, 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Beverages (110); Printing and service activities related to printing (181); and Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. (210). Industries with emerging strength include Prepared animal feeds (108); Beverages (110); Manufacture of textiles (13); and Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (25). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 5 8 4 11 5 4 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch productsX X X 108 Prepared animal feeds X X X 110 Beverages X X X X X X 13 Manufacture of textiles X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 181Printing and service activities related to printingX X X X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc.X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment X X X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 310 Furniture X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.11. Economic mapping

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[]

on my com -puter and I can contact other practitioners in my community and beyond. We chat online and discuss any cases we may have that the community should be aware of. Like diseases and illness that could spread, or cases that are causing me to think about medication or referral.' Dr Ansari ## And: 'To keep my skills up I go to seminars on a regular basis. In pharmaceuti -cal sectors, like MK pharma, Cipla, FBC, mankind & Himalaya, they often organize various seminars. Himalayas are doing it more often and Ayurveda pharma also.' Dr Sanjeev When considering the competency of private providers with no MBBS qualifica -tion to those with MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, equivalent to an MD degree in the U.S.), Das et al., (2022) find a correlation between informal providers' medical knowledge with that of MBBS providers in the same state. 'States where public providers are more knowledgeable are also those where private providers are more knowledgeable' (p. 10). Also, that 'across Indian states, equal qualifications do not imply equal quality. The knowledge of an informal pro -vider in Gujarat or Tamil Nadu is substantially higher than that of a fully trained MBBS provider in Bihar or Jharkhand' (p. 10). When measuring medical quality, typically the medical qualifications of the doctors, their medical supplies, along with the infrastructure (electricity and refrigeration) to ensure operational optimality, are all taken as important factors. Medical knowledge and the competence of medical personnel are also part of quality provision ( Das and Hammer, 2005 ; Collier et al., 2003 ; Das and Mohpal, 2016 ; Das et al., 2016). Considering the diagnosis techniques of doctors in Delhi, with different qualifications working in the private and public healthcare systems, it was found that non-MBBS providers knew fewer relevant questions and examinations to perform during a diagnosis than their public or qualified private counterparts. However, when carrying out the diagnosis, the non-MBBS healthcare provider asked all the questions and performed all the tasks associated with their skill set. The examination of the patient would typically last, in this case, 15 minutes. The MBBS qualified government doctors, by contrast, performed less than a third of what they knew, taking two minutes and the private MBBS doctor, using 59% of the tasks in his armoury of knowledge took around four minutes to complete the patient diagnosis ( Das and Hammer,

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must have soap and water available. The UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for WASH services also monitors how many schools provide a limited service that does not fully meet the SDG criteria. In Chad, 73% of schools have a handwashing facility but only 10% have both water and soap available. In Montenegro, all schools have a sanitation facility, but a detailed assessment in 2022 found that only 11% of toilet stalls could be locked from the inside and meet the privacy criteria (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). In 2023, 77% of primary schools around the world had access to basic drinking water. Coverage levels were similar for basic sanitation and hygiene services. Levels are higher in lower and upper secondary schools, at around 87% for drinking water and sanitation and 80% for handwashing facilities. According to Joint Monitoring Programme estimates, current levels and progress rates mean that the world is unlikely to achieve universal coverage by 2030. This would require doubling the current rate of progress for FIGURE 15.1: Fast progress on access to WASH services is possible from all starting points Primary schools with access to water and sanitation services, by type of service, 2015 and 2023 a. Water b. Sanitation c. Handwashing % % Indonesia St Kitts/Nevis Togo Solomon Is 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 Burkina Faso Cambodia Uruguay Sierra Leone 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Niger Rwanda Cambodia Senegal Sri Lanka St Kitts/Nevis 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2015 2023 % Notes: The baseline refers to 2014–16 and the endline to 2021–23, depending on data availability. Highlighted countries increased by over three percentage points per year over the period. GEM StatLink: https:/ /bit.ly/GEM2024_fig15_1Source: UIS database. 240 CHAPTER 15 • EDUCATION FACILITIES AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 15 drinking water and sanitation and quadrupling the rate for basic hygiene services (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). Notable progress has been made in access to basic drinking water in sub-Saharan Africa – from 44% in 2016 to 53% in 2022 in primary schools and from 54% in 2015 to 63% in 2023 in upper secondary schools.BOX 15.1: One third of countries have set benchmarks for school internet connectivity The Education 2030 Framework for Action called on countries to establish benchmarks, or national targets, as a way of increasing a

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G10F; A45C; A63C; A63J; B62B; F23Q; G10G 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies [32.5]A61B; A61H; B04B; G01T; A61C; A61D; A61F; A61J; A61L; A61M; C12M; A61K 8/*; G21G; A61G; A62B; B01LA61K 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. [32.9] B65D; G03D; G03F; G09B; G09F 42.2 Construction of utility projects [42.2] E03B; E03C 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects [42.9]E02B 43 Specialised construction activities [43]E03F; E04G; E04B; E04H; E04C; E04D; E04F 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activities [62]G06Q Source: Van Looy, V. et al., Patent statistics: Concordance IPC v8 - NACE Rev.2, Eurostat, 2015. 332 Annexes Annex 8. NACE v2 to S&T domains correspondence tables via IPC, for each EaP countryThe following tables report the NACE to S&T do- main mappings obtained via patent IPC classes for all EaP countries. The mappings are obtained by determining the intersection of each S&T do- main with the IPC classes of the patent records associated with the domain and by leveraging IPC to NACE concordances. Notably, the NACE-S&T do- main mappings could vary from country to country because of the different possible overlaps between S&T domains and the relative patent classes. ARMENIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 10Manufacture of food productsAgrifood A23L; A23C 11Manufacture of beveragesAgrifood A23L 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsAgrifood A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsAgrifood C07H; A61K; C12P 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth and wellbeing A61K 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectric and electronic technologies H05H; H01L; G06F; H01J 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsFundamental physics and mathematicsG06F; H04L 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsICT and computer science G06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsNanotechnology and materials H01L 32 Other manufacturing Agrifood A61K 32 Other manufacturing Health and wellbeing A61K 32 Other manufacturing Nanotechnology and materials G09F Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation333 AZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsChemistry and chemical engineering C07C; B01J 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsEnergy C07C 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsBiotechnology A61K; A61P 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth

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[]

concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders' roles have been changing over the past few decades (Gurr, 2023). The general shift has been from seeing the school principal playing an administrative and bureaucratic function to expecting more involvement in working with teachers and other staff to improve school 'results' (Pont, 2020). Expectations about the form of these results are shaped by social preferences and the beliefs of education authorities and the education community, including leaders themselves.  The concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders' roles have been changing over the last few decades  ## TABLE 1.1: There are diverse leadership roles in education School leaders manage human and financial resources but can shape schools' objectives (from inclusion to well-being), steer teaching and learning, develop staff, and foster collaborations. Teacher leaders are crucial for fostering collaboration within schools, balancing their teaching with oversight of specific areas, such as curricula, school welfare and professiona l development. Education officials at the central and local levels, often referred to as middle or system leaders, take actions to implement government policy and support schools to achieve their goals. Political leaders, such as ministers of education or parliamentarians, can shape the direction of an education system. Student leaders, when involved in education governance, can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility for learning. Yoana Quintero is a rural school principal in Mexico in a challenging area plagued with a lack of public services, marginalized populations, gang violence and drug trafficking. Facilities are poor. Water, electricity and telephone services are scarce. Drawing on her knowledge of the community, she has forged partnerships with local institutions, including the health centre, police station and community services, to address school needs. She motivates and empowers her teaching staff, fostering a culture of care and support that extends beyond the classroom to create a favourable and supportive environment for teaching and learning. Sok Weng is a principal at the Bunrany Hun Sen Romeas Primary School in Cambodia. He has been working in education for 40 years. During COVID-19, he worked hard to prevent any children at his school from dropping out. He coordinated home learning packages to help students stay in school and keep up with their learning. Sharhabeel Marashdeh is an assistant school principal at the Al-Dhiraa Secondary School for Boys in Jordan. He has a bachelor's in mathematics and an advanced

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related materials (22%). ## Table 2.14. Available three-digit goods export data (number of goods categories) | | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| | Armenia | 204 | 212 | 204 | 227 | 219 | 219 | 227 | 228 | | Azerbaijan | 196 | 192 | 192 | 197 | 217 | 223 | 220 | 220 | | Georgia | 231 | 231 | 231 | 230 | 235 | 235 | 239 | 243 | | Moldova | 221 | 226 | 221 | 225 | 229 | 226 | 222 | 219 | | Ukraine | 255 | 253 | 254 | 251 | 252 | 254 | 249 | -- | Sources: UN Comtrade Database.  ## Methodology Export specialisation is measured by comparing relative export shares for each country to the unweighted average export shares of the EaP countries: - ■ goods categories with a current strength, including specialised goods categories with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation for export volumes are above predefined thresholds; - ■ goods categories with an emerging strength, including emerging goods categories with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for export volumes is above predefined thresholds. For all SITC three-digit goods categories, the following indicators have been calculated for each EaP country: - ■ the degree of specialisation for export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; - ■ average relative share of export values for each year in the 2012-2019 period; - ■ rate of change in degree of specialisation for export values for three time periods: between 2012 and 2015, between 2014 and 2017 and between 2016 and 2019. ## Table 2.15. Thresholds used to identify goods export specialisations | | Current strengths | Current strengths | Emerging strengths | |------------|--------------------------|---------------------|------------------------------------| | | Degree of specialisation | Relative size | Change in degree of specialisation | | Armenia | 1.5 | 0.1% | >0 | | Azerbaijan | 1.5 | 0.1% | >0 | | Georgia | 1.5 | 0.1% | >0 | | Moldova | 1.5 | 0.1% | >0 | | Ukraine | 1.5 | 0.1% | >0 | Degrees of specialisation have been calculated relative to the unweighted average of the six EaP countries. Specialised goods categories with critical mass are

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X | 0.2% | | 781 | Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver), including station-wagons and racing cars | X | 15.4% | | | | 791 | Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipment | | | X | 0.5% | | 8 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | | | | | | 843 | Men's or boys' coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) | X | 0.3% | X | 0.3% | | 872 | Instruments and appliances, n.e.s., for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes | X | 0.3% | | | | 874 | Measuring, checking, analysing and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.2% | | 893 | Articles, n.e.s., of plastics | | | X | 0.3% | | 9 | Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC | | | | | ## Mapping of goods export specialisations - results for Moldova

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or the like can be used. - a metal oxide containing one or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used for the insulator 207 , the insulator 270 , and the insulator 273 . It is also possible to use a nitride of silicon or a nitride of silicon containing oxygen, such as silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide. - the insulator 270 and the insulator 273 function as etching stoppers when a contact is formed in the insulator 280 and the insulator 281 , the insulator 270 and the insulator 273 are preferably formed using a material whose etching rate is different from the etching rate of the insulator 280 and the insulator 281 . - the insulator 207 functions as an etching stopper when a contact is formed in the insulator 216 - the insulator 207 is preferably formed using a material whose etching rate is different from the etching rate of the insulator 216 . - aluminum oxide has a high barrier property, so that even a thin aluminum oxide film having a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 3.0 nm can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen and nitrogen. - hafnium oxide has lower barrier property than aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide having a large thickness can have a high barrier property. Therefore, the amount of added hydrogen and nitrogen can be adjusted appropriately by adjusting the thickness of hafnium oxide. - the insulator 250 functioning as the gate insulator is preferably an insulator including an excess-oxygen region. - the insulator 224 preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. - an insulator containing an oxide of one or more kinds of aluminum, hafnium, and gallium can be used for the insulator 222 and the insulator 226 , which function as part of the gate insulator. - silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which is thermally stable, is preferably used for the insulator 220 . - the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the gate insulator can be reduced while the physical thickness of the gate insulator is kept. - on-state current can be increased without reduction in the influence of the electric field applied from the gate electrode. Since the distance between the gate electrode and the channel formation region is kept by the physical thickness of the gate insulator,

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UN-Habitat. ( 2005 ). Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements . Nairobi: UN-Habitat. UN-Habitat. ( 2022a ). World Cities Report: Envisaging the Future of Cities . Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-Habitat. ( 2022b ). Global Action Plan: Accelerating for Transforming Informal Settlements and Slums by 2030 . Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Varley, A. (2013). Postcolonialising Informality?, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 31(1), 4–22. Weinstein, L. (2014). The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai . Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Press. World Bank . (2019). The World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work . Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. 2 The trust of a city street is formed over time from many, many little public sidewalk contacts. It grows out of people stopping […], getting advice from the grocer and giving advice to the news-stand man, comparing opinions with other customers at the bakery […] admonishing the children, hearing about a job from the hardware man and borrowing a dollar from the druggist, admiring the new babies and sym - pathizing over the way a coat faded. 2 Resilient cities – Why does slum type matter? This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342-310.4324/9781003467342-3 28 Urban life in Delhi slumsResilient cities Customs vary: in some neighbourhoods people compare notes on their dogs; in others they compare notes on their landlords. Most of it is ostensibly utterly trivial, but the sum is not trivial at all. The sum of such casual, public contact at a local level – most of it fortuitous, most of it associated with errands, all of it metred by the person concerned and not thrust upon him by anyone – is a feeling for the public identity of people, a web of public respect and trust, and a resource in time of personal or neighbourhood need. The absence of this trust is a disaster to a city street. (Jacobs, 1961 , p. 66–67) Introduction Neighbourhoods are districts of an urban city where neighbours live and come together through social and cultural networks. As the above quote by Jane Jacobs illustrates, for some, a ‘neighbourhood’ defines who they are in terms of social position, dignity and identity, offering a community with humility and empathy. Neighbourhoods can form boundaries as well as promote rich cultural diversity and pluralism. A neighbourhood

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| 0.4 2 | 1 | 18 | | | 100 | 99 98 | 99 99 | | 93 | | | | | Switzerland | | | | | | | | 16 | 100 | | | | | 97 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | | Ukraine United Kingdom | 69 ᵢ 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 76 ₋₂ ᵢ | 3 | 2 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 3 2 | 2 5 | 100 | 100 | 99 100 | 99 100 | 95 88 | 90 | 2.6 3.2 | 2.0 3.2 | 2.0 3.2 | | United States | 91 ᵢ | … 87 ₋₁ | 2 | 3 | | 2 | | 4 | 100 100 | 100 100 | 99 | 99 | 92 | 94 | | | | | | | ᵢ | 3 | 3 | 2 | | 7 | | | | | | | 2.8 | | 2.5 | 2.5 |

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countries, can apply these strategies. The EU’s deci - sion-making rules are based on a valid internal logic – to achieve consensus or at least reach a broad majority – but they appear slow and cumbersome in comparison with developments taking place externally. Crucially, Europe’s decision-making rules have not substantially evolved as the EU has enlarged and as the global environment facing Europe has become more hostile and complex. Decisions are typically made issue-by-issue in different sub-com - mittees, with little coordination across policy areas. Multiple veto players can delay or dilute action. The upshot is a legislative process with an average time of 19 months to agree new laws01 – from the Commission’s proposal to the signing of the adopted act – and which even then does not deliver results at the level and pace EU citizens expect. Strengthening the EU requires Treaty changes, but it is not a precondition for Europe to move forward: much can be done with targeted adjustments. Until the consensus for Treaty changes is in place, a renewed European partnership should be built on three overarching goals: refocusing the work of the EU, accelerating EU action and integration, and simplifying rules. REFOCUSING THE WORK OF THE EU The report recommends establishing a new “Competitiveness Coordination Framework” to foster EU-wide coordination in priority areas, replacing other overlapping coordination instruments . The EU has a variety of tools to coordinate policies, such as the European Semester for economic policies and National Energy and Climate Plans for energy policies. In most cases, however, the established processes have so far proven to be largely bureaucratic and ineffective at fostering genuine EU-wide policy coordination. The new framework would address only EU-level strategic priorities – “EU Competitiveness Priorities” – which would be formulated and adopted by the European Council. These priorities would be defined at the beginning of each European political cycle in a European Council debate and adopted in European Council conclusions02. Thereafter, the coordination of all economic policies relevant to the EU’s agreed strategic priorities would be merged into the new coordination framework, excluding fiscal policy surveillance which would continue to be governed by the European Semester exercise. Not only would this rationalisation help to organise and focus the EU’s activities, it would also represent a major simplifi - cation exercise for both EU and national administrations. The Competitiveness Coordination Framework would be divided into Competitiveness Action Plans

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