SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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in mineral prices. 26 See Southern African Legal Information Institute . 27 United Kingdom upstream production profits are taxed at a higher rate from exploration to decommissioning. This is an entity-based tax combining all fields and excludes midstream, downstream, investment, and oil trading. See the North Sea Transition Authority for a useful summary of the UK Continental Shelf taxation regime. 28 Although the law refers to contractors, we used subcontractors for the sake of clarity to avoid confusion with oil companies, which are commonly called contractors in the United Kingdom. 29 For details, see OT50000 - Oil contractors ring fence: contents - HMRC internal manual - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) . The oil contractors ring-fence in the United Kingdom was introduced in 2014 as a part of the anti-BEPS package, alongside measures that restrict the deduction available for certain intragroup lease payments. The concern was that certain offshore drilling and accommodation contractors legally own their main asset (e.g., the mobile drilling rigs or accommodation vessels) in lowtax jurisdictions while they commercially exploit it in the United Kingdom. United Kingdom entities exploiting such valuable assets by providing high-value services to oil companies were able to make deductible intragroup lease payments for the use of that asset, which meant that a significant proportion of the operating profits moved overseas. Since April 1, 2014, tax deductions for certain lease payments have been capped at 7.5% of the asset's cost. At the same time, the oil contractors ringfence was introduced to protect the additional profits resulting from the measure to prevent them from being shifted abroad or eroded through other means. Profits inside this new ring-fence are only taxed at standard CIT rates (as opposed to the higher rates for oil and gas producers), but they cannot be reduced by other deductions or tax reliefs derived from activity outside the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. Determining whether specific activities qualify as 'oil contractor activities' can be challenging. See Wilhunter (UK) LTD v HRMC (2021) . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? Some resource-rich countries have chosen to provide exceptions to ring-fencing rules in specific cases. Table 5 summarizes five cases where ring-fencing rules in place contain specific exemptions. These exemptions may be motivated	[ "in", "mineral", "prices", ".", "\n\n", "26", " ", "See", "Southern", "African", "Legal", "Information", "Institute", ".", "\n\n", "27", " ", "United", "Kingdom", "upstream", "production", "profits", "are", "taxed", "at", "a", "higher", "rate", "from", "exploration", "to", "decommissioning", ".", "This", "is", "an", "entity", "-", "based", "tax", "combining", "all", "fields", "and", "excludes", "midstream", ",", "downstream", ",", "investment", ",", "and", "oil", "trading", ".", "See", "the", "North", "Sea", "Transition", "Authority", "for", "a", "useful", "summary", "of", "the", "UK", "Continental", "Shelf", "taxation", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "28", " ", "Although", "the", "law", "refers", "to", "contractors", ",", "we", "used", "subcontractors", "for", "the", "sake", "of", "clarity", "to", "avoid", "confusion", "with", "oil", "companies", ",", "which", "are", "commonly", "called", "contractors", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ".", "\n\n", "29", " ", "For", "details", ",", "see", "OT50000", "-", "Oil", "contractors", "ring", "fence", ":", "contents", "-", "HMRC", "internal", "manual", "-", "GOV.UK", "(", "www.gov.uk", ")", ".", "The", "oil", "contractors", "ring", "-", "fence", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "was", "introduced", "in", "2014", "as", "a", "part", "of", "the", "anti", "-", "BEPS", "package", ",", "alongside", "measures", "that", "restrict", "the", "deduction", "available", "for", "certain", "intragroup", "lease", "payments", ".", "The", "concern", "was", "that", "certain", "offshore", "drilling", "and", "accommodation", "contractors", "legally", "own", "their", "main", "asset", "(", "e.g.", ",", "the", "mobile", "drilling", "rigs", "or", "accommodation", "vessels", ")", "in", "lowtax", "jurisdictions", "while", "they", "commercially", "exploit", "it", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ".", "United", "Kingdom", "entities", "exploiting", "such", "valuable", "assets", "by", "providing", "high", "-", "value", "services", "to", "oil", "companies", "were", "able", "to", "make", "deductible", "intragroup", "lease", "payments", "for", "the", "use", "of", "that", "asset", ",", "which", "meant", "that", "a", "significant", "proportion", "of", "the", "operating", "profits", "moved", "overseas", ".", "Since", "April", "1", ",", "2014", ",", "tax", "deductions", "for", "certain", "lease", "payments", "have", "been", "capped", "at", "7.5", "%", "of", "the", "asset", "'s", "cost", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "oil", "contractors", "ringfence", "was", "introduced", "to", "protect", "the", "additional", "profits", "resulting", "from", "the", "measure", "to", "prevent", "them", "from", "being", "shifted", "abroad", "or", "eroded", "through", "other", "means", ".", "Profits", "inside", "this", "new", "ring", "-", "fence", "are", "only", "taxed", "at", "standard", "CIT", "rates", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "the", "higher", "rates", "for", "oil", "and", "gas", "producers", ")", ",", "but", "they", "can", "not", "be", "reduced", "by", "other", "deductions", "or", "tax", "reliefs", "derived", "from", "activity", "outside", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "Continental", "Shelf", ".", "Determining", "whether", "specific", "activities", "qualify", "as", "'", "oil", "contractor", "activities", "'", "can", "be", "challenging", ".", "See", "Wilhunter", "(", "UK", ")", "LTD", "v", "HRMC", "(", "2021", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.6", "Is", "It", "Reasonable", "to", "Consider", "Some", "Exceptions", "to", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules", "?", "\n\n", "Some", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "have", "chosen", "to", "provide", "exceptions", "to", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "specific", "cases", ".", "Table", "5", "summarizes", "five", "cases", "where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "place", "contain", "specific", "exemptions", ".", "These", "exemptions", "may", "be", "motivated" ]	[ { "end": 2147, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2114 }, { "end": 2139, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2114 }, { "end": 2145, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2141 } ]
When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W. Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.) 9 783034 346696ISBN 978-3-0343-4669-6Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W.	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“Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Copyright © 202 5 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 979-8-88708- 236-3 Cover design by Solé Nazaire Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization tha t works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Copenhagen, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JULY 2025 ISBN: 979- 8-88708- 236 -3 “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Glossary ................................................................................................................................ i Map ..................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 5 I. Background ....................................................................................................................... 9 Water Availability and Distribution Challenges ........................................................................ 9 Widespread Contamination and Inadequate Infrastructure .................................................... 12 Governance and Legal Framework ......................................................................................... 17 The Constitutional Duty to Pass a Water Law ................................................................... 17 Fragmented, Uncoordinated, and Inexpert Governance .................................................... 18 Structural Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples ........................................................... 22 Historical and Ongoing Discrimination ............................................................................ 22 Indigenous Self -Management and Stewardship of Water Resources ................................. 26 II. Inadequate Access to Safe Water and Sanitation ........................................................... 29 Inadequate Access to Water and its Disparate Impacts on Indigenous and Low -Income Communities ....................................................................................................................... 29 Infrastructure Gaps ........................................................................................................ 35 Intermittent Water Service Delivery ................................................................................. 44 Insufficient Quality and Monitoring of Water .......................................................................... 47 Irregular Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 47 Concerns about Quality .................................................................................................. 49 Limited Water Treatment Options ................................................................................... 51 Inadequate Oversight of Industrial and Agricultural Operations ....................................... 52 Lack of Accountability for Contamination and other Water -Related Crimes ........................ 54 Lack of Access to Sanitation Services .................................................................................... 56 Differentiated Impact on Women and Girls ............................................................................ 60 III. How the Water Crisis Threatens Other Rights ............................................................... 63 The Right to Health ............................................................................................................... 63 Water -Borne Disease and Limited Hygiene due to Water Scarcity ..................................... 63 Impact on the Delivery of Healthcare Services   ................................................................ 66 Vicious Cycle Between Water, Diarrhea and Malnutrition .................................................	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", "........................................................................", "9", "\n", "Widespread", "Contamination", "and", "Inadequate", "Infrastructure", " ", "....................................................", "12", "\n", "Governance", "and", "Legal", "Framework", " ", ".........................................................................................", "17", "\n", "The", "Constitutional", "Duty", "to", "Pass", "a", "Water", "Law", " ", "...................................................................", "17", "\n", "Fragmented", ",", "Uncoordinated", ",", "and", "Inexpert", "Governance", " ", "....................................................", "18", "\n", "Structural", "Discrimination", "against", "Indigenous", "Peoples", " ", "...........................................................", "22", "\n", "Historical", "and", "Ongoing", "Discrimination", " ", "............................................................................", "22", "\n", "Indigenous", "Self", "-Management", "and", "Stewardship", "of", "Water", "Resources", " ", ".................................", " ", "26", "\n", "II", ".", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Safe", "Water", "and", "Sanitation", " ", "...........................................................", "29", "\n", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Water", "and", "its", "Disparate", "Impacts", "on", "Indigenous", "and", "Low", "-Income", "\n", "Communities", " ", ".......................................................................................................................", "29", "\n", "Infrastructure", "Gaps", " ", "........................................................................................................", "35", "\n", "Intermittent", "Water", "Service", "Delivery", " ", ".................................................................................", "44", "\n", "Insufficient", "Quality", "and", "Monitoring", "of", "Water", " ", "..........................................................................", "47", "\n", "Irregular", "Monitoring", " ", ".......................................................................................................", "47", "\n", "Concerns", "about", "Quality", " ", "..................................................................................................", "49", "\n", "Limited", "Water", "Treatment", "Options", " ", "...................................................................................", "51", "\n", "Inadequate", "Oversight", "of", "Industrial", "and", "Agricultural", "Operations", " ", ".......................................", "52", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Accountability", "for", "Contamination", "and", "other", "Water", "-Related", "Crimes", " ", "........................", "54", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Access", "to", "Sanitation", "Services", " ", "....................................................................................", "56", "\n", "Differentiated", "Impact", "on", "Women", "and", "Girls", " ", "............................................................................", "60", "\n \n \n ", "III", ".", "How", "the", "Water", "Crisis", "Threatens", "Other", "Rights", " ", "...............................................................", "63", "\n", "The", "Right", "to", "Health", " ", "...............................................................................................................", "63", "\n", "Water", "-Borne", "Disease", "and", "Limited", "Hygiene", "due", "to", "Water", "Scarcity", " ", ".....................................", "63", "\n", "Impact", "on", "the", "Delivery", "of", "Healthcare", "Services", "  ", "................................................................", "66", "\n", "Vicious", "Cycle", "Between", "Water", ",", "Diarrhea", "and", "Malnutrition", " ", "................................................." ]	[]
we should strive to mainstream such 'footnotes' into the history of science through research, writing, teaching and public engagement - until that is achieved, our understanding of processes of knowledge- making in STEMM can only be incomplete at best. Indeed, as Maria Bucur emphasizes in a related context, 'writing histories that highlight the specific qualities, achievements, failures, and overall contributions' of women to science is a 'core element of how we understand our past'. 22 Studying the lives, collective and individual, of women in STEMM is an opportunity to reflect on how we have defined 'science', what has counted as 'scientific labour' and who has counted as a 'scientist' in different geographical and historical contexts. As the next section discusses, there is much to learn in this respect by bringing different geographies and strands of scholarly literature in conversation with each other, especially gender and feminist scholarship, histories of science and imperialism, and investigations of gender and power in (post- )socialist societies. ## Multisited histories of gender, science and power Any assessment of the present volume's contribution to the extant literature on women, gender and science must begin with the recognition that there are significant variations in how scholars have engaged with this topic in different regional and academic contexts. Since the early 1980s, a growing body of literature has been published in various parts of the world examining the lives and career trajectories of women scientists as well as the sociopolitical, economic and cultural circumstances that have circumscribed their access to STEMM. 23 Some of these publications follow a compensatory approach, seeking to uncover forgotten figures of science and searching for historical proof of women's participation in it. 24 Others move beyond recovering lost voices to examining the complex interplay of factors that contributed to the structural exclusion and marginalization of women, illuminating, for example, how gendered identities were constructed and how they came to structure interactions between men and women in science, as well as processes of knowledge- making. 25 Compensatory writing might go some way towards making women in STEMM more visible, but it is not, in and by itself, sufficient to challenge the epistemological assumptions underlying historical analyses that have long treated them as lesser actors of knowledge- making. In fact, as Devika cautions in a related context, this type of writing can end up reinforcing hegemonic conceptions of science and gender roles, for example, when	[ "we", " ", "should", "strive", " ", "to", " ", "mainstream", " ", "such", " ", "'", "footnotes", "'", " ", "into", " ", "the", " ", "history", " ", "of", " ", "science", " ", "through", "research", ",", "writing", ",", "teaching", "and", "public", "engagement", "-", "until", "that", "is", "achieved", ",", "our", "understanding", "of", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", "in", "STEMM", "can", "only", "be", "incomplete", "at", "best", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "as", "Maria", "Bucur", "emphasizes", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "'", "writing", "histories", "that", "highlight", "the", "specific", "qualities", ",", "achievements", ",", "failures", ",", "and", "overall", "contributions", "'", "of", "women", "to", "science", "is", "a", "'", "core", "element", "of", "how", "we", "understand", "our", "past", "'", ".", "22", "Studying", "the", "lives", ",", "collective", "and", "individual", ",", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", "is", " ", "an", " ", "opportunity", " ", "to", " ", "reflect", " ", "on", " ", "how", " ", "we", " ", "have", " ", "defined", " ", "'", "science", "'", ",", " ", "what", " ", "has", "counted", "as", "'", "scientific", "labour", "'", "and", "who", "has", "counted", "as", "a", "'", "scientist", "'", "in", "different", "\n\n", "geographical", "and", "historical", "contexts", ".", "As", "the", "next", "section", "discusses", ",", "there", "is", "much", "to", "learn", "in", "this", "respect", "by", "bringing", "different", "geographies", "and", "strands", "of", "scholarly", "literature", "in", "conversation", "with", "each", "other", ",", "especially", "gender", "and", "feminist", "scholarship", ",", "histories", "of", "science", "and", "imperialism", ",", "and", "investigations", "of", "gender", "and", "power", "in", "(", "post-", " ", ")", "socialist", "societies", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Multisited", "histories", "of", "gender", ",", "science", "and", "power", "\n\n", "Any", "assessment", "of", "the", "present", "volume", "'s", "contribution", "to", "the", "extant", "literature", "on", "women", ",", "gender", "and", "science", "must", "begin", "with", "the", "recognition", "that", "there", "are", "significant", "variations", "in", "how", "scholars", "have", "engaged", "with", "this", "topic", "in", "different", "regional", "and", "academic", "contexts", ".", "Since", "the", "early", "1980s", ",", "a", "growing", "body", "of", "literature", "has", "been", "published", "in", "various", "parts", "of", "the", "world", "examining", "the", "lives", "and", "career", "trajectories", "of", "women", "scientists", "as", "well", "as", "the", "sociopolitical", ",", " ", "economic", " ", "and", " ", "cultural", " ", "circumstances", " ", "that", " ", "have", " ", "circumscribed", "their", "access", "to", "STEMM", ".", "23", " ", "Some", "of", "these", "publications", "follow", "a", "compensatory", "approach", ",", "seeking", "to", "uncover", "forgotten", "figures", "of", "science", "and", "searching", "for", "historical", "proof", "of", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "it", ".", "24", " ", "Others", "move", "beyond", "recovering", "lost", "voices", "to", "examining", "the", "complex", "interplay", "of", "factors", "that", "contributed", "to", "the", "structural", "exclusion", "and", "marginalization", "of", "women", ",", "illuminating", ",", "for", "example", ",", "how", "gendered", "identities", "were", "constructed", "and", "how", "they", "came", "to", "structure", "interactions", "between", "men", "and", "women", "in", "science", ",", "as", "well", "as", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "25", "\n\n", "Compensatory", "writing", "might", "go", "some", "way", "towards", "making", "women", "in", "STEMM", "more", "visible", ",", "but", "it", "is", "not", ",", "in", "and", "by", "itself", ",", "sufficient", "to", "challenge", "the", " ", "epistemological", " ", "assumptions", " ", "underlying", " ", "historical", " ", "analyses", " ", "that", " ", "have", "long", "treated", "them", "as", "lesser", "actors", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "as", "Devika", "cautions", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "this", "type", "of", "writing", "can", "end", "up", "reinforcing", "hegemonic", "conceptions", "of", "science", "and", "gender", "roles", ",", "for", "example", ",", "when" ]	[ { "end": 2245, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2243 }, { "end": 1888, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1886 }, { "end": 504, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 502 }, { "end": 1710, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1708 } ]
Europe will require a high degree of trade openness towards countries that provide key technologies in which the EU is currently deficient. For example, maintaining low trade barriers in digital goods, services and infrastructures with the US will be key to guarantee access to the latest AI models and processors. By contrast, a joint plan for decar - bonisation and competitiveness could entail, in specific circumstances, defensive trade measures to level the playing field globally and offset state-sponsored competition abroad, in line with the new EU Economic Security Strategy. When it comes to increasing security and reducing dependencies, the EU must ensure access to critical resources and protect key value chains. This may require securing preferential trade agree - ments with key partners and guaranteeing critical supplies, including through offtake agreements and direct investment in production facilities abroad. To avoid the pitfalls of protectionism, trade policy should be governed by a clear set of principles . First, the use of trade measures should be pragmatic and aligned with the overarching goal of raising the EU’s productivity growth. Unless there is an overriding geopolitical imperative, defensive measures should therefore not be applied systematically. Measures should aim to distinguish genuine innovation and produc - tivity improvements abroad, which are beneficial for Europe, from state-sponsored competition and demand suppression, which lead to lower employment for Europeans. Second, the EU’s trade policy should be consis - tent. Tariffs should avoid creating perverse incentives that undermine European industry, and therefore need to be assessed consistently across all stages of production. For example, imposing tariffs on imports of raw materials or intermediate goods, but not on final goods that use those materials intensively, could lead to de-localisation. Finally, trade measures must be balanced against consumer interests. Even in cases when the EU is the victim of foreign subsidies, there may be some industries where domestic producers have fallen so far behind, that making imports more expensive would only impose excessive deadweight costs on the economy. In these circumstances, it would be preferable for the EU to fund higher investments in more advanced technologies while allowing foreign taxpayers to contribute to higher consumption by European consumers. There should be enhanced coordination in the EU’s foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions . The US administration has recently imposed wide-ranging tariffs on Chinese imports, coupled with progressive measures tightening inward FDI rules, to protect strategic sectors. As a result, the	[ "Europe", "will", "require", "a", "\n", "high", "degree", "of", "trade", "openness", "towards", "countries", "that", "provide", "key", "technologies", "in", "which", "the", "EU", "is", "currently", "\n", "deficient", ".", "For", "example", ",", "maintaining", "low", "trade", "barriers", "in", "digital", "goods", ",", "services", "and", "infrastructures", "with", "the", "\n", "US", "will", "be", "key", "to", "guarantee", "access", "to", "the", "latest", "AI", "models", "and", "processors", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "a", "joint", "plan", "for", "decar", "-", "\n", "bonisation", "and", "competitiveness", "could", "entail", ",", "in", "specific", "circumstances", ",", "defensive", "trade", "measures", "to", "level", "\n", "the", "playing", "field", "globally", "and", "offset", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "abroad", ",", "in", "line", "with", "the", "new", "EU", "Economic", "\n", "Security", "Strategy", ".", "When", "it", "comes", "to", "increasing", "security", "and", "reducing", "dependencies", ",", "the", "EU", "must", "ensure", "\n", "access", "to", "critical", "resources", "and", "protect", "key", "value", "chains", ".", "This", "may", "require", "securing", "preferential", "trade", "agree", "-", "\n", "ments", "with", "key", "partners", "and", "guaranteeing", "critical", "supplies", ",", "including", "through", "offtake", "agreements", "and", "direct", "\n", "investment", "in", "production", "facilities", "abroad", ".", "\n", "To", "avoid", "the", "pitfalls", "of", "protectionism", ",", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "governed", "by", "a", "clear", "set", "of", "principles", ".", "\n", "First", ",", "the", "use", "of", "trade", "measures", "should", "be", "pragmatic", "and", "aligned", "with", "the", "overarching", "goal", "of", "raising", "the", "\n", "EU", "’s", "productivity", "growth", ".", "Unless", "there", "is", "an", "overriding", "geopolitical", "imperative", ",", "defensive", "measures", "should", "\n", "therefore", "not", "be", "applied", "systematically", ".", "Measures", "should", "aim", "to", "distinguish", "genuine", "innovation", "and", "produc", "-", "\n", "tivity", "improvements", "abroad", ",", "which", "are", "beneficial", "for", "Europe", ",", "from", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "and", "demand", "\n", "suppression", ",", "which", "lead", "to", "lower", "employment", "for", "Europeans", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "EU", "’s", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "consis", "-", "\n", "tent", ".", "Tariffs", "should", "avoid", "creating", "perverse", "incentives", "that", "undermine", "European", "industry", ",", "and", "therefore", "need", "\n", "to", "be", "assessed", "consistently", "across", "all", "stages", "of", "production", ".", "For", "example", ",", "imposing", "tariffs", "on", "imports", "of", "raw", "\n", "materials", "or", "intermediate", "goods", ",", "but", "not", "on", "final", "goods", "that", "use", "those", "materials", "intensively", ",", "could", "lead", "to", "\n", "de", "-", "localisation", ".", "Finally", ",", "trade", "measures", "must", "be", "balanced", "against", "consumer", "interests", ".", "Even", "in", "cases", "when", "\n", "the", "EU", "is", "the", "victim", "of", "foreign", "subsidies", ",", "there", "may", "be", "some", "industries", "where", "domestic", "producers", "have", "\n", "fallen", "so", "far", "behind", ",", "that", "making", "imports", "more", "expensive", "would", "only", "impose", "excessive", "deadweight", "costs", "on", "\n", "the", "economy", ".", "In", "these", "circumstances", ",", "it", "would", "be", "preferable", "for", "the", "EU", "to", "fund", "higher", "investments", "in", "more", "\n", "advanced", "technologies", "while", "allowing", "foreign", "taxpayers", "to", "contribute", "to", "higher", "consumption", "by", "European", "\n", "consumers", ".", "\n", "There", "should", "be", "enhanced", "coordination", "in", "the", "EU", "’s", "foreign", "direct", "investment", "(", "FDI", ")", "decisions", ".", "The", "\n", "US", "administration", "has", "recently", "imposed", "wide", "-", "ranging", "tariffs", "on", "Chinese", "imports", ",", "coupled", "with", "progressive", "\n", "measures", "tightening", "inward", "FDI", "rules", ",", "to", "protect", "strategic", "sectors", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the" ]	[]
through the Office of Research and Development at the University of Botswana for academic staff and co-researchers. CIPA, the office that oversees copyright issues in the country, also disburses funds to book publishers annually.Population 2.5 million (2023) Urban population 73% (2023) Mobile phone subscription (2022) 165% Internet users (2022) 77%Literacy rate (≥15 years old) 87% (2013) GDP per capita US$7 ,820 (2023) Book sector 2023 estimated data Publishing houses 49 Titles published 370 Bookstores 3 Public libraries 45 Public libraries per capita 1 per 55,500 inhabitants Jobs 1,800 68 THE AFRICAN BOOK INDUSTRY • Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth © University Of KwaZulu-Natal PressThe funds are collected through the Government Levy on Technical Devices Fund and used for the development of authors, publishers, and the copyright industries. 3 For the year 2022, approximately US$286,000 was disbursed to book and publishing professionals, while funds amounting to US$363,945 were disbursed in 2023. 4 Funds are distributed to support the literary ecosystem, including the purchase of materials such as printers, and payments to book illustrators, photographers and editors. 5 There are no tax exemptions, reduced rates or preferential tax treatments for the book and publishing sector. The same applies to the importation of paper or machinery to produce books. Public purchases of school textbooks for educational institutions are conducted through the Botswana Government’s public procurement process. According to the national authority’s survey response, a preferential scheme provision is adhered to for women and youth during the public procurement tendering system for purchasing library books. PUBLISHING The National Reference Library (NRL) in Gaborone is the country’s ISBN agency. This is an arm of the BNLS. Prior authorization is required for the use of copyrighted material. Publishers are bound by the BNLS Act to declare and deposit all book publications. It is mandatory to deposit one copy with the University of Botswana and two copies with the BNLS Board. 6 Botswana’s book publishing landscape is dominated by multinational and foreign publishing companies such as Macmillan, Cambridge University Press, and Collegium Publishers. According to the national authority, in 2023, a total of 49 book publishers were operating in the country. The national authority further indicates that between 2021 and 2023, most publications were in print format, with 406 published in 2021, 411 in 2022, and 370 in 2023.Based on the national authority’s survey response, the preferred format among readers is printed books, followed by digital	[ "through", "the", "Office", "of", "Research", "and", "Development", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "for", "academic", "staff", "and", "co", "-", "researchers", ".", "CIPA", ",", "the", "office", "that", "oversees", "copyright", "issues", "in", "the", "country", ",", "also", "disburses", "funds", "to", "book", "publishers", "annually", ".", "Population", "2.5", "million", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Urban", "population", "73", "%", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Mobile", "phone", " \n", "subscription", "(", "2022", ")", "165", "%", "\n", "Internet", "users", "(", "2022", ")", "77%Literacy", "rate", "(", "≥15", "years", "old", ")", "87", "%", "\n", "(", "2013", ")", "\n", "GDP", "per", "capita", "US$", "7", ",", "820", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Book", "sector", " \n", "2023", "estimated", "data", "\n", "Publishing", "houses", "49", "\n", "Titles", "published", "370", "\n", "Bookstores", "3", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "45", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "per", "capita", "\n", "1", "per", "55,500", " ", "inhabitants", "\n", "Jobs", "1,800", "\n", "68", "\n", "THE", "AFRICAN", "BOOK", "INDUSTRY", "•", "Trends", ",", "Challenges", "and", "Opportunities", "for", "Growth", "\n", "©", "University", "Of", "KwaZulu", "-", "Natal", "PressThe", "funds", "are", "collected", "through", "the", "\n", "Government", "Levy", "on", "Technical", "Devices", "Fund", "and", "used", "for", "the", "development", "of", "authors", ",", "publishers", ",", "and", "the", "copyright", "industries", ".", "\n", "3", "For", "the", "year", "\n", "2022", ",", "approximately", "US$", "286,000", "was", "disbursed", "to", "book", "and", "publishing", "professionals", ",", "while", "funds", "amounting", "to", "US$", "363,945", "were", "disbursed", "in", "2023", ".", "\n", "4", "Funds", "are", "distributed", "to", "support", "\n", "the", "literary", "ecosystem", ",", "including", "the", "purchase", "of", "materials", "such", "as", "printers", ",", "and", "payments", "to", "book", "illustrators", ",", "photographers", "and", "editors", ".", "\n", "5", "\n", "There", "are", "no", "tax", "exemptions", ",", "reduced", "rates", "or", "preferential", "tax", "treatments", "for", "the", "book", "and", "publishing", "sector", ".", "The", "same", "applies", "to", "the", "importation", "of", "paper", "or", "machinery", "to", "produce", "books", ".", "Public", "purchases", "of", "school", "textbooks", "for", "educational", "institutions", "are", "conducted", "through", "the", "Botswana", "Government", "’s", "public", "procurement", "process", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "survey", "response", ",", "a", "preferential", "scheme", "provision", "is", "adhered", "to", "for", "women", "and", "youth", "during", "the", "public", "procurement", "tendering", "system", "for", "purchasing", "library", " ", "books", ".", "\n", "PUBLISHING", "\n", "The", "National", "Reference", "Library", "(", "NRL", ")", "in", "Gaborone", "is", "the", "country", "’s", "ISBN", "agency", ".", "This", "is", "an", "arm", "of", "the", "BNLS", ".", "Prior", "authorization", "is", "required", "for", "the", "use", "of", "copyrighted", "material", ".", "Publishers", "are", "bound", "by", "the", "BNLS", "Act", "to", "declare", "and", "deposit", "all", "book", "publications", ".", "It", "is", "mandatory", "to", "deposit", "one", "copy", "with", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "and", "two", "copies", "with", "the", "BNLS", "Board", ".", "\n", "6", "\n", "Botswana", "’s", "book", "publishing", "landscape", "is", "dominated", "by", "multinational", "and", "foreign", "publishing", "companies", "such", "as", "Macmillan", ",", "Cambridge", "University", "Press", ",", "and", "Collegium", "Publishers", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", ",", "in", "2023", ",", "a", "total", "of", "49", "book", "publishers", "were", "operating", "in", "the", "country", ".", "The", "national", "authority", "further", "indicates", "that", "between", "2021", "and", "2023", ",", "most", "publications", "were", "in", "print", "format", ",", "with", "406", "published", "in", "2021", ",", "411", " ", "in", "2022", ",", "and", "370", "in", "2023.Based", "on", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "\n", "survey", "response", ",", "the", "preferred", "format", "among", "readers", "is", "printed", "books", ",", "followed", "by", "digital" ]	[]
goals. Education leadership: A process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of an education goal. Education management: A process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources to enable an education institution to achieve its goals while ensuring its functioning and development. Induction: A professional development process for individuals who are new to a position or institution, aimed at easing their transition, familiarizing them with institutional policies and promoting effectiveness. It includes, but goes beyond, coaching and mentoring. Instructional leadership: An approach to leadership which focuses on improving teaching and learning processes to enhance student achievement relative to standards. It includes teaching supervision, curriculum implementation coordination, student progress monitor, and administration of learning-related tasks (also: pedagogical leadership ). Licensing: A process that screens candidates to ensure they have a minimum set of qualifications so that they are permitted to practice an occupation. Mentoring: A directive and less structured professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It can last a long time and does not require specific qualifications of the mentor (see coaching ). Merit-based selection: A selection process which seeks to establish whether an individual applicant has the objective and clearly articulated expected qualities required for good performance in a particular position. Open competition: A selection process in which candidates compete through examinations, presentation of qualifications and other objective criteria. Preparation: A process to develop the knowledge, skills, and competencies that aspiring applicants need to possess prior to being appointed to a position in order to be effective. Principal: A school leader responsible for exercising administration, management and leadership to enable an institution to achieve its goals (which may include community engagement and a positive learning environment) (also: director, headmaster, headteacher, manager ). Professional learning community: A group of professionals who meet regularly to share expertise and works collaboratively to improve their skills. Professional standards: A set of guidelines and expectations outlining the knowledge, skills and practices required to ensure quality, accountability, and continuous improvement in a profession. Professionalization: A process of giving an occupation, activity, or group professional qualities by increasing training or raising required qualifications, which may aim at improving the quality of service but also the enhancement of status among group members. Recruitment: A process of seeking and attracting a pool of qualified applicants	[ "goals", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "leadership", ":", "A", "process", "of", "social", "influence", ",", "which", "maximizes", "the", "efforts", "of", "others", ",", "towards", "the", "achievement", "of", "an", "education", "goal", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "management", ":", "A", "process", "of", "planning", ",", "organizing", ",", "directing", "and", "controlling", "resources", "to", "enable", "an", "education", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "while", "ensuring", "its", "functioning", "and", "development", ".", "\n\n", "Induction", ":", "A", "professional", "development", "process", "for", "individuals", "who", "are", "new", "to", "a", "position", "or", "institution", ",", "aimed", "at", "easing", "their", "transition", ",", "familiarizing", "them", "with", "institutional", "policies", "and", "promoting", "effectiveness", ".", "It", "includes", ",", "but", "goes", "beyond", ",", "coaching", "and", "mentoring", ".", "\n\n", "Instructional", "leadership", ":", "An", "approach", "to", "leadership", "which", "focuses", "on", "improving", "teaching", "and", "learning", "processes", "to", "enhance", "student", "achievement", "relative", "to", "standards", ".", "It", "includes", "teaching", "supervision", ",", "curriculum", "implementation", "coordination", ",", "student", "progress", "monitor", ",", "and", "administration", "of", "learning", "-", "related", "tasks", "(", "also", ":", "pedagogical", "leadership", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Licensing", ":", "A", "process", "that", "screens", "candidates", "to", "ensure", "they", "have", "a", "minimum", "set", "of", "qualifications", "so", "that", "they", "are", "permitted", "to", "practice", "an", "occupation", ".", "\n\n", "Mentoring", ":", "A", "directive", "and", "less", "structured", "professional", "development", "process", "of", "personalized", "guidance", ",", "support", "and", "feedback", "from", "experienced", "to", "less", "experienced", "individuals", "to", "help", "them", "improve", "their", "practices", "and", "achieve", "their", "goals", ".", "It", "can", "last", "a", "long", "time", "and", "does", "not", "require", "specific", "qualifications", "of", "the", "mentor", "(", "see", "coaching", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Merit", "-", "based", "selection", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "which", "seeks", "to", "establish", "whether", "an", "individual", "applicant", "has", "the", "objective", "and", "clearly", "articulated", "expected", "qualities", "required", "for", "good", "performance", "in", "a", "particular", "position", ".", "\n\n", "Open", "competition", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "in", "which", "candidates", "compete", "through", "examinations", ",", "presentation", "of", "qualifications", "and", "other", "objective", "criteria", ".", "\n\n", "Preparation", ":", "A", "process", "to", "develop", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", ",", "and", "competencies", "that", "aspiring", "applicants", "need", "to", "possess", "prior", "to", "being", "appointed", "to", "a", "position", "in", "order", "to", "be", "effective", ".", "\n\n", "Principal", ":", "A", "school", "leader", "responsible", "for", "exercising", "administration", ",", "management", "and", "leadership", "to", "enable", "an", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "(", "which", "may", "include", "community", "engagement", "and", "a", "positive", "learning", "environment", ")", "(", "also", ":", "director", ",", "headmaster", ",", "headteacher", ",", "manager", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "learning", "community", ":", "A", "group", "of", "professionals", "who", "meet", "regularly", "to", "share", "expertise", "and", "works", "collaboratively", "to", "improve", "their", "skills", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "standards", ":", "A", "set", "of", "guidelines", "and", "expectations", "outlining", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", "and", "practices", "required", "to", "ensure", "quality", ",", "accountability", ",", "and", "continuous", "improvement", "in", "a", "profession", ".", "\n\n", "Professionalization", ":", "A", "process", "of", "giving", "an", "occupation", ",", "activity", ",", "or", "group", "professional", "qualities", "by", "increasing", "training", "or", "raising", "required", "qualifications", ",", "which", "may", "aim", "at", "improving", "the", "quality", "of", "service", "but", "also", "the", "enhancement", "of", "status", "among", "group", "members", ".", "\n\n", "Recruitment", ":", "A", "process", "of", "seeking", "and", "attracting", "a", "pool", "of", "qualified", "applicants" ]	[]
to printing X 23.7Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X 21 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X NACE Innovation – Patents 24.1Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X SITC Goods exports C E 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 41.2Construction of residential and non-residential buildingsX 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 42.2 Construction of utility projects X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereofX 23.4 Man. of other porcelain and ceramic products 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects X 9 Miscellaneous edible products and preparations X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X 11 Beverages X X 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 43.2Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation act. X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 43.9Other specialised construction activities X 33Petroleum, petroleum products and related materialsX 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools, and general hardware 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X 35 Electric current X 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 47.1Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 41 Animal oils and fats X 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 47.5Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised storesX X 52 Inorganic chemicals X 31 Manufacture of furniture 47.6Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in spec. storesX 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X X 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, etc.X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 49.4Freight transport by road and removal services X 59 Chemical materials and products X 62, 63 Software Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential 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Spinoza, B. (1985). The Ethics , Princeton University Press. Thomson, G. (1987). Needs. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2014). A Framework for a Religious Life. In S. Gill & G. Thomson (Eds.), Redefining Religious Education. Palgrave Macmillan. Thomson, G. (2021). Healing: Towards a conceptual framework. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal , 15 (3). Thomson, G., & Gill, S. (2024). Beyond Instrumentalised Politics: Re-Conceptualising Public Governance. De Gruyter. Thomson, G., Gill, S., & Goodson, I. (2021). Happiness, Flourishing and the Good Life: A Transformative Vision for Human Well-Being. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2025). Beyond Instrumentalised Economics: Well-Being, Ecology and Alternative Economies , De Gruyter. Whitehead, A. N. (1929). Process and Reality. Cambridge University Press. Vam k D. Volkan, M. D. ı ## Massive Traumas, their Societal and Political Consequences, and Collective Healing Abstract: This chapter focuses on massive traumas at the hand of the Other and their societal/political consequences, which always include shared losses, from losing persons and physical properties to self-esteem and prestige. It describes complications in societal mourning and how they lead to transgenerational transmissions of the undigested images of massive trauma to the generations that follow, as well as how such images turn into ethnic, national, religious or political identity markers. The need to protect and maintain large-group identities contaminates political, economic, legal, military and other real-world issues in relationships and creates conflicts between large groups. Lastly, this chapter examines psychoanalytically informed interventions that support collective healing and peaceful co-existence between large enemy groups. Keywords: Mourning, biosocial regeneration, psychological border, minor differences, chosen trauma, entitlement ideology, Tree Model. This chapter describes the societal and political consequences of massive traumas for large groups. The term ' large group ' refers to thousands or millions of individuals who, from childhood, share the same historical sentiments and sense of belonging, even though most never cross paths personally. In our daily life we might reference these identities by using shared, large-group ethnic or idealistic terminology, such as when we say we are Apaches, Lithuanian Jews, Swedes, Sunni Muslims or communists. Because some shared images of ancestors ' traumas at the hand of enemies , when they remain undigested, are transmitted from generation to generation, such images may become significant identity markers for ethnic, national, religious or political large groups. 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stock in the country is 2.6 to 2.8 mln ha, out of which 1.65 mln ha are provided with irrigation water to some degree and 1.15 mln ha are intermittently irrigated lands, i.e., they have irrigation systems, but get water only during a flood period (Fig. 1). Engineering and semi-engineering irrigation systems are constructed on an area approximately 0.33 mln ha (Helmand, Arghandab, Jalalabad, Sarde, Parvan, Gavargan, Kelagai and others). About 1.3 mln ha of lands are irrigated by traditional local non-engineering systems which are characterized by multi-head water intakes, a great extension of idle sections, great meandering, lack of regulation structures, low efficacy, etc. As the rivers in the country are not regulated the greater part of the flood flow cannot be used for irrigation and runs out of the country destroying on its way hydraulic structures and flooding irrigated lands. There are 12 water reservoirs in Afghanistan, they are Kadjaki on the Helmand River capable to store 1.7 mln cu. m of water, Arghandab on the Arghandab River - 0.34, Naglu on the Kabul River 0.36, Darunta on the Kabul River - 0.04, Sarde on the Djelga River - 0.164 bill cu. m and some other reservoirs with a storage capacity from 1 to 19 mln cu. m built in the period from 1920 through 1940. Many of them need fundamental repair. In open valleys and low piedmont areas, especially in the south and southeast of the county, about 15% of irrigated lands are provided with underground waters from kyariz, pits and springs. Productivity of irrigated lands is much higher than that of rainfed lands. About 0.5 mln ha of irrigated lands in private ownership give two and in some places even three crops. The bulk of agricultural produce (99.9%) is grown in private low-commodity landholdings. The irrigated farming is still on a very low level. The share of agriculture and irrigation in the state capital investments in 1986 was only 7.0%. By this index Afghanistan takes one of the last places in the region among developing countries. The main reasons of such poor management of the available lands are inadequate development of irrigation and low efficacy of the existing irrigation systems. The greater part of irrigation systems is represented by primitive dams made of logs, fascines, bags with sand and pebble from which a network of simple aryks is constructed. In open valleys and low piedmont areas	[ "stock", "in", "the", "country", "is", "2.6", "to", "2.8", "mln", "ha", ",", "out", "of", "which", "1.65", "mln", "ha", "are", "provided", "with", "irrigation", "water", "to", "some", "degree", "and", "1.15", "mln", "ha", "are", "intermittently", "irrigated", "lands", ",", "i.e.", ",", "they", "have", "irrigation", "systems", ",", "but", "get", "water", "only", "during", "a", "flood", "period", "(", "Fig", ".", "1", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Engineering", "and", "semi", "-", "engineering", "irrigation", "systems", "are", "constructed", "on", "an", "area", "approximately", "0.33", "mln", "ha", "(", "Helmand", ",", "Arghandab", ",", "Jalalabad", ",", "Sarde", ",", "Parvan", ",", "Gavargan", ",", "Kelagai", "and", "others", ")", ".", "About", "1.3", "mln", "ha", "of", "lands", "are", "irrigated", "by", "traditional", "local", "non", "-", "engineering", "systems", "which", "are", "characterized", "by", "multi", "-", "head", "water", "intakes", ",", "a", "great", "extension", "of", "idle", "sections", ",", "great", "meandering", ",", "lack", "of", "regulation", "structures", ",", "low", "efficacy", ",", "etc", ".", "\n\n", "As", "the", "rivers", "in", "the", "country", "are", "not", "regulated", "the", "greater", "part", "of", "the", "flood", "flow", "can", "not", "be", "used", "for", "irrigation", "and", "runs", "out", "of", "the", "country", "destroying", "on", "its", "way", "hydraulic", "structures", "and", "flooding", "irrigated", "lands", ".", "\n\n", "There", "are", "12", "water", "reservoirs", "in", "Afghanistan", ",", "they", "are", "Kadjaki", "on", "the", "Helmand", "River", "capable", "to", "store", "1.7", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "of", "water", ",", "Arghandab", "on", "the", "Arghandab", "River", "-", "0.34", ",", "Naglu", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "0.36", ",", "Darunta", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "-", "0.04", ",", "Sarde", "on", "the", "Djelga", "River", "-", "0.164", "bill", "cu", ".", "m", "and", "some", "other", "reservoirs", "with", "a", "storage", "capacity", "from", "1", "to", "19", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "built", "in", "the", "period", "from", "1920", "through", "1940", ".", "Many", "of", "them", "need", "fundamental", "repair", ".", "\n\n", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "south", "and", "southeast", "of", "the", "county", ",", "about", "15", "%", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "are", "provided", "with", "underground", "waters", "from", "kyariz", ",", "pits", "and", "springs", ".", "\n\n", "Productivity", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "is", "much", "higher", "than", "that", "of", "rainfed", "lands", ".", "About", "0.5", "mln", "ha", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "in", "private", "ownership", "give", "two", "and", "in", "some", "places", "even", "three", "crops", ".", "The", "bulk", "of", "agricultural", "produce", "(", "99.9", "%", ")", "is", "grown", "in", "private", "low", "-", "commodity", "landholdings", ".", "\n\n", "The", "irrigated", "farming", "is", "still", "on", "a", "very", "low", "level", ".", "The", "share", "of", "agriculture", "and", "irrigation", "in", "the", "state", "capital", "investments", "in", "1986", "was", "only", "7.0", "%", ".", "By", "this", "index", "Afghanistan", "takes", "one", "of", "the", "last", "places", "in", "the", "region", "among", "developing", "countries", ".", "\n\n", "The", "main", "reasons", "of", "such", "poor", "management", "of", "the", "available", "lands", "are", "inadequate", "development", "of", "irrigation", "and", "low", "efficacy", "of", "the", "existing", "irrigation", "systems", ".", "The", "greater", "part", "of", "irrigation", "systems", "is", "represented", "by", "primitive", "dams", "made", "of", "logs", ",", "fascines", ",", "bags", "with", "sand", "and", "pebble", "from", "which", "a", "network", "of", "simple", "aryks", "is", "constructed", ".", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas" ]	[]
for EU Eastern Partnership countries (EaP), aimed to strengthen evidence-informed research and innovation policymaking and the development of Smart Specialisation Strategies. The study pre- sents and tests various analytical approaches, methods and tools, some of which are new and experimental, with the purpose of better under- standing national and EaP-wide, place-based in- novation capacities, emerging specialisations and supporting ongoing national analytical exercises. As this report is based on available international data, it is important that the countries analysed continue the development of Smart Specialisation through their own efforts, discussing the results of this study and adding the relevant national data sources and other useful information. Economic and innovation (E&I) specialisation do- mains have been identified for each EaP country by using the multidimensional analysis and in- dicators based on: economic and manufacturing strengths, innovativeness and IP intensity, ex- ports and the presence of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies as well as cluster or- ganisations. In this respect, Part 2 of this report offers a wealth of information addressing differ- ent questions that can emerge at different stages for priority-setting, the identification of topics and niches within priorities, actor identification and mobilisation and for the identification of areas of potential knowledge-based cooperation through- out EaP countries. Similarly, scientific and technological specialisa- tion domains, emerging from the text contained in S&T records (namely, scientific publications, patents and research and innovation projects funded by the European Commission), have been identified for the whole EaP, providing a general overview of the key areas of activity in the re- gion – as reported in Part 3. These domains have been characterised at national level, and a set of critical mass, specialisation and excellence indica- tors have been computed for each country, which can be utilised in priority-setting and to organ- ise the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP). In this sense, the report is complemented by an interactive digital tool facilitating the exploration of national and EaP S&T networks and the iden- tification of key actors in the knowledge, public and private sectors. Furthermore, patterns of in- tra-EaP and extra-EaP international collaborations are also analysed, both globally and for each S&T domain. Again, the analysis has been carried out by exploiting international data sources, whereof the local actors fostering the knowledge econo- my in the 6 EaP countries can have relatively low visibility. The S&T results presented in the current work should be considered as an educated	[ "for", "EU", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "(", "EaP", ")", ",", "aimed", "\n", "to", "strengthen", "evidence", "-", "informed", "research", "and", "\n", "innovation", "policymaking", "and", "the", "development", "of", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "Strategies", ".", "The", "study", "pre-", "\n", "sents", "and", "tests", "various", "analytical", "approaches", ",", "\n", "methods", "and", "tools", ",", "some", "of", "which", "are", "new", "and", "\n", "experimental", ",", "with", "the", "purpose", "of", "better", "under-", "\n", "standing", "national", "and", "EaP", "-", "wide", ",", "place", "-", "based", "in-", "\n", "novation", "capacities", ",", "emerging", "specialisations", "and", "\n", "supporting", "ongoing", "national", "analytical", "exercises", ".", "\n", "As", "this", "report", "is", "based", "on", "available", "international", "\n", "data", ",", "it", "is", "important", "that", "the", "countries", "analysed", "\n", "continue", "the", "development", "of", "Smart", "Specialisation", "\n", "through", "their", "own", "efforts", ",", "discussing", "the", "results", "of", "\n", "this", "study", "and", "adding", "the", "relevant", "national", "data", "\n", "sources", "and", "other", "useful", "information", ".", "\n", "Economic", "and", "innovation", "(", "E&I", ")", "specialisation", "do-", "\n", "mains", "have", "been", "identified", "for", "each", "EaP", "country", "\n", "by", "using", "the", "multidimensional", "analysis", "and", "in-", "\n", "dicators", "based", "on", ":", "economic", "and", "manufacturing", "\n", "strengths", ",", "innovativeness", "and", "IP", "intensity", ",", "ex-", "\n", "ports", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "venture", "\n", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "as", "well", "as", "cluster", "or-", "\n", "ganisations", ".", "In", "this", "respect", ",", "Part", "2", "of", "this", "report", "\n", "offers", "a", "wealth", "of", "information", "addressing", "differ-", "\n", "ent", "questions", "that", "can", "emerge", "at", "different", "stages", "\n", "for", "priority", "-", "setting", ",", "the", "identification", "of", "topics", "and", "\n", "niches", "within", "priorities", ",", "actor", "identification", "and", "\n", "mobilisation", "and", "for", "the", "identification", "of", "areas", "of", "\n", "potential", "knowledge", "-", "based", "cooperation", "through-", "\n", "out", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "Similarly", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", "domains", ",", "emerging", "from", "the", "text", "contained", "\n", "in", "S&T", "records", "(", "namely", ",", "scientific", "publications", ",", "\n", "patents", "and", "research", "and", "innovation", "projects", "\n", "funded", "by", "the", "European", "Commission", ")", ",", "have", "been", "\n", "identified", "for", "the", "whole", "EaP", ",", "providing", "a", "general", "\n", "overview", "of", "the", "key", "areas", "of", "activity", "in", "the", "re-", "\n", "gion", "–", "as", "reported", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "These", "domains", "have", "\n", "been", "characterised", "at", "national", "level", ",", "and", "a", "set", "of", "\n", "critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "and", "excellence", "indica-", "\n", "tors", "have", "been", "computed", "for", "each", "country", ",", "which", "\n", "can", "be", "utilised", "in", "priority", "-", "setting", "and", "to", "organ-", "\n", "ise", "the", "entrepreneurial", "discovery", "process", "(", "EDP", ")", ".", "\n", "In", "this", "sense", ",", "the", "report", "is", "complemented", "by", "an", "\n", "interactive", "digital", "tool", "facilitating", "the", "exploration", "of", "national", "and", "EaP", "S&T", "networks", "and", "the", "iden-", "\n", "tification", "of", "key", "actors", "in", "the", "knowledge", ",", "public", "\n", "and", "private", "sectors", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "patterns", "of", "in-", "\n", "tra", "-", "EaP", "and", "extra", "-", "EaP", "international", "collaborations", "\n", "are", "also", "analysed", ",", "both", "globally", "and", "for", "each", "S&T", "\n", "domain", ".", "Again", ",", "the", "analysis", "has", "been", "carried", "out", "\n", "by", "exploiting", "international", "data", "sources", ",", "whereof", "\n", "the", "local", "actors", "fostering", "the", "knowledge", "econo-", "\n", "my", "in", "the", "6", "EaP", "countries", "can", "have", "relatively", "low", "\n", "visibility", ".", "The", "S&T", "results", "presented", "in", "the", "current", "\n", "work", "should", "be", "considered", "as", "an", "educated" ]	[]
enclosures was alternated and counterbalanced for each trial to avoid any location bias. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min, and was considered to be exploring the empty enclosure or the one containing the conspecific when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm away. We divided the test into two 5 min bins (Bariselli et al., 2016). For one set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interaction periods with the enclosure containing the interactor mouse during the last 5 min of the test, while for the second set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interactions within the first 5 min of the test. Similar to previous reports (Carta et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020), the closed-loop optogenetic manipulation protocol during the social preference test led to bouts of laser stimulation that lasted on average 8.3 s, and ranged between 4.3 s and 14.8 s. Real-time tracking, to enable closed-loop optogenetic manipulations, was performed using an overhead camera and the AnyMaze ## Article <!-- image --> software. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity (in s) to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object). To determine the preference score for the social stimulus, we computed the social preference index based on interaction time (s) as follows: (mouse - object)/(mouse + object) *100. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Real-time object place preference This test was performed in a similar fashion as the social preference test described above. Briefly, each mouse was individually placed in a rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. Following a 10 min habituation period, the test mouse was guided to the center of the arena, and two unfamiliar objects (lego blocks) were placed in opposite corners of the arena. Mice were considered to be exploring the objects when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm. Similar to the social preference test, the experiment was divided into two 5 min bins, and the laser was allowed to turn on only during the last 5 min of the test with one randomly assigned object. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity to both objects.	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other words, the term “ML model” or “model” may describe the output of an ML algorithm that is trained with training data. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Additionally, separately trained AI/ML models can be chained together in a AI/ML pipeline during inference or prediction generation. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. Any of the ML techniques discussed herein may be utilized, in whole or in part, and variants and/or combinations thereof, for any of the example implementations discussed herein. ML may require, among other things, obtaining and cleaning a dataset, performing feature selection, selecting an ML algorithm, dividing the dataset into training data and testing data, training a model (e.g., using the selected ML algorithm), testing the model, optimizing or tuning the model, and determining metrics for the model. Some of these tasks may be optional or omitted depending on the use case and/or the implementation used. ML algorithms accept model parameters (or simply “parameters”) and/or hyperparameters that can be used to control certain properties of the training process and the resulting model. Model parameters are parameters, values, characteristics, configuration variables, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. Hyperparameters at least in some examples are characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. ML techniques generally fall into the following main types of learning problem categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. Unsupervised learning is an ML task that aims to learn a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. Unsupervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains only inputs and no desired output labels. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a goal-oriented learning technique where an RL agent aims to optimize a long-term objective by interacting with an environment. Some implementations of AI and ML use data and neural networks (NNs) in a way	[ "other", "words", ",", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "or", "“", "model", "”", "may", "describe", "the", "output", "of", "an", "ML", "algorithm", "that", "is", "trained", "with", "training", "data", ".", "After", "training", ",", "an", "ML", "model", "may", "be", "used", "to", "make", "predictions", "on", "new", "datasets", ".", "Additionally", ",", "separately", "trained", "AI", "/", "ML", "models", "can", "be", "chained", "together", "in", "a", "AI", "/", "ML", "pipeline", "during", "inference", "or", "prediction", "generation", ".", "Although", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "refers", "to", "different", "concepts", "than", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", ",", "”", "these", "terms", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ".", "Any", "of", "the", "ML", "techniques", "discussed", "herein", "may", "be", "utilized", ",", "in", "whole", "or", "in", "part", ",", "and", "variants", "and/or", "combinations", "thereof", ",", "for", "any", "of", "the", "example", "implementations", "discussed", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "may", "require", ",", "among", "other", "things", ",", "obtaining", "and", "cleaning", "a", "dataset", ",", "performing", "feature", "selection", ",", "selecting", "an", "ML", "algorithm", ",", "dividing", "the", "dataset", "into", "training", "data", "and", "testing", "data", ",", "training", "a", "model", "(", "e.g.", ",", "using", "the", "selected", "ML", "algorithm", ")", ",", "testing", "the", "model", ",", "optimizing", "or", "tuning", "the", "model", ",", "and", "determining", "metrics", "for", "the", "model", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "tasks", "may", "be", "optional", "or", "omitted", "depending", "on", "the", "use", "case", "and/or", "the", "implementation", "used", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "algorithms", "accept", "model", "parameters", "(", "or", "simply", "“", "parameters", "”", ")", "and/or", "hyperparameters", "that", "can", "be", "used", "to", "control", "certain", "properties", "of", "the", "training", "process", "and", "the", "resulting", "model", ".", "Model", "parameters", "are", "parameters", ",", "values", ",", "characteristics", ",", "configuration", "variables", ",", "and/or", "properties", "that", "are", "learnt", "during", "training", ".", "Model", "parameters", "are", "usually", "required", "by", "a", "model", "when", "making", "predictions", ",", "and", "their", "values", "define", "the", "skill", "of", "the", "model", "on", "a", "particular", "problem", ".", "Hyperparameters", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "are", "characteristics", ",", "properties", ",", "and/or", "parameters", "for", "an", "ML", "process", "that", "can", "not", "be", "learnt", "during", "a", "training", "process", ".", "Hyperparameter", "are", "usually", "set", "before", "training", "takes", "place", ",", "and", "may", "be", "used", "in", "processes", "to", "help", "estimate", "model", "parameters", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "techniques", "generally", "fall", "into", "the", "following", "main", "types", "of", "learning", "problem", "categories", ":", "supervised", "learning", ",", "unsupervised", "learning", ",", "and", "reinforcement", "learning", ".", "Supervised", "learning", "involves", "building", "models", "from", "a", "set", "of", "data", "that", "contains", "both", "the", "inputs", "and", "the", "desired", "outputs", ".", "Unsupervised", "learning", "is", "an", "ML", "task", "that", "aims", "to", "learn", "a", "function", "to", "describe", "a", "hidden", "structure", "from", "unlabeled", "data", ".", "Unsupervised", "learning", "involves", "building", "models", "from", "a", "set", "of", "data", "that", "contains", "only", "inputs", "and", "no", "desired", "output", "labels", ".", "Reinforcement", "learning", "(", "RL", ")", "is", "a", "goal", "-", "oriented", "learning", "technique", "where", "an", "RL", "agent", "aims", "to", "optimize", "a", "long", "-", "term", "objective", "by", "interacting", "with", "an", "environment", ".", "Some", "implementations", "of", "AI", "and", "ML", "use", "data", "and", "neural", "networks", "(", "NNs", ")", "in", "a", "way" ]	[]
“Being able to observe the poles is vital for understanding how the Sun’s magnetic field operates on a global scale, leading to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s activity. “We’ll see previously unobserved high-latitude flows that carry magnetic elements to the polar regions. These flows sow the fundamental seeds for the next solar cycle.” Solar Orbiter carries ten science instruments, all working together to investigate how our local star “works”. UCL scientists have played a leading role in two of them – the EUI, which images the Sun in ultraviolet light, and the Solar Wind Analyser. Professor Chris Owen (Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL), Principal Investigator on the Solar Wind Analyser, said: “Solar Orbiter’s new vantage point will give us a fuller view of how solar wind expands to form a vast bubble around the Sun and its planets (known as the heliosphere). We will now see this happen in three dimensions, enhancing the single slice we get from observing only in the ecliptic plane.” All eyes on the Sun’s south pole <!-- image --> The images shown above were taken by three of Solar Orbiter’s instruments: the EUI, Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI), and the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument. The instruments each observe the Sun in a different way. PHI images the Sun in visible light (top left) and maps the Sun’s surface magnetic field (top centre). EUI images the Sun in ultraviolet light (top right), revealing the million-degree charged gas in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona. The SPICE instrument (bottom row) captures light coming from charged gas at various temperatures above the Sun’s surface, thereby revealing different layers of the Sun's atmosphere. Comparing and analysing the complementary observations made by these three imaging instruments shows how material moves in the Sun’s outer layers. This may reveal unexpected patterns, such as polar vortices (swirling gas) similar to those seen around the poles of Venus and Saturn. These new observations are also key to understanding the Sun’s magnetic field and why it flips north and south poles roughly every 11 years, coinciding with a peak in solar activity. Current models and predictions of the 11-year solar cycle fall short of being able to predict exactly when and how powerfully the Sun will reach its most active state. Messy magnetism at solar maximum <!-- image --> This happens only for a short time during each	[ "“", "Being", "able", "to", "observe", "the", "poles", "is", "vital", "for", "understanding", "how", "the", "Sun", "’s", "magnetic", "field", "operates", "on", "a", "global", "scale", ",", "leading", "to", "an", "11", "-", "year", "cycle", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "activity", ".", "\n\n", "“", "We", "’ll", "see", "previously", "unobserved", "high", "-", "latitude", "flows", "that", "carry", "magnetic", "elements", "to", "the", "polar", "regions", ".", " ", "These", "flows", "sow", "the", "fundamental", "seeds", "for", "the", "next", "solar", "cycle", ".", "”", "\n\n", "Solar", "Orbiter", "carries", "ten", "science", "instruments", ",", "all", "working", "together", "to", "investigate", "how", "our", "local", "star", "“", "works", "”", ".", "UCL", "scientists", "have", "played", "a", "leading", "role", "in", "two", "of", "them", "–", "the", "EUI", ",", "which", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "ultraviolet", "light", ",", "and", "the", "Solar", "Wind", "Analyser", ".", "\n\n", "Professor", "Chris", "Owen", "(", "Mullard", "Space", "Science", "Laboratory", "at", "UCL", ")", ",", "Principal", "Investigator", "on", "the", "Solar", "Wind", "Analyser", ",", "said", ":", "“", "Solar", "Orbiter", "’s", "new", "vantage", "point", "will", "give", "us", "a", "fuller", "view", "of", "how", "solar", "wind", "expands", "to", "form", "a", "vast", "bubble", "around", "the", "Sun", "and", "its", "planets", "(", "known", "as", "the", "heliosphere", ")", ".", "We", "will", "now", "see", "this", "happen", "in", "three", "dimensions", ",", "enhancing", "the", "single", "slice", "we", "get", "from", "observing", "only", "in", "the", "ecliptic", "plane", ".", "”", "\n\n", "All", "eyes", "on", "the", "Sun", "’s", "south", "pole", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "The", "images", "shown", "above", "were", "taken", "by", "three", "of", "Solar", "Orbiter", "’s", "instruments", ":", "the", "EUI", ",", "Polarimetric", "and", "Helioseismic", "Imager", "(", "PHI", ")", ",", "and", "the", "Spectral", "Imaging", "of", "the", "Coronal", "Environment", "(", "SPICE", ")", "instrument", ".", "\n\n", "The", "instruments", "each", "observe", "the", "Sun", "in", "a", "different", "way", ".", "PHI", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "visible", "light", "(", "top", "left", ")", "and", "maps", "the", "Sun", "’s", "surface", "magnetic", "field", "(", "top", "centre", ")", ".", "EUI", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "ultraviolet", "light", "(", "top", "right", ")", ",", "revealing", "the", "million", "-", "degree", "charged", "gas", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "outer", "atmosphere", ",", "the", "corona", ".", "The", "SPICE", "instrument", "(", "bottom", "row", ")", "captures", "light", "coming", "from", "charged", "gas", "at", "various", "temperatures", "above", "the", "Sun", "’s", "surface", ",", "thereby", "revealing", "different", "layers", "of", "the", "Sun", "'s", "atmosphere", ".", "\n\n", "Comparing", "and", "analysing", "the", "complementary", "observations", "made", "by", "these", "three", "imaging", "instruments", "shows", "how", "material", "moves", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "outer", "layers", ".", "This", "may", "reveal", "unexpected", "patterns", ",", "such", "as", "polar", "vortices", "(", "swirling", "gas", ")", "similar", "to", "those", "seen", "around", "the", "poles", "of", "Venus", "and", "Saturn", ".", "\n\n", "These", "new", "observations", "are", "also", "key", "to", "understanding", "the", "Sun", "’s", "magnetic", "field", "and", "why", "it", "flips", "north", "and", "south", "poles", "roughly", "every", "11", "years", ",", "coinciding", "with", "a", "peak", "in", "solar", "activity", ".", "Current", "models", "and", "predictions", "of", "the", "11", "-", "year", "solar", "cycle", "fall", "short", "of", "being", "able", "to", "predict", "exactly", "when", "and", "how", "powerfully", "the", "Sun", "will", "reach", "its", "most", "active", "state", ".", "\n\n", "Messy", "magnetism", "at", "solar", "maximum", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "This", "happens", "only", "for", "a", "short", "time", "during", "each" ]	[]
a conveyor, a mechanical sorter, a robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler sorter, and an automated quality control (AQC) sorter. Example [0248] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0247] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, an IR spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, an accelerometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, a temperature sensor, and a flow meter. Example [0249] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0248] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller includes one or more of a multi-core processor, microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuit, field-programmable gate array, digital signal processor, digital signal controller, electronic control units, programmable logic device, crypto processor, hardware accelerator, and graphics processor. Example [0250] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0249] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller is implemented by an individual computer node or is distributed across a plurality of compute nodes. Example [0251] includes the method of example [0250] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the individual compute node or the pluarlity of compute nodes include(s) any combination of a set of programmable logic device, a set of application servers, a set of cloud compute nodes, a set of edge compute nodes, a set of network functions in a cellular core network, a set of network access nodes, a set of gateway devices, a set of network appliances, a set of smart appliances, a subset of MHUs of the set of MHUs, and/or a subset of sensors of the set of sensors. Example [0252] includes one or more computer readable media comprising instructions, wherein execution of the instructions by processor circuitry is to cause the processor circuitry to perform the method of examples [0176]-[0251] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0253] includes a computer program comprising the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0254] includes an Application Programming Interface defining functions, methods, variables, data structures, and/or protocols for the computer program of example [0253] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0255] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry loaded with the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0256] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry operable to	[ "a", "conveyor", ",", "a", "mechanical", "sorter", ",", "a", "robotic", "sorter", ",", "an", "optical", "sorter", ",", "an", "air", "sorter", ",", "a", "baler", "sorter", ",", "and", "an", "automated", "quality", "control", "(", "AQC", ")", "sorter", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0248", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0247", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", "include", "one", "or", "more", "of", "an", "infrared", "(", "IR", ")", "light", "sensor", ",", "an", "IR", "spectrometer", ",", "an", "ultraviolet", "(", "UV", ")", "light", "sensor", ",", "an", "x", "-", "ray", "sensor", ",", "a", "visible", "light", "sensor", ",", "a", "magnetometer", ",", "a", "chemical", "sensor", ",", "an", "inductive", "sensor", ",", "a", "load", "cell", ",", "a", "density", "sensor", ",", "a", "speed", "sensor", ",", "an", "inclinometer", ",", "an", "accelerometer", ",", "a", "moisture", "sensor", ",", "a", "laser", "measurement", "device", ",", "a", "current", "sensor", ",", "a", "pressure", "transducer", ",", "a", "temperature", "sensor", ",", "and", "a", "flow", "meter", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0249", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0248", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "controller", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "of", "a", "multi", "-", "core", "processor", ",", "microcontroller", ",", "application", "-", "specific", "integrated", "circuit", ",", "field", "-", "programmable", "gate", "array", ",", "digital", "signal", "processor", ",", "digital", "signal", "controller", ",", "electronic", "control", "units", ",", "programmable", "logic", "device", ",", "crypto", "processor", ",", "hardware", "accelerator", ",", "and", "graphics", "processor", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0250", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0249", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "controller", "is", "implemented", "by", "an", "individual", "computer", "node", "or", "is", "distributed", "across", "a", "plurality", "of", "compute", "nodes", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0251", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0250", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "individual", "compute", "node", "or", "the", "pluarlity", "of", "compute", "nodes", "include(s", ")", "any", "combination", "of", "a", "set", "of", "programmable", "logic", "device", ",", "a", "set", "of", "application", "servers", ",", "a", "set", "of", "cloud", "compute", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "edge", "compute", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "functions", "in", "a", "cellular", "core", "network", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "access", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "gateway", "devices", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "appliances", ",", "a", "set", "of", "smart", "appliances", ",", "a", "subset", "of", "MHUs", "of", "the", "set", "of", "MHUs", ",", "and/or", "a", "subset", "of", "sensors", "of", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0252", "]", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "readable", "media", "comprising", "instructions", ",", "wherein", "execution", "of", "the", "instructions", "by", "processor", "circuitry", "is", "to", "cause", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "to", "perform", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0251", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0253", "]", "includes", "a", "computer", "program", "comprising", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0254", "]", "includes", "an", "Application", "Programming", "Interface", "defining", "functions", ",", "methods", ",", "variables", ",", "data", "structures", ",", "and/or", "protocols", "for", "the", "computer", "program", "of", "example", "[", "0253", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0255", "]", "includes", "an", "apparatus", "comprising", "circuitry", "loaded", "with", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0256", "]", "includes", "an", "apparatus", "comprising", "circuitry", "operable", "to" ]	[]
of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. - machine learning at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. - ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. - ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). - machine learning model or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. - the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - machine learning algorithm or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. - the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may be used interchangeably. Additionally, although the term “ML algorithm” may refer to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. - machine learning application or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that contains some AI/ML model(s) and application-level descriptions. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning application” or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to a complete and deployable application and/or package that includes at least	[ "of", "statistical", "assumptions", "concerning", "the", "generation", "of", "sample", "data", "and/or", "similar", "data", "from", "a", "population", ";", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "a", "“", "statistical", "model", "”", "represents", "a", "data", "-", "generating", "process", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "the", "use", "of", "computer", "systems", "to", "optimize", "a", "performance", "criterion", "using", "example", "(", "training", ")", "data", "and/or", "past", "experience", ".", "\n", "-", "ML", "\n", "involves", "using", "algorithms", "to", "perform", "specific", "task(s", ")", "without", "using", "explicit", "instructions", "to", "perform", "the", "specific", "task(s", ")", ",", "and/or", "relying", "on", "patterns", ",", "predictions", ",", "and/or", "inferences", ".", "\n", "-", "ML", "\n", "uses", "statistics", "to", "build", "ML", "model(s", ")", "(", "also", "referred", "to", "as", "“", "models", "”", ")", "in", "order", "to", "make", "predictions", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "(", "e.g.", ",", "training", "data", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "model", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "is", "capable", "of", "making", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", "and/or", "is", "capable", "of", "detecting", "patterns", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "\n", "is", "trained", "on", "a", "training", "data", "to", "detect", "patterns", "and/or", "make", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "and/or", "decisions", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "\n", "is", "based", "on", "a", "mathematical", "and/or", "statistical", "model", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "\n", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "builds", "or", "estimates", "an", "ML", "model", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "or", "training", "data", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "learns", "from", "experience", "w.r.t", "some", "task(s", ")", "and", "some", "performance", "measure(s)/metric(s", ")", ",", "and", "an", "ML", "model", "is", "an", "object", "or", "data", "structure", "created", "after", "an", "ML", "algorithm", "is", "trained", "with", "training", "data", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "\n", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", ".", "Additionally", ",", "although", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "may", "refer", "to", "different", "concepts", "than", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", ",", "”", "these", "terms", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "application", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "application", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "contains", "some", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s", ")", "and", "application", "-", "level", "descriptions", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "application", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "application", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "complete", "and", "deployable", "application", "and/or", "package", "that", "includes", "at", "least" ]	[]
with school leaders. Parent-teacher associations offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives • transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders.	[ "with", "school", "leaders", ".", "Parent", "-", "teacher", "associations", "offer", "other", "channels", "of", "communication", "with", "the", "school", "community", ".", "These", "bodies", "have", "varying", "formal", "responsibilities", "enshrined", "in", "legislation", "and", "regulations", ".", "Member", "selection", "processes", "aim", "to", "ensure", "representation", ",", "although", "the", "actual", "selection", "is", "the", "result", "of", "social", "dynamics", "and", "may", "lead", "to", "exclusions", ".", "Even", "when", "they", "convene", ",", "these", "management", "bodies", "tend", "to", "be", "consumed", "with", "day", "-", "to", "-", "day", "affairs", "instead", "of", "leadership", ",", "and", "operate", "with", "caution", ",", "focusing", "on", "legal", "responsibilities", ".", "Yet", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "they", "have", "played", "a", "leadership", "role", ",", "helping", "shape", "school", "priorities", "and", "steer", "school", "directors", ".", "\n\n", "Students", "participate", "in", "school", "councils", ",", "although", "rarely", "with", "a", "leadership", "element", ".", "Such", "instances", "are", "more", "common", "in", "university", "governance", "and", "management", ",", "especially", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "where", "student", "participation", "is", "considered", "a", "measure", "of", "institutional", "excellence", ".", "The", "ability", "of", "the", "student", "body", "to", "select", "its", "representatives", "\n\n", "•", "\n\n", "transparently", ";", "agree", "on", "clear", "positions", "on", "issues", "related", "to", "student", "outcomes", ",", "inclusion", "and", "welfare", ";", "and", "demonstrate", "leadership", "varies", "not", "only", "in", "terms", "of", "legal", "frameworks", "but", "also", "by", "the", "political", "culture", ".", "Certain", "conditions", "enable", "the", "meaningful", "participation", "of", "student", "leaders", "." ]	[]
TOPICS - Health & Medicine - Today's Healthcare - Diseases and Conditions - Pharmacology - Earth & Climate - Wildfires - Natural Disasters - Exotic Species - Science & Society - Public Health - Environmental Policies - Educational Policy - RELATED TERMS - Controlled burn - Smoke - Social inequality - Fire fighting - Bushfire - Fire ant - Wildfire - Water scarcity Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 25). Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Wildfires are becoming more intense and dangerous, but a new Stanford-led study offers hope: prescribed burns—intentionally set, controlled fires—can significantly lessen their impact. By ... Climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in many regions of the world. This is due partly to specific weather conditions -- known as fire weather -- that facilitate the spread of wildfires. ... Marine biologists are providing a glimpse into coral 'bleaching' responses to stress, using imaging technology to pinpoint coral survival rates following multiple bleaching events off the ... A new study provides the first concrete data showing that many of these excess deaths were indeed uncounted COVID-19 deaths. The study compared reported COVID-19 deaths to excess deaths due to ... It’s long been understood that human settlement contributes to conditions that make Pacific Islands more susceptible to wildfires, such as the devastating Aug. 8 event that destroyed the Maui ... As wildfire season in the West grows in length and severity, it is taking a toll on the wine industry through the effects of wildfire smoke on the quality of wine grapes. Volatile compounds in the ... TRENDING AT After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia ## Breaking this hour - Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming - Worm Turns Ocean	[ "TOPICS", "\n ", "-", "Health", "&", "amp", ";", "Medicine", "\n ", "-", "Today", "'s", "Healthcare", "\n ", "-", "Diseases", "and", "Conditions", "\n ", "-", "Pharmacology", "\n ", "-", "Earth", "&", "amp", ";", "Climate", "\n ", "-", "Wildfires", "\n ", "-", "Natural", "Disasters", "\n ", "-", "Exotic", "Species", "\n ", "-", "Science", "&", "amp", ";", "Society", "\n ", "-", "Public", "Health", "\n ", "-", "Environmental", "Policies", "\n ", "-", "Educational", "Policy", "\n\n", "-", "RELATED", "TERMS", "\n ", "-", "Controlled", "burn", "\n ", "-", "Smoke", "\n ", "-", "Social", "inequality", "\n ", "-", "Fire", "fighting", "\n ", "-", "Bushfire", "\n ", "-", "Fire", "ant", "\n ", "-", "Wildfire", "\n ", "-", "Water", "scarcity", "\n\n", "Story", "Source", ":", "\n\n", "Materials", "provided", "by", "Frontiers", ".", "Note", ":", "Content", "may", "be", "edited", "for", "style", "and", "length", ".", "\n\n", "Cite", "This", "Page", ":", "\n\n", "-", "MLA", "\n", "-", "APA", "\n", "-", "Chicago", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "\"", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", "\"", "ScienceDaily", ".", "ScienceDaily", ",", "25", "August", "2025", ".", "&", "lt;www.sciencedaily.com", "/", "releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm&gt", ";", ".", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "(", "2025", ",", "August", "25", ")", ".", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", ".", "Retrieved", "August", "27", ",", "2025", "from", "www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "\"", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", "\"", "ScienceDaily", ".", "www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm", "(", "accessed", "August", "27", ",", "2025", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Explore", "More", "\n\n", "from", "ScienceDaily", "\n\n", "RELATED", "STORIES", "\n\n", "Wildfires", "are", "becoming", "more", "intense", "and", "dangerous", ",", "but", "a", "new", "Stanford", "-", "led", "study", "offers", "hope", ":", "prescribed", "burns", "—", "intentionally", "set", ",", "controlled", "fires", "—", "can", "significantly", "lessen", "their", "impact", ".", "By", "...", "\n\n", "Climate", "change", "is", "increasing", "the", "risk", "of", "wildfires", "in", "many", "regions", "of", "the", "world", ".", "This", "is", "due", "partly", "to", "specific", "weather", "conditions", "--", "known", "as", "fire", "weather", "--", "that", "facilitate", "the", "spread", "of", "wildfires", ".", "...", "\n\n", "Marine", "biologists", "are", "providing", "a", "glimpse", "into", "coral", "'", "bleaching", "'", "responses", "to", "stress", ",", "using", "imaging", "technology", "to", "pinpoint", "coral", "survival", "rates", "following", "multiple", "bleaching", "events", "off", "the", "...", "\n\n", "A", "new", "study", "provides", "the", "first", "concrete", "data", "showing", "that", "many", "of", "these", "excess", "deaths", "were", "indeed", "uncounted", "COVID-19", "deaths", ".", "The", "study", "compared", "reported", "COVID-19", "deaths", "to", "excess", "deaths", "due", "to", "...", "\n\n", "It", "’s", "long", "been", "understood", "that", "human", "settlement", "contributes", "to", "conditions", "that", "make", "Pacific", "Islands", "more", "susceptible", "to", "wildfires", ",", "such", "as", "the", "devastating", "Aug.", "8", "event", "that", "destroyed", "the", "Maui", "...", "\n\n", "As", "wildfire", "season", "in", "the", "West", "grows", "in", "length", "and", "severity", ",", "it", "is", "taking", "a", "toll", "on", "the", "wine", "industry", "through", "the", "effects", "of", "wildfire", "smoke", "on", "the", "quality", "of", "wine", "grapes", ".", "Volatile", "compounds", "in", "the", "...", "\n\n", "TRENDING", "AT", "\n\n", "After", "60", "Years", ",", "Scientists", "Uncover", "Hidden", "Brain", "Pathway", "Behind", "Diabetes", "Drug", "Metformin", "\n\n", "Common", "Pesticide", "Linked", "to", "“", "Remarkably", "Widespread", "”", "Brain", "Abnormalities", "in", "Children", "\n\n", "Revolutionary", "Cortisol", "Test", "Lets", "You", "“", "See", "”", "Stress", "With", "a", "Smartphone", "Camera", "\n\n", "How", "B", "Vitamins", "Could", "Slow", "Cognitive", "Decline", "and", "Protect", "Against", "Dementia", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Breaking", "\n\n", "this", "hour", "\n\n", "-", "Rare", "Glimpse", "of", "a", "World", "Still", "Forming", "\n", "-", "Worm", "Turns", "Ocean" ]	[]
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Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly , 29 (1), 2-43. ## CAPÍTULO 12 Almasri, F., Hewapathirana, G. I., Alhashem, F., Daniel, C. E., and Lee, N. (2023). The effect of gender composition and pedagogical approach on major and non-major undergraduates biology students' achievement. Interactive Learning Environments , 31 (10), 7287-7319. Barrios-Fernandez, A. (2023). Peer effects in education. In A. Banerjee (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.894 Bennett, M. and Bergman, P. (2021). Better together? Social networks in truancy and the targeting of treatment. Journal of Labor Economics , 39 (1), 1-36. Booij, A. S., Leuven, E., and Oosterbeek, H. (2017). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Review of Economic Studies , 84 (2), 547-578. Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., and Jensen, R. (2019). Cool to be smart or smart to be cool? Understanding peer pressure in education. Review of Economic Studies , 86 (4), 1487-1526. Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., and Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength Through Diversity's Spotlight Report for Sweden . OECD. (Education Working Paper 194.) https://doi.org/10.1787/059ce467-en Dinarte, L. (2024). Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador . Institute of Labor Economics. (IZA Discussion Paper 16830.) https://docs.iza.org/dp16830.pdf Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review 101 , (5), 1739-1774. Eren, O., Lovenheim, M. F., and Mocan, N. H. (2022). The effect of grade retention on adult crime: Evidence from a test-based promotion policy. Journal of Labor Economics , 40 (2), 361-395. Genakos, C. and Kyrkopoulou, E. (2023). Social Policy Gone Bad Educationally Unintended Peer Effects from Transferred Students . 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growth in Europe will stall. If the EU were to maintain its average labour productivity growth rate since 2015 of 0.7%, it would only be enough to keep GDP constant until 2050. In an environment of historically high public debt-to-GDP ratios, potentially higher real interest rates than seen in the last decade and rising spending needs for the decarbonisation, digitalisation and defence, stagnant GDP growth could eventually lead to public debt levels becoming unsustainable and Europe being forced to give up one or more of these goals. FIGURE 1 EU versus US labour productivity 1890-2022 Index (US=100) Note: The EU is proxied by backdating national accounting data from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Finland and Greece. To build the labour productivity data, five different series were used: GDP, capital stock, employment, average hours worked, and population. Capital stock is built using two series of investment – construction and equipment. Investment and GDP are taken in volume and in national currency of 2010, they are then turned into $2010 using a ppp conversion rate. Source: Bergeaud, A., Cette, G., & Lecat, R., Productivity Trends in Advanced Countries between 1890 and 2012, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2016, pp. 420-444 01. Measured in 2010 constant PPP prices. 23THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2The key driver of the rising productivity gap between the EU and the US has been digital technology (“tech”) – and Europe currently looks set to fall further behind . The main reason EU productivity diverged from the US in the mid-1990s was Europe’s failure to capitalise on the first digital revolution led by the internet – both in terms of generating new tech companies and diffusing digital tech into the economy. In fact, if we exclude the tech sector, EU productivity growth over the past twenty years would be broadly at par with the US [see Figure 2 and Box 2] . Europe is lagging in the breakthrough digital technologies that will drive growth in the future. Around 70% of foundational AI models have been developed in the US since 2017 and just three US “hyperscalers” account for over 65% of the global as well as of the European cloud market. The largest European cloud operator accounts for just 2% of the EU market. 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applied to an object's surface), contigutive tools (e.g., adhesives, glue, surface tension, freezing, and/or other mechanisms requiring direct contact for adhesion to take place), projectile tools (e.g., mechanisms that shoot or propel objects or elements), and/or fabrication means (e.g., machine tools, drills, milling cutters, and/or the like), and/or the like. As examples, the robotic sorters can be or include the , discussed infra w.r.t . Additionally or alternatively, the end effector and/or other aspects/elements of the robotic sorters can include one or more actuators (see e.g., of ). The robotic sorters can communicate with the to provide to the . For example, a may report the number and type of picks in different streams within the MRF to the , and the can use this information to coordinate activities of in the MRF and/or at other plant locations, track the operating status and time of the robotic sorter to determine whether maintenance should be scheduled, and otherwise assess the current status of the waste stream that is passing by the . The can send instructions/commands to instruct to activate or deactivate, depending upon feedback and data from and/or within the MRF and/or feedback/data related to operational conditions of the MRF. The can also signal the instructions/commands to reconfigure individual robotic sorters to sort out different materials or materials of varying shapes or sizes, depending upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. Some of the include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. The optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. Different light sources (e.g., possibly with different wavelengths) and/or cameras or other visible light sensors may be employed where different types of contaminants are to be detected, wherein the particular light/radiation and sensor types can be selected according to implementation and/or specific use cases. 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of ring-fence in its legislation (see Box 10). Countries with a highly integrated mining sector and differential tax rates may wish to consider this variation. ## BOX 10. TANZANIA - · losses from the separate mining operations may be deducted only in calculating future income from that operation and not income from any other activity whethera mining operation under a different mineral right, processing, smelting, refining or a non-mining activity; - · income from the separate mining operations may not be reduced by a loss from any other activity whether a mining operation under a different mineral rights, processing smelting refining , , or a non-mining activity.' Source: Section 65F (1)a, and 1(b) of Chapter 332, Income Tax Act (rev. 2019). Italics are authors' emphasis. If resource-rich developing countries are seeking to encourage downstream activities, the existence of ring-fencing rules might be a relevant consideration for an investor in considering the economic viability and attractiveness of doing so. The fact that the profits from the downstream activities often result in lower rates of profitability is also reflected in the lower rate of CIT that is applicable to those profits. The investors may want to benefit from the deferral of tax on the upstream activities if they undertake such additional investment into downstream activities; this is why it may be more attractive for investors if there is no ring-fencing regime. Careful consideration should be given to what the costs are (e.g., timing difference of tax collection) and what the benefits are (e.g., attracting investment for downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ghana,	[ "of", "ring", "-", "fence", "in", "its", "legislation", "(", "see", "Box", "10", ")", ".", "Countries", "with", "a", "highly", "integrated", "mining", "sector", "and", "differential", "tax", "rates", "may", "wish", "to", "consider", "this", "variation", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "10", ".", "TANZANIA", "\n\n", "-", "·", "losses", "from", "the", "separate", "mining", "operations", "may", "be", "deducted", "only", "in", "calculating", "future", "income", "from", "that", "operation", "and", "not", "income", "from", "any", "other", "activity", "whethera", "mining", "operation", "under", "a", "different", "mineral", "right", ",", "processing", ",", "smelting", ",", "refining", "or", "a", "non", "-", "mining", "activity", ";", "\n", "-", "·", "income", "from", "the", "separate", "mining", "operations", "may", "not", "be", "reduced", "by", "a", "loss", "from", "any", "other", "activity", "whether", "a", "mining", "operation", "under", "a", "different", "mineral", "rights", ",", "processing", "smelting", "refining", ",", ",", "or", "a", "non", "-", "mining", "activity", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "65F", "(", "1)a", ",", "and", "1(b", ")", "of", "Chapter", "332", ",", "Income", "Tax", "Act", "(", "rev", ".", "2019", ")", ".", "Italics", "are", "authors", "'", "emphasis", ".", "\n\n", "If", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", "are", "seeking", "to", "encourage", "downstream", "activities", ",", "the", "existence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "might", "be", "a", "relevant", "consideration", "for", "an", "investor", "in", "considering", "the", "economic", "viability", "and", "attractiveness", "of", "doing", "so", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "the", "profits", "from", "the", "downstream", "activities", "often", "result", "in", "lower", "rates", "of", "profitability", "is", "also", "reflected", "in", "the", "lower", "rate", "of", "CIT", "that", "is", "applicable", "to", "those", "profits", ".", "The", "investors", "may", "want", "to", "benefit", "from", "the", "deferral", "of", "tax", "on", "the", "upstream", "activities", "if", "they", "undertake", "such", "additional", "investment", "into", "downstream", "activities", ";", "this", "is", "why", "it", "may", "be", "more", "attractive", "for", "investors", "if", "there", "is", "no", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", ".", "Careful", "consideration", "should", "be", "given", "to", "what", "the", "costs", "are", "(", "e.g.", ",", "timing", "difference", "of", "tax", "collection", ")", "and", "what", "the", "benefits", "are", "(", "e.g.", ",", "attracting", "investment", "for", "downstream", "activities", ")", "for", "governments", "considering", "introducing", "this", "type", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.3.3.2", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Versus", "Non", "-", "Mining", "Activities", "\n\n", "Companies", "with", "mining", "operations", "may", "have", "other", "business", "activities", "that", "do", "not", "relate", "to", "mining", "(", "e.g.", ",", "speculative", "investment", "activities", ",", "renting", "equipment", "to", "other", "mining", "or", "construction", "companies", ")", ".", "In", "the", "absence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "the", "licence", "holder", "may", "seek", "to", "offset", "expenses", "or", "losses", "incurred", "in", "these", "other", "business", "activities", "against", "mining", "income", ".", "If", "costs", "or", "losses", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "are", "offset", "against", "mining", "income", ",", "they", "reduce", "the", "latter", ".", "For", "these", "reasons", ",", "some", "countries", "expressly", "ring", "-", "fence", "mining", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "and", "even", "treat", "a", "hedging", "operation", "as", "a", "separate", "category", "of", "activities", "subject", "to", "ring", "-", "fencing", ".", "These", "countries", "include", "Kenya", ",", "Zambia", ",", "Zimbabwe", ",", "Tanzania", ",", "Ghana", "," ]	[]
the data analysis for this case study (See Figure 6 Below) 42 Figure 6 Coding Steps Adapted from Saldaña (2021) Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are principles and guidelines that keep us accountable for our actions and decisions (Johnson & Christensen, 2020). In this mixed method case study, the perceptions of elementary classroom teachers regarding school and family partnerships with parents of ELL students were examined. The protocols for this study were approved by the Marymount University Institutional Review Board, including an invitation to participate and a statement of informed consent. This research obtained data from participants who were informed of the following: the purpose of study, the benefits and risks of the study, that their participation was voluntary, the process for de-identification of the data, and that their anonymity would be protected. Role of the Researcher Individuals' beliefs and values are shaped by their assumptions about how they interact with and relate to their environment (Darwin Holmes, 2020). My decision to pursue a mixed methods case study on elementary school teachers' perceptions of school and family partnerships is based on having raised my two daughters in Title I	[ "the", "data", "analysis", "for", "this", "case", "study", "(", "See", "Figure", "6", "Below", ")", " \n", "42", "\n ", "Figure", "6", "Coding", "Steps", "\n", "Adapted", "from", "Saldaña", "(", "2021", ")", " ", "Ethical", "Considerations", " ", "Ethical", "considerations", "are", "principles", "and", "guidelines", "that", "keep", "us", "accountable", "for", "our", "actions", "and", "decisions", "(", "Johnson", "&", "Christensen", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "In", "this", "mixed", "method", "case", "study", ",", "the", "perceptions", "of", "elementary", "classroom", "teachers", "regarding", "school", "and", "family", "partnerships", "with", "parents", "of", "ELL", "students", "were", "examined", ".", "The", "protocols", "for", "this", "study", "were", "approved", "by", "the", "Marymount", "University", "Institutional", "Review", "Board", ",", "including", "an", "invitation", "to", "participate", "and", "a", "statement", "of", "informed", "consent", ".", "This", "research", "obtained", "data", "from", "participants", "who", "were", "informed", "of", "the", "following", ":", "the", "purpose", "of", "study", ",", "the", "benefits", "and", "risks", "of", "the", "study", ",", "that", "their", "participation", "was", "voluntary", ",", "the", "process", "for", "de", "-", "identification", "of", "the", "data", ",", "and", "that", "their", "anonymity", "would", "be", "protected", ".", " ", "Role", "of", "the", "Researcher", "Individuals", "'", "beliefs", "and", "values", "are", "shaped", "by", "their", "assumptions", "about", "how", "they", "interact", "with", "and", "relate", "to", "their", "environment", "(", "Darwin", "Holmes", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "My", "decision", "to", "pursue", "a", "mixed", "methods", "case", "study", "on", "elementary", "school", "teachers", "'", "perceptions", "of", "school", "and", "family", "partnerships", "is", "based", "on", "having", "raised", "my", "two", "daughters", "in", "Title", "I" ]	[ { "end": 116, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 102 }, { "end": 109, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 102 }, { "end": 115, "label": "YEAR", "start": 111 }, { "end": 278, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 251 }, { "end": 272, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 251 }, { "end": 278, "label": "YEAR", "start": 274 }, { "end": 1065, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1046 }, { "end": 1059, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1046 }, { "end": 1065, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1061 } ]
the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ is missing from the Hejazi Arabic inventory which implies that this sound is marked (Note 3). The use of its counterpart, which is a legitimate sound in the learners' phonemic inventory, seems to be a case of interference from Arabic, based on Wode's (1980) assumption that only certain L1 elements are replaced by L2 elements. That is, elements that satisfy similarity requirement. The error made by the learners can also be ascribed to developmental factors. Stated differently, their response with the voiceless counterpart of the stimulus indicates that they are aware of the nature of the sound in question. In other words, they realize that the target sound is a labio-dental fricative with the feature [+continuant] as a characteristic. Another demonstration of the developmental aspect of our learners' performance regarding the acquisition of this phoneme is the variation of /v/ with [f] which indicates, perhaps, that the voiced-voiceless contrast is developing (Albright & Albright, 1958; Ferguson & Farwell, 1975). Therefore, we assume that more exposure to the target sound will enable them to produce it more authentically. Hecht & Mulford (1987) argue that, in second language learning, if the developmental hypothesis best accounts for L2 acquisition of phonology, then learners should have the most difficulty producing those fricatives known to be acquired last by the L1 learners. Indeed, /f/ is mastered at the age of three, and /v/ at six (Winitz, 1969). On the other hand, a number of advanced learners faced almost no difficulty perceiving and producing the fricative under investigation. Their better performance may be ascribed to either one of the two following factors or both. It could be due to more exposure to this fricative through formal instructions or contact with native speakers of English, or it could be the consequence of borrowing. A number of words in the Arabic lexicon which have been borrowed form English and which contain the voiced fricative /v/ are still pronounced with the same fricative by many Arabs, although some would pronounce them with [f]. For instance, 'television', 'van', 'villa', or the equivalent of 'he got me on my nerve' would be produced as [t l v zj õ õ õ ɔ :n], [væn], [vill ∂ ], and [narv ∂ zn ], respectively. There are so many cases in which õ borrowing is taken to be of great support in mastery of foreign language aspects. 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We start by discussing an adaptation of the IAD framework to inform the construc -tion of our own model. The framework sets out a theoretical model illustrating how a diverse polycentric system can be analysed. The Ostrom's constructed the framework to allow the exploration of human interactions ' within markets, private firms, families, community organisations, legislatures and government agencies' ( Ostrom and Ostrom, 2014, p.173). The IAD provides a structure to investigate, through empirical studies, the workings of polycentric systems. As a springboard, we use our interpretation of this theoretical model (Figure 3.1) to explore our own empirical data. We investigate how community social capital [Attributes of community] is connected to working with different partners [Action Situations] in order to contribute to the involvement in community projects [Interaction] and the effect this has on residents' subjective well-being [Outcome]. Each aspect of the model is now discussed in turn. Attributes of the community [social capital] According to Putnam ( 1995, p.67), social capital refers to 'features of social organ -isation such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit' In our model, we are using social capital synony . -mously with the Attributes of Community. Figure 3.1 A Framework for Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) <!-- image --> Source: Adapted from Ostrom (1975; 1986 ; 2005) Using the seven-item scale devised by Auerbach (2020), we compare residents' responses in the three neighbourhood types. This is followed by the construction of a single latent factor through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using the seven item scale. Auerbach developed his scale using as a springboard the World Bank's Measuring Social Capital scale (World Bank, 2004) and Krishna's (2002) active social capital scale. We use this scale owing to Auerbach's extensive research work in India's slums. His area of research is similar to ours, looking at public goods and services in poor areas. He undertook two years of fieldwork in the north Indian cities of Bhopal and Jaipur to ascertain the extent of slum leaders' contributions to development and how this is related to brokers and politics. The seven items that make-up Auerbach's social capital scale (SC1 to SC7) and their coding are provided in Table 3.2 . The percentages for each community type show the number of households agreeing with each of the statements. 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X 63.9 Other information service activities X X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation287 288 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding 64.1 Monetary intermediation X X X X X X X 64.2 Activities of holding companies 64.3 Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 64.9Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingX X X X X X X X X 65Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 65.1 Insurance X X X 65.2 Reinsurance 65.3 Pension funding 66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities 66.1Activities auxiliary to financial services, except insurance and pension funding X X X X 66.2 Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding X X X 66.3 Fund management activities L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES 68 Real estate activities 68.1 Buying and selling of own real estate X X X X X X X 68.2 Rental and operating of own or leased real estate X X X X X X X 68.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis X X X X X X M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 69 Legal and accounting activities 69.1 Legal activities X X X X X 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy X X X X X X 70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities 70.1 Activities of head offices X X X X 70.2 Management consultancy activities X X X X X 71Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis 71.1Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy X X X X X 71.2 Technical testing and analysis X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation289 290 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment	[ "X", " \n", "63.9", "Other", "information", "service", "activities", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "K", "FINANCIAL", "AND", "INSURANCE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation287", "288", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "NACE", "Industry", "name", "Current", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ing", "\n", "34", "52", "28", "61", "64", "40", "31", "29", "15", "50", "47", "21", "55", "40", "35", "83", "57", "34", "\n", "64", "Financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "pension", "funding", " \n", "64.1", "Monetary", "intermediation", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "64.2", "Activities", "of", "holding", "companies", " \n", "64.3", "Trusts", ",", "funds", "and", "similar", "financial", "entities", " \n", "64.9Other", "financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "pension", "\n", "fundingX", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "65Insurance", ",", "reinsurance", "and", "pension", "funding", ",", "except", "compulsory", "\n", "social", "security", " \n", "65.1", "Insurance", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "65.2", "Reinsurance", " \n", "65.3", "Pension", "funding", " \n", "66", "Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "financial", "services", "and", "insurance", "activities", " \n", "66.1Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "financial", "services", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "funding", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "66.2", "Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "insurance", "and", "pension", "funding", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "66.3", "Fund", "management", "activities", " \n", "L", "REAL", "ESTATE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "68", "Real", "estate", "activities", " \n", "68.1", "Buying", "and", "selling", "of", "own", "real", "estate", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "68.2", "Rental", "and", "operating", "of", "own", "or", "leased", "real", "estate", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "68.3", "Real", "estate", "activities", "on", "a", "fee", "or", "contract", "basis", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "M", "PROFESSIONAL", ",", "SCIENTIFIC", "AND", "TECHNICAL", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "69", "Legal", "and", "accounting", "activities", " \n", "69.1", "Legal", "activities", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "69.2", "Accounting", ",", "bookkeeping", "and", "auditing", "activities", ";", "tax", "consultancy", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "70", "Activities", "of", "head", "offices", ";", "management", "consultancy", "activities", " \n", "70.1", "Activities", "of", "head", "offices", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "70.2", "Management", "consultancy", "activities", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "71Architectural", "and", "engineering", "activities", ";", "technical", "testing", "and", "\n", "analysis", " \n", "71.1Architectural", "and", "engineering", "activities", "and", "related", "technical", "\n", "consultancy", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "71.2", "Technical", "testing", "and", "analysis", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation289", "290", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment" ]	[]
2. The present state of affairs appears to be that the scientific and academic face of forensic medicine is often well in advance of the legal and administrative arrangements. In manycountries, it’s full potential cannot be realized,due to frustrations in government machineryfor applying the technical advances. Thecoroner is either a lawyer or a doctor employed by city or country administrator. In some city a practicing solicitor on a part time basis, Afew large cities fulltime coroners, who are bothmedical practitioners and barristers. In formerdays many coroners were doctors only.Broderick’s report (1971) made recommen- dation in favor of lawyers only 2,3. Medical examiners are certified eligible forensic pathologist; they visit the primaryscene of accident or crime, take evidence ofthe people when necessary. Performing autopsyand correlate the autopsy with the evidence ARTICLE OF SPECIAL INTEREST and determine the cause and manner of death and submit the report to the district attorneyfor further action. Medical examiner’s system is superior to coroner’s system, where non medical person conduct the inquest 4. The death cases are reported to coroner by the police, public, doctors are sudden death,industrial accident death, death due toindustrial disease, due to drugs and poisons, operation death, due to allegation of negligence of doctor and nurses, infant death, alcoholism,homicide, suicide, abortion, death in custody/jail and by local death registrar when he is notsatisfied with the death certificate issued bythe doctor in attendance in last illness. After receiving a report of a death, the coroner either (1) request the doctor to issue a deathcertificate. (2) direct forensic pathologist toconduct an autopsy to find out the cause ofdeath or (3) hold a public inquiry called aninquest in to circumstance of death. So that it will be possible to confirm the cause of death 3-4. The present medico legal system of Bangladesh was inherited from the British and continuedup until today. We have adopted and follow thecontinental system with some modificationsin performing medico legal autopsy. Importance: Forensic medicine includes medical jurisprudence, the legal aspect of medicalpractice and many ethical matters. Allbranches of medical science can be called intoplay to assist in medico legal problems. Truthor the nearest reasonable approach to it that is possible from what is observed in sudden, unexplained, suspicious, unnatural and violentdeaths and to determine the causes andmanner of death is the sole aim. Every specialtyof medicine can have forensic aspects at sometime or another, while most branches of medicine can themselves	[ "2", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "state", "of", "affairs", "appears", "to", "be", "that", "\n", "the", "scientific", "and", "academic", "face", "of", "forensic", "\n", "medicine", "is", "often", "well", "in", "advance", "of", "the", "legal", "\n", "and", "administrative", "arrangements", ".", "In", "manycountries", ",", "it", "’s", "full", "potential", "can", "not", "be", "realized", ",", "due", "to", "frustrations", "in", "government", "machineryfor", "applying", "the", "technical", "advances", ".", "Thecoroner", "is", "either", "a", "lawyer", "or", "a", "doctor", "employed", "\n", "by", "city", "or", "country", "administrator", ".", "In", "some", "city", "\n", "a", "practicing", "solicitor", "on", "a", "part", "time", "basis", ",", "Afew", "large", "cities", "fulltime", "coroners", ",", "who", "are", "bothmedical", "practitioners", "and", "barristers", ".", "In", "formerdays", "many", "coroners", "were", "doctors", "only", ".", "Broderick", "’s", "report", "(", "1971", ")", "made", "recommen-", "\n", "dation", "in", "favor", "of", "lawyers", "only", "\n", "2,3", ".", "\n", "Medical", "examiners", "are", "certified", "eligible", "\n", "forensic", "pathologist", ";", "they", "visit", "the", "primaryscene", "of", "accident", "or", "crime", ",", "take", "evidence", "ofthe", "people", "when", "necessary", ".", "Performing", "autopsyand", "correlate", "the", "autopsy", "with", "the", "evidence", "ARTICLE", "OF", "SPECIAL", "INTEREST", "\n", "and", "determine", "the", "cause", "and", "manner", "of", "death", "\n", "and", "submit", "the", "report", "to", "the", "district", "attorneyfor", "further", "action", ".", "Medical", "examiner", "’s", "system", "\n", "is", "superior", "to", "coroner", "’s", "system", ",", "where", "non", "\n", "medical", "person", "conduct", "the", "inquest", "\n", "4", ".", "\n", "The", "death", "cases", "are", "reported", "to", "coroner", "by", "the", "\n", "police", ",", "public", ",", "doctors", "are", "sudden", "death", ",", "industrial", "accident", "death", ",", "death", "due", "toindustrial", "disease", ",", "due", "to", "drugs", "and", "poisons", ",", "\n", "operation", "death", ",", "due", "to", "allegation", "of", "negligence", "\n", "of", "doctor", "and", "nurses", ",", "infant", "death", ",", "alcoholism", ",", "homicide", ",", "suicide", ",", "abortion", ",", "death", "in", "custody", "/", "jail", "and", "by", "local", "death", "registrar", "when", "he", "is", "notsatisfied", "with", "the", "death", "certificate", "issued", "bythe", "doctor", "in", "attendance", "in", "last", "illness", ".", "After", "\n", "receiving", "a", "report", "of", "a", "death", ",", "the", "coroner", "either", "\n", "(", "1", ")", "request", "the", "doctor", "to", "issue", "a", "deathcertificate", ".", "(", "2", ")", "direct", "forensic", "pathologist", "toconduct", "an", "autopsy", "to", "find", "out", "the", "cause", "ofdeath", "or", "(", "3", ")", "hold", "a", "public", "inquiry", "called", "aninquest", "in", "to", "circumstance", "of", "death", ".", "So", "that", "it", "\n", "will", "be", "possible", "to", "confirm", "the", "cause", "of", "death", "\n", "3", "-", "4", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "medico", "legal", "system", "of", "Bangladesh", "\n", "was", "inherited", "from", "the", "British", "and", "continuedup", "until", "today", ".", "We", "have", "adopted", "and", "follow", "thecontinental", "system", "with", "some", "modificationsin", "performing", "medico", "legal", "autopsy", ".", "\n", "Importance", ":", "\n", "Forensic", "medicine", "includes", "medical", "\n", "jurisprudence", ",", "the", "legal", "aspect", "of", "medicalpractice", "and", "many", "ethical", "matters", ".", "Allbranches", "of", "medical", "science", "can", "be", "called", "intoplay", "to", "assist", "in", "medico", "legal", "problems", ".", "Truthor", "the", "nearest", "reasonable", "approach", "to", "it", "that", "\n", "is", "possible", "from", "what", "is", "observed", "in", "sudden", ",", "\n", "unexplained", ",", "suspicious", ",", "unnatural", "and", "violentdeaths", "and", "to", "determine", "the", "causes", "andmanner", "of", "death", "is", "the", "sole", "aim", ".", "Every", "specialtyof", "medicine", "can", "have", "forensic", "aspects", "at", "sometime", "or", "another", ",", "while", "most", "branches", "of", "\n", "medicine", "can", "themselves" ]	[ { "end": 1128, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1127 }, { "end": 663, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 662 }, { "end": 665, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 664 }, { "end": 1, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 0 } ]
these objects by material type or composition. The identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. shows a perspective view of an example autonomous , which includes . Operation of the begins with material being conveyed by passing under the . The removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. Next, the inbound material passes under a to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker -. Bunker - is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system (including , , , and ) to the . The is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the . This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. The commodity is ejected from the and passes under a second , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers , ultimately to be baled. The default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker -. Once bunker - is full, bunker - closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker -, removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. Once all targeted commodities have been depleted from bunker -, the purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker -, which continued to fill while the material from bunker - were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system returns to idle, awaiting additional material availability. In a first example implementation, the is a SpydIR®-R optical sorter provided by National Recovery Technologies (NRT)®, the metal detector is an NRT® MetalDirector™ sorting system, and the AI/ML high speed object identification system is a Max-AI® system provided by Bulk Handling Systems®. In a second example implementation, which is combinable with the first example implementation, the , are	[ "these", "objects", "by", "material", "type", "or", "composition", ".", "The", "identification", "equipment", "on", "the", "system", "presort", "would", "be", "able", "to", "identify", "metals", ",", "compound", "plastics", ",", "large", "objects", ",", "and", "includes", "volatile", "compounds", "such", "as", "batteries", ",", "propane", "tanks", "and", "fuel", "cells", ".", "\n\n", "shows", "a", "perspective", "view", "of", "an", "example", "autonomous", " ", ",", "which", "includes", " ", ".", "Operation", "of", "the", " ", "begins", "with", "material", "being", "conveyed", "by", " ", "passing", "under", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "removes", "relatively", "large", "residue", "materials", "prior", "to", "entering", "the", " ", ".", "At", "this", "stage", "the", "first", "material", "composition", "is", "created", ".", "The", "resulting", "composition", "data", "is", "utilized", "by", "the", " ", "to", "determine", "the", "priority", "that", "materials", "will", "be", "sorted", "for", "subsequent", "processing", "loop", "cycles", ".", "\n\n", "Next", ",", "the", "inbound", "material", "passes", "under", "a", " ", "to", "remove", "ferrous", "metals", ",", "with", "the", "remaining", "material", "being", "conveyed", "to", "bunker", "-", ".", "Bunker", "-", "is", "then", "opened", "and", "live", "feeds", "material", "via", "conveyor", "system", " ", "(", "including", " ", ",", " ", ",", " ", ",", "and", " ", ")", "to", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "is", "equipped", "with", "an", "AI", "/", "ML", "high", "speed", "object", "identification", "system", "and", "a", "metal", "detector", "to", "further", "sort", "the", "initial", "prioritized", "material", "as", "it", "is", "fed", "through", "the", " ", ".", "This", "combined", "sensing", "technology", "can", "sort", "material", "based", "on", "shape", ",", "color", ",", "molecular", "composition", ",", "and/or", "based", "on", "other", "parameters", ".", "This", "allows", "for", "sorting", "complex", "materials", "throughout", "a", "variety", "of", "stream", "scenarios", ".", "\n\n", "The", "commodity", "is", "ejected", "from", "the", " ", "and", "passes", "under", "a", "second", " ", ",", "which", "conducts", "a", "final", "quality", "control", "(", "QC", ")", "check", "/", "sort", "of", "the", "sorted", "fraction", "prior", "to", "the", "material", "entering", "its", "respective", "commodity", "bunkers", ",", "ultimately", "to", "be", "baled", ".", "The", "default", "non", "ejected", "material", "is", "conveyed", "into", "bunker", "-", ".", "Once", "bunker", "-", "is", "full", ",", "bunker", "-", "closes", "and", "the", "system", "processes", "at", "full", "capacity", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "removing", "each", "targeted", "commodity", ",", "respectively", ",", "based", "on", "the", "initial", "material", "composition", "until", "desired", "recovery", "values", "have", "been", "achieved", ".", "Once", "all", "targeted", "commodities", "have", "been", "depleted", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "the", " ", "purges", "any", "remaining", "residue", "material", "and", "resumes", "processing", "material", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "which", "continued", "to", "fill", "while", "the", "material", "from", "bunker", "-", "were", "being", "processed", ".", "After", "all", "available", "materials", "have", "been", "processed", ",", "the", "autonomous", "processing", "system", "returns", "to", "idle", ",", "awaiting", "additional", "material", "availability", ".", "\n\n", "In", "a", "first", "example", "implementation", ",", "the", " ", "is", "a", "SpydIR", "®", "-R", "optical", "sorter", "provided", "by", "National", "Recovery", "Technologies", "(", "NRT", ")", "®", ",", "the", "metal", "detector", "is", "an", "NRT", "®", "MetalDirector", "™", "sorting", "system", ",", "and", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "high", "speed", "object", "identification", "system", "is", "a", "Max", "-", "AI", "®", "system", "provided", "by", "Bulk", "Handling", "Systems", "®", ".", "In", "a", "second", "example", "implementation", ",", "which", "is", "combinable", "with", "the", "first", "example", "implementation", ",", "the", " ", ",", " ", "are" ]	[]
was a science student, there was no need for me to love literature like that. ## 9. Can you describe how a teacher connected some lessons to your Hispanic culture? Miss Gracia was mindful of connecting lessons to my cultures and experiences. She was really, really careful. But let's see. As a Hispanic student, I rarely saw my culture reflected in the curriculum, as I said earlier, but Mrs. Gracia helped me to feel seen and heard. She invited a speaker one time to talk to our class about the historical context of a particular experience of Dominican immigrants in the United States. So, the lesson was actually a turning point. It's made me connect with my own heritage and culture in a deeper way and showed me that my experiences and perspectives were valuable and worthy of exploration. So yeah, she helped me to feel proud of my cultural heritage, and it inspired me really, really well to learn more about the diverse experiences of Hispanic communities. ## 10. How did the curriculum influence your decision to continue in school and earn a diploma or GED? And to be honest, I didn't feel like the traditional high school curriculum was preparing me for success. The curriculum was largely Eurocentric, as I said before. And I didn't see myself or my experiences reflected in the material. I felt like I was going through the motions, trying to memorize dates and formulas, without any real understanding of how they apply to my life, you know. So, when I decided to leave traditional high school and pursue a GED, it was partly because I felt the curriculum was not serving me. I wanted to take control of my own education and focus on learning skills and knowledge that would actually benefit me in the long run, in the future, you know. I'd say I think the curriculum played a role in my decision. You're supposed to have a diploma, but it also taught me the importance of self-directed learning and advocating for myself. It kind of gave me the flexibility to learn at my own pace and focus on areas that interested me. It also provided a sense of accomplishment and pride when I finally earned my diploma. ## Did you earn a traditional diploma or a GED? A diploma. 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DAC. - 43 N. A. Papanikolaou, Γυναικολογία [ Gynecology ] (Thessaloniki: Library of the Hellenic Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1986). See also D. I. Aravandinos, Φυσιολογία της γυναίκας [ Physiology of Woman ] (Scientific Publication Gr. Parisianos, n.d.), p. 192. - 44 Papanikolaou, Gynecology . - 45 Aravandinos, Physiology of Woman , p. 194. - 46 N. A. Papanikolaou, Μαιευτική [ Obstetrics ] (Thessaloniki: Library of the Hellenic Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1987); D. I. Aravandinos, Μαιευτική [ Obstetrics ] (Scientific Publication Gr. Parisianos, 1989), p. 380. - 47 For the linguistic division regarding the term 'abortion' in the Greek language, see Chordaki, 'Science communication in late twentieth- century Greece'. - 48 Law 1492/ 1950, '∏ ερί κυρώσεως του ∏ οινικού Κώδικα ' [For the constitutional validity of the Greek Penal Code], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 49 Th. Veremis and S. I. Koliopoulos , Νεότερη Ελλάδα : Μια ιστορία α π ό το 1821 [Modern Greece: A history since 1821] (Athens: Patakis Publications, 2013). - 50 Law 821/ 1978, '∏ ερί αφαιρέσεων και μ ετα μ οσχεύσεων βιολογικών ουσιών ανθρώ π ινης π ροελεύσεως ' [For the removal or transplant of human biological substances], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 51 Law 1609/ 1986, ' Τεχνητή διακο π ή της εγκυ μ οσύνης και π ροστασία της γυναίκας και άλλες διατάξεις ' [Technical termination of pregnancy and protection of women's health and other regulations], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 52 Liakos, The Greek 20th Century , p. 419. - 53 The analysis of the religious press included the publication of the Panhellenic Union of Friends of Multi- Child Parents Oi Filoi ton Polyteknon [ Friends of Multi- Child Parents ], the magazine Oikogeneia [ Family ], published every three months by the Panhellenic Union of Friends of Multi- Child Parents and the conservative daily newspaper Akropolis [ Acropolis ]. - 54 Anon., ' Μελέτη -έρευνα / ∏ ρος νο μ μ ι ο π οίηση των εκτρώσεων !' 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The cipher Maya, proposed by Gomathisankaran and Lee [3], is an instance of the cipher described in Algorithm 1 with N = 16. The authors claim that it is efficient in a hardware implementation. We attack this cipher by recovering all 16 S-boxes. However, in the general case, we do not know the last-round key, and therefore what we recover is in fact the 16 S-boxes xored with the last round key. Once this is done, we can peel off the first and last layers of encryption, and attack the cipher with two rounds less; this time, the S-boxes are known and a standard differential or linear attack can be mounted to extract the round keys. What we obtain in the end is an equivalent description of the cipher, but not necessarily the key. Still, the equivalent description of the cipher will allow us to encrypt or decrypt any text of our choice. Furthermore, we shall outline how our attack can be applied to a generalization. Here, the S-boxes are chosen uniformly at random for each round. Additionally, the bit permutation can be chosen randomly for each round and kept secret as part of the key. In this case, the addition of the round keys is not necessary because it can be seen as part of the S-boxes. Furthermore the permutation is omitted in the last round. This extreme variant can be compared with an instance of SASAS [9]. Note that in this variant nothing but the block size and the number of rounds is known. The pseudo-code of this variant is described as Algorithm 2. ## 3 Principle of the Attack In this section, we explain the idea of our approach to recover the S-boxes in the basic variant of a PRESENT -like cipher with secret S-boxes. It is a differentialstyle attack and the complexity is analysed in Section 6. Recall that in the basic variant of the cipher (cf. Algorithm 1), there are 16 secret S-boxes which are applied in all rounds. We denote these 16 S-boxes S i , ## Require: X is a 64-bit plaintext Ensure: C = E K ( X ) where E K means the encryption function with key K - 1: Derive 16 · N S-boxes S i,j , 1 ≤ i ≤ N , 0 ≤ j ≤ 15 and N -1 bit permutations P i from K - 2: STATE	[ "The", "cipher", "Maya", ",", "proposed", "by", "Gomathisankaran", "and", "Lee", "[", "3", "]", ",", "is", "an", "instance", "of", "the", "cipher", "described", "in", "Algorithm", "1", "with", "N", "=", "16", ".", "The", "authors", "claim", "that", "it", "is", "efficient", "in", "a", "hardware", "implementation", ".", "\n\n", "We", "attack", "this", "cipher", "by", "recovering", "all", "16", "S", "-", "boxes", ".", "However", ",", "in", "the", "general", "case", ",", "we", "do", "not", "know", "the", "last", "-", "round", "key", ",", "and", "therefore", "what", "we", "recover", "is", "in", "fact", "the", "16", "S", "-", "boxes", "xored", "with", "the", "last", "round", "key", ".", "Once", "this", "is", "done", ",", "we", "can", "peel", "off", "the", "first", "and", "last", "layers", "of", "encryption", ",", "and", "attack", "the", "cipher", "with", "two", "rounds", "less", ";", "this", "time", ",", "the", "S", "-", "boxes", "are", "known", "and", "a", "standard", "differential", "or", "linear", "attack", "can", "be", "mounted", "to", "extract", "the", "round", "keys", ".", "What", "we", "obtain", "in", "the", "end", "is", "an", "equivalent", "description", "of", "the", "cipher", ",", "but", "not", "necessarily", "the", "key", ".", "Still", ",", "the", "equivalent", "description", "of", "the", "cipher", "will", "allow", "us", "to", "encrypt", "or", "decrypt", "any", "text", "of", "our", "choice", ".", "\n\n", "Furthermore", ",", "we", "shall", "outline", "how", "our", "attack", "can", "be", "applied", "to", "a", "generalization", ".", "Here", ",", "the", "S", "-", "boxes", "are", "chosen", "uniformly", "at", "random", "for", "each", "round", ".", "Additionally", ",", "the", "bit", "permutation", "can", "be", "chosen", "randomly", "for", "each", "round", "and", "kept", "secret", "as", "part", "of", "the", "key", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "the", "addition", "of", "the", "round", "keys", "is", "not", "necessary", "because", "it", "can", "be", "seen", "as", "part", "of", "the", "S", "-", "boxes", ".", "Furthermore", "the", "permutation", "is", "omitted", "in", "the", "last", "round", ".", "This", "extreme", "variant", "can", "be", "compared", "with", "an", "instance", "of", "SASAS", "[", "9", "]", ".", "Note", "that", "in", "this", "variant", "nothing", "but", "the", "block", "size", "and", "the", "number", "of", "rounds", "is", "known", ".", "The", "pseudo", "-", "code", "of", "this", "variant", "is", "described", "as", "Algorithm", "2", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "3", "Principle", "of", "the", "Attack", "\n\n", "In", "this", "section", ",", "we", "explain", "the", "idea", "of", "our", "approach", "to", "recover", "the", "S", "-", "boxes", "in", "the", "basic", "variant", "of", "a", "PRESENT", "-like", "cipher", "with", "secret", "S", "-", "boxes", ".", "It", "is", "a", "differentialstyle", "attack", "and", "the", "complexity", "is", "analysed", "in", "Section", "6", ".", "\n\n", "Recall", "that", "in", "the", "basic", "variant", "of", "the", "cipher", "(", "cf", ".", "Algorithm", "1", ")", ",", "there", "are", "16", "secret", "S", "-", "boxes", "which", "are", "applied", "in", "all", "rounds", ".", "We", "denote", "these", "16", "S", "-", "boxes", "S", "i", ",", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Require", ":", "X", "is", "a", "64", "-", "bit", "plaintext", "\n\n", "Ensure", ":", "C", "=", "E", "K", "(", "X", ")", "where", "E", "K", "means", "the", "encryption", "function", "with", "key", "K", "\n\n", "-", "1", ":", "Derive", "16", "·", "N", "S", "-", "boxes", "S", "i", ",", "j", ",", "1", "≤", "i", "≤", "N", ",", "0", "≤", "j", "≤", "15", "and", "N", "-1", "bit", "permutations", "P", "i", "\n\n", "from", "K", "\n\n", "-", "2", ":", "STATE" ]	[ { "end": 56, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 29 }, { "end": 52, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 29 }, { "end": 55, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 54 }, { "end": 1333, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1332 } ]
suspensions for Black students. Diversity among principals in Europe has improved migrant students’ learning outcomes and self-esteem. Female leaders can contribute to students’ success in some contexts. In francophone Africa, primary school students led by female principals outperformed those led by male principals in mathematics and reading by the equivalent of at least six months of learning. The key institutional feature that enables principals to exercise leadership skills and show initiative to improve education outcomes is the extent of their decision-making power. In 20 high-income countries, the more principals had the primary responsibility for human and financial resource decisions, the more likely it was that a country would be among those ranked more highly in terms of average performance in mathematics. Leadership standards outline leadership practices conducive to teaching and learning. Globally, 49% of countries have adopted stand-alone national professional leadership standards or competency frameworks, independent of laws or policies, which outline the competencies principals are required to demonstrate. The four key dimensions of leadership are adopted to different degrees in professional leadership standards, frameworks and regulations. Only half of countries have standards for school principals that explicitly address collaboration. 2 24 CHAPTER 2 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : ROLES , IMPACT AND STANDARDS School leadership involves steering educational institutions to achieve their goals, such as improving student learning and fostering a positive school environment (UNESCO, 2018). School principals bear responsibilities such as shaping an educational vision, aligning teaching practices with standards and student needs, encouraging professional development and collaboration, and ensuring student well-being and safety. Such responsibilities require them to both manage and lead under resource constraints and frequent education policy shifts. Principals have to address the needs of diverse student populations; respond to the exigencies of digital technology (UNESCO, 2023b); and deal with emergencies such as displacement (UNESCO, 2019), natural disasters and health crises like COVID-19 (Longmuir, 2023). They need to deal with community expectations and navigate accountability pressures (Lee, 2016). In some contexts, decentralized arrangements empower principals to take the action they deem appropriate to address problems. Principals also increasingly have access to better management tools, regulatory frameworks and communication channels. These resources can develop their capacity to build trust and effective collaborative relationships with staff, students, parents and community stakeholders for joint action (UNESCO, 2023a). This chapter examines principals’ roles, with an emphasis on primary and secondary education. The term ‘principal’ refers to	[ "suspensions", "for", "Black", "students", ".", "Diversity", "among", "principals", "in", "Europe", "has", "improved", "migrant", "students", "’", "learning", "outcomes", "and", "self", "-", "esteem", ".", "\n ", "", "Female", "leaders", "can", "contribute", "to", "students", "’", "success", "in", "some", "contexts", ".", "In", "francophone", "Africa", ",", "primary", "school", "students", "led", "by", "female", "principals", "outperformed", "those", "led", "by", "male", "principals", "in", "mathematics", "and", "reading", "by", "the", "equivalent", "of", "at", "least", "six", "months", "of", "learning", ".", "\n ", "", "The", "key", "institutional", "feature", "that", "enables", "principals", "to", "exercise", "leadership", "skills", "and", "show", "initiative", "to", "improve", "education", "outcomes", "is", "the", "extent", "of", "their", "decision", "-", "making", "power", ".", "In", "20", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ",", "the", "more", 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"regulations", ".", "Only", "half", "of", "countries", "have", "standards", "for", "school", "principals", "that", "explicitly", " ", "address", "collaboration", ".", "\n", "2", "\n", "24", "CHAPTER", " ", "2", "•", "SCHOOL", " ", "LEADERSHIP", ":", "ROLES", ",", "IMPACT", " ", "AND", " ", "STANDARDS", "\n", "School", "leadership", "involves", "steering", "educational", "\n", "institutions", "to", "achieve", "their", "goals", ",", "such", "as", "improving", "\n", "student", "learning", "and", "fostering", "a", "positive", "school", "environment", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2018", ")", ".", "School", "principals", "bear", "responsibilities", "such", "as", "shaping", "an", "educational", "vision", ",", "aligning", "teaching", "practices", "with", "standards", "and", "student", "needs", ",", "encouraging", "professional", "development", "and", "collaboration", ",", "and", "ensuring", "student", "well", "-", "being", "and", "safety", ".", "Such", "responsibilities", "require", "them", "to", "both", "manage", "and", "lead", "under", "resource", "constraints", "and", "frequent", "education", "policy", "shifts", ".", "Principals", "have", "to", "address", "the", "needs", "of", "diverse", "student", "populations", ";", "respond", "to", "the", "exigencies", "of", "digital", "technology", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2023b", ")", ";", "and", "deal", "with", "emergencies", "such", "as", "displacement", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2019", ")", ",", "natural", "disasters", "and", "health", "crises", "like", "COVID-19", "(", "Longmuir", ",", "2023", ")", ".", "They", "need", "to", "deal", "with", "community", "expectations", "and", "navigate", "accountability", "pressures", "(", "Lee", ",", "2016", ")", ".", "\n", "In", "some", "contexts", ",", "decentralized", "arrangements", "empower", "\n", "principals", "to", "take", "the", "action", "they", "deem", "appropriate", "to", "address", "problems", ".", "Principals", "also", "increasingly", "have", "access", "to", "better", "management", "tools", 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are only for separate tax base determination, i.e., to ensure that while the tax base is determined separately for each project, for the purpose of applying the progressive CIT rates, the positive results of the tax base from each project should be aggregated at the level of the taxpayer (i.e., on a consolidated basis), regardless of how many projects an investor holds. Such clarity is necessary to avoid subsequent disputes. - 2. Similar implementation challenges may relate to the deductibility of some costs-for example, limits on the deductibility of some expenses, such as gifts and charitable donations or interest limitation rules based on BEPS Action 4 recommendations (OECD, 2015). The key question arising is whether the investor should determine the deductibility of these expenses at the level of each project/activity separately or whether this limitation should be determined at the consolidated tax base level. Some of these expenses may only relate to a specific project-for example, the loan financing CapEx on a specific mining project only relates to that project-and therefore ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION the interest limitation may need to be determined with reference to the results of that project, rather than reducing the tax base from other projects that did not require any financing. For other types of expenses that do not relate to the activities of a specific project but rather to the activities or operations of the taxpayer as a whole, the deduction limits may need to be determined with reference to the overall results of the taxpayer. Considering the complexity of such questions, it is advisable that the relevant approach be explicitly stipulated in the primary or secondary law. ## 5.2 How Should the Apportionment of Revenues and Expenditures Work? In the case of a mining company carrying on multiple operations and undertaking different activities, the apportionment of revenues and expenditures to the correct project or activity is of utmost significance. This is because there are both direct and indirect revenues and/or expenses (e.g., general administrative expenses/overheads) that need to be apportioned to the different ring-fenced activities relating to multiple licence areas or business activities (upstream versus downstream or mining versus nonmining). Where direct allocation is not feasible or practicable, they may need to be apportioned among the different licence areas and	[ "are", "only", "for", "separate", "tax", "base", "determination", ",", "i.e.", ",", "to", "ensure", "that", "while", "the", "tax", "base", "is", "determined", "separately", "for", "each", "project", ",", "for", "the", "purpose", "of", "applying", "the", "progressive", "CIT", "rates", ",", "the", "positive", "results", "of", "the", "tax", "base", "from", "each", "project", "should", "be", "aggregated", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "taxpayer", "(", "i.e.", ",", "on", "a", "consolidated", "basis", ")", ",", "regardless", "of", "how", "many", "projects", "an", "investor", "holds", ".", "\n\n", "Such", "clarity", "is", "necessary", "to", "avoid", "subsequent", "disputes", ".", "\n\n", "-", "2", ".", "Similar", "implementation", "challenges", "may", "relate", "to", "the", "deductibility", "of", "some", "costs", "-", "for", "example", ",", "limits", "on", "the", "deductibility", "of", "some", "expenses", ",", "such", "as", "gifts", "and", "charitable", "donations", "or", "interest", "limitation", "rules", "based", "on", "BEPS", "Action", "4", "recommendations", "(", "OECD", ",", "2015", ")", ".", "The", "key", "question", "arising", "is", "whether", "the", "investor", "should", "determine", "the", "deductibility", "of", "these", "expenses", "at", "the", "level", "of", "each", "project", "/", "activity", "separately", "or", "whether", "this", "limitation", "should", "be", "determined", "at", "the", "consolidated", "tax", "base", "level", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "expenses", "may", "only", "relate", "to", "a", "specific", "project", "-", "for", "example", ",", "the", "loan", "financing", "CapEx", "on", "a", "specific", "mining", "project", "only", "relates", "to", "that", "project", "-", "and", "therefore", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "the", "interest", "limitation", "may", "need", "to", "be", "determined", "with", "reference", "to", "the", "results", "of", "that", "project", ",", "rather", "than", "reducing", "the", "tax", "base", "from", "other", "projects", "that", "did", "not", "require", "any", "financing", ".", "For", "other", "types", "of", "expenses", "that", "do", "not", "relate", "to", "the", "activities", "of", "a", "specific", "project", "but", "rather", "to", "the", "activities", "or", "operations", "of", "the", "taxpayer", "as", "a", "whole", ",", "the", "deduction", "limits", "may", "need", "to", "be", "determined", "with", "reference", "to", "the", "overall", "results", "of", "the", "taxpayer", ".", "Considering", "the", "complexity", "of", "such", "questions", ",", "it", "is", "advisable", "that", "the", "relevant", "approach", "be", "explicitly", "stipulated", "in", "the", "primary", "or", "secondary", "law", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.2", "How", "Should", "the", "Apportionment", "of", "Revenues", "and", "Expenditures", "Work", "?", "\n\n", "In", "the", "case", "of", "a", "mining", "company", "carrying", "on", "multiple", "operations", "and", "undertaking", "different", "activities", ",", "the", "apportionment", "of", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "to", "the", "correct", "project", "or", "activity", "is", "of", "utmost", "significance", ".", "This", "is", "because", "there", "are", "both", "direct", "and", "indirect", "revenues", "and/or", "expenses", "(", "e.g.", ",", "general", "administrative", "expenses", "/", "overheads", ")", "that", "need", "to", "be", "apportioned", "to", "the", "different", "ring", "-", "fenced", "activities", "relating", "to", "multiple", "licence", "areas", "or", "business", "activities", "(", "upstream", "versus", "downstream", "or", "mining", "versus", "nonmining", ")", ".", "Where", "direct", "allocation", "is", "not", "feasible", "or", "practicable", ",", "they", "may", "need", "to", "be", "apportioned", "among", "the", "different", "licence", "areas", "and" ]	[]
me and events that changed how I thought about myself academically. It was during my junior year my junior year of high school. I had always struggled in math and had pretty much given up on the idea of being good at it. I thought I just wasn't cut out for it, that I wasn't smart enough, but then I had a math teacher, Mrs. Garcia, who saw something in me that I didn't. She took me aside one day and said, I know you think you are not good at math, but I believe in you. I think you have the potential to excel in this class. She offered to help me outside of class, and I accepted. I started to understand math in a way I never had before. So she broke it down for me, explained it in a way that made sense, and gave me the confidence to try. So, that experience alone changed everything for me. It made me realize that I was capable of learning, understanding, and succeeding in a subject I thought was beyond me. So, from that day on, I started to see myself in a different light. I started to think, if I can do this, what else can I do? And that mindset has stayed with me to this day. So I just say, gracias, Mrs. Garcia. ## 4. Describe a teacher who influenced how you saw yourself. I'd say Mrs. Garcia here because she was my math teacher during my junior year of high school. She was more than just a teacher. I think she was a role model, too, and a mentor. Would I say she was my source of inspiration? Okay, yeah. She was my source of inspiration. So, she was one of the teachers who truly cared about the students. She took the time to get to know each of us, to understand our strengths and weaknesses, and to tailor her teaching to meet our individual needs. But what really made Mrs. Garcia stand out was the way she believed in me. She saw something in me that I didn't see in myself. Potential. She'd tell me you're capable of so much more than this than you think you are. Don't sell yourself short, and she'd push me to take on challenges that I felt were beyond me. Mrs. Garcia was very relatable. She would share	[ "me", "and", "events", "that", "changed", "how", "I", "thought", "about", "myself", "academically", ".", "It", "was", "during", "my", "junior", "year", "my", "junior", "year", "of", "high", "school", ".", "I", "had", "always", "struggled", "in", "math", "and", "had", "pretty", "much", "given", "up", "on", "the", "idea", "of", "being", "good", "at", "it", ".", "I", "thought", "I", "just", "was", "n't", "cut", "out", "for", "it", ",", "that", "I", "was", "n't", "smart", "enough", ",", "but", "then", "I", "had", "a", "math", "teacher", ",", "Mrs.", "Garcia", ",", "who", "saw", "something", "in", "me", "that", "I", "did", "n't", ".", "She", "took", "me", "aside", "one", "day", "and", "said", ",", "I", "know", "you", "think", "you", "are", "not", "good", "at", "math", ",", "but", "I", "believe", "in", "you", ".", "I", "think", "you", "have", "the", "potential", "to", "excel", "in", "this", "class", ".", "She", "offered", "to", "help", "me", "outside", "of", "class", ",", "and", "I", "accepted", ".", "I", "started", "to", "understand", "math", "in", "a", "way", "I", "never", "had", "before", ".", "So", "she", "broke", "it", "down", "for", "me", ",", "explained", "it", "in", "a", "way", "that", "made", "sense", ",", "and", "gave", "me", "the", "confidence", "to", "try", ".", "So", ",", "that", "experience", "alone", "changed", "everything", "for", "me", ".", "It", "made", "me", "realize", "that", "I", "was", "capable", "of", "learning", ",", "understanding", ",", "and", "succeeding", "in", "a", "subject", "I", "thought", "was", "beyond", "me", ".", "So", ",", "from", "that", "day", "on", ",", "I", "started", "to", "see", "myself", "in", "a", "different", "light", ".", "I", "started", "to", "think", ",", "if", "I", "can", "do", "this", ",", "what", "else", "can", "I", "do", "?", "And", "that", "mindset", "has", "stayed", "with", "me", "to", "this", "day", ".", "So", "I", "just", "say", ",", "gracias", ",", "Mrs.", "Garcia", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4", ".", "Describe", "a", "teacher", "who", "influenced", "how", "you", "saw", "yourself", ".", "\n\n", "I", "'d", "say", "Mrs.", "Garcia", "here", "because", "she", "was", "my", "math", "teacher", "during", "my", "junior", "year", "of", "high", "school", ".", "She", "was", "more", "than", "just", "a", "teacher", ".", "I", "think", "she", "was", "a", "role", "model", ",", "too", ",", "and", "a", "mentor", ".", "Would", "I", "say", "she", "was", "my", "source", "of", "inspiration", "?", "Okay", ",", "yeah", ".", "She", "was", "my", "source", "of", "inspiration", ".", "So", ",", "she", "was", "one", "of", "the", "teachers", "who", "truly", "cared", "about", "the", "students", ".", "She", "took", "the", "time", "to", "get", "to", "know", "each", "of", "us", ",", "to", "understand", "our", "strengths", "and", "weaknesses", ",", "and", "to", "tailor", "her", "teaching", "to", "meet", "our", "individual", "needs", ".", "But", "what", "really", "made", "Mrs.", "Garcia", "stand", "out", "was", "the", "way", "she", "believed", "in", "me", ".", "She", "saw", "something", "in", "me", "that", "I", "did", "n't", "see", "in", "myself", ".", "Potential", ".", "She", "'d", "tell", "me", "you", "'re", "capable", "of", "so", "much", "more", "than", "this", "than", "you", "think", "you", "are", ".", "Do", "n't", "sell", "yourself", "short", ",", "and", "she", "'d", "push", "me", "to", "take", "on", "challenges", "that", "I", "felt", "were", "beyond", "me", ".", "Mrs.", "Garcia", "was", "very", "relatable", ".", "She", "would", "share" ]	[]
'the biography does the job of filling a gap rather too literally and faithfully, by upholding the figure of the transgressive woman author who was 'as good as' or 'better than' her male counterparts'. 26 As other scholars have also noted, understanding the historical trajectory of 'processes of gendering' and, indeed, the power relations that circumscribed them is more pressing and radical a research agenda than simply filling a gap. 27 The compensatory approach has been influential in many areas of the world. In South- Eastern and Central Europe, writing in this vein has sometimes acquired a celebratory or exceptionalist tone, likely an outcome of the fact that the study of gender and science is a relatively new area of research. Until 1989, there was only a small and mostly underground feminist movement in these regions, although sometimes with relevant impact 9 on the global women's movement. 28 The authoritarian regimes in the region imposed a cultural and political agenda that encouraged the entrance of women into scientific fields, but their activities became subsumed under a broader and, for the purposes of perpetuating the regimes in power, politically more significant identity as 'working people'. In the post- 1989 period, investigations of science under communism, including the role of women therein, have often been incorporated into a broader repertoire of anticommunist writing. 29 Scholarly engagement with women's history and gender studies varies across countries of the former communist bloc, a point valid for Europe as a whole, as Andrea Pető has argued: 'In each country the development of writing gender history is deeply connected to national historiography and the characteristics of historians as an institutionalized profession. The bias towards gender or towards women's history depends on the local intellectual tradition regarding difference.' 30 In Romania, there has been a gradual increase in gender studies publications since the 1990s, 31 but there is a noticeable lack of qualitative and quantitative studies that engage with science, a situation mirrored in the older and academically more established field of women's history. As we have emphasized above, the omission is significant, considering the relatively high proportion of women in STEMM. It points not only to dominant perceptions of science as a masculine pursuit statistics notwithstanding - but also the fact that writing about women and gender is a political act with tangible consequences. Recent attempts to ban the teaching of 'gender ideology' in schools and	[ "'", "the", "biography", "does", "the", "job", "of", "filling", "a", "gap", "rather", "too", "literally", "and", "faithfully", ",", "by", "upholding", "the", "figure", "of", "the", "transgressive", "woman", "author", "who", "was", "'", "as", "good", "as", "'", "or", "'", "better", "than", "'", "her", "male", "counterparts", "'", ".", "26", " ", "As", "other", "scholars", "have", "also", "noted", ",", " ", "understanding", " ", "the", " ", "historical", " ", "trajectory", " ", "of", " ", "'", "processes", " ", "of", " ", "gendering", "'", "and", ",", "indeed", ",", "the", "power", "relations", "that", "circumscribed", "them", "is", "more", "pressing", "and", "radical", "a", "research", "agenda", "than", "simply", "filling", "a", "gap", ".", "27", "\n\n", "The", "compensatory", "approach", "has", "been", "influential", "in", "many", "areas", "of", "the", "world", ".", "In", "South-", " ", "Eastern", "and", "Central", "Europe", ",", "writing", "in", "this", "vein", "has", "sometimes", "acquired", "a", "celebratory", "or", "exceptionalist", "tone", ",", "likely", "an", "outcome", "of", "the", " ", "fact", " ", "that", " ", "the", " ", "study", " ", "of", " ", "gender", " ", "and", " ", "science", " ", "is", " ", "a", " ", "relatively", " ", "new", " ", "area", " ", "of", "research", ".", "Until", "1989", ",", "there", "was", "only", "a", "small", "and", "mostly", "underground", "feminist", "movement", "in", "these", "regions", ",", "although", "sometimes", "with", "relevant", "impact", "\n\n", "9", "\n\n", "on", "the", "global", "women", "'s", "movement", ".", "28", " ", "The", "authoritarian", "regimes", "in", "the", "region", "imposed", "a", "cultural", "and", "political", "agenda", "that", "encouraged", "the", "entrance", "of", "women", "into", "scientific", "fields", ",", "but", "their", "activities", "became", "subsumed", "under", "a", "broader", "and", ",", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "perpetuating", "the", "regimes", "in", "power", ",", "politically", "more", "significant", "identity", "as", "'", "working", "people", "'", ".", "In", "the", "post-", " ", "1989", "period", ",", "investigations", "of", "science", "under", "communism", ",", "including", "the", "role", "of", "women", "therein", ",", " ", "have", " ", "often", " ", "been", " ", "incorporated", " ", "into", " ", "a", " ", "broader", " ", "repertoire", " ", "of", " ", "anticommunist", "writing", ".", "29", "\n\n", "Scholarly", " ", "engagement", " ", "with", " ", "women", "'s", " ", "history", " ", "and", " ", "gender", " ", "studies", " ", "varies", "across", "countries", "of", "the", "former", "communist", "bloc", ",", "a", "point", "valid", "for", "Europe", "as", "a", "whole", ",", "as", "Andrea", "Pető", "has", "argued", ":", "'", "In", "each", "country", "the", "development", "of", "writing", "gender", "history", "is", "deeply", "connected", "to", "national", "historiography", "and", "the", "characteristics", "of", "historians", "as", "an", "institutionalized", "profession", ".", "The", "bias", "towards", "gender", "or", "towards", "women", "'s", "history", "depends", "on", "the", "local", "intellectual", "tradition", "regarding", "difference", ".", "'", "30", " ", "In", "Romania", ",", "there", "has", "been", "a", "gradual", "increase", "in", "gender", "studies", "publications", "since", "the", "1990s", ",", "31", " ", "but", "there", "is", "a", "noticeable", "lack", "of", "qualitative", "and", "quantitative", "studies", "that", "engage", "with", "science", ",", "a", "situation", "mirrored", "in", "the", "older", "and", "academically", "more", "established", "field", "of", "women", "'s", "history", ".", "As", "we", "have", "emphasized", "above", ",", "the", "omission", "is", "significant", ",", "considering", "the", "relatively", "high", "proportion", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", ".", "It", "points", "not", "only", "to", "dominant", "perceptions", "of", "science", "as", "a", "masculine", "pursuit", "statistics", "notwithstanding", "-", "but", "also", "the", "fact", "that", "writing", "about", "women", "and", "gender", "is", "a", "political", "act", "with", "tangible", "consequences", ".", "Recent", "attempts", "to", "ban", "the", "teaching", "of", "'", "gender", "ideology", "'", "in", "schools", "and" ]	[ { "end": 204, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 202 }, { "end": 450, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 448 }, { "end": 939, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 937 }, { "end": 1455, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1453 }, { "end": 1944, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1942 }, { "end": 2042, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2040 } ]
fellow academics to extend full rights to women at Cambridge: [W] e welcome the presence of women in our laboratories on the grounds that residence in this University is intended to fit the rising generation to take its proper place in the outside world … For better or worse, women are often endowed with such a degree of intelligence as enables them to contribute substantially to progress in the various branches of learning; at the present stage in the world's affairs we can afford less than ever before to neglect the training and cultivation of all the young intelligence available. 14 The University of Oxford granted women full membership in 1920, when fifty women graduates were admitted to degrees, including several women tutorial staff members. The historic occasion was marked in newspaper editorials: 'The leaders of women's education in Oxford may be congratulated on this triumphal recognition of the cause for which they have worked so long and so arduously, and on a victory won by courtesy, patience and merit alone.' 15 A similar vote in Cambridge was once again defeated. In the aftermath, women students experienced hostility. In science lectures, they were greeted with a cacophony of foot- stamping from male students, had derogatory notes passed to them and were victims of other antisocial behaviours. 16 Letters in the press illustrate the hostile climate to which women students were subjected. For example, a letter- writer in 1922 suggested that 'the English University woman … is making a grave mistake in aping man. Her interests are no longer in the home or in the training of children … but rather in a fight for recognition in the professions … in the struggle she is becoming unsexed. She has lost her feminine charm, and is virtually a neuter.' 17 Drawing on a familiar rhetoric about ideal womanhood, which could be found, in various iterations, as far as Japan and China, 18 Cambridge remained adamant about not conferring degrees on women by making them full members of the university. A consequence of Cambridge's reluctance to confer membership and degree status on women was that this university fell behind the University of Oxford, whose student body recorded 18- per- cent women students in 1934- 35. In contrast, the share of women full- time students stagnated in Cambridge from 10 per cent in 1900- 01 and dropped to 9 per cent in 1934- 35,	[ "fellow", "academics", "to", "extend", "full", "rights", "to", "women", "at", "Cambridge", ":", "\n\n", "[", "W", "]", " ", "e", "welcome", "the", "presence", "of", "women", "in", "our", "laboratories", "on", "the", "grounds", "that", "residence", "in", "this", "University", "is", "intended", "to", "fit", "the", "rising", "generation", "to", "take", "its", "proper", "place", "in", "the", "outside", "world", "…", "For", "better", "or", "worse", ",", "women", "are", "often", "endowed", "with", "such", "a", "degree", "of", "intelligence", "as", "enables", "them", "to", "contribute", "substantially", "to", "progress", "in", "the", "various", "branches", "of", "learning", ";", "at", "the", "present", "stage", "in", "the", "world", "'s", "affairs", "we", "can", "afford", "less", "than", "ever", "before", "to", "neglect", "the", "training", "and", "cultivation", "of", "all", "the", "young", "intelligence", "available", ".", "14", "\n\n", "The", "University", "of", "Oxford", "granted", "women", "full", "membership", "in", "1920", ",", "when", "fifty", "women", "graduates", "were", "admitted", "to", "degrees", ",", "including", "several", "women", "tutorial", "staff", "members", ".", "The", "historic", "occasion", "was", "marked", "in", "newspaper", "editorials", ":", "'", "The", "leaders", "of", "women", "'s", "education", "in", "Oxford", "may", "be", "congratulated", "on", "this", "triumphal", "recognition", "of", "the", "cause", "for", "which", "they", "have", "worked", "so", "long", "and", "so", "arduously", ",", "and", "on", "a", "victory", "won", "by", "courtesy", ",", "patience", "and", "merit", "alone", ".", "'", "15", "\n\n", "A", "similar", "vote", "in", "Cambridge", "was", "once", "again", "defeated", ".", "In", "the", "aftermath", ",", "women", "students", "experienced", "hostility", ".", "In", "science", "lectures", ",", "they", "were", "greeted", "with", " ", "a", " ", "cacophony", " ", "of", " ", "foot-", " ", "stamping", " ", "from", " ", "male", " ", "students", ",", " ", "had", " ", "derogatory", "notes", " ", "passed", " ", "to", " ", "them", " ", "and", " ", "were", " ", "victims", " ", "of", " ", "other", " ", "antisocial", " ", "behaviours", ".", "16", "Letters", "in", "the", "press", "illustrate", "the", "hostile", "climate", "to", "which", "women", "students", "were", " ", "subjected", ".", " ", "For", " ", "example", ",", " ", "a", " ", "letter-", " ", "writer", " ", "in", " ", "1922", " ", "suggested", " ", "that", " ", "'", "the", "English", "University", "woman", "…", "is", "making", "a", "grave", "mistake", "in", "aping", "man", ".", "Her", "interests", " ", "are", " ", "no", " ", "longer", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "home", " ", "or", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "training", " ", "of", " ", "children", " ", "…", " ", "but", "rather", "in", "a", "fight", "for", "recognition", "in", "the", "professions", "…", "in", "the", "struggle", "she", "is", "becoming", "unsexed", ".", "She", "has", "lost", "her", "feminine", "charm", ",", "and", "is", "virtually", "a", "neuter", ".", "'", "17", "Drawing", "on", "a", "familiar", "rhetoric", "about", "ideal", "womanhood", ",", "which", "could", "be", " ", "found", ",", " ", "in", " ", "various", " ", "iterations", ",", " ", "as", " ", "far", " ", "as", " ", "Japan", " ", "and", " ", "China", ",", "18", " ", "Cambridge", "remained", "adamant", "about", "not", "conferring", "degrees", "on", "women", "by", "making", "them", "full", "members", "of", "the", "university", ".", "\n\n", "A", " ", "consequence", " ", "of", " ", "Cambridge", "'s", " ", "reluctance", " ", "to", " ", "confer", " ", "membership", " ", "and", "degree", "status", "on", "women", "was", "that", "this", "university", "fell", "behind", "the", "University", "of", " ", "Oxford", ",", "whose", "student", "body", "recorded", "18-", " ", "per-", " ", "cent", "women", "students", "in", "1934-", " ", "35", ".", " ", "In", " ", "contrast", ",", " ", "the", " ", "share", " ", "of", " ", "women", " ", "full-", " ", "time", " ", "students", " ", "stagnated", "in", "Cambridge", "from", "10", "per", "cent", "in", "1900-", " ", "01", "and", "dropped", "to", "9", "per", "cent", "in", "1934-", " ", "35", "," ]	[ { "end": 594, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 592 }, { "end": 1043, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1041 }, { "end": 1355, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1353 }, { "end": 1973, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1971 }, { "end": 1834, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1832 }, { "end": 2279, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2277 } ]
Environment Agency, Transport and environment report 2022, Digitalization in the mobility system: challenges and opportunities , 2022. 48THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3 FIGURE 8 Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the EU Greenhouse gas emission1, Index 1990=1 Notes: 1 Excluding LULUCF emissions and international maritime, including international aviation and indirect CO2. 2 Excluding international maritime (inter - national traffic departing from the EU), including international aviation. 3 Emissions from Manufacturing and Construction, Industrial Processes and Product Use. 4 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and other Emissions from Agriculture. Source: European Commission, 2023 The automotive sector is a key example of lack of EU planning, applying a climate policy without an indus - trial policy [see the chapter on automotive] . The technology neutrality principle has not always been applied in the automotive sector. The ambitious target of zero tailpipe emissions by 2035 will lead to a de facto phasing out of new registrations of vehicles with internal combustion engines and the rapid market penetration of EVs. Yet, the EU has not followed up these ambitions with a synchronised push to convert the supply chain. For example, the Commission only launched the European Battery Alliance to build a battery value chain in Europe in 2017, while Europe as a whole is far behind on installing charging infrastructure. China, by contrast, has been focusing on the full EV supply chain since 2012 and, as a result, it has moved faster and at a larger scale and is now one generation ahead in EV technology in virtually all domains, while also producing at lower cost. European companies are already losing market share and this trend may accelerate as shipping bottlenecks are overcome [see Figure 9] . Chinese carmakers’ market share for EVs in Europe rose from 5% in 2015 to almost 15% in 2023, while the share of European carmakers in the European EV market fell from 80% to 60%. FIGURE 9 Electric car imports to Europe by country of production and manufacturer headquarters Thousand vehicles, 2021-2022 Source: IEA, 2023 49THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3 A joint plan for decarbonisation and competitiveness The first key goal for the energy sector is to lower the cost of energy for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation [see the chapter on energy] . 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of income and expenses, meaning capital allowance deductions are claimed for depreciating assets in line with the useful economic life of such assets, this typically corresponds with the timeline of how the corresponding income is generated. If such deductions are claimed as income is generated, the need for ring-fencing is less likely to arise, as there is no large upfront deduction of the project cost claimed before the mine becomes operational (noting there will still likely be some deductions claimed in cases of failed exploration expenditure, and there may be some OpEx costs). The capital allowance regime will not achieve the intended matching effect if government policy allows for the accelerated or immediate expensing of CapEx costs. The features of the design of the capital allowance regime will thus play a significant role in the consideration of whether to use and how to design the ring-fencing rules. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.2 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules	[ "of", "income", "and", "expenses", ",", "meaning", "capital", "allowance", "deductions", "are", "claimed", "for", "depreciating", "assets", "in", "line", "with", "the", "useful", "economic", "life", "of", "such", "assets", ",", "this", "typically", "corresponds", "with", "the", "timeline", "of", "how", "the", "corresponding", "income", "is", "generated", ".", "If", "such", "deductions", "are", "claimed", "as", "income", "is", "generated", ",", "the", "need", "for", "ring", "-", "fencing", "is", "less", "likely", "to", "arise", ",", "as", "there", "is", "no", "large", "upfront", "deduction", "of", "the", "project", "cost", "claimed", "before", "the", "mine", "becomes", "operational", "(", "noting", "there", "will", "still", "likely", "be", "some", "deductions", "claimed", "in", "cases", "of", "failed", "exploration", "expenditure", ",", "and", "there", "may", "be", "some", "OpEx", "costs", ")", ".", "The", "capital", "allowance", "regime", "will", "not", "achieve", "the", "intended", "matching", "effect", "if", "government", "policy", "allows", "for", "the", "accelerated", "or", "immediate", "expensing", "of", "CapEx", "costs", ".", "The", "features", "of", "the", "design", "of", "the", "capital", "allowance", "regime", "will", "thus", "play", "a", "significant", "role", "in", "the", "consideration", "of", "whether", "to", "use", "and", "how", "to", "design", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n\n", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.2", "Designing", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules" ]	[]
- 47 A. Pârvulescu and M. Boatcă, Creolizing the Modern: Transylvania across Empires (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2022). - 48 G. Basalla, 'The spread of Western science', Science , 156: 3775 (1967), 61122. For critiques of this model, see D. Raina, Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Raj, Relocating Modern Science ; F .T. Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire and Cultural Encounter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); H. Tilley, 'Global histories, vernacular science, and African genealogies; or, is the history of science ready for the world?' Isis , 101: 1 (2010), 110- 19. - 49 We are grateful to Vladimir Janković for bringing this scholarship to our attention. - 50 S. Hartman, Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 13. - 51 Joanna Behrman's description of the painstaking research involved in identifying the protagonists of a 1913 photograph taken in Pierre Weiss' laboratory at ETH Zurich, three of whom were women, is a good illustration of this. J. Behrman, 'A history mystery: Adventures identifying people in a photograph', Ex Libris Universum , Niels Bohr Library & Archives and Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics, 16 February 2023, www.aip.org/ hist ory- progr ams/ niels- bohr- libr ary/ ex- lib ris- univer sum/ hist ory- myst ery- adv entu res- iden tify ing?fbc lid= IwAR 0y92 3WJ3 vJUw jNvR v7W- EBy IlYZ MAT5 vAv- 0- lFtBQ MVOZ ffw6 3AYC ONk> (accessed 21 September 2023). - 52 Rossiter, 'The Matthew Matilda effect in science'; A. Sur, 'Dispersed radiance: Women scientists in C. V. Raman's laboratory', Meridians , 1: 2 (2001), 95- 127. - 53 C. von Oertzen, Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917- 1955 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). - 54 See P . Fara, A Lab of One's Own: Science and Suffrage in the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) and Ogawa's Foreword in this volume. - 55 On post- World War I state- building in Eastern Europe, see B. Trencsényi, The Politics of 'National Character': A Study in Interwar East European Thought (London and New York: Routledge, 2012); B. Olschowsky, P. Juszkiewicz and J. Rydel (eds), Central and Eastern Europe after the First World War (Oldenbourg: De Gruyter, 2021); I. Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918- 1930 (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1995).	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understand context, prepare for challenges and update content) and results (such as work placements and student learning). In-service professional learning may be the only opportunity for principals in some countries. Again, the characteristics vary, including coverage; the offer of practicums; responsiveness to the needs of principals; emphasis on instructional leadership; and the degree of formality as opposed to more collaborative approaches such as mentoring, networking, study groups, school visits and peer coaching. The chapter draws on research and evidence from comparative studies, such as the Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2019, 2020), the International Successful School Principalship Project (University of Nottingham, 2020), the International Study of Principal Preparation (Slater et al., 2018), the 7 System Leadership Study (Harris and Jones, 2015; 2018), the International School Leadership Development Network (ISLDN, 2024), and the World School Leadership Study (WSLS, 2024). Chapter 4 on shared school leadership emphasizes that school leaders cannot lead schools alone, especially when they have major responsibilities. While they may have the most responsibility and opportunities to exercise leadership and are loaded with the biggest expectations, other stakeholders in schools must also provide leadership. There is, therefore, interest in how leadership is distributed. Vice principals, teacher or middle leaders, non-teaching staff, school management committees or boards, and student leaders are among those that may be drawn into decision making. <!-- image --> ## School leaders cannot lead schools alone <!-- image --> Middle leaders are teachers who have a substantial teaching workload in addition to a substantial leadership role, such as head of a curriculum area (e.g. mathematics) or a grade. These are often the leaders who are most in contact with teachers, parents and guardians and play a significant role in teachers' well-being, collective action, mutual support, pedagogical innovation, parental and student involvement, professional learning, community development, and student outcomes. Their responsibilities include decisions on curricular emphasis, resource acquisition and distribution, staff development, and a supportive culture. They may or may not succeed in their role, depending on factors such as support received from school principals, recognition in the form of time assigned to leadership tasks, and the burden posed by administrative responsibilities. The review draws on evidence from comparative studies such as the International Study of Teacher Leadership (ISTL, 2024). It also examines the role of teachers in informal leadership roles and of non-teaching staff. 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MRF arrangement of the plurality of MRF components optimizes recovery and/or purity of at least one targetable material from the material stream; and controlling at least one MRF component of the plurality of MRF components to change its operation or its location within the MRF according to the determined MRF arrangement. Example [0229] includes the method of example [0228] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the data streams include a set of sensor data generated by respective sensors of the set of sensors and MHU status information generated by respective MHUs of the set of MHUs. Example [0230] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0229] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the at least one MRF component is a sensor of the set of sensors, controlling the at least one MRF component includes: retasking the sensor to collect a different type of sensor data or report sensor data at a different interval. Example [0231] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0230] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the at least one MRF component is an MHU of the set of MHUs, controlling the at least one MRF component includes: retasking the MHU including determining one or more tasks for the MHU to perform. Example [0232] includes the method of example [0231] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: retasking the MHU from performing one or more current tasks to performing the determined one or more tasks. Example [0233] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0232] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to recover at least one material different than the at least one recoverable material to recover the at least one recoverable material from the material stream. Example [0234] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0233] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to use a selected sorting mechanism to recover the at least one recoverable material from the material stream. Example [0235] includes the method of example [0234] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the selected sorting mechanism is different than a sorting mechanism currently being used by the MHU. Example [0236] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0235] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to move from a current location within the MRF to a different location within the MRF. Example [0237] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0236]	[ "MRF", "arrangement", "of", "the", "plurality", "of", "MRF", "components", "optimizes", "recovery", "and/or", "purity", "of", "at", "least", "one", "targetable", "material", "from", "the", "material", "stream", ";", "and", "controlling", "at", "least", "one", "MRF", "component", "of", "the", "plurality", "of", "MRF", "components", "to", "change", "its", "operation", "or", "its", "location", "within", "the", "MRF", "according", "to", "the", "determined", "MRF", "arrangement", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0229", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0228", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "data", "streams", "include", "a", "set", "of", "sensor", "data", "generated", "by", "respective", "sensors", "of", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", "and", "MHU", "status", "information", "generated", "by", "respective", "MHUs", "of", "the", "set", "of", "MHUs", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0230", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0229", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", ",", "when", "the", "at", "least", "one", "MRF", "component", "is", "a", "sensor", "of", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", ",", "controlling", "the", "at", "least", "one", "MRF", "component", "includes", ":", "retasking", "the", "sensor", "to", "collect", "a", "different", "type", "of", "sensor", "data", "or", "report", "sensor", "data", "at", "a", "different", "interval", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0231", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0230", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", ",", "when", "the", "at", "least", "one", "MRF", "component", "is", "an", "MHU", "of", "the", "set", "of", "MHUs", ",", "controlling", "the", "at", "least", "one", "MRF", "component", "includes", ":", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "including", "determining", "one", "or", "more", "tasks", "for", "the", "MHU", "to", "perform", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0232", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0231", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "includes", ":", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "from", "performing", "one", "or", "more", "current", "tasks", "to", "performing", "the", "determined", "one", "or", "more", "tasks", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0233", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0231]-[0232", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "MHU", "to", "recover", "at", "least", "one", "material", "different", "than", "the", "at", "least", "one", "recoverable", "material", "to", "recover", "the", "at", "least", "one", "recoverable", "material", "from", "the", "material", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0234", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0231]-[0233", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "MHU", "to", "use", "a", "selected", "sorting", "mechanism", "to", "recover", "the", "at", "least", "one", "recoverable", "material", "from", "the", "material", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0235", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0234", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "selected", "sorting", "mechanism", "is", "different", "than", "a", "sorting", "mechanism", "currently", "being", "used", "by", "the", "MHU", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0236", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0231]-[0235", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "retasking", "the", "MHU", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "MHU", "to", "move", "from", "a", "current", "location", "within", "the", "MRF", "to", "a", "different", "location", "within", "the", "MRF", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0237", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0231]-[0236", "]" ]	[]
4Strengthening industrial capacity for defence and space The European defence industry not only suffers from lower defence spending but also a lack of focus on technological development [see the chapter on defence] . The European defence sector is highly competitive globally, registering an annual turnover of EUR 135 billion in 2022 and strong export volumes. Some EU products and technologies are superior or at least equivalent in quality to those produced by the US, such as main battle tanks, conventional submarines, naval shipyard technology and transport aircraft. However, the EU defence industry is suffering from a capacity gap on two fronts. First, overall demand is lower: aggregate defence spending in the EU is about one-third as high as in the US. Second, EU spending is less focused on innovation. Defence is a highly technological industry characterised by disruptive innovation, meaning that massive R&D investments are required to maintain strategic parity. The US has prioritised R&D spending over all other military spending categories since 2014. In the 2023, it allocated EUR 130 billion (USD 140 billion) for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, amounting to around 16% of total defence spending. This category also saw the largest relative percentage increase in the defence budget. In Europe, total funding for defence R&D was EUR 10.7 billion in 2022, amounting to just 4.5% of total spending. Complex next-generation defence systems in all strategic domains will require massive R&D investment that exceeds the capacity of single EU Member States. The European defence industry is also fragmented, limiting its scale and hindering operational effective - ness in the field . The EU defence industrial landscape is populated mainly by national players operating in relatively small domestic markets [see Figure 4] . Fragmentation creates two major challenges. First, it means that the industry lacks scale, which is essential in a capital-intensive sector with long investment cycles. As a result, if EU Member States were to ramp up defence spending significantly, a supply crisis could occur with Member States competing between each other on the constrained European defence equipment market. Second, fragmentation leads to serious issues related to a lack of standardisation and the interoperability of equipment, which have come to light during the EU’s support for Ukraine. 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of 123 samples found the presence of one or more phycotoxin ... New Research Shows 2/3 of Species in Global Shark Fin Trade at Risk of Extinction July 20, 2022 — Researchers sampled nearly 10,000 shark fin trimmings from markets in Hong Kong -- one of the largest shark fin trade hubs in the world. With a little DNA detective work, they unraveled the mystery ... 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Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel Trending Topics this week PLANTS & ANIMALS Food Organic Birds EARTH & CLIMATE Air Quality Energy and the Environment Water FOSSILS & RUINS Human Evolution Ancient Civilizations Early Humans Strange & Offbeat PLANTS & ANIMALS Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas 500-Million-Year-Old “squid” Were Actually Ferocious Worms Why Tiny Bee Brains Could Hold the Key to Smarter AI EARTH & CLIMATE Scientists Found a New Way to Turn Sunlight Into Fuel Ancient Predators and Giant Amphibians Found in African Fossil Treasure Trove Scientists Warn Ocean Could Soon Reach Rapa Nui’s Sacred Moai FOSSILS & RUINS Ancient Fossil Discovery in Ethiopia Rewrites Human Origins 140,000-Year-Old Skeleton Shows Earliest Interbreeding Between Humans and Neanderthals Mysterious Denisovan Interbreeding Shaped the Humans We Are Today Toggle navigation Menu S D S D Home Page Top Science News Latest News Home Home Page Top Science News Latest News Health View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: Health & Medicine Allergy Cancer Cold and Flu Diabetes Heart Disease ... more topics Mind & Brain ADD and ADHD Alzheimer's Headaches Intelligence Psychology ... more topics Living Well Parenting Child Development Stress Nutrition Fitness ... more topics Tech View all the latest top news in the physical sciences & technology, or browse the topics below:	[ "of", "123", "samples", "found", "the", "presence", "of", "one", "or", "more", "phycotoxin", "...", "\n \n", "New", "Research", "Shows", "2/3", "of", "Species", "in", "Global", "Shark", "Fin", "Trade", "at", "Risk", "of", "Extinction", "\n\n\n\n\n", "July", "20", ",", "2022", "—", "\n ", "Researchers", "sampled", "nearly", "10,000", "shark", "fin", "trimmings", "from", "markets", "in", "Hong", "Kong", "--", "one", "of", "the", "largest", "shark", "fin", "trade", "hubs", "in", "the", "world", ".", "With", "a", "little", "DNA", "detective", "work", ",", "they", 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"Skeleton", "Shows", "Earliest", "Interbreeding", "Between", "Humans", "and", "Neanderthals", "\n\n\n", "Mysterious", "Denisovan", "Interbreeding", "Shaped", "the", "Humans", "We", "Are", "Today", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Toggle", "navigation", "\n\n\n", "Menu", " \n\n\n\n\n", "S", "\n", "D", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "S", "\n", "D", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Home", "Page", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Top", "Science", "News", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Latest", "News", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Home", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Home", "Page", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Top", "Science", "News", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Latest", "News", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Health", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "View", "all", "the", "latest", "\n", "top", "news", "\n ", "in", "the", "health", "sciences", ",", "\n", "or", "browse", "the", "topics", "below", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Health", "&", "Medicine", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Allergy", "\n\n\n", "Cancer", "\n\n\n", "Cold", "and", "Flu", "\n\n\n", 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breakthrough technologies. Faster innovation will, in turn, help raise the EU’s productivity growth, leading to stronger growth in household incomes and stronger domestic demand. Europe still has an opportunity to change track. With the world now on the cusp of another digital revolu - tion, triggered by the spread of artificial intelligence (AI), a window has opened for Europe to redress its failings in innovation and productivity and to restore its manufacturing potential. FIGURE 5 Share in world trade in goods and services % of global trade, excluding intra-EU trade Note: The data refers to goods trade (lhs) and services trade (rhs), excluding intra-EU. The global total is the net of intra-EU trade. Source: European Commission (JRC). Based on WTO. Second, Europe must bring down high energy prices while continuing to decarbonise and shift to a circular economy . The energy landscape has changed irreversibly with the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting loss of pipeline natural gas. While energy prices have fallen considerably from their peaks, EU companies still face electricity prices that are 2-3 times those in the US and natural gas prices paid are 4-5 times higher [see Figure 6] . Decarbonisation could be an opportunity for Europe, both to take the lead in new clean technologies and circu - larity solutions, and to shift power generation towards secure, low-cost clean energy sources in which the EU has generous natural endowments. However, whether Europe can seize this opportunity will depend on all policies being in sync with the EU’s decarbonisation objectives. The energy transition will be gradual and fossil fuels will continue to play a central role in energy pricing for the remainder of this decade, threatening continued price volatility for end users. EU industries that use energy intensively face higher investment costs than their competitors to meet decarbonisation targets. At the same time, Chinese competition is becoming particularly acute in the key industries that will drive decarbonisation – such as clean tech and electric vehicles – driven by a powerful combination of 03. Based on analysis of revealed comparative advantage. 04. EU firms have also been experiencing competitiveness losses owing to increased input costs, exacerbated by elevated energy prices in Europe compared to other regions. 14THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 1massive industrial policy, rapid innovation, control of raw materials and the ability to produce at continent-wide scale. For the EU	[ "breakthrough", "technologies", ".", "Faster", "innovation", "will", ",", "in", "turn", ",", "\n", "help", "raise", "the", "EU", "’s", "productivity", "growth", ",", "leading", "to", "stronger", "growth", "in", "household", "incomes", "and", "stronger", "domestic", "\n", "demand", ".", "Europe", "still", "has", "an", "opportunity", "to", "change", "track", ".", "With", "the", "world", "now", "on", "the", "cusp", "of", "another", "digital", "revolu", "-", "\n", "tion", ",", "triggered", "by", "the", "spread", "of", "artificial", "intelligence", "(", "AI", ")", ",", "a", "window", "has", "opened", "for", "Europe", "to", "redress", "its", "failings", "in", "\n", "innovation", "and", "productivity", "and", "to", "restore", "its", "manufacturing", "potential", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "5", "\n", "Share", "in", "world", "trade", "in", "goods", "and", "services", " \n", "%", "of", "global", "trade", ",", "excluding", "intra", "-", "EU", "trade", "\n", "Note", ":", "The", "data", "refers", "to", "goods", "trade", "(", "lhs", ")", "and", "services", "trade", "(", "rhs", ")", ",", "excluding", "intra", "-", "EU", ".", "The", "global", "total", "is", "the", "net", "of", "intra", "-", "EU", "trade", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "European", "Commission", "(", "JRC", ")", ".", "Based", "on", "WTO", ".", "\n", "Second", ",", "Europe", "must", "bring", "down", "high", "energy", "prices", "while", "continuing", "to", "decarbonise", "and", "shift", "to", "a", "circular", "\n", "economy", ".", "The", "energy", "landscape", "has", "changed", "irreversibly", "with", "the", "Russian", "invasion", "of", "Ukraine", "and", "the", "resulting", "\n", "loss", "of", "pipeline", "natural", "gas", ".", "While", "energy", "prices", "have", "fallen", "considerably", "from", "their", "peaks", ",", "EU", "companies", "still", "face", "\n", "electricity", "prices", "that", "are", "2", "-", "3", "times", "those", "in", "the", "US", "and", "natural", "gas", "prices", "paid", "are", "4", "-", "5", "times", "higher", "[", "see", "Figure", "6", "]", ".", "\n", "Decarbonisation", "could", "be", "an", "opportunity", "for", "Europe", ",", "both", "to", "take", "the", "lead", "in", "new", "clean", "technologies", "and", "circu", "-", "\n", "larity", "solutions", ",", "and", "to", "shift", "power", "generation", "towards", "secure", ",", "low", "-", "cost", "clean", "energy", "sources", "in", "which", "the", "EU", "has", "\n", "generous", "natural", "endowments", ".", "However", ",", "whether", "Europe", "can", "seize", "this", "opportunity", "will", "depend", "on", "all", "policies", "being", "\n", "in", "sync", "with", "the", "EU", "’s", "decarbonisation", "objectives", ".", "The", "energy", "transition", "will", "be", "gradual", "and", "fossil", "fuels", "will", "continue", "\n", "to", "play", "a", "central", "role", "in", "energy", "pricing", "for", "the", "remainder", "of", "this", "decade", ",", "threatening", "continued", "price", "volatility", "for", "\n", "end", "users", ".", "EU", "industries", "that", "use", "energy", "intensively", "face", "higher", "investment", "costs", "than", "their", "competitors", "to", "meet", "\n", "decarbonisation", "targets", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "Chinese", "competition", "is", "becoming", "particularly", "acute", "in", "the", "key", "industries", "\n", "that", "will", "drive", "decarbonisation", "–", "such", "as", "clean", "tech", "and", "electric", "vehicles", "–", "driven", "by", "a", "powerful", "combination", "of", "\n", "03", ".", "Based", "on", "analysis", "of", "revealed", "comparative", "advantage", ".", "\n", "04", ".", "EU", "firms", "have", "also", "been", "experiencing", "competitiveness", "losses", "owing", "to", "increased", "input", "costs", ",", "\n", "exacerbated", "by", "elevated", "energy", "prices", "in", "Europe", "compared", "to", "other", "regions", ".", "\n", "14THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "1massive", "industrial", "policy", ",", "rapid", "innovation", ",", "control", "of", "raw", "materials", "and", "the", "ability", "to", "produce", "at", "continent", "-", "wide", "scale", ".", "\n", "For", "the", "EU" ]	[ { "end": 2152, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2150 }, { "end": 2209, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2207 } ]
des terriers au brûlement des titres féodaux (1789–1793). Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 176 , 149–158 (1964). Tudoroiu, T. Social media and revolutionary waves: the case of the Arab Spring. New Polit. Sci. 36 , 346–365 (2014). Google Scholar Bonnasse-Gahot, L. et al. Epidemiological modelling of the 2005 French riots: a spreading wave and the role of contagion. Sci. Rep. 8 , 107 (2018). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hagberg, A. A., Schult, D. A. & Swart, P. J. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. in Proc. 7th Python in Science Conference (eds Varoquaux, G. et al.) 11–15 (SciPy/NumFOCUS, 2008). Dijkstra, E. W. in Edsger Wybe Dijkstra: His Life, Work, and Legacy (eds Apt K. R. & Hoare T.) 287–290 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, 2022). Nelder, J. A. & Mead, R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput. J. 7 , 308–313 (1965). MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar Cassini de Thudy, C. & Maraldi, J. Nouvelle carte qui comprend les principeux triangles qui servent de fondement a la Description geometrique de France (Aubin & Heulland, 1744). Seabold, S. & Perktold, J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. SciPy 7 , 92–96 (2010). 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Motiva-€ tional salience modulates hippocampal repetition suppression and functional connectivity in humans. Front. Hum. 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likely (joint) by experts. AI saves teachers’ time AI lightens the bureaucratic load for teachers and school administrators. Teachers can focus more on delivering lessons and deepening connections with learners, because AI products save them hours of time. From drafting report cards, to planning timetables and lessons, to building assessments, many time-consuming processes have become semi-automated. The tasks this has added to teachers’ lives, such as troubleshooting technical issues or managing devices, are small by comparison. Teacher satisfaction has skyrocketed . This scenario was voted 5th most likely by experts. Scenarios for conflict and crisis in education systems in 2035 The global funding collapse Systemic funding drops, so crisis-affected countries turn to public relations and bilateral alliances. Global aid is totally fragmented, and politicised. Individual countries make their own decisions on where to allocate aid funding, based on their own international or domestic politics. Systematic funding allocations, based on data and impact potential, are replaced with regional coalitions, B2C EdTech products marketing themselves to consumers in crisis contexts, greater PR and lobbying efforts from crisis-affected countries, and commercial equity/debt financing over grantmaking. This scenario was voted most likely by experts. Schools close, but learning continues (for some) Hybrid learning becomes increasingly normalised due to conflict and crisis. National education systems are integrating hybrid models, meaning children have structured pathways to keep learning at home. This includes EdTech products, training to parents and community members, and tools and autonomy for teachers to support. More regular, predictable crises have made this essential, but it’s not perfect. The absence of peer learning, socialisation, and the school environment still means learning loss – but not as much. This scenario was voted 2nd most likely by experts. New faces of education Crises pivot and blur the role of a teacher. Prolonged crises blur the lines between traditional and non-traditional educators, the role of a “teacher” expands to include caregivers, community educators, and bots. In countries with effective EdTech tools and strong, formal training for “reserve” teachers, this has helped ease the burden on teachers. In others, it has de-professionalised teaching further, leading to worse education outcomes. This scenario was voted 3rd most likely by experts. A crisis education playbook (for some) The holistic crisis response framework – we know what works, but it’s available unequally. 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an I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), for example. The can perform learning or inference using data obtained via the Internet. For this reason, the preferably includes the . The analog may use a multilevel flash memory as an analog memory. However, the flash memory has a limitation on the number of rewrite cycles. In addition, it is extremely difficult to embed the multilevel flash memory (to form the arithmetic circuit and the memory on the same die). Alternatively, the may use a ReRAM as an analog memory. However, the ReRAM has a limitation on the number of rewrite cycles and also has a problem in storage accuracy. Moreover, the ReRAM is a two-terminal element, and thus has a complicated circuit design for separating data writing and data reading. Further alternatively, the may use an MRAM as an analog memory. However, the MRAM has a problem in storage accuracy because of its low magnetoresistive ratio. In consideration of the above, the preferably uses an OS memory as an analog memory. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. <Application Example of AI System> In this embodiment, application examples of the AI system described in the above embodiment will be described with reference to . is an A in which the described with are arranged in parallel and a signal can be transmitted between the systems via a bus line. The A illustrated in includes a plurality of AI systems \_ to \_(n is a natural number). The AI system \_ to the AI system \_are connected to each other via a . is an B in which the described with are arranged in parallel as in and a signal can be transmitted between the systems via a network. The B illustrated in includes the plurality of AI systems \_ to \_. The AI system \_ to the AI system \_are connected to each other via a . A communication module is provided in each of the AI system \_ to the AI system \_; such a configuration enables wireless or wired communication via the . The communication modules can perform communication via an antenna. 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with strong social cohesion can empower communi - ties to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and networks for a collective good. By contrast, low levels of neighbourhood social cohesion and trust are associated with stress, depression and anxiety ( Forrest and Kearns, 2001 ; Prezza et al., 2001 ; Barnes, 2003 ). Those living in slums are not a homogeneous population, but a diverse group of people with different interests, means and backgrounds. Slums are a significant economic force. In some cities, it has been estimated that as much as 60% of employment is carried out within the informal sector. What is vital for a city to continue to flourish is diversity, which is a source of economic and cultural dyna - mism ( Jacobs, 1961 , 1968 ; Glaeser, 2011 ). This chapter examines the relationship between subjective well-being, neighbourhood cohesion and social capital, taking into consideration the socio-economic backgrounds of the households as well as levels of trust in our three different settlements – slum/JJ colony (Sanjay), reset - tlement colony (Bhalswa) and unauthorised colony (Ajit Vihar). What is being investigated are the different levels of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital, trust, resilience, and subjective well-being that affect residents’ behaviours and how they play a part in an individual’s life’s purpose and meaning. The data in this chapter were gathered through a survey carried out with 1,004 households (311 in Sanjay; 365 in Ajit Vihar; 328 in Bhalswa). We look at neighbourhood networks, happiness, sense of purpose, life satisfaction and control. We follow an intra-community focus using Auerbach’s social capital scale ( Auerbach, 2019 ). Bouncing back from a variety of challenges that arise in life is measured through household resilience. Structural equation modelling is employed to assess direct and indirect associations. In this chapter, we explore three hypotheses: 1. Being able to choose your neighbourhood is beneficial to your well-being and contributes positively to attitudes around neighbourhood cohesion – A com - parison of Sanjay (slum/JJ) and Bhalswa (resettlement). Resilient cities 29 2. Residents’ preferences on social capital and neighbourhood cohesion meas - ures are different in two neighbourhood types – A comparison of Sanjay (slum/ JJ – illegal housing built on public land) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised – ille - gal housing built on private land typically owned by the household). 3. 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X X X X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X X X X X X 24.2Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel X X X 24.3 Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel X X X X 24.4 Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals X X X X 24.5 Casting of metals X X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products X X X X X 25.2 Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal 25.3Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers 25.4 Manufacture of weapons and ammunition X 25.5Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining X X X X X X 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X X X X X X X X X 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation277 278 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment	[ "61", "64", "40", "31", "29", "15", "50", "47", "21", "55", "40", "35", "83", "57", "34", "\n", "22.1", "Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "products", " ", "X", " \n", "22.2", 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\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| Primary \| \|---------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|------------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------------\|------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| Country or territory SDG indicator Reference year \| A Classroom teachers (000) \| B Pupil/teacher ratio \| C % of trained teachers 4.c.1 2023 \| D % of qualified teachers 4.c.3 \| E Teacher attrition rate (%) 4.c.6 \| A Classroom teachers (000) \| B Pupil/teacher ratio \| C % of trained teachers 4.c.1 \| D % of qualified teachers 4.c.3 2023 \| E Teacher attrition rate (%) 4.c.6 \| F Relative teacher salary level 4.c.5 \| G % receiving in-service training 4.c.7 \| A Classroom teachers (000) \| B Pupil/teacher ratio \| C % of trained teachers % of qualified 4.c.1 \| D E teachers Teacher attrition rate (%) 4.c.3 4.c.6 2023 \| F Relative teacher salary level 4.c.5 \| G % receiving in-service training 4.c.7 \| Country code \| Country code \| \| Oceania \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Australia \| … \| … \| … 100 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 1.08 ₋₁ \| 91 ₋₂ ᵢ \| … \| … 18 \| … \| … \| 1.08 ₋₁ \| 99 ₋₁ ᵢ \| AUS \| AUS \| \| Cook Islands \| - \| 17 \| 92 \| 41 \| 10 \| 0.1 \| 16 \| 100 \| 46 \| 23 \| … \| … \| 0.1 … \| 98 … \| 68 \| 25 \| … \| … … \| COK \| COK \| \| Fiji \| 1 \| 16 12 \| 95 \| 100 96 \| 22 \| 7 \| 17 \| 96 92 \| 100 100 \| 2 … \| … … \| … … \| … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … \| FJI KIR \| FJI KIR \| \| Kiribati \| 1 … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 1 \| 24 \| 52 ₋₁ \| 67 ₋₁ \| 3 ₋₁ \| 1.07 ₋₁ ᵢ \| … \|	[ "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "Primary", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|------------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------------\|------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Country", "or", "territory", "SDG", "indicator", "Reference", "year", "\|", "A", "Classroom", "teachers", "(", "000", ")", "\|", "B", "Pupil", "/", "teacher", "ratio", "\|", "C", "%", "of", "trained", "teachers", "4.c.1", "2023", "\|", "D", "%", "of", "qualified", "teachers", "4.c.3", "\|", "E", "Teacher", "attrition", "rate", "(", "%", ")", "4.c.6", "\|", "A", "Classroom", "teachers", "(", "000", ")", "\|", "B", "Pupil", "/", "teacher", "ratio", "\|", "C", "%", "of", "trained", "teachers", "4.c.1", "\|", "D", "%", "of", "qualified", "teachers", "4.c.3", "2023", "\|", "E", "Teacher", "attrition", "rate", "(", "%", ")", "4.c.6", "\|", "F", "Relative", "teacher", "salary", "level", "4.c.5", "\|", "G", "%", "receiving", "in", "-", "service", "training", "4.c.7", "\|", "A", "Classroom", "teachers", "(", "000", ")", "\|", "B", "Pupil", "/", "teacher", "ratio", "\|", "C", "%", "of", "trained", "teachers", "%", "of", "qualified", "4.c.1", "\|", "D", "E", "teachers", "Teacher", "attrition", "rate", "(", "%", ")", "4.c.3", "4.c.6", "2023", "\|", "F", "Relative", "teacher", "salary", "level", "4.c.5", "\|", "G", "%", "receiving", "in", "-", "service", "training", "4.c.7", "\|", "Country", "code", "\|", "Country", "code", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Oceania", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Australia", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "100", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "1.08", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "91", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "18", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "1.08", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "99", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "AUS", " ", "\|", "AUS", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Cook", "Islands", " ", "\|", "-", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "46", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "0.1", "…", " ", "\|", "98", "…", " ", "\|", "68", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "COK", " ", "\|", "COK", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Fiji", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "16", "12", " ", "\|", "95", " ", "\|", "100", "96", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "96", "92", " ", "\|", "100", "100", " ", "\|", "2", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "FJI", "KIR", " ", "\|", "FJI", "KIR", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Kiribati", " ", "\|", "1", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "24", " ", "\|", "52", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "67", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1.07", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|" ]	[]
to deploy these technologies. Research from the US finds that around 80% of the workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of the large language modules, while almost 20% of workers could see at least 50% of their tasks affectedv. Unlike previous waves of computerisation, the jobs of higher-skilled workers are likely to be more exposed. Providing workers with adequate skills and training to make use of AI can nevertheless help to make the benefits of AI more inclusive. In one recent study, access to AI assistance was found to increase productivity for all workers, but less experienced or low-skilled staff benefitted the mostvi. While Europe should strive to match the US in innovative potential, it should aim to exceed it in providing opportunities for educa - tion and lifelong learning – ensuring that the benefits of AI are widely shared and any negative impacts on social inclusion are minimised. 25THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2BOX 1 Demographic developments and the labour force Historically, labour force growth was a significant driver of GDP growth across all major economies as the working age population increased steadily. In the EU, however, growth of the working age population has slowed since the 1990s and has started declining on aggregate over the past decade, mainly owing to declining birth rates. Positive net inward migration does not compensate for the EU’s population decline. Long-term population projections suggest a further continued decline of the EU’s population. This decline stands in contrast to the US, whose population is expected to continue to grow during the next decades, albeit at a slowing pace. FIGURE 4 Long-term population developments and projects Population, million Note: The population projections are based on the probabilistic projections of total fertility and life expectancy at birth. These projections were made using a Bayesian Hierarchical Model. The figures display the median projections. The projections reflect a contribution of historical migration patterns. Paper on methodology. Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2022. Projected overall population dynamics are also reflected in the growth of the European working age popu - lation, which started to decline around 2010. The projected decline in the Chinese working age population exceeds that of the EU. It is expected to drop from about 1 billion people aged 15-64 years to around 600 million in the next 40 years. 26THE FUTURE	[ "to", "deploy", "these", "technologies", ".", "Research", "from", "the", "US", "finds", "that", "around", "80", "%", "of", "the", "workforce", "could", "have", "at", "least", "\n", "10", "%", "of", "their", "work", "tasks", "affected", "by", "the", "introduction", "of", "the", "large", "language", "modules", ",", "while", "almost", "20", "%", "of", "workers", "\n", "could", "see", "at", "least", "50", "%", "of", "their", "tasks", "affectedv", ".", "Unlike", "previous", "waves", "of", "computerisation", ",", "the", "jobs", "of", "higher", "-", "skilled", "\n", "workers", "are", "likely", "to", "be", "more", "exposed", ".", "Providing", "workers", "with", "adequate", "skills", "and", "training", "to", "make", "use", "of", "AI", "can", "\n", "nevertheless", "help", "to", "make", "the", "benefits", "of", "AI", "more", "inclusive", ".", "In", "one", "recent", "study", ",", "access", "to", "AI", "assistance", "was", "found", "\n", "to", "increase", "productivity", "for", "all", "workers", ",", "but", "less", "experienced", "or", "low", "-", "skilled", "staff", "benefitted", "the", "mostvi", ".", "While", "Europe", "\n", "should", "strive", "to", "match", "the", "US", "in", "innovative", "potential", ",", "it", "should", "aim", "to", "exceed", "it", "in", "providing", "opportunities", "for", "educa", "-", "\n", "tion", "and", "lifelong", "learning", "–", "ensuring", "that", "the", "benefits", "of", "AI", "are", "widely", "shared", "and", "any", "negative", "impacts", "on", "social", "\n", "inclusion", "are", "minimised", ".", "\n", "25THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "2BOX", "1", "\n", "Demographic", "developments", "and", "the", "labour", "force", "\n", "Historically", ",", "labour", "force", "growth", "was", "a", "significant", "driver", "of", "GDP", "growth", "across", "all", "major", "economies", "as", "the", "\n", "working", "age", "population", "increased", "steadily", ".", "In", "the", "EU", ",", "however", ",", "growth", "of", "the", "working", "age", "population", "has", "\n", "slowed", "since", "the", "1990s", "and", "has", "started", "declining", "on", "aggregate", "over", "the", "past", "decade", ",", "mainly", "owing", "to", "\n", "declining", "birth", "rates", ".", "Positive", "net", "inward", "migration", "does", "not", "compensate", "for", "the", "EU", "’s", "population", "decline", ".", "\n", "Long", "-", "term", "population", "projections", "suggest", "a", "further", "continued", "decline", "of", "the", "EU", "’s", "population", ".", "This", "decline", "\n", "stands", "in", "contrast", "to", "the", "US", ",", "whose", "population", "is", "expected", "to", "continue", "to", "grow", "during", "the", "next", "decades", ",", "\n", "albeit", "at", "a", "slowing", "pace", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "4", "\n", "Long", "-", "term", "population", "developments", "and", "projects", " \n", "Population", ",", "million", "\n", "Note", ":", "The", "population", "projections", "are", "based", "on", "the", "probabilistic", "projections", "of", "total", "fertility", "and", "life", "expectancy", "at", "birth", ".", "These", "projections", "were", "\n", "made", "using", "a", "Bayesian", "Hierarchical", "Model", ".", "The", "figures", "display", "the", "median", "projections", ".", "The", "projections", "reflect", "a", "contribution", "of", "historical", "migration", "\n", "patterns", ".", "Paper", "on", "methodology", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "United", "Nations", "World", "Population", "Prospects", ",", "2022", ".", "\n", "Projected", "overall", "population", "dynamics", "are", "also", "reflected", "in", "the", "growth", "of", "the", "European", "working", "age", "popu", "-", "\n", "lation", ",", "which", "started", "to", "decline", "around", "2010", ".", "The", "projected", "decline", "in", "the", "Chinese", "working", "age", "population", "\n", "exceeds", "that", "of", "the", "EU", ".", "It", "is", "expected", "to", "drop", "from", "about", "1", "billion", "people", "aged", "15", "-", "64", "years", "to", "around", "600", "\n", "million", "in", "the", "next", "40", "years", ".", "\n", "26THE", "FUTURE" ]	[ { "end": 271, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 270 }, { "end": 679, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 677 } ]
and chemical engineering (492). The first one accounts for almost one quar- ter of the total number of records (23%). Publications represent the biggest share of re- cords in almost all domains, ranging from 60% to 99% of the total records in most cases, as shown inFigure 3.33. Electric and electronic technologies (56%), ICT and computer science (55%), Biotech- nology (50%), Agrifood (40%) and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (21%) are the domains which have a high share of patents. Due to their nature, as with other countries, EC projects in Moldova are highly concentrated in the domain of Governance, culture, education and the economy. ICT and computer science and Environ- mental sciences and industries also present a rel-atively high number of projects, but this is quite frequent given the orientation of the funding pro- grammes. The growth rate of publications in recent years, in terms of the compound annual growth rate, is also shown. Out of the top 5 domains in terms of crit- ical mass, Nanotechnology and materials (-4.8%) shows a decreasing trend. This is particularly note- worthy, as it signals that the number of publications in subsequent years may continue to decrease and this domain may become less relevant. Finally, as Figure 3.34 and Figure 3.35 show, Mol- dova’s publications are highly specialised in Elec- tric and electronic technologies (with an SI of 2.5), as well as Mechanical engineering and heavy ma- chinery (1.6), Nanotechnology and materials (1.6), Energy (1.4) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.3), amongst others. Moldova presents few domains with a high- er-than-average citation impact vs the EaP region, notably Nanotechnology and materials (with an NCI of 1.5), but also Health and wellbeing (1.1) and Chemistry and chemical engineering (1.1). Thus, both Nanotechnology and materials and Publications (critical mass \| CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Nanotechnology and materials 1 168 -4.8% 127 8 1 303 Health and wellbeing 622 22.2% 284 10 916 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery160 15.2% 600 1 761 Governance, culture, education and the economy507 13.2% 3 62 572 Chemistry and chemical engineering 416 2.5% 75 1 492 Fundamental physics and mathematics 449 -3.7% 18 1 468 Electric and electronic technologies 219 13.8% 175 1 395 Biotechnology 192 6.2% 190 3 385 Agrifood 136 -2.0% 206 7 349 Environmental sciences and industries 256 6.3% 12 15 283 Energy 132 12.1% 66 6 204 ICT and computer science 102 -10.5% 77 19 198	[ "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "(", "492", ")", ".", "The", "first", "one", "accounts", "for", "almost", "one", "quar-", "\n", "ter", "of", "the", "total", "number", "of", "records", "(", "23", "%", ")", ".", "\n", "Publications", "represent", "the", "biggest", "share", "of", "re-", "\n", "cords", "in", 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"and", "\n", "Publications", "\n", "(", "critical", "mass", "\|", "CAGR)PatentsEC", "\n", "projectsTotal", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "1", "168", "-4.8", "%", "127", "8", "1", "303", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "622", "22.2", "%", "284", "10", "916", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery160", "15.2", "%", "600", "1", "761", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy507", "13.2", "%", "3", "62", "572", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "416", "2.5", "%", "75", "1", "492", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "449", "-3.7", "%", "18", "1", "468", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "219", "13.8", "%", "175", "1", "395", "\n", "Biotechnology", "192", "6.2", "%", "190", "3", "385", "\n", "Agrifood", "136", "-2.0", "%", "206", "7", "349", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "256", "6.3", "%", "12", "15", "283", "\n", "Energy", "132", "12.1", "%", "66", "6", "204", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "102", "-10.5", "%", "77", "19", "198", "\n" ]	[]
16.8 56.7 57.1 59.4 84.3 45.6 51.0 59.0 Recycling (33) -- 100.0 28.0 -- -- 77.2 68.4 -- 100.0 32.0 -- -- 11.8 47.9 -- 100.0 60.1 -- -- 77.2 79.1 Construction (section F) 43.6 3.5 29.0 28.7 34.2 31.5 28.4 17.8 0.0 19.3 6.0 4.0 3.2 8.4 59.5 3.5 40.9 28.7 38.0 32.2 33.8 Services of motor vehicles (45)22.2 39.2 20.6 4.1 44.2 41.2 28.6 0.0 7.5 27.9 0.5 0.0 40.4 12.7 22.2 44.4 35.3 4.1 44.2 56.0 34.4 Wholesale (46) 34.8 56.2 43.2 53.0 42.3 24.7 42.4 0.0 25.8 25.8 24.5 15.8 11.0 17.2 34.8 66.9 52.1 54.2 51.4 32.7 48.7 Retail (47) 35.8 14.9 23.0 48.3 29.4 30.0 30.3 18.4 3.9 22.2 18.5 10.7 8.5 13.7 39.4 15.8 32.4 49.2 36.7 33.0 34.4 Transport (Section H) 16.3 23.4 9.5 18.9 14.4 5.9 14.7 67.4 0.0 32.1 24.3 37.4 10.3 28.6 83.7 23.4 36.9 38.9 39.7 15.8 39.7 Hotel and restaurants (Section I)38.7 20.8 50.1 49.3 21.5 0.0 30.1 3.4 12.7 14.0 19.3 10.1 0.0 9.9 41.7 30.2 64.0 50.6 31.3 0.0 36.3 Information and communication (Section J)31.0 51.5 51.8 74.7 87.9 59.0 59.3 12.7 0.0 55.4 5.5 0.0 17.9 15.3 31.0 51.5 80.0 74.7 87.9 59.0 64.0 Total 35.5 22.8 39.9 42.9 36.7 32.9 35.1 12.6 8.8 26.6 16.9 14.7 13.3 15.5 40.6 27.5 50.9 45.4 45.1 37.3 41.1Table 2.28. Share of product, process and product and/or process innovators Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation89 90 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Share of product innovators Share of process innovators Share of product and/or process innovators Name of industry Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Food (10+11) 0.859 0.988 1.470 0.782 0.996 0.906 0.845 0.134 1.567 0.935 1.819 0.699 0.892 0.907 1.284 0.833 1.210 0.874 Tobacco (12) Textiles (13) 1.108 0.334 0.658 1.900 0.346 0.558 1.291 1.805 0.976 0.310 1.042 1.673 Garments (14) 0.702 0.884 1.270 1.144 1.583 1.338 0.000 1.079 0.692 0.894 1.253 1.160 Leather (15) 1.253 1.399 0.348 0.000 1.864 1.136 1.062 1.186 0.752 Wood (16) 1.049 0.000 2.152 0.710 1.124 0.965 0.000 0.465 1.176 0.000 3.834 0.526 0.643 0.251 1.321 0.435 2.758 0.592 Paper (17) 1.412 0.465 0.000 2.249 0.874 2.227 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.335 0.712 0.000 2.126 0.826 Publishing, printing and recorded media (18) 1.070 0.734 1.185 1.633 0.388 0.990 1.343	[ "16.8", "56.7", "57.1", "59.4", "84.3", "45.6", "51.0", "59.0", "\n", "Recycling", "(", "33", ")", "--", "100.0", "28.0", "--", "--", "77.2", "68.4", "--", "100.0", "32.0", "--", "--", "11.8", "47.9", "--", "100.0", "60.1", "--", "--", "77.2", "79.1", "\n", "Construction", "(", "section", "F", ")", "43.6", "3.5", "29.0", "28.7", "34.2", "31.5", "28.4", "17.8", "0.0", "19.3", "6.0", "4.0", "3.2", "8.4", "59.5", "3.5", "40.9", "28.7", "38.0", "32.2", "33.8", "\n", "Services", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "\n", "(", "45)22.2", "39.2", "20.6", "4.1", "44.2", "41.2", "28.6", "0.0", "7.5", "27.9", "0.5", "0.0", "40.4", "12.7", "22.2", "44.4", "35.3", "4.1", "44.2", "56.0", "34.4", "\n", "Wholesale", "(", "46", ")", "34.8", "56.2", "43.2", "53.0", "42.3", "24.7", "42.4", "0.0", "25.8", "25.8", "24.5", "15.8", "11.0", "17.2", "34.8", "66.9", "52.1", "54.2", "51.4", "32.7", "48.7", "\n", "Retail", "(", "47", ")", "35.8", "14.9", "23.0", "48.3", "29.4", "30.0", "30.3", "18.4", "3.9", "22.2", "18.5", "10.7", "8.5", "13.7", "39.4", "15.8", "32.4", "49.2", "36.7", "33.0", "34.4", "\n", "Transport", "(", "Section", "H", ")", "16.3", "23.4", "9.5", "18.9", "14.4", "5.9", "14.7", "67.4", "0.0", "32.1", "24.3", "37.4", "10.3", "28.6", "83.7", "23.4", "36.9", "38.9", "39.7", "15.8", "39.7", "\n", "Hotel", "and", "restaurants", "\n", "(", "Section", "I)38.7", "20.8", "50.1", "49.3", "21.5", "0.0", "30.1", "3.4", "12.7", "14.0", "19.3", "10.1", "0.0", "9.9", "41.7", "30.2", "64.0", "50.6", "31.3", "0.0", "36.3", "\n", "Information", "and", "\n", "communication", "(", "Section", "J)31.0", "51.5", "51.8", "74.7", "87.9", "59.0", "59.3", "12.7", "0.0", "55.4", "5.5", "0.0", "17.9", "15.3", "31.0", "51.5", "80.0", "74.7", "87.9", "59.0", "64.0", "\n", "Total", "35.5", "22.8", "39.9", "42.9", "36.7", "32.9", "35.1", "12.6", "8.8", "26.6", "16.9", "14.7", "13.3", "15.5", "40.6", "27.5", "50.9", "45.4", "45.1", "37.3", "41.1Table", "2.28", ".", "Share", "of", "product", ",", "process", "and", "product", "and/or", "process", "innovators", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation89", "90", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Share", "of", "product", "innovators", "Share", "of", "process", "innovators", "Share", "of", "product", "and/or", "process", "innovators", "\n", "Name", "of", "industry", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "\n", "Food", "(", "10", "+", "11", ")", "0.859", "0.988", "1.470", "0.782", "0.996", "0.906", "0.845", "0.134", "1.567", "0.935", "1.819", "0.699", "0.892", "0.907", "1.284", "0.833", "1.210", "0.874", "\n", "Tobacco", "(", "12", ")", "\n", "Textiles", "(", "13", ")", "1.108", "0.334", "0.658", "1.900", "0.346", "0.558", "1.291", "1.805", "0.976", "0.310", "1.042", "1.673", "\n", "Garments", "(", "14", ")", "0.702", "0.884", "1.270", "1.144", "1.583", "1.338", "0.000", "1.079", "0.692", "0.894", "1.253", "1.160", "\n", "Leather", "(", "15", ")", "1.253", "1.399", "0.348", "0.000", "1.864", "1.136", "1.062", "1.186", "0.752", "\n", "Wood", "(", "16", ")", "1.049", "0.000", "2.152", "0.710", "1.124", "0.965", "0.000", "0.465", "1.176", "0.000", "3.834", "0.526", "0.643", "0.251", "1.321", "0.435", "2.758", "0.592", "\n", "Paper", "(", "17", ")", "1.412", "0.465", "0.000", "2.249", "0.874", "2.227", "2.773", "0.000", "0.000", "0.000", "1.335", "0.712", "0.000", "2.126", "0.826", "\n", "Publishing", ",", "printing", "and", "recorded", "media", "(", "18", ")", "1.070", "0.734", "1.185", "1.633", "0.388", "0.990", "1.343" ]	[]
Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas \| ScienceDaily Skip to main content Your source for the latest research news Follow: Facebook X/Twitter Subscribe: RSS Feeds Newsletter New! Sign up for our free email newsletter . Science News from research organizations Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas Scientists found that some of the oceans’ fiercest hunters could be losing their bite: As oceans become more acidic, sharks’ teeth may become structurally weaker and more prone to break. Date: August 27, 2025 Source: Frontiers Summary: Even sharks’ famous tooth-regrowing ability may not save them from ocean acidification. Researchers found that future acidic waters cause shark teeth to corrode, crack, and weaken, threatening their effectiveness as hunting weapons and highlighting hidden dangers for ocean ecosystems. Share: Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email FULL STORY Acidifying oceans makes shark teeth brittle and vulnerable, weakening their iconic bite and posing risks for marine predators. Credit: Shutterstock Sharks can famously replace their teeth, with new ones always growing as they’re using up the current set. As sharks rely on their teeth to catch prey, this is vital to the survival of one of the oceans’ top predators. But the ability to regrow teeth might not be enough to ensure they can withstand the pressures of a warming world where oceans are getting more acidic, new research has found. Researchers in Germany examined sharks’ teeth under different ocean acidification scenarios and showed that more acidic oceans lead to more brittle and weaker teeth. “Shark teeth, despite being composed of highly mineralized phosphates, are still vulnerable to corrosion under future ocean acidification scenarios,” said first author of the Frontiers in Marine Science article, Maximilian Baum, a biologist at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU). “They are high developed weapons built for cutting flesh, not resisting ocean acid. Our results show just how vulnerable even nature’s sharpest weapons can be.” Damage from root to crown Ocean acidification is a process during which the ocean’s pH value keeps decreasing, resulting in more acidic water. It is mostly driven by the release of human-generated CO2. Currently, the average pH of the world’s oceans is 8.1. In 2300, it is expected to drop to 7.3, making it almost 10 times more acidic than it currently is. For their study, the researchers used these two pH values to examine the effects of more and less acidic water on the teeth of Blacktip reef	[ "Sharks", "’", "teeth", "are", "crumbling", "in", "acid", "seas", "\|", "ScienceDaily", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Skip", "to", "main", "content", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Your", "source", "for", "the", "latest", "research", "news", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Follow", ":", "\n\n\n", "Facebook", "\n\n\n", "X", "/", "Twitter", "\n\n\n", "Subscribe", ":", "\n\n\n", "RSS", "Feeds", "\n\n\n", "Newsletter", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "New", "!", "\n ", "Sign", "up", "for", "our", "free", "\n", "email", "newsletter", "\n", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Science", "News", "\n\n\n", "from", "research", "organizations", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Sharks", "’", "teeth", "are", "crumbling", "in", "acid", "seas", "\n\n\n", "Scientists", "found", "that", "some", "of", "the", "oceans", "’", "fiercest", "hunters", "could", "be", "losing", "their", "bite", ":", "As", "oceans", "become", "more", "acidic", ",", "sharks", "’", "teeth", "may", "become", "structurally", "weaker", "and", "more", "prone", "to", "break", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Date", ":", "\n\n\n", "August", "27", ",", "2025", "\n\n\n", "Source", ":", "\n\n\n", "Frontiers", "\n\n\n", "Summary", ":", "\n\n\n", "Even", "sharks", "’", "famous", "tooth", "-", "regrowing", "ability", "may", "not", "save", "them", "from", "ocean", "acidification", ".", "Researchers", "found", "that", "future", "acidic", "waters", "cause", "shark", "teeth", "to", "corrode", ",", "crack", ",", "and", "weaken", ",", "threatening", "their", "effectiveness", "as", "hunting", "weapons", "and", "highlighting", "hidden", "dangers", "for", "ocean", "ecosystems", ".", "\n\n\n\n", "Share", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Facebook", "\n\n\n", "Twitter", "\n\n\n", "Pinterest", "\n\n\n", "LinkedIN", "\n\n\n", "Email", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "FULL", "STORY", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Acidifying", "oceans", "makes", "shark", "teeth", "brittle", "and", "vulnerable", ",", "weakening", "their", "iconic", "bite", "and", "posing", "risks", "for", "marine", "predators", ".", "Credit", ":", "Shutterstock", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Sharks", "can", "famously", "replace", "their", "teeth", ",", "with", "new", "ones", "always", "growing", "as", "they", "’re", "using", "up", "the", "current", "set", ".", "As", "sharks", "rely", "on", "their", "teeth", "to", "catch", "prey", ",", "this", "is", "vital", "to", "the", "survival", "of", "one", "of", "the", "oceans", "’", "top", "predators", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n", "But", "the", "ability", "to", "regrow", "teeth", "might", "not", "be", "enough", "to", "ensure", "they", "can", "withstand", "the", "pressures", "of", "a", "warming", "world", "where", "oceans", "are", "getting", "more", "acidic", ",", "new", "research", "has", "found", ".", "Researchers", "in", "Germany", "examined", "sharks", "’", "teeth", "under", "different", "ocean", "acidification", "scenarios", "and", "showed", "that", "more", "acidic", "oceans", "lead", "to", "more", "brittle", "and", "weaker", "teeth", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "“", "Shark", "teeth", ",", "despite", "being", "composed", "of", "highly", "mineralized", "phosphates", ",", "are", "still", "vulnerable", "to", "corrosion", "under", "future", "ocean", "acidification", "scenarios", ",", "”", "said", "first", "author", "of", "the", "\n", "Frontiers", "in", "Marine", "Science", "\n ", "article", ",", "Maximilian", "Baum", ",", "a", "biologist", "at", "Heinrich", "Heine", "University", "Düsseldorf", "(", "HHU", ")", ".", "“", "They", "are", "high", "developed", "weapons", "built", "for", "cutting", "flesh", ",", "not", "resisting", "ocean", "acid", ".", "Our", "results", "show", "just", "how", "vulnerable", "even", "nature", "’s", "sharpest", "weapons", "can", "be", ".", "”", "\n\n\n", "Damage", "from", "root", "to", "crown", "\n\n\n", "Ocean", "acidification", "is", "a", "process", "during", "which", "the", "ocean", "’s", "pH", "value", "keeps", "decreasing", ",", "resulting", "in", "more", "acidic", "water", ".", "It", "is", "mostly", "driven", "by", "the", "release", "of", "human", "-", "generated", "CO2", ".", "Currently", ",", "the", "average", "pH", "of", "the", "world", "’s", "oceans", "is", "8.1", ".", "In", "2300", ",", "it", "is", "expected", "to", "drop", "to", "7.3", ",", "making", "it", "almost", "10", "times", "more", "acidic", "than", "it", "currently", "is", ".", "\n\n\n", "For", "their", "study", ",", "the", "researchers", "used", "these", "two", "pH", "values", "to", "examine", "the", "effects", "of", "more", "and", "less", "acidic", "water", "on", "the", "teeth", "of", "Blacktip", "reef" ]	[]
is also hampered by too little appetite for risk. The largest risk-sharing instrument currently in place is the InvestEU programme, but the implementing partners, such as the EIB Group, remain mostly focused on the lower-risk scope of investment. Finally, repayment of EU borrowing under the NextGenerationEU (NGEU) programme will start in 2028 and account for EUR 30 billion per year. Without a decision on new own resources, effective spending power at the EU level would be mechanically reduced by interest and principal repayments. It is unquestionable that the issuance of a common safe asset would make the CMU much easier to achieve and more complete . First, it would facilitate the uniform pricing of corporate bonds and derivatives by providing a key benchmark, in turn helping to standardise financial products across the EU and making markets more transparent and comparable. Second, it would provide a type of safe collateral that can be used in every Member State and in all market segments, in the activities of central counterparties and in interbank liquidity exchanges, including on a cross-border basis. Third, a common safe asset would provide a large, liquid market that attracts investors globally, leading to lower costs of capital and more efficient financial markets across the EU. This asset would also form the basis of international euro reserves held by other central banks, enhancing the role of the euro as a reserve currency. Fourth, it would provide all European households with a safe and liquid retail asset accessible at a common price, reducing information asymmetries and ‘home bias’ in the allocation of retail funds. Some joint funding of investment at the EU level is necessary to maximise productivity growth, as well as to finance other European public goods . The more that governments implement the strategy laid out in this report, the greater the increase in productivity will be, and the easier it will be for governments to bear the fiscal costs of supporting private investment and of investing themselves. Joint funding for specific projects will be key to maximise 64THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 5the productivity gains of the strategy, such as investing in breakthrough research and infrastructures to embed AI into the economy. At the same time, there are other public goods identified in this report – such as investing in grids and interconnectors, and financing the joint procurement of defence equipment and	[ "is", "also", "hampered", "by", "\n", "too", "little", "appetite", "for", "risk", ".", "The", "largest", "risk", "-", "sharing", "instrument", "currently", "in", "place", "is", "the", "InvestEU", "programme", ",", "but", "the", "\n", "implementing", "partners", ",", "such", "as", "the", "EIB", "Group", ",", "remain", "mostly", "focused", "on", "the", "lower", "-", "risk", "scope", "of", "investment", ".", "Finally", ",", "\n", "repayment", "of", "EU", "borrowing", "under", "the", "NextGenerationEU", "(", "NGEU", ")", "programme", "will", "start", "in", "2028", "and", "account", "for", "EUR", "\n", "30", "billion", "per", "year", ".", "Without", "a", "decision", "on", "new", "own", "resources", ",", "effective", "spending", "power", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "would", "be", "\n", "mechanically", "reduced", "by", "interest", "and", "principal", "repayments", ".", "\n", "It", "is", "unquestionable", "that", "the", "issuance", "of", "a", "common", "safe", "asset", "would", "make", "the", "CMU", "much", "easier", "to", "achieve", "\n", "and", "more", "complete", ".", "First", ",", "it", "would", "facilitate", "the", "uniform", "pricing", "of", "corporate", "bonds", "and", "derivatives", "by", "providing", "a", "\n", "key", "benchmark", ",", "in", "turn", "helping", "to", "standardise", "financial", "products", "across", "the", "EU", "and", "making", "markets", "more", "transparent", "\n", "and", "comparable", ".", "Second", ",", "it", "would", "provide", "a", "type", "of", "safe", "collateral", "that", "can", "be", "used", "in", "every", "Member", "State", "and", "in", "\n", "all", "market", "segments", ",", "in", "the", "activities", "of", "central", "counterparties", "and", "in", "interbank", "liquidity", "exchanges", ",", "including", "on", "a", "\n", "cross", "-", "border", "basis", ".", "Third", ",", "a", "common", "safe", "asset", "would", "provide", "a", "large", ",", "liquid", "market", "that", "attracts", "investors", "globally", ",", "\n", "leading", "to", "lower", "costs", "of", "capital", "and", "more", "efficient", "financial", "markets", "across", "the", "EU", ".", "This", "asset", "would", "also", "form", "the", "\n", "basis", "of", "international", "euro", "reserves", "held", "by", "other", "central", "banks", ",", "enhancing", "the", "role", "of", "the", "euro", "as", "a", "reserve", "currency", ".", "\n", "Fourth", ",", "it", "would", "provide", "all", "European", "households", "with", "a", "safe", "and", "liquid", "retail", "asset", "accessible", "at", "a", "common", "price", ",", "\n", "reducing", "information", "asymmetries", "and", "‘", "home", "bias", "’", "in", "the", "allocation", "of", "retail", "funds", ".", "\n", "Some", "joint", "funding", "of", "investment", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "is", "necessary", "to", "maximise", "productivity", "growth", ",", "as", "well", "as", "to", "\n", "finance", "other", "European", "public", "goods", ".", "The", "more", "that", "governments", "implement", "the", "strategy", "laid", "out", "in", "this", "report", ",", "\n", "the", "greater", "the", "increase", "in", "productivity", "will", "be", ",", "and", "the", "easier", "it", "will", "be", "for", "governments", "to", "bear", "the", "fiscal", "costs", "of", "\n", "supporting", "private", "investment", "and", "of", "investing", "themselves", ".", "Joint", "funding", "for", "specific", "projects", "will", "be", "key", "to", "maximise", "\n", "64THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "5the", "productivity", "gains", "of", "the", "strategy", ",", "such", "as", "investing", "in", "breakthrough", "research", "and", "infrastructures", "to", "embed", "\n", "AI", "into", "the", "economy", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "there", "are", "other", "public", "goods", "identified", "in", "this", "report", "–", "such", "as", "investing", "in", "\n", "grids", "and", "interconnectors", ",", "and", "financing", "the", "joint", "procurement", "of", "defence", "equipment", "and" ]	[]
challenge openly gender- based structural inequalities and offend the powers that be, the above passage does suggest a way forward: women’s engagement with science is best examined across mul - tiple sites of activity and ‘narrow disciplinary boundaries’. Grażyna Kubica’s research on Polish female anthropologists who worked in the shadow of the famous Bronisław Malinoswki is a relevant example which documents the intersections of gender and the politics of knowledge production at the begin - ning of the twentieth century. In particular, her biography of Maria Czaplicka, which has been translated into English, examines Czaplicka’s literary and anthropological output on gender, shamanism and race and moves beyond the study of a single individual towards a documentation of an ‘anthropological collective’ well anchored in the intellectual and political milieus of its time.35 Documenting communities of science- making, as some of the essays in this volume also attempt to do, adds crucial context to the history of women and gender in science, enabling us to move away from the traditional hero - ine model of history- writing, with its emphasis on individual, elite, ‘star’ scientists. Similarly, conceiving of women’s engagement with science as a multisited activity that straddled the laboratory, the school, the clinic, the home, the media and so on anchors science firmly within society, illuminat - ing how invisibility operated in science, for example, by exposing those fac - ets of women’s work that were most likely to be ignored. Yasu Furukawa’s recent biography of Umeko Tsuda is exemplary in this respect, in that it not only recovers Tsuda the well- known educator, but also Tsuda the forgotten biologist – indeed, as he points out, many in Japan do not even know that Tsuda was a trained biologist.36 For these reasons, the contributions in this volume seek to bring together under one umbrella women’s engagements with science, engineering and medicine rather than treating them separately. As one of the first scientific professions to be considered acceptable and, therefore, open to women in many countries, medicine has attracted sustained scholarly attention to date, often at its intersections with missionary work, education and imperi - alism, since many (Western) European and American women doctors joined missionary societies in India, China, Korea or Japan.37 Examining science, technology and medicine alongside each other also enables us to understand how medical practice and education were intertwined with research, even though women’s identities as scientists were	[ "challenge", "openly", "gender-", " ", "based", "structural", "\n", "inequalities", "and", "offend", "the", "powers", "that", "be", ",", "the", "above", "passage", "does", "suggest", "a", "\n", "way", "forward", ":", "women", "’s", "engagement", "with", "science", "is", "best", "examined", "across", "mul", "-", "\n", "tiple", "sites", "of", "activity", "and", "‘", "narrow", "disciplinary", "boundaries", "’", ".", "Grażyna", "Kubica", "’s", "\n", "research", "on", "Polish", "female", "anthropologists", "who", "worked", "in", "the", "shadow", "of", "the", "\n", "famous", "Bronisław", "Malinoswki", "is", "a", "relevant", "example", "which", "documents", "the", "\n", "intersections", "of", "gender", "and", "the", "politics", "of", "knowledge", "production", "at", "the", "begin", "-", "\n", "ning", "of", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "her", "biography", "of", "Maria", "Czaplicka", ",", "\n", "which", "has", "been", "translated", "into", "English", ",", "examines", "Czaplicka", "’s", "literary", "and", "\n", "anthropological", "output", "on", "gender", ",", "shamanism", "and", "race", "and", "moves", "beyond", "the", "\n", "study", "of", "a", "single", "individual", "towards", "a", "documentation", "of", "an", "‘", "anthropological", "\n", "collective", "’", "well", "anchored", "in", "the", "intellectual", "and", "political", "milieus", "of", "its", "time.35", "\n", "Documenting", "communities", "of", "science-", " ", "making", ",", "as", "some", "of", "the", "essays", "in", "\n", "this", "volume", "also", "attempt", "to", "do", ",", "adds", "crucial", "context", "to", "the", "history", "of", "women", "\n", "and", "gender", "in", "science", ",", "enabling", "us", "to", "move", "away", "from", "the", "traditional", "hero", "-", "\n", "ine", "model", "of", "history-", " ", "writing", ",", "with", "its", "emphasis", "on", "individual", ",", "elite", ",", "‘", "star", "’", "\n", "scientists", ".", "Similarly", ",", "conceiving", "of", "women", "’s", "engagement", "with", "science", "as", "a", "\n", "multisited", "activity", "that", "straddled", "the", "laboratory", ",", "the", "school", ",", "the", "clinic", ",", "the", "\n", "home", ",", "the", "media", "and", "so", "on", "anchors", "science", "firmly", "within", "society", ",", "illuminat", "-", "\n", "ing", "how", "invisibility", "operated", "in", "science", ",", "for", "example", ",", "by", "exposing", "those", "fac", "-", "\n", "ets", "of", "women", "’s", "work", "that", "were", "most", "likely", "to", "be", "ignored", ".", "Yasu", "Furukawa", "’s", "\n", "recent", "biography", "of", "Umeko", "Tsuda", "is", "exemplary", "in", "this", "respect", ",", "in", "that", "it", "not", "\n", "only", "recovers", "Tsuda", "the", "well-", " ", "known", "educator", ",", "but", "also", "Tsuda", "the", "forgotten", "\n", "biologist", "–", " ", "indeed", ",", "as", "he", "points", "out", ",", "many", "in", "Japan", "do", "not", "even", "know", "that", "\n", "Tsuda", "was", "a", "trained", "biologist.36", "\n", "For", "these", "reasons", ",", "the", "contributions", "in", "this", "volume", "seek", "to", "bring", "together", "\n", "under", "one", "umbrella", "women", "’s", "engagements", "with", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "\n", "medicine", "rather", "than", "treating", "them", "separately", ".", "As", "one", "of", "the", "first", "scientific", "\n", "professions", "to", "be", "considered", "acceptable", "and", ",", "therefore", ",", "open", "to", "women", "in", "\n", "many", "countries", ",", "medicine", "has", "attracted", "sustained", "scholarly", "attention", "to", "\n", "date", ",", "often", "at", "its", "intersections", "with", "missionary", "work", ",", "education", "and", "imperi", "-", "\n", "alism", ",", "since", "many", "(", "Western", ")", "European", "and", "American", "women", "doctors", "joined", "\n", "missionary", "societies", "in", "India", ",", "China", ",", "Korea", "or", "Japan.37", "Examining", "science", ",", "\n", "technology", "and", "medicine", "alongside", "each", "other", "also", "enables", "us", "to", "understand", "\n", "how", "medical", "practice", "and", "education", "were", "intertwined", "with", "research", ",", "even", "\n", "though", "women", "’s", "identities", "as", "scientists", "were" ]	[ { "end": 893, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 891 }, { "end": 1848, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1846 }, { "end": 2426, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2424 } ]
government entities especially make it difficult for NSOs to recruit skilled staff. In Ethiopia, the Central Statistical Agency fol-lows civil service rules and regulations for remunera-tion of staff, whereas research institutes and universi-ties have their own rules and regulations. A common challenge for other government agen- cies that produce data is that they lack designated data scientists or statisticians. This is particularly problematic when other agency staff may lack the time and capacity to make better use of the data col-lected within their institution. 88 Lack of technology, software, and infrastructure. Even when producers of public intent data have staff with the skills needed to collect, process, and disseminate those data, they often lack the techno-logical infrastructure to be effective in their work. Constraints in technology and information tech-nology (IT) infrastructure compound constraints in technical capacity. For example, as part of the Global COVID-19 Survey of NSOs, many NSOs in low- and middle-income countries noted their need for software to collect data remotely to meet new data demands. 89 In the PARIS21 survey, the option most selected to achieve priorities for a national statistical system in the medium term is acquiring up-to-date technology and infrastructure. 90 Tech- nological shortcomings also constrain the ability of individuals to produce data themselves because many types of citizen-generated data rely on phone or web technologies. 91 68 \| World Development Report 2021 Deficiencies in governance In addition to shortages of skills and funding, various failures and problems with data governance impede the potential of public intent data from being realized. At the national level, clear institutional mandates and good coordination among the data-producing agen-cies are critical for the exchange, interoperability, and timely publication of data. 92 In practice, exchanges of data across ministries and between ministries and NSOs and beyond are rare, even in well-resourced and high-capacity environments. 93 The absence of clear mandates, responsibilities, and incentives to effec-tively coordinate data production and data exchanges can obstruct collaboration and lead to duplication of data-gathering efforts. 94 Deficiencies in the legal framework. The legal frame- work governing data production and data exchanges is a common barrier. Outdated statistical laws can make it difficult for NSOs and data-producing agen-cies to operate and collaborate effectively in light of recent changes in the data landscape, such as the pro-liferation of new data types, sources, and producers. In Chile, the National Institute of Statistics (INE) has had difficulties accessing	[ "government", "entities", "especially", "make", "it", "difficult", "for", "NSOs", "to", "recruit", "skilled", "staff", ".", "In", "Ethiopia", ",", "the", "Central", "Statistical", "Agency", "fol", "-", "lows", "civil", "service", "rules", "and", "regulations", "for", "remunera", "-", "tion", "of", "staff", ",", "whereas", "research", "institutes", "and", "universi", "-", "ties", "have", "their", "own", "rules", "and", "regulations", ".", "\n", "A", "common", "challenge", "for", "other", "government", "agen-", "\n", "cies", "that", "produce", "data", "is", "that", "they", "lack", "designated", "data", "scientists", "or", "statisticians", ".", "This", "is", "particularly", "problematic", "when", "other", "agency", "staff", "may", "lack", "the", "time", "and", "capacity", "to", "make", "better", "use", "of", "the", "data", "col", "-", "lected", "within", "their", "institution", ".", "\n", "88", "\n", "Lack", "of", "technology", ",", "software", ",", "and", "infrastructure", ".", " \n", "Even", "when", "producers", "of", "public", "intent", "data", "have", "staff", "with", "the", "skills", "needed", "to", "collect", ",", "process", ",", "and", "disseminate", "those", "data", ",", "they", "often", "lack", "the", "techno", "-", "logical", "infrastructure", "to", "be", "effective", "in", "their", "work", ".", "Constraints", "in", "technology", "and", "information", "tech", "-", "nology", "(", "IT", ")", "infrastructure", "compound", "constraints", "in", "technical", "capacity", ".", "For", "example", ",", "as", "part", "of", "the", "Global", "COVID-19", "Survey", "of", "NSOs", ",", "many", "NSOs", "in", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "noted", "their", "need", "for", "software", "to", "collect", "data", "remotely", "to", "meet", "new", "data", "demands", ".", "\n", "89", "In", "the", "PARIS21", "survey", ",", "the", "option", "\n", "most", "selected", "to", "achieve", "priorities", "for", "a", "national", "statistical", "system", "in", "the", "medium", "term", "is", "acquiring", "up", "-", "to", "-", "date", "technology", "and", "infrastructure", ".", "\n", "90", "Tech-", "\n", "nological", "shortcomings", "also", "constrain", "the", "ability", "of", "individuals", "to", "produce", "data", "themselves", "because", "many", "types", "of", "citizen", "-", "generated", "data", "rely", "on", "phone", "or", "web", "technologies", ".", "\n", "91", "\n", "68", " ", "\|", " ", "World", "Development", "Report", "2021", "\n", "Deficiencies", "in", "governance", "\n", "In", "addition", "to", "shortages", "of", "skills", "and", "funding", ",", "various", "failures", "and", "problems", "with", "data", "governance", "impede", "the", "potential", "of", "public", "intent", "data", "from", "being", "realized", ".", "At", "the", "national", "level", ",", "clear", "institutional", "mandates", "and", "good", "coordination", "among", "the", "data", "-", "producing", "agen", "-", "cies", "are", "critical", "for", "the", "exchange", ",", "interoperability", ",", "and", "timely", "publication", "of", "data", ".", "\n", "92", "In", "practice", ",", "exchanges", "of", "\n", "data", "across", "ministries", "and", "between", "ministries", "and", "NSOs", "and", "beyond", "are", "rare", ",", "even", "in", "well", "-", "resourced", "and", "high", "-", "capacity", "environments", ".", "\n", "93", "The", "absence", "of", "clear", "\n", "mandates", ",", "responsibilities", ",", "and", "incentives", "to", "effec", "-", "tively", "coordinate", "data", "production", "and", "data", "exchanges", "can", "obstruct", "collaboration", "and", "lead", "to", "duplication", "of", "data", "-", "gathering", "efforts", ".", "\n", "94", "\n", "Deficiencies", "in", "the", "legal", "framework", ".", "The", "legal", "frame-", "\n", "work", "governing", "data", "production", "and", "data", "exchanges", "is", "a", "common", "barrier", ".", "Outdated", "statistical", "laws", "can", "make", "it", "difficult", "for", "NSOs", "and", "data", "-", "producing", "agen", "-", "cies", "to", "operate", "and", "collaborate", "effectively", "in", "light", "of", "recent", "changes", "in", "the", "data", "landscape", ",", "such", "as", "the", "pro", "-", "liferation", "of", "new", "data", "types", ",", "sources", ",", "and", "producers", ".", "In", "Chile", ",", "the", "National", "Institute", "of", "Statistics", "(", "INE", ")", "has", "had", "difficulties", "accessing" ]	[]
was shot dead.1 In November, the Supreme Court of Justice con ûrmed sentences against eight men responsible for the murder of Indigenous defender Berta Cáceres in 2016. By the end of the year, the state had not signed the Escazú Agreement. In October, land recovery for the Garifuna community of Punta Piedra began, as part of the implementation of the ruling by the Inter- American Court of Human Rights. Communities in the Gulf of Fonseca reported negative impacts on their livelihoods caused by rising sea levels, coastal erosion and environmental pollution. Prolonged drought in the Central American Dry Corridor in western Honduras affected access to water and food security. Climate change impacts, exacerbated by high levels of inequality, contributed to forced migration from Honduras. Abortion remained prohibited in all circumstances and access to the emergency contraception pill was hampered due to limited availability at public health facilities. The UN Human Rights Committee received a complaint against Honduras about an Indigenous woman and human rights defender who was denied an abortion after she was raped.Congress passed a Safe Houses Law for women victims of gender-based violence, but the Integral Law against Violence against Women Bill was still pending at the end of the year. Same-sex marriage remained prohibited. There was no progress towards a procedure for the recognition of gender identity, which had been ruled by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 1. <Honduras: Water defender killed=, 20 September ± Hungary A new state of ûce targeted civil society organizations, independent media and activists. Thousands of people üeeing from Ukraine lost their state-supported housing in Hungary. The Court of Justice of the EU imposed a signi ûcant ûne on Hungary for refusing to apply the EU common policy on migration and denying asylum seekers access to protection. Repressive legislation continued to exert a far-reaching and chilling effect on LGBTI people. The European Court of Human Rights stated that Hungary had not contravened the European Convention on Human Rights by prohibiting assisted suicide or euthanasia, including when assistance was given in a foreign state. In January, after years of conüict with the central administration of the Hungarian courts, 128 judge-delegates elected 14 new members of the National Judicial Council tasked with supervising the lawful operation of the central administration of courts and the Supreme Court.INDIGENOUS PEOPLES9 RIGHTS RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTSGENDER-BASED VIOLENCE LGBTI PEOPLE9S RIGHTS HUNGARY BACKGROUND	[ "was", "\n", "shot", "dead.1", "\n", "In", "November", ",", "the", "Supreme", "Court", "of", "\n", "Justice", "con", "ûrmed", "sentences", "against", "eight", "\n", "men", "responsible", "for", "the", "murder", "of", "\n", "Indigenous", "defender", "Berta", "Cáceres", "in", "2016", ".", "\n", "By", "the", "end", "of", "the", "year", ",", "the", "state", "had", "not", "\n", "signed", "the", "Escazú", "Agreement", ".", "\n", "In", "October", ",", "land", "recovery", "for", "the", "Garifuna", "\n", "community", "of", "Punta", "Piedra", "began", ",", "as", "part", "of", "\n", "the", "implementation", "of", "the", "ruling", "by", "the", "Inter-", "\n", "American", "Court", "of", "Human", "Rights", ".", "\n", "Communities", "in", "the", "Gulf", "of", "Fonseca", "reported", "\n", "negative", "impacts", "on", "their", "livelihoods", "caused", "\n", "by", "rising", "sea", "levels", ",", "coastal", "erosion", "and", "\n", "environmental", "pollution", ".", "Prolonged", "drought", "\n", "in", "the", "Central", "American", "Dry", "Corridor", "in", "\n", "western", "Honduras", "affected", "access", "to", "water", "\n", "and", "food", "security", ".", "Climate", "change", "impacts", ",", "\n", "exacerbated", "by", "high", "levels", "of", "inequality", ",", "\n", "contributed", "to", "forced", "migration", "from", "\n", "Honduras", ".", "\n", "Abortion", "remained", "prohibited", "in", "all", "\n", "circumstances", "and", "access", "to", "the", "emergency", "\n", "contraception", "pill", "was", "hampered", "due", "to", "\n", "limited", "availability", "at", "public", "health", "facilities", ".", "\n", "The", "UN", "Human", "Rights", "Committee", "received", "a", "\n", "complaint", "against", "Honduras", "about", "an", "\n", "Indigenous", "woman", "and", "human", "rights", "\n", "defender", "who", "was", "denied", "an", "abortion", "after", "\n", "she", "was", "raped", ".", "Congress", "passed", "a", "Safe", "Houses", "Law", "for", "\n", "women", "victims", "of", "gender", "-", "based", "violence", ",", "but", "\n", "the", "Integral", "Law", "against", "Violence", "against", "\n", "Women", "Bill", "was", "still", "pending", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "\n", "year", ".", "\n", "Same", "-", "sex", "marriage", "remained", "prohibited", ".", "\n", "There", "was", "no", "progress", "towards", "a", "procedure", "\n", "for", "the", "recognition", "of", "gender", "identity", ",", "which", "\n", "had", "been", "ruled", "by", "the", "Inter", "-", "American", "Court", "\n", "of", "Human", "Rights", ".", "\n", "1", ".", "<", "Honduras", ":", "Water", "defender", "killed=", ",", "20", "September", " ", "±", "\n", "Hungary", "\n", "A", "new", "state", "of", "ûce", "targeted", "civil", "society", "\n", "organizations", ",", "independent", "media", "and", "\n", "activists", ".", "Thousands", "of", "people", "üeeing", "from", "\n", "Ukraine", "lost", "their", "state", "-", "supported", "housing", "\n", "in", "Hungary", ".", "The", "Court", "of", "Justice", "of", "the", "EU", "\n", "imposed", "a", "signi", "ûcant", "ûne", "on", "Hungary", "for", "\n", "refusing", "to", "apply", "the", "EU", "common", "policy", "on", "\n", "migration", "and", "denying", "asylum", "seekers", "\n", "access", "to", "protection", ".", "Repressive", "legislation", "\n", "continued", "to", "exert", "a", "far", "-", "reaching", "and", "\n", "chilling", "effect", "on", "LGBTI", "people", ".", "\n", "The", "European", "Court", "of", "Human", "Rights", "stated", "\n", "that", "Hungary", "had", "not", "contravened", "the", "\n", "European", "Convention", "on", "Human", "Rights", "by", "\n", "prohibiting", "assisted", "suicide", "or", "euthanasia", ",", "\n", "including", "when", "assistance", "was", "given", "in", "a", "\n", "foreign", "state", ".", "In", "January", ",", "after", "years", "of", "\n", "conüict", "with", "the", "central", "administration", "of", "the", "\n", "Hungarian", "courts", ",", "128", "judge", "-", "delegates", "\n", "elected", "14", "new", "members", "of", "the", "National", "\n", "Judicial", "Council", "tasked", "with", "supervising", "the", "\n", "lawful", "operation", "of", "the", "central", "administration", "\n", "of", "courts", "and", "the", "Supreme", "Court", ".", "INDIGENOUS", "PEOPLES9", "RIGHTS", "\n", "RIGHT", "TO", "A", "HEALTHY", "ENVIRONMENT", "\n", "SEXUAL", "AND", "REPRODUCTIVE", "RIGHTSGENDER", "-", "BASED", "VIOLENCE", "\n", "LGBTI", "PEOPLE9S", "RIGHTS", "\n", "HUNGARY", "\n", "BACKGROUND", "\n" ]	[]
Delhi Development Authority . (2021). Master Plan for Delhi – 2041 . Delhi, India: Delhi Development Authority. Available at: https://dda .gov .in /sites /default /files /inline -files / Draft %20MPD %202041 %20 %28English %2909062021 _compressed _0 .pdf (Accessed February 2025) Dupont, V. (2008). Slum Demolitions in Delhi Since the 1990s: An Appraisal, Economic and Political Weekly , 43(28), 79–87. Ebenstein, A. (2001). Friedrich Hayek: A Biography . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Erbacher, C. (2019). Friedrich August von Hayek’s Draft Biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Text and Its History, With an Afterword by Allan Janik . Leiden: Brill U Mentis. Ghertner, A. (2008). Analysis of New Legal Discourse behind Delhi’s Slum Demolitions, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 35(3), 504–532. Gottdiener, M. , Hutchinson, R., and Ryan, M. T. (2015). The New Urban Sociology , 5th edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Government of India . (2012). Provisional Population Totals: NCT of Delhi . New Delhi: Directorate of Census Operations. Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons, Science , 162(3859), 1243–1248. Hayek, F. A. (1935). Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review , XXXV (4), 519–530. Hayek, F. A. (1948). Individualism and Economic Order . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hayek, F. A. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hayek, F. A. (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty , Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Heller, P. , Mukhopadhyay, P., Sheikh, S., and Banda, S. (2021). Housing and Settlements Invisible Planning, Visible Exclusions, in S. Chakravorty and N. Sircar (eds.) Colossus: The Anatomy of Delhi . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.88–119. Horwitz, S. (2001). From Smith to Menger to Hayek: Liberalism in the Spontaneous-Order Tradition, The Independent Review , 6(1), 81–97. Hutchinson, T. W. (1992). Hayek and ‘Modern Austrian’ Methodology, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology , 10(23), 17–32. Ikeda, S. (2012). Economic Development from a Jacobsian Perspective, in S. Hirt and D. Zahm (eds.) The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs . Oxford: Routledge, pp. 63–83. Ikeda, S. (2024). A City Cannot Be a Work of Art: Learning Economics and Social Theory from Jane Jacobs . Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities . New York, NY: Random House.	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- · CIT, as well as RRT and APT, can be deferred, and/or the tax base may be fully eroded by shifting income/profits or expenses/losses between two mines or two different activities, which are subject to different tax rules. These taxes are calculated with reference to net income (revenue minus allowable deductions). The taxes calculated on gross revenues (e.g., mineral royalties) are less prone to this type of risk since they are not affected by deductions, but they may be affected by the pricing or valuation of the mineral extracted in the specific mine. - · CIT is expected to contribute the major share of mining revenues. Some resource-rich countries impose a higher CIT rate for mining 23 to capture more of the mining economic rent. In the absence of ring-fencing, there is an opportunity for investors to engage in tax arbitrage for activities subjected to different tax rates, which makes the tax base subject to a higher tax rate at risk of deferral or erosion through BEPS practices. Where ring-fenced, these profit-based tax revenues are delivered early and (in some cases) are at least to certain extent protected from such BEPS practices. - · Profit-based taxes such as RRTs or APTs are unique to extractives and are intended to tax excess economic rents from the exploitation of a finite and non-renewable resource, providing added justification for different tax treatment compared to other business activities (see Box 14). ## BOX 14. RING-FENCING AND EXTRACTIVES PROFIT-BASED TAXES DIFFERENT FROM CIT Additional profit-based taxes, such as an RRT or APT, can be effectively implemented within a ring-fence. This is why Sierra Leone, Chad, and Mozambique explicitly ring-fence RRTs, and the Cook Islands, Kazakhstan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe ring-fence an APT, according to IGF's research. Typically based on some measure of excess profits, these taxes intend to capture an increasing share of revenues as profitability rises and are vulnerable to the same timing and base erosion problems as CIT. Where RRTs and APTs are designed to be paid once the investor has achieved a threshold internal rate of return (IRR), the tax base consolidation resulting from a lack of ring-fencing rules may delay the point at which the threshold IRR is reached. This threshold is calculated 22 Some countries ring-fence only one aspect of the computation of taxable income. 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processes (e.g. opportunity to practise, learn from others, understand context, prepare for challenges and update content) and results (such as work placements and student learning). In-service professional learning may be the only opportunity for principals in some countries. Again, the characteristics vary, including coverage; the offer of practicums; responsiveness to the needs of principals; emphasis on instructional leadership; and the degree of formality as opposed to more collaborative approaches such as mentoring, networking, study groups, school visits and peer coaching. The chapter draws on research and evidence from comparative studies, such as the Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2019, 2020), the International Successful School Principalship Project (University of Nottingham, 2020), the International Study of Principal Preparation (Slater et al., 2018), the 7 System Leadership Study (Harris and Jones, 2015; 2018), the International School Leadership Development Network (ISLDN, 2024), and the World School Leadership Study (WSLS, 2024). Chapter 4 on shared school leadership emphasizes that school leaders cannot lead schools alone, especially when they have major responsibilities. While they may have the most responsibility and opportunities to exercise leadership and are loaded with the biggest expectations, other stakeholders in schools must also provide leadership. There is, therefore, interest in how leadership is distributed. Vice principals, teacher or middle leaders, non-teaching staff, school management committees or boards, and student leaders are among those that may be drawn into decision making. Middle leaders are teachers who have a substantial teaching workload in addition to a substantial leadership role, such as head of a curriculum area (e.g. mathematics) or a grade. These are often the leaders who are most in contact with teachers, parents and guardians and play a significant role in teachers’ well-being, collective action, mutual support, pedagogical innovation, parental and student involvement, professional learning, community development, and student outcomes. Their responsibilities include decisions on curricular emphasis, resource acquisition and distribution, staff development, and a supportive culture. They may or may not succeed in their role, depending on factors such as support received from school principals, recognition in the form of time assigned to leadership tasks, and the burden posed by administrative responsibilities. The review draws on evidence from comparative studies such as the International Study of Teacher Leadership (ISTL, 2024). It also examines the role of teachers in informal leadership roles and of non-teaching staff. In some countries, school management committees and boards share management responsibilities with school leaders. 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they regain their good health.' Dr Abdullah In India, undertaking a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree takes five and a half years, including a one-year internship. There are a variety of nonMBBS qualifications, including AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homoeopathy an alternative medical practitioner degree), BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) and B Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) ( Rao et al., 2011 , 2013). Research shows that only 58% of doctors in urban areas have a medical degree, and only 19% in rural areas (Chandra and Bhattacharya, 2019). For allopathic doctors, 31.4% have a secondary school qualification. Previous research in Delhi suggests there are 'no qualified doctors available in the slums' (Chandra and Bhattacharya, 2019, p.38). It is often assumed that those providing private medical care for the poor in slum areas are not qualified (Downie, 2017). This leads to the Indian government and Indian Medical Association dismissing these provid -ers, labelling them as 'quacks' and condemning their practice as illegal ( Das and Hammer, 2007). The Medical Association has a view that classical medical train -ing is required before anyone can consult and dispense medicines ( Pulla, 2015). The data in Table 6.1 show the distribution of the medical providers' qualifica -tions in each of the three different types of settlements. Those qualified at MBBS, BAMS and B Pharm have some formal medical-related qualification. Other qualifi -cations, i.e., Masters, Degree, Diploma or less are not medical-specific certifications. Therefore, we have two broad groups. Private health care providers in our three settlement types firstly with a formal medical related qualification - MBBS degree (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery), BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) and B Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) (25.7%) - and secondly with little or no formal training in medicine (74.3%). We undertook analysis to see if there are any statistically significant differences in the numbers of medical practitioners working in each of the three settlements. Sanjay colony has significantly (p<0.05) more medical practitioners with a degree and significantly less with a Diploma or less. The data also show medical prac -titioners with master's qualifications only in Sanjay and Bhalswa. We found no significant difference between each of the three settlement types of the number of medical providers who had MBBS and BAMS qualifications (Table 6.1). Table 6.1 Qualifications of medical providers \| Qualification \| Sanjay \| Bhalswa \| Ajit Vihar \| Total	[ "they", "regain", "their", "good", "health", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Dr", "Abdullah", "\n\n", "In", "India", ",", "undertaking", "a", "Bachelor", "of", "Medicine", "and", "Surgery", "(", "MBBS", ")", "degree", "takes", "five", "and", "a", "half", "years", ",", "including", "a", "one", "-", "year", "internship", ".", "There", "are", "a", "variety", "of", "nonMBBS", "qualifications", ",", " ", "including", " ", "AYUSH", " ", "(", "Ayurveda", ",", " ", "Yoga", ",", " ", "Unani", ",", " ", "Siddhi", " ", "and", "Homoeopathy", " ", "an", " ", "alternative", " ", "medical", " ", "practitioner", " ", "degree", ")", ",", " ", "BAMS", " ", "(", "Bachelor", " ", "of", "Ayurvedic", "Medicine", "and", "Surgery", ")", "and", "B", "Pharm", "(", "Bachelor", "of", "Pharmacy", ")", "(", "Rao", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2011", ",", "2013", ")", ".", "Research", "shows", "that", "only", "58", "%", "of", "doctors", "in", "urban", "areas", "have", "a", "medical", "degree", ",", "and", "only", "19", "%", "in", "rural", "areas", "(", "Chandra", "and", "Bhattacharya", ",", "2019", ")", ".", "For", "allopathic", "doctors", ",", "31.4", "%", "have", "a", "secondary", "school", "qualification", ".", "Previous", "research", "in", "Delhi", "suggests", "there", "are", "'", "no", "qualified", "doctors", "available", "in", "the", "slums", "'", "(", "Chandra", "and", "Bhattacharya", ",", "2019", ",", " ", "p.38", ")", ".", " ", "It", " ", "is", " ", "often", " ", "assumed", " ", "that", " ", "those", " ", "providing", " ", "private", "medical", "care", "for", "the", "poor", "in", "slum", "areas", "are", "not", "qualified", "(", "Downie", ",", "2017", ")", ".", "This", "leads", "to", "the", "Indian", "government", "and", "Indian", "Medical", "Association", "dismissing", "these", "provid", "-ers", ",", "labelling", "them", "as", "'", "quacks", "'", "and", "condemning", "their", "practice", "as", "illegal", "(", "Das", "and", "Hammer", ",", "2007", ")", ".", "The", "Medical", "Association", "has", "a", "view", "that", "classical", "medical", "train", "-ing", "is", "required", "before", "anyone", "can", "consult", "and", "dispense", "medicines", "(", "Pulla", ",", "2015", ")", ".", "\n\n", "The", "data", "in", "Table", "6.1", "show", "the", "distribution", "of", "the", "medical", "providers", "'", "qualifica", "-tions", "in", "each", "of", "the", "three", "different", "types", "of", "settlements", ".", "Those", "qualified", "at", "MBBS", ",", "BAMS", "and", "B", "Pharm", "have", "some", "formal", "medical", "-", "related", "qualification", ".", "Other", "qualifi", "-cations", ",", "i.e.", ",", "Masters", ",", "Degree", ",", "Diploma", "or", "less", "are", "not", "medical", "-", "specific", "certifications", ".", "\n\n", "Therefore", ",", "we", "have", "two", "broad", "groups", ".", "Private", "health", "care", "providers", "in", "our", "three", "settlement", "types", "firstly", "with", "a", "formal", "medical", "related", "qualification", "-", "MBBS", "degree", "(", "Bachelor", "of", "Medicine", "and", "Surgery", ")", ",", "BAMS", "(", "Bachelor", "of", "Ayurvedic", "Medicine", "and", "Surgery", ")", "and", "B", "Pharm", "(", "Bachelor", "of", "Pharmacy", ")", "(", "25.7", "%", ")", "-", "and", "secondly", "with", "little", "or", "no", "formal", "training", "in", "medicine", "(", "74.3", "%", ")", ".", "\n\n", "We", "undertook", "analysis", "to", "see", "if", "there", "are", "any", "statistically", "significant", "differences", "in", "the", "numbers", "of", "medical", "practitioners", "working", "in", "each", "of", "the", "three", "settlements", ".", "Sanjay", "colony", "has", "significantly", "(", "p<0.05", ")", "more", "medical", "practitioners", "with", "a", "degree", "and", "significantly", "less", "with", "a", "Diploma", "or", "less", ".", "The", "data", "also", "show", "medical", "prac", "-titioners", "with", "master", "'s", "qualifications", "only", "in", "Sanjay", "and", "Bhalswa", ".", "We", "found", "no", "significant", "difference", "between", "each", "of", "the", "three", "settlement", "types", "of", "the", "number", "of", "medical", "providers", "who", "had", "MBBS", "and", "BAMS", "qualifications", "(", "Table", "6.1", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Table", "6.1", "Qualifications", "of", "medical", "providers", "\n\n", "\|", "Qualification", " ", "\|", "Sanjay", " ", "\|", "Bhalswa", " ", "\|", "Ajit", "Vihar", " ", "\|", "Total", " " ]	[ { "end": 801, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 764 }, { "end": 788, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 764 }, { "end": 794, "label": "YEAR", "start": 790 }, { "end": 1268, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1257 }, { "end": 1262, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1257 }, { "end": 1268, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1264 }, { "end": 459, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 436 }, { "end": 446, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 436 }, { "end": 452, "label": "YEAR", "start": 448 }, { "end": 459, "label": "YEAR", "start": 455 }, 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three neighbourhoods. Second, focusing on demand, we listen to medical providers’ voices to explore the extent and type of medical conditions treated regularly within the communities. Third, utilising the methodological tool developed by Das and Hammer (2005) , we conduct an experiment to explore quality and competence. Each part starts with quotes from the private healthcare provider interviews, followed by some of the findings already documented in the literature and then our own findings from our three settlements. “If all had to wait for better things until they could be provided for all, that day would in many instances never come” ( Hayek, 1960 , p. 44). Part 4: Reflections Chapter 7 , “The draw of the city: Looking ahead.” Prosperity is when society respects the dignity of each person and his or her right to act as a moral agent. Individuals living in poverty see themselves as active agents, not passive victims. Throughout the book we have set out our empirical findings from our three-year The draw of the city 23 fieldwork project undertaken in the slums of Delhi. The project was designed so that the data were gathered in many different formats – mapping, household sur - veys, film, conjoint experiments, case studies, interviews, workshops – to answer the objectives from different triangulating perspectives. The research has gener - ated a better understanding of place and space and life’s purpose and meaning. This chapter summarises the three parts of our book. The first looks at how differ - ent neighbourhood types can affect the lives of those living within them. With a focus on trust, well-being, cohesion and social capital, data were gathered through a household survey to investigate if there are differences depending upon where you live. The second part considers the types of projects and interactions carried out by individuals that may benefit themselves as well as their communities. The governance structures and institutions are also explored. The results of a conjoint experiment are reviewed to show how and why residents choose and elect brokers who assist in this local action for change. The third, using observations from the streets, studies entrepreneurial spirit and dynamism. A view of the city from within provides stories of resilience and community solutions. Included is a focus on local medical healthcare providers. Our project brings a snapshot of the intricate work - ings of urban life in Delhi slums. We	[ "three", "neighbourhoods", ".", "\n", "Second", ",", "focusing", "on", "demand", ",", "we", "listen", "to", "medical", "providers", "’", "voices", "to", "explore", "the", "\n", "extent", "and", "type", "of", "medical", "conditions", "treated", "regularly", "within", "the", "communities", ".", "\n", "Third", ",", "utilising", "the", "methodological", "tool", "developed", "by", "Das", "and", "Hammer", "(", "2005", ")", ",", "\n", "we", "conduct", "an", "experiment", "to", "explore", "quality", "and", "competence", ".", "Each", "part", "starts", "with", "\n", "quotes", "from", "the", "private", "healthcare", "provider", "interviews", ",", "followed", "by", "some", "of", "the", "\n", "findings", "already", "documented", "in", "the", "literature", "and", "then", "our", "own", "findings", "from", "our", "\n", "three", "settlements", ".", "“", "If", "all", "had", "to", "wait", "for", "better", "things", "until", "they", "could", "be", "provided", "\n", "for", "all", ",", "that", "day", "would", "in", "many", "instances", "never", "come", "”", "(", "Hayek", ",", "1960", ",", "p.", "44", ")", ".", "\n", "Part", "4", ":", "Reflections", "\n", "Chapter", "7", ",", "“", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", ":", "Looking", "ahead", ".", "”", "Prosperity", "is", "when", "society", "\n", "respects", "the", "dignity", "of", "each", "person", "and", "his", "or", "her", "right", "to", "act", "as", "a", "moral", "agent", ".", "\n", "Individuals", "living", "in", "poverty", "see", "themselves", "as", "active", "agents", ",", "not", "passive", "victims", ".", "\n", "Throughout", "the", "book", "we", "have", "set", "out", "our", "empirical", "findings", "from", "our", "three", "-", "year", "\n", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", "23", "\n", "fieldwork", "project", "undertaken", "in", "the", "slums", "of", "Delhi", ".", "The", "project", "was", "designed", "so", "\n", "that", "the", "data", "were", "gathered", "in", "many", "different", "formats", "–", "mapping", ",", "household", "sur", "-", "\n", "veys", ",", "film", ",", "conjoint", "experiments", ",", "case", "studies", ",", "interviews", ",", "workshops", "–", "to", "answer", "\n", "the", "objectives", "from", "different", "triangulating", "perspectives", ".", "The", "research", "has", "gener", "-", "\n", "ated", "a", "better", "understanding", "of", "place", "and", "space", "and", "life", "’s", "purpose", "and", "meaning", ".", "\n", "This", "chapter", "summarises", "the", "three", "parts", "of", "our", "book", ".", "The", "first", "looks", "at", "how", "differ", "-", "\n", "ent", "neighbourhood", "types", "can", "affect", "the", "lives", "of", "those", "living", "within", "them", ".", "With", "a", "\n", "focus", "on", "trust", ",", "well", "-", "being", ",", "cohesion", "and", "social", "capital", ",", "data", "were", "gathered", "through", "\n", "a", "household", "survey", "to", "investigate", "if", "there", "are", "differences", "depending", "upon", "where", "\n", "you", "live", ".", "The", "second", "part", "considers", "the", "types", "of", "projects", "and", "interactions", "carried", "\n", "out", "by", "individuals", "that", "may", "benefit", "themselves", "as", "well", "as", "their", "communities", ".", "The", "\n", "governance", "structures", "and", "institutions", "are", "also", "explored", ".", "The", "results", "of", "a", "conjoint", "\n", "experiment", "are", "reviewed", "to", "show", "how", "and", "why", "residents", "choose", "and", "elect", "brokers", "\n", "who", "assist", "in", "this", "local", "action", "for", "change", ".", "The", "third", ",", "using", "observations", "from", "the", "\n", "streets", ",", "studies", "entrepreneurial", "spirit", "and", "dynamism", ".", "A", "view", "of", "the", "city", "from", "within", "\n", "provides", "stories", "of", "resilience", "and", "community", "solutions", ".", "Included", "is", "a", "focus", "on", "local", "\n", "medical", "healthcare", "providers", ".", "Our", "project", "brings", "a", "snapshot", "of", "the", "intricate", "work", "-", "\n", "ings", "of", "urban", "life", "in", "Delhi", "slums", ".", "We" ]	[ { "end": 262, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 241 }, { "end": 255, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 241 }, { "end": 261, "label": "YEAR", "start": 257 }, { "end": 674, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 655 }, { "end": 660, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 655 }, { "end": 666, "label": "YEAR", "start": 662 }, { "end": 1047, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1045 } ]
taxable income (Ghana Revenue Authority, n.d.). T axpayers with multiple mining operations that do not have a shared processing facility must still ring-fence by mining licence area. 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 31 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 6. Ring-fencing by shared processing facility Government Mine A Processing plant Mine B Mine C Mine D Note: In some cases, it may be appropriate to ring-fence mining projects together with their shared processing facility. In other cases, individual mines may be ring-fenced alone. Source: Author's elaboration. The advantage of this approach is that taxpayers avoid the potential difficulty of having to accurately attribute the revenues and costs of the shared processing facility to each mining licence area. There are, however, three challenges that may arise when this approach is adopted: • It may defer government revenues if the mines are at different stages of their development, as it defeats the main objective of ring-fencing based on the mining licence area. • It may be difficult to determine which mines are linked to a specific processing facility, especially if there is more than one shared processing facility. This may be further complicated where the processing facility receives ore from related and third-party mines (i.e., tolling arrangements). To address this challenge, governments should require taxpayers to clearly identify and justify which of their mines use a shared processing facility. They should also require a detailed breakdown of the quantities and qualities of materials received per mine, supported by contractual agreements. • It may encourage taking advantage of smelters that are often located in export processing zones (EPZs), which are commonly subject to preferred tax regimes. While not advisable due to the negative spillovers, EPZ status is sometimes granted to a company’s mineral processing operations. An EPZ would often grant tax holidays, lower tax rates, or duty-free export and import. The producing mine outside the EPZ would often be required to pay tax on profits, as well as mineral royalties. Therefore, there is an incentive for the company to shift profits from the mine to the processing facility to reduce its overall tax bill. 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n.e.c.Health and wellbeing A01K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.ICT and computer science B23H; G06K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryA01G; F03D; B01D 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Nanotechnology and materials B23H 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersEnergy F02B 32 Other manufacturing Biotechnology A61K 32 Other manufacturing Chemistry and chemical engineering A61K 336 Annexes UKRAINE Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 10Manufacture of food productsAgrifood A23L; A23C; A21D 11Manufacture of beveragesAgrifood A23L 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsChemistry and chemical engineering A61K; C01B; C02F 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsEnvironmental sciences and industries C02F 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsBiotechnology A61K; A61P; C12N; C07D 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsChemistry and chemical engineering A61K; C07D 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth and wellbeing A61K; A61P 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsNanotechnology and materials C04B 24Manufacture of basic metalsNanotechnology and materials C22C; B22D 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectric and electronic technologies G06F; G01R; H03K; G01S 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsEnergy H01L; G01RMOLDOVA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 32 Other manufacturing Health and wellbeing A61K; A61B 32 Other manufacturingMechanical engineering and heavy machineryA61B; B65D Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation337 UKRAINE Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsFundamental physics and mathematicsH01L; G06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsGovernance, culture, education and the economyG06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsHealth and wellbeing A61N 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsICT and computer science G06F; H04L; H04N 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsOptics and photonics H01L; G01S; A61N 27Manufacture of electrical equipmentEnergy H02K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Agrifood A01D; A01C 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Energy F03D; F24H 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Environmental sciences and industries E21B; 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(16, 17). In a recent meta-analysis, lymphopenia was defined as a good biomarker associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection (18). Regarding our results, higher lymphopenia level was found in the severe cases, but the assessment of the prognosis value of the biological parameters in correlation with the severity of the disease demonstrated that CRP level was more relevant. The interpretation of ROC curves of hematological parameters and CRP level in our study confirmed that the CRP was a robust predictor of adverse disease outcome. CRP was also an independent discriminator of severe/critical illness on admission in comparison with other biological factors. These results were in agreement with similar report of Luo et al. in Wuhan, which found an AUC of CRP for discriminating disease severity on admission at 0.783. With a cut-off value of 41.3, CRP exhibited similar results of our study with sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 83.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 81.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 68.2% (19). Moreover, some studies evaluated the severity prediction of the COVID-19 using different factors such as age, gender, comorbidities, high neutrophil count, lymphopenia, high CRP level, and high lactate dehydrogenase level. However, the earliness, sensitivity, specificity, and selection of the best independent factor is still under study. None of these factors were considered as an independent and sensitive prognosis factor. Many biomarkers of inflammation and infection were identified as factors of disease severity (8, 2022). The pathological mechanism of COVID-19 is not well elucidated, but the part of inflammation was considered having a primordial role in evolution of the disease (22, 23). CRP is an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection (24-26). Generally, the level is much higher in bacterial infections. The protein is synthesized in the liver and is normally found at concentrations of less than 10 mg/L in the blood (24, 25). During infectious or inflammatory disease states, CRP levels can activate the classical complement cascade of the immune system and modulates the activity of phagocytic cells, supporting the role of CRP in the opsonization of infectious agents and dead or dying cells (28). In COVID-19, the exact effect of CRP remains unclear, but it was reported that their level can be used for early diagnosis of pneumonia (10), and assessment of severe pulmonary infectious diseases (29). Our findings were consistent with recent publications, which indicated that	[ "(", "16", ",", "17", ")", ".", " ", "In", " ", "a", " ", "recent", " ", "meta", "-", "analysis", ",", " ", "lymphopenia", " ", "was", "defined", " ", "as", " ", "a", " ", "good", " ", "biomarker", " ", "associated", " ", "with", " ", "an", "increased", " ", "risk", " ", "of", " ", "severe", " ", "COVID-19", " ", "infection", " ", "(", "18", ")", ".", "Regarding", "our", "results", ",", "higher", "lymphopenia", "level", "was", "found", "in", "the", "severe", "cases", ",", "but", "the", "assessment", "of", "the", "prognosis", "value", "of", "the", "biological", "parameters", "in", "correlation", " ", "with", " ", "the", " ", "severity", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "disease", " ", "demonstrated", "that", "CRP", "level", "was", "more", "relevant", ".", "\n\n", "The", "interpretation", "of", "ROC", "curves", "of", "hematological", "parameters", "and", "CRP", "level", "in", "our", "study", "confirmed", "that", " 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as the basic reproduction number. Exploiting information on the structure of the road network in eighteenth century France 5 , we estimate the most probable diffusion paths of the Great Fear and quantify the distribution of spreading velocities. By endowing the nodes in our reconstructed network with indicators related to the institutional, demographic and socio-economic conditions of the time 6 , including literacy, population size, political participation, wheat prices 7 , 8 , income and ownership laws 9 , and the unequal distribution of land ownership, we compute factors associated with spread of the Great Fear. Our analysis sheds light on unresolved historiographic issues on the significance of the Great Fear for the French Revolution, providing a quantitative answer to the unresolved debate between the role of emotions and rationality in explaining its diffusion. Access to this article via Deutsches Forschungszentrum für künstliche Intelligenz GmbH is not available. Change institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Access to this article via Deutsches Forschungszentrum für künstliche Intelligenz GmbH is not available. Change institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time Learn more Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online access 193,42 € per year only 3,79 € per issue Learn more Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Additional access options: Log in Learn about institutional subscriptions Read our FAQs Contact customer support Fig. 1: Spread of the Great Fear in France in the summer of 1789. Fig. 2: Epidemiological features of the Great Fear. Fig. 3: Spread of the Great Fear depended on demographic and socio-economic conditions. Fig. 4: Spread of the Great Fear depended on socio-economic conditions. Fig. 5: Message spread during the Great Fear in the Soissonnais region. Data availability The dataset generated in this study is available at https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/X5LI3X . Code availability The code used to reproduce the figures in the paper is available via GitHub at https://github.com/ComplexityBiosystems/GreatFear/ and at https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/AAEKG9 . References Lefebvre, G. The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France (Princeton Univ. Press, 1983). Del Vicario, M. et al. The spreading of misinformation online. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 554–559 (2016). 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4 which is widely used in heat pumping technology. No n-return valves named Nrv1 and Nrv2 are placed at t he outlets of the air and water condensers. 2.2 Operating modes Three operating modes can be run. • The simultaneous mode produces hot and cold water u sing the water condenser and the water evaporator (electronic valves Evr1 and Evr3 are open). • The heating mode produces hot water using the water condenser, the air evaporator (electronic valves E vr2 and Evr3 are open) and also the subcooler to store the subcooling energy in the cold water tank. • The cooling mode only produces cold water using the water evaporator and the air condenser (electronic valves Evr1 and Evr4 are open). A production ratio rp can be defined following Eq. (1) using heating and cooling capacities. For a simultaneous production mode this ratio is close to 1.3. ch pQQr&& = (1) A demand ratio rd can be defined following Eq. (2) using integrated heating and cooling demands. demandcoolingdemandheatingrd= (2) Depending on the building’s demand ratio rd, two sequences can be run: • if rd > rp, heating demand is higher than cooling demand, the sequence starts in the simultaneous mode and continues in the heating mode when the cooling dema nd is satisfied; • if rd < rp, cooling demand is higher than heating demand, the sequence starts in the simultaneous mode and continues in the cooling mode when the heating dema nd is satisfied. The variability of operating times in each mode ena bles the control system to adapt hot and chilled wa ter production to heating and cooling demands. 2.3 High pressure control The high pressure control system is based on the te mperature control of refrigerant in a liquid receiv er. High pressure is controlled depending on the hot source temperature. The whole operation is described in th e second article on this work concerning the dynamic behavio ur [1]. 5 2.4 Comparison between the HPS and a standard reversibl e heat pump The HPS is able to produce simultaneously hot and c old water whereas the standard reversible heat pump cannot. Over a year, if the simultaneous demand in heating and cooling is important, using a heat pump with heat recovery such as the HPS enables to achieve substan tial energy savings. If not, the reversible heat pu mp would be the best techno-economical choice. 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indeed, should be preserved in the archives of science. A substantial body of scholarship on science in imperial settings has added flesh to this argument, demonstrating that many of these asym - metries can be traced back to colonial regimes of knowledge and power. In colonial and quasi- colonial contexts like those of India and China, science- making was inseparable from the business of empire- making; heroes – and scientific rationality – were defined by insidious considerations of race, not only gender, sexuality, class, caste and so on.44 In fact, this is also the case in the American context discussed above; it is one of the reasons Lee Shetterly was asked to justify the significance of her research on Black women math - ematicians at NASA. Scholarship on science and imperialism has also been instrumental in recovering the contributions to science of many invisible colonized actors, by moving away from the scientific establishment into the field, the bazaar, the entrepôt and so on, and reconceptualizing science as practice, not only knowledge.45 It is clear that not all marginalized actors were marginalized in the same way; in/ visibility in science was intersectional. 13 13 Introduction If we are to capture their contributions to science, we need to broaden our understanding of what constitutes a ‘legitimate’ site of knowledge- making and ‘legitimate’ scientific work. Seen from such comparative perspectives, the near silence of post- 1989 historiography on the topic of women and science in the former commu - nist bloc is even more striking, given that many women were not active on the peripheries of the scientific establishment, but at its very heart. Equally striking is the fact that the shadow of empire(s) lingers on – often unacknowledged – in discussions of science in South- Eastern and Central Europe, where it is not uncommon for public debates and even academic scholarship to take for granted the notion that ‘modern’ equals ‘Western’ and that ‘Western’ science is the yardstick by which all science is to be meas - ured.46 Although recent scholarship engages with the ‘interimperial’ legacies that have shaped Eastern European regions like Transylvania,47 the domain of science has only occasionally been interrogated in the manner that schol - arship on South Asia and other former colonial contexts has done, by mov - ing away from George Basalla’s influential diffusionist model of ‘Western science’ towards more sophisticated understandings of ‘modern’ science and	[ "indeed", ",", "should", "be", "preserved", "in", "the", "archives", "of", "\n", "science", ".", "A", "substantial", "body", "of", "scholarship", "on", "science", "in", 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given age or age group, regardless of the level of education in which pupils or students are enrolled, expressed as a percentage of the population of the same age or age group. An example is global indicator 4.2.2, the participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age). Completion rate. Percentage of children aged three to five years older than the official age of entry into the last grade of an education level who have reached the last grade of that level. For example, the primary completion rate in a country with a 6-year cycle where the official age of entry into the last grade is 11 years is the percentage of 14- to 16-year-olds who have reached grade 6. Conflict-affected country. For a given year, any country with 1,000 or more battle-related deaths (including fatalities among civilians and military actors) over the preceding 10-year period and/or more than 200 battlerelated deaths in any 1 year over the preceding 3-year period, according to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program Battle-Related Deaths Dataset. Constant price. Price of a particular item adjusted to remove the overall effect of general price changes (inflation) since a given baseline year. Early childhood care and education. Services and programmes that support children's survival, growth, development and learning - including health, nutrition and hygiene, and cognitive, social, emotional and physical development - from birth to entry into primary school. Early Childhood Development Index 2030. Index of fulfilment of developmental potential that assesses children aged 24 to 59 months in 20 questions across 3 domains: health, learning and psychosocial well-being. The information is collected through the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. A child is 'on track' if they meet age-specific cut scores. Education levels according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) , which is the classification system designed to serve as an instrument for assembling, compiling and presenting comparable indicators and statistics of education both within countries and internationally. The system, introduced in 1976, was revised in 1997 and 2011. - Pre-primary education (ISCED level 0) . Programmes at the initial stage of organized instruction, primarily designed to introduce very young children, aged at least 3 years, to a school-type environment and provide a bridge between home and school. Upon completion of these programmes, children continue their education at ISCED 1 (primary education). - Primary education (ISCED level 1) . 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through the MRF at an appropriate point for resorting based on their 2D characteristics, molecular structures, and/or any other suitable parameters, conditions, or criteria. Furthermore, in various implementations, each of the is adapted to include a quick disconnect mechanism (QD). The QD of an enables the to physically latch on, or otherwise connect to, resource conveyance mechanism(s) (e.g., pipes, tubes, hoses, wires, and/or other suitable mechanism for conveying fluids or other resources to the MHUs ). The QD provides sealed connections for the to receive the necessary resources to perform their configured or otherwise designated functions. The QD may be designed and built in such a way that it requires little or no manual intervention for attaching and detaching from resource conveyance mechanisms and/or the , and is managed automatically by the , a docking station, and/or the . This physical latching or attaching can be done electrically (e.g., using an electromagnet or the like), mechanically (e.g., using a lever or similar mechanisms), and/or pneumatically. Each has a unique identifier (UID), physical hardware platform, and software systems, and each docking station has a specific UID, physical hardware platform, and software systems. In some examples, the UIDs of the docking stations and/or the can be implemented using RFID tags, and/or any other suitable technology such as those discussed herein. The UIDs are used to know which is in each location or area of the MRF, and also allows for to move to other locations. The instructions/commands for an can include the specific docking station UID, indicating the location that the should move to and the specific docking station to which it should dock. The QD can also be keyed in such a way to identify which type of is in a docking station. In the example of , the receives input(s) from the AI/ML system(s) (e.g., a machine vision model, object detection model, and/or the like), which it can then use to assist in efficient management of the MRF. The AI/ML system(s) is configured to detect (or predict) composition and contaminant levels of different streams, and report those findings to the as discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the AI/ML system(s) can be in communication with one or more of the and/or one or more of the , either directly or by way of input to control to provide guidance for the one or more MHUs for removing contaminants. The AI/ML system(s)	[ "through", "the", "MRF", "at", "an", "appropriate", "point", "for", "resorting", "based", "on", "their", "2D", "characteristics", ",", "molecular", "structures", ",", "and/or", "any", "other", "suitable", "parameters", ",", "conditions", ",", "or", "criteria", ".", "\n\n", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "various", "implementations", ",", "each", "of", "the", " ", "is", "adapted", "to", "include", "a", "quick", "disconnect", "mechanism", "(", "QD", ")", ".", "The", "QD", "of", "an", " ", "enables", "the", " ", "to", "physically", "latch", "on", ",", "or", "otherwise", "connect", "to", ",", "resource", "conveyance", "mechanism(s", ")", "(", "e.g.", ",", "pipes", ",", "tubes", ",", "hoses", ",", "wires", ",", "and/or", "other", "suitable", "mechanism", "for", "conveying", "fluids", "or", "other", "resources", "to", "the", "MHUs", ")", ".", "The", "QD", "provides", "sealed", "connections", "for", "the", " ", "to", "receive", "the", "necessary", "resources", "to", "perform", "their", "configured", "or", "otherwise", "designated", "functions", ".", "\n\n", "The", "QD", "may", "be", "designed", "and", "built", "in", "such", "a", "way", "that", "it", "requires", "little", "or", "no", "manual", "intervention", "for", "attaching", "and", "detaching", "from", "resource", "conveyance", "mechanisms", "and/or", "the", " ", ",", "and", "is", "managed", "automatically", "by", "the", " ", ",", "a", "docking", "station", ",", "and/or", "the", " ", ".", "This", "physical", "latching", "or", "attaching", "can", "be", "done", "electrically", "(", "e.g.", ",", "using", "an", "electromagnet", "or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "mechanically", "(", "e.g.", ",", "using", "a", "lever", "or", "similar", "mechanisms", ")", ",", "and/or", "pneumatically", ".", "\n\n", "Each", " ", "has", "a", "unique", "identifier", "(", "UID", ")", ",", "physical", "hardware", "platform", ",", "and", "software", "systems", ",", "and", "each", "docking", "station", "has", "a", "specific", "UID", ",", "physical", "hardware", "platform", ",", "and", "software", "systems", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "the", "UIDs", "of", "the", "docking", "stations", "and/or", "the", " ", "can", "be", "implemented", "using", "RFID", "tags", ",", "and/or", "any", "other", "suitable", "technology", "such", "as", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "The", "UIDs", "are", "used", "to", "know", "which", " ", "is", "in", "each", "location", "or", "area", "of", "the", "MRF", ",", "and", "also", "allows", "for", " ", "to", "move", "to", "other", "locations", ".", "The", "instructions", "/", "commands", " ", "for", "an", " ", "can", "include", "the", "specific", "docking", "station", "UID", ",", "indicating", "the", "location", "that", "the", " ", "should", "move", "to", "and", "the", "specific", "docking", "station", "to", "which", "it", "should", "dock", ".", "The", "QD", "can", "also", "be", "keyed", "in", "such", "a", "way", "to", "identify", "which", "type", "of", " ", "is", "in", "a", "docking", "station", ".", "\n\n", "In", "the", "example", "of", ",", "the", " ", "receives", "input(s", ")", " ", "from", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "machine", "vision", "model", ",", "object", "detection", "model", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "which", "it", "can", "then", "use", "to", "assist", "in", "efficient", "management", "of", "the", "MRF", ".", "The", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "is", "configured", "to", "detect", "(", "or", "predict", ")", "composition", "and", "contaminant", "levels", "of", "different", "streams", ",", "and", "report", " ", "those", "findings", "to", "the", " ", "as", "discussed", "herein", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " ", "can", "be", "in", "communication", "with", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", " ", "and/or", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", " ", ",", "either", "directly", "or", "by", "way", "of", "input", "to", "control", " ", "to", "provide", "guidance", "for", "the", "one", "or", "more", "MHUs", " ", "for", "removing", "contaminants", ".", "The", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", " " ]	[]
emerging initiatives in the form of academic incubators and scientific parks exist, which could act as the basis for scientific and technological clusters in the future. Ukraine There are 23 cluster organisations in Ukraine, ac- cording to the ECCP, which is more than two thirds of the total number in the EaP region. Most of them (9) are in the field of ICT, specifically: the Cluster of Bukovina on Innovation Technol- ogies, the Ternopil IT Cluster, the Vinnytsia IT Cluster, the Kyiv IT Cluster, the Chernihiv IT Cluster, the Konotop IT Cluster, the Sumy IT Cluster, the Cherkasy IT Cluster and the Kharkiv IT Cluster. There are also 3 clusters in the field of energy and environmental servic- es: the Precarpathian Eco-Energy Cluster, the ‘Innovation energy’ cluster and the Com- mittee of Green Services Providers of the Volyn Chamber of Commerce and Industry, as well as 4 in the field of agriculture and food: the Ukrainian Organic Cluster, the Public Union ‘Ukrainian Food Valley’, the Agrofoodcluster Kharkiv and the International Interregional Agro Industrial Cluster of Kherson Region. There are 6 additional cluster organisations in various industrial fields, which are the Publishing and Printing Cluster, the Ukrainian Logistics Alliance association, the Association of In- dustrial Automation of Ukraine, the Kharkiv Fashion Cluster, the Dnipro Space Cluster and the Ukrainian Aerospace Cluster. There is also the Health and Wealth association in the field of pharmaceuticals. An additional cluster is identified in the EaP PLUS report, which is the Lviv IT Cluster. In Ukraine, the cluster concept first appeared in 2008 and was integrated into the economy over the following years. Nowadays, there is a high number of cluster-type organisations, thanks to various initiatives that fully comply with the Euro- pean definition of cluster. Most importantly, there is a Ukrainian cluster development agency that supports a better understanding and knowledge of cluster development in Ukraine and helps forge the link with Ukrainian clusters. Without a doubt, Ukraine’s cluster policy development is the most effective of all EaP countries. Summary of clusters by sector and by EaP country To understand the sectoral overlap between clus- ters in the different EaP countries, the Table 2.57 presents the distribution of all of the previously identified cluster organisations by country and by sector. Some clusters are considered in more than one sector, which is why the totals do not match the previous table. Some of the overlaps	[ "emerging", "initiatives", "in", "the", "form", "of", "academic", "\n", "incubators", "and", "scientific", "parks", "exist", ",", "which", "could", "\n", "act", "as", "the", "basis", "for", "scientific", "and", "technological", "\n", "clusters", "in", "the", "future", ".", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "There", "are", "23", "cluster", "organisations", "in", "Ukraine", ",", "ac-", "\n", "cording", "to", "the", "ECCP", ",", "which", "is", "more", "than", "two", "thirds", "\n", "of", "the", "total", "number", "in", "the", "EaP", "region", ".", "Most", "of", "\n", "them", "(", "9", ")", "are", "in", "the", "field", "of", "ICT", ",", "specifically", ":", "the", "\n", "Cluster", "of", "Bukovina", "on", "Innovation", "Technol-", "\n", "ogies", ",", "the", "Ternopil", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Vinnytsia", "\n", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Kyiv", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Chernihiv", "\n", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Konotop", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Sumy", "\n", "IT", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Cherkasy", "IT", "Cluster", "and", "the", "\n", "Kharkiv", "IT", "Cluster", ".", "There", "are", "also", "3", "clusters", "\n", "in", "the", "field", "of", "energy", "and", "environmental", "servic-", "\n", "es", ":", "the", "Precarpathian", "Eco", "-", "Energy", "Cluster", ",", "\n", "the", "‘", "Innovation", "energy", "’", "cluster", "and", "the", "Com-", "\n", "mittee", "of", "Green", "Services", "Providers", "of", "the", "\n", "Volyn", "Chamber", "of", "Commerce", "and", "Industry", ",", "as", "well", "as", "4", "in", "the", "field", "of", "agriculture", "and", "food", ":", "the", "\n", "Ukrainian", "Organic", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Public", "Union", "\n", "‘", "Ukrainian", "Food", "Valley", "’", ",", "the", "Agrofoodcluster", "\n", "Kharkiv", "and", "the", "International", "Interregional", "\n", "Agro", "Industrial", "Cluster", "of", "Kherson", "Region", ".", "\n", "There", "are", "6", "additional", "cluster", "organisations", "in", "\n", "various", "industrial", "fields", ",", "which", "are", "the", "Publishing", "\n", "and", "Printing", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Ukrainian", "Logistics", "\n", "Alliance", "association", ",", "the", "Association", "of", "In-", "\n", "dustrial", "Automation", "of", "Ukraine", ",", "the", "Kharkiv", "\n", "Fashion", "Cluster", ",", "the", "Dnipro", "Space", "Cluster", "and", "\n", "the", "Ukrainian", "Aerospace", "Cluster", ".", "There", "is", "also", "\n", "the", "Health", "and", "Wealth", "association", "in", "the", "field", "\n", "of", "pharmaceuticals", ".", "\n", "An", "additional", "cluster", "is", "identified", "in", "the", "EaP", "PLUS", "\n", "report", ",", "which", "is", "the", "Lviv", "IT", "Cluster", ".", "\n", "In", "Ukraine", ",", "the", "cluster", "concept", "first", "appeared", "in", "\n", "2008", "and", "was", "integrated", "into", "the", "economy", "over", "\n", "the", "following", "years", ".", "Nowadays", ",", "there", "is", "a", "high", "\n", "number", "of", "cluster", "-", "type", "organisations", ",", "thanks", "to", "\n", "various", "initiatives", "that", "fully", "comply", "with", "the", "Euro-", "\n", "pean", "definition", "of", "cluster", ".", "Most", "importantly", ",", "there", "\n", "is", "a", "Ukrainian", "cluster", "development", "agency", "that", "\n", "supports", "a", "better", "understanding", "and", "knowledge", "\n", "of", "cluster", "development", "in", "Ukraine", "and", "helps", "forge", "\n", "the", "link", "with", "Ukrainian", "clusters", ".", "Without", "a", "doubt", ",", "\n", "Ukraine", "’s", "cluster", "policy", "development", "is", "the", "most", "\n", "effective", "of", "all", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "Summary", "of", "clusters", "by", "sector", "and", "by", "\n", "EaP", "country", "\n", "To", "understand", "the", "sectoral", "overlap", "between", "clus-", "\n", "ters", "in", "the", "different", "EaP", "countries", ",", "the", "Table", "2.57", "\n", "presents", "the", "distribution", "of", "all", "of", "the", "previously", "\n", "identified", "cluster", "organisations", "by", "country", "and", "by", "\n", "sector", ".", "Some", "clusters", "are", "considered", "in", "more", "than", "\n", "one", "sector", ",", "which", "is", "why", "the", "totals", "do", "not", "match", "\n", "the", "previous", "table", ".", "\n", "Some", "of", "the", "overlaps" ]	[]
throughout the country. CENELAC has an annual budget of 20 million CFA francs (around 30,000 euros) for the purchase of books. 13 The national authority’s response to the survey refers to an analysis on reading habits conducted by the Higher National School of Information and Library Sciences (École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de l’Information et des Bibliothèques – Enssib) in 2006, 14 which indicates that the absence of libraries in rural areas is a major obstacle in promoting reading. This study emphasizes that in urban areas competition from other forms of entertainment tends to divert the public’s attention away from books. Paper remains the dominant medium in Burkina Faso, particularly for school textbooks and literary works. However, documentary research suggests that the digital format is gaining ground, with initiatives to digitize educational content, making it available as ePub and PDF files for better accessibility. 15 With regard to the promotion of reading, the national authority’s response to the survey indicates the existence of 3 major book fairs and festivals in Burkina Faso. Among them is the Ouagadougou International Book Fair (Salon International du Livre de Ouagadougou – FILO), launched in 2000. The country’s main annual literary event, it had held seventeen editions up to 2023, promoting national and African literary production with exhibitions, workshops and conferences. The International Book and Didactic Material Fair (Foire Internationale du Livre et du Matériel Didactique de Ouagadougou – FILIDO) places particular emphasis on educational books and teaching materials, targeting teachers and educational institutions. The first edition of the International Women’s Book Fair of Ouagadougou (Salon International Féminin du Livre de Ouagadougou – SIFLO) was being planned for 2024. IMPORTS/EXPORTS Documentary research indicates that in 2023, the total value of book sector imports, including printed books, brochures, leaflets, and similar printed materials amounted to approximately US$1,966,330. The main source of imports is France. Exports of similar goods from Burkina Faso totalled US$33,090. 16 Sales of books imported from France thus account for a substantial portion of total sales. According to professionals in the sector, this figure reaches around 85% in Burkina Faso. 17 TRAINING Although there does not appear to be any specific training dedicated to the publishing profession, the national authority’s response to the survey indicates that training in librarianship, archiving and documentation is available in both public and private higher education institutes. In addition, every two years CENALAC offers five-day training courses on	[ "throughout", "the", "country", ".", "CENELAC", "has", "an", "annual", "budget", "of", "20", " ", "million", "CFA", "francs", "(", "around", "30,000", " ", "euros", ")", "for", "the", "purchase", "of", "books", ".", "\n", "13", "\n", "The", "national", "authority", "’s", "response", "to", "the", "survey", "refers", "to", "an", "analysis", "on", "reading", "habits", "conducted", "by", "the", "Higher", "National", "School", "of", "Information", "and", "Library", "Sciences", "(", "École", "Nationale", "Supérieure", "des", "Sciences", "de", "l’Information", "et", "des", "Bibliothèques", "–", "Enssib", ")", "in", "2006", ",", "\n", "14", "which", "indicates", "that", "the", "\n", "absence", "of", "libraries", "in", "rural", "areas", "is", "a", "major", "obstacle", "in", "promoting", "reading", ".", "This", "study", "emphasizes", "that", "in", "urban", "areas", "competition", "from", "other", "forms", "of", "entertainment", "tends", "to", "divert", "the", "public", "’s", "attention", "away", "from", "books", ".", "\n", "Paper", "remains", "the", "dominant", "medium", "\n", "in", "Burkina", "Faso", ",", "particularly", "for", "school", "textbooks", "and", "literary", "works", ".", "However", ",", "documentary", "research", "suggests", "that", "the", "digital", "format", "is", "gaining", "ground", ",", "with", "initiatives", "to", "digitize", "educational", "content", ",", "making", "it", "available", "as", "ePub", "and", "PDF", "files", "for", "better", "accessibility", ".", "\n", "15", "\n", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "promotion", "of", "reading", ",", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "response", "to", "the", "survey", "indicates", "the", "existence", "of", "3", " ", "major", "book", "fairs", "and", "festivals", "in", "Burkina", "Faso", ".", "Among", "them", "is", "the", "Ouagadougou", "International", "Book", "Fair", "(", "Salon", "International", "du", "Livre", "de", "Ouagadougou", "–", "FILO", ")", ",", "launched", "in", " ", "2000", ".", "The", " ", "country", "’s", " ", "main", "annual", "literary", "event", ",", "it", "had", "held", "seventeen", "\n", "editions", "up", "to", "2023", ",", "promoting", "national", "and", "African", "literary", "production", "with", "exhibitions", ",", "workshops", "and", "conferences", ".", "The", "International", "Book", "and", "Didactic", "Material", "Fair", "(", "Foire", "Internationale", "du", "Livre", "et", "du", "Matériel", "Didactique", "de", "Ouagadougou", "–", "FILIDO", ")", "places", "particular", "emphasis", "on", "educational", "books", "and", "teaching", "materials", ",", "targeting", "teachers", "and", "educational", "institutions", ".", "The", "first", "edition", "of", "the", "International", "Women", "’s", "Book", "Fair", "of", "Ouagadougou", "(", "Salon", "International", "Féminin", "du", "Livre", "\n", "de", "Ouagadougou", "–", "SIFLO", ")", "was", "being", "planned", "for", "2024", ".", "\n", "IMPORTS", "/", "EXPORTS", "\n", "Documentary", "research", "indicates", "that", "in", "2023", ",", "the", "total", "value", "of", "book", "sector", "imports", ",", "including", "printed", "books", ",", "brochures", ",", "leaflets", ",", "and", "similar", "printed", "materials", "amounted", "to", "approximately", "US$", "1,966,330", ".", "The", "main", "source", "of", "imports", "is", "France", ".", "Exports", "of", "similar", "goods", "from", "Burkina", "Faso", "totalled", "US$", "33,090", ".", "\n", "16", "Sales", "of", "books", "\n", "imported", "from", "France", "thus", "account", "for", "a", "substantial", "portion", "of", "total", "sales", ".", "According", "to", "professionals", "in", "the", "sector", ",", "this", "figure", "reaches", "around", "85", "%", "in", "Burkina", "Faso", ".", "\n", "17", "\n", "TRAINING", "\n", "Although", "there", "does", "not", "appear", "to", "be", "any", "specific", "training", "dedicated", "to", "the", "publishing", "profession", ",", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "response", "to", "the", "survey", "indicates", "that", "training", "in", "librarianship", ",", "archiving", "and", "documentation", "is", "available", "in", "both", "public", "and", "private", "higher", "education", "institutes", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "every", "two", "years", "CENALAC", "offers", "five", "-", "day", "training", "courses", "on" ]	[]
Pepe, Emanuele, Paolo Bajardi, Laetitia Gauvin, Filippo Privitera, Brennan Lake, Ciro Cattuto, and Michele Tizzoni. 2020. “COVID-19 Outbreak Response: A Dataset to Assess Mobility Changes in Italy Following National Lockdown.” Scientific Data 7: 230. https://doi.org/10.1038 /s41597-020-00575-2. Perisic, Igor. 2018. “How Artificial Intelligence Is Already Impacting Today’s Jobs.” Economic Graph (blog), Septem- ber 17, 2018. https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/blog /how-artificial-intelligence-is-already-impacting-todays -jobs . Perol, Thibaut, Michaël Gharbi, and Marine Denolle. 2018. “Convolutional Neural Network for Earthquake Detec-tion and Location.” Science Advances 4 (2): e1700578. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700578. Pratihast, Arun Kumar, Ben DeVries, Valerio Avitabile, Sytze De Bruin, Lammert Kooistra, Mesfin Tekle, and Martin Herold. 2014. “Combining Satellite Data and Community- Based Observations for Forest Monitoring.” Forests 5 (10): 2464–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5102464. Resch, Bernd, Florian Usländer, and Clemens Havas. 2018. “Combining Machine-Learning Topic Models and Spa-tiotemporal Analysis of Social Media Data for Disaster Footprint and Damage Assessment.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 45 (4): 362–76. Reynard, Darcy, and Manish Shirgaokar. 2019. “Harnessing the Power of Machine Learning: Can Twitter Data Be Useful in Guiding Resource Allocation Decisions during a Natural Disaster?” Transportation Research Part D: Trans- port and Environment 77 (December): 449–63. Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2019. “Natural Disasters.” Our World in Data. 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",", "and", "Marine", "Denolle", ".", "2018", ".", "\n", "“", "Convolutional", "Neural", "Network", "for", "Earthquake", "Detec", "-", "tion", "and", "Location", ".", "”", "Science", "Advances", "4", "(", "2", "):", "e1700578", ".", "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700578", ".", "\n", "Pratihast", ",", "Arun", "Kumar", ",", "Ben", "DeVries", ",", "Valerio", "Avitabile", ",", "Sytze", "\n", "De", "Bruin", ",", "Lammert", "Kooistra", ",", "Mesfin", "Tekle", ",", "and", "Martin", "Herold", ".", "2014", ".", "“", "Combining", "Satellite", "Data", "and", "Community-", " \n", "Based", "Observations", "for", "Forest", "Monitoring", ".", "”", "Forests", "5", "(", "10", "):", "2464–89", ".", "https://doi.org/10.3390/f5102464", ".", "\n", "Resch", ",", "Bernd", ",", "Florian", "Usländer", ",", "and", "Clemens", "Havas", ".", "2018", ".", "\n", "“", "Combining", "Machine", "-", "Learning", "Topic", "Models", "and", "Spa", "-", "tiotemporal", "Analysis", "of", "Social", "Media", "Data", "for", "Disaster", "Footprint", "and", "Damage", "Assessment", ".", "”", "Cartography", "and", "Geographic", "Information", "Science", "45", "(", "4", "):", "362–76", ".", "\n", "Reynard", ",", "Darcy", ",", "and", "Manish", "Shirgaokar", ".", "2019", ".", "“", "Harnessing", "\n", "the", "Power", "of", "Machine", "Learning", ":", "Can", "Twitter", "Data", "Be", "Useful", "in", "Guiding", "Resource", "Allocation", "Decisions", "during", "a", "Natural", "Disaster", "?", "”", "Transportation", "Research", "Part", "D", ":", "Trans-", "\n", "port", "and", "Environment", "77", "(", "December", "):", "449–63", ".", "\n", "Ritchie", ",", "Hannah", ",", "and", "Max", "Roser", ".", "2019", ".", "“", "Natural", "Disasters", ".", "”", "\n", "Our", "World", "in", "Data", ".", "Global", "Change", "Data", "Lab", "and", "Oxford", "Martin", "Program", "on", "Global", "Development", ",", "University", "of", "Oxford", ",", "Oxford", ",", "UK", ".", "https://ourworldindata.org/natural", " \n", "-disasters", ".", "\n", "Robinson", ",", "Bella", "Fay", ",", "Robert", "Power", ",", "and", "Mark", "Cameron", ".", "\n", "2013", ".", "“", "A", "Sensitive", "Twitter", "Earthquake", "Detector", ".", "”", "In", "WWW", "’", "13", ":", "Proceedings", "of", "the", "22nd", "International", "Conference", "on", "World", "Wide", "Web", ",", "999–1002", ".", "New", "York", ":", "Association", "for", "Computing", "Machinery", ".", "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145", " \n", "/2487788.2488101", ".", "\n", "Salathé", ",", "Marcel", ",", "Linus", "Bengtsson", ",", "Todd", "J.", "Bodnar", ",", "Devon", "D.", "\n", "Brewer", ",", "John", "S.", "Brownstein", ",", "Caroline", "Buckee", ",", "Ellsworth", "M.", "Campbell", ",", "et", "al", ".", "2012", ".", "“", "Digital", "Epidemiology", ".", "”", "PLoS", "Computational", "Biology", "8", "(", "7", "):", "e1002616", ".", " ", "Saleiro", ",", "Pedro", ",", "Benedict", "Kuester", ",", "Loren", "Hinkson", ",", "Jesse", " \n", "London", ",", "Abby", "Stevens", ",", "Ari", "Anisfeld", ",", "Kit", "T.", "Rodolfa", ",", "et", "al", ".", " \n", "2019", ".", "“", "Aequitas", ":", "A", "Bias", "and", "Fairness", "Audit", "Toolkit", ".", "”", " \n", "Cornell", "University", ",", "Ithaca", ",", "NY", ".", "https://arxiv.org/abs", " \n", "/1811.05577", ".", "\n", "Salganik", ",", "Matthew", "J.", "2017", ".", "Bit", "by", "Bit", ":", "Social", "Research", "in", "the", " \n", "Digital", "Age", ".", "Princeton", ",", "NJ", ":", "Princeton", "University", "Press", ".", "\n", "Serajuddin", ",", "Umar", ",", "Hiroki", "Uematsu", ",", "Christina", "Wieser", ",", "Nobuo", "\n", "Yoshida", ",", "and", "Andrew", "L.", "Dabalen", ".", "2015", ".", "“", "Data", "Deprivation", ":", "\n", "Another", "Deprivation", "to", "End", ".", "”", "Policy", "Research", "Working", "Paper", "7252", ",", "World", "Bank", ",", "Washington", ",", "DC", ".", "\n", "Servick", ",", "Kelly", ".", "2020a", ".", "“", "Cellphone", "Tracking", "Could", "Help", "Stem", "\n", "the", "Spread", "of", 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political and ideological approaches and women's participation in political life. Last, it is important to note that both state feminists and autonomous women's groups communicated birth control in their publications by circulating medical knowledge about multiple contraceptive methods, the surgical procedure of abortion and male and female sterilization. 58 ## The counterpublics: Autonomous groups In the publications and magazines of the autonomous groups such as that of the Movement for the Liberation of Women, the Anarchist Informational Bulletin , Broom or Katina , women and feminists discussed multiple aspects of abortions and the impact of their decriminalization on numerous levels. For them, abortions could not be understood without examining the dependence of their legal status on social conditions and dominant ideologies, while at the same time highlighting their complex character against their perception as a simple 'medical procedure'. Such an analysis also challenged the dominant regime, which condemned women to remain 'passive receivers of the medical authority', while at the same time conceiving the fight for the decriminalization of abortions as 'a means of reshaping the relationship between the body, science and doctors' that was identified to women's sexual liberation and their struggle against gender inferiority. 59 In their struggle to make a 'painful experience' visible, 60 they expanded the notion of motherhood, demanding the visibility and protection of single mothers. 61 Additionally, women's analysis concerning abortions highlighted the right of choice regarding motherhood as a 'fundamental right of every woman' and criticized the 'social construction of a dilemma' - the dipole pro or against abortion - for oversimplifying a complex social and gendered issue. Their narratives revealed and complicated women's complete epistemological dependency on doctors, emphasizing their right to control reproductivity and sexuality and reclaim knowledge. 62 Furthermore, women stood against scientists, politicians and the Church for treating abortions as a technical problem that could be solved 'scientifically without considering women's complex realities'. 63 In such a conceptualization of abortions, 'women's needs and desires rather than the family's or the state's interests' were prioritized and became the starting point of analysis. In that regard, abortions were linked to women's right to know their bodies, their functions and their organs, exculpating them and their sexual pleasure and destabilizing the social, scientific and political 'silence and hypocrisy'. 64 In the same vein, the meaning of contraception was shaped by critically analysing the construction of the notion of family, of the institution	[ "political", "and", "ideological", "approaches", "and", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "political", "life", ".", "Last", ",", "it", "is", "important", "to", "note", "that", "both", "state", "feminists", "and", "autonomous", "women", "'s", "groups", "communicated", "birth", "control", "in", "their", "publications", "by", "\n\n", "circulating", " ", "medical", " ", "knowledge", "about", "multiple", "contraceptive", "methods", ",", "the", "surgical", "procedure", "of", "abortion", "and", "male", "and", "female", "sterilization", ".", "58", "\n\n", "#", "#", "The", "counterpublics", ":", "Autonomous", "groups", "\n\n", "In", "the", "publications", "and", "magazines", "of", "the", "autonomous", "groups", "such", "as", "that", "of", "the", "Movement", "for", "the", "Liberation", "of", "Women", ",", "the", "Anarchist", "Informational", "Bulletin", ",", "Broom", "or", "Katina", ",", "women", "and", "feminists", "discussed", "multiple", "aspects", "of", " ", "abortions", " ", "and", " ", "the", " ", "impact", " ", "of", " ", "their", " ", "decriminalization", " ", "on", " ", "numerous", " ", "levels", ".", " ", "For", " ", "them", ",", "abortions", "could", "not", "be", "understood", "without", "examining", "the", "dependence", "of", "their", "legal", "status", "on", "social", "conditions", "and", "dominant", "ideologies", ",", " ", "while", " ", "at", " ", "the", " ", "same", " ", "time", " ", "highlighting", " ", "their", " ", "complex", " ", "character", " ", "against", "their", "perception", "as", "a", "simple", "'", "medical", "procedure", "'", ".", "Such", "an", "analysis", "also", 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maternities or rural healthcare institutions. However, the most important hurdle for principals must have been that of accommodating a new doctor and teacher they did not know; this change would have been even more dif - ficult when the former male employee was of good conduct and had estab - lished himself as a good professional. Another factor that weighed heavily in this process was the pay; principals who had to pay doctors out of the School Committee funds with a daily allowance knew they needed to rely on a person having another job, or else they would not have been able to support themselves out of this little amount. Still, doctor Ciuta did have another job, proving that women also perceived school positions and the income generated by them as supplements, not salaries in their own right. Therefore, one cannot 158 Negotiating in/visibility ignore the mistrust and even hostility that local school authorities tended to display towards such requests made by women, even though they were legally entitled to them. It seems their determination to have their right to work in girls’ schools respected was bothering local authorities because it disrupted the way the system worked and led to the substitution of male doctors. Despite such prejudices, women seemed aware of their legal rights and refused to accept that male doctors would continue to practise and teach in girls’ schools. In September 1929, Dr Gudlea Ghelbruch wrote a petition to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed at the Carmen Sylva Girls’ High School in Timișoara. At the time, she was working at the Social Security House in Timișoara, proving once again that women also tended to perceive such positions as a side- occupation. According to the documents she attached to her petition, she had attended the School Hygiene courses in Bucharest while working at the Social Security House because she wanted to teach and work in secondary schools.44 The person who processed the case wrote that the position had been filled by a male doctor, appointed ‘years ago, when there were no female competi - tors’. He also explained that since the doctor did not have tenure, he was being paid at the end of each year, with a modest amount, implying that his main job was elsewhere. The way he insisted on the procedure of acquiring the position by publishing it as vacant in the Official	[ "maternities", "or", "rural", "healthcare", "institutions", ".", "However", ",", "the", "most", "important", "\n", "hurdle", "for", "principals", "must", "have", "been", "that", "of", "accommodating", "a", "new", "doctor", "\n", "and", "teacher", "they", "did", "not", "know", ";", "this", "change", "would", "have", "been", "even", "more", "dif", "-", "\n", "ficult", "when", "the", "former", "male", "employee", "was", "of", "good", "conduct", "and", "had", "estab", "-", "\n", "lished", "himself", "as", "a", "good", "professional", ".", "Another", "factor", "that", "weighed", "heavily", "\n", "in", "this", "process", "was", "the", "pay", ";", "principals", "who", "had", "to", "pay", "doctors", "out", "of", "the", "\n", "School", "Committee", "funds", "with", "a", "daily", "allowance", "knew", "they", "needed", "to", "rely", "on", "\n", "a", "person", "having", "another", "job", ",", "or", "else", "they", "would", "not", "have", "been", "able", "to", "support", "\n", "themselves", "out", "of", "this", "little", "amount", ".", "Still", ",", "doctor", "Ciuta", "did", "have", "another", "job", ",", "\n", "proving", "that", "women", "also", "perceived", "school", "positions", "and", "the", "income", "generated", "\n", "by", "them", "as", "supplements", ",", "not", "salaries", "in", "their", "own", "right", ".", "Therefore", ",", "one", "can", "not", " \n \n", "158", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "ignore", "the", "mistrust", "and", "even", "hostility", "that", "local", "school", "authorities", "tended", "to", "\n", "display", "towards", "such", "requests", "made", "by", "women", ",", "even", "though", "they", "were", "legally", "\n", "entitled", "to", "them", ".", "It", "seems", "their", "determination", "to", "have", "their", "right", "to", "work", "in", "\n", "girls", "’", "schools", "respected", "was", "bothering", "local", "authorities", "because", "it", "disrupted", "\n", "the", "way", "the", "system", "worked", "and", "led", "to", "the", "substitution", "of", "male", "doctors", ".", "\n", "Despite", "such", "prejudices", ",", "women", "seemed", "aware", "of", "their", "legal", "rights", "and", "\n", "refused", "to", "accept", "that", "male", "doctors", "would", "continue", "to", "practise", "and", "teach", "in", "\n", "girls", "’", "schools", ".", "In", "September", "1929", ",", "Dr", "Gudlea", "Ghelbruch", "wrote", "a", "petition", "\n", "to", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "asking", "to", "be", "appointed", "at", "the", "Carmen", "Sylva", "\n", "Girls", "’", "High", "School", "in", "Timișoara", ".", "At", "the", "time", ",", "she", "was", "working", "at", "the", "Social", "\n", "Security", "House", "in", "Timișoara", ",", "proving", "once", "again", "that", "women", "also", "tended", "\n", "to", "perceive", "such", "positions", "as", "a", "side-", " ", "occupation", ".", "According", "to", "the", "documents", "\n", "she", "attached", "to", "her", "petition", ",", "she", "had", "attended", "the", "School", "Hygiene", "courses", "in", "\n", "Bucharest", "while", "working", "at", "the", "Social", "Security", "House", "because", "she", "wanted", "\n", "to", "teach", "and", "work", "in", "secondary", "schools.44", "\n", "The", "person", "who", "processed", "the", "case", "wrote", "that", "the", "position", "had", "been", "filled", "\n", "by", "a", "male", "doctor", ",", "appointed", "‘", "years", "ago", ",", "when", "there", "were", "no", "female", "competi", "-", "\n", "tors", "’", ".", "He", "also", "explained", "that", "since", "the", "doctor", "did", "not", "have", "tenure", ",", "he", "was", "\n", "being", "paid", "at", "the", "end", "of", "each", "year", ",", "with", "a", "modest", "amount", ",", "implying", "that", "his", "\n", "main", "job", "was", "elsewhere", ".", "The", "way", "he", "insisted", "on", "the", "procedure", "of", "acquiring", "\n", "the", "position", "by", "publishing", "it", "as", "vacant", "in", "the", "Official" ]	[ { "end": 1975, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1973 } ]
and practices .............................................................................................................................100 \| \| \| Table 6.1 \| Average tenure of education ministers, by country and individual characteristics, 2010-23........................................ \| 122 \| \| Table 6.2 \| Education, health and finance ministers, by background characteristics, 1990-2021 ................................................... \| 124 \| \| BOXES \| \| \| \| Box 1.1 \| Autonomy and accountability reforms in some countries have shaped perceptions of education leadership roles globally ................................................................................................................................................................................................... \| 8 \| \| Box 1.2 \| Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership.........................17 \| \| \| Box 2.1 \| Various terms are used to designate school principals in national regulations..................................................................... \| 26 \| \| Box 2.2 \| Principals focused on reducing stress related to COVID-19......................................................................................................... \| 34 \| \| Box 2.3 \| Indian and South African teachers recognize school principals as key supporters.............................................................. \| 36 \| \| Box 3.1 \| The degree of decentralization influences recruitment and selection...................................................................................... \| 48 \| \| Box 3.2 \| African countries are strengthening their selection systems for principals, but challenges remain ............................. \| 50 \| \| Box 3.3 \| Some countries regulate private school principals' selection.......................................................................................................51 \| \| \| Box 3.4 \| In Brazil, political appointment is a formal method for principal selection............................................................................. \| 52 \| \| Box 3.5 \| Induction processes involving coaches and mentors are essential for novice principals .................................................. \| 59 \| \| Box 3.6 \| Practice in realistic situations is essential for developing leadership skills.............................................................................61 \| \| \| Box 3.7 \| In the United States, research has helped improve training content........................................................................................ \| 63 \| \| Box 3.8 \| School leaders in the Pacific express job satisfaction despite stress and pressure............................................................ \| 70 \| \| Box 4.1 \| The Bamboo School in Thailand involves students in all its operations................................................................................... \| 89 \| \| Box 5.1 \| Local officials with strong autonomy have more space to be leaders.................................................................................... \| 101 \| \| Box 5.2 \| Responsibility for reforms is often withheld from those who are supposed to carry them out.................................... \| 103 \| \| Box 5.3 \| Latvia aims to strengthen its education system's institutional capacity..............................................................................104 \| \| \| Box 5.4 \| Political influence on staffing challenges effective system leadership .................................................................................109 \| \| \| Box 6.1 \| Ministers have to lead coalitions and change the public's opinion to achieve their main targets................................. \| 125 \| \| Box 6.2 \| Students led political efforts to transform education 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"\|", "Box", "3.4", " ", "\|", "In", "Brazil", ",", "political", "appointment", "is", "a", "formal", "method", "for", "principal", "selection", ".............................................................................", " ", "\|", "52", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "3.5", " ", "\|", "Induction", "processes", "involving", "coaches", "and", "mentors", "are", "essential", "for", "novice", "principals", "..................................................", " ", "\|", "59", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "3.6", " ", "\|", "Practice", "in", "realistic", "situations", "is", "essential", "for", "developing", "leadership", "skills", ".............................................................................", "61", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "3.7", " ", "\|", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "research", "has", "helped", "improve", "training", "content", "........................................................................................", " ", "\|", "63", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "3.8", " ", "\|", "School", "leaders", "in", "the", "Pacific", "express", "job", "satisfaction", "despite", "stress", "and", "pressure", "............................................................", " ", "\|", "70", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "4.1", " ", "\|", "The", "Bamboo", "School", "in", "Thailand", "involves", "students", "in", "all", "its", "operations", "...................................................................................", " ", "\|", "89", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "5.1", " ", "\|", "Local", "officials", "with", "strong", "autonomy", "have", "more", "space", "to", "be", "leaders", "....................................................................................", " ", "\|", "101", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "5.2", " ", "\|", "Responsibility", "for", "reforms", "is", "often", "withheld", "from", "those", "who", "are", "supposed", "to", "carry", "them", "out", "....................................", " ", "\|", "103", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "5.3", " ", "\|", "Latvia", "aims", "to", "strengthen", "its", "education", "system", "'s", "institutional", "capacity", "..............................................................................", "104", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "5.4", " ", "\|", "Political", "influence", "on", "staffing", "challenges", "effective", "system", "leadership", ".................................................................................", "109", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "6.1", " ", "\|", "Ministers", "have", "to", "lead", "coalitions", "and", "change", "the", "public", "'s", "opinion", "to", "achieve", "their", "main", "targets", ".................................", " ", "\|", "125", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "6.2", " ", "\|", "Students", "led", "political", "efforts", "to", "transform", "education", "in", "Chile", "..................................................................................................", " ", "\|" ]	[]
- Advertise with us - Search UK jobs - Tips - Accessibility settings	[ "-", "Advertise", "with", "us", "\n", "-", "Search", "UK", "jobs", "\n", "-", "Tips", "\n", "-", "Accessibility", "settings" ]	[]
endeavours. Sitting on the left, we pass a woman in a red saree washing her children's clothes in a plastic bucket, some already hanging out to dry on the corrugated roof of her house. It would be easy to fall over the large blue plastic water containers that have been positioned in the compressed alleyway at regular intervals by the homeowners once their water has been collected for the day from the tanker. The brickwork behind her is incomplete, painted a red colour, bricks seemingly lacking cement to hold them together. No architects, no planners and no developers have walked this path. Above her head is a cobweb of electrical wires, some tied together with cloth, others seemingly providing energy for TV satellite dishes attached to the sides of some of the buildings in the alleyway. Walking deeper through the densely packed corridors, the neighbourhood seems ever more chaotic. Randomly placed cement steps and ladders, with pushbikes and motorbikes leant against them, lead to the floors above. A green ladder rests outside a turquoise cement wall. The house has contrasting dark blue wooden shutters at the window and a small doorway leading into a 10-foot square room. Two beds covered in white cloth are placed on opposite sides with just enough room to walk between them. Once inside, we meet the resi -dent. Mahesh, aged around 60, stands tall and slender in a white t-shirt and green striped lungi. His hair is silver-grey, eyes dark and kind. His commanding facial features make you believe that this is the man you can trust here. He exudes an air of confidence gained from years of living and working in the neighbourhood. He is what some call a Pradhan and others their broker and slum leader. Proud, knowledgeable, in control and an intermediary for his community. We sit opposite him on one of the two beds. He sends out for a bottle of Pepsi, which is brought back almost instantaneously in a plastic carrier bag. Drinks are poured into glasses, and he begins his story. Mahesh has lived here since the late 1970s. His was one of the first houses to be built in the colony. When the neighbourhood was spontaneously growing, he acted as a 'strongman', being literate and able to negotiate with local officials, police and those with connections in state bureaucracy. 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coupled to the to power the , which may be used in implementations where the is not in a fixed location, such as when the is a mobile device or laptop. The may be a lithium ion battery, a lead-acid automotive battery, or a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, a lithium polymer battery, and/or the like. In implementations where the is mounted in a fixed location, such as when the system is implemented as a server computer system, the may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. In these implementations, the may include power tee circuitry to provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the using a single cable. Power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) may be included in the to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the , and to control charging of the . The may be used to monitor other parameters of the to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the . The may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The may communicate the information on the to the over the . The may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the to directly monitor the voltage of the or the current flow from the . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the may perform, such as transmission frequency, mesh network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. A , or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid, may be coupled with the to charge the . In some examples, the may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the . In these implementations, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the . The specific charging circuits chosen depend on the size of the and the current required. The may include any combinations of the components shown by ; however, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. In one example where the is or is part of	[ "coupled", "to", "the", " ", "to", "power", "the", " ", ",", "which", "may", "be", "used", "in", "implementations", "where", "the", " ", "is", "not", "in", "a", "fixed", "location", ",", "such", "as", "when", "the", " ", "is", "a", "mobile", "device", "or", "laptop", ".", "The", " ", "may", "be", "a", "lithium", "ion", "battery", ",", "a", "lead", "-", "acid", "automotive", "battery", ",", "or", "a", "metal", "-", "air", "battery", ",", "such", "as", "a", "zinc", "-", "air", "battery", ",", "an", "aluminum", "-", "air", "battery", ",", "a", "lithium", "-", "air", "battery", ",", "a", "lithium", "polymer", "battery", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "In", "implementations", "where", "the", " ", "is", "mounted", "in", "a", "fixed", "location", ",", "such", "as", "when", "the", "system", "is", "implemented", "as", "a", "server", "computer", "system", ",", "the", " ", "may", "have", "a", "power", "supply", "coupled", "to", "an", "electrical", "grid", ".", "In", "these", "implementations", ",", "the", " ", "may", "include", "power", "tee", "circuitry", "to", "provide", "for", "electrical", "power", "drawn", "from", "a", "network", "cable", "to", "provide", "both", "power", "supply", "and", "data", "connectivity", "to", "the", " ", "using", "a", "single", "cable", ".", "\n\n", "Power", "management", "integrated", "circuitry", "(", "PMIC", ")", " ", "may", "be", "included", "in", "the", " ", "to", "track", "the", "state", "of", "charge", "(", "SoCh", ")", "of", "the", " ", ",", "and", "to", "control", "charging", "of", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "may", "be", "used", "to", "monitor", "other", "parameters", "of", "the", " ", "to", "provide", "failure", "predictions", ",", "such", "as", "the", "state", "of", "health", "(", "SoH", ")", "and", "the", "state", "of", "function", "(", "SoF", ")", "of", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "may", "include", "voltage", "regulators", ",", "surge", "protectors", ",", "power", "alarm", "detection", "circuitry", ".", "The", "power", "alarm", "detection", "circuitry", "may", "detect", "one", "or", "more", "of", "brown", "out", "(", "under", "-", "voltage", ")", "and", "surge", "(", "over", "-", "voltage", ")", "conditions", ".", "The", " ", "may", "communicate", "the", "information", "on", "the", " ", "to", "the", " ", "over", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "may", "also", "include", "an", "analog", "-", "to", "-", "digital", "(", "ADC", ")", "convertor", "that", "allows", "the", " ", "to", "directly", "monitor", "the", "voltage", "of", "the", " ", "or", "the", "current", "flow", "from", "the", " ", ".", "The", "battery", "parameters", "may", "be", "used", "to", "determine", "actions", "that", "the", " ", "may", "perform", ",", "such", "as", "transmission", "frequency", ",", "mesh", "network", "operation", ",", "sensing", "frequency", ",", "and", "the", "like", ".", "\n\n", "A", " ", ",", "or", "other", "power", "supply", "coupled", "to", "an", "electrical", "grid", ",", "may", "be", "coupled", "with", "the", " ", "to", "charge", "the", " ", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "the", " ", "may", "be", "replaced", "with", "a", "wireless", "power", "receiver", "to", "obtain", "the", "power", "wirelessly", ",", "for", "example", ",", "through", "a", "loop", "antenna", "in", "the", " ", ".", "In", "these", "implementations", ",", "a", "wireless", "battery", "charging", "circuit", "may", "be", "included", "in", "the", " ", ".", "The", "specific", "charging", "circuits", "chosen", "depend", "on", "the", "size", "of", "the", " ", "and", "the", "current", "required", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "may", "include", "any", "combinations", "of", "the", "components", "shown", "by", ";", "however", ",", "some", "of", "the", "components", "shown", "may", "be", "omitted", ",", "additional", "components", "may", "be", "present", ",", "and", "different", "arrangement", "of", "the", "components", "shown", "may", "occur", "in", "other", "implementations", ".", "In", "one", "example", "where", "the", " ", "is", "or", "is", "part", "of" ]	[]
2. Steps 1 and 2 – quantified mapping of S&T domains to E&I domains, via patents In the work presented in Part 3, EaP patents were semantically analysed, together with scientific publications and FP7/H2020 projects, and classi- fied into a list of 14 S&T domains. While domains are transversal across patent classes, in this part the intersection of any given domain with the re- spective set of patent classes is exploited to map S&T domains to NACE sectors, which were used in Part 2 to characterise E&I domains. Specifically, IPC-to-NACE concordance tables are used to map patent records to NACE and to derive a quantita- tive mapping of S&T domains to E&I. 234 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials To identify the relevant IPC classes for each S&T domain, a careful, quantitative protocol was de- veloped. In fact, patents linked in Part 2 to each S&T domain could be categorised into several IPC categories and each record could in turn be as- sociated with more than one single IPC symbol72. This led to a proliferation of patent classes within single S&T domains, which needed to be filtered out. Notably, the most frequent IPC symbols could not readily be used because the multiple classi- fication of single patent records typically mixes highly specific and broader classes. As specific symbols can be extremely narrow, when group- ing patents within S&T domains it is found that broad classification symbols (generally related to the domain at hand but not distinctive of it) that are shared across patents typically outnumber the more specific and pertinent symbols. For this rea- son, it was decided to rank IPC symbols by relative frequency within each S&T domain rather than by sheer numbers – i.e. by looking at which symbols were more frequent with respect to the average within S&T domains. These more frequent cate- gories were in turn mapped to NACE by means of concordance tables for each S&T domain. In order to avoid the presence of NACE sectors mapped to IPC classes that are ranked very low in terms of the raw number of records, but ranked highly in terms of relative frequency, a threshold was fixed for setting a minimum number of pat- ents to trigger a mapping from a given S&T domain to a NACE sector via IPC symbols. 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9https://github.com/rowanz/grover/tree/master/generation_examples 10https://www.kaggle.com/mtesconi/twitter-deep-fake-text 11https://github.com/openai/gpt-3/blob/master/175b_samples.jsonl 12https://github.com/AdaUchendu/Authorship-Attribution-for-Neural-Text-Generation	[ "9https://github.com/rowanz/grover/tree/master/generation_examples", "\n", "10https://www.kaggle.com/mtesconi/twitter-deep-fake-text", "\n", "11https://github.com/openai/gpt-3/blob/master/175b_samples.jsonl", "\n", "12https://github.com/AdaUchendu/Authorship-Attribution-for-Neural-Text-Generation" ]	[ { "end": 1, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 0 }, { "end": 125, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 123 }, { "end": 190, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 188 }, { "end": 65, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1 }, { "end": 122, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 68 }, { "end": 187, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 125 }, { "end": 269, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 190 }, { "end": 68, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 66 } ]
Unfortunately, the Corporate Trustee is unable to offer a range of funds aimed to address environmental and ethical considerations under the current Scheme as the only fund available under the Scheme is the Conventional With-Profits Fund. ## Activism and the Exercise of the Rights Attaching to Investments (Social Responsibility) The Corporate Trustee do not actively engage with investment managers in terms of exercising ownership rights on socially responsible issues. The Trustees will review from time to time the investment managers' principles and how these have been applied in exercising these rights. Aviva have confirmed that when investing on behalf of members, they consider their primary objective is to achieve the best investment return while allowing for an acceptable level of risk. In pursuing this objective, they will consider a number of factors what will affect performance, including Socially Responsible Investment issues. Aon UK Limited ## Signed on behalf of the Corporate Trustee <!-- image --> ................................................... Name (Print) ................................................... Signature ........................ Date 04 August 2020	[ "Unfortunately", ",", " ", "the", " ", "Corporate", " ", "Trustee", " ", "is", " ", "unable", " ", "to", " ", "offer", " ", "a", " ", "range", " ", "of", " ", "funds", " ", "aimed", " ", "to", " ", "address", "environmental", "and", "ethical", "considerations", "under", "the", "current", "Scheme", "as", "the", "only", "fund", "available", "under", "the", "Scheme", "is", "the", "Conventional", "With", "-", "Profits", "Fund", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Activism", "and", "the", "Exercise", "of", "the", "Rights", "Attaching", "to", "Investments", "(", "Social", "Responsibility", ")", "\n\n", "The", "Corporate", "Trustee", "do", "not", "actively", "engage", "with", "investment", "managers", "in", "terms", "of", "exercising", "ownership", "rights", "on", "socially", "responsible", "issues", ".", "\n\n", "The", "Trustees", "will", "review", "from", "time", "to", "time", "the", "investment", "managers", "'", "principles", "and", "how", "these", "have", "been", "applied", "in", "exercising", "these", "rights", ".", "Aviva", "have", "confirmed", "that", "when", "investing", "on", "behalf", "of", "members", ",", "they", "consider", "their", "primary", "objective", "is", "to", "achieve", "the", "best", "investment", "return", "while", "allowing", "for", "an", "acceptable", "level", "of", "risk", ".", "In", "pursuing", "this", "objective", ",", "they", "will", "consider", "a", "number", "of", "factors", "what", "will", "affect", "performance", ",", "including", "Socially", "Responsible", "Investment", "issues", ".", "\n\n", "Aon", "UK", "Limited", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Signed", "on", "behalf", "of", "the", "Corporate", "Trustee", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "...................................................", "\n\n", "Name", "(", "Print", ")", "\n\n", "...................................................", "\n\n", "Signature", "\n\n", "........................", "\n\n", "Date", "\n\n", "04", "August", "2020" ]	[]
le taux le plus élevé de chercheurs par rapport à la population totale. Par exemple, la Norvège et le Portugal comptent plus de 300 chercheurs employés par million d’habitants. Toutefois, une fois mesuré par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB), le nombre de chercheurs en sciences océaniques dans certains pays en développement (tels que l’Afrique du Sud, le Bénin, la Guinée et la Mauritanie) est comparable, voire supérieur à celui de certains pays développés (dont la Belgique, le Danemark, l’Irlande et la Suède). 3 Voir https://databank.banquemondiale.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators (consultée le 17 décembre 2019). 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Nombre de chercheurs en sciences océaniques (DE) par million d'habitants par an Norvège Portugal Suède Irlande Belgique Danemark République de Corée France Espagne Finlande Afrique du Sud Allemagne Italie Croatie Maurice États-Unis Royaume-Uni Mauritanie Guinée Japon Chili Koweït Iran, Rép. islam. d' (ETP) Suriname Turquie Bulgarie Bénin Maroc Pologne Canada Australie Oman Brésil Kenya République dominicaine Équateur Madagascar Pérou Mozambique Angola El Salvador Colombie (ETP) Inde Rép. démocratique du Congo Figure 2 (résumé). Nombre de chercheurs employés dans chaque pays dans le domaine des sciences océaniques (dénombrement des effectifs – DE ; ETP – équivalent temps plein pour la République islamique d’Iran) par million d’habitants. Sur la base du sous- ensemble de données présenté dans le tableau 4.1 (voir le Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020), le nombre des chercheurs employés dans le domaine des sciences océaniques par million d’habitants a été extrait pour l’année indiquée pour chaque pays. Sources : Données tirées des questionnaires des éditions 2017 et 2020 du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques (chercheurs) et de la banque de données de la Banque mondiale (habitants).3 COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020 / 7RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF ChIffRES ET DONNÉES fACTUELLES  Nombre de chercheurs par rapport au PIB (millions de dollars des États-Unis) SurinameMauritanie Bénin MauriceGuinée MozambiqueMadagascar El Sal vadorRépublique démocratique du CongoCroatie République dominicaine République islamique d’Iran (ETP) BulgarieKenya AngolaÉquateur OmanFinlande KoweïtMarocDanemarkPortugal Norvège Irlande PérouChiliSuèdeBelgium Colombie (ETP)South A frica Pologne Austr alieCanadaEspagne République de CoréeTurquieItalieFrance UK BrésilAllemagne Japon IndiaÉtats-Unis 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 100 000 000Nombre total de chercheurs en sciences océaniques (DE) échelle logarithmique PIB, PPA (millions de dollars des États-Unis courants) échelle logarithmique 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 Figure 3 (résumé). 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objectives of the multi-objective function include the and/or one or more other measurements, metrics, and/or statistics such as any of those discussed herein. In some implementations, the specific measurements, metrics, and/or to be collected, processed, and/or analyzed is specified in a suitable configuration file and/or is derived from other AI/ML model(s). Additionally, different task weights may be used as coefficients in the multi-objective function(s) to weight different tasks/actions, parameters, features, and/or the like, accordingly. The can signal instructions/commands to reconfigure and/or rearrange the and/or for any of the aforementioned purposes and/or for other purposes. For example, the can signal instructions/commands to change specific operational parameters of the individual MHUs and/or to cause the to automatically move to different areas/locations within the MRF. The instructions/commands can be generated or otherwise based on the inferences/predictions generated by the AI/ .	[ "objectives", "of", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "function", "include", "the", " ", "and/or", "one", "or", "more", "other", "measurements", ",", "metrics", ",", "and/or", "statistics", "such", "as", "any", "of", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "In", "some", "implementations", ",", "the", "specific", "measurements", ",", "metrics", ",", "and/or", " ", "to", "be", "collected", ",", "processed", ",", "and/or", "analyzed", "is", "specified", "in", "a", "suitable", "configuration", "file", "and/or", "is", "derived", "from", "other", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s", ")", ".", "Additionally", ",", "different", "task", "weights", "may", "be", "used", "as", "coefficients", "in", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "function(s", ")", "to", "weight", "different", "tasks", "/", "actions", ",", "parameters", ",", "features", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ",", "accordingly", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "can", "signal", "instructions", "/", "commands", " ", "to", "reconfigure", "and/or", "rearrange", "the", " ", "and/or", " ", "for", "any", "of", "the", "aforementioned", "purposes", "and/or", "for", "other", "purposes", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", " ", "can", "signal", "instructions", "/", "commands", " ", "to", " ", "change", "specific", "operational", "parameters", "of", "the", "individual", "MHUs", " ", "and/or", "to", "cause", "the", " ", "to", "automatically", "move", "to", "different", "areas", "/", "locations", "within", "the", "MRF", ".", "The", "instructions", "/", "commands", " ", "can", "be", "generated", "or", "otherwise", "based", "on", "the", "inferences", "/", "predictions", "generated", "by", "the", "AI/", "." ]	[]
Prins, E., Clymer, C., Kaiper-Marquez, A., and Willson Toso, B. (2020). Family literacy. In T. S. Rocco (Ed.), The Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education (pp. 205-213). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447849	[ "Prins", ",", "E.", ",", "Clymer", ",", "C.", ",", "Kaiper", "-", "Marquez", ",", "A.", ",", "and", "Willson", "Toso", ",", "B.", "(", "2020", ")", ".", "Family", "literacy", ".", "In", "T.", "S.", "Rocco", "(", "Ed", ".", ")", ",", "The", "Handbook", "of", "Adult", "and", "Continuing", "Education", "(", "pp", ".", "205", "-", "213", ")", ".", "Taylor", "and", "Francis", ".", "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447849" ]	[ { "end": 230, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 } ]
or more objective functions or multi-objective function(s), which include an optimization problem involving more than one objective function to be either minimized or maximized. - the optimizers may define a multi-objective optimization model that comprises one or more decision variables, objectives, and constraints. - the decision variables are variables that represent decisions to be made, and the objectives are the measures to be optimized. - the constraints define restrictions on feasible solutions (including all optimal solutions) that must be satisfied, and/or restrictions on the values the decision variables may hold. - One example of the decision variables includes prioritized or otherwise desired materials to be recovered from the material stream. - the objective functions indicate how much each of their decision variables contributes to the objectives to be optimized. - the multi-objective optimization model may also define one or more coefficients corresponding to one or more of the decision variables. - the coefficients indicate the contribution of the corresponding decision variable to the value of the objective function. - the optimal solutions in multi-objective optimization can be defined from a mathematical concept of partial ordering. The term domination is used for this purpose in the parlance of multi-objective optimization. - a first solution is said to dominate a second solution if both of the following conditions are true: (1) the first solution is no worse than the second solution in all objectives, and (2) the first solution is strictly better than the second solution in at least one objective. - a pair-wise comparison can be made using a graphical representation and a determination as to whether one point in the graph dominates the other can be established. All points that are not dominated by any other member of the set are called “non-dominated points” or “non-dominated solutions”. - the Pareto frontier comprises a set of non-dominated points in such a graphical representation. - the AI/ML system(s) 312 solves the multi-objective function(s) to optimize a number of objectives simultaneously, where the objectives of the multi-objective function include the data stream data 342 and/or one or more other measurements, metrics, and/or statistics such as any of those discussed herein. - the specific measurements, metrics, and/or data stream data 342 to be collected, processed, and/or analyzed is specified in a suitable configuration file and/or is derived from other AI/ML model(s). Additionally, different task weights may be used as coefficients in the multi-objective function(s)	[ "or", "more", "objective", "functions", "or", "multi", "-", "objective", "function(s", ")", ",", "which", "include", "an", "optimization", "problem", "involving", "more", "than", "one", "objective", "function", "to", "be", "either", "minimized", "or", "maximized", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "optimizers", "\n", "may", "define", "a", "multi", "-", "objective", "optimization", "model", "that", "comprises", "one", "or", "more", "decision", "variables", ",", "objectives", ",", "and", "constraints", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "decision", "variables", "\n", "are", "variables", "that", "represent", "decisions", "to", "be", "made", ",", "and", "the", "objectives", "are", "the", "measures", "to", "be", "optimized", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "constraints", "\n", "define", "restrictions", "on", "feasible", "solutions", "(", "including", "all", "optimal", "solutions", ")", "that", "must", "be", "satisfied", ",", "and/or", "restrictions", "on", "the", "values", "the", "decision", "variables", "may", "hold", ".", "\n", "-", "One", "example", "of", "the", "decision", "variables", "\n", "includes", "prioritized", "or", "otherwise", "desired", "materials", "to", "be", "recovered", "from", "the", "material", "stream", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "objective", "functions", "\n", "indicate", "how", "much", "each", "of", "their", "decision", "variables", "contributes", "to", "the", "objectives", "to", "be", "optimized", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "optimization", "model", "\n", "may", "also", "define", "one", "or", "more", "coefficients", "corresponding", "to", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "decision", "variables", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "coefficients", "\n", "indicate", "the", "contribution", "of", "the", "corresponding", "decision", "variable", "to", "the", "value", "of", "the", "objective", "function", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "optimal", "solutions", "in", "multi", "-", "objective", "optimization", "\n", "can", "be", "defined", "from", "a", "mathematical", "concept", "of", "partial", "ordering", ".", "The", "term", "domination", "is", "used", "for", "this", "purpose", "in", "the", "parlance", "of", "multi", "-", "objective", "optimization", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "first", "solution", "\n", "is", "said", "to", "dominate", "a", "second", "solution", "if", "both", "of", "the", "following", "conditions", "are", "true", ":", "(", "1", ")", "the", "first", "solution", "is", "no", "worse", "than", "the", "second", "solution", "in", "all", "objectives", ",", "and", "(", "2", ")", "the", "first", "solution", "is", "strictly", "better", "than", "the", "second", "solution", "in", "at", "least", "one", "objective", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "pair", "-", "wise", "comparison", "\n", "can", "be", "made", "using", "a", "graphical", "representation", "and", "a", "determination", "as", "to", "whether", "one", "point", "in", "the", "graph", "dominates", "the", "other", "can", "be", "established", ".", "All", "points", "that", "are", "not", "dominated", "by", "any", "other", "member", "of", "the", "set", "are", "called", "“", "non", "-", "dominated", "points", "”", "or", "“", "non", "-", "dominated", "solutions", "”", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "Pareto", "frontier", "\n", "comprises", "a", "set", "of", "non", "-", "dominated", "points", "in", "such", "a", "graphical", "representation", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "system(s", ")", "312", "\n", "solves", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "function(s", ")", "to", "optimize", "a", "number", "of", "objectives", "simultaneously", ",", "where", "the", "objectives", "of", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "function", "include", "the", "data", "stream", "data", "342", "and/or", "one", "or", "more", "other", "measurements", ",", "metrics", ",", "and/or", "statistics", "such", "as", "any", "of", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "specific", "measurements", ",", "metrics", ",", "and/or", "data", "stream", "data", "342", "to", "be", "collected", ",", "processed", ",", "and/or", "analyzed", "\n", "is", "specified", "in", "a", "suitable", "configuration", "file", "and/or", "is", "derived", "from", "other", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s", ")", ".", "Additionally", ",", "different", "task", "weights", "may", "be", "used", "as", "coefficients", "in", "the", "multi", "-", "objective", "function(s", ")" ]	[]
in 2015 to 77% in 2022 in high-income countries. - Effective principals ensure their schools are safe, healthy and inclusive. Preventing bullying and ensuring student safety are key objectives for school leaders. In the United States, principals adapted the curriculum to prioritize social and emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Malta, principals worked with communities to develop an inclusive school culture for migrants with language support. ## Effective leadership demands fair hiring practices, trust and growth opportunities. - Talent recruitment and retention requires open and competitive hiring processes. Limiting political discretion in appointing school principals improves school outcomes. Yet globally, only 63% of countries have open and competitive school principal recruitment processes in primary and secondary education. - The best teachers do not necessarily make the best principals. But while 76% of countries require principals to be fully qualified teachers, some 3 in 10 also specify management experience. - Autonomy can unlock leaders' potential. Higher-performing education systems tend to grant greater autonomy to principals over decisions on human and financial resources. But in richer countries, less than half of principals are responsible for course content or establishing teacher salary levels. And almost 40% of countries do not recognize higher education institutions' autonomy by law. - Professional leaders need preparation and training. School leadership standards can help guide training by outlining the required competencies, which almost all countries have set. However, almost half of principals in richer countries do not receive any training before appointment and only 31% of all countries have regulations for the induction of new principals. Practical skills like data use, financial management and digital literacy are also essential, yet a quarter of principals in richer countries lack adequate training in such areas. ## School leaders are expected to do too much with too little. - There are too many demands on school operations to leave enough time for principals to set a vision. Expectations of principals are often too high. Principals are key to effective implementation of reforms. In some countries, they are also under intense scrutiny due to new accountability mechanisms. Yet a survey of principals in 14 middle-income countries showed that 68% of their time is spent on routine management tasks. About one third of public school principals and one fifth of private school principals in OECD countries reported lacking sufficient time for instructional leadership. ## School leaders	[ "in", "2015", "to", "77", "%", "in", "2022", "in", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Effective", "principals", "ensure", "their", "schools", "are", "safe", ",", "healthy", "and", "inclusive", ".", "Preventing", "bullying", "and", "ensuring", "student", "safety", "are", "key", "objectives", "for", "school", "leaders", ".", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "principals", "adapted", "the", "curriculum", "to", "prioritize", "social", "and", "emotional", "well", "-", "being", "during", "the", "COVID-19", "pandemic", ".", "In", "Malta", ",", "principals", "worked", "with", "communities", "to", "develop", "an", "inclusive", "school", "culture", "for", "migrants", "with", "language", "support", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Effective", "leadership", "demands", "fair", "hiring", "practices", ",", "trust", "and", "growth", "opportunities", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Talent", "recruitment", "and", "retention", "requires", "open", "and", "competitive", "hiring", "processes", ".", "Limiting", "political", "discretion", "in", "appointing", "school", "principals", "improves", "school", "outcomes", ".", "Yet", "globally", ",", "only", "63", "%", "of", "countries", "have", "open", "and", "competitive", "school", "principal", "recruitment", "processes", "in", "primary", "and", "secondary", "education", ".", "\n", "-", "", "The", "best", "teachers", "do", "not", "necessarily", "make", "the", "best", "principals", ".", "But", "while", "76", "%", "of", "countries", "require", "principals", "to", "be", "fully", "qualified", "teachers", ",", "some", "3", "in", "10", "also", "specify", "management", "experience", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Autonomy", "can", "unlock", "leaders", "'", "potential", ".", "Higher", "-", "performing", "education", "systems", "tend", "to", "grant", "greater", "autonomy", "to", "principals", "over", "decisions", "on", "human", "and", "financial", "resources", ".", "But", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "less", "than", "half", "of", "principals", "are", "responsible", "for", "course", "content", "or", "establishing", "teacher", "salary", "levels", ".", "And", "almost", "40", "%", "of", "countries", "do", "not", "recognize", "higher", "education", "institutions", "'", "autonomy", "by", "law", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Professional", "leaders", "need", "preparation", "and", "training", ".", "School", "leadership", "standards", "can", "help", "guide", "training", "by", "outlining", "the", "required", "competencies", ",", "which", "almost", "all", "countries", "have", "set", ".", "However", ",", "almost", "half", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "do", "not", "receive", "any", "training", "before", "appointment", "and", "only", "31", "%", "of", "all", "countries", "have", "regulations", "for", "the", "induction", "of", "new", "principals", ".", "Practical", "skills", "like", "data", "use", ",", "financial", "management", "and", "digital", "literacy", "are", "also", "essential", ",", "yet", "a", "quarter", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "lack", "adequate", "training", "in", "such", "areas", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "School", "leaders", "are", "expected", "to", "do", "too", "much", "with", "too", "little", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "There", "are", "too", "many", "demands", "on", "school", "operations", "to", "leave", "enough", "time", "for", "principals", "to", "set", "a", "vision", ".", "Expectations", "of", "principals", "are", "often", "too", "high", ".", "Principals", "are", "key", "to", "effective", "implementation", "of", "reforms", ".", "In", "some", "countries", ",", "they", "are", "also", "under", "intense", "scrutiny", "due", "to", "new", "accountability", "mechanisms", ".", "Yet", "a", "survey", "of", "principals", "in", "14", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "showed", "that", "68", "%", "of", "their", "time", "is", "spent", "on", "routine", "management", "tasks", ".", "About", "one", "third", "of", "public", "school", "principals", "and", "one", "fifth", "of", "private", "school", "principals", "in", "OECD", "countries", "reported", "lacking", "sufficient", "time", "for", "instructional", "leadership", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "School", "leaders" ]	[]
clean tech output. The EU’s improving outlook for its battery industry demonstrates that a focused policy effort can succeed, even if non-EU players may benefit most . Although the EU’s market share in lithium-ion batteries globally stands at just 6.5%, battery manufacturing output reached around 65 GWh in 2023 in the EU, growing by around 20% over the previous year. For comparison, the US recorded 80 GWh of production and similar growth, while the figures in China were 670 GWh and 50%, respectively. Public support for battery development has been key to strength - ening Europe’s position. Public R&I spending on battery technology has risen by 18% per year on average over the past decade, and Europe ranks only behind Japan and South Korea as a location for patent applications for battery storage technologies. With planned investment in the EU more than tripling in 2023, the IEA projects that the EU could meet its domestic demand for batteries by 2030. This capacity growth will increase Europe’s strategic resilience and benefit adjacent sectors such as automotives by shortening supply chains. However, many of these projects are at this stage still announcements, and actual development will depend on supporting policies from permitting to financing. In addition, roughly half of the announced investment is from non-EU companies and, in most cases, projects are not taking place in the form of joint ventures. As a result, the EU may be missing an opportunity to combine openness to inward FDI with the development of critical know-how among European manufacturers. 47THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3 The challenges of asymmetric decarbonisation “Hard-to-abate” industries are suffering not only from high energy prices, but also from lack of public support to reach decarbonisation targets and investment in sustainable fuels [see the chapters on energy-intensive industries, and transport] . Despite the massive investment needs facing Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs), and the challenging business case for investment in “hard-to-abate” sectors, there is limited public support for the transition in Europe. Only a residual share of current ETS resources is earmarked to EIIs, with priority given to residential effi - ciency, renewables development or, recently, lowering energy bills. While EIIs in other regions face neither the same decarbonisation targets nor require similar investments, they benefit from more generous state support. China, for example, provides over 90% of the global USD 70 billion subsidies in the aluminium	[ "clean", "tech", "output", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "’s", "improving", "outlook", "for", "its", "battery", "industry", "demonstrates", "that", "a", "focused", "policy", "effort", "can", "succeed", ",", "\n", "even", "if", "non", "-", "EU", "players", "may", "benefit", "most", ".", "Although", "the", "EU", "’s", "market", "share", "in", "lithium", "-", "ion", "batteries", "globally", "stands", "\n", "at", "just", "6.5", "%", ",", "battery", "manufacturing", "output", "reached", "around", "65", "GWh", "in", "2023", "in", "the", "EU", ",", "growing", "by", "around", "20", "%", "over", "\n", "the", "previous", "year", ".", "For", "comparison", ",", "the", "US", "recorded", "80", "GWh", "of", "production", "and", "similar", "growth", ",", "while", "the", "figures", "\n", "in", "China", "were", "670", "GWh", "and", "50", "%", ",", "respectively", ".", "Public", "support", "for", "battery", "development", "has", "been", "key", "to", "strength", "-", "\n", "ening", "Europe", "’s", "position", ".", "Public", "R&I", "spending", "on", "battery", "technology", "has", "risen", "by", "18", "%", "per", "year", "on", "average", "over", "\n", "the", "past", "decade", ",", "and", "Europe", "ranks", "only", "behind", "Japan", "and", "South", "Korea", "as", "a", "location", "for", "patent", "applications", "for", "\n", "battery", "storage", "technologies", ".", "With", "planned", "investment", "in", "the", "EU", "more", "than", "tripling", "in", "2023", ",", "the", "IEA", "projects", "that", "\n", "the", "EU", "could", "meet", "its", "domestic", "demand", "for", "batteries", "by", "2030", ".", "This", "capacity", "growth", "will", "increase", "Europe", "’s", "strategic", "\n", "resilience", "and", "benefit", "adjacent", "sectors", "such", "as", "automotives", "by", "shortening", "supply", "chains", ".", "However", ",", "many", "of", "these", "\n", "projects", "are", "at", "this", "stage", "still", "announcements", ",", "and", "actual", "development", "will", "depend", "on", "supporting", "policies", "from", "\n", "permitting", "to", "financing", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "roughly", "half", "of", "the", "announced", "investment", "is", "from", "non", "-", "EU", "companies", "and", ",", "in", "most", "\n", "cases", ",", "projects", "are", "not", "taking", "place", "in", "the", "form", "of", "joint", "ventures", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "EU", "may", "be", "missing", "an", "opportunity", "\n", "to", "combine", "openness", "to", "inward", "FDI", "with", "the", "development", "of", "critical", "know", "-", "how", "among", "European", "manufacturers", ".", "\n", "47THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3", "\n", "The", "challenges", "of", "asymmetric", "decarbonisation", "\n", "“", "Hard", "-", "to", "-", "abate", "”", "industries", "are", "suffering", "not", "only", "from", "high", "energy", "prices", ",", "but", "also", "from", "lack", "of", "public", "support", "\n", "to", "reach", "decarbonisation", "targets", "and", "investment", "in", "sustainable", "fuels", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapters", "on", "energy", "-", "intensive", "\n", "industries", ",", "and", "transport", "]", ".", "Despite", "the", "massive", "investment", "needs", "facing", "Energy", "Intensive", "Industries", "(", "EIIs", ")", ",", "and", "the", "\n", "challenging", "business", "case", "for", "investment", "in", "“", "hard", "-", "to", "-", "abate", "”", "sectors", ",", "there", "is", "limited", "public", "support", "for", "the", "transition", "\n", "in", "Europe", ".", "Only", "a", "residual", "share", "of", "current", "ETS", "resources", "is", "earmarked", "to", "EIIs", ",", "with", "priority", "given", "to", "residential", "effi", "-", "\n", "ciency", ",", "renewables", "development", "or", ",", "recently", ",", "lowering", "energy", "bills", ".", "While", "EIIs", "in", "other", "regions", "face", "neither", "the", "same", "\n", "decarbonisation", "targets", "nor", "require", "similar", "investments", ",", "they", "benefit", "from", "more", "generous", "state", "support", ".", "China", ",", "for", "\n", "example", ",", "provides", "over", "90", "%", "of", "the", "global", "USD", "70", "billion", "subsidies", "in", "the", "aluminium" ]	[]
AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 9 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers2.2.1 Ring-Fencing Worldwide: Geographical spread Based on the survey, ring-fencing rules for mining were found to be more common in Africa than in the Americas or the Asia-Pacific region. Of sampled jurisdictions with ring-fencing rules for mining, 64% are in Africa. This is not surprising given the importance of the mining sector to many African economies and the drive to mobilize more domestic revenue. Ecuador and Argentina are the only countries identified with ring-fencing rules in the Americas, although the Dominican Republic intends to introduce ring-fencing rules in its new mining code.8 Large mining countries, such as Peru, Chile, Brazil, and several provinces and states in Canada and Australia, respectively, do not have ring-fencing rules. FIGURE 2. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules for mining exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. 2.2.2 Ring-Fencing in Oil and Gas and in Mining Ring-fencing rules are more prevalent in oil and gas than in mining. For oil and gas, ring-fencing typically limits the consolidation of revenues and expenditures between wells, fields, or activities. Several countries have ring-fencing rules for both the mining and oil sectors; however, some countries only provide ring-fencing rules for oil and gas. Kenya is a resource- rich country that only provides ring-fencing rules for mining (see Figure 3). 8 Articles 101 & 102, Proyecto de Ley de Mineria Nacional, 10 de Junio de 2019 .3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 10 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 3. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. There may be several reasons why ring-fencing is more common for the oil and gas sectors, including the following: • The oil and gas sector has typically been more vertically integrated than mining. Countries may be concerned with preventing oil and gas companies from consolidating income between different stages of the value chain, particularly where these stages are subject to different tax rates (e.g., higher taxes for upstream; lower taxes for downstream). • Production-sharing agreements (PSAs) are the most common	[ "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "9", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makers2.2.1", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Worldwide", ":", "Geographical", "spread", "\n", "Based", "on", "the", "survey", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", "were", "found", "to", "be", "more", "\n", "common", "in", "Africa", "than", "in", "the", "Americas", "or", "the", "Asia", "-", "Pacific", "region", ".", "Of", "\n", "sampled", "jurisdictions", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", ",", "64", "%", "are", "in", "Africa", ".", "\n", "This", "is", "not", "surprising", "given", "the", "importance", "of", "the", "mining", "sector", "to", "many", "\n", "African", "economies", "and", "the", "drive", "to", "mobilize", "more", "domestic", "revenue", ".", "Ecuador", "\n", "and", "Argentina", "are", "the", "only", "countries", "identified", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "the", "\n", "Americas", ",", "although", "the", "Dominican", "Republic", "intends", "to", "introduce", "ring", "-", "fencing", "\n", "rules", "in", "its", "new", "mining", "code.8", "Large", "mining", "countries", ",", "such", "as", "Peru", ",", "Chile", ",", "\n", "Brazil", ",", "and", "several", "provinces", "and", "states", "in", "Canada", "and", "Australia", ",", "respectively", ",", "\n", "do", "not", "have", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "2", ".", "Jurisdictions", "where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", "exist", "\n", "Source", ":", "Authors", ",", "based", "on", "data", "from", "the", "IGF", "survey", ".", "\n", "2.2.2", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "in", "Oil", "and", "Gas", "and", "in", "Mining", "\n", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "more", "prevalent", "in", "oil", "and", "gas", "than", "in", "mining", ".", "For", " \n", "oil", "and", "gas", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "typically", "limits", "the", "consolidation", "of", "revenues", " \n", "and", "expenditures", "between", "wells", ",", "fields", ",", "or", "activities", ".", "Several", "countries", "\n", "have", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "both", "the", "mining", "and", "oil", "sectors", ";", "however", ",", "some", "\n", "countries", "only", "provide", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "oil", "and", "gas", ".", "Kenya", "is", "a", "resource-", "\n", "rich", "country", "that", "only", "provides", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", "(", "see", "Figure", "3", ")", ".", "\n", "8", "Articles", "101", "&", "102", ",", "Proyecto", "de", "Ley", "de", "Mineria", "Nacional", ",", "10", "de", "Junio", "de", "2019", ".3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "10", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersFIGURE", "3", ".", "Jurisdictions", "where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "exist", "\n", "Source", ":", "Authors", ",", "based", "on", "data", "from", "the", "IGF", "survey", ".", "\n", "There", "may", "be", "several", "reasons", "why", "ring", "-", "fencing", "is", "more", "common", "for", "the", "oil", "\n", "and", "gas", "sectors", ",", "including", "the", "following", ":", "\n", "•", "The", "oil", "and", "gas", "sector", "has", "typically", "been", "more", "vertically", "integrated", "\n", "than", "mining", ".", "Countries", "may", "be", "concerned", "with", "preventing", "oil", "and", "\n", "gas", "companies", "from", "consolidating", "income", "between", "different", "stages", "\n", "of", "the", "value", "chain", ",", "particularly", "where", "these", "stages", "are", "subject", "to", "\n", "different", "tax", "rates", "(", "e.g.", ",", "higher", "taxes", "for", "upstream", ";", "lower", "taxes", "for", "\n", "downstream", ")", ".", "\n", "•", "Production", "-", "sharing", "agreements", "(", "PSAs", ")", "are", "the", "most", "common", "\n" ]	[]
materials was identified as an EIST niche in Georgia and Mol- dova. ■Communications Equipment and Services and ICT and computer science were identi- fied as an E&I and a S&T domain, respectively, in both Armenia and Moldova. As stated above, these are transversal concord- ances that are rendered by the data currently an- alysed and the quantitative methodology hereby applied. We could expect similar concordances for countries which present similar E&I specialisa- tions, on the one hand, or similar highlighted S&T domains on the other. This would be the case of Ukraine, for which Metalworking Technologies is an E&I specialisation but no quantitative concord- ance has been found with Nanotechnology and materials. In that case, Ukraine could join Geor- gia and Moldova in knowledge collaboration in this specific EIST intersection. PART 5Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation249 Part 5. Discussion of results and final remarks This study has aimed at identifying economic and innovation and scientific and technological spe- cialisations, and their possible concordances, to support knowledge-based economic development in the EaP countries as well as cooperation at re- gional level. E&I specialisations for the EaP region were cal- culated by using relevant economic variables and their growth dynamics, such as employment, turn- over and average wages. Additionally, the critical mass of venture capital-backed companies per industry group and for patent, trademark and in- dustrial design applications per respective class of classification has been measured. Lastly, innova- tion has been quantified by means of the results of the innovation surveys. Identified E&I specialisation domains for Arme- nia are Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11), Tobac- co (NACE 12), Travel and tourism (NACE 53, 55), Information and communication (NACE 26, 61- 63). For Azerbaijan, the domains are as follows: Coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19), Chemicals and related activities (NACE 20), Re- pair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33), Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62), Financial services (NACE 64). For Georgia, they are as follows: Food and beverages (NACE 10, 11), Publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18), Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (NACE 25), Tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56), Financial service activities (NACE 62, 64). Moldova has the following: Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11), Tex- tiles & wearing apparel (NACE 13, 14), Leather and related products (NACE 15), Wood and prod- ucts of wood	[ "materials", "was", "\n", "identified", "as", "an", "EIST", "niche", "in", "Georgia", "and", "Mol-", "\n", "dova", ".", "\n ", "■", "Communications", "Equipment", "and", "Services", "\n", "and", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "were", "identi-", "\n", "fied", "as", "an", "E&I", "and", "a", "S&T", "domain", ",", "respectively", ",", "\n", "in", "both", "Armenia", "and", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "As", "stated", "above", ",", "these", "are", "transversal", "concord-", "\n", "ances", "that", "are", "rendered", "by", "the", "data", "currently", "an-", "\n", "alysed", "and", "the", "quantitative", "methodology", "hereby", "\n", "applied", ".", "We", "could", "expect", "similar", "concordances", "for", "\n", "countries", "which", "present", "similar", "E&I", "specialisa-", "\n", "tions", ",", "on", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "or", "similar", "highlighted", "S&T", "\n", "domains", "on", "the", "other", ".", "This", "would", "be", "the", "case", "of", "\n", "Ukraine", ",", "for", "which", "Metalworking", "Technologies", "is", "\n", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "but", "no", "quantitative", "concord-", "\n", "ance", "has", "been", "found", "with", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", ".", "In", "that", "case", ",", "Ukraine", "could", "join", "Geor-", "\n", "gia", "and", "Moldova", "in", "knowledge", "collaboration", "in", "this", "\n", "specific", "EIST", "intersection", ".", "\n", "PART", "\n", "5Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation249", "\n", "Part", "5", ".", "Discussion", "of", "\n", "results", "and", "final", "remarks", "\n", "This", "study", "has", "aimed", "at", "identifying", "economic", "and", "\n", "innovation", "and", "scientific", "and", "technological", "spe-", "\n", "cialisations", ",", "and", "their", "possible", "concordances", ",", "to", "\n", "support", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "development", "\n", "in", "the", "EaP", "countries", "as", "well", "as", "cooperation", "at", "re-", "\n", "gional", "level", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "the", "EaP", "region", "were", "cal-", "\n", "culated", "by", "using", "relevant", "economic", "variables", "and", "\n", "their", "growth", "dynamics", ",", "such", "as", "employment", ",", "turn-", "\n", "over", "and", "average", "wages", ".", "Additionally", ",", "the", "critical", "\n", "mass", "of", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "per", "\n", "industry", "group", "and", "for", "patent", ",", "trademark", "and", "in-", "\n", "dustrial", "design", "applications", "per", "respective", "class", "of", "\n", "classification", "has", "been", "measured", ".", "Lastly", ",", "innova-", "\n", "tion", "has", "been", "quantified", "by", "means", "of", "the", "results", "\n", "of", "the", "innovation", "surveys", ".", "\n", "Identified", "E&I", "specialisation", "domains", "for", "Arme-", "\n", "nia", "are", "Food", "&", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", ",", "Tobac-", "\n", "co", "(", "NACE", "12", ")", ",", "Travel", "and", "tourism", "(", "NACE", "53", ",", "55", ")", ",", "\n", "Information", "and", "communication", "(", "NACE", "26", ",", "61-", "\n", "63", ")", ".", "For", "Azerbaijan", ",", "the", "domains", "are", "as", "follows", ":", "\n", "Coke", "and", "refined", "petroleum", "products", "(", "NACE", "19", ")", ",", "\n", "Chemicals", "and", "related", "activities", "(", "NACE", "20", ")", ",", "Re-", "\n", "pair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "\n", "(", "NACE", "33", ")", ",", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "\n", "and", "related", "activities", "(", "NACE", "62", ")", ",", "Financial", "services", "\n", "(", "NACE", "64", ")", ".", "For", "Georgia", ",", "they", "are", "as", "follows", ":", "Food", "\n", "and", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", ",", "Publishing", ",", "printing", "\n", "and", "recorded", "media", "(", "NACE", "18", ")", ",", "Fabricated", "metal", "\n", "products", ",", "except", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "(", "NACE", "\n", "25", ")", ",", "Tourism", "and", "travel", "(", "NACE", "55", ",", "56", ")", ",", "Financial", "\n", "service", "activities", "(", "NACE", "62", ",", "64", ")", ".", "Moldova", "has", "the", "\n", "following", ":", "Food", "&", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", ",", "Tex-", "\n", "tiles", "&", "wearing", "apparel", "(", "NACE", "13", ",", "14", ")", ",", "Leather", "\n", "and", "related", "products", "(", "NACE", "15", ")", ",", "Wood", "and", "prod-", "\n", "ucts", "of", "wood" ]	[]
Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement View all journals Search Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author Show results from All journals Search Advanced search Quick links Explore articles by subject Find a job Guide to authors Editorial policies Log in Explore content Explore content Research articles News Opinion Research Analysis Careers Books & Culture Podcasts Videos Current issue Browse issues Collections Subjects Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed About the journal About the journal Journal Staff About the Editors Journal Information Our publishing models Editorial Values Statement Journal Metrics Awards Contact Editorial policies History of Nature Send a news tip Publish with us Publish with us For Authors For Referees Language editing services Open access funding Submit manuscript Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature editorials article Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Download PDF EDITORIAL 22 July 2025 Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Gavi, the vaccine provider for the world’s poorest people, needs an extra US$3 billion to protect infants and other vulnerable groups. More donors must step up. Twitter Facebook Email You have full access to this article via your institution. Download PDF Gavi chief executive Sania Nishtar (pictured here in Ghana) is urging donors not to put children in harm’s way. Credit: Nipsh Dennis/Gavi This year was never going to be easy for Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, the global-health organization that has vaccinated more than one billion children against diseases such as polio , diphtheria, measles and Ebola. As the organization, based in Geneva, Switzerland, celebrates its 25th birthday — and the nearly 19 million lives that its inoculations have saved during its time — it finds itself US$3 billion short of its $12-billion target budget for 2026–30. If the shortfall cannot be filled, Gavi will need to cut lifesaving programmes, and the world will probably see a resurgence of disease, illness and avoidable deaths. “For every $1.5 billion less, your ability	[ "Help", "save", "2", "million", "lives", ":", "close", "the", "vaccine", "funding", "gap", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Skip", "to", "main", "content", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Thank", "you", "for", "visiting", "nature.com", ".", "You", "are", "using", "a", "browser", "version", "with", "limited", "support", "for", "CSS", ".", "To", "obtain", "\n ", "the", "best", "experience", ",", "we", "recommend", "you", "use", "a", "more", "up", "to", "date", "browser", "(", "or", 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due to the fact that the domestic patents of some EaP countries are better covered53 in the worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB) of the Eu- ropean Patent Office. This disparity in data coverage may jeopardise the analysis and interpretation of results, particularly in these countries, and has therefore been taken into account when discussing results throughout the report. 2.2 Methodology This work aims at transversally mapping the S&T potential of the EaP countries by analysing the dif- ferent S&T activities carried out in each country as rendered by the data sources described in the previous section, and by classifying them within a common scheme. To achieve this, the most gran- ular data available – that is, each single record 53 See Coverage of the EPO’s bibliographic data (DOCDB) on a world map. 146 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential for each EaP publication, patent or project in the covered period – is used to extract quantitative, qualitative and semantic information. In addition, whichever meta-information characterising the data (such as, e.g. taxonomic classification, af- filiation of authors in publications, etc.) was also retained. Specialisation topics were automatically extract- ed from the combined textual corpus of research project objectives, patent descriptions and sci- entific publication abstracts, separately, for each EaP country. ‘Topic Modelling’, a machine-learning text-mining technique, was implemented in this work using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) al- gorithm. Each topic yielded by the algorithm con- sists of an ordered list of words, each associated with a specific S&T theme. The number of topics was chosen by maximising the log-likelihood of the topic model found for each country, a standard approach in statistics for optimal model selection (see, for instance, Griffiths and Steyvers, 200454). 54 Griffiths, T. L. and Steyvers, M., ‘Finding scientific topics’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101,5228-5235, 2004. Publications Patent families EC projects Total Armenia 9 103 380 43 9 526 Azerbaijan 5 840 471 19 6 330 Belarus 15 490 2 251 67 17 808 Georgia 8 199 933 58 9 190 Moldova 3 855 1 673 77 5 605 Ukraine 94 419 56 447 205 151 071 EaP total 131 179 61 997 324 193 500Table 3.2. 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Energy, Environment, and Transport (blog), September 29, 2024. https:/ /www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment /news/three-countries-became-heat-pump-forerunners-in-2022-germany-did-not/. - Lozanova, Sarah. 2024. 'Understanding the California Solar Panel Law: California Solar Mandate 2025.' Greenlancer (blog), January 22, 2024. https:/ /www.greenlancer.com/post/california-solar-mandate. - OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2021. 'Emission Trading Systems.' Web archive, July 19, 2021. https:/ /web-archive.oecd.org/temp/2021-07-20/213777-emissiontradingsystems.htm. - OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2022. 'Climate Change and Low-Carbon Transition Policies in State-Owned Enterprises.' OECD, Paris. - Ptak, Alicja. 2023. 'Heat Pumps Boom in Poland, Europe's Fastest Growing Market.' 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BERT’s unreason- ably good performance on the English Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task (Habernal et al., 2018) falls back to chance if the dataset is modiﬁed by adding adversarial examples that just negate one piece of the original, thus mirroring the distribution of lexical cues for each label. Similarly, McCoy et al. (2019) ﬁnd that BERT’s performance on the English Multi-genre Natural Language Inference dataset (Williams et al., 2018) is predicated on its ability to leverage syntactic heuristics involving overlap (of full constituents, subsequences, or sim- ply bags of words). In a dataset carefully designed to frustrate such heuristics, BERT’s performance falls to signiﬁcantly below chance. In this brief overview of BERTology papers we have highlighted both the extent to which there is evidence that large LMs can learn aspects of linguistic formal structure (e.g. agreement, depen- dency structure), and how their apparent ability to “reason” is sometimes a mirage built on leveraging artifacts in the training data (i.e. form, not mean- ing). Our contribution is an argument on theoretical grounds that a system exposed only to form in its training cannot in principle learn meaning. 3 What is meaning? We start by deﬁning two key terms: We take form to be any observable realization of language: marks 4But see Warstadt et al.’s (2019) cautionary note about how the methodology used for probing can inﬂuence the results. 5187on a page, pixels or bytes in a digital representation of text, or movements of the articulators.5We take meaning to be the relation between the form and something external to language, in a sense that we will make precise below. 3.1 Meaning and communicative intent When humans use language, we do so for a purpose: We do not talk for the joy of moving our articula- tors, but in order to achieve some communicative intent . There are many types of communicative intents: they may be to convey some information to the other person; or to ask them to do something; or simply to socialize. We take meaning to be the relation MEIwhich contains pairs (e; i)of natural language expressions eand the communica- tive intents ithey can be used to evoke. Given this deﬁnition of meaning, we can now use understand to refer to the process of retrieving igiven e. Communicative intents are about something that isoutside of language . 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in mineral prices. 26 See Southern African Legal Information Institute . 27 United Kingdom upstream production profits are taxed at a higher rate from exploration to decommissioning. This is an entity-based tax combining all fields and excludes midstream, downstream, investment, and oil trading. See the North Sea Transition Authority for a useful summary of the UK Continental Shelf taxation regime. 28 Although the law refers to contractors, we used subcontractors for the sake of clarity to avoid confusion with oil companies, which are commonly called contractors in the United Kingdom. 29 For details, see OT50000 - Oil contractors ring fence: contents - HMRC internal manual - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) . The oil contractors ring-fence in the United Kingdom was introduced in 2014 as a part of the anti-BEPS package, alongside measures that restrict the deduction available for certain intragroup lease payments. The concern was that certain offshore drilling and accommodation contractors legally own their main asset (e.g., the mobile drilling rigs or accommodation vessels) in lowtax jurisdictions while they commercially exploit it in the United Kingdom. United Kingdom entities exploiting such valuable assets by providing high-value services to oil companies were able to make deductible intragroup lease payments for the use of that asset, which meant that a significant proportion of the operating profits moved overseas. Since April 1, 2014, tax deductions for certain lease payments have been capped at 7.5% of the asset's cost. At the same time, the oil contractors ringfence was introduced to protect the additional profits resulting from the measure to prevent them from being shifted abroad or eroded through other means. Profits inside this new ring-fence are only taxed at standard CIT rates (as opposed to the higher rates for oil and gas producers), but they cannot be reduced by other deductions or tax reliefs derived from activity outside the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. Determining whether specific activities qualify as 'oil contractor activities' can be challenging. See Wilhunter (UK) LTD v HRMC (2021) . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? Some resource-rich countries have chosen to provide exceptions to ring-fencing rules in specific cases. Table 5 summarizes five cases where ring-fencing rules in place contain specific exemptions. These exemptions may be motivated

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When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W. Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.) 9 783034 346696ISBN 978-3-0343-4669-6Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W.

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“Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Copyright © 202 5 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 979-8-88708- 236-3 Cover design by Solé Nazaire Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization tha t works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Copenhagen, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JULY 2025 ISBN: 979- 8-88708- 236 -3 “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Glossary ................................................................................................................................ i Map ..................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 5 I. Background ....................................................................................................................... 9 Water Availability and Distribution Challenges ........................................................................ 9 Widespread Contamination and Inadequate Infrastructure .................................................... 12 Governance and Legal Framework ......................................................................................... 17 The Constitutional Duty to Pass a Water Law ................................................................... 17 Fragmented, Uncoordinated, and Inexpert Governance .................................................... 18 Structural Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples ........................................................... 22 Historical and Ongoing Discrimination ............................................................................ 22 Indigenous Self -Management and Stewardship of Water Resources ................................. 26 II. Inadequate Access to Safe Water and Sanitation ........................................................... 29 Inadequate Access to Water and its Disparate Impacts on Indigenous and Low -Income Communities ....................................................................................................................... 29 Infrastructure Gaps ........................................................................................................ 35 Intermittent Water Service Delivery ................................................................................. 44 Insufficient Quality and Monitoring of Water .......................................................................... 47 Irregular Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 47 Concerns about Quality .................................................................................................. 49 Limited Water Treatment Options ................................................................................... 51 Inadequate Oversight of Industrial and Agricultural Operations ....................................... 52 Lack of Accountability for Contamination and other Water -Related Crimes ........................ 54 Lack of Access to Sanitation Services .................................................................................... 56 Differentiated Impact on Women and Girls ............................................................................ 60 III. How the Water Crisis Threatens Other Rights ............................................................... 63 The Right to Health ............................................................................................................... 63 Water -Borne Disease and Limited Hygiene due to Water Scarcity ..................................... 63 Impact on the Delivery of Healthcare Services   ................................................................ 66 Vicious Cycle Between Water, Diarrhea and Malnutrition .................................................

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"Differentiated", "Impact", "on", "Women", "and", "Girls", " ", "............................................................................", "60", "\n \n \n ", "III", ".", "How", "the", "Water", "Crisis", "Threatens", "Other", "Rights", " ", "...............................................................", "63", "\n", "The", "Right", "to", "Health", " ", "...............................................................................................................", "63", "\n", "Water", "-Borne", "Disease", "and", "Limited", "Hygiene", "due", "to", "Water", "Scarcity", " ", ".....................................", "63", "\n", "Impact", "on", "the", "Delivery", "of", "Healthcare", "Services", "  ", "................................................................", "66", "\n", "Vicious", "Cycle", "Between", "Water", ",", "Diarrhea", "and", "Malnutrition", " ", "................................................." ]

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we should strive to mainstream such 'footnotes' into the history of science through research, writing, teaching and public engagement - until that is achieved, our understanding of processes of knowledge- making in STEMM can only be incomplete at best. Indeed, as Maria Bucur emphasizes in a related context, 'writing histories that highlight the specific qualities, achievements, failures, and overall contributions' of women to science is a 'core element of how we understand our past'. 22 Studying the lives, collective and individual, of women in STEMM is an opportunity to reflect on how we have defined 'science', what has counted as 'scientific labour' and who has counted as a 'scientist' in different geographical and historical contexts. As the next section discusses, there is much to learn in this respect by bringing different geographies and strands of scholarly literature in conversation with each other, especially gender and feminist scholarship, histories of science and imperialism, and investigations of gender and power in (post- )socialist societies. ## Multisited histories of gender, science and power Any assessment of the present volume's contribution to the extant literature on women, gender and science must begin with the recognition that there are significant variations in how scholars have engaged with this topic in different regional and academic contexts. Since the early 1980s, a growing body of literature has been published in various parts of the world examining the lives and career trajectories of women scientists as well as the sociopolitical, economic and cultural circumstances that have circumscribed their access to STEMM. 23 Some of these publications follow a compensatory approach, seeking to uncover forgotten figures of science and searching for historical proof of women's participation in it. 24 Others move beyond recovering lost voices to examining the complex interplay of factors that contributed to the structural exclusion and marginalization of women, illuminating, for example, how gendered identities were constructed and how they came to structure interactions between men and women in science, as well as processes of knowledge- making. 25 Compensatory writing might go some way towards making women in STEMM more visible, but it is not, in and by itself, sufficient to challenge the epistemological assumptions underlying historical analyses that have long treated them as lesser actors of knowledge- making. In fact, as Devika cautions in a related context, this type of writing can end up reinforcing hegemonic conceptions of science and gender roles, for example, when

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Europe will require a high degree of trade openness towards countries that provide key technologies in which the EU is currently deficient. For example, maintaining low trade barriers in digital goods, services and infrastructures with the US will be key to guarantee access to the latest AI models and processors. By contrast, a joint plan for decar - bonisation and competitiveness could entail, in specific circumstances, defensive trade measures to level the playing field globally and offset state-sponsored competition abroad, in line with the new EU Economic Security Strategy. When it comes to increasing security and reducing dependencies, the EU must ensure access to critical resources and protect key value chains. This may require securing preferential trade agree - ments with key partners and guaranteeing critical supplies, including through offtake agreements and direct investment in production facilities abroad. To avoid the pitfalls of protectionism, trade policy should be governed by a clear set of principles . First, the use of trade measures should be pragmatic and aligned with the overarching goal of raising the EU’s productivity growth. Unless there is an overriding geopolitical imperative, defensive measures should therefore not be applied systematically. Measures should aim to distinguish genuine innovation and produc - tivity improvements abroad, which are beneficial for Europe, from state-sponsored competition and demand suppression, which lead to lower employment for Europeans. Second, the EU’s trade policy should be consis - tent. Tariffs should avoid creating perverse incentives that undermine European industry, and therefore need to be assessed consistently across all stages of production. For example, imposing tariffs on imports of raw materials or intermediate goods, but not on final goods that use those materials intensively, could lead to de-localisation. Finally, trade measures must be balanced against consumer interests. Even in cases when the EU is the victim of foreign subsidies, there may be some industries where domestic producers have fallen so far behind, that making imports more expensive would only impose excessive deadweight costs on the economy. In these circumstances, it would be preferable for the EU to fund higher investments in more advanced technologies while allowing foreign taxpayers to contribute to higher consumption by European consumers. There should be enhanced coordination in the EU’s foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions . The US administration has recently imposed wide-ranging tariffs on Chinese imports, coupled with progressive measures tightening inward FDI rules, to protect strategic sectors. As a result, the

[ "Europe", "will", "require", "a", "\n", "high", "degree", "of", "trade", "openness", "towards", "countries", "that", "provide", "key", "technologies", "in", "which", "the", "EU", "is", "currently", "\n", "deficient", ".", "For", "example", ",", "maintaining", "low", "trade", "barriers", "in", "digital", "goods", ",", "services", "and", "infrastructures", "with", "the", "\n", "US", "will", "be", "key", "to", "guarantee", "access", "to", "the", "latest", "AI", "models", "and", "processors", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "a", "joint", "plan", "for", "decar", "-", "\n", "bonisation", "and", "competitiveness", "could", "entail", ",", "in", "specific", "circumstances", ",", "defensive", "trade", "measures", "to", "level", "\n", "the", "playing", "field", "globally", "and", "offset", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "abroad", ",", "in", "line", "with", "the", "new", "EU", "Economic", "\n", "Security", "Strategy", ".", "When", "it", "comes", "to", "increasing", "security", "and", "reducing", "dependencies", ",", "the", "EU", "must", "ensure", "\n", "access", "to", "critical", "resources", "and", "protect", "key", "value", "chains", ".", "This", "may", "require", "securing", "preferential", "trade", "agree", "-", "\n", "ments", "with", "key", "partners", "and", "guaranteeing", "critical", "supplies", ",", "including", "through", "offtake", "agreements", "and", "direct", "\n", "investment", "in", "production", "facilities", "abroad", ".", "\n", "To", "avoid", "the", "pitfalls", "of", "protectionism", ",", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "governed", "by", "a", "clear", "set", "of", "principles", ".", "\n", "First", ",", "the", "use", "of", "trade", "measures", "should", "be", "pragmatic", "and", "aligned", "with", "the", "overarching", "goal", "of", "raising", "the", "\n", "EU", "’s", "productivity", "growth", ".", "Unless", "there", "is", "an", "overriding", "geopolitical", "imperative", ",", "defensive", "measures", "should", "\n", "therefore", "not", "be", "applied", "systematically", ".", "Measures", "should", "aim", "to", "distinguish", "genuine", "innovation", "and", "produc", "-", "\n", "tivity", "improvements", "abroad", ",", "which", "are", "beneficial", "for", "Europe", ",", "from", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "and", "demand", "\n", "suppression", ",", "which", "lead", "to", "lower", "employment", "for", "Europeans", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "EU", "’s", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "consis", "-", "\n", "tent", ".", "Tariffs", "should", "avoid", "creating", "perverse", "incentives", "that", "undermine", "European", "industry", ",", "and", "therefore", "need", "\n", "to", "be", "assessed", "consistently", "across", "all", "stages", "of", "production", ".", "For", "example", ",", "imposing", "tariffs", "on", "imports", "of", "raw", "\n", "materials", "or", "intermediate", "goods", ",", "but", "not", "on", "final", "goods", "that", "use", "those", "materials", "intensively", ",", "could", "lead", "to", "\n", "de", "-", "localisation", ".", "Finally", ",", "trade", "measures", "must", "be", "balanced", "against", "consumer", "interests", ".", "Even", "in", "cases", "when", "\n", "the", "EU", "is", "the", "victim", "of", "foreign", "subsidies", ",", "there", "may", "be", "some", "industries", "where", "domestic", "producers", "have", "\n", "fallen", "so", "far", "behind", ",", "that", "making", "imports", "more", "expensive", "would", "only", "impose", "excessive", "deadweight", "costs", "on", "\n", "the", "economy", ".", "In", "these", "circumstances", ",", "it", "would", "be", "preferable", "for", "the", "EU", "to", "fund", "higher", "investments", "in", "more", "\n", "advanced", "technologies", "while", "allowing", "foreign", "taxpayers", "to", "contribute", "to", "higher", "consumption", "by", "European", "\n", "consumers", ".", "\n", "There", "should", "be", "enhanced", "coordination", "in", "the", "EU", "’s", "foreign", "direct", "investment", "(", "FDI", ")", "decisions", ".", "The", "\n", "US", "administration", "has", "recently", "imposed", "wide", "-", "ranging", "tariffs", "on", "Chinese", "imports", ",", "coupled", "with", "progressive", "\n", "measures", "tightening", "inward", "FDI", "rules", ",", "to", "protect", "strategic", "sectors", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the" ]

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through the Office of Research and Development at the University of Botswana for academic staff and co-researchers. CIPA, the office that oversees copyright issues in the country, also disburses funds to book publishers annually.Population 2.5 million (2023) Urban population 73% (2023) Mobile phone subscription (2022) 165% Internet users (2022) 77%Literacy rate (≥15 years old) 87% (2013) GDP per capita US$7 ,820 (2023) Book sector 2023 estimated data Publishing houses 49 Titles published 370 Bookstores 3 Public libraries 45 Public libraries per capita 1 per 55,500 inhabitants Jobs 1,800 68 THE AFRICAN BOOK INDUSTRY • Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth © University Of KwaZulu-Natal PressThe funds are collected through the Government Levy on Technical Devices Fund and used for the development of authors, publishers, and the copyright industries. 3 For the year 2022, approximately US$286,000 was disbursed to book and publishing professionals, while funds amounting to US$363,945 were disbursed in 2023. 4 Funds are distributed to support the literary ecosystem, including the purchase of materials such as printers, and payments to book illustrators, photographers and editors. 5 There are no tax exemptions, reduced rates or preferential tax treatments for the book and publishing sector. The same applies to the importation of paper or machinery to produce books. Public purchases of school textbooks for educational institutions are conducted through the Botswana Government’s public procurement process. According to the national authority’s survey response, a preferential scheme provision is adhered to for women and youth during the public procurement tendering system for purchasing library books. PUBLISHING The National Reference Library (NRL) in Gaborone is the country’s ISBN agency. This is an arm of the BNLS. Prior authorization is required for the use of copyrighted material. Publishers are bound by the BNLS Act to declare and deposit all book publications. It is mandatory to deposit one copy with the University of Botswana and two copies with the BNLS Board. 6 Botswana’s book publishing landscape is dominated by multinational and foreign publishing companies such as Macmillan, Cambridge University Press, and Collegium Publishers. According to the national authority, in 2023, a total of 49 book publishers were operating in the country. The national authority further indicates that between 2021 and 2023, most publications were in print format, with 406 published in 2021, 411 in 2022, and 370 in 2023.Based on the national authority’s survey response, the preferred format among readers is printed books, followed by digital

[ "through", "the", "Office", "of", "Research", "and", "Development", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "for", "academic", "staff", "and", "co", "-", "researchers", ".", "CIPA", ",", "the", "office", "that", "oversees", "copyright", "issues", "in", "the", "country", ",", "also", "disburses", "funds", "to", "book", "publishers", "annually", ".", "Population", "2.5", "million", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Urban", "population", "73", "%", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Mobile", "phone", " \n", "subscription", "(", "2022", ")", "165", "%", "\n", "Internet", "users", "(", "2022", ")", "77%Literacy", "rate", "(", "≥15", "years", "old", ")", "87", "%", "\n", "(", "2013", ")", "\n", "GDP", "per", "capita", "US$", "7", ",", "820", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Book", "sector", " \n", "2023", "estimated", "data", "\n", "Publishing", "houses", "49", "\n", "Titles", "published", "370", "\n", "Bookstores", "3", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "45", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "per", "capita", "\n", "1", "per", "55,500", " ", "inhabitants", "\n", "Jobs", "1,800", "\n", "68", "\n", "THE", "AFRICAN", "BOOK", "INDUSTRY", "•", "Trends", ",", "Challenges", "and", "Opportunities", "for", "Growth", "\n", "©", "University", "Of", "KwaZulu", "-", "Natal", "PressThe", "funds", "are", "collected", "through", "the", "\n", "Government", "Levy", "on", "Technical", "Devices", "Fund", "and", "used", "for", "the", "development", "of", "authors", ",", "publishers", ",", "and", "the", "copyright", "industries", ".", "\n", "3", "For", "the", "year", "\n", "2022", ",", "approximately", "US$", "286,000", "was", "disbursed", "to", "book", "and", "publishing", "professionals", ",", "while", "funds", "amounting", "to", "US$", "363,945", "were", "disbursed", "in", "2023", ".", "\n", "4", "Funds", "are", "distributed", "to", "support", "\n", "the", "literary", "ecosystem", ",", "including", "the", "purchase", "of", "materials", "such", "as", "printers", ",", "and", "payments", "to", "book", "illustrators", ",", "photographers", "and", "editors", ".", "\n", "5", "\n", "There", "are", "no", "tax", "exemptions", ",", "reduced", "rates", "or", "preferential", "tax", "treatments", "for", "the", "book", "and", "publishing", "sector", ".", "The", "same", "applies", "to", "the", "importation", "of", "paper", "or", "machinery", "to", "produce", "books", ".", "Public", "purchases", "of", "school", "textbooks", "for", "educational", "institutions", "are", "conducted", "through", "the", "Botswana", "Government", "’s", "public", "procurement", "process", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "survey", "response", ",", "a", "preferential", "scheme", "provision", "is", "adhered", "to", "for", "women", "and", "youth", "during", "the", "public", "procurement", "tendering", "system", "for", "purchasing", "library", " ", "books", ".", "\n", "PUBLISHING", "\n", "The", "National", "Reference", "Library", "(", "NRL", ")", "in", "Gaborone", "is", "the", "country", "’s", "ISBN", "agency", ".", "This", "is", "an", "arm", "of", "the", "BNLS", ".", "Prior", "authorization", "is", "required", "for", "the", "use", "of", "copyrighted", "material", ".", "Publishers", "are", "bound", "by", "the", "BNLS", "Act", "to", "declare", "and", "deposit", "all", "book", "publications", ".", "It", "is", "mandatory", "to", "deposit", "one", "copy", "with", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "and", "two", "copies", "with", "the", "BNLS", "Board", ".", "\n", "6", "\n", "Botswana", "’s", "book", "publishing", "landscape", "is", "dominated", "by", "multinational", "and", "foreign", "publishing", "companies", "such", "as", "Macmillan", ",", "Cambridge", "University", "Press", ",", "and", "Collegium", "Publishers", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", ",", "in", "2023", ",", "a", "total", "of", "49", "book", "publishers", "were", "operating", "in", "the", "country", ".", "The", "national", "authority", "further", "indicates", "that", "between", "2021", "and", "2023", ",", "most", "publications", "were", "in", "print", "format", ",", "with", "406", "published", "in", "2021", ",", "411", " ", "in", "2022", ",", "and", "370", "in", "2023.Based", "on", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "\n", "survey", "response", ",", "the", "preferred", "format", "among", "readers", "is", "printed", "books", ",", "followed", "by", "digital" ]

[]

goals. Education leadership: A process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of an education goal. Education management: A process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources to enable an education institution to achieve its goals while ensuring its functioning and development. Induction: A professional development process for individuals who are new to a position or institution, aimed at easing their transition, familiarizing them with institutional policies and promoting effectiveness. It includes, but goes beyond, coaching and mentoring. Instructional leadership: An approach to leadership which focuses on improving teaching and learning processes to enhance student achievement relative to standards. It includes teaching supervision, curriculum implementation coordination, student progress monitor, and administration of learning-related tasks (also: pedagogical leadership ). Licensing: A process that screens candidates to ensure they have a minimum set of qualifications so that they are permitted to practice an occupation. Mentoring: A directive and less structured professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It can last a long time and does not require specific qualifications of the mentor (see coaching ). Merit-based selection: A selection process which seeks to establish whether an individual applicant has the objective and clearly articulated expected qualities required for good performance in a particular position. Open competition: A selection process in which candidates compete through examinations, presentation of qualifications and other objective criteria. Preparation: A process to develop the knowledge, skills, and competencies that aspiring applicants need to possess prior to being appointed to a position in order to be effective. Principal: A school leader responsible for exercising administration, management and leadership to enable an institution to achieve its goals (which may include community engagement and a positive learning environment) (also: director, headmaster, headteacher, manager ). Professional learning community: A group of professionals who meet regularly to share expertise and works collaboratively to improve their skills. Professional standards: A set of guidelines and expectations outlining the knowledge, skills and practices required to ensure quality, accountability, and continuous improvement in a profession. Professionalization: A process of giving an occupation, activity, or group professional qualities by increasing training or raising required qualifications, which may aim at improving the quality of service but also the enhancement of status among group members. Recruitment: A process of seeking and attracting a pool of qualified applicants

[ "goals", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "leadership", ":", "A", "process", "of", "social", "influence", ",", "which", "maximizes", "the", "efforts", "of", "others", ",", "towards", "the", "achievement", "of", "an", "education", "goal", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "management", ":", "A", "process", "of", "planning", ",", "organizing", ",", "directing", "and", "controlling", "resources", "to", "enable", "an", "education", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "while", "ensuring", "its", "functioning", "and", "development", ".", "\n\n", "Induction", ":", "A", "professional", "development", "process", "for", "individuals", "who", "are", "new", "to", "a", "position", "or", "institution", ",", "aimed", "at", "easing", "their", "transition", ",", "familiarizing", "them", "with", "institutional", "policies", "and", "promoting", "effectiveness", ".", "It", "includes", ",", "but", "goes", "beyond", ",", "coaching", "and", "mentoring", ".", "\n\n", "Instructional", "leadership", ":", "An", "approach", "to", "leadership", "which", "focuses", "on", "improving", "teaching", "and", "learning", "processes", "to", "enhance", "student", "achievement", "relative", "to", "standards", ".", "It", "includes", "teaching", "supervision", ",", "curriculum", "implementation", "coordination", ",", "student", "progress", "monitor", ",", "and", "administration", "of", "learning", "-", "related", "tasks", "(", "also", ":", "pedagogical", "leadership", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Licensing", ":", "A", "process", "that", "screens", "candidates", "to", "ensure", "they", "have", "a", "minimum", "set", "of", "qualifications", "so", "that", "they", "are", "permitted", "to", "practice", "an", "occupation", ".", "\n\n", "Mentoring", ":", "A", "directive", "and", "less", "structured", "professional", "development", "process", "of", "personalized", "guidance", ",", "support", "and", "feedback", "from", "experienced", "to", "less", "experienced", "individuals", "to", "help", "them", "improve", "their", "practices", "and", "achieve", "their", "goals", ".", "It", "can", "last", "a", "long", "time", "and", "does", "not", "require", "specific", "qualifications", "of", "the", "mentor", "(", "see", "coaching", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Merit", "-", "based", "selection", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "which", "seeks", "to", "establish", "whether", "an", "individual", "applicant", "has", "the", "objective", "and", "clearly", "articulated", "expected", "qualities", "required", "for", "good", "performance", "in", "a", "particular", "position", ".", "\n\n", "Open", "competition", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "in", "which", "candidates", "compete", "through", "examinations", ",", "presentation", "of", "qualifications", "and", "other", "objective", "criteria", ".", "\n\n", "Preparation", ":", "A", "process", "to", "develop", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", ",", "and", "competencies", "that", "aspiring", "applicants", "need", "to", "possess", "prior", "to", "being", "appointed", "to", "a", "position", "in", "order", "to", "be", "effective", ".", "\n\n", "Principal", ":", "A", "school", "leader", "responsible", "for", "exercising", "administration", ",", "management", "and", "leadership", "to", "enable", "an", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "(", "which", "may", "include", "community", "engagement", "and", "a", "positive", "learning", "environment", ")", "(", "also", ":", "director", ",", "headmaster", ",", "headteacher", ",", "manager", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "learning", "community", ":", "A", "group", "of", "professionals", "who", "meet", "regularly", "to", "share", "expertise", "and", "works", "collaboratively", "to", "improve", "their", "skills", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "standards", ":", "A", "set", "of", "guidelines", "and", "expectations", "outlining", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", "and", "practices", "required", "to", "ensure", "quality", ",", "accountability", ",", "and", "continuous", "improvement", "in", "a", "profession", ".", "\n\n", "Professionalization", ":", "A", "process", "of", "giving", "an", "occupation", ",", "activity", ",", "or", "group", "professional", "qualities", "by", "increasing", "training", "or", "raising", "required", "qualifications", ",", "which", "may", "aim", "at", "improving", "the", "quality", "of", "service", "but", "also", "the", "enhancement", "of", "status", "among", "group", "members", ".", "\n\n", "Recruitment", ":", "A", "process", "of", "seeking", "and", "attracting", "a", "pool", "of", "qualified", "applicants" ]

[]

to printing X 23.7Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X 21 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X NACE Innovation – Patents 24.1Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X SITC Goods exports C E 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 41.2Construction of residential and non-residential buildingsX 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 42.2 Construction of utility projects X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereofX 23.4 Man. of other porcelain and ceramic products 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects X 9 Miscellaneous edible products and preparations X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X 11 Beverages X X 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 43.2Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation act. X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 43.9Other specialised construction activities X 33Petroleum, petroleum products and related materialsX 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools, and general hardware 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X 35 Electric current X 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 47.1Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 41 Animal oils and fats X 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 47.5Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised storesX X 52 Inorganic chemicals X 31 Manufacture of furniture 47.6Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in spec. storesX 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X X 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, etc.X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 49.4Freight transport by road and removal services X 59 Chemical materials and products X 62, 63 Software Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation129 130 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 53.2 Other postal and courier activities X 62 Rubber manufactures X X 62, 64 Financial services 55.1 Hotels and similar accommodation X X 64Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboardX 64 Lending and investments 56.1Restaurants and mobile food service activitiesX 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures X 53, 55, 79 Travel and tourism 56.3 Beverage serving activities X 67 Iron and steel X 61, 63 Internet services 58.1Publishing of books, periodicals and

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[]

Spinoza, B. (1985). The Ethics , Princeton University Press. Thomson, G. (1987). Needs. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2014). A Framework for a Religious Life. In S. Gill & G. Thomson (Eds.), Redefining Religious Education. Palgrave Macmillan. Thomson, G. (2021). Healing: Towards a conceptual framework. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal , 15 (3). Thomson, G., & Gill, S. (2024). Beyond Instrumentalised Politics: Re-Conceptualising Public Governance. De Gruyter. Thomson, G., Gill, S., & Goodson, I. (2021). Happiness, Flourishing and the Good Life: A Transformative Vision for Human Well-Being. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2025). Beyond Instrumentalised Economics: Well-Being, Ecology and Alternative Economies , De Gruyter. Whitehead, A. N. (1929). Process and Reality. Cambridge University Press. Vam k D. Volkan, M. D. ı ## Massive Traumas, their Societal and Political Consequences, and Collective Healing Abstract: This chapter focuses on massive traumas at the hand of the Other and their societal/political consequences, which always include shared losses, from losing persons and physical properties to self-esteem and prestige. It describes complications in societal mourning and how they lead to transgenerational transmissions of the undigested images of massive trauma to the generations that follow, as well as how such images turn into ethnic, national, religious or political identity markers. The need to protect and maintain large-group identities contaminates political, economic, legal, military and other real-world issues in relationships and creates conflicts between large groups. Lastly, this chapter examines psychoanalytically informed interventions that support collective healing and peaceful co-existence between large enemy groups. Keywords: Mourning, biosocial regeneration, psychological border, minor differences, chosen trauma, entitlement ideology, Tree Model. This chapter describes the societal and political consequences of massive traumas for large groups. The term ' large group ' refers to thousands or millions of individuals who, from childhood, share the same historical sentiments and sense of belonging, even though most never cross paths personally. In our daily life we might reference these identities by using shared, large-group ethnic or idealistic terminology, such as when we say we are Apaches, Lithuanian Jews, Swedes, Sunni Muslims or communists. Because some shared images of ancestors ' traumas at the hand of enemies , when they remain undigested, are transmitted from generation to generation, such images may become significant identity markers for ethnic, national, religious or political large groups. Preoccupations with such identity markers create present-day obstacles to finding peaceful solutions for co-existence with an opposing social or political large group, or for

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stock in the country is 2.6 to 2.8 mln ha, out of which 1.65 mln ha are provided with irrigation water to some degree and 1.15 mln ha are intermittently irrigated lands, i.e., they have irrigation systems, but get water only during a flood period (Fig. 1). Engineering and semi-engineering irrigation systems are constructed on an area approximately 0.33 mln ha (Helmand, Arghandab, Jalalabad, Sarde, Parvan, Gavargan, Kelagai and others). About 1.3 mln ha of lands are irrigated by traditional local non-engineering systems which are characterized by multi-head water intakes, a great extension of idle sections, great meandering, lack of regulation structures, low efficacy, etc. As the rivers in the country are not regulated the greater part of the flood flow cannot be used for irrigation and runs out of the country destroying on its way hydraulic structures and flooding irrigated lands. There are 12 water reservoirs in Afghanistan, they are Kadjaki on the Helmand River capable to store 1.7 mln cu. m of water, Arghandab on the Arghandab River - 0.34, Naglu on the Kabul River 0.36, Darunta on the Kabul River - 0.04, Sarde on the Djelga River - 0.164 bill cu. m and some other reservoirs with a storage capacity from 1 to 19 mln cu. m built in the period from 1920 through 1940. Many of them need fundamental repair. In open valleys and low piedmont areas, especially in the south and southeast of the county, about 15% of irrigated lands are provided with underground waters from kyariz, pits and springs. Productivity of irrigated lands is much higher than that of rainfed lands. About 0.5 mln ha of irrigated lands in private ownership give two and in some places even three crops. The bulk of agricultural produce (99.9%) is grown in private low-commodity landholdings. The irrigated farming is still on a very low level. The share of agriculture and irrigation in the state capital investments in 1986 was only 7.0%. By this index Afghanistan takes one of the last places in the region among developing countries. The main reasons of such poor management of the available lands are inadequate development of irrigation and low efficacy of the existing irrigation systems. The greater part of irrigation systems is represented by primitive dams made of logs, fascines, bags with sand and pebble from which a network of simple aryks is constructed. In open valleys and low piedmont areas

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for EU Eastern Partnership countries (EaP), aimed to strengthen evidence-informed research and innovation policymaking and the development of Smart Specialisation Strategies. The study pre- sents and tests various analytical approaches, methods and tools, some of which are new and experimental, with the purpose of better under- standing national and EaP-wide, place-based in- novation capacities, emerging specialisations and supporting ongoing national analytical exercises. As this report is based on available international data, it is important that the countries analysed continue the development of Smart Specialisation through their own efforts, discussing the results of this study and adding the relevant national data sources and other useful information. Economic and innovation (E&I) specialisation do- mains have been identified for each EaP country by using the multidimensional analysis and in- dicators based on: economic and manufacturing strengths, innovativeness and IP intensity, ex- ports and the presence of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies as well as cluster or- ganisations. In this respect, Part 2 of this report offers a wealth of information addressing differ- ent questions that can emerge at different stages for priority-setting, the identification of topics and niches within priorities, actor identification and mobilisation and for the identification of areas of potential knowledge-based cooperation through- out EaP countries. Similarly, scientific and technological specialisa- tion domains, emerging from the text contained in S&T records (namely, scientific publications, patents and research and innovation projects funded by the European Commission), have been identified for the whole EaP, providing a general overview of the key areas of activity in the re- gion – as reported in Part 3. These domains have been characterised at national level, and a set of critical mass, specialisation and excellence indica- tors have been computed for each country, which can be utilised in priority-setting and to organ- ise the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP). In this sense, the report is complemented by an interactive digital tool facilitating the exploration of national and EaP S&T networks and the iden- tification of key actors in the knowledge, public and private sectors. Furthermore, patterns of in- tra-EaP and extra-EaP international collaborations are also analysed, both globally and for each S&T domain. Again, the analysis has been carried out by exploiting international data sources, whereof the local actors fostering the knowledge econo- my in the 6 EaP countries can have relatively low visibility. The S&T results presented in the current work should be considered as an educated

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enclosures was alternated and counterbalanced for each trial to avoid any location bias. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min, and was considered to be exploring the empty enclosure or the one containing the conspecific when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm away. We divided the test into two 5 min bins (Bariselli et al., 2016). For one set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interaction periods with the enclosure containing the interactor mouse during the last 5 min of the test, while for the second set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interactions within the first 5 min of the test. Similar to previous reports (Carta et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020), the closed-loop optogenetic manipulation protocol during the social preference test led to bouts of laser stimulation that lasted on average 8.3 s, and ranged between 4.3 s and 14.8 s. Real-time tracking, to enable closed-loop optogenetic manipulations, was performed using an overhead camera and the AnyMaze ## Article  software. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity (in s) to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object). To determine the preference score for the social stimulus, we computed the social preference index based on interaction time (s) as follows: (mouse - object)/(mouse + object) *100. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Real-time object place preference This test was performed in a similar fashion as the social preference test described above. Briefly, each mouse was individually placed in a rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. Following a 10 min habituation period, the test mouse was guided to the center of the arena, and two unfamiliar objects (lego blocks) were placed in opposite corners of the arena. Mice were considered to be exploring the objects when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm. Similar to the social preference test, the experiment was divided into two 5 min bins, and the laser was allowed to turn on only during the last 5 min of the test with one randomly assigned object. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity to both objects.

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other words, the term “ML model” or “model” may describe the output of an ML algorithm that is trained with training data. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Additionally, separately trained AI/ML models can be chained together in a AI/ML pipeline during inference or prediction generation. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. Any of the ML techniques discussed herein may be utilized, in whole or in part, and variants and/or combinations thereof, for any of the example implementations discussed herein. ML may require, among other things, obtaining and cleaning a dataset, performing feature selection, selecting an ML algorithm, dividing the dataset into training data and testing data, training a model (e.g., using the selected ML algorithm), testing the model, optimizing or tuning the model, and determining metrics for the model. Some of these tasks may be optional or omitted depending on the use case and/or the implementation used. ML algorithms accept model parameters (or simply “parameters”) and/or hyperparameters that can be used to control certain properties of the training process and the resulting model. Model parameters are parameters, values, characteristics, configuration variables, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. Hyperparameters at least in some examples are characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. ML techniques generally fall into the following main types of learning problem categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. Unsupervised learning is an ML task that aims to learn a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. Unsupervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains only inputs and no desired output labels. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a goal-oriented learning technique where an RL agent aims to optimize a long-term objective by interacting with an environment. Some implementations of AI and ML use data and neural networks (NNs) in a way

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“Being able to observe the poles is vital for understanding how the Sun’s magnetic field operates on a global scale, leading to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s activity. “We’ll see previously unobserved high-latitude flows that carry magnetic elements to the polar regions. These flows sow the fundamental seeds for the next solar cycle.” Solar Orbiter carries ten science instruments, all working together to investigate how our local star “works”. UCL scientists have played a leading role in two of them – the EUI, which images the Sun in ultraviolet light, and the Solar Wind Analyser. Professor Chris Owen (Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL), Principal Investigator on the Solar Wind Analyser, said: “Solar Orbiter’s new vantage point will give us a fuller view of how solar wind expands to form a vast bubble around the Sun and its planets (known as the heliosphere). We will now see this happen in three dimensions, enhancing the single slice we get from observing only in the ecliptic plane.” All eyes on the Sun’s south pole  The images shown above were taken by three of Solar Orbiter’s instruments: the EUI, Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI), and the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument. The instruments each observe the Sun in a different way. PHI images the Sun in visible light (top left) and maps the Sun’s surface magnetic field (top centre). EUI images the Sun in ultraviolet light (top right), revealing the million-degree charged gas in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona. The SPICE instrument (bottom row) captures light coming from charged gas at various temperatures above the Sun’s surface, thereby revealing different layers of the Sun's atmosphere. Comparing and analysing the complementary observations made by these three imaging instruments shows how material moves in the Sun’s outer layers. This may reveal unexpected patterns, such as polar vortices (swirling gas) similar to those seen around the poles of Venus and Saturn. These new observations are also key to understanding the Sun’s magnetic field and why it flips north and south poles roughly every 11 years, coinciding with a peak in solar activity. Current models and predictions of the 11-year solar cycle fall short of being able to predict exactly when and how powerfully the Sun will reach its most active state. Messy magnetism at solar maximum  This happens only for a short time during each

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[]

a conveyor, a mechanical sorter, a robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler sorter, and an automated quality control (AQC) sorter. Example [0248] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0247] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, an IR spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, an accelerometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, a temperature sensor, and a flow meter. Example [0249] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0248] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller includes one or more of a multi-core processor, microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuit, field-programmable gate array, digital signal processor, digital signal controller, electronic control units, programmable logic device, crypto processor, hardware accelerator, and graphics processor. Example [0250] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0249] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller is implemented by an individual computer node or is distributed across a plurality of compute nodes. Example [0251] includes the method of example [0250] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the individual compute node or the pluarlity of compute nodes include(s) any combination of a set of programmable logic device, a set of application servers, a set of cloud compute nodes, a set of edge compute nodes, a set of network functions in a cellular core network, a set of network access nodes, a set of gateway devices, a set of network appliances, a set of smart appliances, a subset of MHUs of the set of MHUs, and/or a subset of sensors of the set of sensors. Example [0252] includes one or more computer readable media comprising instructions, wherein execution of the instructions by processor circuitry is to cause the processor circuitry to perform the method of examples [0176]-[0251] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0253] includes a computer program comprising the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0254] includes an Application Programming Interface defining functions, methods, variables, data structures, and/or protocols for the computer program of example [0253] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0255] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry loaded with the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0256] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry operable to

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of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. - machine learning at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. - ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. - ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). - machine learning model or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. - the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - machine learning algorithm or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. - the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may be used interchangeably. Additionally, although the term “ML algorithm” may refer to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. - machine learning application or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that contains some AI/ML model(s) and application-level descriptions. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning application” or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to a complete and deployable application and/or package that includes at least

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with school leaders. Parent-teacher associations offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives • transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders.

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TOPICS - Health & Medicine - Today's Healthcare - Diseases and Conditions - Pharmacology - Earth & Climate - Wildfires - Natural Disasters - Exotic Species - Science & Society - Public Health - Environmental Policies - Educational Policy - RELATED TERMS - Controlled burn - Smoke - Social inequality - Fire fighting - Bushfire - Fire ant - Wildfire - Water scarcity Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 25). Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Wildfires are becoming more intense and dangerous, but a new Stanford-led study offers hope: prescribed burns—intentionally set, controlled fires—can significantly lessen their impact. By ... Climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in many regions of the world. This is due partly to specific weather conditions -- known as fire weather -- that facilitate the spread of wildfires. ... Marine biologists are providing a glimpse into coral 'bleaching' responses to stress, using imaging technology to pinpoint coral survival rates following multiple bleaching events off the ... A new study provides the first concrete data showing that many of these excess deaths were indeed uncounted COVID-19 deaths. The study compared reported COVID-19 deaths to excess deaths due to ... It’s long been understood that human settlement contributes to conditions that make Pacific Islands more susceptible to wildfires, such as the devastating Aug. 8 event that destroyed the Maui ... As wildfire season in the West grows in length and severity, it is taking a toll on the wine industry through the effects of wildfire smoke on the quality of wine grapes. Volatile compounds in the ... TRENDING AT After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia ## Breaking this hour - Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming - Worm Turns Ocean

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OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During - and From - Disruption . https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en OECD. (2024). Social and Emotional Skills for Better Lives: Findings from the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills 2023 . https://doi.org/10.1787/35ca7b7c-en UIS. (2018). A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.2 . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (Information Paper 51.) https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip51-global-frameworkreference-digital-literacy-skills-2018-en.pdf von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., and Weber, R. (2010). The effects of entrepreneurship education. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 76 (1), 90-112. Wright, E., Lee, M., Walker, A., Bryant, D., Choi, S., and Hassan, K. (2023). Developing the next generation of leaders: A global study of student leadership. Educational Studies , 1-21. Zaccaro, S. J., Green, J. P., Dubrow, S., and Kolze, M. (2018). Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly , 29 (1), 2-43. ## CAPÍTULO 12 Almasri, F., Hewapathirana, G. I., Alhashem, F., Daniel, C. E., and Lee, N. (2023). The effect of gender composition and pedagogical approach on major and non-major undergraduates biology students' achievement. Interactive Learning Environments , 31 (10), 7287-7319. Barrios-Fernandez, A. (2023). Peer effects in education. In A. Banerjee (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.894 Bennett, M. and Bergman, P. (2021). Better together? Social networks in truancy and the targeting of treatment. Journal of Labor Economics , 39 (1), 1-36. Booij, A. S., Leuven, E., and Oosterbeek, H. (2017). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Review of Economic Studies , 84 (2), 547-578. Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., and Jensen, R. (2019). Cool to be smart or smart to be cool? Understanding peer pressure in education. Review of Economic Studies , 86 (4), 1487-1526. Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., and Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength Through Diversity's Spotlight Report for Sweden . OECD. (Education Working Paper 194.) https://doi.org/10.1787/059ce467-en Dinarte, L. (2024). Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador . Institute of Labor Economics. (IZA Discussion Paper 16830.) https://docs.iza.org/dp16830.pdf Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review 101 , (5), 1739-1774. Eren, O., Lovenheim, M. F., and Mocan, N. H. (2022). The effect of grade retention on adult crime: Evidence from a test-based promotion policy. Journal of Labor Economics , 40 (2), 361-395. Genakos, C. and Kyrkopoulou, E. (2023). Social Policy Gone Bad Educationally Unintended Peer Effects from Transferred Students . Athens University of Economics and Business. https://www2.aueb.gr/users/cgenakos/Research.files/ GK\_trans%20gone%20bad\_vApril2022.pdf

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growth in Europe will stall. If the EU were to maintain its average labour productivity growth rate since 2015 of 0.7%, it would only be enough to keep GDP constant until 2050. In an environment of historically high public debt-to-GDP ratios, potentially higher real interest rates than seen in the last decade and rising spending needs for the decarbonisation, digitalisation and defence, stagnant GDP growth could eventually lead to public debt levels becoming unsustainable and Europe being forced to give up one or more of these goals. FIGURE 1 EU versus US labour productivity 1890-2022 Index (US=100) Note: The EU is proxied by backdating national accounting data from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Finland and Greece. To build the labour productivity data, five different series were used: GDP, capital stock, employment, average hours worked, and population. Capital stock is built using two series of investment – construction and equipment. Investment and GDP are taken in volume and in national currency of 2010, they are then turned into $2010 using a ppp conversion rate. Source: Bergeaud, A., Cette, G., & Lecat, R., Productivity Trends in Advanced Countries between 1890 and 2012, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2016, pp. 420-444 01. Measured in 2010 constant PPP prices. 23THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2The key driver of the rising productivity gap between the EU and the US has been digital technology (“tech”) – and Europe currently looks set to fall further behind . The main reason EU productivity diverged from the US in the mid-1990s was Europe’s failure to capitalise on the first digital revolution led by the internet – both in terms of generating new tech companies and diffusing digital tech into the economy. In fact, if we exclude the tech sector, EU productivity growth over the past twenty years would be broadly at par with the US [see Figure 2 and Box 2] . Europe is lagging in the breakthrough digital technologies that will drive growth in the future. Around 70% of foundational AI models have been developed in the US since 2017 and just three US “hyperscalers” account for over 65% of the global as well as of the European cloud market. The largest European cloud operator accounts for just 2% of the EU market. Quantum computing is poised to be the next major innovation, but

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applied to an object's surface), contigutive tools (e.g., adhesives, glue, surface tension, freezing, and/or other mechanisms requiring direct contact for adhesion to take place), projectile tools (e.g., mechanisms that shoot or propel objects or elements), and/or fabrication means (e.g., machine tools, drills, milling cutters, and/or the like), and/or the like. As examples, the robotic sorters can be or include the , discussed infra w.r.t . Additionally or alternatively, the end effector and/or other aspects/elements of the robotic sorters can include one or more actuators (see e.g., of ). The robotic sorters can communicate with the to provide to the . For example, a may report the number and type of picks in different streams within the MRF to the , and the can use this information to coordinate activities of in the MRF and/or at other plant locations, track the operating status and time of the robotic sorter to determine whether maintenance should be scheduled, and otherwise assess the current status of the waste stream that is passing by the . The can send instructions/commands to instruct to activate or deactivate, depending upon feedback and data from and/or within the MRF and/or feedback/data related to operational conditions of the MRF. The can also signal the instructions/commands to reconfigure individual robotic sorters to sort out different materials or materials of varying shapes or sizes, depending upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. Some of the include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. The optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. Different light sources (e.g., possibly with different wavelengths) and/or cameras or other visible light sensors may be employed where different types of contaminants are to be detected, wherein the particular light/radiation and sensor types can be selected according to implementation and/or specific use cases. The recognized contaminants may then be mechanically removed at the direction of optical sorter, such as by mechanically grabbing (such as with a robotic sorter)

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[]

of ring-fence in its legislation (see Box 10). Countries with a highly integrated mining sector and differential tax rates may wish to consider this variation. ## BOX 10. TANZANIA - · losses from the separate mining operations may be deducted only in calculating future income from that operation and not income from any other activity whethera mining operation under a different mineral right, processing, smelting, refining or a non-mining activity; - · income from the separate mining operations may not be reduced by a loss from any other activity whether a mining operation under a different mineral rights, processing smelting refining , , or a non-mining activity.' Source: Section 65F (1)a, and 1(b) of Chapter 332, Income Tax Act (rev. 2019). Italics are authors' emphasis. If resource-rich developing countries are seeking to encourage downstream activities, the existence of ring-fencing rules might be a relevant consideration for an investor in considering the economic viability and attractiveness of doing so. The fact that the profits from the downstream activities often result in lower rates of profitability is also reflected in the lower rate of CIT that is applicable to those profits. The investors may want to benefit from the deferral of tax on the upstream activities if they undertake such additional investment into downstream activities; this is why it may be more attractive for investors if there is no ring-fencing regime. Careful consideration should be given to what the costs are (e.g., timing difference of tax collection) and what the benefits are (e.g., attracting investment for downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ghana,

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[]

the data analysis for this case study (See Figure 6 Below) 42 Figure 6 Coding Steps Adapted from Saldaña (2021) Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are principles and guidelines that keep us accountable for our actions and decisions (Johnson & Christensen, 2020). In this mixed method case study, the perceptions of elementary classroom teachers regarding school and family partnerships with parents of ELL students were examined. The protocols for this study were approved by the Marymount University Institutional Review Board, including an invitation to participate and a statement of informed consent. This research obtained data from participants who were informed of the following: the purpose of study, the benefits and risks of the study, that their participation was voluntary, the process for de-identification of the data, and that their anonymity would be protected. Role of the Researcher Individuals' beliefs and values are shaped by their assumptions about how they interact with and relate to their environment (Darwin Holmes, 2020). My decision to pursue a mixed methods case study on elementary school teachers' perceptions of school and family partnerships is based on having raised my two daughters in Title I

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the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ is missing from the Hejazi Arabic inventory which implies that this sound is marked (Note 3). The use of its counterpart, which is a legitimate sound in the learners' phonemic inventory, seems to be a case of interference from Arabic, based on Wode's (1980) assumption that only certain L1 elements are replaced by L2 elements. That is, elements that satisfy similarity requirement. The error made by the learners can also be ascribed to developmental factors. Stated differently, their response with the voiceless counterpart of the stimulus indicates that they are aware of the nature of the sound in question. In other words, they realize that the target sound is a labio-dental fricative with the feature [+continuant] as a characteristic. Another demonstration of the developmental aspect of our learners' performance regarding the acquisition of this phoneme is the variation of /v/ with [f] which indicates, perhaps, that the voiced-voiceless contrast is developing (Albright & Albright, 1958; Ferguson & Farwell, 1975). Therefore, we assume that more exposure to the target sound will enable them to produce it more authentically. Hecht & Mulford (1987) argue that, in second language learning, if the developmental hypothesis best accounts for L2 acquisition of phonology, then learners should have the most difficulty producing those fricatives known to be acquired last by the L1 learners. Indeed, /f/ is mastered at the age of three, and /v/ at six (Winitz, 1969). On the other hand, a number of advanced learners faced almost no difficulty perceiving and producing the fricative under investigation. Their better performance may be ascribed to either one of the two following factors or both. It could be due to more exposure to this fricative through formal instructions or contact with native speakers of English, or it could be the consequence of borrowing. A number of words in the Arabic lexicon which have been borrowed form English and which contain the voiced fricative /v/ are still pronounced with the same fricative by many Arabs, although some would pronounce them with [f]. For instance, 'television', 'van', 'villa', or the equivalent of 'he got me on my nerve' would be produced as [t l v zj õ õ õ ɔ :n], [væn], [vill ∂ ], and [narv ∂ zn ], respectively. There are so many cases in which õ borrowing is taken to be of great support in mastery of foreign language aspects. For

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We start by discussing an adaptation of the IAD framework to inform the construc -tion of our own model. The framework sets out a theoretical model illustrating how a diverse polycentric system can be analysed. The Ostrom's constructed the framework to allow the exploration of human interactions ' within markets, private firms, families, community organisations, legislatures and government agencies' ( Ostrom and Ostrom, 2014, p.173). The IAD provides a structure to investigate, through empirical studies, the workings of polycentric systems. As a springboard, we use our interpretation of this theoretical model (Figure 3.1) to explore our own empirical data. We investigate how community social capital [Attributes of community] is connected to working with different partners [Action Situations] in order to contribute to the involvement in community projects [Interaction] and the effect this has on residents' subjective well-being [Outcome]. Each aspect of the model is now discussed in turn. Attributes of the community [social capital] According to Putnam ( 1995, p.67), social capital refers to 'features of social organ -isation such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit' In our model, we are using social capital synony . -mously with the Attributes of Community. Figure 3.1 A Framework for Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD)  Source: Adapted from Ostrom (1975; 1986 ; 2005) Using the seven-item scale devised by Auerbach (2020), we compare residents' responses in the three neighbourhood types. This is followed by the construction of a single latent factor through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using the seven item scale. Auerbach developed his scale using as a springboard the World Bank's Measuring Social Capital scale (World Bank, 2004) and Krishna's (2002) active social capital scale. We use this scale owing to Auerbach's extensive research work in India's slums. His area of research is similar to ours, looking at public goods and services in poor areas. He undertook two years of fieldwork in the north Indian cities of Bhopal and Jaipur to ascertain the extent of slum leaders' contributions to development and how this is related to brokers and politics. The seven items that make-up Auerbach's social capital scale (SC1 to SC7) and their coding are provided in Table 3.2 . The percentages for each community type show the number of households agreeing with each of the statements. Looking at SC1 and SC4 that consider helping neighbours and uniting to solve problems,

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X 63.9 Other information service activities X X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation287 288 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding 64.1 Monetary intermediation X X X X X X X 64.2 Activities of holding companies 64.3 Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 64.9Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingX X X X X X X X X 65Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 65.1 Insurance X X X 65.2 Reinsurance 65.3 Pension funding 66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities 66.1Activities auxiliary to financial services, except insurance and pension funding X X X X 66.2 Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding X X X 66.3 Fund management activities L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES 68 Real estate activities 68.1 Buying and selling of own real estate X X X X X X X 68.2 Rental and operating of own or leased real estate X X X X X X X 68.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis X X X X X X M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 69 Legal and accounting activities 69.1 Legal activities X X X X X 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy X X X X X X 70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities 70.1 Activities of head offices X X X X 70.2 Management consultancy activities X X X X X 71Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis 71.1Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy X X X X X 71.2 Technical testing and analysis X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation289 290 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment

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[]

2. The present state of affairs appears to be that the scientific and academic face of forensic medicine is often well in advance of the legal and administrative arrangements. In manycountries, it’s full potential cannot be realized,due to frustrations in government machineryfor applying the technical advances. Thecoroner is either a lawyer or a doctor employed by city or country administrator. In some city a practicing solicitor on a part time basis, Afew large cities fulltime coroners, who are bothmedical practitioners and barristers. In formerdays many coroners were doctors only.Broderick’s report (1971) made recommen- dation in favor of lawyers only 2,3. Medical examiners are certified eligible forensic pathologist; they visit the primaryscene of accident or crime, take evidence ofthe people when necessary. Performing autopsyand correlate the autopsy with the evidence ARTICLE OF SPECIAL INTEREST and determine the cause and manner of death and submit the report to the district attorneyfor further action. Medical examiner’s system is superior to coroner’s system, where non medical person conduct the inquest 4. The death cases are reported to coroner by the police, public, doctors are sudden death,industrial accident death, death due toindustrial disease, due to drugs and poisons, operation death, due to allegation of negligence of doctor and nurses, infant death, alcoholism,homicide, suicide, abortion, death in custody/jail and by local death registrar when he is notsatisfied with the death certificate issued bythe doctor in attendance in last illness. After receiving a report of a death, the coroner either (1) request the doctor to issue a deathcertificate. (2) direct forensic pathologist toconduct an autopsy to find out the cause ofdeath or (3) hold a public inquiry called aninquest in to circumstance of death. So that it will be possible to confirm the cause of death 3-4. The present medico legal system of Bangladesh was inherited from the British and continuedup until today. We have adopted and follow thecontinental system with some modificationsin performing medico legal autopsy. Importance: Forensic medicine includes medical jurisprudence, the legal aspect of medicalpractice and many ethical matters. Allbranches of medical science can be called intoplay to assist in medico legal problems. Truthor the nearest reasonable approach to it that is possible from what is observed in sudden, unexplained, suspicious, unnatural and violentdeaths and to determine the causes andmanner of death is the sole aim. Every specialtyof medicine can have forensic aspects at sometime or another, while most branches of medicine can themselves

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these objects by material type or composition. The identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. shows a perspective view of an example autonomous , which includes . Operation of the begins with material being conveyed by passing under the . The removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. Next, the inbound material passes under a to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker -. Bunker - is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system (including , , , and ) to the . The is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the . This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. The commodity is ejected from the and passes under a second , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers , ultimately to be baled. The default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker -. Once bunker - is full, bunker - closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker -, removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. Once all targeted commodities have been depleted from bunker -, the purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker -, which continued to fill while the material from bunker - were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system returns to idle, awaiting additional material availability. In a first example implementation, the is a SpydIR®-R optical sorter provided by National Recovery Technologies (NRT)®, the metal detector is an NRT® MetalDirector™ sorting system, and the AI/ML high speed object identification system is a Max-AI® system provided by Bulk Handling Systems®. In a second example implementation, which is combinable with the first example implementation, the , are

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[]

was a science student, there was no need for me to love literature like that. ## 9. Can you describe how a teacher connected some lessons to your Hispanic culture? Miss Gracia was mindful of connecting lessons to my cultures and experiences. She was really, really careful. But let's see. As a Hispanic student, I rarely saw my culture reflected in the curriculum, as I said earlier, but Mrs. Gracia helped me to feel seen and heard. She invited a speaker one time to talk to our class about the historical context of a particular experience of Dominican immigrants in the United States. So, the lesson was actually a turning point. It's made me connect with my own heritage and culture in a deeper way and showed me that my experiences and perspectives were valuable and worthy of exploration. So yeah, she helped me to feel proud of my cultural heritage, and it inspired me really, really well to learn more about the diverse experiences of Hispanic communities. ## 10. How did the curriculum influence your decision to continue in school and earn a diploma or GED? And to be honest, I didn't feel like the traditional high school curriculum was preparing me for success. The curriculum was largely Eurocentric, as I said before. And I didn't see myself or my experiences reflected in the material. I felt like I was going through the motions, trying to memorize dates and formulas, without any real understanding of how they apply to my life, you know. So, when I decided to leave traditional high school and pursue a GED, it was partly because I felt the curriculum was not serving me. I wanted to take control of my own education and focus on learning skills and knowledge that would actually benefit me in the long run, in the future, you know. I'd say I think the curriculum played a role in my decision. You're supposed to have a diploma, but it also taught me the importance of self-directed learning and advocating for myself. It kind of gave me the flexibility to learn at my own pace and focus on areas that interested me. It also provided a sense of accomplishment and pride when I finally earned my diploma. ## Did you earn a traditional diploma or a GED? A diploma. I went back to earn a traditional diploma. ## How long did

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DAC. - 43 N. A. Papanikolaou, Γυναικολογία [ Gynecology ] (Thessaloniki: Library of the Hellenic Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1986). See also D. I. Aravandinos, Φυσιολογία της γυναίκας [ Physiology of Woman ] (Scientific Publication Gr. Parisianos, n.d.), p. 192. - 44 Papanikolaou, Gynecology . - 45 Aravandinos, Physiology of Woman , p. 194. - 46 N. A. Papanikolaou, Μαιευτική [ Obstetrics ] (Thessaloniki: Library of the Hellenic Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1987); D. I. Aravandinos, Μαιευτική [ Obstetrics ] (Scientific Publication Gr. Parisianos, 1989), p. 380. - 47 For the linguistic division regarding the term 'abortion' in the Greek language, see Chordaki, 'Science communication in late twentieth- century Greece'. - 48 Law 1492/ 1950, '∏ ερί κυρώσεως του ∏ οινικού Κώδικα ' [For the constitutional validity of the Greek Penal Code], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 49 Th. Veremis and S. I. Koliopoulos , Νεότερη Ελλάδα : Μια ιστορία α π ό το 1821 [Modern Greece: A history since 1821] (Athens: Patakis Publications, 2013). - 50 Law 821/ 1978, '∏ ερί αφαιρέσεων και μ ετα μ οσχεύσεων βιολογικών ουσιών ανθρώ π ινης π ροελεύσεως ' [For the removal or transplant of human biological substances], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 51 Law 1609/ 1986, ' Τεχνητή διακο π ή της εγκυ μ οσύνης και π ροστασία της γυναίκας και άλλες διατάξεις ' [Technical termination of pregnancy and protection of women's health and other regulations], Library of the Hellenic Parliament. - 52 Liakos, The Greek 20th Century , p. 419. - 53 The analysis of the religious press included the publication of the Panhellenic Union of Friends of Multi- Child Parents Oi Filoi ton Polyteknon [ Friends of Multi- Child Parents ], the magazine Oikogeneia [ Family ], published every three months by the Panhellenic Union of Friends of Multi- Child Parents and the conservative daily newspaper Akropolis [ Acropolis ]. - 54 Anon., ' Μελέτη -έρευνα / ∏ ρος νο μ μ ι ο π οίηση των εκτρώσεων !' [Study- research: Towards the decriminalization of abortions?!], Oi Filoi ton Polyteknon (March 1983), DAC; Anon., ' Σ άνια π α π εικόνιση -δογ μ ατική της θείας συλλήψεως -ενανθρω π ήσεως του θεού Λόγου ως θεανθρώ π ου Χριστού μ ε π ρόσληψη ψυχής και σώ ατος εξ άκρας συλλήψεως μ ' [Rare visualization of the holly conception with soul and body from the moment of conception], Oikogeneia (1985), DAC; Anon., ' Α λώνεται η σταυροφορία κατά των εκτρώσεων π ' [The crusade of abortions is spreading], Akropolis (1986),

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The cipher Maya, proposed by Gomathisankaran and Lee [3], is an instance of the cipher described in Algorithm 1 with N = 16. The authors claim that it is efficient in a hardware implementation. We attack this cipher by recovering all 16 S-boxes. However, in the general case, we do not know the last-round key, and therefore what we recover is in fact the 16 S-boxes xored with the last round key. Once this is done, we can peel off the first and last layers of encryption, and attack the cipher with two rounds less; this time, the S-boxes are known and a standard differential or linear attack can be mounted to extract the round keys. What we obtain in the end is an equivalent description of the cipher, but not necessarily the key. Still, the equivalent description of the cipher will allow us to encrypt or decrypt any text of our choice. Furthermore, we shall outline how our attack can be applied to a generalization. Here, the S-boxes are chosen uniformly at random for each round. Additionally, the bit permutation can be chosen randomly for each round and kept secret as part of the key. In this case, the addition of the round keys is not necessary because it can be seen as part of the S-boxes. Furthermore the permutation is omitted in the last round. This extreme variant can be compared with an instance of SASAS [9]. Note that in this variant nothing but the block size and the number of rounds is known. The pseudo-code of this variant is described as Algorithm 2. ## 3 Principle of the Attack In this section, we explain the idea of our approach to recover the S-boxes in the basic variant of a PRESENT -like cipher with secret S-boxes. It is a differentialstyle attack and the complexity is analysed in Section 6. Recall that in the basic variant of the cipher (cf. Algorithm 1), there are 16 secret S-boxes which are applied in all rounds. We denote these 16 S-boxes S i , ## Require: X is a 64-bit plaintext Ensure: C = E K ( X ) where E K means the encryption function with key K - 1: Derive 16 · N S-boxes S i,j , 1 ≤ i ≤ N , 0 ≤ j ≤ 15 and N -1 bit permutations P i from K - 2: STATE

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suspensions for Black students. Diversity among principals in Europe has improved migrant students’ learning outcomes and self-esteem. Female leaders can contribute to students’ success in some contexts. In francophone Africa, primary school students led by female principals outperformed those led by male principals in mathematics and reading by the equivalent of at least six months of learning. The key institutional feature that enables principals to exercise leadership skills and show initiative to improve education outcomes is the extent of their decision-making power. In 20 high-income countries, the more principals had the primary responsibility for human and financial resource decisions, the more likely it was that a country would be among those ranked more highly in terms of average performance in mathematics. Leadership standards outline leadership practices conducive to teaching and learning. Globally, 49% of countries have adopted stand-alone national professional leadership standards or competency frameworks, independent of laws or policies, which outline the competencies principals are required to demonstrate. The four key dimensions of leadership are adopted to different degrees in professional leadership standards, frameworks and regulations. Only half of countries have standards for school principals that explicitly address collaboration. 2 24 CHAPTER 2 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : ROLES , IMPACT AND STANDARDS School leadership involves steering educational institutions to achieve their goals, such as improving student learning and fostering a positive school environment (UNESCO, 2018). School principals bear responsibilities such as shaping an educational vision, aligning teaching practices with standards and student needs, encouraging professional development and collaboration, and ensuring student well-being and safety. Such responsibilities require them to both manage and lead under resource constraints and frequent education policy shifts. Principals have to address the needs of diverse student populations; respond to the exigencies of digital technology (UNESCO, 2023b); and deal with emergencies such as displacement (UNESCO, 2019), natural disasters and health crises like COVID-19 (Longmuir, 2023). They need to deal with community expectations and navigate accountability pressures (Lee, 2016). In some contexts, decentralized arrangements empower principals to take the action they deem appropriate to address problems. Principals also increasingly have access to better management tools, regulatory frameworks and communication channels. These resources can develop their capacity to build trust and effective collaborative relationships with staff, students, parents and community stakeholders for joint action (UNESCO, 2023a). This chapter examines principals’ roles, with an emphasis on primary and secondary education. The term ‘principal’ refers to

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are only for separate tax base determination, i.e., to ensure that while the tax base is determined separately for each project, for the purpose of applying the progressive CIT rates, the positive results of the tax base from each project should be aggregated at the level of the taxpayer (i.e., on a consolidated basis), regardless of how many projects an investor holds. Such clarity is necessary to avoid subsequent disputes. - 2. Similar implementation challenges may relate to the deductibility of some costs-for example, limits on the deductibility of some expenses, such as gifts and charitable donations or interest limitation rules based on BEPS Action 4 recommendations (OECD, 2015). The key question arising is whether the investor should determine the deductibility of these expenses at the level of each project/activity separately or whether this limitation should be determined at the consolidated tax base level. Some of these expenses may only relate to a specific project-for example, the loan financing CapEx on a specific mining project only relates to that project-and therefore ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION the interest limitation may need to be determined with reference to the results of that project, rather than reducing the tax base from other projects that did not require any financing. For other types of expenses that do not relate to the activities of a specific project but rather to the activities or operations of the taxpayer as a whole, the deduction limits may need to be determined with reference to the overall results of the taxpayer. Considering the complexity of such questions, it is advisable that the relevant approach be explicitly stipulated in the primary or secondary law. ## 5.2 How Should the Apportionment of Revenues and Expenditures Work? In the case of a mining company carrying on multiple operations and undertaking different activities, the apportionment of revenues and expenditures to the correct project or activity is of utmost significance. This is because there are both direct and indirect revenues and/or expenses (e.g., general administrative expenses/overheads) that need to be apportioned to the different ring-fenced activities relating to multiple licence areas or business activities (upstream versus downstream or mining versus nonmining). Where direct allocation is not feasible or practicable, they may need to be apportioned among the different licence areas and

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[]

me and events that changed how I thought about myself academically. It was during my junior year my junior year of high school. I had always struggled in math and had pretty much given up on the idea of being good at it. I thought I just wasn't cut out for it, that I wasn't smart enough, but then I had a math teacher, Mrs. Garcia, who saw something in me that I didn't. She took me aside one day and said, I know you think you are not good at math, but I believe in you. I think you have the potential to excel in this class. She offered to help me outside of class, and I accepted. I started to understand math in a way I never had before. So she broke it down for me, explained it in a way that made sense, and gave me the confidence to try. So, that experience alone changed everything for me. It made me realize that I was capable of learning, understanding, and succeeding in a subject I thought was beyond me. So, from that day on, I started to see myself in a different light. I started to think, if I can do this, what else can I do? And that mindset has stayed with me to this day. So I just say, gracias, Mrs. Garcia. ## 4. Describe a teacher who influenced how you saw yourself. I'd say Mrs. Garcia here because she was my math teacher during my junior year of high school. She was more than just a teacher. I think she was a role model, too, and a mentor. Would I say she was my source of inspiration? Okay, yeah. She was my source of inspiration. So, she was one of the teachers who truly cared about the students. She took the time to get to know each of us, to understand our strengths and weaknesses, and to tailor her teaching to meet our individual needs. But what really made Mrs. Garcia stand out was the way she believed in me. She saw something in me that I didn't see in myself. Potential. She'd tell me you're capable of so much more than this than you think you are. Don't sell yourself short, and she'd push me to take on challenges that I felt were beyond me. Mrs. Garcia was very relatable. She would share

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[]

'the biography does the job of filling a gap rather too literally and faithfully, by upholding the figure of the transgressive woman author who was 'as good as' or 'better than' her male counterparts'. 26 As other scholars have also noted, understanding the historical trajectory of 'processes of gendering' and, indeed, the power relations that circumscribed them is more pressing and radical a research agenda than simply filling a gap. 27 The compensatory approach has been influential in many areas of the world. In South- Eastern and Central Europe, writing in this vein has sometimes acquired a celebratory or exceptionalist tone, likely an outcome of the fact that the study of gender and science is a relatively new area of research. Until 1989, there was only a small and mostly underground feminist movement in these regions, although sometimes with relevant impact 9 on the global women's movement. 28 The authoritarian regimes in the region imposed a cultural and political agenda that encouraged the entrance of women into scientific fields, but their activities became subsumed under a broader and, for the purposes of perpetuating the regimes in power, politically more significant identity as 'working people'. In the post- 1989 period, investigations of science under communism, including the role of women therein, have often been incorporated into a broader repertoire of anticommunist writing. 29 Scholarly engagement with women's history and gender studies varies across countries of the former communist bloc, a point valid for Europe as a whole, as Andrea Pető has argued: 'In each country the development of writing gender history is deeply connected to national historiography and the characteristics of historians as an institutionalized profession. The bias towards gender or towards women's history depends on the local intellectual tradition regarding difference.' 30 In Romania, there has been a gradual increase in gender studies publications since the 1990s, 31 but there is a noticeable lack of qualitative and quantitative studies that engage with science, a situation mirrored in the older and academically more established field of women's history. As we have emphasized above, the omission is significant, considering the relatively high proportion of women in STEMM. It points not only to dominant perceptions of science as a masculine pursuit statistics notwithstanding - but also the fact that writing about women and gender is a political act with tangible consequences. Recent attempts to ban the teaching of 'gender ideology' in schools and

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fellow academics to extend full rights to women at Cambridge: [W] e welcome the presence of women in our laboratories on the grounds that residence in this University is intended to fit the rising generation to take its proper place in the outside world … For better or worse, women are often endowed with such a degree of intelligence as enables them to contribute substantially to progress in the various branches of learning; at the present stage in the world's affairs we can afford less than ever before to neglect the training and cultivation of all the young intelligence available. 14 The University of Oxford granted women full membership in 1920, when fifty women graduates were admitted to degrees, including several women tutorial staff members. The historic occasion was marked in newspaper editorials: 'The leaders of women's education in Oxford may be congratulated on this triumphal recognition of the cause for which they have worked so long and so arduously, and on a victory won by courtesy, patience and merit alone.' 15 A similar vote in Cambridge was once again defeated. In the aftermath, women students experienced hostility. In science lectures, they were greeted with a cacophony of foot- stamping from male students, had derogatory notes passed to them and were victims of other antisocial behaviours. 16 Letters in the press illustrate the hostile climate to which women students were subjected. For example, a letter- writer in 1922 suggested that 'the English University woman … is making a grave mistake in aping man. Her interests are no longer in the home or in the training of children … but rather in a fight for recognition in the professions … in the struggle she is becoming unsexed. She has lost her feminine charm, and is virtually a neuter.' 17 Drawing on a familiar rhetoric about ideal womanhood, which could be found, in various iterations, as far as Japan and China, 18 Cambridge remained adamant about not conferring degrees on women by making them full members of the university. A consequence of Cambridge's reluctance to confer membership and degree status on women was that this university fell behind the University of Oxford, whose student body recorded 18- per- cent women students in 1934- 35. In contrast, the share of women full- time students stagnated in Cambridge from 10 per cent in 1900- 01 and dropped to 9 per cent in 1934- 35,

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Environment Agency, Transport and environment report 2022, Digitalization in the mobility system: challenges and opportunities , 2022. 48THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3 FIGURE 8 Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the EU Greenhouse gas emission1, Index 1990=1 Notes: 1 Excluding LULUCF emissions and international maritime, including international aviation and indirect CO2. 2 Excluding international maritime (inter - national traffic departing from the EU), including international aviation. 3 Emissions from Manufacturing and Construction, Industrial Processes and Product Use. 4 Emissions from Fuel Combustion and other Emissions from Agriculture. Source: European Commission, 2023 The automotive sector is a key example of lack of EU planning, applying a climate policy without an indus - trial policy [see the chapter on automotive] . The technology neutrality principle has not always been applied in the automotive sector. The ambitious target of zero tailpipe emissions by 2035 will lead to a de facto phasing out of new registrations of vehicles with internal combustion engines and the rapid market penetration of EVs. Yet, the EU has not followed up these ambitions with a synchronised push to convert the supply chain. For example, the Commission only launched the European Battery Alliance to build a battery value chain in Europe in 2017, while Europe as a whole is far behind on installing charging infrastructure. China, by contrast, has been focusing on the full EV supply chain since 2012 and, as a result, it has moved faster and at a larger scale and is now one generation ahead in EV technology in virtually all domains, while also producing at lower cost. European companies are already losing market share and this trend may accelerate as shipping bottlenecks are overcome [see Figure 9] . Chinese carmakers’ market share for EVs in Europe rose from 5% in 2015 to almost 15% in 2023, while the share of European carmakers in the European EV market fell from 80% to 60%. FIGURE 9 Electric car imports to Europe by country of production and manufacturer headquarters Thousand vehicles, 2021-2022 Source: IEA, 2023 49THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3 A joint plan for decarbonisation and competitiveness The first key goal for the energy sector is to lower the cost of energy for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation [see the chapter on energy] . Natural gas will remain part of the

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of income and expenses, meaning capital allowance deductions are claimed for depreciating assets in line with the useful economic life of such assets, this typically corresponds with the timeline of how the corresponding income is generated. If such deductions are claimed as income is generated, the need for ring-fencing is less likely to arise, as there is no large upfront deduction of the project cost claimed before the mine becomes operational (noting there will still likely be some deductions claimed in cases of failed exploration expenditure, and there may be some OpEx costs). The capital allowance regime will not achieve the intended matching effect if government policy allows for the accelerated or immediate expensing of CapEx costs. The features of the design of the capital allowance regime will thus play a significant role in the consideration of whether to use and how to design the ring-fencing rules. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.2 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules

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[]

- 47 A. Pârvulescu and M. Boatcă, Creolizing the Modern: Transylvania across Empires (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2022). - 48 G. Basalla, 'The spread of Western science', Science , 156: 3775 (1967), 61122. For critiques of this model, see D. Raina, Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Raj, Relocating Modern Science ; F .T. Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire and Cultural Encounter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); H. Tilley, 'Global histories, vernacular science, and African genealogies; or, is the history of science ready for the world?' Isis , 101: 1 (2010), 110- 19. - 49 We are grateful to Vladimir Janković for bringing this scholarship to our attention. - 50 S. Hartman, Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 13. - 51 Joanna Behrman's description of the painstaking research involved in identifying the protagonists of a 1913 photograph taken in Pierre Weiss' laboratory at ETH Zurich, three of whom were women, is a good illustration of this. J. Behrman, 'A history mystery: Adventures identifying people in a photograph', Ex Libris Universum , Niels Bohr Library & Archives and Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics, 16 February 2023, www.aip.org/ hist ory- progr ams/ niels- bohr- libr ary/ ex- lib ris- univer sum/ hist ory- myst ery- adv entu res- iden tify ing?fbc lid= IwAR 0y92 3WJ3 vJUw jNvR v7W- EBy IlYZ MAT5 vAv- 0- lFtBQ MVOZ ffw6 3AYC ONk> (accessed 21 September 2023). - 52 Rossiter, 'The Matthew Matilda effect in science'; A. Sur, 'Dispersed radiance: Women scientists in C. V. Raman's laboratory', Meridians , 1: 2 (2001), 95- 127. - 53 C. von Oertzen, Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917- 1955 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). - 54 See P . Fara, A Lab of One's Own: Science and Suffrage in the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) and Ogawa's Foreword in this volume. - 55 On post- World War I state- building in Eastern Europe, see B. Trencsényi, The Politics of 'National Character': A Study in Interwar East European Thought (London and New York: Routledge, 2012); B. Olschowsky, P. Juszkiewicz and J. Rydel (eds), Central and Eastern Europe after the First World War (Oldenbourg: De Gruyter, 2021); I. Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918- 1930 (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1995).

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understand context, prepare for challenges and update content) and results (such as work placements and student learning). In-service professional learning may be the only opportunity for principals in some countries. Again, the characteristics vary, including coverage; the offer of practicums; responsiveness to the needs of principals; emphasis on instructional leadership; and the degree of formality as opposed to more collaborative approaches such as mentoring, networking, study groups, school visits and peer coaching. The chapter draws on research and evidence from comparative studies, such as the Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2019, 2020), the International Successful School Principalship Project (University of Nottingham, 2020), the International Study of Principal Preparation (Slater et al., 2018), the 7 System Leadership Study (Harris and Jones, 2015; 2018), the International School Leadership Development Network (ISLDN, 2024), and the World School Leadership Study (WSLS, 2024). Chapter 4 on shared school leadership emphasizes that school leaders cannot lead schools alone, especially when they have major responsibilities. While they may have the most responsibility and opportunities to exercise leadership and are loaded with the biggest expectations, other stakeholders in schools must also provide leadership. There is, therefore, interest in how leadership is distributed. Vice principals, teacher or middle leaders, non-teaching staff, school management committees or boards, and student leaders are among those that may be drawn into decision making.  ## School leaders cannot lead schools alone  Middle leaders are teachers who have a substantial teaching workload in addition to a substantial leadership role, such as head of a curriculum area (e.g. mathematics) or a grade. These are often the leaders who are most in contact with teachers, parents and guardians and play a significant role in teachers' well-being, collective action, mutual support, pedagogical innovation, parental and student involvement, professional learning, community development, and student outcomes. Their responsibilities include decisions on curricular emphasis, resource acquisition and distribution, staff development, and a supportive culture. They may or may not succeed in their role, depending on factors such as support received from school principals, recognition in the form of time assigned to leadership tasks, and the burden posed by administrative responsibilities. The review draws on evidence from comparative studies such as the International Study of Teacher Leadership (ISTL, 2024). It also examines the role of teachers in informal leadership roles and of non-teaching staff. In some countries, school management committees and boards share management responsibilities

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MRF arrangement of the plurality of MRF components optimizes recovery and/or purity of at least one targetable material from the material stream; and controlling at least one MRF component of the plurality of MRF components to change its operation or its location within the MRF according to the determined MRF arrangement. Example [0229] includes the method of example [0228] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the data streams include a set of sensor data generated by respective sensors of the set of sensors and MHU status information generated by respective MHUs of the set of MHUs. Example [0230] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0229] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the at least one MRF component is a sensor of the set of sensors, controlling the at least one MRF component includes: retasking the sensor to collect a different type of sensor data or report sensor data at a different interval. Example [0231] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0230] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein, when the at least one MRF component is an MHU of the set of MHUs, controlling the at least one MRF component includes: retasking the MHU including determining one or more tasks for the MHU to perform. Example [0232] includes the method of example [0231] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: retasking the MHU from performing one or more current tasks to performing the determined one or more tasks. Example [0233] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0232] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to recover at least one material different than the at least one recoverable material to recover the at least one recoverable material from the material stream. Example [0234] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0233] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to use a selected sorting mechanism to recover the at least one recoverable material from the material stream. Example [0235] includes the method of example [0234] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the selected sorting mechanism is different than a sorting mechanism currently being used by the MHU. Example [0236] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0235] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein retasking the MHU includes: causing the MHU to move from a current location within the MRF to a different location within the MRF. Example [0237] includes the method of examples [0231]-[0236]

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4Strengthening industrial capacity for defence and space The European defence industry not only suffers from lower defence spending but also a lack of focus on technological development [see the chapter on defence] . The European defence sector is highly competitive globally, registering an annual turnover of EUR 135 billion in 2022 and strong export volumes. Some EU products and technologies are superior or at least equivalent in quality to those produced by the US, such as main battle tanks, conventional submarines, naval shipyard technology and transport aircraft. However, the EU defence industry is suffering from a capacity gap on two fronts. First, overall demand is lower: aggregate defence spending in the EU is about one-third as high as in the US. Second, EU spending is less focused on innovation. Defence is a highly technological industry characterised by disruptive innovation, meaning that massive R&D investments are required to maintain strategic parity. The US has prioritised R&D spending over all other military spending categories since 2014. In the 2023, it allocated EUR 130 billion (USD 140 billion) for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, amounting to around 16% of total defence spending. This category also saw the largest relative percentage increase in the defence budget. In Europe, total funding for defence R&D was EUR 10.7 billion in 2022, amounting to just 4.5% of total spending. Complex next-generation defence systems in all strategic domains will require massive R&D investment that exceeds the capacity of single EU Member States. The European defence industry is also fragmented, limiting its scale and hindering operational effective - ness in the field . The EU defence industrial landscape is populated mainly by national players operating in relatively small domestic markets [see Figure 4] . Fragmentation creates two major challenges. First, it means that the industry lacks scale, which is essential in a capital-intensive sector with long investment cycles. As a result, if EU Member States were to ramp up defence spending significantly, a supply crisis could occur with Member States competing between each other on the constrained European defence equipment market. Second, fragmentation leads to serious issues related to a lack of standardisation and the interoperability of equipment, which have come to light during the EU’s support for Ukraine. For 155 mm artillery alone, EU Member States have provided ten different types of howitzers to Ukraine from their stocks, and some have even been delivered in different variants, creating

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of 123 samples found the presence of one or more phycotoxin ... New Research Shows 2/3 of Species in Global Shark Fin Trade at Risk of Extinction July 20, 2022 — Researchers sampled nearly 10,000 shark fin trimmings from markets in Hong Kong -- one of the largest shark fin trade hubs in the world. With a little DNA detective work, they unraveled the mystery ... TRENDING AT SCITECHDAILY.com After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia Print Email Share Breaking this hour Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming Worm Turns Ocean Poison Into Golden Crystals Ancient Oxygen Flood Changed Life Forever Bumble Bees Balance Their Diets With Precision Spacetime Crystals Made of Knotted Light Tiny Hologram for Ultraprecise Light Control High-Performance Iron Catalyst for Fuel Cells Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas “Molten Rock Raindrops” Reveal ... Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel Trending Topics this week PLANTS & ANIMALS Food Organic Birds EARTH & CLIMATE Air Quality Energy and the Environment Water FOSSILS & RUINS Human Evolution Ancient Civilizations Early Humans Strange & Offbeat PLANTS & ANIMALS Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas 500-Million-Year-Old “squid” Were Actually Ferocious Worms Why Tiny Bee Brains Could Hold the Key to Smarter AI EARTH & CLIMATE Scientists Found a New Way to Turn Sunlight Into Fuel Ancient Predators and Giant Amphibians Found in African Fossil Treasure Trove Scientists Warn Ocean Could Soon Reach Rapa Nui’s Sacred Moai FOSSILS & RUINS Ancient Fossil Discovery in Ethiopia Rewrites Human Origins 140,000-Year-Old Skeleton Shows Earliest Interbreeding Between Humans and Neanderthals Mysterious Denisovan Interbreeding Shaped the Humans We Are Today Toggle navigation Menu S D S D Home Page Top Science News Latest News Home Home Page Top Science News Latest News Health View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: Health & Medicine Allergy Cancer Cold and Flu Diabetes Heart Disease ... more topics Mind & Brain ADD and ADHD Alzheimer's Headaches Intelligence Psychology ... more topics Living Well Parenting Child Development Stress Nutrition Fitness ... more topics Tech View all the latest top news in the physical sciences & technology, or browse the topics below:

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breakthrough technologies. Faster innovation will, in turn, help raise the EU’s productivity growth, leading to stronger growth in household incomes and stronger domestic demand. Europe still has an opportunity to change track. With the world now on the cusp of another digital revolu - tion, triggered by the spread of artificial intelligence (AI), a window has opened for Europe to redress its failings in innovation and productivity and to restore its manufacturing potential. FIGURE 5 Share in world trade in goods and services % of global trade, excluding intra-EU trade Note: The data refers to goods trade (lhs) and services trade (rhs), excluding intra-EU. The global total is the net of intra-EU trade. Source: European Commission (JRC). Based on WTO. Second, Europe must bring down high energy prices while continuing to decarbonise and shift to a circular economy . The energy landscape has changed irreversibly with the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting loss of pipeline natural gas. While energy prices have fallen considerably from their peaks, EU companies still face electricity prices that are 2-3 times those in the US and natural gas prices paid are 4-5 times higher [see Figure 6] . Decarbonisation could be an opportunity for Europe, both to take the lead in new clean technologies and circu - larity solutions, and to shift power generation towards secure, low-cost clean energy sources in which the EU has generous natural endowments. However, whether Europe can seize this opportunity will depend on all policies being in sync with the EU’s decarbonisation objectives. The energy transition will be gradual and fossil fuels will continue to play a central role in energy pricing for the remainder of this decade, threatening continued price volatility for end users. EU industries that use energy intensively face higher investment costs than their competitors to meet decarbonisation targets. At the same time, Chinese competition is becoming particularly acute in the key industries that will drive decarbonisation – such as clean tech and electric vehicles – driven by a powerful combination of 03. Based on analysis of revealed comparative advantage. 04. EU firms have also been experiencing competitiveness losses owing to increased input costs, exacerbated by elevated energy prices in Europe compared to other regions. 14THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 1massive industrial policy, rapid innovation, control of raw materials and the ability to produce at continent-wide scale. For the EU

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des terriers au brûlement des titres féodaux (1789–1793). Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 176 , 149–158 (1964). Tudoroiu, T. Social media and revolutionary waves: the case of the Arab Spring. New Polit. Sci. 36 , 346–365 (2014). Google Scholar Bonnasse-Gahot, L. et al. Epidemiological modelling of the 2005 French riots: a spreading wave and the role of contagion. Sci. Rep. 8 , 107 (2018). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hagberg, A. A., Schult, D. A. & Swart, P. J. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. in Proc. 7th Python in Science Conference (eds Varoquaux, G. et al.) 11–15 (SciPy/NumFOCUS, 2008). Dijkstra, E. W. in Edsger Wybe Dijkstra: His Life, Work, and Legacy (eds Apt K. R. & Hoare T.) 287–290 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, 2022). Nelder, J. A. & Mead, R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput. J. 7 , 308–313 (1965). MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar Cassini de Thudy, C. & Maraldi, J. Nouvelle carte qui comprend les principeux triangles qui servent de fondement a la Description geometrique de France (Aubin & Heulland, 1744). Seabold, S. & Perktold, J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. SciPy 7 , 92–96 (2010). Nature ( Nature ) ISSN 1476-4687 (online) ISSN 0028-0836 (print) nature.com sitemap About Nature Portfolio About us Press releases Press office Contact us Discover content Journals A-Z Articles by subject protocols.io Nature Index Publishing policies Nature portfolio policies Open access Author & Researcher services Reprints & permissions Research data Language editing Scientific editing Nature Masterclasses Research Solutions Libraries & institutions Librarian service & tools Librarian portal Open research Recommend to library Advertising & partnerships Advertising Partnerships & Services Media kits Branded content Professional development Nature Awards Nature Careers Nature Conferences Regional websites Nature Africa Nature China Nature India Nature Japan Nature Middle East Privacy Policy Use of cookies Your privacy choices/Manage cookies Legal notice Accessibility statement Terms & Conditions Your US state privacy rights © 2025 Springer Nature Limited Close banner Close Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Email address Sign up I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the Nature and Springer Nature Limited Privacy Policy . Close banner Close Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.

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likely (joint) by experts. AI saves teachers’ time AI lightens the bureaucratic load for teachers and school administrators. Teachers can focus more on delivering lessons and deepening connections with learners, because AI products save them hours of time. From drafting report cards, to planning timetables and lessons, to building assessments, many time-consuming processes have become semi-automated. The tasks this has added to teachers’ lives, such as troubleshooting technical issues or managing devices, are small by comparison. Teacher satisfaction has skyrocketed . This scenario was voted 5th most likely by experts. Scenarios for conflict and crisis in education systems in 2035 The global funding collapse Systemic funding drops, so crisis-affected countries turn to public relations and bilateral alliances. Global aid is totally fragmented, and politicised. Individual countries make their own decisions on where to allocate aid funding, based on their own international or domestic politics. Systematic funding allocations, based on data and impact potential, are replaced with regional coalitions, B2C EdTech products marketing themselves to consumers in crisis contexts, greater PR and lobbying efforts from crisis-affected countries, and commercial equity/debt financing over grantmaking. This scenario was voted most likely by experts. Schools close, but learning continues (for some) Hybrid learning becomes increasingly normalised due to conflict and crisis. National education systems are integrating hybrid models, meaning children have structured pathways to keep learning at home. This includes EdTech products, training to parents and community members, and tools and autonomy for teachers to support. More regular, predictable crises have made this essential, but it’s not perfect. The absence of peer learning, socialisation, and the school environment still means learning loss – but not as much. This scenario was voted 2nd most likely by experts. New faces of education Crises pivot and blur the role of a teacher. Prolonged crises blur the lines between traditional and non-traditional educators, the role of a “teacher” expands to include caregivers, community educators, and bots. In countries with effective EdTech tools and strong, formal training for “reserve” teachers, this has helped ease the burden on teachers. In others, it has de-professionalised teaching further, leading to worse education outcomes. This scenario was voted 3rd most likely by experts. A crisis education playbook (for some) The holistic crisis response framework – we know what works, but it’s available unequally. Tired of short term, reactive responses to crises, the global community has developed a holistic framework for education in emergencies,

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an I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), for example. The can perform learning or inference using data obtained via the Internet. For this reason, the preferably includes the . The analog may use a multilevel flash memory as an analog memory. However, the flash memory has a limitation on the number of rewrite cycles. In addition, it is extremely difficult to embed the multilevel flash memory (to form the arithmetic circuit and the memory on the same die). Alternatively, the may use a ReRAM as an analog memory. However, the ReRAM has a limitation on the number of rewrite cycles and also has a problem in storage accuracy. Moreover, the ReRAM is a two-terminal element, and thus has a complicated circuit design for separating data writing and data reading. Further alternatively, the may use an MRAM as an analog memory. However, the MRAM has a problem in storage accuracy because of its low magnetoresistive ratio. In consideration of the above, the preferably uses an OS memory as an analog memory. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. <Application Example of AI System> In this embodiment, application examples of the AI system described in the above embodiment will be described with reference to . is an A in which the described with are arranged in parallel and a signal can be transmitted between the systems via a bus line. The A illustrated in includes a plurality of AI systems \_ to \_(n is a natural number). The AI system \_ to the AI system \_are connected to each other via a . is an B in which the described with are arranged in parallel as in and a signal can be transmitted between the systems via a network. The B illustrated in includes the plurality of AI systems \_ to \_. The AI system \_ to the AI system \_are connected to each other via a . A communication module is provided in each of the AI system \_ to the AI system \_; such a configuration enables wireless or wired communication via the . The communication modules can perform communication via an antenna. For example, the communication can be performed in such a manner that each electronic device is connected to a computer network such as the Internet, which is the infrastructure of the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet,

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with strong social cohesion can empower communi - ties to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and networks for a collective good. By contrast, low levels of neighbourhood social cohesion and trust are associated with stress, depression and anxiety ( Forrest and Kearns, 2001 ; Prezza et al., 2001 ; Barnes, 2003 ). Those living in slums are not a homogeneous population, but a diverse group of people with different interests, means and backgrounds. Slums are a significant economic force. In some cities, it has been estimated that as much as 60% of employment is carried out within the informal sector. What is vital for a city to continue to flourish is diversity, which is a source of economic and cultural dyna - mism ( Jacobs, 1961 , 1968 ; Glaeser, 2011 ). This chapter examines the relationship between subjective well-being, neighbourhood cohesion and social capital, taking into consideration the socio-economic backgrounds of the households as well as levels of trust in our three different settlements – slum/JJ colony (Sanjay), reset - tlement colony (Bhalswa) and unauthorised colony (Ajit Vihar). What is being investigated are the different levels of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital, trust, resilience, and subjective well-being that affect residents’ behaviours and how they play a part in an individual’s life’s purpose and meaning. The data in this chapter were gathered through a survey carried out with 1,004 households (311 in Sanjay; 365 in Ajit Vihar; 328 in Bhalswa). We look at neighbourhood networks, happiness, sense of purpose, life satisfaction and control. We follow an intra-community focus using Auerbach’s social capital scale ( Auerbach, 2019 ). Bouncing back from a variety of challenges that arise in life is measured through household resilience. Structural equation modelling is employed to assess direct and indirect associations. In this chapter, we explore three hypotheses: 1. Being able to choose your neighbourhood is beneficial to your well-being and contributes positively to attitudes around neighbourhood cohesion – A com - parison of Sanjay (slum/JJ) and Bhalswa (resettlement). Resilient cities 29 2. Residents’ preferences on social capital and neighbourhood cohesion meas - ures are different in two neighbourhood types – A comparison of Sanjay (slum/ JJ – illegal housing built on public land) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised – ille - gal housing built on private land typically owned by the household). 3. There is a causal link between trust, social capital and neighbourhood

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61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 22.1 Manufacture of rubber products X 22.2 Manufacture of plastic products X X X X X 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products X X 23.2 Manufacture of refractory products 23.3 Manufacture of clay building materials X X 23.4 Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products 23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster X X X X X 23.6 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster X X X X 23.7 Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X X X X 23.9Manufacture of abrasive products and non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. X X X X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X X X X X X 24.2Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel X X X 24.3 Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel X X X X 24.4 Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals X X X X 24.5 Casting of metals X X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products X X X X X 25.2 Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal 25.3Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers 25.4 Manufacture of weapons and ammunition X 25.5Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining X X X X X X 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X X X X X X X X X 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation277 278 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment

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[]

to deploy these technologies. Research from the US finds that around 80% of the workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of the large language modules, while almost 20% of workers could see at least 50% of their tasks affectedv. Unlike previous waves of computerisation, the jobs of higher-skilled workers are likely to be more exposed. Providing workers with adequate skills and training to make use of AI can nevertheless help to make the benefits of AI more inclusive. In one recent study, access to AI assistance was found to increase productivity for all workers, but less experienced or low-skilled staff benefitted the mostvi. While Europe should strive to match the US in innovative potential, it should aim to exceed it in providing opportunities for educa - tion and lifelong learning – ensuring that the benefits of AI are widely shared and any negative impacts on social inclusion are minimised. 25THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2BOX 1 Demographic developments and the labour force Historically, labour force growth was a significant driver of GDP growth across all major economies as the working age population increased steadily. In the EU, however, growth of the working age population has slowed since the 1990s and has started declining on aggregate over the past decade, mainly owing to declining birth rates. Positive net inward migration does not compensate for the EU’s population decline. Long-term population projections suggest a further continued decline of the EU’s population. This decline stands in contrast to the US, whose population is expected to continue to grow during the next decades, albeit at a slowing pace. FIGURE 4 Long-term population developments and projects Population, million Note: The population projections are based on the probabilistic projections of total fertility and life expectancy at birth. These projections were made using a Bayesian Hierarchical Model. The figures display the median projections. The projections reflect a contribution of historical migration patterns. Paper on methodology. Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2022. Projected overall population dynamics are also reflected in the growth of the European working age popu - lation, which started to decline around 2010. The projected decline in the Chinese working age population exceeds that of the EU. It is expected to drop from about 1 billion people aged 15-64 years to around 600 million in the next 40 years. 26THE FUTURE

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and chemical engineering (492). The first one accounts for almost one quar- ter of the total number of records (23%). Publications represent the biggest share of re- cords in almost all domains, ranging from 60% to 99% of the total records in most cases, as shown inFigure 3.33. Electric and electronic technologies (56%), ICT and computer science (55%), Biotech- nology (50%), Agrifood (40%) and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (21%) are the domains which have a high share of patents. Due to their nature, as with other countries, EC projects in Moldova are highly concentrated in the domain of Governance, culture, education and the economy. ICT and computer science and Environ- mental sciences and industries also present a rel-atively high number of projects, but this is quite frequent given the orientation of the funding pro- grammes. The growth rate of publications in recent years, in terms of the compound annual growth rate, is also shown. Out of the top 5 domains in terms of crit- ical mass, Nanotechnology and materials (-4.8%) shows a decreasing trend. This is particularly note- worthy, as it signals that the number of publications in subsequent years may continue to decrease and this domain may become less relevant. Finally, as Figure 3.34 and Figure 3.35 show, Mol- dova’s publications are highly specialised in Elec- tric and electronic technologies (with an SI of 2.5), as well as Mechanical engineering and heavy ma- chinery (1.6), Nanotechnology and materials (1.6), Energy (1.4) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.3), amongst others. Moldova presents few domains with a high- er-than-average citation impact vs the EaP region, notably Nanotechnology and materials (with an NCI of 1.5), but also Health and wellbeing (1.1) and Chemistry and chemical engineering (1.1). Thus, both Nanotechnology and materials and Publications (critical mass | CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Nanotechnology and materials 1 168 -4.8% 127 8 1 303 Health and wellbeing 622 22.2% 284 10 916 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery160 15.2% 600 1 761 Governance, culture, education and the economy507 13.2% 3 62 572 Chemistry and chemical engineering 416 2.5% 75 1 492 Fundamental physics and mathematics 449 -3.7% 18 1 468 Electric and electronic technologies 219 13.8% 175 1 395 Biotechnology 192 6.2% 190 3 385 Agrifood 136 -2.0% 206 7 349 Environmental sciences and industries 256 6.3% 12 15 283 Energy 132 12.1% 66 6 204 ICT and computer science 102 -10.5% 77 19 198

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[]

16.8 56.7 57.1 59.4 84.3 45.6 51.0 59.0 Recycling (33) -- 100.0 28.0 -- -- 77.2 68.4 -- 100.0 32.0 -- -- 11.8 47.9 -- 100.0 60.1 -- -- 77.2 79.1 Construction (section F) 43.6 3.5 29.0 28.7 34.2 31.5 28.4 17.8 0.0 19.3 6.0 4.0 3.2 8.4 59.5 3.5 40.9 28.7 38.0 32.2 33.8 Services of motor vehicles (45)22.2 39.2 20.6 4.1 44.2 41.2 28.6 0.0 7.5 27.9 0.5 0.0 40.4 12.7 22.2 44.4 35.3 4.1 44.2 56.0 34.4 Wholesale (46) 34.8 56.2 43.2 53.0 42.3 24.7 42.4 0.0 25.8 25.8 24.5 15.8 11.0 17.2 34.8 66.9 52.1 54.2 51.4 32.7 48.7 Retail (47) 35.8 14.9 23.0 48.3 29.4 30.0 30.3 18.4 3.9 22.2 18.5 10.7 8.5 13.7 39.4 15.8 32.4 49.2 36.7 33.0 34.4 Transport (Section H) 16.3 23.4 9.5 18.9 14.4 5.9 14.7 67.4 0.0 32.1 24.3 37.4 10.3 28.6 83.7 23.4 36.9 38.9 39.7 15.8 39.7 Hotel and restaurants (Section I)38.7 20.8 50.1 49.3 21.5 0.0 30.1 3.4 12.7 14.0 19.3 10.1 0.0 9.9 41.7 30.2 64.0 50.6 31.3 0.0 36.3 Information and communication (Section J)31.0 51.5 51.8 74.7 87.9 59.0 59.3 12.7 0.0 55.4 5.5 0.0 17.9 15.3 31.0 51.5 80.0 74.7 87.9 59.0 64.0 Total 35.5 22.8 39.9 42.9 36.7 32.9 35.1 12.6 8.8 26.6 16.9 14.7 13.3 15.5 40.6 27.5 50.9 45.4 45.1 37.3 41.1Table 2.28. Share of product, process and product and/or process innovators Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation89 90 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Share of product innovators Share of process innovators Share of product and/or process innovators Name of industry Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Food (10+11) 0.859 0.988 1.470 0.782 0.996 0.906 0.845 0.134 1.567 0.935 1.819 0.699 0.892 0.907 1.284 0.833 1.210 0.874 Tobacco (12) Textiles (13) 1.108 0.334 0.658 1.900 0.346 0.558 1.291 1.805 0.976 0.310 1.042 1.673 Garments (14) 0.702 0.884 1.270 1.144 1.583 1.338 0.000 1.079 0.692 0.894 1.253 1.160 Leather (15) 1.253 1.399 0.348 0.000 1.864 1.136 1.062 1.186 0.752 Wood (16) 1.049 0.000 2.152 0.710 1.124 0.965 0.000 0.465 1.176 0.000 3.834 0.526 0.643 0.251 1.321 0.435 2.758 0.592 Paper (17) 1.412 0.465 0.000 2.249 0.874 2.227 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.335 0.712 0.000 2.126 0.826 Publishing, printing and recorded media (18) 1.070 0.734 1.185 1.633 0.388 0.990 1.343

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Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas | ScienceDaily Skip to main content Your source for the latest research news Follow: Facebook X/Twitter Subscribe: RSS Feeds Newsletter New! Sign up for our free email newsletter . Science News from research organizations Sharks’ teeth are crumbling in acid seas Scientists found that some of the oceans’ fiercest hunters could be losing their bite: As oceans become more acidic, sharks’ teeth may become structurally weaker and more prone to break. Date: August 27, 2025 Source: Frontiers Summary: Even sharks’ famous tooth-regrowing ability may not save them from ocean acidification. Researchers found that future acidic waters cause shark teeth to corrode, crack, and weaken, threatening their effectiveness as hunting weapons and highlighting hidden dangers for ocean ecosystems. Share: Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email FULL STORY Acidifying oceans makes shark teeth brittle and vulnerable, weakening their iconic bite and posing risks for marine predators. Credit: Shutterstock Sharks can famously replace their teeth, with new ones always growing as they’re using up the current set. As sharks rely on their teeth to catch prey, this is vital to the survival of one of the oceans’ top predators. But the ability to regrow teeth might not be enough to ensure they can withstand the pressures of a warming world where oceans are getting more acidic, new research has found. Researchers in Germany examined sharks’ teeth under different ocean acidification scenarios and showed that more acidic oceans lead to more brittle and weaker teeth. “Shark teeth, despite being composed of highly mineralized phosphates, are still vulnerable to corrosion under future ocean acidification scenarios,” said first author of the Frontiers in Marine Science article, Maximilian Baum, a biologist at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU). “They are high developed weapons built for cutting flesh, not resisting ocean acid. Our results show just how vulnerable even nature’s sharpest weapons can be.” Damage from root to crown Ocean acidification is a process during which the ocean’s pH value keeps decreasing, resulting in more acidic water. It is mostly driven by the release of human-generated CO2. Currently, the average pH of the world’s oceans is 8.1. In 2300, it is expected to drop to 7.3, making it almost 10 times more acidic than it currently is. For their study, the researchers used these two pH values to examine the effects of more and less acidic water on the teeth of Blacktip reef

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is also hampered by too little appetite for risk. The largest risk-sharing instrument currently in place is the InvestEU programme, but the implementing partners, such as the EIB Group, remain mostly focused on the lower-risk scope of investment. Finally, repayment of EU borrowing under the NextGenerationEU (NGEU) programme will start in 2028 and account for EUR 30 billion per year. Without a decision on new own resources, effective spending power at the EU level would be mechanically reduced by interest and principal repayments. It is unquestionable that the issuance of a common safe asset would make the CMU much easier to achieve and more complete . First, it would facilitate the uniform pricing of corporate bonds and derivatives by providing a key benchmark, in turn helping to standardise financial products across the EU and making markets more transparent and comparable. Second, it would provide a type of safe collateral that can be used in every Member State and in all market segments, in the activities of central counterparties and in interbank liquidity exchanges, including on a cross-border basis. Third, a common safe asset would provide a large, liquid market that attracts investors globally, leading to lower costs of capital and more efficient financial markets across the EU. This asset would also form the basis of international euro reserves held by other central banks, enhancing the role of the euro as a reserve currency. Fourth, it would provide all European households with a safe and liquid retail asset accessible at a common price, reducing information asymmetries and ‘home bias’ in the allocation of retail funds. Some joint funding of investment at the EU level is necessary to maximise productivity growth, as well as to finance other European public goods . The more that governments implement the strategy laid out in this report, the greater the increase in productivity will be, and the easier it will be for governments to bear the fiscal costs of supporting private investment and of investing themselves. Joint funding for specific projects will be key to maximise 64THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 5the productivity gains of the strategy, such as investing in breakthrough research and infrastructures to embed AI into the economy. At the same time, there are other public goods identified in this report – such as investing in grids and interconnectors, and financing the joint procurement of defence equipment and

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challenge openly gender- based structural inequalities and offend the powers that be, the above passage does suggest a way forward: women’s engagement with science is best examined across mul - tiple sites of activity and ‘narrow disciplinary boundaries’. Grażyna Kubica’s research on Polish female anthropologists who worked in the shadow of the famous Bronisław Malinoswki is a relevant example which documents the intersections of gender and the politics of knowledge production at the begin - ning of the twentieth century. In particular, her biography of Maria Czaplicka, which has been translated into English, examines Czaplicka’s literary and anthropological output on gender, shamanism and race and moves beyond the study of a single individual towards a documentation of an ‘anthropological collective’ well anchored in the intellectual and political milieus of its time.35 Documenting communities of science- making, as some of the essays in this volume also attempt to do, adds crucial context to the history of women and gender in science, enabling us to move away from the traditional hero - ine model of history- writing, with its emphasis on individual, elite, ‘star’ scientists. Similarly, conceiving of women’s engagement with science as a multisited activity that straddled the laboratory, the school, the clinic, the home, the media and so on anchors science firmly within society, illuminat - ing how invisibility operated in science, for example, by exposing those fac - ets of women’s work that were most likely to be ignored. Yasu Furukawa’s recent biography of Umeko Tsuda is exemplary in this respect, in that it not only recovers Tsuda the well- known educator, but also Tsuda the forgotten biologist – indeed, as he points out, many in Japan do not even know that Tsuda was a trained biologist.36 For these reasons, the contributions in this volume seek to bring together under one umbrella women’s engagements with science, engineering and medicine rather than treating them separately. As one of the first scientific professions to be considered acceptable and, therefore, open to women in many countries, medicine has attracted sustained scholarly attention to date, often at its intersections with missionary work, education and imperi - alism, since many (Western) European and American women doctors joined missionary societies in India, China, Korea or Japan.37 Examining science, technology and medicine alongside each other also enables us to understand how medical practice and education were intertwined with research, even though women’s identities as scientists were

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government entities especially make it difficult for NSOs to recruit skilled staff. In Ethiopia, the Central Statistical Agency fol-lows civil service rules and regulations for remunera-tion of staff, whereas research institutes and universi-ties have their own rules and regulations. A common challenge for other government agen- cies that produce data is that they lack designated data scientists or statisticians. This is particularly problematic when other agency staff may lack the time and capacity to make better use of the data col-lected within their institution. 88 Lack of technology, software, and infrastructure. Even when producers of public intent data have staff with the skills needed to collect, process, and disseminate those data, they often lack the techno-logical infrastructure to be effective in their work. Constraints in technology and information tech-nology (IT) infrastructure compound constraints in technical capacity. For example, as part of the Global COVID-19 Survey of NSOs, many NSOs in low- and middle-income countries noted their need for software to collect data remotely to meet new data demands. 89 In the PARIS21 survey, the option most selected to achieve priorities for a national statistical system in the medium term is acquiring up-to-date technology and infrastructure. 90 Tech- nological shortcomings also constrain the ability of individuals to produce data themselves because many types of citizen-generated data rely on phone or web technologies. 91 68 | World Development Report 2021 Deficiencies in governance In addition to shortages of skills and funding, various failures and problems with data governance impede the potential of public intent data from being realized. At the national level, clear institutional mandates and good coordination among the data-producing agen-cies are critical for the exchange, interoperability, and timely publication of data. 92 In practice, exchanges of data across ministries and between ministries and NSOs and beyond are rare, even in well-resourced and high-capacity environments. 93 The absence of clear mandates, responsibilities, and incentives to effec-tively coordinate data production and data exchanges can obstruct collaboration and lead to duplication of data-gathering efforts. 94 Deficiencies in the legal framework. The legal frame- work governing data production and data exchanges is a common barrier. Outdated statistical laws can make it difficult for NSOs and data-producing agen-cies to operate and collaborate effectively in light of recent changes in the data landscape, such as the pro-liferation of new data types, sources, and producers. In Chile, the National Institute of Statistics (INE) has had difficulties accessing

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[]

was shot dead.1 In November, the Supreme Court of Justice con ûrmed sentences against eight men responsible for the murder of Indigenous defender Berta Cáceres in 2016. By the end of the year, the state had not signed the Escazú Agreement. In October, land recovery for the Garifuna community of Punta Piedra began, as part of the implementation of the ruling by the Inter- American Court of Human Rights. Communities in the Gulf of Fonseca reported negative impacts on their livelihoods caused by rising sea levels, coastal erosion and environmental pollution. Prolonged drought in the Central American Dry Corridor in western Honduras affected access to water and food security. Climate change impacts, exacerbated by high levels of inequality, contributed to forced migration from Honduras. Abortion remained prohibited in all circumstances and access to the emergency contraception pill was hampered due to limited availability at public health facilities. The UN Human Rights Committee received a complaint against Honduras about an Indigenous woman and human rights defender who was denied an abortion after she was raped.Congress passed a Safe Houses Law for women victims of gender-based violence, but the Integral Law against Violence against Women Bill was still pending at the end of the year. Same-sex marriage remained prohibited. There was no progress towards a procedure for the recognition of gender identity, which had been ruled by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 1. <Honduras: Water defender killed=, 20 September ± Hungary A new state of ûce targeted civil society organizations, independent media and activists. Thousands of people üeeing from Ukraine lost their state-supported housing in Hungary. The Court of Justice of the EU imposed a signi ûcant ûne on Hungary for refusing to apply the EU common policy on migration and denying asylum seekers access to protection. Repressive legislation continued to exert a far-reaching and chilling effect on LGBTI people. The European Court of Human Rights stated that Hungary had not contravened the European Convention on Human Rights by prohibiting assisted suicide or euthanasia, including when assistance was given in a foreign state. In January, after years of conüict with the central administration of the Hungarian courts, 128 judge-delegates elected 14 new members of the National Judicial Council tasked with supervising the lawful operation of the central administration of courts and the Supreme Court.INDIGENOUS PEOPLES9 RIGHTS RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTSGENDER-BASED VIOLENCE LGBTI PEOPLE9S RIGHTS HUNGARY BACKGROUND

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[]

Delhi Development Authority . (2021). Master Plan for Delhi – 2041 . Delhi, India: Delhi Development Authority. Available at: https://dda .gov .in /sites /default /files /inline -files / Draft %20MPD %202041 %20 %28English %2909062021 _compressed _0 .pdf (Accessed February 2025) Dupont, V. (2008). Slum Demolitions in Delhi Since the 1990s: An Appraisal, Economic and Political Weekly , 43(28), 79–87. Ebenstein, A. (2001). Friedrich Hayek: A Biography . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Erbacher, C. (2019). Friedrich August von Hayek’s Draft Biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Text and Its History, With an Afterword by Allan Janik . Leiden: Brill U Mentis. Ghertner, A. (2008). Analysis of New Legal Discourse behind Delhi’s Slum Demolitions, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 35(3), 504–532. Gottdiener, M. , Hutchinson, R., and Ryan, M. T. (2015). The New Urban Sociology , 5th edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Government of India . (2012). Provisional Population Totals: NCT of Delhi . New Delhi: Directorate of Census Operations. Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons, Science , 162(3859), 1243–1248. Hayek, F. A. (1935). Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review , XXXV (4), 519–530. Hayek, F. A. (1948). Individualism and Economic Order . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hayek, F. A. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hayek, F. A. (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty , Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Heller, P. , Mukhopadhyay, P., Sheikh, S., and Banda, S. (2021). Housing and Settlements Invisible Planning, Visible Exclusions, in S. Chakravorty and N. Sircar (eds.) Colossus: The Anatomy of Delhi . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.88–119. Horwitz, S. (2001). From Smith to Menger to Hayek: Liberalism in the Spontaneous-Order Tradition, The Independent Review , 6(1), 81–97. Hutchinson, T. W. (1992). Hayek and ‘Modern Austrian’ Methodology, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology , 10(23), 17–32. Ikeda, S. (2012). Economic Development from a Jacobsian Perspective, in S. Hirt and D. Zahm (eds.) The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs . Oxford: Routledge, pp. 63–83. Ikeda, S. (2024). A City Cannot Be a Work of Art: Learning Economics and Social Theory from Jane Jacobs . Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities . New York, NY: Random House.

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- · CIT, as well as RRT and APT, can be deferred, and/or the tax base may be fully eroded by shifting income/profits or expenses/losses between two mines or two different activities, which are subject to different tax rules. These taxes are calculated with reference to net income (revenue minus allowable deductions). The taxes calculated on gross revenues (e.g., mineral royalties) are less prone to this type of risk since they are not affected by deductions, but they may be affected by the pricing or valuation of the mineral extracted in the specific mine. - · CIT is expected to contribute the major share of mining revenues. Some resource-rich countries impose a higher CIT rate for mining 23 to capture more of the mining economic rent. In the absence of ring-fencing, there is an opportunity for investors to engage in tax arbitrage for activities subjected to different tax rates, which makes the tax base subject to a higher tax rate at risk of deferral or erosion through BEPS practices. Where ring-fenced, these profit-based tax revenues are delivered early and (in some cases) are at least to certain extent protected from such BEPS practices. - · Profit-based taxes such as RRTs or APTs are unique to extractives and are intended to tax excess economic rents from the exploitation of a finite and non-renewable resource, providing added justification for different tax treatment compared to other business activities (see Box 14). ## BOX 14. RING-FENCING AND EXTRACTIVES PROFIT-BASED TAXES DIFFERENT FROM CIT Additional profit-based taxes, such as an RRT or APT, can be effectively implemented within a ring-fence. This is why Sierra Leone, Chad, and Mozambique explicitly ring-fence RRTs, and the Cook Islands, Kazakhstan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe ring-fence an APT, according to IGF's research. Typically based on some measure of excess profits, these taxes intend to capture an increasing share of revenues as profitability rises and are vulnerable to the same timing and base erosion problems as CIT. Where RRTs and APTs are designed to be paid once the investor has achieved a threshold internal rate of return (IRR), the tax base consolidation resulting from a lack of ring-fencing rules may delay the point at which the threshold IRR is reached. This threshold is calculated 22 Some countries ring-fence only one aspect of the computation of taxable income. For example, South Africa's mining ring-fence, as provided for in

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[]

processes (e.g. opportunity to practise, learn from others, understand context, prepare for challenges and update content) and results (such as work placements and student learning). In-service professional learning may be the only opportunity for principals in some countries. Again, the characteristics vary, including coverage; the offer of practicums; responsiveness to the needs of principals; emphasis on instructional leadership; and the degree of formality as opposed to more collaborative approaches such as mentoring, networking, study groups, school visits and peer coaching. The chapter draws on research and evidence from comparative studies, such as the Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2019, 2020), the International Successful School Principalship Project (University of Nottingham, 2020), the International Study of Principal Preparation (Slater et al., 2018), the 7 System Leadership Study (Harris and Jones, 2015; 2018), the International School Leadership Development Network (ISLDN, 2024), and the World School Leadership Study (WSLS, 2024). Chapter 4 on shared school leadership emphasizes that school leaders cannot lead schools alone, especially when they have major responsibilities. While they may have the most responsibility and opportunities to exercise leadership and are loaded with the biggest expectations, other stakeholders in schools must also provide leadership. There is, therefore, interest in how leadership is distributed. Vice principals, teacher or middle leaders, non-teaching staff, school management committees or boards, and student leaders are among those that may be drawn into decision making. Middle leaders are teachers who have a substantial teaching workload in addition to a substantial leadership role, such as head of a curriculum area (e.g. mathematics) or a grade. These are often the leaders who are most in contact with teachers, parents and guardians and play a significant role in teachers’ well-being, collective action, mutual support, pedagogical innovation, parental and student involvement, professional learning, community development, and student outcomes. Their responsibilities include decisions on curricular emphasis, resource acquisition and distribution, staff development, and a supportive culture. They may or may not succeed in their role, depending on factors such as support received from school principals, recognition in the form of time assigned to leadership tasks, and the burden posed by administrative responsibilities. The review draws on evidence from comparative studies such as the International Study of Teacher Leadership (ISTL, 2024). It also examines the role of teachers in informal leadership roles and of non-teaching staff. In some countries, school management committees and boards share management responsibilities with school leaders. Parent–teacher associations

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they regain their good health.' Dr Abdullah In India, undertaking a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree takes five and a half years, including a one-year internship. There are a variety of nonMBBS qualifications, including AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homoeopathy an alternative medical practitioner degree), BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) and B Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) ( Rao et al., 2011 , 2013). Research shows that only 58% of doctors in urban areas have a medical degree, and only 19% in rural areas (Chandra and Bhattacharya, 2019). For allopathic doctors, 31.4% have a secondary school qualification. Previous research in Delhi suggests there are 'no qualified doctors available in the slums' (Chandra and Bhattacharya, 2019, p.38). It is often assumed that those providing private medical care for the poor in slum areas are not qualified (Downie, 2017). This leads to the Indian government and Indian Medical Association dismissing these provid -ers, labelling them as 'quacks' and condemning their practice as illegal ( Das and Hammer, 2007). The Medical Association has a view that classical medical train -ing is required before anyone can consult and dispense medicines ( Pulla, 2015). The data in Table 6.1 show the distribution of the medical providers' qualifica -tions in each of the three different types of settlements. Those qualified at MBBS, BAMS and B Pharm have some formal medical-related qualification. Other qualifi -cations, i.e., Masters, Degree, Diploma or less are not medical-specific certifications. Therefore, we have two broad groups. Private health care providers in our three settlement types firstly with a formal medical related qualification - MBBS degree (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery), BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) and B Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) (25.7%) - and secondly with little or no formal training in medicine (74.3%). We undertook analysis to see if there are any statistically significant differences in the numbers of medical practitioners working in each of the three settlements. Sanjay colony has significantly (p<0.05) more medical practitioners with a degree and significantly less with a Diploma or less. The data also show medical prac -titioners with master's qualifications only in Sanjay and Bhalswa. We found no significant difference between each of the three settlement types of the number of medical providers who had MBBS and BAMS qualifications (Table 6.1). Table 6.1 Qualifications of medical providers | Qualification | Sanjay | Bhalswa | Ajit Vihar | Total

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three neighbourhoods. Second, focusing on demand, we listen to medical providers’ voices to explore the extent and type of medical conditions treated regularly within the communities. Third, utilising the methodological tool developed by Das and Hammer (2005) , we conduct an experiment to explore quality and competence. Each part starts with quotes from the private healthcare provider interviews, followed by some of the findings already documented in the literature and then our own findings from our three settlements. “If all had to wait for better things until they could be provided for all, that day would in many instances never come” ( Hayek, 1960 , p. 44). Part 4: Reflections Chapter 7 , “The draw of the city: Looking ahead.” Prosperity is when society respects the dignity of each person and his or her right to act as a moral agent. Individuals living in poverty see themselves as active agents, not passive victims. Throughout the book we have set out our empirical findings from our three-year The draw of the city 23 fieldwork project undertaken in the slums of Delhi. The project was designed so that the data were gathered in many different formats – mapping, household sur - veys, film, conjoint experiments, case studies, interviews, workshops – to answer the objectives from different triangulating perspectives. The research has gener - ated a better understanding of place and space and life’s purpose and meaning. This chapter summarises the three parts of our book. The first looks at how differ - ent neighbourhood types can affect the lives of those living within them. With a focus on trust, well-being, cohesion and social capital, data were gathered through a household survey to investigate if there are differences depending upon where you live. The second part considers the types of projects and interactions carried out by individuals that may benefit themselves as well as their communities. The governance structures and institutions are also explored. The results of a conjoint experiment are reviewed to show how and why residents choose and elect brokers who assist in this local action for change. The third, using observations from the streets, studies entrepreneurial spirit and dynamism. A view of the city from within provides stories of resilience and community solutions. Included is a focus on local medical healthcare providers. Our project brings a snapshot of the intricate work - ings of urban life in Delhi slums. We

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taxable income (Ghana Revenue Authority, n.d.). T axpayers with multiple mining operations that do not have a shared processing facility must still ring-fence by mining licence area. 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 31 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 6. Ring-fencing by shared processing facility Government Mine A Processing plant Mine B Mine C Mine D Note: In some cases, it may be appropriate to ring-fence mining projects together with their shared processing facility. In other cases, individual mines may be ring-fenced alone. Source: Author's elaboration. The advantage of this approach is that taxpayers avoid the potential difficulty of having to accurately attribute the revenues and costs of the shared processing facility to each mining licence area. There are, however, three challenges that may arise when this approach is adopted: • It may defer government revenues if the mines are at different stages of their development, as it defeats the main objective of ring-fencing based on the mining licence area. • It may be difficult to determine which mines are linked to a specific processing facility, especially if there is more than one shared processing facility. This may be further complicated where the processing facility receives ore from related and third-party mines (i.e., tolling arrangements). To address this challenge, governments should require taxpayers to clearly identify and justify which of their mines use a shared processing facility. They should also require a detailed breakdown of the quantities and qualities of materials received per mine, supported by contractual agreements. • It may encourage taking advantage of smelters that are often located in export processing zones (EPZs), which are commonly subject to preferred tax regimes. While not advisable due to the negative spillovers, EPZ status is sometimes granted to a company’s mineral processing operations. An EPZ would often grant tax holidays, lower tax rates, or duty-free export and import. The producing mine outside the EPZ would often be required to pay tax on profits, as well as mineral royalties. Therefore, there is an incentive for the company to shift profits from the mine to the processing facility to reduce its overall tax bill. Ring-fencing rules, which are not based on licence area but are instead based on the shared processing facility, will exacerbate

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n.e.c.Health and wellbeing A01K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.ICT and computer science B23H; G06K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryA01G; F03D; B01D 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Nanotechnology and materials B23H 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersEnergy F02B 32 Other manufacturing Biotechnology A61K 32 Other manufacturing Chemistry and chemical engineering A61K 336 Annexes UKRAINE Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 10Manufacture of food productsAgrifood A23L; A23C; A21D 11Manufacture of beveragesAgrifood A23L 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology A61K 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsChemistry and chemical engineering A61K; C01B; C02F 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsEnvironmental sciences and industries C02F 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsHealth and wellbeing A61K 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsBiotechnology A61K; A61P; C12N; C07D 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsChemistry and chemical engineering A61K; C07D 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparationsHealth and wellbeing A61K; A61P 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsNanotechnology and materials C04B 24Manufacture of basic metalsNanotechnology and materials C22C; B22D 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectric and electronic technologies G06F; G01R; H03K; G01S 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsEnergy H01L; G01RMOLDOVA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 32 Other manufacturing Health and wellbeing A61K; A61B 32 Other manufacturingMechanical engineering and heavy machineryA61B; B65D Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation337 UKRAINE Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains NACE sector S&T domain Mapping 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsFundamental physics and mathematicsH01L; G06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsGovernance, culture, education and the economyG06F 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsHealth and wellbeing A61N 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsICT and computer science G06F; H04L; H04N 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsOptics and photonics H01L; G01S; A61N 27Manufacture of electrical equipmentEnergy H02K 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Agrifood A01D; A01C 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Energy F03D; F24H 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Environmental sciences and industries E21B; A01K; B01D; E21C 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Fundamental physics and mathematicsF03D; B01D 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryA01B; B02C; F16H 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.Nanotechnology and materials B23K 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersTransportation

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(16, 17). In a recent meta-analysis, lymphopenia was defined as a good biomarker associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection (18). Regarding our results, higher lymphopenia level was found in the severe cases, but the assessment of the prognosis value of the biological parameters in correlation with the severity of the disease demonstrated that CRP level was more relevant. The interpretation of ROC curves of hematological parameters and CRP level in our study confirmed that the CRP was a robust predictor of adverse disease outcome. CRP was also an independent discriminator of severe/critical illness on admission in comparison with other biological factors. These results were in agreement with similar report of Luo et al. in Wuhan, which found an AUC of CRP for discriminating disease severity on admission at 0.783. With a cut-off value of 41.3, CRP exhibited similar results of our study with sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 83.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 81.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 68.2% (19). Moreover, some studies evaluated the severity prediction of the COVID-19 using different factors such as age, gender, comorbidities, high neutrophil count, lymphopenia, high CRP level, and high lactate dehydrogenase level. However, the earliness, sensitivity, specificity, and selection of the best independent factor is still under study. None of these factors were considered as an independent and sensitive prognosis factor. Many biomarkers of inflammation and infection were identified as factors of disease severity (8, 2022). The pathological mechanism of COVID-19 is not well elucidated, but the part of inflammation was considered having a primordial role in evolution of the disease (22, 23). CRP is an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection (24-26). Generally, the level is much higher in bacterial infections. The protein is synthesized in the liver and is normally found at concentrations of less than 10 mg/L in the blood (24, 25). During infectious or inflammatory disease states, CRP levels can activate the classical complement cascade of the immune system and modulates the activity of phagocytic cells, supporting the role of CRP in the opsonization of infectious agents and dead or dying cells (28). In COVID-19, the exact effect of CRP remains unclear, but it was reported that their level can be used for early diagnosis of pneumonia (10), and assessment of severe pulmonary infectious diseases (29). Our findings were consistent with recent publications, which indicated that

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as the basic reproduction number. Exploiting information on the structure of the road network in eighteenth century France 5 , we estimate the most probable diffusion paths of the Great Fear and quantify the distribution of spreading velocities. By endowing the nodes in our reconstructed network with indicators related to the institutional, demographic and socio-economic conditions of the time 6 , including literacy, population size, political participation, wheat prices 7 , 8 , income and ownership laws 9 , and the unequal distribution of land ownership, we compute factors associated with spread of the Great Fear. Our analysis sheds light on unresolved historiographic issues on the significance of the Great Fear for the French Revolution, providing a quantitative answer to the unresolved debate between the role of emotions and rationality in explaining its diffusion. Access to this article via Deutsches Forschungszentrum für künstliche Intelligenz GmbH is not available. Change institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Access to this article via Deutsches Forschungszentrum für künstliche Intelligenz GmbH is not available. Change institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time Learn more Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online access 193,42 € per year only 3,79 € per issue Learn more Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Additional access options: Log in Learn about institutional subscriptions Read our FAQs Contact customer support Fig. 1: Spread of the Great Fear in France in the summer of 1789. Fig. 2: Epidemiological features of the Great Fear. Fig. 3: Spread of the Great Fear depended on demographic and socio-economic conditions. Fig. 4: Spread of the Great Fear depended on socio-economic conditions. Fig. 5: Message spread during the Great Fear in the Soissonnais region. Data availability The dataset generated in this study is available at https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/X5LI3X . Code availability The code used to reproduce the figures in the paper is available via GitHub at https://github.com/ComplexityBiosystems/GreatFear/ and at https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/AAEKG9 . References Lefebvre, G. The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France (Princeton Univ. Press, 1983). Del Vicario, M. et al. The spreading of misinformation online. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 , 554–559 (2016). ADS PubMed

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[]

4 which is widely used in heat pumping technology. No n-return valves named Nrv1 and Nrv2 are placed at t he outlets of the air and water condensers. 2.2 Operating modes Three operating modes can be run. • The simultaneous mode produces hot and cold water u sing the water condenser and the water evaporator (electronic valves Evr1 and Evr3 are open). • The heating mode produces hot water using the water condenser, the air evaporator (electronic valves E vr2 and Evr3 are open) and also the subcooler to store the subcooling energy in the cold water tank. • The cooling mode only produces cold water using the water evaporator and the air condenser (electronic valves Evr1 and Evr4 are open). A production ratio rp can be defined following Eq. (1) using heating and cooling capacities. For a simultaneous production mode this ratio is close to 1.3. ch pQQr&& = (1) A demand ratio rd can be defined following Eq. (2) using integrated heating and cooling demands. demandcoolingdemandheatingrd= (2) Depending on the building’s demand ratio rd, two sequences can be run: • if rd > rp, heating demand is higher than cooling demand, the sequence starts in the simultaneous mode and continues in the heating mode when the cooling dema nd is satisfied; • if rd < rp, cooling demand is higher than heating demand, the sequence starts in the simultaneous mode and continues in the cooling mode when the heating dema nd is satisfied. The variability of operating times in each mode ena bles the control system to adapt hot and chilled wa ter production to heating and cooling demands. 2.3 High pressure control The high pressure control system is based on the te mperature control of refrigerant in a liquid receiv er. High pressure is controlled depending on the hot source temperature. The whole operation is described in th e second article on this work concerning the dynamic behavio ur [1]. 5 2.4 Comparison between the HPS and a standard reversibl e heat pump The HPS is able to produce simultaneously hot and c old water whereas the standard reversible heat pump cannot. Over a year, if the simultaneous demand in heating and cooling is important, using a heat pump with heat recovery such as the HPS enables to achieve substan tial energy savings. If not, the reversible heat pu mp would be the best techno-economical choice. The

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| | | | | … | 55 | … | 21 | … | 19 | | | 85 | 100 | 92 | … | | | | | 5.6 | 16.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | … | … | | | … | … | | | | | | … | … | | | 8.7 ₋₂ | | | | | | | | | … | | | | | … | 50 | … | | | | | | … | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 81 ₊₁ | 67 ₋₂ | … | … | … | 31 ₋₁ | … | 38 ₋₁ | … | 100 88 | … 99 | 84 | … | 84 | … | 86 | 6.2 2.8 | 0.2 3.6 | 8.3 | 9.7 ₋₁ 10.8 ₋₂ | | | | | | | | 69 ₊₁ … | 71 ₋₂ 92 ₋₂ | 40 | … | … | … | 39 | … | 62 ₊₁ 100 ₊₁ | 100 | 82 | 99 100 | 92 ₊₁ 83 | 100 100 | … 84 | 98 100 | 3.0 2.7 | 2.0 ₋₁ | 7.3 | 9.3 ₋₁ | BHR | BHR | BHR | BHR | BHR | BHR | | … | 45 | 74 | … | 64 | 39 ₋₁ | 57 | 47 ₋₁ | | … | … | 100 ₋₂ | … | 100 ₋₂ … | | 100 ₋₂ | 6.3 | 5.2 ₋₂ | 13.9 | 12.7 ₋₂ | CYP | CYP | CYP | CYP | CYP | CYP | | … | ₋₂ | … | … | … | … | 21 | … | 47 ₊₁ | 59 ₋₂ | 74 ₊₁ | 87 ₋₂ | 69 ₊₁ | 86 ₋₂ | 65 ₊₁ | | 83 ₋₂ 3.9 | … | 12.0 | … | EGY | EGY | EGY | EGY | EGY | EGY | | 86 ₊₁ | 87 ₋₂ | 47 | … | 48 | 33 ₋₁ | 43 | 34 ₋₁ | 100 ₊₁ | 100 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 3.2 | 3.7 | 14.1

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[]

indeed, should be preserved in the archives of science. A substantial body of scholarship on science in imperial settings has added flesh to this argument, demonstrating that many of these asym - metries can be traced back to colonial regimes of knowledge and power. In colonial and quasi- colonial contexts like those of India and China, science- making was inseparable from the business of empire- making; heroes – and scientific rationality – were defined by insidious considerations of race, not only gender, sexuality, class, caste and so on.44 In fact, this is also the case in the American context discussed above; it is one of the reasons Lee Shetterly was asked to justify the significance of her research on Black women math - ematicians at NASA. Scholarship on science and imperialism has also been instrumental in recovering the contributions to science of many invisible colonized actors, by moving away from the scientific establishment into the field, the bazaar, the entrepôt and so on, and reconceptualizing science as practice, not only knowledge.45 It is clear that not all marginalized actors were marginalized in the same way; in/ visibility in science was intersectional. 13 13 Introduction If we are to capture their contributions to science, we need to broaden our understanding of what constitutes a ‘legitimate’ site of knowledge- making and ‘legitimate’ scientific work. Seen from such comparative perspectives, the near silence of post- 1989 historiography on the topic of women and science in the former commu - nist bloc is even more striking, given that many women were not active on the peripheries of the scientific establishment, but at its very heart. Equally striking is the fact that the shadow of empire(s) lingers on – often unacknowledged – in discussions of science in South- Eastern and Central Europe, where it is not uncommon for public debates and even academic scholarship to take for granted the notion that ‘modern’ equals ‘Western’ and that ‘Western’ science is the yardstick by which all science is to be meas - ured.46 Although recent scholarship engages with the ‘interimperial’ legacies that have shaped Eastern European regions like Transylvania,47 the domain of science has only occasionally been interrogated in the manner that schol - arship on South Asia and other former colonial contexts has done, by mov - ing away from George Basalla’s influential diffusionist model of ‘Western science’ towards more sophisticated understandings of ‘modern’ science and

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given age or age group, regardless of the level of education in which pupils or students are enrolled, expressed as a percentage of the population of the same age or age group. An example is global indicator 4.2.2, the participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age). Completion rate. Percentage of children aged three to five years older than the official age of entry into the last grade of an education level who have reached the last grade of that level. For example, the primary completion rate in a country with a 6-year cycle where the official age of entry into the last grade is 11 years is the percentage of 14- to 16-year-olds who have reached grade 6. Conflict-affected country. For a given year, any country with 1,000 or more battle-related deaths (including fatalities among civilians and military actors) over the preceding 10-year period and/or more than 200 battlerelated deaths in any 1 year over the preceding 3-year period, according to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program Battle-Related Deaths Dataset. Constant price. Price of a particular item adjusted to remove the overall effect of general price changes (inflation) since a given baseline year. Early childhood care and education. Services and programmes that support children's survival, growth, development and learning - including health, nutrition and hygiene, and cognitive, social, emotional and physical development - from birth to entry into primary school. Early Childhood Development Index 2030. Index of fulfilment of developmental potential that assesses children aged 24 to 59 months in 20 questions across 3 domains: health, learning and psychosocial well-being. The information is collected through the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. A child is 'on track' if they meet age-specific cut scores. Education levels according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) , which is the classification system designed to serve as an instrument for assembling, compiling and presenting comparable indicators and statistics of education both within countries and internationally. The system, introduced in 1976, was revised in 1997 and 2011. - Pre-primary education (ISCED level 0) . Programmes at the initial stage of organized instruction, primarily designed to introduce very young children, aged at least 3 years, to a school-type environment and provide a bridge between home and school. Upon completion of these programmes, children continue their education at ISCED 1 (primary education). - Primary education (ISCED level 1) . Programmes

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[]

through the MRF at an appropriate point for resorting based on their 2D characteristics, molecular structures, and/or any other suitable parameters, conditions, or criteria. Furthermore, in various implementations, each of the is adapted to include a quick disconnect mechanism (QD). The QD of an enables the to physically latch on, or otherwise connect to, resource conveyance mechanism(s) (e.g., pipes, tubes, hoses, wires, and/or other suitable mechanism for conveying fluids or other resources to the MHUs ). The QD provides sealed connections for the to receive the necessary resources to perform their configured or otherwise designated functions. The QD may be designed and built in such a way that it requires little or no manual intervention for attaching and detaching from resource conveyance mechanisms and/or the , and is managed automatically by the , a docking station, and/or the . This physical latching or attaching can be done electrically (e.g., using an electromagnet or the like), mechanically (e.g., using a lever or similar mechanisms), and/or pneumatically. Each has a unique identifier (UID), physical hardware platform, and software systems, and each docking station has a specific UID, physical hardware platform, and software systems. In some examples, the UIDs of the docking stations and/or the can be implemented using RFID tags, and/or any other suitable technology such as those discussed herein. The UIDs are used to know which is in each location or area of the MRF, and also allows for to move to other locations. The instructions/commands for an can include the specific docking station UID, indicating the location that the should move to and the specific docking station to which it should dock. The QD can also be keyed in such a way to identify which type of is in a docking station. In the example of , the receives input(s) from the AI/ML system(s) (e.g., a machine vision model, object detection model, and/or the like), which it can then use to assist in efficient management of the MRF. The AI/ML system(s) is configured to detect (or predict) composition and contaminant levels of different streams, and report those findings to the as discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the AI/ML system(s) can be in communication with one or more of the and/or one or more of the , either directly or by way of input to control to provide guidance for the one or more MHUs for removing contaminants. The AI/ML system(s)

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[]

emerging initiatives in the form of academic incubators and scientific parks exist, which could act as the basis for scientific and technological clusters in the future. Ukraine There are 23 cluster organisations in Ukraine, ac- cording to the ECCP, which is more than two thirds of the total number in the EaP region. Most of them (9) are in the field of ICT, specifically: the Cluster of Bukovina on Innovation Technol- ogies, the Ternopil IT Cluster, the Vinnytsia IT Cluster, the Kyiv IT Cluster, the Chernihiv IT Cluster, the Konotop IT Cluster, the Sumy IT Cluster, the Cherkasy IT Cluster and the Kharkiv IT Cluster. There are also 3 clusters in the field of energy and environmental servic- es: the Precarpathian Eco-Energy Cluster, the ‘Innovation energy’ cluster and the Com- mittee of Green Services Providers of the Volyn Chamber of Commerce and Industry, as well as 4 in the field of agriculture and food: the Ukrainian Organic Cluster, the Public Union ‘Ukrainian Food Valley’, the Agrofoodcluster Kharkiv and the International Interregional Agro Industrial Cluster of Kherson Region. There are 6 additional cluster organisations in various industrial fields, which are the Publishing and Printing Cluster, the Ukrainian Logistics Alliance association, the Association of In- dustrial Automation of Ukraine, the Kharkiv Fashion Cluster, the Dnipro Space Cluster and the Ukrainian Aerospace Cluster. There is also the Health and Wealth association in the field of pharmaceuticals. An additional cluster is identified in the EaP PLUS report, which is the Lviv IT Cluster. In Ukraine, the cluster concept first appeared in 2008 and was integrated into the economy over the following years. Nowadays, there is a high number of cluster-type organisations, thanks to various initiatives that fully comply with the Euro- pean definition of cluster. Most importantly, there is a Ukrainian cluster development agency that supports a better understanding and knowledge of cluster development in Ukraine and helps forge the link with Ukrainian clusters. Without a doubt, Ukraine’s cluster policy development is the most effective of all EaP countries. Summary of clusters by sector and by EaP country To understand the sectoral overlap between clus- ters in the different EaP countries, the Table 2.57 presents the distribution of all of the previously identified cluster organisations by country and by sector. Some clusters are considered in more than one sector, which is why the totals do not match the previous table. Some of the overlaps

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[]

throughout the country. CENELAC has an annual budget of 20 million CFA francs (around 30,000 euros) for the purchase of books. 13 The national authority’s response to the survey refers to an analysis on reading habits conducted by the Higher National School of Information and Library Sciences (École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de l’Information et des Bibliothèques – Enssib) in 2006, 14 which indicates that the absence of libraries in rural areas is a major obstacle in promoting reading. This study emphasizes that in urban areas competition from other forms of entertainment tends to divert the public’s attention away from books. Paper remains the dominant medium in Burkina Faso, particularly for school textbooks and literary works. However, documentary research suggests that the digital format is gaining ground, with initiatives to digitize educational content, making it available as ePub and PDF files for better accessibility. 15 With regard to the promotion of reading, the national authority’s response to the survey indicates the existence of 3 major book fairs and festivals in Burkina Faso. Among them is the Ouagadougou International Book Fair (Salon International du Livre de Ouagadougou – FILO), launched in 2000. The country’s main annual literary event, it had held seventeen editions up to 2023, promoting national and African literary production with exhibitions, workshops and conferences. The International Book and Didactic Material Fair (Foire Internationale du Livre et du Matériel Didactique de Ouagadougou – FILIDO) places particular emphasis on educational books and teaching materials, targeting teachers and educational institutions. The first edition of the International Women’s Book Fair of Ouagadougou (Salon International Féminin du Livre de Ouagadougou – SIFLO) was being planned for 2024. IMPORTS/EXPORTS Documentary research indicates that in 2023, the total value of book sector imports, including printed books, brochures, leaflets, and similar printed materials amounted to approximately US$1,966,330. The main source of imports is France. Exports of similar goods from Burkina Faso totalled US$33,090. 16 Sales of books imported from France thus account for a substantial portion of total sales. According to professionals in the sector, this figure reaches around 85% in Burkina Faso. 17 TRAINING Although there does not appear to be any specific training dedicated to the publishing profession, the national authority’s response to the survey indicates that training in librarianship, archiving and documentation is available in both public and private higher education institutes. In addition, every two years CENALAC offers five-day training courses on

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[]

Pepe, Emanuele, Paolo Bajardi, Laetitia Gauvin, Filippo Privitera, Brennan Lake, Ciro Cattuto, and Michele Tizzoni. 2020. “COVID-19 Outbreak Response: A Dataset to Assess Mobility Changes in Italy Following National Lockdown.” Scientific Data 7: 230. https://doi.org/10.1038 /s41597-020-00575-2. Perisic, Igor. 2018. “How Artificial Intelligence Is Already Impacting Today’s Jobs.” Economic Graph (blog), Septem- ber 17, 2018. https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/blog /how-artificial-intelligence-is-already-impacting-todays -jobs . Perol, Thibaut, Michaël Gharbi, and Marine Denolle. 2018. “Convolutional Neural Network for Earthquake Detec-tion and Location.” Science Advances 4 (2): e1700578. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700578. Pratihast, Arun Kumar, Ben DeVries, Valerio Avitabile, Sytze De Bruin, Lammert Kooistra, Mesfin Tekle, and Martin Herold. 2014. “Combining Satellite Data and Community- Based Observations for Forest Monitoring.” Forests 5 (10): 2464–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5102464. Resch, Bernd, Florian Usländer, and Clemens Havas. 2018. “Combining Machine-Learning Topic Models and Spa-tiotemporal Analysis of Social Media Data for Disaster Footprint and Damage Assessment.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 45 (4): 362–76. Reynard, Darcy, and Manish Shirgaokar. 2019. “Harnessing the Power of Machine Learning: Can Twitter Data Be Useful in Guiding Resource Allocation Decisions during a Natural Disaster?” Transportation Research Part D: Trans- port and Environment 77 (December): 449–63. Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2019. “Natural Disasters.” Our World in Data. Global Change Data Lab and Oxford Martin Program on Global Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. https://ourworldindata.org/natural -disasters . Robinson, Bella Fay, Robert Power, and Mark Cameron. 2013. “A Sensitive Twitter Earthquake Detector.” In WWW ’13: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web, 999–1002. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145 /2487788.2488101. Salathé, Marcel, Linus Bengtsson, Todd J. Bodnar, Devon D. Brewer, John S. Brownstein, Caroline Buckee, Ellsworth M. Campbell, et al. 2012. “Digital Epidemiology.” PLoS Computational Biology 8 (7): e1002616. Saleiro, Pedro, Benedict Kuester, Loren Hinkson, Jesse London, Abby Stevens, Ari Anisfeld, Kit T. Rodolfa, et al. 2019. “Aequitas: A Bias and Fairness Audit Toolkit.” Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. https://arxiv.org/abs /1811.05577. Salganik, Matthew J. 2017. Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Serajuddin, Umar, Hiroki Uematsu, Christina Wieser, Nobuo Yoshida, and Andrew L. Dabalen. 2015. “Data Deprivation: Another Deprivation to End.” Policy Research Working Paper 7252, World Bank, Washington, DC. Servick, Kelly. 2020a. “Cellphone Tracking Could Help Stem the Spread of Coronavirus: Is Privacy the Price?” Science, March 22. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03 /cellphone-tracking-could-help-stem-spread-coronavirus -privacy-price. Servick, Kelly. 2020b. “COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps Are Coming to a Phone Near You: How Will We Know Whether They Work?” Science, May 21. https://www .sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/countries-around-world -are-rolling-out-contact-tracing-apps-contain-corona virus-how.

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"\n", "Robinson", ",", "Bella", "Fay", ",", "Robert", "Power", ",", "and", "Mark", "Cameron", ".", "\n", "2013", ".", "“", "A", "Sensitive", "Twitter", "Earthquake", "Detector", ".", "”", "In", "WWW", "’", "13", ":", "Proceedings", "of", "the", "22nd", "International", "Conference", "on", "World", "Wide", "Web", ",", "999–1002", ".", "New", "York", ":", "Association", "for", "Computing", "Machinery", ".", "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145", " \n", "/2487788.2488101", ".", "\n", "Salathé", ",", "Marcel", ",", "Linus", "Bengtsson", ",", "Todd", "J.", "Bodnar", ",", "Devon", "D.", "\n", "Brewer", ",", "John", "S.", "Brownstein", ",", "Caroline", "Buckee", ",", "Ellsworth", "M.", "Campbell", ",", "et", "al", ".", "2012", ".", "“", "Digital", "Epidemiology", ".", "”", "PLoS", "Computational", "Biology", "8", "(", "7", "):", "e1002616", ".", " ", "Saleiro", ",", "Pedro", ",", "Benedict", "Kuester", ",", "Loren", "Hinkson", ",", "Jesse", " \n", "London", ",", "Abby", "Stevens", ",", "Ari", "Anisfeld", ",", "Kit", "T.", "Rodolfa", ",", "et", "al", ".", " \n", "2019", ".", "“", "Aequitas", ":", "A", "Bias", "and", "Fairness", "Audit", "Toolkit", ".", "”", " \n", "Cornell", "University", ",", "Ithaca", ",", "NY", ".", "https://arxiv.org/abs", " \n", "/1811.05577", ".", "\n", "Salganik", ",", "Matthew", "J.", "2017", ".", "Bit", "by", "Bit", ":", "Social", "Research", "in", "the", " \n", "Digital", "Age", ".", "Princeton", ",", "NJ", ":", "Princeton", "University", "Press", ".", "\n", "Serajuddin", ",", "Umar", ",", "Hiroki", "Uematsu", ",", "Christina", "Wieser", ",", "Nobuo", "\n", "Yoshida", ",", "and", "Andrew", "L.", "Dabalen", ".", "2015", ".", "“", "Data", "Deprivation", ":", "\n", "Another", "Deprivation", "to", "End", ".", "”", "Policy", "Research", "Working", "Paper", "7252", ",", "World", "Bank", ",", "Washington", ",", "DC", ".", "\n", "Servick", ",", "Kelly", ".", "2020a", ".", "“", "Cellphone", "Tracking", "Could", "Help", "Stem", "\n", "the", "Spread", "of", "Coronavirus", ":", "Is", "Privacy", "the", "Price", "?", "”", "Science", ",", "March", "22", ".", "https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03", " \n", "/cellphone", "-", "tracking", "-", "could", "-", "help", "-", "stem", "-", "spread", "-", "coronavirus", " \n", "-privacy", "-", "price", ".", "\n", "Servick", ",", "Kelly", ".", "2020b", ".", "“", "COVID-19", "Contact", "Tracing", "Apps", "\n", "Are", "Coming", "to", "a", "Phone", "Near", "You", ":", "How", "Will", "We", "Know", "Whether", "They", "Work", "?", "”", "Science", ",", "May", "21", ".", "https://www", " \n", ".sciencemag.org", "/", "news/2020/05", "/", "countries", "-", "around", "-", "world", " \n", "-are", "-", "rolling", "-", "out", "-", "contact", "-", "tracing", "-", "apps", "-", "contain", "-", "corona", " \n", "virus", "-", "how", ".", "\n" ]

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political and ideological approaches and women's participation in political life. Last, it is important to note that both state feminists and autonomous women's groups communicated birth control in their publications by circulating medical knowledge about multiple contraceptive methods, the surgical procedure of abortion and male and female sterilization. 58 ## The counterpublics: Autonomous groups In the publications and magazines of the autonomous groups such as that of the Movement for the Liberation of Women, the Anarchist Informational Bulletin , Broom or Katina , women and feminists discussed multiple aspects of abortions and the impact of their decriminalization on numerous levels. For them, abortions could not be understood without examining the dependence of their legal status on social conditions and dominant ideologies, while at the same time highlighting their complex character against their perception as a simple 'medical procedure'. Such an analysis also challenged the dominant regime, which condemned women to remain 'passive receivers of the medical authority', while at the same time conceiving the fight for the decriminalization of abortions as 'a means of reshaping the relationship between the body, science and doctors' that was identified to women's sexual liberation and their struggle against gender inferiority. 59 In their struggle to make a 'painful experience' visible, 60 they expanded the notion of motherhood, demanding the visibility and protection of single mothers. 61 Additionally, women's analysis concerning abortions highlighted the right of choice regarding motherhood as a 'fundamental right of every woman' and criticized the 'social construction of a dilemma' - the dipole pro or against abortion - for oversimplifying a complex social and gendered issue. Their narratives revealed and complicated women's complete epistemological dependency on doctors, emphasizing their right to control reproductivity and sexuality and reclaim knowledge. 62 Furthermore, women stood against scientists, politicians and the Church for treating abortions as a technical problem that could be solved 'scientifically without considering women's complex realities'. 63 In such a conceptualization of abortions, 'women's needs and desires rather than the family's or the state's interests' were prioritized and became the starting point of analysis. In that regard, abortions were linked to women's right to know their bodies, their functions and their organs, exculpating them and their sexual pleasure and destabilizing the social, scientific and political 'silence and hypocrisy'. 64 In the same vein, the meaning of contraception was shaped by critically analysing the construction of the notion of family, of the institution

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maternities or rural healthcare institutions. However, the most important hurdle for principals must have been that of accommodating a new doctor and teacher they did not know; this change would have been even more dif - ficult when the former male employee was of good conduct and had estab - lished himself as a good professional. Another factor that weighed heavily in this process was the pay; principals who had to pay doctors out of the School Committee funds with a daily allowance knew they needed to rely on a person having another job, or else they would not have been able to support themselves out of this little amount. Still, doctor Ciuta did have another job, proving that women also perceived school positions and the income generated by them as supplements, not salaries in their own right. Therefore, one cannot 158 Negotiating in/visibility ignore the mistrust and even hostility that local school authorities tended to display towards such requests made by women, even though they were legally entitled to them. It seems their determination to have their right to work in girls’ schools respected was bothering local authorities because it disrupted the way the system worked and led to the substitution of male doctors. Despite such prejudices, women seemed aware of their legal rights and refused to accept that male doctors would continue to practise and teach in girls’ schools. In September 1929, Dr Gudlea Ghelbruch wrote a petition to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed at the Carmen Sylva Girls’ High School in Timișoara. At the time, she was working at the Social Security House in Timișoara, proving once again that women also tended to perceive such positions as a side- occupation. According to the documents she attached to her petition, she had attended the School Hygiene courses in Bucharest while working at the Social Security House because she wanted to teach and work in secondary schools.44 The person who processed the case wrote that the position had been filled by a male doctor, appointed ‘years ago, when there were no female competi - tors’. He also explained that since the doctor did not have tenure, he was being paid at the end of each year, with a modest amount, implying that his main job was elsewhere. The way he insisted on the procedure of acquiring the position by publishing it as vacant in the Official

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and practices .............................................................................................................................100 | | | Table 6.1 | Average tenure of education ministers, by country and individual characteristics, 2010-23........................................ | 122 | | Table 6.2 | Education, health and finance ministers, by background characteristics, 1990-2021 ................................................... | 124 | | BOXES | | | | Box 1.1 | Autonomy and accountability reforms in some countries have shaped perceptions of education leadership roles globally ................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 8 | | Box 1.2 | Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership.........................17 | | | Box 2.1 | Various terms are used to designate school principals in national regulations..................................................................... | 26 | | Box 2.2 | Principals focused on reducing stress related to COVID-19......................................................................................................... | 34 | | Box 2.3 | Indian and South African teachers recognize school principals as key supporters.............................................................. | 36 | | Box 3.1 | The degree of decentralization influences recruitment and selection...................................................................................... | 48 | | Box 3.2 | African countries are strengthening their selection systems for principals, but challenges remain ............................. | 50 | | Box 3.3 | Some countries regulate private school principals' selection.......................................................................................................51 | | | Box 3.4 | In Brazil, political appointment is a formal method for principal selection............................................................................. | 52 | | Box 3.5 | Induction processes involving coaches and mentors are essential for novice principals .................................................. | 59 | | Box 3.6 | Practice in realistic situations is essential for developing leadership skills.............................................................................61 | | | Box 3.7 | In the United States, research has helped improve training content........................................................................................ | 63 | | Box 3.8 | School leaders in the Pacific express job satisfaction despite stress and pressure............................................................ | 70 | | Box 4.1 | The Bamboo School in Thailand involves students in all its operations................................................................................... | 89 | | Box 5.1 | Local officials with strong autonomy have more space to be leaders.................................................................................... | 101 | | Box 5.2 | Responsibility for reforms is often withheld from those who are supposed to carry them out.................................... | 103 | | Box 5.3 | Latvia aims to strengthen its education system's institutional capacity..............................................................................104 | | | Box 5.4 | Political influence on staffing challenges effective system leadership .................................................................................109 | | | Box 6.1 | Ministers have to lead coalitions and change the public's opinion to achieve their main targets................................. | 125 | | Box 6.2 | Students led political efforts to transform education in Chile .................................................................................................. |

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[]

- Advertise with us - Search UK jobs - Tips - Accessibility settings

[ "-", "Advertise", "with", "us", "\n", "-", "Search", "UK", "jobs", "\n", "-", "Tips", "\n", "-", "Accessibility", "settings" ]

[]

endeavours. Sitting on the left, we pass a woman in a red saree washing her children's clothes in a plastic bucket, some already hanging out to dry on the corrugated roof of her house. It would be easy to fall over the large blue plastic water containers that have been positioned in the compressed alleyway at regular intervals by the homeowners once their water has been collected for the day from the tanker. The brickwork behind her is incomplete, painted a red colour, bricks seemingly lacking cement to hold them together. No architects, no planners and no developers have walked this path. Above her head is a cobweb of electrical wires, some tied together with cloth, others seemingly providing energy for TV satellite dishes attached to the sides of some of the buildings in the alleyway. Walking deeper through the densely packed corridors, the neighbourhood seems ever more chaotic. Randomly placed cement steps and ladders, with pushbikes and motorbikes leant against them, lead to the floors above. A green ladder rests outside a turquoise cement wall. The house has contrasting dark blue wooden shutters at the window and a small doorway leading into a 10-foot square room. Two beds covered in white cloth are placed on opposite sides with just enough room to walk between them. Once inside, we meet the resi -dent. Mahesh, aged around 60, stands tall and slender in a white t-shirt and green striped lungi. His hair is silver-grey, eyes dark and kind. His commanding facial features make you believe that this is the man you can trust here. He exudes an air of confidence gained from years of living and working in the neighbourhood. He is what some call a Pradhan and others their broker and slum leader. Proud, knowledgeable, in control and an intermediary for his community. We sit opposite him on one of the two beds. He sends out for a bottle of Pepsi, which is brought back almost instantaneously in a plastic carrier bag. Drinks are poured into glasses, and he begins his story. Mahesh has lived here since the late 1970s. His was one of the first houses to be built in the colony. When the neighbourhood was spontaneously growing, he acted as a 'strongman', being literate and able to negotiate with local officials, police and those with connections in state bureaucracy. He started attending key events to meet and form

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[]

coupled to the to power the , which may be used in implementations where the is not in a fixed location, such as when the is a mobile device or laptop. The may be a lithium ion battery, a lead-acid automotive battery, or a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, a lithium polymer battery, and/or the like. In implementations where the is mounted in a fixed location, such as when the system is implemented as a server computer system, the may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. In these implementations, the may include power tee circuitry to provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the using a single cable. Power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) may be included in the to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the , and to control charging of the . The may be used to monitor other parameters of the to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the . The may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The may communicate the information on the to the over the . The may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the to directly monitor the voltage of the or the current flow from the . The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the may perform, such as transmission frequency, mesh network operation, sensing frequency, and the like. A , or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid, may be coupled with the to charge the . In some examples, the may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the . In these implementations, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the . The specific charging circuits chosen depend on the size of the and the current required. The may include any combinations of the components shown by ; however, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations. In one example where the is or is part of

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[]

2. Steps 1 and 2 – quantified mapping of S&T domains to E&I domains, via patents In the work presented in Part 3, EaP patents were semantically analysed, together with scientific publications and FP7/H2020 projects, and classi- fied into a list of 14 S&T domains. While domains are transversal across patent classes, in this part the intersection of any given domain with the re- spective set of patent classes is exploited to map S&T domains to NACE sectors, which were used in Part 2 to characterise E&I domains. Specifically, IPC-to-NACE concordance tables are used to map patent records to NACE and to derive a quantita- tive mapping of S&T domains to E&I. 234 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials To identify the relevant IPC classes for each S&T domain, a careful, quantitative protocol was de- veloped. In fact, patents linked in Part 2 to each S&T domain could be categorised into several IPC categories and each record could in turn be as- sociated with more than one single IPC symbol72. This led to a proliferation of patent classes within single S&T domains, which needed to be filtered out. Notably, the most frequent IPC symbols could not readily be used because the multiple classi- fication of single patent records typically mixes highly specific and broader classes. As specific symbols can be extremely narrow, when group- ing patents within S&T domains it is found that broad classification symbols (generally related to the domain at hand but not distinctive of it) that are shared across patents typically outnumber the more specific and pertinent symbols. For this rea- son, it was decided to rank IPC symbols by relative frequency within each S&T domain rather than by sheer numbers – i.e. by looking at which symbols were more frequent with respect to the average within S&T domains. These more frequent cate- gories were in turn mapped to NACE by means of concordance tables for each S&T domain. In order to avoid the presence of NACE sectors mapped to IPC classes that are ranked very low in terms of the raw number of records, but ranked highly in terms of relative frequency, a threshold was fixed for setting a minimum number of pat- ents to trigger a mapping from a given S&T domain to a NACE sector via IPC symbols. The threshold was defined as the mean plus standard

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[]

9https://github.com/rowanz/grover/tree/master/generation_examples 10https://www.kaggle.com/mtesconi/twitter-deep-fake-text 11https://github.com/openai/gpt-3/blob/master/175b_samples.jsonl 12https://github.com/AdaUchendu/Authorship-Attribution-for-Neural-Text-Generation

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Unfortunately, the Corporate Trustee is unable to offer a range of funds aimed to address environmental and ethical considerations under the current Scheme as the only fund available under the Scheme is the Conventional With-Profits Fund. ## Activism and the Exercise of the Rights Attaching to Investments (Social Responsibility) The Corporate Trustee do not actively engage with investment managers in terms of exercising ownership rights on socially responsible issues. The Trustees will review from time to time the investment managers' principles and how these have been applied in exercising these rights. Aviva have confirmed that when investing on behalf of members, they consider their primary objective is to achieve the best investment return while allowing for an acceptable level of risk. In pursuing this objective, they will consider a number of factors what will affect performance, including Socially Responsible Investment issues. Aon UK Limited ## Signed on behalf of the Corporate Trustee  ................................................... Name (Print) ................................................... Signature ........................ Date 04 August 2020

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le taux le plus élevé de chercheurs par rapport à la population totale. Par exemple, la Norvège et le Portugal comptent plus de 300 chercheurs employés par million d’habitants. Toutefois, une fois mesuré par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB), le nombre de chercheurs en sciences océaniques dans certains pays en développement (tels que l’Afrique du Sud, le Bénin, la Guinée et la Mauritanie) est comparable, voire supérieur à celui de certains pays développés (dont la Belgique, le Danemark, l’Irlande et la Suède). 3 Voir https://databank.banquemondiale.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators (consultée le 17 décembre 2019). 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Nombre de chercheurs en sciences océaniques (DE) par million d'habitants par an Norvège Portugal Suède Irlande Belgique Danemark République de Corée France Espagne Finlande Afrique du Sud Allemagne Italie Croatie Maurice États-Unis Royaume-Uni Mauritanie Guinée Japon Chili Koweït Iran, Rép. islam. d' (ETP) Suriname Turquie Bulgarie Bénin Maroc Pologne Canada Australie Oman Brésil Kenya République dominicaine Équateur Madagascar Pérou Mozambique Angola El Salvador Colombie (ETP) Inde Rép. démocratique du Congo Figure 2 (résumé). Nombre de chercheurs employés dans chaque pays dans le domaine des sciences océaniques (dénombrement des effectifs – DE ; ETP – équivalent temps plein pour la République islamique d’Iran) par million d’habitants. Sur la base du sous- ensemble de données présenté dans le tableau 4.1 (voir le Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020), le nombre des chercheurs employés dans le domaine des sciences océaniques par million d’habitants a été extrait pour l’année indiquée pour chaque pays. Sources : Données tirées des questionnaires des éditions 2017 et 2020 du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques (chercheurs) et de la banque de données de la Banque mondiale (habitants).3 COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020 / 7RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF ChIffRES ET DONNÉES fACTUELLES  Nombre de chercheurs par rapport au PIB (millions de dollars des États-Unis) SurinameMauritanie Bénin MauriceGuinée MozambiqueMadagascar El Sal vadorRépublique démocratique du CongoCroatie République dominicaine République islamique d’Iran (ETP) BulgarieKenya AngolaÉquateur OmanFinlande KoweïtMarocDanemarkPortugal Norvège Irlande PérouChiliSuèdeBelgium Colombie (ETP)South A frica Pologne Austr alieCanadaEspagne République de CoréeTurquieItalieFrance UK BrésilAllemagne Japon IndiaÉtats-Unis 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 100 000 000Nombre total de chercheurs en sciences océaniques (DE) échelle logarithmique PIB, PPA (millions de dollars des États-Unis courants) échelle logarithmique 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 Figure 3 (résumé). Nombre de chercheurs nationaux en sciences océaniques (DE) en lien avec

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objectives of the multi-objective function include the and/or one or more other measurements, metrics, and/or statistics such as any of those discussed herein. In some implementations, the specific measurements, metrics, and/or to be collected, processed, and/or analyzed is specified in a suitable configuration file and/or is derived from other AI/ML model(s). Additionally, different task weights may be used as coefficients in the multi-objective function(s) to weight different tasks/actions, parameters, features, and/or the like, accordingly. The can signal instructions/commands to reconfigure and/or rearrange the and/or for any of the aforementioned purposes and/or for other purposes. For example, the can signal instructions/commands to change specific operational parameters of the individual MHUs and/or to cause the to automatically move to different areas/locations within the MRF. The instructions/commands can be generated or otherwise based on the inferences/predictions generated by the AI/ .

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Prins, E., Clymer, C., Kaiper-Marquez, A., and Willson Toso, B. (2020). Family literacy. In T. S. Rocco (Ed.), The Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education (pp. 205-213). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447849

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or more objective functions or multi-objective function(s), which include an optimization problem involving more than one objective function to be either minimized or maximized. - the optimizers may define a multi-objective optimization model that comprises one or more decision variables, objectives, and constraints. - the decision variables are variables that represent decisions to be made, and the objectives are the measures to be optimized. - the constraints define restrictions on feasible solutions (including all optimal solutions) that must be satisfied, and/or restrictions on the values the decision variables may hold. - One example of the decision variables includes prioritized or otherwise desired materials to be recovered from the material stream. - the objective functions indicate how much each of their decision variables contributes to the objectives to be optimized. - the multi-objective optimization model may also define one or more coefficients corresponding to one or more of the decision variables. - the coefficients indicate the contribution of the corresponding decision variable to the value of the objective function. - the optimal solutions in multi-objective optimization can be defined from a mathematical concept of partial ordering. The term domination is used for this purpose in the parlance of multi-objective optimization. - a first solution is said to dominate a second solution if both of the following conditions are true: (1) the first solution is no worse than the second solution in all objectives, and (2) the first solution is strictly better than the second solution in at least one objective. - a pair-wise comparison can be made using a graphical representation and a determination as to whether one point in the graph dominates the other can be established. All points that are not dominated by any other member of the set are called “non-dominated points” or “non-dominated solutions”. - the Pareto frontier comprises a set of non-dominated points in such a graphical representation. - the AI/ML system(s) 312 solves the multi-objective function(s) to optimize a number of objectives simultaneously, where the objectives of the multi-objective function include the data stream data 342 and/or one or more other measurements, metrics, and/or statistics such as any of those discussed herein. - the specific measurements, metrics, and/or data stream data 342 to be collected, processed, and/or analyzed is specified in a suitable configuration file and/or is derived from other AI/ML model(s). Additionally, different task weights may be used as coefficients in the multi-objective function(s)

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in 2015 to 77% in 2022 in high-income countries. - Effective principals ensure their schools are safe, healthy and inclusive. Preventing bullying and ensuring student safety are key objectives for school leaders. In the United States, principals adapted the curriculum to prioritize social and emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Malta, principals worked with communities to develop an inclusive school culture for migrants with language support. ## Effective leadership demands fair hiring practices, trust and growth opportunities. - Talent recruitment and retention requires open and competitive hiring processes. Limiting political discretion in appointing school principals improves school outcomes. Yet globally, only 63% of countries have open and competitive school principal recruitment processes in primary and secondary education. - The best teachers do not necessarily make the best principals. But while 76% of countries require principals to be fully qualified teachers, some 3 in 10 also specify management experience. - Autonomy can unlock leaders' potential. Higher-performing education systems tend to grant greater autonomy to principals over decisions on human and financial resources. But in richer countries, less than half of principals are responsible for course content or establishing teacher salary levels. And almost 40% of countries do not recognize higher education institutions' autonomy by law. - Professional leaders need preparation and training. School leadership standards can help guide training by outlining the required competencies, which almost all countries have set. However, almost half of principals in richer countries do not receive any training before appointment and only 31% of all countries have regulations for the induction of new principals. Practical skills like data use, financial management and digital literacy are also essential, yet a quarter of principals in richer countries lack adequate training in such areas. ## School leaders are expected to do too much with too little. - There are too many demands on school operations to leave enough time for principals to set a vision. Expectations of principals are often too high. Principals are key to effective implementation of reforms. In some countries, they are also under intense scrutiny due to new accountability mechanisms. Yet a survey of principals in 14 middle-income countries showed that 68% of their time is spent on routine management tasks. About one third of public school principals and one fifth of private school principals in OECD countries reported lacking sufficient time for instructional leadership. ## School leaders

[ "in", "2015", "to", "77", "%", "in", "2022", "in", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Effective", "principals", "ensure", "their", "schools", "are", "safe", ",", "healthy", "and", "inclusive", ".", "Preventing", "bullying", "and", "ensuring", "student", "safety", "are", "key", "objectives", "for", "school", "leaders", ".", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "principals", "adapted", "the", "curriculum", "to", "prioritize", "social", "and", "emotional", "well", "-", "being", "during", "the", "COVID-19", "pandemic", ".", "In", "Malta", ",", "principals", "worked", "with", "communities", "to", "develop", "an", "inclusive", "school", "culture", "for", "migrants", "with", "language", "support", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Effective", "leadership", "demands", "fair", "hiring", "practices", ",", "trust", "and", "growth", "opportunities", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Talent", "recruitment", "and", "retention", "requires", "open", "and", "competitive", "hiring", "processes", ".", "Limiting", "political", "discretion", "in", "appointing", "school", "principals", "improves", "school", "outcomes", ".", "Yet", "globally", ",", "only", "63", "%", "of", "countries", "have", "open", "and", "competitive", "school", "principal", "recruitment", "processes", "in", "primary", "and", "secondary", "education", ".", "\n", "-", "", "The", "best", "teachers", "do", "not", "necessarily", "make", "the", "best", "principals", ".", "But", "while", "76", "%", "of", "countries", "require", "principals", "to", "be", "fully", "qualified", "teachers", ",", "some", "3", "in", "10", "also", "specify", "management", "experience", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Autonomy", "can", "unlock", "leaders", "'", "potential", ".", "Higher", "-", "performing", "education", "systems", "tend", "to", "grant", "greater", "autonomy", "to", "principals", "over", "decisions", "on", "human", "and", "financial", "resources", ".", "But", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "less", "than", "half", "of", "principals", "are", "responsible", "for", "course", "content", "or", "establishing", "teacher", "salary", "levels", ".", "And", "almost", "40", "%", "of", "countries", "do", "not", "recognize", "higher", "education", "institutions", "'", "autonomy", "by", "law", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Professional", "leaders", "need", "preparation", "and", "training", ".", "School", "leadership", "standards", "can", "help", "guide", "training", "by", "outlining", "the", "required", "competencies", ",", "which", "almost", "all", "countries", "have", "set", ".", "However", ",", "almost", "half", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "do", "not", "receive", "any", "training", "before", "appointment", "and", "only", "31", "%", "of", "all", "countries", "have", "regulations", "for", "the", "induction", "of", "new", "principals", ".", "Practical", "skills", "like", "data", "use", ",", "financial", "management", "and", "digital", "literacy", "are", "also", "essential", ",", "yet", "a", "quarter", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "lack", "adequate", "training", "in", "such", "areas", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "School", "leaders", "are", "expected", "to", "do", "too", "much", "with", "too", "little", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "There", "are", "too", "many", "demands", "on", "school", "operations", "to", "leave", "enough", "time", "for", "principals", "to", "set", "a", "vision", ".", "Expectations", "of", "principals", "are", "often", "too", "high", ".", "Principals", "are", "key", "to", "effective", "implementation", "of", "reforms", ".", "In", "some", "countries", ",", "they", "are", "also", "under", "intense", "scrutiny", "due", "to", "new", "accountability", "mechanisms", ".", "Yet", "a", "survey", "of", "principals", "in", "14", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "showed", "that", "68", "%", "of", "their", "time", "is", "spent", "on", "routine", "management", "tasks", ".", "About", "one", "third", "of", "public", "school", "principals", "and", "one", "fifth", "of", "private", "school", "principals", "in", "OECD", "countries", "reported", "lacking", "sufficient", "time", "for", "instructional", "leadership", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "School", "leaders" ]

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clean tech output. The EU’s improving outlook for its battery industry demonstrates that a focused policy effort can succeed, even if non-EU players may benefit most . Although the EU’s market share in lithium-ion batteries globally stands at just 6.5%, battery manufacturing output reached around 65 GWh in 2023 in the EU, growing by around 20% over the previous year. For comparison, the US recorded 80 GWh of production and similar growth, while the figures in China were 670 GWh and 50%, respectively. Public support for battery development has been key to strength - ening Europe’s position. Public R&I spending on battery technology has risen by 18% per year on average over the past decade, and Europe ranks only behind Japan and South Korea as a location for patent applications for battery storage technologies. With planned investment in the EU more than tripling in 2023, the IEA projects that the EU could meet its domestic demand for batteries by 2030. This capacity growth will increase Europe’s strategic resilience and benefit adjacent sectors such as automotives by shortening supply chains. However, many of these projects are at this stage still announcements, and actual development will depend on supporting policies from permitting to financing. In addition, roughly half of the announced investment is from non-EU companies and, in most cases, projects are not taking place in the form of joint ventures. As a result, the EU may be missing an opportunity to combine openness to inward FDI with the development of critical know-how among European manufacturers. 47THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3 The challenges of asymmetric decarbonisation “Hard-to-abate” industries are suffering not only from high energy prices, but also from lack of public support to reach decarbonisation targets and investment in sustainable fuels [see the chapters on energy-intensive industries, and transport] . Despite the massive investment needs facing Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs), and the challenging business case for investment in “hard-to-abate” sectors, there is limited public support for the transition in Europe. Only a residual share of current ETS resources is earmarked to EIIs, with priority given to residential effi - ciency, renewables development or, recently, lowering energy bills. While EIIs in other regions face neither the same decarbonisation targets nor require similar investments, they benefit from more generous state support. China, for example, provides over 90% of the global USD 70 billion subsidies in the aluminium

[ "clean", "tech", "output", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "’s", "improving", "outlook", "for", "its", "battery", "industry", "demonstrates", "that", "a", "focused", "policy", "effort", "can", "succeed", ",", "\n", "even", "if", "non", "-", "EU", "players", "may", "benefit", "most", ".", "Although", "the", "EU", "’s", "market", "share", "in", "lithium", "-", "ion", "batteries", "globally", "stands", "\n", "at", "just", "6.5", "%", ",", "battery", "manufacturing", "output", "reached", "around", "65", "GWh", "in", "2023", "in", "the", "EU", ",", "growing", "by", "around", "20", "%", "over", "\n", "the", "previous", "year", ".", "For", "comparison", ",", "the", "US", "recorded", "80", "GWh", "of", "production", "and", "similar", "growth", ",", "while", "the", "figures", "\n", "in", "China", "were", "670", "GWh", "and", "50", "%", ",", "respectively", ".", "Public", "support", "for", "battery", "development", "has", "been", "key", "to", "strength", "-", "\n", "ening", "Europe", "’s", "position", ".", "Public", "R&I", "spending", "on", "battery", "technology", "has", "risen", "by", "18", "%", "per", "year", "on", "average", "over", "\n", "the", "past", "decade", ",", "and", "Europe", "ranks", "only", "behind", "Japan", "and", "South", "Korea", "as", "a", "location", "for", "patent", "applications", "for", "\n", "battery", "storage", "technologies", ".", "With", "planned", "investment", "in", "the", "EU", "more", "than", "tripling", "in", "2023", ",", "the", "IEA", "projects", "that", "\n", "the", "EU", "could", "meet", "its", "domestic", "demand", "for", "batteries", "by", "2030", ".", "This", "capacity", "growth", "will", "increase", "Europe", "’s", "strategic", "\n", "resilience", "and", "benefit", "adjacent", "sectors", "such", "as", "automotives", "by", "shortening", "supply", "chains", ".", "However", ",", "many", "of", "these", "\n", "projects", "are", "at", "this", "stage", "still", "announcements", ",", "and", "actual", "development", "will", "depend", "on", "supporting", "policies", "from", "\n", "permitting", "to", "financing", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "roughly", "half", "of", "the", "announced", "investment", "is", "from", "non", "-", "EU", "companies", "and", ",", "in", "most", "\n", "cases", ",", "projects", "are", "not", "taking", "place", "in", "the", "form", "of", "joint", "ventures", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "EU", "may", "be", "missing", "an", "opportunity", "\n", "to", "combine", "openness", "to", "inward", "FDI", "with", "the", "development", "of", "critical", "know", "-", "how", "among", "European", "manufacturers", ".", "\n", "47THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "|", "CHAPTER", "3", "\n", "The", "challenges", "of", "asymmetric", "decarbonisation", "\n", "“", "Hard", "-", "to", "-", "abate", "”", "industries", "are", "suffering", "not", "only", "from", "high", "energy", "prices", ",", "but", "also", "from", "lack", "of", "public", "support", "\n", "to", "reach", "decarbonisation", "targets", "and", "investment", "in", "sustainable", "fuels", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapters", "on", "energy", "-", "intensive", "\n", "industries", ",", "and", "transport", "]", ".", "Despite", "the", "massive", "investment", "needs", "facing", "Energy", "Intensive", "Industries", "(", "EIIs", ")", ",", "and", "the", "\n", "challenging", "business", "case", "for", "investment", "in", "“", "hard", "-", "to", "-", "abate", "”", "sectors", ",", "there", "is", "limited", "public", "support", "for", "the", "transition", "\n", "in", "Europe", ".", "Only", "a", "residual", "share", "of", "current", "ETS", "resources", "is", "earmarked", "to", "EIIs", ",", "with", "priority", "given", "to", "residential", "effi", "-", "\n", "ciency", ",", "renewables", "development", "or", ",", "recently", ",", "lowering", "energy", "bills", ".", "While", "EIIs", "in", "other", "regions", "face", "neither", "the", "same", "\n", "decarbonisation", "targets", "nor", "require", "similar", "investments", ",", "they", "benefit", "from", "more", "generous", "state", "support", ".", "China", ",", "for", "\n", "example", ",", "provides", "over", "90", "%", "of", "the", "global", "USD", "70", "billion", "subsidies", "in", "the", "aluminium" ]

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AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 9 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers2.2.1 Ring-Fencing Worldwide: Geographical spread Based on the survey, ring-fencing rules for mining were found to be more common in Africa than in the Americas or the Asia-Pacific region. Of sampled jurisdictions with ring-fencing rules for mining, 64% are in Africa. This is not surprising given the importance of the mining sector to many African economies and the drive to mobilize more domestic revenue. Ecuador and Argentina are the only countries identified with ring-fencing rules in the Americas, although the Dominican Republic intends to introduce ring-fencing rules in its new mining code.8 Large mining countries, such as Peru, Chile, Brazil, and several provinces and states in Canada and Australia, respectively, do not have ring-fencing rules. FIGURE 2. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules for mining exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. 2.2.2 Ring-Fencing in Oil and Gas and in Mining Ring-fencing rules are more prevalent in oil and gas than in mining. For oil and gas, ring-fencing typically limits the consolidation of revenues and expenditures between wells, fields, or activities. Several countries have ring-fencing rules for both the mining and oil sectors; however, some countries only provide ring-fencing rules for oil and gas. Kenya is a resource- rich country that only provides ring-fencing rules for mining (see Figure 3). 8 Articles 101 & 102, Proyecto de Ley de Mineria Nacional, 10 de Junio de 2019 .3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 10 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 3. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. There may be several reasons why ring-fencing is more common for the oil and gas sectors, including the following: • The oil and gas sector has typically been more vertically integrated than mining. Countries may be concerned with preventing oil and gas companies from consolidating income between different stages of the value chain, particularly where these stages are subject to different tax rates (e.g., higher taxes for upstream; lower taxes for downstream). • Production-sharing agreements (PSAs) are the most common

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materials was identified as an EIST niche in Georgia and Mol- dova. ■Communications Equipment and Services and ICT and computer science were identi- fied as an E&I and a S&T domain, respectively, in both Armenia and Moldova. As stated above, these are transversal concord- ances that are rendered by the data currently an- alysed and the quantitative methodology hereby applied. We could expect similar concordances for countries which present similar E&I specialisa- tions, on the one hand, or similar highlighted S&T domains on the other. This would be the case of Ukraine, for which Metalworking Technologies is an E&I specialisation but no quantitative concord- ance has been found with Nanotechnology and materials. In that case, Ukraine could join Geor- gia and Moldova in knowledge collaboration in this specific EIST intersection. PART 5Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation249 Part 5. Discussion of results and final remarks This study has aimed at identifying economic and innovation and scientific and technological spe- cialisations, and their possible concordances, to support knowledge-based economic development in the EaP countries as well as cooperation at re- gional level. E&I specialisations for the EaP region were cal- culated by using relevant economic variables and their growth dynamics, such as employment, turn- over and average wages. Additionally, the critical mass of venture capital-backed companies per industry group and for patent, trademark and in- dustrial design applications per respective class of classification has been measured. Lastly, innova- tion has been quantified by means of the results of the innovation surveys. Identified E&I specialisation domains for Arme- nia are Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11), Tobac- co (NACE 12), Travel and tourism (NACE 53, 55), Information and communication (NACE 26, 61- 63). For Azerbaijan, the domains are as follows: Coke and refined petroleum products (NACE 19), Chemicals and related activities (NACE 20), Re- pair and installation of machinery and equipment (NACE 33), Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62), Financial services (NACE 64). For Georgia, they are as follows: Food and beverages (NACE 10, 11), Publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 18), Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (NACE 25), Tourism and travel (NACE 55, 56), Financial service activities (NACE 62, 64). Moldova has the following: Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11), Tex- tiles & wearing apparel (NACE 13, 14), Leather and related products (NACE 15), Wood and prod- ucts of wood

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Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement View all journals Search Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author Show results from All journals Search Advanced search Quick links Explore articles by subject Find a job Guide to authors Editorial policies Log in Explore content Explore content Research articles News Opinion Research Analysis Careers Books & Culture Podcasts Videos Current issue Browse issues Collections Subjects Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed About the journal About the journal Journal Staff About the Editors Journal Information Our publishing models Editorial Values Statement Journal Metrics Awards Contact Editorial policies History of Nature Send a news tip Publish with us Publish with us For Authors For Referees Language editing services Open access funding Submit manuscript Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature editorials article Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Download PDF EDITORIAL 22 July 2025 Help save 2 million lives: close the vaccine funding gap Gavi, the vaccine provider for the world’s poorest people, needs an extra US$3 billion to protect infants and other vulnerable groups. More donors must step up. Twitter Facebook Email You have full access to this article via your institution. Download PDF Gavi chief executive Sania Nishtar (pictured here in Ghana) is urging donors not to put children in harm’s way. Credit: Nipsh Dennis/Gavi This year was never going to be easy for Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, the global-health organization that has vaccinated more than one billion children against diseases such as polio , diphtheria, measles and Ebola. As the organization, based in Geneva, Switzerland, celebrates its 25th birthday — and the nearly 19 million lives that its inoculations have saved during its time — it finds itself US$3 billion short of its $12-billion target budget for 2026–30. If the shortfall cannot be filled, Gavi will need to cut lifesaving programmes, and the world will probably see a resurgence of disease, illness and avoidable deaths. “For every $1.5 billion less, your ability

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due to the fact that the domestic patents of some EaP countries are better covered53 in the worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB) of the Eu- ropean Patent Office. This disparity in data coverage may jeopardise the analysis and interpretation of results, particularly in these countries, and has therefore been taken into account when discussing results throughout the report. 2.2 Methodology This work aims at transversally mapping the S&T potential of the EaP countries by analysing the dif- ferent S&T activities carried out in each country as rendered by the data sources described in the previous section, and by classifying them within a common scheme. To achieve this, the most gran- ular data available – that is, each single record 53 See Coverage of the EPO’s bibliographic data (DOCDB) on a world map. 146 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential for each EaP publication, patent or project in the covered period – is used to extract quantitative, qualitative and semantic information. In addition, whichever meta-information characterising the data (such as, e.g. taxonomic classification, af- filiation of authors in publications, etc.) was also retained. Specialisation topics were automatically extract- ed from the combined textual corpus of research project objectives, patent descriptions and sci- entific publication abstracts, separately, for each EaP country. ‘Topic Modelling’, a machine-learning text-mining technique, was implemented in this work using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) al- gorithm. Each topic yielded by the algorithm con- sists of an ordered list of words, each associated with a specific S&T theme. The number of topics was chosen by maximising the log-likelihood of the topic model found for each country, a standard approach in statistics for optimal model selection (see, for instance, Griffiths and Steyvers, 200454). 54 Griffiths, T. L. and Steyvers, M., ‘Finding scientific topics’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101,5228-5235, 2004. Publications Patent families EC projects Total Armenia 9 103 380 43 9 526 Azerbaijan 5 840 471 19 6 330 Belarus 15 490 2 251 67 17 808 Georgia 8 199 933 58 9 190 Moldova 3 855 1 673 77 5 605 Ukraine 94 419 56 447 205 151 071 EaP total 131 179 61 997 324 193 500Table 3.2. Distribution of records per type and per countryAs LDA links each publication, project and patent with a certain weight55 to any given topic, in a con- tinuous space, the result of the algorithm does not

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BERT’s unreason- ably good performance on the English Argument Reasoning Comprehension Task (Habernal et al., 2018) falls back to chance if the dataset is modiﬁed by adding adversarial examples that just negate one piece of the original, thus mirroring the distribution of lexical cues for each label. Similarly, McCoy et al. (2019) ﬁnd that BERT’s performance on the English Multi-genre Natural Language Inference dataset (Williams et al., 2018) is predicated on its ability to leverage syntactic heuristics involving overlap (of full constituents, subsequences, or sim- ply bags of words). In a dataset carefully designed to frustrate such heuristics, BERT’s performance falls to signiﬁcantly below chance. In this brief overview of BERTology papers we have highlighted both the extent to which there is evidence that large LMs can learn aspects of linguistic formal structure (e.g. agreement, depen- dency structure), and how their apparent ability to “reason” is sometimes a mirage built on leveraging artifacts in the training data (i.e. form, not mean- ing). Our contribution is an argument on theoretical grounds that a system exposed only to form in its training cannot in principle learn meaning. 3 What is meaning? We start by deﬁning two key terms: We take form to be any observable realization of language: marks 4But see Warstadt et al.’s (2019) cautionary note about how the methodology used for probing can inﬂuence the results. 5187on a page, pixels or bytes in a digital representation of text, or movements of the articulators.5We take meaning to be the relation between the form and something external to language, in a sense that we will make precise below. 3.1 Meaning and communicative intent When humans use language, we do so for a purpose: We do not talk for the joy of moving our articula- tors, but in order to achieve some communicative intent . There are many types of communicative intents: they may be to convey some information to the other person; or to ask them to do something; or simply to socialize. We take meaning to be the relation MEIwhich contains pairs (e; i)of natural language expressions eand the communica- tive intents ithey can be used to evoke. Given this deﬁnition of meaning, we can now use understand to refer to the process of retrieving igiven e. Communicative intents are about something that isoutside of language . When we say Open the window! orWhen was Malala Yousafzai born? , the communicative

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