SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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population in 1994. It was originally designed to study T1D. Within the DIPP cohort, we created a CD sub-study consisting of 10 case-control groups of 16 cases and 27 controls, matched for date of birth and county of residence. Compared to MIDIA, the DIPP cohort recruits newborns with more heterogeneous genotypes: HLA- DQB102/0302, the 0302/x genotype [x ≠ 02, 0301 or 0602] and boys with the DQB102/y-DQA105/z [y ≠ 0301, 0302, 0602, 0603; z ≠ *0201] genotype. Serum samples were collected every 3–6 months and stool samples were collected monthly 6from 3 months of age until 24 months of age. As in MIDIA, various additional data were collected by means of several regular questionnaires. DNA was prepared differently from MIDIA: the stools were centrifuged at a lower speed before initial freezing, leaving more bacterial material in the supernatant. 2.2.2 Disease-specific virome studies: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes Celiac disease: A total of 2043 DNA metagenomic virome libraries were generated from the stools of 41 cases and 76 matched controls. The MIDIA cohort provided 1271 stool samples from 74 individuals (25 cases and 49 matched controls). The DIPP study was represented by 772 stool samples obtained from 43 subjects (16 cases matched to 27 controls), Table 1-A . Type 1 diabetes: In total, 311 DNA+RNA viral metagenomic libraries were prepared from the case-control set. The set consisted of 24 matching groups of one case and two controls, with the exception of one case matched to only one control (due to the impossibility of a close enough match), Table 1-B . All but two of the case children developed diabetes - this happened with a mean lag of 5.3 years since diagnosis of islet autoimmunity. The two children who remained non-diabetic had persistent autoantibody markers of islet autoimmunity for 11 years as of January 2018. 2.2.3 Wet lab processing In the celiac disease study, metagenomic high-throughput metagenomic sequencing was restricted to DNA viruses. 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Full text Ferres D.; AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. Spanish morphological generation with wide-coverage lexicons and decision trees . Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2017; 58: 109-116. Full text Saggion H.; Ronzano F.; Accuosto P.; Ferres D.. MultiScien: A bi-lingual natural language processing system for mining and enrichment of scientific collections . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2017; 1888: 26-40. Full text Barbieri F.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Saggion H.. Revealing patterns of Twitter emoji usage in Barcelona and Madrid . Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 2016; 288: 239-244. Publication link Full text Espinosa-Anke L, Ronzano F, Saggion H. TALN at SemEval-2016 Task 14: semantic taxonomy enrichment via sense-based embeddings . Proceedings of the Conference Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2016; 1332-1336. Full text Espinosa-Anke L.; Tello J.; Pardo A.; Medrano I.; Ureña A.; Salcedo I.; Saggion H.. Savana: a global information extraction and terminology expansion framework in the medical domain . Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2016; 57: 23-30. Full text Ferres D.; Marimon M.; Saggion H.; AbuRa¿ed A.. YATS: Yet Another Text Simplifier . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 335-342. Publication link Full text Oramas S.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Sordo M.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. Information extraction for knowledge base construction in the music domain . Data and Knowledge Engineering 2016; 106: 70-83. Publication link Full text Ronzano F, Freire A, Saez-Trumper D, Saggion H. Making sense of massive amounts of scientific publications: the scientific knowledge miner project . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 36-41. Full text Ronzano F.; Saggion H.. An Empirical Assessment of Citation Information in Scientific Summarization . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 318-325. Publication link Full text Other resources Saggion H.; Abura''ed A.; Ronzano F.. Trainable Citation-enhanced Summarization of Scientific Articles . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 175-186. Full text Saggion H.; Bott S.; Rello L.. Simplifying Words in Context. Experiments with two Lexical Resources in Spanish . Computer Speech and Language 2016; 35: 200-218. Publication link Barbieri F, Ronzano F, Saggion H. Summarization and Information Extraction in your Tablet . 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The relative abundances of vOTUs in each sample were determined and a frequency table was generated. 2.2.5 Deposition of raw data The raw data will be made public under the conditions of the HEDIMED Horizon 2020 grant. Presently, these data are being processed and will not be available until results are published. 2.3 Results of the faecal virome sequencing 2.3.1 Libraries sequenced in the CD study A total of 2 043 samples from 117 individuals (41 cases and 76 controls) were sequenced ( Table 2 ). The MIDIA cohort provided 25 cases and 49 matched controls, DIPP cohort provided 16 cases and 27 matched controls. The median number of stool samples per child was 17 and the median follow-up to the last tested stool sample was 13.0 months of age. The median of high-quality paired reads per sample was 1,195,472. There was a difference in the proportion of viral reads identified between the two cohorts. We identified fewer viral sequencing reads in DIPP stool samples than in MIDIA. This may be either a biological phenomenon or a consequence of differences in sample handling: the DIPP samples were processed using a slightly different extraction protocol and were centrifuged at a lower speed, which may have resulted in a higher content of bacterial genomic DNA. This is consistent with the mapping of reads to bacterial sequences. The sequencing of the DNA+RNA libraries from the T1D study will have been finished in spring 2024, and will be processed as described above. 9Table 2. Metagenomic sequencing of DNA viromes in the CD study MIDIA cohort DIPP cohort Total Count of samples 1271 772 2043 NextSeq sequencing runs 14 10 24 Total generated reads , million 1 465 mill. 567 mill. 2 032 mill. High quality paired reads median per sample (IQR) million2.0 (1.7 - 2.4) 2.5 (1.9 - 3.0) 2.1 (1.7 - 2.7) Virus reads , million median per sample (IQR)1.1 (0.9 - 1.3) 0.6 (0.5 - 0.9) 1.0 (0.7 - 1.2) Viral species per sample median (IQR)115 (72 - 168) 143 (87 - 189) 125 (76 - 176) Viral families per sample median (IQR) mean (min-max)16 (3 - 76) 66 (0 - 1077)9 (1 - 53) 50 (0 - 660)51 (31 - 72) 53 (0 - 1047) Total species per study 15 222 8 844 17 826 Species newly described in this study7 848 4 436 9 319 Total virus families per study	[ "The", "relative", "abundances", "of", "vOTUs", "in", "each", "\n", "sample", "were", "determined", "and", "a", "frequency", "table", "was", "generated", ".", "\n", "2.2.5", "Deposition", "of", "raw", "data", "\n", "The", "raw", "data", "will", "be", "made", "public", "under", "the", "conditions", "of", "the", "HEDIMED", "Horizon", "2020", "grant", ".", "Presently", ",", "these", "data", "are", "\n", "being", "processed", "and", "will", "not", "be", "available", "until", "results", "are", "published", ".", "\n", "2.3", "Results", "of", "the", "faecal", "virome", "sequencing", "\n", "2.3.1", "Libraries", "sequenced", "in", "the", "CD", "study", "\n", "A", "total", "of", "2", "043", "samples", "from", "117", "individuals", "(", "41", "cases", "and", "76", "controls", ")", "were", "sequenced", "(", "Table", "2", ")", ".", "The", "MIDIA", "cohort", "\n", "provided", "25", "cases", "and", "49", "matched", "controls", ",", "DIPP", "cohort", "provided", "16", "cases", "and", "27", "matched", "controls", ".", "The", "median", "\n", "number", "of", "stool", "samples", "per", "child", "was", "17", "and", "the", "median", "follow", "-", "up", "to", "the", "last", "tested", "stool", "sample", "was", "13.0", "months", "of", "\n", "age", ".", "The", "median", "of", "high", "-", "quality", "paired", "reads", "per", "sample", "was", "1,195,472", ".", "\n", "There", "was", "a", "difference", "in", "the", "proportion", "of", "viral", "reads", "identified", "between", "the", "two", "cohorts", ".", "We", "identified", "fewer", "viral", "\n", "sequencing", "reads", "in", "DIPP", "stool", "samples", "than", "in", "MIDIA", ".", "This", "may", "be", "either", "a", "biological", "phenomenon", "or", "a", "consequence", "\n", "of", "differences", "in", "sample", "handling", ":", "the", "DIPP", "samples", "were", "processed", "using", "a", "slightly", "different", "extraction", "protocol", "and", "\n", "were", "centrifuged", "at", "a", "lower", "speed", ",", "which", "may", "have", "resulted", "in", "a", "higher", "content", "of", "bacterial", "genomic", "DNA", ".", "This", "is", "\n", "consistent", "with", "the", "mapping", "of", "reads", "to", "bacterial", "sequences", ".", "\n", "The", "sequencing", "of", "the", "DNA+RNA", "libraries", "from", "the", "T1D", "study", "will", "have", "been", "finished", "in", "spring", "2024", ",", "and", "will", "be", "\n", "processed", "as", "described", "above", ".", "\n", "9Table", "2", ".", "Metagenomic", "sequencing", "of", "DNA", "viromes", "in", "the", "CD", "study", "\n", "MIDIA", "cohort", "DIPP", "cohort", "Total", "\n", "Count", "of", "samples", "1271", "772", "2043", "\n", "NextSeq", "sequencing", "runs", "14", "10", "24", "\n", "Total", "generated", "reads", ",", "million", "1", "465", "mill", ".", "567", "mill", ".", "2", "032", "mill", ".", "\n", "High", "quality", "paired", "reads", "\n", "median", "per", "sample", "(", "IQR", ")", "million2.0", "(", "1.7", "-", "2.4", ")", "2.5", "(", "1.9", "-", "3.0", ")", "2.1", "(", "1.7", "-", "2.7", ")", "\n", "Virus", "reads", ",", "million", "\n", "median", "per", "sample", "(", "IQR)1.1", "(", "0.9", "-", "1.3", ")", "0.6", "(", "0.5", "-", "0.9", ")", "1.0", "(", "0.7", "-", "1.2", ")", "\n", "Viral", "species", "per", "sample", "\n", "median", "(", "IQR)115", "(", "72", "-", "168", ")", "143", "(", "87", "-", "189", ")", "125", "(", "76", "-", "176", ")", "\n", "Viral", "families", "per", "sample", "\n", "median", "(", "IQR", ")", "\n", "mean", "(", "min", "-", "max)16", "(", "3", "-", "76", ")", "\n", "66", "(", "0", "-", "1077)9", "(", "1", "-", "53", ")", "\n", "50", "(", "0", "-", "660)51", "(", "31", "-", "72", ")", "\n", "53", "(", "0", "-", "1047", ")", "\n", "Total", "species", "per", "study", "15", "222", "8", "844", "17", "826", "\n", "Species", "newly", "described", "\n", "in", "this", "study7", "848", "4", "436", "9", "319", "\n", "Total", "virus", "families", " ", "per", "study" ]	[]
than on my schoolwork. I was worried about being accepted by my peers, and I didn't want to be seen as a nerd or a bookworm. So, I kind of coasted through my freshman year, just trying to get by and have fun. But my parents were always on my case about getting good grades and taking my education seriously. They would say education is the key to success, and I just roll my eyes and think, yeah, yeah, yeah, I got it. Looking back, I wish I had taken my education more seriously from the start. But I was young, and I didn't know any better. It wasn't until later that I had some amazing teachers who believed in me, and I started to see the value in my education. ## What were your grades like when you first started? Okay. Well, let's see, they weren't exactly something to brag about. It was a bit of a struggle. I was a bit of a struggling student. To be honest, I had a hard time keeping up with the coursework, and I didn't always put in the effort I should have. I think my GPA was around 2.6 or 2.5, and I had some C's and D's in classes like math and science, which were always tough for me. But I did okay in classes like English and history, where I could write and express myself more. Yeah. So, my parents were always in my face about my grades. They say things like that's not good enough. We have to work harder, and I just feel bad, and we need to do better. But despite the struggles, I think I did have some great teachers who also saw potential in me and encouraged me to keep going. That's it. It seems like he can do it. Don't give up. And that really, really does mean a lot to me, you know. ## Did you know you would complete high school when you were a freshman? Did you feel like you would make it all the way through? Well, I'd say as a freshman, I was really unsure if I was going to make it through high school. You know, I was struggling in my classes, and I didn't really see the point of it all. I feel like I was just going through the motions, you know. I remember thinking,	[ "than", "on", "my", "schoolwork", ".", "I", "was", "worried", "about", "being", "accepted", "by", "my", "peers", ",", "and", "I", "did", "n't", "want", "to", "be", "seen", "as", "a", "nerd", "or", "a", "bookworm", ".", "So", ",", "I", "kind", "of", "coasted", "through", "my", "freshman", "year", ",", "just", "trying", "to", "get", "by", "and", "have", "fun", ".", "But", "my", "parents", "were", "always", "on", "my", "case", "about", "getting", "good", "grades", "and", "taking", "my", "education", "seriously", ".", "They", "would", "say", "education", "is", "the", "key", "to", "success", ",", "and", "I", "just", "roll", "my", "eyes", "and", "think", ",", "yeah", ",", "yeah", ",", "yeah", ",", "I", "got", "it", ".", "Looking", "back", ",", "I", "wish", "I", "had", "taken", "my", "education", "more", "seriously", "from", "the", "start", ".", "But", "I", "was", "young", ",", "and", "I", "did", "n't", "know", "any", "better", ".", "It", "was", "n't", "until", "later", "that", "I", "had", "some", "amazing", "teachers", "who", "believed", "in", "me", ",", "and", "I", "started", "to", "see", "the", "value", "in", "my", "education", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "What", "were", "your", "grades", "like", "when", "you", "first", "started", "?", "\n\n", "Okay", ".", "Well", ",", "let", "'s", "see", ",", "they", "were", "n't", "exactly", "something", "to", "brag", "about", ".", "It", "was", "a", "bit", "of", "a", "struggle", ".", "I", "was", "a", "bit", "of", "a", "struggling", "student", ".", "To", "be", "honest", ",", "I", "had", "a", "hard", "time", "keeping", "up", "with", "the", "coursework", ",", "and", "I", "did", "n't", "always", "put", "in", "the", "effort", "I", "should", "have", ".", "I", "think", "my", "GPA", "was", "around", "2.6", "or", "2.5", ",", "and", "I", "had", "some", "C", "'s", "and", "D", "'s", "in", "classes", "like", "math", "and", "science", ",", "which", "were", "always", "tough", "for", "me", ".", "But", "I", "did", "okay", "in", "classes", "like", "English", "and", "history", ",", "where", "I", "could", "write", "and", "express", "myself", "more", ".", "Yeah", ".", "So", ",", "my", "parents", "were", "always", "in", "my", "face", "about", "my", "grades", ".", "They", "say", "things", "like", "that", "'s", "not", "good", "enough", ".", "We", "have", "to", "work", "harder", ",", "and", "I", "just", "feel", "bad", ",", "and", "we", "need", "to", "do", "better", ".", "But", "despite", "the", "struggles", ",", "I", "think", "I", "did", "have", "some", "great", "teachers", "who", "also", "saw", "potential", "in", "me", "and", "encouraged", "\n\n", "me", "to", "keep", "going", ".", "That", "'s", "it", ".", "It", "seems", "like", "he", "can", "do", "it", ".", "Do", "n't", "give", "up", ".", "And", "that", "really", ",", "really", "does", "mean", "a", "lot", "to", "me", ",", "you", "know", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Did", "you", "know", "you", "would", "complete", "high", "school", "when", "you", "were", "a", "freshman", "?", "Did", "you", "feel", "like", "you", "would", "make", "it", "all", "the", "way", "through", "?", "\n\n", "Well", ",", "I", "'d", "say", "as", "a", "freshman", ",", "I", "was", "really", "unsure", "if", "I", "was", "going", "to", "make", "it", "through", "high", "school", ".", "You", "know", ",", "I", "was", "struggling", "in", "my", "classes", ",", "and", "I", "did", "n't", "really", "see", "the", "point", "of", "it", "all", ".", "I", "feel", "like", "I", "was", "just", "going", "through", "the", "motions", ",", "you", "know", ".", "I", "remember", "thinking", "," ]	[]
that context alone. All the contributions in this section show that the examination of personal and professional networks in science and their role in rendering women more visible cannot be separated from an examination of the broader political context in which their lives and careers unfolded. ## In/ visibilities in medicine and care: Treating, teaching, reforming As in the case of science and engineering, some of the chapters in this volume also provide an opportunity for comparative study between different areas of medicine. Medicine and care have been among the most examined sites of science in relation to gender, education and women's work, but the papers in this section suggest new avenues of investigation. They focus in particular on neglected arenas like women's work as doctors and educators in secondary schools in Romania, women physicians' role in training midwives in Republican China and attempts made by female cadres, researchers, doctors and medical students to alleviate 'women's illnesses' and promote 'grassroot science' in Maoist China. These chapters highlight often- overlooked institutional contexts, ranging from secondary schools to rural health stations, and examine how political events, such as World War I and the Great Leap Famine, 54 both expanded and constrained the range of opportunities available to female physicians and scientists. Camelia Zavarache's contribution addresses the importance of political change, border reconfiguration and state- building in the appointment of women as doctors in secondary- school education in interwar Romania, a time when the country significantly expanded its territory and minority population. 55 Zavarache argues that the state's agenda of providing hygiene education to secondary- school students was intertwined with the aim of producing a healthy 'body' for the Romanian nation. This played a crucial role in allowing women access to positions as school doctors, especially after the passing of the 1928 Law on Secondary Education which stipulated that female doctors should be employed to teach hygiene courses and conduct medical examinations in girls' schools. Although the socio- political and economic circumstances that followed World War I created a situation that helped render women more visible both as health professionals and 'modernising agents' of the new, enlarged Romanian state, Zavarache demonstrates that women often had to fight for the school positions they were legally entitled to. Using archival documents which have been largely neglected in Romanian historiography, especially correspondence between women doctors and local authorities - as opposed to the more visible documents	[ "that", "context", "alone", ".", "All", "the", "contributions", "in", "this", "section", "show", "that", "the", "examination", "of", "personal", "and", "professional", "networks", "in", "science", "and", "their", "role", "in", "rendering", "women", "more", "visible", "can", "not", "be", "separated", "from", "an", "examination", "of", "the", "broader", "political", "context", "in", "which", "their", "lives", "and", "careers", "unfolded", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "In/", " ", "visibilities", "in", "medicine", "and", "care", ":", "Treating", ",", "teaching", ",", "reforming", "\n\n", "As", "in", "the", "case", "of", "science", "and", "engineering", ",", "some", "of", "the", "chapters", "in", "this", "volume", "also", "provide", "an", "opportunity", "for", "comparative", "study", "between", "different", "areas", "\n\n", "of", "medicine", ".", "Medicine", "and", "care", "have", "been", "among", "the", "most", "examined", "sites", "of", "science", "in", "relation", "to", "gender", ",", "education", "and", "women", "'s", "work", ",", "but", "the", "papers", "in", "this", "section", "suggest", "new", "avenues", "of", "investigation", ".", "They", "focus", "in", "particular", "on", "neglected", "arenas", "like", "women", "'s", "work", "as", "doctors", "and", "educators", "in", "secondary", "schools", "in", "Romania", ",", "women", "physicians", "'", "role", "in", "training", "midwives", "in", "Republican", "China", "and", "attempts", "made", "by", "female", "cadres", ",", "researchers", ",", "doctors", "and", "medical", "students", "to", "alleviate", "'", "women", "'s", "illnesses", "'", "and", "promote", "'", "grassroot", "science", "'", "in", "Maoist", "China", ".", "These", "chapters", "highlight", "often-", " ", "overlooked", "institutional", "contexts", ",", "ranging", "from", "secondary", "schools", "to", "rural", "health", "stations", ",", "and", "examine", "how", "political", "events", ",", "such", "as", "World", "War", "I", "and", "the", "Great", "Leap", "Famine", ",", "54", " ", "both", "expanded", "and", "constrained", "the", "range", "of", "opportunities", "available", "to", "female", "physicians", "and", "scientists", ".", "\n\n", "Camelia", " ", "Zavarache", "'s", " ", "contribution", " ", "addresses", " ", "the", " ", "importance", " ", "of", " ", "political", " ", "change", ",", "border", "reconfiguration", "and", "state-", " ", "building", "in", "the", "appointment", "of", "women", "as", "doctors", "in", "secondary-", " ", "school", "education", "in", "interwar", "Romania", ",", "a", "time", "when", "the", "country", "significantly", "expanded", "its", "territory", "and", "minority", "population", ".", "55", " ", "Zavarache", "argues", "that", "the", "state", "'s", "agenda", "of", "providing", "hygiene", "education", " ", "to", " ", "secondary-", " ", "school", " ", "students", " ", "was", " ", "intertwined", " ", "with", " ", "the", " ", "aim", " ", "of", "producing", "a", "healthy", "'", "body", "'", "for", "the", "Romanian", "nation", ".", "This", "played", "a", "crucial", "role", " ", "in", " ", "allowing", " ", "women", " ", "access", " ", "to", " ", "positions", " ", "as", " ", "school", " ", "doctors", ",", " ", "especially", "after", " ", "the", " ", "passing", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "1928", " ", "Law", " ", "on", " ", "Secondary", " ", "Education", " ", "which", " ", "stipulated", "that", "female", "doctors", "should", "be", "employed", "to", "teach", "hygiene", "courses", "and", "conduct", "medical", "examinations", "in", "girls", "'", "schools", ".", "Although", "the", "socio-", " ", "political", "and", "economic", "circumstances", "that", "followed", "World", "War", "I", "created", "a", "situation", "that", " ", "helped", " ", "render", " ", "women", "more", "visible", "both", "as", "health", "professionals", "and", "'", "modernising", "agents", "'", "of", "the", "new", ",", "enlarged", "Romanian", "state", ",", "Zavarache", "demonstrates", "that", "women", "often", "had", "to", "fight", "for", "the", "school", "positions", "they", "were", "legally", "entitled", "to", ".", "\n\n", "Using", "archival", "documents", "which", "have", "been", "largely", "neglected", "in", "Romanian", "historiography", ",", " ", "especially", " ", "correspondence", " ", "between", " ", "women", " ", "doctors", " ", "and", "local", " ", "authorities", " ", "-", " ", "as", " ", "opposed", " ", "to", " ", "the", " ", "more", " ", "visible", " ", "documents", " " ]	[ { "end": 1280, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1278 }, { "end": 1698, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1696 } ]
and cork 181_Printing and service activities related to printing 19_Coke and reﬁned petroleum products 210_Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 23_Other non-metallic mineral products 25_Fabricated metal products 27_Electrical equipment 29_Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 310_Furniture 33_Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentMethodology The methodology used to analyse INDSTAT data is slightly different to that presented in Section 2.1 as data are less recent and the total number of analysed industries is much smaller. Aggregate industry-level data have been used to identify two types of industries: ■industries with a current strength, includ- ing specialised industries with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation and rela- tive size for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds; ■industries with an emerging strength, in- cluding emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for both the number of employees and turnover are above 56 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Figure 2.3. Distribution of output in Manufacturing for five EaP countries 101_Processing/preserving of meat 103_Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 105_Dairy products 107_Other food products 110_Beverages 13_Textiles 15_Leather and related products 170_Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 182_Reproduction of recorded media 20_Chemicals and chemical products 22_Rubber and plastic products 24_Basic metals 26_Computer, electronic and optical products 28_Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 30_Other transport equipment 32_Other manufacturingArmenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 102_Processing/preserving of ﬁsh, etc. 104_Vegetable and animal oils and fats 106_Grain mill products, starches and starch products 108_Prepared animal feeds 120_Tobacco products 14_Wearing apparel 16_Wood and of products of wood and cork 181_Printing and service activities related to printing 19_Coke and reﬁned petroleum products 210_Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 23_Other non-metallic mineral products 25_Fabricated metal products 27_Electrical equipment 29_Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 310_Furniture 33_Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentpredefined thresholds. For all industries shown in Table 2.7, the following indicators have been calculated for Armenia, Azer- baijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine: ■the degree of specialisation for the number of employees for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■average relative share of the total number of employees for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for the number of employees for two time peri- ods – between 2012 and 2015, and between 2014 and 2017, ■the degree of specialisation for output for each year in the 2012-2017 period,	[ "and", "cork", "\n", "181_Printing", "and", "service", "activities", "related", "to", "printing", "\n", "19_Coke", "and", "reﬁned", "petroleum", "products", "\n", "210_Pharmaceuticals", ",", "medicinal", "chemicals", ",", "etc", ".", "\n", "23_Other", "non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "\n", "25_Fabricated", "metal", "products", "\n", "27_Electrical", "equipment", "\n", "29_Motor", "vehicles", ",", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers", "\n", "310_Furniture", "\n", "33_Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipmentMethodology", "\n", "The", "methodology", "used", "to", "analyse", "INDSTAT", "data", "\n", "is", "slightly", "different", "to", "that", "presented", "in", "Section", "\n", "2.1", "as", "data", "are", "less", "recent", "and", "the", "total", "number", "\n", "of", "analysed", "industries", "is", "much", "smaller", ".", "Aggregate", "\n", "industry", "-", "level", "data", "have", "been", "used", "to", "identify", "two", "\n", "types", "of", "industries", ":", "\n ", "■", "industries", "with", "a", "current", "strength", ",", "includ-", "\n", "ing", "specialised", "industries", "with", "critical", "mass", ",", "\n", "where", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "and", "rela-", "\n", "tive", "size", "for", "both", "the", "number", "of", "employees", "\n", "and", "turnover", "are", "above", "predefined", "thresholds", ";", "\n ", "■", "industries", "with", "an", "emerging", "strength", ",", "in-", "\n", "cluding", "emerging", "industries", "with", "increasing", "\n", "degrees", "of", "specialisation", ",", "where", "the", "change", "\n", "in", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "both", "the", "\n", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "turnover", "are", "above", "\n", "56", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Figure", "2.3", ".", "Distribution", "of", "output", "in", "Manufacturing", "for", "five", "EaP", "countries", "\n", "101_Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "meat", "\n", "103_Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fruit", ",", "vegetables", "\n", "105_Dairy", "products", "\n", "107_Other", "food", "products", "\n", "110_Beverages", "\n", "13_Textiles", "\n", "15_Leather", "and", "related", "products", "\n", "170_Wood", "products", ",", "cork", ",", "straw", ",", "plaiting", "materials", "\n", "182_Reproduction", "of", "recorded", "media", "\n", "20_Chemicals", "and", "chemical", "products", "\n", "22_Rubber", "and", "plastic", "products", "\n", "24_Basic", "metals", "\n", "26_Computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "products", "\n", "28_Machinery", "and", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "\n", "30_Other", "transport", "equipment", "\n", "32_Other", "manufacturingArmenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "EaP", "countries0", "%", "10", "%", "20", "%", "30", "%", "40", "%", "50", "%", "60", "%", "70", "%", "80", "%", "90", "%", "100", "%", "\n", "102_Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "ﬁsh", ",", "etc", ".", "\n", "104_Vegetable", "and", "animal", "oils", "and", "fats", "\n", "106_Grain", "mill", "products", ",", "starches", "and", "starch", "products", "\n", "108_Prepared", "animal", "feeds", "\n", "120_Tobacco", "products", "\n", "14_Wearing", "apparel", "\n", "16_Wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", "\n", "181_Printing", "and", "service", "activities", "related", "to", "printing", "\n", "19_Coke", "and", "reﬁned", "petroleum", "products", "\n", "210_Pharmaceuticals", ",", "medicinal", "chemicals", ",", "etc", ".", "\n", "23_Other", "non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "\n", "25_Fabricated", "metal", "products", "\n", "27_Electrical", "equipment", "\n", "29_Motor", "vehicles", ",", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers", "\n", "310_Furniture", "\n", "33_Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipmentpredefined", "thresholds", ".", "\n", "For", "all", "industries", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.7", ",", "the", "following", "\n", "indicators", "have", "been", "calculated", "for", "Armenia", ",", "Azer-", "\n", "baijan", ",", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ":", "\n ", "■", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "the", "number", "\n", "of", "employees", "for", "each", "year", "in", "the", "2012", "-", "2017", "\n", "period", ",", "\n ", "■", "average", "relative", "share", "of", "the", "total", 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are, again, very few EC projects in collabora- tion within the EaP in this domain. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 2 7 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 2 15 12 1 9 211 AZ 2 3 7 4 7 410 BY 15 3 7 5 50 702 GE 12 7 7 3 11 145 MD 1 4 5 3 35 287 UA 9 7 50 11 35 1 975 PublicationsFigure 3.49. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Chemistry and chemical engineering’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 3 4 1 1 3 10 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 1 3 2 2 15 AZ BY 1 3 5 19 123 GE 3 3 2 5 57 MD 2 5 2 7 111 UA 2 19 5 7 1 241 PublicationsFigure 3.50. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Electric and electronic technologies’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 212 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Regional collaboration in Energy In Energy publications, the intensity of the col- laborations with external partners is not as pro- nounced as for other domains, except for Ukraine. With the exception of Georgia, all countries have a fairly distributed collaboration pattern, with the Ukraine collaboration standing out once again. There is a significant number of EC energy pro- jects in collaboration within the EaP, spread rela- tively evenly.Regional collaboration in Environmental sciences and industries In the case of Environmental sciences and publications, external collaborations again have a significant weight across all six EaP countries. Within the EaP, some of the highest-intensity col- laborations are Armenia with Georgia and Ukraine, and Moldova with Ukraine. In terms of EC projects, the relatively intense col- laboration between Moldova and Ukraine stands out. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 3 1 2 5 10 1 2 1 6 1 1 5 1 38 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 3 2 1 5 47 AZ 3 1 1 5 63 BY 2 1 4 22 125 GE MD 1 1 4 13	[ "are", ",", "again", ",", "very", "few", "EC", "projects", "in", "collabora-", "\n", "tion", "within", "the", "EaP", "in", "this", "domain", ".", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "1", "1", "\n", "1", "\n", "1", "1", "2", "6", "\n", "1", "1", "\n", "2", "7", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "2", "15", "12", "1", "9", "211", "\n", "AZ", "2", "3", "7", "4", "7", "410", "\n", "BY", "15", "3", "7", "5", "50", "702", "\n", "GE", "12", "7", "7", "3", "11", "145", "\n", "MD", "1", "4", "5", "3", "35", "287", "\n", "UA", "9", "7", "50", "11", "35", "1", "975", "\n", "PublicationsFigure", "3.49", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", ",", "in", "the", "\n", "‘", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "’", "domain", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "1", "3", "4", "\n", "1", "1", "\n", "3", "10", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "1", "3", "2", "2", "15", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "1", "3", "5", "19", "123", "\n", "GE", "3", "3", "2", "5", "57", "\n", "MD", "2", "5", "2", "7", "111", "\n", "UA", "2", "19", "5", "7", "1", "241", "\n", "PublicationsFigure", "3.50", ".", "Number", "of", "publications", "and", "EC", "projects", "in", "collaboration", "between", "EaP", "actors", "in", "different", "countries", ",", "in", "the", "\n", "‘", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "’", "domain", "\n", "Colour", "indicates", "the", "relative", "distribution", "of", "documents", ",", "computed", "row", "-", "wise", ".", "\n", "212", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Regional", "collaboration", "in", "Energy", "\n", "In", "Energy", "publications", ",", "the", "intensity", "of", "the", "col-", "\n", "laborations", "with", "external", "partners", "is", "not", "as", "pro-", "\n", "nounced", "as", "for", "other", "domains", ",", "except", "for", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "With", "the", "exception", "of", "Georgia", ",", "all", "countries", "have", "\n", "a", "fairly", "distributed", "collaboration", "pattern", ",", "with", "the", "\n", "Ukraine", "collaboration", "standing", "out", "once", "again", ".", "\n", "There", "is", "a", "significant", "number", "of", "EC", "energy", "pro-", "\n", "jects", "in", "collaboration", "within", "the", "EaP", ",", "spread", "rela-", "\n", "tively", "evenly", ".", "Regional", "collaboration", "in", "Environmental", "\n", "sciences", "and", "industries", "\n", "In", "the", "case", "of", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "publications", ",", "external", "collaborations", "again", "have", "\n", "a", "significant", "weight", "across", "all", "six", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "Within", "the", "EaP", ",", "some", "of", "the", "highest", "-", "intensity", "col-", "\n", "laborations", "are", "Armenia", "with", "Georgia", "and", "Ukraine", ",", "\n", "and", "Moldova", "with", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "In", "terms", "of", "EC", "projects", ",", "the", "relatively", "intense", "col-", "\n", "laboration", "between", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", "stands", "\n", "out", ".", "\n", "AM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "3", "1", "1", "5", "\n", "1", "1", "2", "\n", "3", "1", "2", "5", "10", "\n", "1", "2", "1", "6", "\n", "1", "1", "5", "1", "38", "\n", "EC", "projectsAM", "\n", "AZ", "\n", "BY", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "\n", "UA", "\n", "Other", "\n", "AM", "3", "2", "1", "5", "47", "\n", "AZ", "3", "1", "1", "5", "63", "\n", "BY", "2", "1", "4", "22", "125", "\n", "GE", "\n", "MD", "1", "1", "4", "13" ]	[]
can be used. Originally perceived as responsible for day-to-day operations, their roles have expanded and diversified over time, calling for a range of skills. Leaders of preschools, technical and vocational institutes, colleges, universities, and adult education centres require similar but also very different capacities to do their jobs well. Within the school: In addition to the school principal, the contribution of vice -principals and of teaching staff who are assigned formal or informal responsibility for selected grades or subjects is increasingly recognized. Non-teaching staff can also be influential. The role of school governing boards or management committees is crucial though their existence and decision-making power varies. Students, parents and community members also have leadership potential. Outside the school: At local levels of the education administration, structures are in place to support schools in academic and operational matters. At the central level, education ministry and agency staff are expected to exercise system leadership in the design and implementation of national laws, policies and reforms. Outside the education system: Political leaders formulate an education vision, directions and priorities, which is usually part of their election platforms. The oversight of government work and approval of draft laws related to education is the responsibility of the legislature, which can steer debate. But this debate on the future of education is open to all. Researchers, civil society organizations, employer organizations, teacher and student unions, intellectuals, and the media – all monitor, influence and put pressure on national education system leaders to live up to or change their commitments, often pulling in different directions. International organizations are another group of actors with considerable influence on governments. EXPECTATIONS OF LEADERS AT THE SCHOOL AND SYSTEM LEVEL HAVE BEEN CHANGING Around the world, the concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders’ roles have been changing over the past few decades (Gurr, 2023). The general shift has been from seeing the school principal playing an administrative and bureaucratic function to expecting more involvement in working with teachers and other staff to improve school ‘results’ (Pont, 2020). Expectations about the form of these results are shaped by social preferences and the beliefs of education authorities and the education community, including leaders themselves. Do we need another hero? The concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders’ roles have been changing over the last few decades 10 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 TABLE 1.1: There are diverse leadership roles in	[ "can", "be", "used", ".", "Originally", "perceived", "as", "responsible", "for", "day", "-", "to", "-", "day", "operations", ",", "their", "roles", "have", "expanded", "and", "diversified", "over", "time", ",", "calling", "for", "a", "range", "of", "skills", ".", "Leaders", "of", "preschools", ",", "technical", "and", "vocational", "institutes", ",", "colleges", ",", "universities", ",", "and", "adult", "education", "centres", "require", "similar", "but", "also", "very", "different", "capacities", "to", "do", "their", "jobs", "well", ".", "\n ", "Within", "the", "school", ":", "In", "addition", "to", "the", "school", "principal", ",", "the", "contribution", "of", "vice", "-principals", "and", "of", "teaching", "staff", "who", "are", "assigned", "formal", "or", "informal", "responsibility", "for", "selected", "grades", "or", "subjects", "is", "increasingly", "recognized", ".", "Non", "-", "teaching", "staff", "can", "also", "be", "influential", ".", "The", "role", "of", "school", "governing", "boards", "or", "management", "committees", "is", "crucial", "though", "their", "existence", "and", "decision", "-", "making", "power", "varies", ".", "Students", ",", "parents", "and", "community", "members", "also", "have", "leadership", "potential", ".", "Outside", "the", "school", ":", "At", "local", "levels", "of", "the", "education", "administration", ",", "structures", "are", "in", "place", "to", "support", "schools", "in", "academic", "and", "operational", "matters", ".", "At", "the", "central", "level", ",", "education", "ministry", "and", "agency", "staff", "are", "expected", "to", "exercise", "system", "leadership", "in", "the", "design", "and", "implementation", "of", "national", "laws", ",", "policies", "and", "reforms", ".", "\n ", "Outside", "the", "education", "system", ":", "Political", "leaders", "formulate", "an", "education", "vision", ",", "directions", "and", "priorities", ",", "which", "is", "usually", "part", "of", "their", "election", "platforms", ".", "The", "oversight", "of", "government", "work", "and", "approval", "of", "draft", "laws", "related", "to", "education", "is", "the", "responsibility", "of", "the", "legislature", ",", "which", "can", "steer", "debate", ".", "But", "this", "debate", "on", "the", "future", "of", "education", "is", "open", "to", "all", ".", "Researchers", ",", "civil", "society", "organizations", ",", "employer", "organizations", ",", "teacher", "and", "student", "unions", ",", "intellectuals", ",", "and", "the", "media", "–", "all", "monitor", ",", "influence", "and", "put", "pressure", "on", "national", "education", "system", "leaders", "to", "live", "up", "to", "or", "change", "their", "commitments", ",", "often", "pulling", "in", "different", "directions", ".", "International", "organizations", "are", "another", "group", "of", "actors", "with", "considerable", "influence", "on", "governments", ".", "\n", "EXPECTATIONS", "OF", "LEADERS", "AT", "THE", "\n", "SCHOOL", "AND", "SYSTEM", "LEVEL", "HAVE", " \n", "BEEN", "CHANGING", "\n", "Around", "the", "world", ",", "the", "concept", "of", "school", "leadership", "and", "\n", "perceptions", "of", "leaders", "’", "roles", "have", "been", "changing", "over", "the", "past", "few", "decades", "(", "Gurr", ",", "2023", ")", ".", "The", "general", "shift", "has", "been", "from", "seeing", "the", "school", "principal", "playing", "an", "administrative", "and", "bureaucratic", "function", "to", "expecting", "more", "involvement", "in", "working", "with", "teachers", "and", "other", "staff", "to", "improve", "school", "‘", "results", "’", "(", "Pont", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "Expectations", "about", "the", "form", "of", "these", "results", "are", "shaped", "by", "social", "preferences", "and", "the", "beliefs", "of", "education", "authorities", "and", "the", "education", "community", ",", "including", "leaders", "themselves", ".", " \n", "Do", "we", "need", "another", "hero", "?", "\n \n", "The", "concept", "of", "school", "leadership", "and", "\n", "perceptions", "of", "leaders", "’", "roles", "have", "been", "changing", "over", "the", "last", "few", "decades", "\n", "10", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "TABLE", "1.1", ":", "\n", "There", "are", "diverse", "leadership", "roles", "in" ]	[ { "end": 2112, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2102 }, { "end": 2337, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2327 }, { "end": 2106, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2102 }, { "end": 2331, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2327 }, { "end": 2337, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2333 }, { "end": 2112, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2108 } ]
in the northern provinces of Afghanistan where irrigation is based on water resources of Afghan rivers. Agricultural produce and products of its processing take approximately three-fourths of the whole Afghan export. Technical equipment of agriculture is very poor. In villages manual labor prevails. Widely used are sickles, wooden plows, primitive harrows, etc. Tractors are used on less than 1% of the annually cultivated lands. Main agricultural crops grown here are cereals, cotton, sugar beet, rice, vegetables and fruits. There are three largest river basins in the country: - -the Amudarya River basin - Panj, Kowkchen, Konduz, Khulm, Balkh, Sar-e Pol, Kaisar, Morghab, Harirud rivers; - -the Indus River basin - Kabul with Konar, Kurram and Gumal rivers; - -the Sistan Depression basin - Helmand with Arghandab, Harut, Farah and Hashrud rivers, their total average annual flow is equal to 420 cu. m/s. The river flow that is formed on the territory of Afghanistan makes up 1600 to 1750 cu. m/s, or 50 to 55 cu.km a year. In the climatic conditions of Afghanistan, that are characterized by low annual precipitations and dry climate, the irrigated farming makes the base of agricultural production here and a key factor for agriculture development. Only on slopes of some ridges where more than 300 to 500 mm of precipitations fall it is possible to practice rainfed farming. Table 1 gives distribution of water and land resources by river basins in Afghanistan. Table 1 ## Distribution of Water and Land Resources of Afghanistan by River Basins \| River basin \| Surface water resources, km 3 \| Mln thou ha \| Mln thou ha \| Mln thou ha \| \|---------------\|---------------------------------\|-------------------------\|-------------------\|------------------------\| \| River basin \| Surface water resources, km 3 \| suitable for irrigation \| irrigated in 1965 \| perspective irrigation \| \| Amudarya \| 23.6 \| 1580 \| 460 \| 1120 \| \| Helmand \| 13.0 \| 500 \| 290 \| 210 \| \| Kabul (Indus) \| 24.0 \| 146 \| 56 \| 90 \| \| TOTAL: \| 60.6 \| 2226 \| 806 \| 1420 \| At present, by estimates of Afghan specialists, about 15 to 18 cu. km of water are used for irrigation. Remaining water goes out from the country because there are not regulating reservoirs. In the future only 35 to 37 cu. km of water a year will be used for irrigation and water supply. 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33 \| … … \| … … \| … \| 34 \| … \| … \| … \| … 100 \| 95 … \| \| 100 \| 100 ₋₁ \| … \| 4.1 2.6 \| 2.9 4.5 ₋₁ \| 18.6 16.8 \| 18.8 ₋₁ 24.1 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 98 ₊₁ \| 91 ₋₂ \| 80 \| … \| 59 \| 36 ₋₁ \| … \| 50 ₋₁ \| … 48 ₊₁ \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| … \| … … \| … \| … … … \| 3.3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 91 \| \| 93 \| 96 87 ₋₁ \| … \| … 98 ₋₁ \| … 94 83 ᵢ … 77 ₊₁ ᵢ \| 99 ₋₁ \| 7.0 4.6 \| 6.8 5.2 \| 19.1 12.9 \| 21.0 ₋₁ 10.7 ₊₁ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … 77 … 63 ₋₁ \| 83 94 82 \| 93 81 \| \| 96 58 ₋₁ 83 ₋₁ \| \| 91 \| 3.3 \| 3.7 \| … \| 12.8 ₋₂ 8.3 \| \| \| \| 13.2 11.0 \| \| \| \| … … … \| … … \| … … \| … … … \| … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| \| 98 80 ₋₁ 86 \| \| 61 87 ₋₁ 86 \| \| 77 ₋₁ \| \| 2.4 2.1 5.0 \| 1.9 1.8 \| \| 7.2 ₊₁ 21.4 ₋₁ \| \| 78 ₋₁ \| \| \| \| \| ## PROGRESS SINCE 2015: SELECTED INDICATORS: Continued \| \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Participation/Completion \| Gender \| Gender \| \|--------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------\|------------------------------\| \| \| A enrolment before \| \| \| \| B Out-of-school rate (%) \| B Out-of-school rate (%) \| B Out-of-school rate (%) \| B Out-of-school rate (%) \| Completion \| Completion \| Completion \| Completion \| Completion \| secondary \| secondary \| D -Male) \| \| \| Adjusted net rate one year	[ "33", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "100", " ", "\|", "95", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "4.1", "2.6", " ", "\|", "2.9", "4.5", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "18.6", "16.8", " ", "\|", "18.8", "₋₁", "24.1", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "98", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "91", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "80", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "59", " ", "\|", "36", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "50", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", "48", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", "…", " ", 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", "\|", "3.3", " ", "\|", "3.7", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "12.8", "₋₂", "8.3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "13.2", "11.0", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "98", "80", "₋₁", "86", "\|", " ", "\|", "61", "87", "₋₁", "86", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "77", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2.4", "2.1", "5.0", " ", "\|", "1.9", "1.8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "7.2", "₊₁", "21.4", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "78", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "PROGRESS", "SINCE", "2015", ":", "SELECTED", "INDICATORS", ":", "Continued", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Participation", "/", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Gender", " ", "\|", "Gender", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|--------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------\|------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "A", "enrolment", "before", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "B", "Out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rate", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "B", "Out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rate", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "B", "Out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rate", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "B", "Out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rate", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Completion", " ", "\|", "Completion", " ", "\|", "secondary", " ", "\|", "secondary", "\|", "D", "-Male", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Adjusted", "net", "rate", "one", "year" ]	[]
allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineffective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufac - turing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies] . The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth – such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should offer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to offset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production offtake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements 51THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For “infant industries”, it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a “launch customer” for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and offsetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technolo - gies are highly concentrated, the EU has win-win opportunities to strategically partner with other regions in targeted steps of clean technology supply chains. Like-minded neighbouring regions with access to low-cost renewable energy sources and raw materials could help Europe accomplish its energy and climate goals in an affordable manner while widening the diversification of supplies. At the same time, the EU should leverage its strong position in clean tech and pursue opportunities to invest in other countries to widen the deployment market for technologies the	[ "allowances", "for", "\n", "EIIs", "if", "implementation", "is", "ineffective", ".", "\n", "To", "capitalise", "on", "the", "decarbonisation", "push", ",", "Europe", "should", "refocus", "its", "support", "for", "clean", "tech", "manufac", "-", "\n", "turing", ",", "focusing", "on", "technologies", "where", "it", "either", "has", "a", "lead", "or", "where", "there", "is", "a", "strategic", "case", "for", "developing", "\n", "domestic", "capacity", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "clean", "technologies", "]", ".", "The", "next", "Multiannual", "Financial", "Framework", "(", "MFF", ")", "\n", "should", "streamline", "the", "number", "of", "funds", "devoted", "to", "the", "manufacturing", "of", "clean", "tech", ",", "concentrating", "on", "technologies", "\n", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "an", "advantage", "and", "strong", "potential", "for", "growth", "–", "such", "as", "the", "opportunity", "presented", "by", "batteries", ".", "\n", "Support", "under", "the", "EU", "budget", "should", "offer", "companies", "a", "single", "point", "of", "entry", "with", "a", "uniform", "application", "procedure", "\n", "and", "awarding", "conditions", ",", "and", "should", "feature", "support", "for", "both", "capital", "expenditure", "and", "operational", "expenditure", ".", "To", "\n", "attract", "more", "private", "sector", "funding", "to", "clean", "tech", ",", "and", "especially", "towards", "innovative", "companies", ",", "dedicated", "financing", "\n", "schemes", "should", "be", "developed", "employing", "the", "same", "financing", "strategies", "discussed", "in", "chapter", "2", ".", "At", "the", "national", "\n", "level", ",", "to", "ensure", "predictable", "demand", "for", "the", "EU", "clean", "tech", "industry", "and", "to", "offset", "trade", "distorting", "policies", "abroad", ",", "\n", "the", "report", "recommends", "introducing", "an", "explicit", "minimum", "quota", "for", "the", "local", "production", "of", "selected", "products", "and", "\n", "components", "in", "public", "procurement", "and", "in", "CfD", "auctions", "and", "other", "forms", "of", "local", "production", "offtake", ".", "This", "quota", "\n", "should", "be", "combined", "with", "criteria", "established", "at", "EU", "level", "for", "orienting", "local", "production", "to", "the", "most", "innovative", "and", "\n", "sustainable", "solutions", ".", "The", "approach", "could", "be", "supported", "by", "the", "creation", "of", "joint", "ventures", "or", "cooperation", "agreements", "\n", "51THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3for", "knowledge", "transfer", "and", "sharing", "between", "EU", "and", "non", "-", "EU", "companies", ".", "For", "“", "infant", "industries", "”", ",", "it", "is", "recommended", "\n", "that", "Member", "States", "plan", "upcoming", "auctions", "and", "public", "procurement", "procedures", "to", "act", "as", "a", "“", "launch", "customer", "”", "for", "\n", "new", "technologies", ".", "\n", "Trade", "policy", "will", "be", "fundamental", "to", "combine", "decarbonisation", "with", "competitiveness", ",", "securing", "supply", "chains", ",", "\n", "growing", "new", "markets", "and", "offsetting", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", ".", "As", "supply", "chains", "for", "some", "clean", "technolo", "-", "\n", "gies", "are", "highly", "concentrated", ",", "the", "EU", "has", "win", "-", "win", "opportunities", "to", "strategically", "partner", "with", "other", "regions", "in", "targeted", "\n", "steps", "of", "clean", "technology", "supply", "chains", ".", "Like", "-", "minded", "neighbouring", "regions", "with", "access", "to", "low", "-", "cost", "renewable", "\n", "energy", "sources", "and", "raw", "materials", "could", "help", "Europe", "accomplish", "its", "energy", "and", "climate", "goals", "in", "an", "affordable", "\n", "manner", "while", "widening", "the", "diversification", "of", "supplies", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "leverage", "its", "strong", "position", "\n", "in", "clean", "tech", "and", "pursue", "opportunities", "to", "invest", "in", "other", "countries", "to", "widen", "the", "deployment", "market", "for", "technologies", "\n", "the" ]	[]
on innovation activities at more highly aggregated levels; ■the DOCDB database of the European Pat- ent Office20 for aggregate patent data, which covers patents issued by most of the patent offices worldwide; ■the WIPO Global Brand Database21 for reg- istered trademark data for each Eastern Part- nership country. Trademarks are classified into 45 classes using the NICE Classification; ■the WIPO Global Design Database22 for in- dustrial design data for each Eastern Partner- ship country. Industrial designs are classified into 32 classes using the Locarno Classifica- tion; ■Crunchbase23, one of the world’s leading data sources for start-ups and venture cap- ital-backed companies. Crunchbase compiles data on companies’ industrial sectors, reve- 17 UNIDO, INDSTAT 4 Industrial Statistics Database at the 3- and 4-digit level of ISIC Revision 3 and ISIC Revision 4, Vienna, 2020. Available from http://stat.unido.org. 18 https://comtrade.un.org/. 19 Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org), The World Bank. 20 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/data/bulk- data-sets/docdb.html. 21 https://www3.wipo.int/branddb/en/ Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control. 22 https://www.wipo.int/reference/en/designdb/ 23 https://www.crunchbase.com/ 30 Part 1 Introduction and methodology nue, acquisition, funding and more via crowd- sourcing; ■the European Cluster Collaboration Plat- form24 (ECCP) and the assessment provided in the report Review of the state of devel- opment of clusters in EaP countries for an overview of sectoral industrial clusters in the various EaP countries. 2.5 Scientific and technological (S&T) potential and relative data sources In science, the notion of potential at international level goes hand in hand with that of excellence. The question here is in fact not only to under- stand whether there exists, in the EaP sectors and STI system, relative specialisation and/or critical mass in each preliminary priority domain, but also whether the agents possess the necessary capaci- ties to compete and collaborate in the internation- al arena. Excellence is, however, an even more elusive concept than potential, one which in the current context can only be indirectly related to bibliometric impact, for publications, and to the capacity of EaP actors to obtain Horizon 2020 funding – a high-quality threshold for any organisation, proving relevant STI capacities. 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or frozen \| X \| 0.9% \| \| \| \| 054 \| Vegetables, fresh, chilled, frozen or simply preserved (including dried leguminous vegetables); roots, tubers and other edible vegetable products, n.e.s., fresh or dried \| \| \| X \| 0.9% \| \| 056 \| Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. \| X \| 0.4% \| X \| 0.4% \| \| 058 \| Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) \| X \| 0.6% \| \| \| \| 071 \| Coffee and coffee substitutes \| X \| 0.3% \| \| \| \| 073 \| Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. \| \| \| X \| 0.3% \| \| 1 \| Beverages and tobacco \| \| \| \| \| \| 112 \| Alcoholic beverages \| X \| 10.5% \| \| \| \| 122 \| Tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) \| X \| 9.0% \| \| \| \| 2 \| Crude materials, inedible, except fuels \| \| \| \| \| \| 278 \| Other crude minerals \| \| \| X \| 0.2% \| \| 283 \| Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copper \| X \| 20.7% \| \| \| \| 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by a154 keV γ-ray, decays with a short half-life, as represented in Fig. 10. In this ﬁgure, this underlying isomeric state pop- ulated by the 154 keV γ-ray is clearly visible, as well as other γ-ray coincidences. These observations are consis-tent with the level scheme presented in Fig. 9. The half- life of this short-lived isomeric state was measured to be (2.81±0.04) ns. We also observed an even more short-lived isomeric state when gating on the 106 keV transition. The half-life of the 106.3 keV level, also measured for the ﬁrst time, is (0 .94±0.06) ns. Additional interesting features can be noticed in Fig. 10. In the region corresponding to the 89/87 and 87/89 coin- cidences from Fig 10c, the time distribution seems to shift with the energy between 82 and 94 keV . In this region, theanti-delayed and delayed time distributions corresponding to the 89.4 keV →86.8 keV cascade are mixed, as the γ-rays cannot be resolved due to the energy resolution of the detec-tors. This could indicate the presence of a very short-lived (T 1/2<1n s )s t a t ea t E∗=86.8k e V . 3.1.2147Ce A short-lived isomer was found for the γ-γcoincidence with γ-ray energies of 118 keV and 283 keV. The average post- neutron masses of the associated light and heavy fragments 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 7 of 12 5 Table 3 Half-lives of the isomers (heavy fragments) measured in this work ( Texp. 1/2) compared with literature ( Tlit. 1/2) and RIPL3-2023 database [ 15] (TRIPL3 1/2). The “main isomer” is marked with an asterisk() in each nucleus E∗(MeV) Texp. 1/2(ns) Tlit. 1/2(ns) Ref. TRIPL3 1/2(ns) 130Sn 2.085 50 (5) 63 (4) [ 29]5 2 132Sb 0.254* 112.0 (27) 102 (4) [ 30] 102 132Te 2.723 3500 (300) 3520 (90) [ 31] 3700 1.925 28100 (1300) 28500 (900) [ 32] 28100 1.775* 137 (8) 133.1 (35) [ 32] 145 133Te 1.610* 106.5 (44) 100 (5) [ 33] 100 134Te 5.804 16.7 (8) 16.4 (17) [ 34]1 8 1.691* 172.5 (16) 164.1 (9) [ 35] 164.1 1.576 1.26 (2) 1.4 (1) [ 34]1 . 3 6 135Te 1.555* 500 (35) 511 (20) [ 36] 511 136Xe 1.892* 2950 (50) 2920 (30) [ 31] 2950 1.694 1.28 (2) 1.293 (17) [ 37] 1.293 137Xe 1.935* 7.8 (5) 10.1 (9) [ 38] 10.1 146La 0.620+ x* 14.0 (5) 14 (1) [ 39]2 0	[ "by", "a154", "keV", "γ", "-", "ray", ",", "decays", "with", "a", "short", "half", "-", "life", ",", "as", "represented", "\n", "in", "Fig", ".", "10", ".", "In", "this", "ﬁgure", ",", "this", "underlying", "isomeric", "state", "pop-", "\n", "ulated", "by", "the", "154", "keV", "γ", "-", "ray", "is", "clearly", "visible", ",", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "other", "γ", "-", "ray", "coincidences", ".", "These", 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event is relatively low, so many plaintext pairs are needed before it is possible to partition pairs into sets. It is much more likely that the weight one difference spreads moderately through the cipher resulting in a few active S-boxes in the ciphertext. Hence, we might find slender pair candidates more efficiently by looking at ciphertext pairs with more than one active S-box. The more active S-boxes we allow, the more noise we will get, and so there is a tradeoff between the signal-to-noise ratio, and the strength of the signal. It turns out that allowing even a relatively large number of active S-boxes does not introduce too much noise. This can be used to make the attack more efficient. For each input S-box S i and for each pair { x, y } we introduce counters C i,j ( { x, y } ). We increment the counter C i,j ( { x, y } ) every time the input pair { x, y } to S-box S i (with a random but fixed input to the other S-boxes) leads to exactly j S-boxes being active, where j ranges from 1 to 15. When we have done a number of encryptions we may sort the counters C i,j for some pair i, j . If the cover filter identifies sets based on this sorting, we assume that these are correct slender sets. When we have several sets, we use the bowtie filter to check the validity of the sets. We do this for increasing j from 1 to 15. Since the cover filter is a very strong filter, the risk of errors is low, both in the cases where the signal is weak (small values of j ), and also in the cases where there is a lot of noise (large values of j ). /negationslash ## 4 The Attack in Practice We now describe how the attack is carried out in practice. The attack consists of a data collection phase followed by an S-box recovery phase, and those two phases are repeated until all or almost all S-boxes have been recovered. ## 4.1 Data Collection Phase In the data collecting phase we simply encrypt structures and increment counters when applicable. Each structure consists of 16 plaintexts differing in only a single input S-box. Which S-box is active is a random choice among the S-boxes that have not already	[ "event", "is", "relatively", "low", ",", "so", "many", "plaintext", "pairs", "are", "needed", "before", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "partition", "pairs", "into", "sets", ".", "\n\n", "It", "is", "much", "more", "likely", "that", "the", "weight", "one", "difference", "spreads", "moderately", "through", "the", "cipher", "resulting", "in", "a", "few", "active", "S", "-", "boxes", "in", "the", "ciphertext", ".", "Hence", ",", "we", "might", "find", "slender", "pair", "candidates", "more", "efficiently", "by", "looking", "at", "ciphertext", "pairs", "with", "more", "than", "one", "active", "S", "-", "box", ".", "The", "more", "active", "S", "-", "boxes", "we", "allow", ",", "the", "more", "noise", "we", "will", "get", ",", "and", "so", "there", "is", "a", "tradeoff", "between", "the", "signal", "-", "to", "-", "noise", "ratio", ",", "and", "the", "strength", "of", "the", "signal", ".", "\n\n", "It", "turns", "out", "that", "allowing", "even", "a", "relatively", "large", "number", "of", "active", "S", "-", "boxes", "does", "not", "introduce", "too", "much", "noise", ".", "This", "can", "be", "used", "to", "make", "the", "attack", "more", "efficient", ".", "For", "each", "input", "S", "-", "box", "S", "i", "and", "for", "each", "pair", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", "we", "introduce", "counters", "C", "i", ",", "j", "(", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", ")", ".", "We", "increment", "the", "counter", "C", "i", ",", "j", "(", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", ")", "every", "time", "the", "input", "pair", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", "to", "S", "-", "box", "S", "i", "(", "with", "a", "random", "but", "fixed", "input", "to", "the", "other", "S", "-", "boxes", ")", "leads", "to", "exactly", "j", "S", "-", "boxes", "being", "active", ",", "where", "j", "ranges", "from", "1", "to", "15", ".", "When", "we", "have", "done", "a", "number", "of", "encryptions", "we", "may", "sort", "the", "counters", "C", "i", ",", "j", "for", "some", "pair", "i", ",", "j", ".", "If", "the", "cover", "filter", "identifies", "sets", "based", "on", "this", "sorting", ",", "we", "assume", "that", "these", "are", "correct", "slender", "sets", ".", "When", "we", "have", "several", "sets", ",", "we", "use", "the", "bowtie", "filter", "to", "check", "the", "validity", "of", "the", "sets", ".", "We", "do", "this", "for", "increasing", "j", "from", "1", "to", "15", ".", "Since", "the", "cover", "filter", "is", "a", "very", "strong", "filter", ",", "the", "risk", "of", "errors", "is", "low", ",", "both", "in", "the", "cases", "where", "the", "signal", "is", "weak", "(", "small", "values", "of", "j", ")", ",", "and", "also", "in", "the", "cases", "where", "there", "is", "a", "lot", "of", "noise", "(", "large", "values", "of", "j", ")", ".", "\n\n", "/negationslash", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4", "The", "Attack", "in", "Practice", "\n\n", "We", "now", "describe", "how", "the", "attack", "is", "carried", "out", "in", "practice", ".", "The", "attack", "consists", "of", "a", "data", "collection", "phase", "followed", "by", "an", "S", "-", "box", "recovery", "phase", ",", "and", "those", "two", "phases", "are", "repeated", "until", "all", "or", "almost", "all", "S", "-", "boxes", "have", "been", "recovered", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.1", "Data", "Collection", "Phase", "\n\n", "In", "the", "data", "collecting", "phase", "we", "simply", "encrypt", "structures", "and", "increment", "counters", "when", "applicable", ".", "Each", "structure", "consists", "of", "16", "plaintexts", "differing", "in", "only", "a", "single", "input", "S", "-", "box", ".", "Which", "S", "-", "box", "is", "active", "is", "a", "random", "choice", "among", "the", "S", "-", "boxes", "that", "have", "not", "already" ]	[]
# Largest ever study into cannabis use investigates risk of paranoia and poor mental health in the general population King's College London New research from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) at King’s College London, in partnership with the University of Bath, has found that the reasons why a person chooses to use cannabis can increase their risk of developing paranoia. The use and potency of cannabis is increasing worldwide, and dependence and cannabis-induced psychosis are also greatly increasing as a result, especially in North America. Two new research papers, both using data from Cannabis & Me - the largest survey of its kind - have identified key risk factors associated with the more severe forms of paranoia in cannabis users. The first study, published today in the BMJ Mental Health, explored the relationship between why people first started using cannabis, and how this affected their subsequent use. 3389 former and current cannabis users aged 18 and over responded to a survey examining their reasons for first and continued use, their weekly consumption of cannabis in THC units, and their mental health. Researchers established several key findings. Respondents who first started using cannabis to self-medicate an illness, including physical pain, anxiety, depression, or because they were experiencing minor psychotic symptoms, all demonstrated higher paranoia scores. This was in contrast to those respondents who tried cannabis for fun or curiosity, or with their friends, who reported the lowest average paranoia and anxiety scores. Dr Edoardo Spinazzola, a Research Assistant at King’s IoPPN and the study’s first author said, “Our study provides vital evidence on how the reason someone first starts using cannabis can dramatically impact their long-term health. “This research suggests that using cannabis as a mean to self-medicate physical or mental discomfort can have a negative impact on the levels of paranoia, anxiety, and depression. Most of these subgroups had average scores of depression and anxiety which were above the threshold for referral to counselling." Respondents were also asked to provide data on the frequency and strength of the cannabis they were using so that researchers could track their average weekly consumption of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - the principle psychoactive component of cannabis. The researchers found that the average respondent consumed 206 units of THC a week. This might equate to roughly 10-17 ‘joints’ per week, if the user was consuming an expected 20 per cent THC content that	[ "#", "Largest", "ever", "study", "into", "cannabis", "use", "investigates", "risk", "of", "paranoia", "and", "poor", "mental", "health", "in", "the", "general", "population", "\n\n", "King", "'s", "College", "London", "\n\n", "New", "research", "from", "the", "Institute", "of", "Psychiatry", ",", "Psychology", "&", "amp", ";", "Neuroscience", "(", "IoPPN", ")", "at", "King", "’s", "College", "London", ",", "in", "partnership", "with", "the", "University", "of", "Bath", ",", "has", "found", "that", "the", "reasons", "why", "a", "person", "chooses", "to", "use", "cannabis", "can", "increase", "their", "risk", "of", "developing", "paranoia", ".", "\n\n", "The", "use", "and", "potency", "of", "cannabis", "is", "increasing", "worldwide", ",", "and", "dependence", "and", "cannabis", "-", "induced", "psychosis", "are", "also", "greatly", "increasing", "as", "a", "result", ",", "especially", "in", "North", "America", ".", "Two", "new", "research", "papers", ",", "both", "using", "data", "from", "Cannabis", "&", "amp", ";", "Me", "-", "the", "largest", "survey", "of", "its", "kind", "-", "have", "identified", "key", "risk", "factors", "associated", "with", "the", "more", "severe", "forms", "of", "paranoia", "in", "cannabis", "users", ".", "\n\n", "The", "first", "study", ",", "published", "today", "in", "the", "BMJ", "Mental", "Health", ",", "explored", "the", "relationship", "between", "why", "people", "first", "started", "using", "cannabis", ",", "and", "how", "this", "affected", "their", "subsequent", "use", ".", "\n\n", "3389", "former", "and", "current", "cannabis", "users", "aged", "18", "and", "over", "responded", "to", "a", "survey", "examining", "their", "reasons", "for", "first", "and", "continued", "use", ",", "their", "weekly", "consumption", "of", "cannabis", "in", "THC", "units", ",", "and", "their", "mental", "health", ".", "\n\n", "Researchers", "established", "several", "key", "findings", ".", "Respondents", "who", "first", "started", "using", "cannabis", "to", "self", "-", "medicate", "an", "illness", ",", "including", "physical", "pain", ",", "anxiety", ",", "depression", ",", "or", "because", "they", "were", "experiencing", "minor", "psychotic", "symptoms", ",", "all", "demonstrated", "higher", "paranoia", "scores", ".", "\n\n", "This", "was", "in", "contrast", "to", "those", "respondents", "who", "tried", "cannabis", "for", "fun", "or", "curiosity", ",", "or", "with", "their", "friends", ",", "who", "reported", "the", "lowest", "average", "paranoia", "and", "anxiety", "scores", ".", "\n\n", "Dr", "Edoardo", "Spinazzola", ",", "a", "Research", "Assistant", "at", "King", "’s", "IoPPN", "and", "the", "study", "’s", "first", "author", "said", ",", "“", "Our", "study", "provides", "vital", "evidence", "on", "how", "the", "reason", "someone", "first", "starts", "using", "cannabis", "can", "dramatically", "impact", "their", "long", "-", "term", "health", ".", "\n\n", "“", "This", "research", "suggests", "that", "using", "cannabis", "as", "a", "mean", "to", "self", "-", "medicate", "physical", "or", "mental", "discomfort", "can", "have", "a", "negative", "impact", "on", "the", "levels", "of", "paranoia", ",", "anxiety", ",", "and", "depression", ".", "Most", "of", "these", "subgroups", "had", "average", "scores", "of", "depression", "and", "anxiety", "which", "were", "above", "the", "threshold", "for", "referral", "to", "counselling", ".", "\"", "\n\n", "Respondents", "were", "also", "asked", "to", "provide", "data", "on", "the", "frequency", "and", "strength", "of", "the", "cannabis", "they", "were", "using", "so", "that", "researchers", "could", "track", "their", "average", "weekly", "consumption", "of", "Tetrahydrocannabinol", "(", "THC", ")", "-", "the", "principle", "psychoactive", "component", "of", "cannabis", ".", "\n\n", "The", "researchers", "found", "that", "the", "average", "respondent", "consumed", "206", "units", "of", "THC", "a", "week", ".", "This", "might", "equate", "to", "roughly", "10", "-", "17", "‘", "joints", "’", "per", "week", ",", "if", "the", "user", "was", "consuming", "an", "expected", "20", "per", "cent", "THC", "content", "that" ]	[]
provide further proof of the vital role mobility as well as personal and professional networks played in facilitating women’s access to scientific careers and recognition. While men enjoyed easier access paths to scientific positions, for women the prestige and capital provided by trav - elling abroad was sometimes the only avenue available to improve their chances of securing positions in science. Forging international collabora - tions acquired particular urgency in situations of political and economic crisis, as Christine von Oertzen’s study of the International Federation of University Women also shows. The Federation played an important role in the support of academic women, especially in the context of the Nazi dicta - torship and the Holocaust.53 The chapters in this section also reveal how in/ visibility operated in rela - tion to women’s scientific networks. Strategic friendships between women scientists from the Global North and Global South, such as that discussed in Savithri Preetha Nair’s chapter, have been rather invisible. The same can be said of the quasi- imperial networks some Eastern and Central European states attempted to build after 1918, as they sought to expand their cul - tural, economic and scientific influence in the Middle East and the Balkans. In this context, some female medical doctors attempted to forge careers abroad, combining medical work with research on ‘tropical diseases’, as Adéla Jůnová Macková’s chapter shows. By contrast, Emily Rees Koerner and Graeme Gooday’s chapter on the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists addresses a much more visible and formalized type of scientific network. Nair’s chapter makes a case for using biographical exploration and stud - ies of friendships between women scientists to uncover ‘invisible academic 17 17 Introduction networks’ and understand women’s experiences and strategies of survival in science. The discussion focuses on the life- long friendship and scientific col - laboration between the British American botanist and cytogeneticist Eileen Jessie Whitehead Erlanson and Indian botanist and cytogeneticist Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal. While Janaki Ammal’s life is slowly becoming better known in India, thanks also to Nair’s scholarship, Eileen Erlanson has been largely forgotten, despite being one of the first women in the world (if not, indeed, the first) to be awarded a PhD and DSc in genetics. Both women were high achievers, Eileen as a three- time National Research Council Fellow and Janaki as the first Indian woman to obtain a doctorate in botany and the first	[ "provide", "further", "proof", "of", "the", "vital", "role", "mobility", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "personal", "and", "professional", "networks", "played", "in", "facilitating", "women", "’s", "access", "\n", "to", "scientific", "careers", "and", "recognition", ".", "While", "men", "enjoyed", "easier", "access", "paths", "\n", "to", "scientific", "positions", ",", "for", "women", "the", "prestige", "and", "capital", "provided", "by", "trav", "-", "\n", "elling", "abroad", "was", "sometimes", "the", "only", "avenue", "available", "to", "improve", "their", "\n", "chances", "of", "securing", "positions", "in", "science", ".", "Forging", "international", "collabora", "-", "\n", "tions", "acquired", "particular", "urgency", "in", "situations", "of", "political", "and", "economic", "\n", "crisis", ",", "as", "Christine", "von", "Oertzen", "’s", "study", "of", "the", "International", "Federation", "of", "\n", "University", "Women", "also", "shows", ".", "The", "Federation", "played", "an", "important", "role", "in", "\n", "the", "support", "of", "academic", "women", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "context", "of", "the", "Nazi", "dicta", "-", "\n", "torship", "and", "the", "Holocaust.53", "\n", "The", "chapters", "in", "this", "section", "also", "reveal", "how", "in/", " ", "visibility", "operated", "in", "rela", "-", "\n", "tion", "to", "women", "’s", "scientific", "networks", ".", "Strategic", "friendships", "between", "women", "\n", "scientists", "from", "the", "Global", "North", "and", "Global", "South", ",", "such", "as", "that", "discussed", "\n", "in", "Savithri", "Preetha", "Nair", "’s", "chapter", ",", "have", "been", "rather", "invisible", ".", "The", "same", "can", "\n", "be", "said", "of", "the", "quasi-", " ", "imperial", "networks", "some", "Eastern", "and", "Central", "European", "\n", "states", "attempted", "to", "build", "after", "1918", ",", "as", "they", "sought", "to", "expand", "their", "cul", "-", "\n", "tural", ",", "economic", "and", "scientific", "influence", "in", "the", "Middle", "East", "and", "the", "Balkans", ".", "\n", "In", "this", "context", ",", "some", "female", "medical", "doctors", "attempted", "to", "forge", "careers", "\n", "abroad", ",", "combining", "medical", "work", "with", "research", "on", "‘", "tropical", "diseases", "’", ",", "as", "\n", "Adéla", "Jůnová", "Macková", "’s", "chapter", "shows", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "Emily", "Rees", "Koerner", "\n", "and", "Graeme", "Gooday", "’s", "chapter", "on", "the", "International", "Conference", "of", "Women", "\n", "Engineers", "and", "Scientists", "addresses", "a", "much", "more", "visible", "and", "formalized", "type", "\n", "of", "scientific", "network", ".", "\n", "Nair", "’s", "chapter", "makes", "a", "case", "for", "using", "biographical", "exploration", "and", "stud", "-", "\n", "ies", "of", "friendships", "between", "women", "scientists", "to", "uncover", "‘", "invisible", "academic", " \n \n", "17", "\n", "17", "\n", "Introduction", "\n", "networks", "’", "and", "understand", "women", "’s", "experiences", "and", "strategies", "of", "survival", "in", "\n", "science", ".", "The", "discussion", "focuses", "on", "the", "life-", "long", "friendship", "and", "scientific", "col", "-", "\n", "laboration", "between", "the", "British", "American", "botanist", "and", "cytogeneticist", "Eileen", "\n", "Jessie", "Whitehead", "Erlanson", "and", "Indian", "botanist", "and", "cytogeneticist", "Edavalath", "\n", "Kakkat", "Janaki", "Ammal", ".", "While", "Janaki", "Ammal", "’s", "life", "is", "slowly", "becoming", "better", "\n", "known", "in", "India", ",", "thanks", "also", "to", "Nair", "’s", "scholarship", ",", "Eileen", "Erlanson", "has", "been", "\n", "largely", "forgotten", ",", "despite", "being", "one", "of", "the", "first", "women", "in", "the", "world", "(", "if", "not", ",", "\n", "indeed", ",", "the", "first", ")", "to", "be", "awarded", "a", "PhD", "and", "DSc", "in", "genetics", ".", "Both", "women", "were", "\n", "high", "achievers", ",", "Eileen", "as", "a", "three-", "time", "National", "Research", "Council", "Fellow", "and", "\n", "Janaki", "as", "the", "first", "Indian", "woman", "to", "obtain", "a", "doctorate", "in", "botany", "and", "the", "\n", "first" ]	[ { "end": 770, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 768 } ]
to water and soil as a consequence of microplastic and macroplastic releases along the value chain . Most of the total microplastics and macroplastics losses in all sectors (3.7 Mt) arise during the use phase (43.1% of the total losses) and most (2 Mt) were released to soil (against 0.7 Mt to water) , the rest (1 Mt) being recollected . Cumulatively, the total quantity of plastic lost and mismanaged represented 11.4% of the total production ( 6.6 Mt). Concerning plastic waste being recycled , a total of 8. 4 Mt of secondary plastics (i.e. ‘recyclates ’) were produced in the MFA 2022, with 7. 3 Mt being employed by the EU -27 manufacturing industries (as 12.5% of recyclates were exported). 11.4 Mt were sent to recycling ( considering 1 Mt of imported recyclable waste), of which 11.1 Mt was sent to mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling represented a potential alternative to mechanical recycling treatments, despite receiving no more than 2.3% of the total plastic sent to recycling each year. Results also indicated that the average end -of-life recycling rate among all sectors (i.e., recyclates produced over total waste being generated) was equal to 19.6% ( 17.1 % when recyclates ’ trade is considered). Results of the study underlined the role of Packaging and Construction as the most important sectors among those assessed, respectively contributing to 3 3.9% and 18.3% of the total plastic consumption . Import of plastic products played a crucial role in driving the overall quantities of plastic volumes consumed in the EU. In particular, import of Textile products contributed around 7 Mt and represented the main responsible for a total trade deficit of 10.7 Mt for the whole EU. Out of total quantity of plast ic consumed, the share of plastics being discarded vs. maintained in stock varied depending on the sector under scrutiny. Almost 93% of the Packaging plastic consumption was 36 discarded in the 2022 due to the short lifespan of products in this sector. By contrast, as much as 74.7% of the consumed products in Construction were accumulated as stock. On top of Packaging (with 19.7 Mt), also the Textiles sector accounted for a significant quantity (6.2 Mt) of the total waste generation due to the relevant import s of textile products. The present study underlined the different role of the various sectors in the total plastic waste collected and especially sent to recycling	[ "to", "water", "and", "soil", " ", "as", "a", "consequence", "of", "microplastic", "and", "macroplastic", "\n", "releases", "along", "the", "value", "chain", ".", "Most", "of", "the", "total", "microplastics", "and", "macroplastics", "losses", "in", "all", "sectors", "\n", "(", "3.7", "Mt", ")", "arise", "during", "the", "use", "phase", "(", "43.1", "%", "of", "the", "total", "losses", ")", "and", "most", "(", "2", " ", "Mt", ")", "were", "released", "to", "soil", "\n", "(", "against", "0.7", "Mt", "to", "water", ")", ",", "the", "rest", "(", "1", "Mt", ")", "being", "recollected", ".", "Cumulatively", ",", "the", "total", "quantity", " ", "of", "plastic", "\n", "lost", "and", "mismanaged", "represented", "11.4", "%", "of", "the", "total", "production", "(", "6.6", "Mt", ")", ".", " \n", "Concerning", "plastic", "waste", "being", "recycled", ",", "a", "total", "of", "8", ".", "4", "Mt", "of", "secondary", "plastics", "(", "i.e.", "‘", "recyclates", "’", ")", "were", "\n", "produced", "in", "the", "MFA", "2022", ",", "with", "7", ".", "3", "Mt", "being", "employed", "by", "the", "EU", "-27", "manufacturing", "industries", "(", "as", "\n", "12.5", "%", "of", "recyclates", "were", "exported", ")", ".", "11.4", "Mt", "were", "sent", "to", "recycling", "(", "considering", " ", "1", "Mt", "of", "imported", "\n", "recyclable", "waste", ")", ",", "of", "which", " ", "11.1", "Mt", "was", "sent", "to", "mechanical", "recycling", ".", "Chemical", "recycling", "represented", "\n", "a", "potential", "alternative", "to", "mechanical", "recycling", "treatments", ",", "despite", "receiving", "no", "more", "than", "2.3", "%", "of", "\n", "the", "total", "plastic", "sent", "to", "recycling", "each", "year", ".", "Results", "also", "indicated", "that", "the", "average", "end", "-of", "-", "life", "\n", "recycling", "rate", " ", "among", "all", "sectors", "(", "i.e.", ",", "recyclates", "produced", "over", "total", "waste", "being", "generated", ")", "was", "\n", "equal", "to", "19.6", "%", "(", "17.1", "%", "when", "recyclates", "’", "trade", "is", "considered", ")", ".", " \n", "Results", "of", "the", "study", "underlined", "the", "role", "of", "Packaging", "and", "Construction", "as", "the", "most", "important", "sectors", "\n", "among", "those", "assessed", ",", "respectively", "contributing", "to", "3", "3.9", "%", "and", "18.3", "%", "of", "the", "total", "plastic", "\n", "consumption", ".", "Import", "of", "plastic", "products", "played", "a", "crucial", "role", "in", "driving", "the", "overall", "quantities", " ", "of", "\n", "plastic", "volumes", "consumed", "in", "the", "EU", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "import", "of", "Textile", "products", "contributed", "around", "7", " \n", "Mt", "and", "represented", "the", "main", "responsible", "for", "a", "total", "trade", "deficit", "of", "10.7", " ", "Mt", "for", "the", "whole", "EU", ".", "Out", "of", "\n", "total", "quantity", " ", "of", "plast", "ic", "consumed", ",", "the", "share", "of", "plastics", "being", "discarded", "vs.", "maintained", "in", "stock", "\n", "varied", "depending", "on", "the", "sector", "under", "scrutiny", ".", "Almost", " ", "93", "%", "of", "the", "Packaging", "plastic", " ", "consumption", "was", " \n \n", "36", "discarded", "in", "the", "2022", "due", "to", "the", "short", "lifespan", "of", "products", "in", "this", "sector", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "as", "much", "as", "\n", "74.7", "%", "of", "the", "consumed", "products", "in", "Construction", "were", "accumulated", "as", "stock", ".", " \n", "On", "top", "of", "Packaging", "(", "with", "19.7", " ", "Mt", ")", ",", "also", "the", "Textiles", "sector", "accounted", "for", "a", "significant", "quantity", " ", "(", "6.2", "\n", "Mt", ")", "of", "the", "total", "waste", "generation", "due", "to", "the", "relevant", "import", "s", "of", "textile", "products", ".", "The", "present", "study", "\n", "underlined", "the", "different", "role", "of", "the", "various", "sectors", "in", "the", "total", "plastic", "waste", "collected", "and", "especially", "\n", "sent", "to", "recycling" ]	[]
when Maasdorp entered the Cavendish as a doctoral student. 19 Cambridge would not grant women equal status until 1948. Despite the university's adamantine position, women academics had begun to be appointed. In 1926, the University of Cambridge recruited ten women lecturers, increasing the percentage of women academics to 7 per cent. 20 Ann Davies was the first tenured woman lecturer in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. Davies completed her Bachelor of Science in 1915, majoring in physics at Royal Holloway College. She then completed her PhD in 1922, researching radiation and ionization potentials of the rare gases. 21 In 1935, Davies was appointed a fellow and lecturer in physics at Newnham College and a lecturer in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. Davies remained the only woman lecturer in physics at the Cavendish for the next twenty years. 22 Dyhouse suggests that '[t] here is indeed a sense in which any woman who achieved public recognition as a scholar in universities before 1939 could only have managed this through formidable persistence and application'. 23 ## Life at the lab When Maasdorp arrived at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935, there were around fifty postgraduate students. Maasdorp was the only woman. 24 In 1934- 35, there were 507 full- time women students at Cambridge; male students outnumbered women by ten to one. 25 Proportionally, most women students studied the liberal arts or social sciences; very few women pursued the sciences, much less the so- called hard sciences such as physics. It would also be a year before the appointment of Davies as the first woman lecturer. Despite Rutherford's advocacy, female students did not experience equal privileges with their male counterparts. Female physics students were required to sit on the front benches of lecture theatres 'for fear their attention might be distracted by too much male proximity'. 26 Maasdorp needed to carry a card stating that she was 'a fit and proper person', which was necessary to present before entering the library. 27 Male students did not have to carry a similar card. Even when some of these restrictions were lifted, and female students could participate in university events and activities, they often experienced considerable male opposition. For example, for the first two years of her time at Cambridge, Maasdorp was not allowed to attend the annual Cavendish Laboratory Christmas Dinner, which she describes as 'a bang- up evening dress affair' with entertainment, such	[ "when", "Maasdorp", "entered", "the", "Cavendish", "as", "a", "doctoral", "student", ".", "19", "Cambridge", "would", "not", "grant", "women", "equal", "status", "until", "1948", ".", "Despite", "the", "university", "'s", " ", "adamantine", " ", "position", ",", " ", "women", " ", "academics", " ", "had", " ", "begun", " ", "to", " ", "be", "appointed", ".", "In", "1926", ",", "the", "University", "of", "Cambridge", "recruited", "ten", "women", "lecturers", ",", "increasing", "the", "percentage", "of", "women", "academics", "to", "7", "per", "cent", ".", "20", " ", "Ann", "Davies", "was", "the", "first", "tenured", "woman", "lecturer", "in", "physics", "at", "the", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", ".", "Davies", "completed", "her", "Bachelor", "of", "Science", "in", "1915", ",", "majoring", "in", "physics", "at", "Royal", "Holloway", "College", ".", "She", "then", "completed", "her", "PhD", "in", "1922", ",", "researching", "radiation", "and", "ionization", "potentials", "of", "the", "rare", "gases", ".", "21", " ", "In", "1935", ",", "Davies", "was", "appointed", "a", "fellow", "and", "lecturer", "in", "physics", "at", "Newnham", "College", "and", "a", "lecturer", "in", "physics", "at", "the", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", ".", "Davies", "remained", "the", "only", "woman", "lecturer", "in", "physics", "at", "the", "Cavendish", "for", "the", "next", "twenty", "years", ".", "22", "Dyhouse", "suggests", "that", "'", "[", "t", "]", " ", "here", "is", "indeed", "a", "sense", "in", "which", "any", "woman", "who", "achieved", "public", "recognition", "as", "a", "scholar", "in", "universities", "before", "1939", "could", "only", "have", "managed", "this", "through", "formidable", "persistence", "and", "application", "'", ".", "23", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Life", "at", "the", "lab", "\n\n", "When", "Maasdorp", "arrived", "at", "the", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", "in", "1935", ",", "there", "were", "around", "fifty", "postgraduate", "students", ".", "Maasdorp", "was", "the", "only", "woman", ".", "24", " ", "In", "1934-", " ", "35", ",", "there", "were", "507", "full-", " ", "time", "women", "students", "at", "Cambridge", ";", "male", "students", "outnumbered", "women", "by", "ten", "to", "one", ".", "25", " ", "Proportionally", ",", "most", "women", "students", "studied", "the", "liberal", "arts", "or", "social", "sciences", ";", "very", "few", "women", "pursued", "the", "sciences", ",", "much", "less", "the", "so-", " ", "called", "hard", "sciences", "such", "as", "physics", ".", "It", "would", "also", "be", "a", "year", "before", "the", "appointment", "of", "Davies", "as", "the", "first", "woman", "lecturer", ".", "\n\n", "Despite", " ", "Rutherford", "'s", " ", "advocacy", ",", " ", "female", " ", "students", " ", "did", " ", "not", " ", "experience", "equal", "privileges", "with", "their", "male", "counterparts", ".", "Female", "physics", "students", "were", "required", "to", "sit", "on", "the", "front", "benches", "of", "lecture", "theatres", "'", "for", "fear", "their", "attention", "might", "be", "distracted", "by", "too", "much", "male", "proximity", "'", ".", "26", " ", "Maasdorp", "needed", "to", "carry", "a", "card", "stating", "that", "she", "was", "'", "a", "fit", "and", "proper", "person", "'", ",", "which", "was", "necessary", " ", "to", " ", "present", " ", "before", " ", "entering", " ", "the", " ", "library", ".", "27", " ", "Male", " ", "students", " ", "did", " ", "not", "have", "to", " ", "carry", " ", "a", " ", "similar", " ", "card", ".", " ", "Even", " ", "when", " ", "some", " ", "of", " ", "these", " ", "restrictions", " ", "were", "lifted", ",", "and", "female", "students", "could", "participate", "in", "university", "events", "and", "activities", ",", "they", "often", "experienced", "considerable", "male", "opposition", ".", "For", "example", ",", "for", "the", "first", "two", "years", "of", "her", "time", "at", "Cambridge", ",", "Maasdorp", "was", "not", "allowed", "to", "attend", "the", "annual", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", "Christmas", "Dinner", ",", "which", "she", "describes", " ", "as", " ", "'", "a", " ", "bang-", " ", "up", " ", "evening", " ", "dress", " ", "affair", "'", " ", "with", " ", "entertainment", ",", " ", "such", " " ]	[ { "end": 61, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 59 }, { "end": 346, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 344 }, { "end": 638, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 636 }, { "end": 874, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 872 }, { "end": 1098, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1096 }, { "end": 1257, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1255 }, { "end": 1378, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1376 }, { "end": 1925, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1923 }, { "end": 2075, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2073 } ]
provision of sanitation and healthcare in priority locations across the country; provided cash injections to Kenyan businesses, protected jobs and supported measures to allow cross-border trade in the East African Community by directly supporting Kenyan truck drivers. The European Union was also a large donor to COVAX, a mechanism through which Kenya received COVID-19 vaccines (European Union, 2021[58]). In the early months of the pandemic, the European Union also provided funding to the World Health Organization (WHO) in Kenya to train frontline health workers at national and county levels, strengthen the COVID-19 rapid response and clinical teams, and support risk communication and community engagement (WHO, 2020[59]). ## Japan: Enhancing medical infrastructure and cold chain capacity Japan's support for Kenya's COVID -19 response included the provision of 50 000 SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR testing kits and the procurement of medical equipment along with funding of KES 240 million to the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Inclusive and Multi-Sectoral Response to COVID-19 in Kenya. Under this project, three smart anti-epidemic robots were installed and users from major hospitals in Kenya were trained. Additionally, the funding enhanced the procurement and delivery of PPE in Kenya (UNDP, 2021[60]; Embassy of Japan in Kenya, 2021[61]). Japan also donated KES 212 million to improve the cold chain capacity for Kenya's COVID -19 vaccine rollout with financing provided through the United Nat ions Children's Fund ( UNICEF). This funding supported procuring equipment for vaccine storage, distribution and continuous temperature monitoring, including storage for vaccines requiring ultra-cold temperatures and training for healthcare workers (UNICEF, 2021[62]). ## China: Providing vaccines and medical supplies In 2022, the Global Development and South-South Cooperation Fund delivered 2 million pieces of personal protective equipment to Kenya, via the UN Refugee Agency, including 250,000 N95 masks, 10,000 goggles, 1,000 pairs of rubber boots and 500 protective suits for refugees, local residents, frontline medical and humanitarian workers (CIDCA, 2022[63]). China pledged some 12 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine to Kenya in 2021, with 400 000 reported as delivered (Bridge Beijing, 2022[34]). ## France: Promoting private sector resilience and community health initiatives The French Development Agency (AFD) complemented Kenya's socio -economic recovery by directly supporting the private sector. It expanded its private sector development programming in Africa by adding a COVID-19-specific ' Resilience component worth EUR 1 billion. This mechanism aimed to improve ' access to credit and investments for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and	[ " ", "provision", "of", "sanitation", "and", "healthcare", "in", "priority", "locations", "across", "the", "country", ";", "provided", "cash", "injections", "to", "Kenyan", "businesses", ",", "protected", "jobs", "and", "supported", "measures", "to", "allow", "cross", "-", "border", "trade", "in", "the", "East", "African", "Community", "by", "directly", "supporting", "Kenyan", "truck", "drivers", ".", "The", "European", "Union", "was", "also", "a", "large", "donor", "to", "COVAX", ",", "a", "mechanism", "through", "which", "Kenya", "received", "COVID-19", "vaccines", "(", "European", "Union", ",", "2021[58", "]", ")", ".", "In", "the", "early", "months", "of", "the", "pandemic", ",", "the", "European", "Union", "also", "provided", "funding", "to", "the", "World", "Health", " ", "Organization", " ", "(", "WHO", ")", " ", "in", " ", "Kenya", " ", "to", " ", "train", " 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instrumental in supporting the uptake of the vaccination and curbing vaccine hesitancy (UNICEF, 2021[40]). Community health volunteers were also employed to dispel vaccine myths across counties (UNICEF, 2022[41]). The most recent data shows that 27% of Kenya's population (14.5 million) has been vaccinated with at least a single dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. In comparison, the percentage of the population vaccinated with a complete primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine stood at 21% (WHO, 2024[14]). In total, 23.7 million COVID-19 vaccine doses were administered, with only 4% of the total population vaccinated with at least one additional booster dose of a COVID19 vaccine. Put together, the evidence reveals that Kenya's performance in COVID -19 vaccinations was lower than average in the African region. For example, the average of the total population vaccinated with one vaccine dose in Africa was 12 percentage points higher than for Kenya, at 39%. Similar disparities exist in the complete primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine (33% vs. 21%) and the administration of at least one booster dose (6% vs. 4%) (WHO, 2023[42]; Our World in Data, 2024[43]). Figure 2.1. Share of people who completed the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol in Kenya <!-- image --> Source: Our World in Data (2024[43]), Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations. ## 2.5. Socio-economic resilience: Protecting livelihoods and stimulating recovery Social protection measures, including cash transfers and food relief, along with funds to maintain cash flow for businesses, were key components of the government's budgetary allocations for COVID -19-related expenditures. These allocations amounted to KES 40 billion (EUR 296 million) in 2020, KES 56.6 billion (EUR 418 million) in 2021, and KES 45 billion (EUR 333 million) in 2022. The economic stimulus package included a new youth employment scheme, provision of credit guarantees, fast-tracking payment of value added tax (VAT) refunds, and increased funding for cash transfers. Key tax measures included full income tax relief for persons earning below the equivalent of USD 225 per month, and reductions in corporate income tax, tax on small businesses and VAT, some of which were reversed from 1 January 2021. Out of the spending allocations, KES 7.6 billion (EUR 51.5 million) was set aside to enhance access to affordable medical care, and KES 23.1 billion (EUR 156 million) for an economic stimulus programme to cushion vulnerable groups (IMF, 2021[24]). The National Safety Net Programme (NSNP /Inua Jamii ) which administers cash transfers across Kenya reached	[ "instrumental", "in", "supporting", "the", "uptake", "of", "the", "vaccination", "and", "curbing", "vaccine", "hesitancy", "(", "UNICEF", ",", "2021[40", "]", ")", ".", "Community", "health", "volunteers", "were", "also", "employed", "to", "dispel", "vaccine", "myths", "across", "counties", "(", "UNICEF", ",", "2022[41", "]", ")", ".", "The", "most", "recent", "data", "shows", "that", "27", "%", "of", "Kenya", "'s", "population", "(", "14.5", "million", ")", "has", "been", "vaccinated", "with", "at", "least", "a", "single", "dose", "of", "a", "COVID-19", "vaccine", ".", "In", "comparison", ",", "the", "percentage", "of", "the", "population", "vaccinated", "with", "a", "complete", "primary", "series", "of", "the", "COVID-19", "vaccine", "stood", "at", "21", "%", "(", "WHO", ",", "2024[14", "]", ")", ".", "In", "total", ",", "23.7", "million", "COVID-19", "vaccine", "doses", "were", "administered", ",", "with", "only", "4", "%", "of", "the", "total", "population", "vaccinated", "with", "at", "least", "one", "additional", "booster", "dose", "of", "a", " ", "COVID19", " ", "vaccine", ".", " ", "Put", " ", "together", ",", " ", "the", " ", "evidence", " ", "reveals", " ", "that", " ", "Kenya", "'s", " ", "performance", " ", "in", " ", "COVID", "-19", "vaccinations", "was", "lower", "than", "average", "in", "the", "African", "region", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "average", "of", "the", "total", "population", "vaccinated", "with", "one", "vaccine", "dose", "in", "Africa", "was", "12", "percentage", "points", "higher", "than", "for", "Kenya", ",", "at", "39", "%", ".", "Similar", "disparities", " ", "exist", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "complete", " ", "primary", " ", "series", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "COVID-19", " ", "vaccine", " ", "(", "33", "%", " ", "vs.", " ", "21", "%", ")", " ", "and", " ", "the", "administration", "of", "at", "least", "one", "booster", "dose", "(", "6", "%", "vs.", "4", "%", ")", "(", "WHO", ",", "2023[42", "]", ";", "Our", "World", "in", "Data", ",", "2024[43", "]", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Figure", "2.1", ".", "Share", "of", "people", "who", "completed", "the", "initial", "COVID-19", "vaccination", "protocol", "in", "Kenya", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Our", "World", "in", "Data", "(", "2024[43", "]", ")", ",", "Coronavirus", "(", "COVID-19", ")", "Vaccinations", ",", "https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "2.5", ".", "Socio", "-", "economic", "resilience", ":", "Protecting", "livelihoods", "and", "stimulating", "recovery", "\n\n", "Social", "protection", "measures", ",", "including", "cash", "transfers", "and", "food", "relief", ",", "along", "with", "funds", "to", "maintain", "cash", "flow", "for", "businesses", ",", "were", "key", "components", "of", "the", "government", "'s", "budgetary", "allocations", "for", "COVID", "-19", "-", "related", "expenditures", ".", "These", "allocations", "amounted", "to", "KES", "40", "billion", "(", "EUR", "296", "million", ")", "in", "2020", ",", "KES", "56.6", "billion", "\n\n", "(", "EUR", "418", "million", ")", "in", "2021", ",", "and", "KES", "45", "billion", "(", "EUR", "333", "million", ")", "in", "2022", ".", "The", "economic", "stimulus", "package", "included", "a", "new", "youth", "employment", "scheme", ",", "provision", "of", "credit", "guarantees", ",", "fast", "-", "tracking", "payment", "of", "value", "added", "tax", "(", "VAT", ")", "refunds", ",", "and", "increased", "funding", "for", "cash", "transfers", ".", "Key", "tax", "measures", "included", "full", "income", "tax", "relief", "for", "persons", "earning", "below", "the", "equivalent", "of", "USD", "225", "per", "month", ",", "and", "reductions", "in", "corporate", "income", "tax", ",", "tax", "on", "small", "businesses", "and", "VAT", ",", "some", "of", "which", "were", "reversed", "from", "1", "January", "2021", ".", "\n\n", "Out", "of", "the", "spending", "allocations", ",", "KES", "7.6", "billion", "(", "EUR", "51.5", "million", ")", "was", "set", "aside", "to", "enhance", "access", "to", "affordable", "medical", "care", ",", "and", "KES", "23.1", "billion", "(", "EUR", "156", "million", ")", "for", "an", "economic", "stimulus", "programme", "to", "cushion", "vulnerable", "groups", "(", "IMF", ",", "2021[24", "]", ")", ".", "The", "National", "Safety", "Net", "Programme", "(", "NSNP", "/Inua", "Jamii", ")", "which", "administers", " ", "cash", " ", "transfers", " ", "across", " ", "Kenya", " ", "reached", " " ]	[ { "end": 104, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 88 }, { "end": 94, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 88 }, { "end": 100, "label": "YEAR", "start": 96 }, { "end": 103, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 101 }, { "end": 211, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 195 }, { "end": 201, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 195 }, { "end": 207, "label": "YEAR", "start": 203 }, { "end": 210, "label": 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local school authorities, from revisers to high- school principals, namely that male doctors were better suited for such positions, while women doctors were young and inexperienced. This is precisely what the principal of the Dej Girls' High School, a woman herself, argued in November 1929, when she pleaded that the Ministry of Instruction allow the male doctor already working in the school to continue. The document was a response to a job request made by Emilia Ciuta, a female doctor working at the public hospital in town who pursued the same position, but was dismissed by the principal, since she was perceived as not having a similar level of experience. 43 Such attitudes were generated by the mistrust in female doctors' ability to work in schools, even though many women were already working in hospitals, maternities or rural healthcare institutions. However, the most important hurdle for principals must have been that of accommodating a new doctor and teacher they did not know; this change would have been even more difficult when the former male employee was of good conduct and had established himself as a good professional. Another factor that weighed heavily in this process was the pay; principals who had to pay doctors out of the School Committee funds with a daily allowance knew they needed to rely on a person having another job, or else they would not have been able to support themselves out of this little amount. Still, doctor Ciuta did have another job, proving that women also perceived school positions and the income generated by them as supplements, not salaries in their own right. Therefore, one cannot ignore the mistrust and even hostility that local school authorities tended to display towards such requests made by women, even though they were legally entitled to them. It seems their determination to have their right to work in girls' schools respected was bothering local authorities because it disrupted the way the system worked and led to the substitution of male doctors. Despite such prejudices, women seemed aware of their legal rights and refused to accept that male doctors would continue to practise and teach in girls' schools. In September 1929, Dr Gudlea Ghelbruch wrote a petition to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed at the Carmen Sylva Girls' High School in Timișoara. At the time, she was working at the Social Security House in Timișoara, proving	[ "local", "school", "authorities", ",", "from", "revisers", "to", "high-", " ", "school", "principals", ",", "namely", "that", "male", "doctors", "were", "better", "suited", "for", "such", "positions", ",", "while", "women", "doctors", "were", "young", "and", "inexperienced", ".", "This", "is", "precisely", "what", "the", "principal", "of", "the", "Dej", "Girls", "'", "High", "School", ",", "a", " ", "woman", "herself", ",", "argued", "in", "November", "1929", ",", "when", "she", "pleaded", "that", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "allow", "the", "male", "doctor", "already", "working", "in", "the", "school", "to", "continue", ".", "The", "document", "was", "a", "response", "to", "a", "job", "request", "made", "by", "Emilia", "Ciuta", ",", "a", "female", "doctor", "working", "at", "the", "public", "hospital", "in", "town", "who", "pursued", "the", "same", "position", ",", "but", "was", "dismissed", "by", "the", "principal", ",", "since", "she", "was", "perceived", "as", "not", "having", "a", "similar", "level", "of", "experience", ".", "43", "\n\n", "Such", "attitudes", "were", "generated", "by", "the", "mistrust", "in", "female", "doctors", "'", "ability", "to", "work", "in", "schools", ",", "even", "though", "many", "women", "were", "already", "working", "in", "hospitals", ",", "maternities", "or", "rural", "healthcare", "institutions", ".", "However", ",", "the", "most", "important", "hurdle", "for", "principals", "must", "have", "been", "that", "of", "accommodating", "a", "new", "doctor", "and", "teacher", "they", "did", "not", "know", ";", "this", "change", "would", "have", "been", "even", "more", "difficult", "when", "the", "former", "male", "employee", "was", "of", "good", "conduct", "and", "had", "established", "himself", "as", "a", "good", "professional", ".", "Another", "factor", "that", "weighed", "heavily", "in", " ", "this", " ", "process", " ", "was", " ", "the", " ", "pay", ";", " ", "principals", " ", "who", " ", "had", " ", "to", " ", "pay", " ", "doctors", " ", "out", " ", "of", " ", "the", "School", "Committee", "funds", "with", "a", "daily", "allowance", "knew", "they", "needed", "to", "rely", "on", "a", "person", "having", "another", "job", ",", "or", "else", "they", "would", "not", "have", "been", "able", "to", "support", "themselves", "out", "of", "this", "little", "amount", ".", "Still", ",", "doctor", "Ciuta", "did", "have", "another", "job", ",", "proving", "that", "women", "also", "perceived", "school", "positions", "and", "the", "income", "generated", "by", "them", "as", "supplements", ",", "not", "salaries", "in", "their", "own", "right", ".", "Therefore", ",", "one", "can", "not", "\n\n", "ignore", "the", "mistrust", "and", "even", "hostility", "that", "local", "school", "authorities", "tended", "to", "display", "towards", "such", "requests", "made", "by", "women", ",", "even", "though", "they", "were", "legally", "entitled", "to", "them", ".", "It", "seems", "their", "determination", "to", "have", "their", "right", "to", "work", "in", "girls", "'", "schools", "respected", "was", "bothering", "local", "authorities", "because", "it", "disrupted", "the", "way", "the", "system", "worked", "and", "led", "to", "the", "substitution", "of", "male", "doctors", ".", "\n\n", "Despite", "such", "prejudices", ",", "women", "seemed", "aware", "of", "their", "legal", "rights", "and", "refused", "to", "accept", "that", "male", "doctors", "would", "continue", "to", "practise", "and", "teach", "in", "girls", "'", "schools", ".", "In", "September", "1929", ",", "Dr", "Gudlea", "Ghelbruch", "wrote", "a", "petition", "to", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "asking", "to", "be", "appointed", "at", "the", "Carmen", "Sylva", "Girls", "'", "High", "School", "in", "Timișoara", ".", "At", "the", "time", ",", "she", "was", "working", "at", "the", "Social", "Security", "House", "in", "Timișoara", ",", "proving" ]	[ { "end": 669, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 667 } ]
results for Manufacturing for Georgia Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation61 Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing: results for Moldova Results of the economic mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.12. In total, 5 manufacturing in- dustries have been identified as having a current strength and only one manufacturing industry has been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Pro- cessing/preserving of fish, etc. (102); Manufacture of textiles (13); Manufacture of wearing apparel (14); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Furniture (310). Industries with emerg- ing strength include Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (20). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 10 5 1 7 1 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 102 Processing/preserving of fish, etc. X X X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats X X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X 13 Manufacture of textiles X X X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X X X 15Manufacture of leather and related productsX X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 19Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment X 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersX 310 Furniture X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.12. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Moldova 62 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Ukraine Results of the economic mapping for Ukraine are shown in Table 2.13. In total, 5 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell). Industries with current strength include Vege- table and animal oils and fats (104); Manufacture of basic metals (24); Manufacture of	[ "results", "for", "Manufacturing", "for", "Georgia", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation61", "\n", "Mapping", "the", "economic", "potential", "in", "Manu-", "\n", "facturing", ":", "results", "for", "Moldova", "\n", "Results", "of", "the", "economic", "mapping", "for", "Moldova", "are", "\n", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.12", ".", "In", "total", ",", "5", "manufacturing", "in-", "\n", "dustries", "have", "been", "identified", "as", "having", "a", "current", "\n", "strength", "and", "only", "one", "manufacturing", "industry", "has", "\n", "been", "identified", "as", "having", "an", "emerging", "strength", "\n", "(", "these", "industries", "are", "highlighted", "in", "the", "two", "col-", "\n", "umns", "with", "an", "‘", "X", "’", "in", "a", "green", "-", "coloured", "cell).Industries", "with", "current", "strength", "include", "Pro-", "\n", "cessing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fish", ",", "etc", ".", "(", "102", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "\n", "of", "textiles", "(", "13", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", "\n", "(", "14", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "of", "leather", "and", "related", "products", "\n", "(", "15", ")", ";", "and", "Furniture", "(", "310", ")", ".", "Industries", "with", "emerg-", "\n", "ing", "strength", "include", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "\n", "and", "chemical", "products", "(", "20", ")", ".", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "mentTurnoverEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnoverEmploy-", "\n", "mentTurnoverEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Current", "Current", "Current", "Emerging", "Emerging", "Emerging", "\n", "7", "10", "5", "1", "7", "1", "\n", "101", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "meat", " ", "X", " \n", "102", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fish", ",", "etc", ".", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "103", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fruit", ",", "vegetables", " ", "X", " \n", "104", "Vegetable", "and", "animal", "oils", "and", "fats", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "106Grain", "mill", "products", ",", "starches", "and", "starch", "\n", "products", " ", "X", " \n", "13", "Manufacture", "of", "textiles", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "15Manufacture", "of", "leather", "and", "related", "\n", "productsX", "X", "X", " \n", "16Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "\n", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", ",", "except", "furniture", ";", "\n", "manufacture", "of", "articles", "of", "straw", "and", "\n", "plaiting", "materials", " ", "X", " \n", "19Manufacture", "of", "coke", "and", "refined", "\n", "petroleum", "products", " ", "X", " \n", "20Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "chemical", "\n", "products", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "22Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "and", "plastic", "\n", "products", "X", " \n", "25Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "\n", "products", ",", "except", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "X", " \n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "\n", "optical", "products", "X", " \n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "equipment", " ", "X", " \n", "28Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "\n", "n.e.c", ".", " ", "X", " \n", "29Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ",", "trailers", "\n", "and", "semi", "-", "trailersX", " \n", "310", "Furniture", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "n.e.c", ".", "=", "not", "elsewhere", "classifiedTable", "2.12", ".", "Economic", "mapping", "results", "for", "Manufacturing", "for", "Moldova", "\n", "62", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Mapping", "the", "economic", "potential", "in", "Manu-", "\n", "facturing", "–", "results", "for", "Ukraine", "\n", "Results", "of", "the", "economic", "mapping", "for", "Ukraine", "are", "\n", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.13", ".", "In", "total", ",", "5", "manufacturing", "\n", "industries", "have", "been", "identified", "as", "having", "a", "cur-", "\n", "rent", "strength", "and", "4", "manufacturing", "industries", "have", "\n", "been", "identified", "as", "having", "an", "emerging", "strength", "\n", "(", "these", "industries", "are", "highlighted", "in", "the", "two", "col-", "\n", "umns", "with", "an", "‘", "X", "’", "in", "a", "green", "-", "coloured", "cell", ")", ".", "\n", "Industries", "with", "current", "strength", "include", "Vege-", "\n", "table", "and", "animal", "oils", "and", "fats", "(", "104", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "metals", "(", "24", ")", ";", "Manufacture", "of" ]	[]
premature deaths annually, typically from respiratory disease (asthma, cough and tuberculosis) (Elsey et al., 2016). Accidents and injuries are also among the main causes within the home, including within the kitchen and in the wider slum environment (burns, eye irritations and headaches). The data we collected in our three settlements were classified as in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 as 'routine' and 'non-routine' illnesses. The 11 subcategories are taken from the definition by Luke and Munshi (2007) . Non-routine illnesses are those that are more difficult to treat and potentially more serious. We aggregate the responses from 105 medics collected during the survey from our three different neighbour -hoods. First, the most common routine illnesses reported were fever, headaches and loss of appetite (52.7%). Coughs and throat infections were second, accounting for 33% of routine illnesses and include sinus issues, throat pain and tonsillitis. Ear, tooth and eye infections account for 11% of routine illnesses treated at the private medical facilities ( Table 6.2). Table 6.2 Routine illnesses \| Illness \| Sanjay \| Bhalswa \| Ajit Vihar \| Total \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\| \| Cough and throat infection: cough, sinus, throat pain, throat infection, tonsils. \| 34.6% \| 36.1% \| 27.6% \| 33.0% \| \| Headache and fever: fever, infection, headache, loss of appetite. \| 53.8% \| 55.6% \| 48.3% \| 52.7% \| \| Injury and accident: injury, hand injury, leg injury, insect bite, glass cut, bleeding. \| 7.7% \| 0.0% \| 3.4% \| 3.3% \| \| Ear, nose and throat: ear pain, tooth pain, ear infection, eye problems, nose pain. \| 3.8% \| 8.3% \| 20.7% \| 11.0% \| \| Total \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| Table 6.3 Non-routine illnesses \| Illness \| Sanjay \| Bhalswa \| Ajit Vihar \| Total \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\| \| Gastrointestinal : diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, dysentery. \| 38.9% \| 13.3% \| 23.5% \| 23.1% \| \| Respiratory : respiratory, breathing problem, Tuberculosis, chest pain, nosebleed, asthma. \| 5.6% \| 26.7% \| 5.9% \| 15.4% \| \| Typhoid and jaundice : low weight, typhoid, jaundice. \| 16.7% \| 6.7% \| 11.8% \| 10.8% \| \| Childhood diseases : mumps, measles, chicken pox. \| 5.6% \| 6.7% \| 5.9% \| 6.2% \| \| Tumours and operations : appendix, stroke, ear operation, head tumour, childbirth. \| 5.6% \| 13.3% \| 11.8% \| 10.8% \| \| Skin conditions: allergy, boils, skin problems. \| 27.8% \| 10.0% \| 17.6%	[ "premature", "deaths", "annually", ",", "typically", "from", "respiratory", "disease", "(", "asthma", ",", "cough", "and", "tuberculosis", ")", "(", "Elsey", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2016", ")", ".", "Accidents", "and", "injuries", "are", "also", "among", "the", "main", "causes", "within", "the", "home", ",", "including", "within", "the", "kitchen", "and", "in", "the", "wider", "slum", "environment", "(", "burns", ",", "eye", "irritations", "and", "headaches", ")", ".", "\n\n", "The", "data", "we", "collected", "in", "our", "three", "settlements", "were", "classified", "as", "in", "Tables", "6.2", "and", "6.3", "as", "'", "routine", "'", "and", "'", "non", "-", "routine", "'", "illnesses", ".", "The", "11", "subcategories", "are", "taken", "from", "the", "definition", "by", "Luke", "and", "Munshi", "(", "2007", ")", ".", "Non", "-", "routine", "illnesses", "are", "those", "that", "are", "more", "difficult", "to", "treat", "and", "potentially", "more", "serious", ".", "We", "aggregate", "the", "responses", "from", "105", "medics", "collected", "during", "the", "survey", "from", "our", "three", "different", "neighbour", "-hoods", ".", "First", ",", "the", "most", "common", "routine", "illnesses", "reported", "were", "fever", ",", "headaches", "and", "loss", "of", "appetite", "(", "52.7", "%", ")", ".", "Coughs", "and", "throat", "infections", "were", "second", ",", "accounting", "for", "33", "%", "of", "routine", "illnesses", "and", "include", "sinus", "issues", ",", "throat", "pain", "and", "tonsillitis", ".", "Ear", ",", "tooth", "and", "eye", "infections", "account", "for", "11", "%", "of", "routine", "illnesses", "treated", "at", "the", "private", "medical", "facilities", "(", "Table", "6.2", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Table", "6.2", "Routine", "illnesses", "\n\n", "\|", "Illness", " ", "\|", "Sanjay", " ", "\|", "Bhalswa", " ", "\|", "Ajit", "Vihar", " ", "\|", "Total", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\|", "\n", "\|", "Cough", "and", "throat", "infection", ":", "cough", ",", "sinus", ",", "throat", "pain", ",", "throat", "infection", ",", "tonsils", ".", " ", "\|", "34.6", "%", " ", "\|", "36.1", "%", " ", "\|", "27.6", "%", " ", "\|", "33.0", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Headache", "and", "fever", ":", "fever", ",", "infection", ",", "headache", ",", "loss", "of", "appetite", ".", " ", "\|", "53.8", "%", " ", "\|", "55.6", "%", " ", "\|", "48.3", "%", " ", "\|", "52.7", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Injury", "and", "accident", ":", "injury", ",", "hand", "injury", ",", "leg", "injury", ",", "insect", "bite", ",", "glass", "cut", ",", "bleeding", ".", "\|", "7.7", "%", " ", "\|", "0.0", "%", " ", "\|", "3.4", "%", " ", "\|", "3.3", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ear", ",", "nose", "and", "throat", ":", "ear", "pain", ",", "tooth", "pain", ",", "ear", "infection", ",", "eye", "problems", ",", "nose", "pain", ".", " ", "\|", "3.8", "%", " ", "\|", "8.3", "%", " ", "\|", "20.7", "%", " ", "\|", "11.0", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Total", " ", "\|", "100", "%", " ", "\|", "100", "%", " ", "\|", "100", "%", " ", "\|", "100", "%", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "Table", "6.3", "Non", "-", "routine", "illnesses", "\n\n", "\|", "Illness", " ", "\|", "Sanjay", " ", "\|", "Bhalswa", " ", "\|", "Ajit", "Vihar", " ", "\|", "Total", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\|", "\n", "\|", "Gastrointestinal", ":", "diarrhoea", ",", "vomiting", ",", "dehydration", ",", "dysentery", ".", " ", "\|", "38.9", "%", " ", "\|", "13.3", "%", " ", "\|", "23.5", "%", " ", "\|", "23.1", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Respiratory", ":", "respiratory", ",", "breathing", "problem", ",", "Tuberculosis", ",", "chest", "pain", ",", "nosebleed", ",", "asthma", ".", "\|", "5.6", "%", " ", "\|", "26.7", "%", " ", "\|", "5.9", "%", " ", "\|", "15.4", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Typhoid", "and", "jaundice", ":", "low", "weight", ",", "typhoid", ",", "jaundice", ".", " ", "\|", "16.7", "%", " ", "\|", "6.7", "%", " ", "\|", "11.8", "%", " ", "\|", "10.8", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Childhood", "diseases", ":", "mumps", ",", "measles", ",", "chicken", "pox", ".", " ", "\|", "5.6", "%", " ", "\|", "6.7", "%", " ", "\|", "5.9", "%", " ", "\|", "6.2", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Tumours", "and", "operations", ":", "appendix", ",", "stroke", ",", "ear", "operation", ",", "head", "tumour", ",", "childbirth", ".", " ", "\|", "5.6", "%", " ", "\|", "13.3", "%", " ", "\|", "11.8", "%", " ", "\|", "10.8", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Skin", "conditions", ":", "allergy", ",", "boils", ",", "skin", "problems", ".", " ", "\|", "27.8", "%", " ", "\|", "10.0", "%", " ", "\|", "17.6", "%", " " ]	[ { "end": 498, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 476 }, { "end": 491, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 476 }, { "end": 497, "label": "YEAR", "start": 493 } ]
to lead instructional support. They also tend to see their role as one of control rather than support. Appraisal mechanisms lack measurable objectives, which could be used to give feedback. Professional development programmes need to build capacity for education officials, with a particular emphasis on instructional leadership and quality assurance. In increasingly complex environments, education officials also need preparation in crisis management. 20 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT21 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 Jamba Chongo, teacher and vice-principal, teaches the pupils of Lubile Primary School in Mpungwe, a village about 20 kilometers from Kalemie in the Tanganyika province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on November 28, 2023. Credit: © UNICEF/UNI548673/Benekire* 2 CHAPTER School leadership: Roles, impact and standards KEY MESSAGES Principals balance a wide range of responsibilities, and often do not have enough time to focus on teaching and learning. Principals are expected to shape a school’s vision, design its curriculum, ensure students’ well-being and monitor their progress. Yet in 14 low- and middle-income countries, principals spent 68% of their time on management tasks. There is a growing focus on principals’ role in teacher development. Globally, 54% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on observation. In practice, evidence from high-income countries suggests that the share of principals observing lessons fell from 81% in 2015 to 77% in 2022. Strong school leadership is essential for students’ success. Principals’ impact on student success ranks just below teachers' influence among school-controlled factors. Most evidence comes from the United States. A review of leadership practices at all levels – senior, middle and teacher leaders – found that they explained up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes. An experiment in six urban districts found that schools with strategically placed principals improved by over 6 percentile points in reading after three years. Leadership can improve academic achievement, reduce dropout rates and foster a positive school climate. A study of 32 countries showed that strong leadership also leads to improved teaching practices. A principal's effectiveness is influenced by context and their capacity and background. Principals in disadvantaged schools tend to have less experience compared to their peers in non-disadvantaged schools. Principals from diverse backgrounds can enhance the success and well-being of minority students. Black principals in the United States are associated with improved mathematics scores and reduced	[ "to", "lead", "instructional", "support", ".", "They", "also", "tend", "to", "see", "their", "role", "as", "one", "of", "control", "rather", "than", "support", ".", "Appraisal", "mechanisms", "lack", "measurable", "objectives", ",", "which", "could", "be", "used", "to", "give", "feedback", ".", "\n", "Professional", "development", "programmes", "need", "to", "build", "\n", "capacity", "for", "education", "officials", ",", "with", "a", "particular", "emphasis", "on", "instructional", "leadership", "and", "quality", "assurance", ".", "In", "increasingly", "complex", "environments", ",", "education", "officials", "also", "need", "preparation", "in", "crisis", "management", ".", "\n", "20", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORT21", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "Jamba", "Chongo", ",", "teacher", "and", "vice", "-", "principal", ",", "teaches", "the", "pupils", "of", "Lubile", "\n", "Primary", "School", "in", "Mpungwe", ",", "a", "village", "about", "20", "kilometers", "from", "Kalemie", "in", "the", "Tanganyika", "province", "of", "the", "Democratic", "Republic", "of", "the", "Congo", ",", "on", "November", "28", ",", "2023", ".", "\n", "Credit", ":", "©", "UNICEF", "/", "UNI548673", "/", "Benekire", "*", "\n", "2", "\n", "CHAPTER", "\n", "School", "leadership", ":", "\n", "Roles", ",", "impact", " \n", "and", "standards", "\n", "KEY", "MESSAGES", "\n", "Principals", "balance", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "responsibilities", ",", "and", "often", "do", "not", "have", "enough", "time", "to", "focus", "on", "teaching", " \n", "and", "learning", ".", "\n ", "", "Principals", "are", "expected", "to", "shape", "a", "school", "’s", "vision", ",", "design", "its", "curriculum", ",", "ensure", "students", "’", "well", "-", "being", "and", " ", "monitor", "their", "progress", ".", "Yet", "in", "14", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", ",", "principals", "spent", "68", "%", "of", "their", "time", "on", "management", "tasks", ".", "\n ", "", "There", "is", "a", "growing", "focus", "on", "principals", "’", "role", "in", "teacher", "development", ".", "Globally", ",", "54", "%", "of", "countries", "expect", "principals", "to", "provide", "feedback", "to", "teachers", "based", "on", "observation", ".", "In", "practice", ",", "evidence", "from", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "suggests", "that", "the", "share", "of", "principals", "observing", "lessons", "fell", "from", "81", "%", "in", "2015", "to", "77", "%", "in", "2022", ".", "\n", "Strong", "school", "leadership", "is", "essential", "for", "students", "’", "success", ".", "\n ", "", "Principals", "’", "impact", "on", "student", "success", "ranks", "just", "below", "teachers", "'", "influence", "among", "school", "-", "controlled", "factors", ".", "Most", "evidence", "comes", "from", "the", "United", "States", ".", "A", "review", "of", "leadership", "practices", "at", "all", "levels", "–", "senior", ",", "middle", "and", "teacher", "leaders", "–", "found", "that", "they", "explained", "up", "to", "27", "%", "of", "the", "variance", "in", "student", "outcomes", ".", "An", "experiment", "in", "six", "urban", "districts", "found", "that", "schools", "with", "strategically", "placed", "principals", "improved", "by", "over", "6", "percentile", "points", "in", "reading", "after", "three", "years", ".", "\n ", "", "Leadership", "can", "improve", "academic", "achievement", ",", "reduce", "dropout", "rates", "and", "foster", "a", "positive", "school", "climate", ".", "A", "study", "of", "32", "countries", "showed", "that", "strong", "leadership", "also", "leads", "to", "improved", "teaching", "practices", ".", "\n", "A", "principal", "'s", "effectiveness", "is", "influenced", "by", "context", "and", "their", "capacity", "and", "background", ".", "\n ", "", "Principals", "in", "disadvantaged", "schools", "tend", "to", "have", "less", "experience", "compared", "to", "their", "peers", "in", " ", "non", "-", "disadvantaged", "schools", ".", "\n ", "", "Principals", "from", "diverse", "backgrounds", "can", "enhance", "the", "success", "and", "well", "-", "being", "of", "minority", "students", ".", "Black", "principals", "in", "the", "United", "States", "are", "associated", "with", "improved", "mathematics", "scores", "and", "reduced" ]	[]
X NACE Innovation – Patents 20.3Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, etc.X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleansing preparationsX 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal productsX 57 Plastics in primary forms X 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 27.3Manufacture of wiring and wiring devicesX X 65Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related productsX 20.2 Man. of pesticides and other agrochemical products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distributionX 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 36Water collection, treatment and supplyX 73 Metalworking machinery X 25.2 Manufacture of tanks 42.1 Construction of roads and railways X 76Telecommunications and sound-recording and reproducing apparatus and equipmentX 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projectsX 77Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, and electrical parts thereofX X 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 43.3 Building completion and finishing X 79 Other transport equipment X 28.4 Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools 43.9Other specialised construction activitiesX 82Furniture and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishingsX X 46.5Wholesale of information and communication equipmentX 83 Travel goods, handbags and similar containers X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 46.7 Other specialised wholesale X 84 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories X J62, J63 Software 47.9Retail trade not in stores, stalls or marketsX 85 Footwear X J62, K64 Financial services 49.1 Passenger rail transport, interurban X 87Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatusX J61, J62, J63 Information technology 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 89 Miscellaneous manufactured articles X K64 Lending and investments 53.1Postal activities under universal service obligationX Sustainability Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation133 134 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 63.1Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portalsX X EBOPS Services exports C E C10, C11, I56 Food and beverage 64.1 Monetary intermediation X 1.1 Sea transport X 64.9 Other financial service activities X 1.2 Air transport X X Clusters 66.2Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension fundingX 2.1 Business travel X Green energy and environmental services 68.1Buying and selling of own real estateX X 3.1 Postal and courier services X Education and knowledge transfer 68.2Rental and operating of own or leased real estateX 3.2 Telecommunications services X Biotechnology 70.2 Management consultancy activities X 6	[ "X", "NACE", "Innovation", "–", "Patents", "\n", "20.3Manufacture", "of", "paints", ",", "varnishes", "\n", "and", "similar", "coatings", ",", "etc", ".", "X", "55Essential", "oils", "and", "resinoids", "and", "perfume", "\n", "materials", ";", "toilet", ",", "polishing", "and", "cleansing", "\n", "preparationsX", "16", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", "\n", "25.9Manufacture", "of", "other", "fabricated", "\n", "metal", "productsX", "57", "Plastics", "in", "primary", "forms", "X", "18.1", "Printing", "and", "service", "activities", "related", "to", "printing", "\n", "27.3Manufacture", "of", "wiring", "and", "wiring", "\n", "devicesX", "X", "65Textile", "yarn", ",", "fabrics", ",", "made", "-", "up", "articles", ",", "and", "related", "\n", "productsX", "20.2", "Man", ".", "of", "pesticides", "and", "other", "agrochemical", "products", "\n", "35.1Electric", "power", "generation", ",", "\n", "transmission", "and", "distributionX", "66", "Non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "manufactures", "X", "23.1", "Manufacture", "of", "glass", "and", "glass", "products", "\n", "36Water", "collection", ",", "treatment", "and", "\n", "supplyX", "73", "Metalworking", "machinery", "X", "25.2", "Manufacture", "of", "tanks", "\n", "42.1", "Construction", "of", "roads", "and", "railways", "X", "76Telecommunications", "and", "sound", "-", "recording", "and", "\n", "reproducing", "apparatus", "and", "equipmentX", "25.6", "Treatment", "and", "coating", "of", "metals", ";", "machining", "\n", "42.9Construction", "of", "other", "civil", "\n", "engineering", "projectsX", "77Electrical", "machinery", ",", "apparatus", "and", "appliances", ",", "\n", "and", "electrical", "parts", "thereofX", "X", "28.3", "Manufacture", "of", "agricultural", "and", "forestry", "machinery", "\n", "43.3", "Building", "completion", "and", "finishing", "X", "79", "Other", "transport", "equipment", "X", "28.4", "Manufacture", "of", "metal", "forming", "machinery", "and", "machine", "tools", "\n", "43.9Other", 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"technology", "\n", "49.3", "Other", "passenger", "land", "transport", "X", "89", "Miscellaneous", "manufactured", "articles", "X", "K64", "Lending", "and", "investments", "\n", "53.1Postal", "activities", "under", "universal", "\n", "service", "obligationX", " ", "Sustainability", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation133", "134", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "63.1Data", "processing", ",", "hosting", "and", "\n", "related", "activities", ";", "web", "portalsX", "X", "EBOPS", "Services", "exports", "C", "E", "C10", ",", "C11", ",", "I56", "Food", "and", "beverage", "\n", "64.1", "Monetary", "intermediation", "X", "1.1", "Sea", "transport", "X", "\n", "64.9", "Other", "financial", "service", "activities", "X", "1.2", "Air", "transport", "X", "X", " ", "Clusters", "\n", "66.2Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "fundingX", "2.1", "Business", "travel", "X", " ", "Green", "energy", "and", "environmental", "services", "\n", "68.1Buying", "and", "selling", "of", "own", "real", "\n", "estateX", "X", "3.1", "Postal", "and", "courier", "services", "X", " ", "Education", "and", "knowledge", "transfer", "\n", "68.2Rental", "and", "operating", "of", "own", "or", "\n", "leased", "real", "estateX", "3.2", "Telecommunications", "services", "X", " ", "Biotechnology", "\n", "70.2", "Management", "consultancy", "activities", "X", "6" ]	[]
For example, at the Principele Carol High School in Gura Humorului, a small town in the province of Bukovina, the local reviser considered appointing Dr Sonia Donetz, who had applied for the position. The main reason for this option was the fact that she was the only one among her colleagues in town who spoke Romanian fluently. The resolution issued by the Ministry of Instruction was however clear: no female doctor would be considered suited for a boys' school, the principal being urged to find a male alternative. 50 This case sheds light on a procedure that was highly discriminatory and against the best interests of the institution: a female doctor was being dismissed solely on the ground that it was preferable to leave students without any medical assistance than to have a woman examine and teach them, given the fact she was the only professional who knew the language. In fact, the lengthy correspondence between the Ministry and local authorities could have been easily avoided by collaborating with the Ministry of Health to compile updated statistics of doctors, their education and place of residence. What central authorities must have regarded as a way to give local institutions the ability to decide for themselves was in fact a mere misconception: although they could appoint someone as school doctor, such institutions still needed the Ministry's consent. Language turned out to be one of the most important criteria when settling a dispute between two female doctors aiming for the same position, when only one of them benefited from the support of the school's principal. 51 However, research conducted on documents from the Ministry of Instruction suggests that comments referring to the unsatisfactory degree of mastering the Romanian language constituted a common accusation among teaching staff and local school authorities. Its purpose was that of delegitimizing the opponent as a professional, since without the ability to speak Romanian the transfer of knowledge would have been impossible. Despite these cases which reveal the numerous tensions generated by the mandatory gender segregation of medical staff working in secondary schools, not all substitutions were as difficult. On the contrary, in many schools, appointing a female doctor was the easiest decision the principal had to make; the board of the Girls' High School in Turnu Măgurele, which received two applications for the school doctor and hygiene teacher position, the first from a male doctor and the second	[ "For", "example", ",", "at", "the", "Principele", "Carol", "High", "School", "in", "Gura", "Humorului", ",", "a", "small", "town", "in", "the", "province", "of", "Bukovina", ",", "the", "local", "reviser", "considered", "appointing", "Dr", "Sonia", "Donetz", ",", "who", "had", "applied", "\n\n", "for", "the", "position", ".", "The", "main", "reason", "for", "this", "option", "was", "the", "fact", "that", "she", "was", "the", "only", "one", "among", "her", "colleagues", "in", "town", "who", "spoke", "Romanian", "fluently", ".", "The", "resolution", "issued", "by", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "was", "however", "clear", ":", "no", "female", "doctor", "would", "be", "considered", "suited", "for", "a", "boys", "'", "school", ",", "the", "principal", "being", "urged", "to", "find", "a", "male", "alternative", ".", "50", " ", "This", "case", "sheds", "light", "on", "a", "procedure", "that", "was", "highly", "discriminatory", "and", "against", "the", "best", "interests", "of", "the", "institution", ":", "a", "female", "doctor", "was", "being", "dismissed", "solely", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "it", "was", "preferable", "to", "leave", "students", "without", "any", "medical", "assistance", "than", "to", "have", "a", "woman", "examine", "and", "teach", "them", ",", "given", "the", "fact", "she", "was", "the", "only", "professional", "who", "knew", "the", "language", ".", "\n\n", "In", "fact", ",", "the", "lengthy", "correspondence", "between", "the", "Ministry", "and", "local", "authorities", "could", "have", "been", "easily", "avoided", "by", "collaborating", "with", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Health", "to", "compile", "updated", "statistics", "of", "doctors", ",", "their", "education", "and", "place", "of", "residence", ".", "What", "central", "authorities", "must", "have", "regarded", "as", "a", "way", "to", "give", "local", "institutions", "the", "ability", "to", "decide", "for", "themselves", "was", "in", "fact", "a", "mere", "misconception", ":", "although", "they", "could", "appoint", "someone", "as", "school", "doctor", ",", "such", "institutions", "still", "needed", "the", "Ministry", "'s", "consent", ".", "\n\n", "Language", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "criteria", "when", "settling", "a", "dispute", "between", "two", "female", "doctors", "aiming", "for", "the", "same", "position", ",", "when", "only", "one", "of", "them", "benefited", "from", "the", "support", "of", "the", "school", "'s", "principal", ".", "51", "However", ",", "research", "conducted", "on", "documents", "from", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "suggests", "that", "comments", "referring", "to", "the", "unsatisfactory", "degree", "of", "mastering", "the", "Romanian", "language", "constituted", "a", "common", "accusation", "among", "teaching", "staff", "and", "local", "school", "authorities", ".", "Its", "purpose", "was", "that", "of", "delegitimizing", "the", "opponent", "as", "a", "professional", ",", "since", "without", "the", "ability", "to", "speak", "Romanian", "the", "transfer", "of", "knowledge", "would", "have", "been", "impossible", ".", "\n\n", "Despite", " ", "these", " ", "cases", " ", "which", " ", "reveal", " ", "the", " ", "numerous", " ", "tensions", " ", "generated", " ", "by", "the", " ", "mandatory", "gender", "segregation", "of", "medical", "staff", "working", "in", "secondary", "schools", ",", "not", "all", "substitutions", "were", "as", "difficult", ".", "On", "the", "contrary", ",", "in", "many", "schools", ",", "appointing", "a", "female", "doctor", "was", "the", "easiest", "decision", "the", "principal", "had", "to", "make", ";", "the", "board", "of", "the", "Girls", "'", "High", "School", "in", "Turnu", "Măgurele", ",", "which", "received", "two", "applications", "for", "the", "school", "doctor", "and", "hygiene", "teacher", "position", ",", "the", "first", "from", "a", "male", "doctor", "and", "the", "second" ]	[ { "end": 523, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 521 }, { "end": 1605, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1603 } ]
Analytics; Financial Services6 J63 – Information service activitiesInformation Technology; Internet Services; Software; Apps5 K64 – Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingFinancial Services; Lending and Investment; Payments,3 M71 – Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysisScience and Engineering 1 M72 – Scientific research and development Science and Engineering 1 M73 – Advertising and market researchSales and Marketing; Data Analytics2 N79 – Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activitiesTravel and Tourism 2Table 2.55. Concordance between NACE industries and recommended industry groups for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies The table shows a preliminary concordance between NACE sectors and Crunchbase Industry Groups. The right column represents the number of different countries with one or more selected industry groups from the middle column. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation117 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Total ECCP’s Cluster Mapping Tool 1 0 3 4 2 23 33 Additional clusters in the EaP PLUS report3 1 1 1 1 1 8Table 2.56. Number of cluster organisations by EaP country The following sections present all of the identified organisation clusters by country, first those fea- tured in the Cluster Mapping Tool and then those featured in the EaP PLUS report, as well as some additional considerations. A final section includes a table featuring the num- ber of clusters per sector for each country. Armenia In the Cluster Mapping Tool, Armenia presents one single cluster: Green Energy Cluster, with 19 member organisations, and Barva Innovation as its technological centre. The cluster is related to the sectors of Environmental services and Educa- tion and knowledge creation. The EaP PLUS report also highlights two clusters in the field of IT: the Gyumri Technology Center and the Vanadzor Technology Center. Addition- ally, the Armenian Society of Food Science and Technologies is also considered a cluster in the fields of Food and IT. As of 2017, the Government of the Republic of Armenia had not yet formed specific cluster-re- lated policies – but SME development, research and innovation structure development – and pub- lic-private partnership facilitation in several key fields has been a strong government policy focus in past years. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan currently has no clusters featured on the ECCP mapping platform. The EaP PLUS report highlights a single cluster or- ganisation in the field of Energy: the Petrochem- ical cluster of Azerbaijan. It is led by SOCAR	[ "Analytics", ";", "Financial", "\n", "Services6", "\n", "J63", "–", "Information", "service", "activitiesInformation", "Technology", ";", "\n", "Internet", "Services", ";", "Software", ";", "\n", "Apps5", "\n", "K64", "–", "Financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "fundingFinancial", "Services", ";", "Lending", "\n", "and", "Investment", ";", "Payments,3", "\n", "M71", "–", "Architectural", "and", "engineering", "activities", ";", "technical", "\n", "testing", "and", "analysisScience", "and", "Engineering", "1", "\n", "M72", "–", "Scientific", "research", "and", "development", "Science", "and", "Engineering", "1", "\n", "M73", "–", "Advertising", "and", "market", "researchSales", "and", "Marketing", ";", "Data", "\n", "Analytics2", "\n", "N79", "–", "Travel", "agency", ",", "tour", "operator", "and", "other", "reservation", "\n", "service", "and", "related", "activitiesTravel", "and", "Tourism", "2Table", "2.55", ".", "Concordance", "between", "NACE", "industries", "and", "recommended", "industry", "groups", "for", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "venture", "\n", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "\n", "The", "table", "shows", "a", "preliminary", "concordance", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "Crunchbase", "Industry", "Groups", ".", "The", "right", "column", "\n", "represents", "the", "number", "of", "different", "countries", "with", "one", "or", "more", "selected", "industry", "groups", "from", "the", "middle", "column", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation117", "\n", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "Total", "\n", "ECCP", "’s", "Cluster", "Mapping", "Tool", "1", "0", "3", "4", "2", "23", "33", "\n", "Additional", "clusters", "in", "the", "EaP", "PLUS", "\n", "report3", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "8Table", "2.56", ".", "Number", "of", "cluster", "organisations", "by", "EaP", "country", "\n", "The", "following", "sections", "present", "all", "of", "the", "identified", "\n", "organisation", "clusters", "by", "country", ",", "first", "those", "fea-", "\n", "tured", "in", "the", "Cluster", "Mapping", "Tool", "and", "then", "those", "\n", "featured", "in", "the", "EaP", "PLUS", "report", ",", "as", "well", "as", "some", "\n", "additional", "considerations", ".", "\n", "A", "final", "section", "includes", "a", "table", "featuring", "the", "num-", "\n", "ber", "of", "clusters", "per", "sector", "for", "each", "country", ".", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "In", "the", "Cluster", "Mapping", "Tool", ",", "Armenia", "presents", "one", "\n", "single", "cluster", ":", "Green", "Energy", "Cluster", ",", "with", "19", "\n", "member", "organisations", ",", "and", "Barva", "Innovation", "as", "\n", "its", "technological", "centre", ".", "The", "cluster", "is", "related", "to", "\n", "the", "sectors", "of", "Environmental", "services", "and", "Educa-", "\n", "tion", "and", "knowledge", "creation", ".", "\n", "The", "EaP", "PLUS", "report", "also", "highlights", "two", "clusters", "\n", "in", "the", "field", "of", "IT", ":", "the", "Gyumri", "Technology", "Center", "\n", "and", "the", "Vanadzor", "Technology", "Center", ".", "Addition-", "\n", "ally", ",", "the", "Armenian", "Society", "of", "Food", "Science", "\n", "and", "Technologies", "is", "also", "considered", "a", "cluster", "in", "\n", "the", "fields", "of", "Food", "and", "IT", ".", "\n", "As", "of", "2017", ",", "the", "Government", "of", "the", "Republic", "of", "\n", "Armenia", "had", "not", "yet", "formed", "specific", "cluster", "-", "re-", "\n", "lated", "policies", "–", "but", "SME", "development", ",", "research", "\n", "and", "innovation", "structure", "development", "–", "and", "pub-", "\n", "lic", "-", "private", "partnership", "facilitation", "in", "several", "key", "\n", "fields", "has", "been", "a", "strong", "government", "policy", "focus", "\n", "in", "past", "years", ".", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "currently", "has", "no", "clusters", "featured", "on", "\n", "the", "ECCP", "mapping", "platform", ".", "\n", "The", "EaP", "PLUS", "report", "highlights", "a", "single", "cluster", "or-", "\n", "ganisation", "in", "the", "field", "of", "Energy", ":", "the", "Petrochem-", "\n", "ical", "cluster", "of", "Azerbaijan", ".", "It", "is", "led", "by", "SOCAR" ]	[]
Notes: The country groupings by level of income are as defined by the World Bank but include only countries shown in the table. They are based on the list of countries by income group as revised in July 2023. Imputed student costs are excluded. All data represent gross disbursements. Sector allocable ODA does not include budget support. ## TABLE 4: Development assistance to education by donor - top 3 recipients, annual average 2020-2022 \| \| EDUCATION \| EDUCATION \| \| BASIC EDUCATION \| BASIC EDUCATION \| \| \|-------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-------------\| \| Donor \| Recipient \| Constant 2022 USD millions \| Recipient % \| Recipient \| Constant 2022 USD millions \| Recipient % \| \| Australia \| Oceania, Unallocated \| 27 \| 14 \| Indonesia \| 11 \| 15.8 \| \| \| Papua New Guinea \| 25 \| 13 \| Unspecified by region \| 10 \| 14.2 \| \| \| Vanuatu \| 18 \| 9 \| Solomon Islands \| 9 \| 12.2 \| \| Austria \| Unspecified by region \| 6 \| 17 \| Mexico \| 2 \| 70.9 \| \| \| Türkiye \| 5 \| 15 \| Europe and Northern America, Unallocated \| 0 \| 9.0 \| \| \| Guatemala \| 4 \| 12 \| Rep. Moldova \| 0 \| 8.8 \| \| Belgium \| Unspecified by region \| 40 \| 36 \| Unspecified by region \| 8 \| 50.5 \| \| \| Democratic Republic of the Congo \| 15 \| 13 \| Viet Nam \| 1 \| 9.1 \| \| \| Uganda \| 9 \| 8 \| Zambia \| 1 \| 8.2 \| \| Canada \| Unspecified by region \| 56 \| 9 \| Unspecified by region \| 32 \| 26.6 \| \| \| Jordan \| 17 \| 5 \| Burkina Faso \| 7 \| 6.2 \| \| \| Tanzania \| 14 \| 4 \| Mozambique \| 7 \| 6.0 \| \| Denmark \| Unspecified by region \| 70 \| 40 \| Northern Africa and Western Asia, Unallocated \| 8 \| 61.7 \| \| \| Northern Africa and Western Asia, Unallocated \| 8 \| 10 \| Myanmar \| 2 \| 11.8 \| \| \| Ethiopia \| 2 \| 2 \| Afghanistan \| 1 \| 8.3 \| \| Finland \| Unspecified by region \| 15 \| 20 \| Sub-Saharan Africa, Unallocated \| 0 \| 0.7 \| \| \| Mozambique \| 11 \| 16 \| Ethiopia \| 5 \| 17.7 \| \| \|	[ "Notes", ":", "The", "country", "groupings", "by", "level", "of", "income", "are", "as", "defined", "by", "the", "World", "Bank", "but", "include", "only", "countries", "shown", "in", "the", "table", ".", "They", "are", "based", "on", "the", "list", "of", "countries", "by", "income", "group", "as", "revised", "in", "July", "2023", ".", "\n\n", "Imputed", "student", "costs", "are", "excluded", ".", "\n\n", "All", "data", "represent", "gross", "disbursements", ".", "\n\n", "Sector", "allocable", "ODA", "does", "not", "include", "budget", "support", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "TABLE", "4", ":", "Development", "assistance", "to", "education", "by", "donor", "-", "top", "3", "recipients", ",", "annual", "average", "2020", "-", "2022", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "EDUCATION", " ", "\|", "EDUCATION", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "BASIC", "EDUCATION", " ", "\|", "BASIC", "EDUCATION", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|-------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Donor", " ", "\|", "Recipient", " ", "\|", "Constant", "2022", "USD", "millions", "\|", "Recipient", "%", "\|", "Recipient", " ", "\|", "Constant", "2022", "USD", "millions", "\|", "Recipient", "%", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Australia", " ", "\|", "Oceania", ",", "Unallocated", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "Indonesia", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "15.8", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Papua", "New", "Guinea", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "14.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Vanuatu", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "Solomon", "Islands", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "12.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Austria", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "Mexico", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "70.9", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Türkiye", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "Europe", "and", "Northern", "America", ",", "Unallocated", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "9.0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Guatemala", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "Rep.", "Moldova", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "8.8", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Belgium", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "40", " ", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "50.5", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Democratic", "Republic", "of", "the", "Congo", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "Viet", "Nam", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "9.1", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Uganda", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "Zambia", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "8.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Canada", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "56", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "32", " ", "\|", "26.6", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Jordan", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "Burkina", "Faso", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "6.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Tanzania", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "Mozambique", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "6.0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Denmark", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "70", " ", "\|", "40", " ", "\|", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", ",", "Unallocated", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "61.7", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", ",", "Unallocated", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "Myanmar", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "11.8", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Ethiopia", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "Afghanistan", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "8.3", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Finland", " ", "\|", "Unspecified", "by", "region", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "20", " ", "\|", "Sub", "-", "Saharan", "Africa", ",", "Unallocated", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0.7", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "Mozambique", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "Ethiopia", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "17.7", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|" ]	[]
that resolve the dark matter signal that were first published in (Shah, Deng et al. 2023), we identified 17,826 virus taxonomic entities from the sequenced material. Of these, we annotated and classified 9,329 novel viruses, mostly bacteriophages. The total repertoire now amounts to 973 families, 7346 subfamilies and 16 850 genera. 2.3.4 Testing association with the two diseases To assess the virome compositions, we decided to use a multivariate prediction model – sparse projection to latent structures (sPLS) and random forest (Thorsen, Rasmussen et al. 2019) to generate virome scores (“fingerprint score”) for each sample. As inputs, we tested log-transformed relative abundances of vOTU and family level after removing rare taxonomic groups. 11The extracted virome score was then used as a predictor in a mixed-effects logistic regression model with random intercepts for individuals and matched sets. Covariates included clinical variables (mode of delivery, age, breastfeeding, introduction of gluten) and their meaningful interactions. The analyses are being carried out according to a jointly agreed written analytic plan, and manuscript writing follows the respective manuscript proposal. 3Profiling the bacteriome using the 16S rDNA gene The bacteriome profiles in the HEDIMED project were determined using 16S rDNA gene profiling of its V3-V4 region, mostly amplified with staggered primers (i.e. primers with an insertion of a spacer having a variable number of bases between the sequencing adapter, and the constant specific part of the primer). The novel design of the spacers is now being written up as a short technical communication. Samples were collected and immediately frozen, or collected and preserved in ambient temperature using the Isohelix StoolFix microbiome stabilization solution. The DNA extraction was performed using the PowerSoil Plus kit (Qiagen), and the content of bacterial genomes was assessed using pan-bacterial 16S rDNA quantitative real-time PCR. For the profiling, the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA was amplified using broadly used primers 341F (V3, forward (Muyzer, de Waal et al. 1993)) and 806R (V4 reverse (Walters, Hyde et al. 2016)) which give a ~430 nt amplicon. The products were purified, diluted and tailed using a limited-cycles second round PCR. Indexed amplicons were purified, equalized based on fluorescent DNA quantification, and pooled. Sequencing of the library pool was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform (for smaller batches of libraries) or Illumina NextSeq 2000 platform (for larger batches of libraries), always using bidirectional sequencing with 250-270 bases each direction. 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scintillators, as discussed previously. In order to remove the background caused by prompt γ- rays and neutrons and to keep only γ-rays from isomers, a time cut was applied to the analyzed data. From the neutrons’time-of-ﬂight from the chamber to the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors (see Table 1for the distances), it was calculated that the con- tribution from neutrons having a kinetic energy En/greaterorsimilar100 keV was gated out by selecting only γ-rays detected more than 35 ns after ﬁssion. Hence, in the following late emission γ- rays will refer to γ-rays emitted after this 35 ns threshold. It is noteworthy that for such times the ﬁssion fragments werealready stopped inside the chamber, hence no Doppler shift was expected for the late emission γ-rays. In total, 8 .2×10 6 FF-γ-γcoincidence events were detected between 35 ns and 100 µs after ﬁssion. The isomers found in the VESPA coincidence data were identiﬁed using the NuDat database [ 13,14], based on ENSDF Adopted Levels and Gamma ﬁles. This analysis wasbased on the energy and time information of the detected γ- rays. For instance, γ-γmatrices with different time cuts are shown in Fig. 4. Several spots in these matrices are visible, corresponding to abundant γ-γcoincidences from isomeric γcascades that could be easily identiﬁed. The identiﬁcation could be conﬁrmed by studying the post-neutron mass distribution of the corresponding ﬁssion 123 5 Page 4 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Fig. 4 γ-γcoincidence matrix obtained with VESPA at different time cuts relative to ﬁssion, between 50 and 450 keV fragments obtained from the IC. Indeed, when gating on a γ−γcoincidence corresponding to one particular isomer, the resulting mass distribution consisted of two Gaussians,as shown in Fig. 5. The two peaks correspond to the emit- ting fragment and its complementary one, both smeared by the mass resolution of the IC. In contrast, no distinct peak came from coincidences that did not originate from a spe-ciﬁc fragment. This was, for instance, the case of the γ-γ coincidence from 81Br that came from the LaBr 3(Ce) scin- tillator. This nucleus could be excited up to an isomeric state(E ∗=536 keV and T1/2=34.6µs) by the inelastic scat- tering of prompt ﬁssion neutrons in the crystals. The mass distribution associated with such a spurious coincidence fol-lowed the Y(A post)distribution represented in Fig. 5.Fig. 5 Mass distributions corresponding to95Sr (red) and134Te (blue) isomers (and their complementary fragments, which are lighter shaded)from	[ "scintillators", ",", "as", "discussed", "previously", ".", "\n", "In", "order", "to", "remove", "the", "background", "caused", "by", "prompt", "γ-", "\n", "rays", "and", "neutrons", "and", "to", "keep", "only", "γ", "-", "rays", "from", "isomers", ",", "a", "\n", "time", "cut", "was", "applied", "to", "the", "analyzed", "data", ".", "From", "the", "neutrons’time", "-", "of-ﬂight", "from", "the", "chamber", "to", "the", "LaBr", "\n", "3(Ce", ")", "detectors", "\n", "(", "see", "Table", "1for", "the", "distances", ")", ",", "it", "was", "calculated", "that", "the", "con-", "\n", "tribution", "from", "neutrons", "having", "a", "kinetic", "energy", "En", "/", "greaterorsimilar100", "keV", "\n", "was", "gated", "out", "by", "selecting", "only", "γ", "-", "rays", "detected", "more", "than", "\n", "35", "ns", "after", "ﬁssion", ".", "Hence", ",", "in", "the", "following", "late", "emission", "γ-", "\n", "rays", "will", "refer", "to", "γ", "-", "rays", "emitted", "after", "this", "35", "ns", "threshold", ".", "It", "\n", "is", "noteworthy", "that", "for", "such", "times", "the", "ﬁssion", "fragments", "werealready", "stopped", "inside", "the", "chamber", ",", "hence", "no", "Doppler", "shift", "\n", "was", "expected", "for", "the", "late", "emission", "γ", "-", "rays", ".", "In", "total", ",", "8", ".2×10", "\n", "6", "\n", "FF", "-", "γ", "-", "γcoincidence", "events", "were", "detected", "between", "35", "ns", "and", "\n", "100", "µs", "after", "ﬁssion", ".", "\n", "The", "isomers", "found", "in", "the", "VESPA", "coincidence", "data", "were", "\n", "identiﬁed", "using", "the", "NuDat", "database", "[", "13,14", "]", ",", "based", "on", "\n", "ENSDF", "Adopted", "Levels", "and", "Gamma", "ﬁles", ".", "This", "analysis", "wasbased", "on", "the", "energy", "and", "time", "information", "of", "the", "detected", "γ-", "\n", "rays", ".", "For", "instance", ",", "γ", "-", "γmatrices", "with", "different", "time", "cuts", "are", "\n", "shown", "in", "Fig", ".", "4", ".", "Several", "spots", "in", "these", "matrices", "are", "visible", ",", "\n", "corresponding", "to", "abundant", "γ", "-", "γcoincidences", "from", "isomeric", "\n", "γcascades", "that", "could", "be", "easily", "identiﬁed", ".", "\n", "The", "identiﬁcation", "could", "be", "conﬁrmed", "by", "studying", "the", "\n", "post", "-", "neutron", "mass", "distribution", "of", "the", "corresponding", "ﬁssion", "\n", "123", " ", "5", "Page", "4", "of", "12", "Eur", ".", "Phys", ".", "J.", "A", " ", "(", "2025", ")", "61:5", "\n", "Fig", ".", "4", "γ", "-", "γcoincidence", "matrix", "obtained", "with", "VESPA", "at", "different", "time", "\n", "cuts", "relative", "to", "ﬁssion", ",", "between", "50", "and", "450", "keV", "\n", "fragments", "obtained", "from", "the", "IC", ".", "Indeed", ",", "when", "gating", "on", "a", "\n", "γ−γcoincidence", "corresponding", "to", "one", "particular", "isomer", ",", "\n", "the", "resulting", "mass", "distribution", "consisted", "of", "two", "Gaussians", ",", "as", "shown", "in", "Fig", ".", "5", ".", "The", "two", "peaks", "correspond", "to", "the", "emit-", "\n", "ting", "fragment", "and", "its", "complementary", "one", ",", "both", "smeared", "by", "\n", "the", "mass", "resolution", "of", "the", "IC", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "no", "distinct", "peak", "\n", "came", "from", "coincidences", "that", "did", "not", "originate", "from", "a", "spe", "-", "ciﬁc", "fragment", ".", "This", "was", ",", "for", "instance", ",", "the", "case", "of", "the", "γ", "-", "γ", "\n", "coincidence", "from", "\n", "81Br", "that", "came", "from", "the", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "scin-", "\n", "tillator", ".", "This", "nucleus", "could", "be", "excited", "up", "to", "an", "isomeric", "state(E", "\n", "∗=536", "keV", "and", "T1/2=34.6µs", ")", "by", "the", "inelastic", "scat-", "\n", "tering", "of", "prompt", "ﬁssion", "neutrons", "in", "the", "crystals", ".", "The", "mass", "\n", "distribution", "associated", "with", "such", "a", "spurious", "coincidence", "fol", "-", "lowed", "the", "Y(A", "\n", "post)distribution", "represented", "in", "Fig", ".", "5.Fig", ".", "5", "Mass", "distributions", "corresponding", "to95Sr", "(", "red", ")", "and134Te", "(", "blue", ")", "\n", "isomers", "(", "and", "their", "complementary", "fragments", ",", "which", "are", "lighter", "shaded)from" ]	[ { "end": 946, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 944 }, { "end": 949, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 947 } ]
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[CrossRef] Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.	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industries. At the same time, refocusing implies that the EU should be more rigorous in applying the subsidiarity prin - ciple and exercise more “self-restraint” . The Commission’s legislative activity has been growing excessively, also due to passive scrutiny of the subsidiarity principle by national parliaments, which sets the boundaries of the Commission’s right of initiative. While national parliaments have the power to scrutinise whether EU legislation complies with the subsidiarity principle through reasoned opinions – and potentially trigger the so-called “yellow card procedure” – many do not actively exercise this right. For example, of the 39 national parliaments or chambers in the EU, only nine (from seven Member States) issued reasoned opinions in the context of scrutinising subsidiarity in 2023. An EU-wide inquiry should be launched to analyse the reasons behind national parliaments’ passive exercise of their scrutiny of the subsidiarity principle. Building on its conclusions, initiatives should be taken to reinforce the administrative capacity and role of national parliaments and Member States in their control over EU legislative activity. Moreover, EU institutions should apply a “self-restraint” principle in policymaking, both by better filtering future initiatives and by streamlining the existing acquis, building on the measures described in “Simplifying rules” below. ACCELERATING THE WORK OF THE EU Council votes subject to qualified majority voting (QMV) should be extended to more areas, and if action at the EU level is blocked, a differentiated approach to integration should be pursued . So far, many efforts to deepen European integration between Member States have been hindered by unanimity voting in the Council of the European Union. All possibilities offered by the EU Treaties should therefore be exploited to extend QMV. The so-called “passerelle” clause should be leveraged to generalise voting by qualified majority in all policy areas in the Council. This step would require an upfront agreement, subject to unanimity at the level of the European Council, and would have a positive impact on the pace at which key legislative initiatives are adopted by the EU. If action at the EU level is hindered by existing institutional procedures, the next-best option is for like-minded groups of Member States to resort to enhanced cooperation as foreseen by Articles 20 TEU and 329 TFEU. Enhanced cooperation offers two important safeguards: the consent of the European Parliament (EP) and judicial oversight of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU). It is also based on	[ "industries", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "refocusing", "implies", "that", "the", "EU", "should", "be", "more", "rigorous", "in", "applying", "the", "subsidiarity", "prin", "-", "\n", "ciple", "and", "exercise", "more", "“", "self", "-", "restraint", "”", ".", "The", "Commission", "’s", "legislative", "activity", "has", "been", "growing", "excessively", ",", "\n", "also", "due", "to", "passive", "scrutiny", "of", "the", "subsidiarity", "principle", "by", "national", "parliaments", ",", "which", "sets", "the", "boundaries", "of", "the", "\n", "Commission", "’s", "right", "of", "initiative", ".", "While", "national", "parliaments", "have", "the", "power", "to", "scrutinise", "whether", "EU", "legislation", "\n", "complies", "with", "the", "subsidiarity", "principle", "through", "reasoned", "opinions", "–", "and", "potentially", "trigger", "the", "so", "-", "called", "“", "yellow", "\n", "card", "procedure", "”", "–", "many", "do", "not", "actively", "exercise", "this", "right", ".", "For", "example", ",", "of", "the", "39", "national", "parliaments", "or", "chambers", "in", "\n", "the", "EU", ",", "only", "nine", "(", "from", "seven", "Member", "States", ")", "issued", "reasoned", "opinions", "in", "the", "context", "of", "scrutinising", "subsidiarity", "in", "\n", "2023", ".", "An", "EU", "-", "wide", "inquiry", "should", "be", "launched", "to", "analyse", "the", "reasons", "behind", "national", "parliaments", "’", "passive", "exercise", "\n", "of", "their", "scrutiny", "of", "the", "subsidiarity", "principle", ".", "Building", "on", "its", "conclusions", ",", "initiatives", "should", "be", "taken", "to", "reinforce", "\n", "the", "administrative", "capacity", "and", "role", "of", "national", "parliaments", "and", "Member", "States", "in", "their", "control", "over", "EU", "legislative", "\n", "activity", ".", "Moreover", ",", "EU", "institutions", "should", "apply", "a", "“", "self", "-", "restraint", "”", "principle", "in", "policymaking", ",", "both", "by", "better", "filtering", "\n", "future", "initiatives", "and", "by", "streamlining", "the", "existing", "acquis", ",", "building", "on", "the", "measures", "described", "in", "“", "Simplifying", "rules", "”", "\n", "below", ".", "\n", "ACCELERATING", "THE", "WORK", "OF", "THE", "EU", "\n", "Council", "votes", "subject", "to", "qualified", "majority", "voting", "(", "QMV", ")", "should", "be", "extended", "to", "more", "areas", ",", "and", "if", "action", "\n", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "is", "blocked", ",", "a", "differentiated", "approach", "to", "integration", "should", "be", "pursued", ".", "So", "far", ",", "many", "efforts", "\n", "to", "deepen", "European", "integration", "between", "Member", "States", "have", "been", "hindered", "by", "unanimity", "voting", "in", "the", "Council", "\n", "of", "the", "European", "Union", ".", "All", "possibilities", "offered", "by", "the", "EU", "Treaties", "should", "therefore", "be", "exploited", "to", "extend", "QMV", ".", "\n", "The", "so", "-", "called", "“", "passerelle", "”", "clause", "should", "be", "leveraged", "to", "generalise", "voting", "by", "qualified", "majority", "in", "all", "policy", "areas", "\n", "in", "the", "Council", ".", "This", "step", "would", "require", "an", "upfront", "agreement", ",", "subject", "to", "unanimity", "at", "the", "level", "of", "the", "European", "\n", "Council", ",", "and", "would", "have", "a", "positive", "impact", "on", "the", "pace", "at", "which", "key", "legislative", "initiatives", "are", "adopted", "by", "the", "EU", ".", "If", "\n", "action", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "is", "hindered", "by", "existing", "institutional", "procedures", ",", "the", "next", "-", "best", "option", "is", "for", "like", "-", "minded", "groups", "\n", "of", "Member", "States", "to", "resort", "to", "enhanced", "cooperation", "as", "foreseen", "by", "Articles", "20", "TEU", "and", "329", "TFEU", ".", "Enhanced", "\n", "cooperation", "offers", "two", "important", "safeguards", ":", "the", "consent", "of", "the", "European", "Parliament", "(", "EP", ")", "and", "judicial", "oversight", "\n", "of", "the", "Court", "of", "Justice", "of", "the", "EU", "(", "CJEU", ")", ".", "It", "is", "also", "based", "on" ]	[]
interested in the four slender sets, since all other sets give no additional information about the S-box. We now describe a number of ways to partition the pairs into sets and to check that this partitioning is correct. Partitioning pairs into sets. Assume again that we are trying to recover S-box S 0 . Our starting point for partitioning pairs (in particular the slender pairs) into sets is the counter C . The straightforward partitioning method simply sorts C in descending order, and takes the first eight pairs as the first set, the next eight pairs as a second set, etc. Using this method obviously means that we shall often make the wrong partitioning into sets, but the partitioning can be checked using the very strong filtering methods described in the following subsection. Filtering methods. Given u sets for some S-box S and v sets for its inverse S -1 , the most indicative method to check whether these sets may be correct is to see how many S-boxes would give rise to the same sets. If no S-box gives rise to these sets, then clearly the sets must be wrong. However, counting the number of S-boxes that give rise to these sets is somewhat inefficient (see, however, Section 4), and as we have seen, if we only know a few sets, there are usually several S-boxes that give rise to the same sets, and so the probability of a false positive is high in this case. We call this filter the existence filter . A much more efficient method is based on the trivial observation that for any valid set D e , we have that { x, y : { x, y } ∈ D e } = F 4 2 . In other words, a valid set 'covers' all values in F 4 2 . Hence, if we have identified a candidate set D containing two pairs { x, y } and { x, z } , then D cannot be a valid set. Although this method is very simple, it is in fact a very strong filter; the probability that eight randomly chosen pairs among the 120 pairs cover all values in F 4 2 is only <!-- formula-not-decoded --> and therefore in practice, many wrong candidate sets are discovered by this method. We call this filter the cover filter . It should be noted that	[ "interested", "in", "the", "four", "slender", "sets", ",", "since", "all", "other", "sets", "give", "no", "additional", "information", "about", "the", "S", "-", "box", ".", "\n\n", "We", "now", "describe", "a", "number", "of", "ways", "to", "partition", "the", "pairs", "into", "sets", "and", "to", "check", "that", "this", "partitioning", "is", "correct", ".", "\n\n", "Partitioning", "pairs", "into", "sets", ".", "Assume", "again", "that", "we", "are", "trying", "to", "recover", "S", "-", "box", "S", "0", ".", "Our", "starting", "point", "for", "partitioning", "pairs", "(", "in", "particular", "the", "slender", "pairs", ")", "into", "sets", "is", "the", "counter", "C", ".", "\n\n", "The", "straightforward", "partitioning", "method", "simply", "sorts", "C", "in", "descending", "order", ",", "and", "takes", "the", "first", "eight", "pairs", "as", "the", "first", "set", ",", "the", "next", "eight", "pairs", "as", "a", "second", "set", ",", "etc", ".", "Using", "this", "method", "obviously", "means", "that", "we", "shall", "often", "make", "the", "wrong", "partitioning", "into", "sets", ",", "but", "the", "partitioning", "can", "be", "checked", "using", "the", "very", "strong", "filtering", "methods", "described", "in", "the", "following", "subsection", ".", "\n\n", "Filtering", "methods", ".", "Given", "u", "sets", "for", "some", "S", "-", "box", "S", "and", "v", "sets", "for", "its", "inverse", "S", "-1", ",", "the", "most", "indicative", "method", "to", "check", "whether", "these", "sets", "may", "be", "correct", "is", "to", "see", "how", "many", "S", "-", "boxes", "would", "give", "rise", "to", "the", "same", "sets", ".", "If", "no", "S", "-", "box", "gives", "rise", "to", "these", "sets", ",", "then", "clearly", "the", "sets", "must", "be", "wrong", ".", "However", ",", "counting", "the", "number", "of", "S", "-", "boxes", "that", "give", "rise", "to", "these", "sets", "is", "somewhat", "inefficient", "(", "see", ",", "however", ",", "Section", "4", ")", ",", "and", "as", "we", "have", "seen", ",", "if", "we", "only", "know", "a", "few", "sets", ",", "there", "are", "usually", "several", "S", "-", "boxes", "that", "give", "rise", "to", "the", "same", "sets", ",", "and", "so", "the", "probability", "of", "a", "false", "positive", "is", "high", "in", "this", "case", ".", "We", "call", "this", "filter", "the", "existence", "filter", ".", "\n\n", "A", "much", "more", "efficient", "method", "is", "based", "on", "the", "trivial", "observation", "that", "for", "any", "valid", "set", "D", "e", ",", "we", "have", "that", "{", "x", ",", "y", ":", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", "∈", "D", "e", "}", "=", "F", "4", "2", ".", "In", "other", "words", ",", "a", "valid", "set", "'", "covers", "'", "all", "values", "in", "F", "4", "2", ".", "Hence", ",", "if", "we", "have", "identified", "a", "candidate", "set", "D", "containing", "two", "pairs", "{", "x", ",", "y", "}", "and", "{", "x", ",", "z", "}", ",", "then", "D", "can", "not", "be", "a", "valid", "set", ".", "Although", "this", "method", "is", "very", "simple", ",", "it", "is", "in", "fact", "a", "very", "strong", "filter", ";", "the", "probability", "that", "eight", "randomly", "chosen", "pairs", "among", "the", "120", "pairs", "cover", "all", "values", "in", "F", "4", "2", "is", "only", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "formula", "-", "not", "-", "decoded", "--", ">", "\n\n", "and", "therefore", "in", "practice", ",", "many", "wrong", "candidate", "sets", "are", "discovered", "by", "this", "method", ".", "We", "call", "this", "filter", "the", "cover", "filter", ".", "\n\n", "It", "should", "be", "noted", "that" ]	[]
experience with its application. As the toolkit discusses, ring-fencing may play an important role in the timely collection of government revenue from the mining sector. While appropriate in some cases, it may not be in others, and the policy would be better achieved through other means, such as a mining royalty or a carefully designed capital allowances regime. It was also argued that the ring-fencing rules are not always necessary. Since there are costs associated with ring-fencing, e.g., impacts on investment decisions or compliance and administration burdens, its implementation should be carefully considered, considering the costs and benefits related to revenue-raising in view of the prevailing mining tax regime. Before considering the design and implementation of ring-fencing rules, governments need to consider the potential benefits a ring-fencing regime could deliver. Benefits must be weighed against the potential impact on future investment in their country and the additional burden that this is likely to place on taxpayers and tax administrations from complexities in audits and compliance, and the potential increase in disputes. The toolkit identifies the instances where it is advisable to achieve the tax policy objectives more effectively by careful design of a special mining regime and use of different fiscal instruments (e.g., a mining royalty to deliver early revenues), rather than introducing the ring-fencing rules. Equally, in many cases, addressing and dealing with BEPS and tax avoidance practices may be more effectively achieved by introducing special anti-avoidance rules and having a well-trained tax administration administer them effectively. In other situations, ring-fencing rules can enhance-or be essential tothe integrity of a special mining taxation regime. Furthermore, ring-fencing rules can also help mitigate some BEPS risks, such as abuse of financial derivatives and hedging transactions for profit-shifting purposes. This is especially the case where the tax administration has limited capacity to scrutinize sophisticated transactions, and ring-fencing rules can isolate such risk into a separate category of tax base that will be quarantined and taxed separately. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES ## 6.0 CONCLUSION There are different ring-fencing regime options to choose from, each offering different trade-offs and levels of restriction. There could be exceptions to ring-fencing or special design rules that make ring-fencing more flexiblefor example, to deal with permanent losses and to promote investment. Regardless of which ring-fencing option is	[ "experience", "with", "its", "application", ".", "As", "the", "toolkit", "discusses", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "may", "play", "an", "important", "role", "in", "the", "timely", "collection", "of", "government", "revenue", "from", "the", "mining", "sector", ".", "While", "appropriate", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "it", "may", "not", "be", "in", "others", ",", "and", "the", "policy", "would", "be", "better", "achieved", "through", "other", "means", ",", "such", "as", "a", "mining", "royalty", "or", "a", "carefully", "designed", "capital", "allowances", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "It", "was", "also", "argued", "that", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "not", "always", "necessary", ".", "Since", "there", "are", "costs", "associated", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "e.g.", ",", "impacts", "on", "investment", "decisions", "or", "compliance", "and", "administration", "burdens", ",", "its", "implementation", "should", "be", "carefully", "considered", ",", "considering", "the", "costs", "and", "benefits", "related", "to", "revenue", "-", "raising", "in", "view", "of", "the", "prevailing", "mining", "tax", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "Before", "considering", "the", "design", "and", "implementation", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ",", "governments", "need", "to", "consider", "the", "potential", "benefits", "a", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", "could", "deliver", ".", "Benefits", "must", "be", "weighed", "against", "the", "potential", "impact", "on", "future", "investment", "in", "their", "country", "and", "the", "additional", "burden", "that", "this", "is", "likely", "to", "place", "on", "taxpayers", "and", "tax", "administrations", "from", "complexities", "in", "audits", "and", "compliance", ",", "and", "the", "potential", "increase", "in", "disputes", ".", "\n\n", "The", "toolkit", "identifies", "the", "instances", "where", "it", "is", "advisable", "to", "achieve", "the", "tax", "policy", "objectives", "more", "effectively", "by", "careful", "design", "of", "a", "special", "mining", "regime", "and", "use", "of", "different", "fiscal", "instruments", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "mining", "royalty", "to", "deliver", "early", "revenues", ")", ",", "rather", "than", "introducing", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "Equally", ",", "in", "many", "cases", ",", "addressing", "and", "dealing", "with", "BEPS", "and", "tax", "avoidance", "practices", "may", "be", "more", "effectively", "achieved", "by", "introducing", "special", "anti", "-", "avoidance", "rules", "and", "having", "a", "well", "-", "trained", "tax", "administration", "administer", "them", "effectively", ".", "\n\n", "In", "other", "situations", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "can", "enhance", "-", "or", "be", "essential", "tothe", "integrity", "of", "a", "special", "mining", "taxation", "regime", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "can", "also", "help", "mitigate", "some", "BEPS", "risks", ",", "such", "as", "abuse", "of", "financial", "derivatives", "and", "hedging", "transactions", "for", "profit", "-", "shifting", "purposes", ".", "This", "is", "especially", "the", "case", "where", "the", "tax", "administration", "has", "limited", "capacity", "to", "scrutinize", "sophisticated", "transactions", ",", "and", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "can", "isolate", "such", "risk", "into", "a", "separate", "category", "of", "tax", "base", "that", "will", "be", "quarantined", "and", "taxed", "separately", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "There", "are", "different", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", "options", "to", "choose", "from", ",", "each", "offering", "different", "trade", "-", "offs", "and", "levels", "of", "restriction", ".", "There", "could", "be", "exceptions", "to", "ring", "-", "fencing", "or", "special", "design", "rules", "that", "make", "ring", "-", "fencing", "more", "flexiblefor", "example", ",", "to", "deal", "with", "permanent", "losses", "and", "to", "promote", "investment", ".", "\n\n", "Regardless", "of", "which", "ring", "-", "fencing", "option", "is" ]	[]
accordance with the Ninth Schedule; ⁰ (v) other sources of income chargeable to tax under section 3(2)(a), not falling within subparagraph (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) of this paragraph” (pp. 45–46). Source: Section 15, paragraph 7 of Kenya’s Income T ax Act (rev. 2021).3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 36 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers19. (1) Subject to subparagraph (2), hedging transactions entered into by a licensee or contractor shall be treated as a specified source of income for the purposes of section 15(7). (2) Subparagraph (1) does not apply to an approved hedging transaction entered into by a licensee or contractor that has an annual turnover of less than ten million shillings as required to obtain project finance and approved by the Commissioner. (3) In this paragraph, “hedging transaction” means a transaction entered into by a licensee or contractor to manage commodity price risk. Source: Schedule 9 – Hedging transactions, Kenya Income T ax Act . South Africa The capital expenditure determined “in relation to any mine or mines shall not exceed the taxable income (as determined before the deduction of any amount allowable under section 15(a), but after the set-off of any balance of assessed loss incurred by the taxpayer in relation to such mine or mines in any previous year which has been carried forward from the preceding year of assessment) derived by the taxpayer from mining.” Source: Section 36 (7E) of the Income T ax Act . In some cases, it may be difficult to distinguish between mining and non-mining activities. Distinguishing between the mining operations and manufacturing activities that can be connected or interrelated with mining operations is one such example. Countries may have different rules and even incentives in place, which may apply depending on whether the activities are considered mining versus manufacturing activities. On the one hand, mining involves the recovery of minerals that are already in the earth, whereas manufacturing produces a new element different from the materials or components that went into its making. On the other hand, the process of refining raw materials into a finished product, significantly different from the ore, could be considered manufacturing, and such activities may be subject to different tax treatments. Such distinctions and relevant definitions	[ "accordance", "with", "the", "Ninth", "Schedule", ";", "\n ", "⁰", "(", "v", ")", "other", "sources", "of", "income", "chargeable", "to", "tax", "under", "section", "\n", "3(2)(a", ")", ",", "not", " \n", "falling", "within", "subparagraph", "(", "i", ")", ",", "(", "ii", ")", ",", "(", "iii", ")", "or", "(", "iv", ")", "of", "this", "paragraph", "”", "\n", "(", "pp", ".", "45–46", ")", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "15", ",", "paragraph", "7", "of", "Kenya", "’s", "Income", "T", "ax", "Act", " ", "(", "rev", ".", "2021).3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "36", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makers19", ".", "(", "1", ")", "Subject", "to", "subparagraph", "(", "2", ")", ",", "hedging", "transactions", "entered", "into", "by", "a", "\n", "licensee", "or", "contractor", "shall", "be", "treated", "as", "a", "specified", "source", "of", "income", "for", "\n", "the", "purposes", "of", "section", "15(7", ")", ".", "\n", "(", "2", ")", "Subparagraph", "(", "1", ")", "does", "not", "apply", "to", "an", "approved", "hedging", "transaction", "\n", "entered", "into", "by", "a", "licensee", "or", "contractor", "that", "has", "an", "annual", "turnover", "of", "\n", "less", "than", "ten", "million", "shillings", "as", "required", "to", "obtain", "project", "finance", "and", "\n", "approved", "by", "the", "Commissioner", ".", "\n", "(", "3", ")", "In", "this", "paragraph", ",", "“", "hedging", "transaction", "”", "means", "a", "transaction", "entered", "\n", "into", "by", "a", "licensee", "or", "contractor", "to", "manage", "commodity", "price", "risk", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "Schedule", "9", "–", "Hedging", "transactions", ",", "Kenya", "Income", "T", "ax", "Act", ".", "\n", "South", "Africa", "\n", "The", "capital", "expenditure", "determined", "“", "in", "relation", "to", "any", "mine", "or", "mines", "shall", "\n", "not", "exceed", "the", "taxable", "income", "(", "as", "determined", "before", "the", "deduction", "of", "\n", "any", "amount", "allowable", "under", "section", "15(a", ")", ",", "but", "after", "the", "set", "-", "off", "of", "any", "\n", "balance", "of", "assessed", "loss", "incurred", "by", "the", "taxpayer", "in", "relation", "to", "such", "\n", "mine", "or", "mines", "in", "any", "previous", "year", "which", "has", "been", "carried", "forward", "from", "\n", "the", "preceding", "year", "of", "assessment", ")", "derived", "by", "the", "taxpayer", "from", "mining", ".", "”", "\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "36", "(", "7E", ")", "of", "the", "Income", "T", "ax", "Act", ".", "\n", "In", "some", "cases", ",", "it", "may", "be", "difficult", "to", "distinguish", "between", "mining", "and", "\n", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ".", "Distinguishing", "between", "the", "mining", "operations", "and", "\n", "manufacturing", "activities", "that", "can", "be", "connected", "or", "interrelated", "with", "mining", "\n", "operations", "is", "one", "such", "example", ".", "Countries", "may", "have", "different", "rules", "and", "even", "\n", "incentives", "in", "place", ",", "which", "may", "apply", "depending", "on", "whether", "the", "activities", "are", "\n", "considered", "mining", "versus", "manufacturing", "activities", ".", "\n", "On", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "mining", "involves", "the", "recovery", "of", "minerals", "that", "are", "already", "\n", "in", "the", "earth", ",", "whereas", "manufacturing", "produces", "a", "new", "element", "different", "from", "\n", "the", "materials", "or", "components", "that", "went", "into", "its", "making", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "\n", "the", "process", "of", "refining", "raw", "materials", "into", "a", "finished", "product", ",", "significantly", "\n", "different", "from", "the", "ore", ",", "could", "be", "considered", "manufacturing", ",", "and", "such", "\n", "activities", "may", "be", "subject", "to", "different", "tax", "treatments", ".", "Such", "distinctions", "and", "\n", "relevant", "definitions" ]	[]
0.001 \| \| Diabetes, N (%) \| 8 (7.92) \| 10 (22.73) \| 0.025 \| \| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) \| 5 (4.95) \| 11 (25.00) \| 0.001 \| \| Respiratory disease, N (%) \| 7 (6.93) \| 7 (15.91) \| 0.125 \| \| Other disease, N (%) \| 15 (14.85) \| 16 (36.36) \| 0.007 \| \| Clinical symptoms \| \| \| \| \| Fever, N (%) \| 38 (37.62) \| 24 (54.55) \| 0.069 \| \| General symptom, N (%) \| 35 (34.65) \| 21 (47.73) \| 0.144 \| \| Respiratory symptom, N (%) \| 47 (46.53) \| 35 (79.55) \| 0.000 \| \| ENT symptom, N (%) \| 32 (31.68) \| 10 (22.73) \| 0.323 \| \| Digestive symptom, N (%) \| 22 (21.78) \| 12 (27.27) \| 0.525 \| \| Blood routine \| \| \| \| \| Leucocyte (×10 9 per L) \| 5.93 (4.63-7.27) \| 6.62 (5.45-8.15) \| 0.074 \| \| Neutrophil (×10 9 per L) \| 3.56 (2.28-4.86) \| 4.74 (3.4-6.8) \| 0.000 \| \| Lymphocyte (×10 9 per L) \| 1.73 (1.3-2.25) \| 1.02 (0.72-1.36) \| 0.000 \| \| Monocyte (×10 9 per L) \| 0.46 (0.38-0.59) \| 0.49 (0.35-0.7) \| 0.658 \| \| Eosinophil (×10 9 per L) \| 0.04 (0.01-0.08) \| 0.01 (0-0.04) \| 0.000 \| \| Haemoglobin (g/L) \| 137 (130-149) \| 141 (123.5-147.5) \| 0.636 \| \| Platelet (×10 9 per L) \| 232 (194-280) \| 210.5 (167-291.5) \| 0.398 \| \| CRP (mg/L) \| 3.4 (1.08-16.7) \| 86.4 (21.69-145.8) \| 0.000 \| \| Outcome \| \| \| \| \| Death \| 0 \| 14 (31.82) \| 0.000 \| ENT, ear, nose and throat; CRP , C-reactive protein. hypertension (24.83%), other disease (21.38%), diabetes (12.41%), and cardiovascular disease (11.03%). The most common symptoms were respiratory symptom (56.55%), fever (42.76%), fatigue and general symptom (38.62%). Laboratory findings for all patients on admission showed that the median white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, and CRP level were all in the normal range. As shown in Table II , compared with non-severe cases, severe COVID-19 patients were significantly older (median age, 63 vs 40 years; P-value < 0.001), predominantly male (79.55% vs 39.6%; P-value < 0.001), and characterized by a high proportion of comorbidities including hypertension (43.18% vs 16.83%; P-value = 0.001), diabetes (22.73% vs 7.92%; P-value = 0.025), cardiovascular disease (25% vs 4.95%; P-value = 0.001), and other disease (36.36%	[ "0.001", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Diabetes", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "8", "(", "7.92", ")", " ", "\|", "10", "(", "22.73", ")", " ", "\|", "0.025", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Cardiovascular", "disease", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", "\|", "5", "(", "4.95", ")", " ", "\|", "11", "(", "25.00", ")", " ", "\|", "0.001", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Respiratory", "disease", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "7", "(", "6.93", ")", " ", "\|", "7", "(", "15.91", ")", " ", "\|", "0.125", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Other", "disease", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "15", "(", "14.85", ")", " ", "\|", "16", "(", "36.36", ")", " ", "\|", "0.007", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Clinical", "symptoms", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Fever", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "38", "(", "37.62", ")", " ", "\|", "24", "(", "54.55", ")", " ", "\|", "0.069", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "General", "symptom", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "35", "(", "34.65", ")", " ", "\|", "21", "(", "47.73", ")", " ", "\|", "0.144", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Respiratory", "symptom", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "47", "(", "46.53", ")", " ", "\|", "35", "(", "79.55", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "ENT", "symptom", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "32", "(", "31.68", ")", " ", "\|", "10", "(", "22.73", ")", " ", "\|", "0.323", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Digestive", "symptom", ",", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", "22", "(", "21.78", ")", " ", "\|", "12", "(", "27.27", ")", " ", "\|", "0.525", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Blood", "routine", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Leucocyte", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "5.93", "(", "4.63", "-", "7.27", ")", " ", "\|", "6.62", "(", "5.45", "-", "8.15", ")", " ", "\|", "0.074", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Neutrophil", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "3.56", "(", "2.28", "-", "4.86", ")", " ", "\|", "4.74", "(", "3.4", "-", "6.8", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Lymphocyte", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "1.73", "(", "1.3", "-", "2.25", ")", " ", "\|", "1.02", "(", "0.72", "-", "1.36", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Monocyte", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "0.46", "(", "0.38", "-", "0.59", ")", " ", "\|", "0.49", "(", "0.35", "-", "0.7", ")", " ", "\|", "0.658", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Eosinophil", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "0.04", "(", "0.01", "-", "0.08", ")", " ", "\|", "0.01", "(", "0", "-", "0.04", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Haemoglobin", "(", "g", "/", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "137", "(", "130", "-", "149", ")", " ", "\|", "141", "(", "123.5", "-", "147.5", ")", " ", "\|", "0.636", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Platelet", "(", "×10", "9", "per", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "232", "(", "194", "-", "280", ")", " ", "\|", "210.5", "(", "167", "-", "291.5", ")", " ", "\|", "0.398", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "CRP", "(", "mg", "/", "L", ")", " ", "\|", "3.4", "(", "1.08", "-", "16.7", ")", " ", "\|", "86.4", "(", "21.69", "-", "145.8", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Outcome", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Death", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "14", "(", "31.82", ")", " ", "\|", "0.000", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "ENT", ",", "ear", ",", "nose", "and", "throat", ";", "CRP", ",", "C", "-", "reactive", "protein", ".", "\n\n", "hypertension", "(", "24.83", "%", ")", ",", "other", "disease", "(", "21.38", "%", ")", ",", "diabetes", "(", "12.41", "%", ")", ",", "and", "cardiovascular", "disease", "(", "11.03", "%", ")", ".", "The", "most", "common", "symptoms", "were", "respiratory", " ", "symptom", " ", "(", "56.55", "%", ")", ",", " ", "fever", " ", "(", "42.76", "%", ")", ",", " ", "fatigue", "and", "general", "symptom", "(", "38.62", "%", ")", ".", "Laboratory", "findings", "for", "all", "patients", "on", "admission", "showed", "that", "the", "median", "white", "blood", "cell", "count", ",", "lymphocyte", "count", ",", "hemoglobin", ",", "and", "CRP", "level", "were", "all", "in", "the", "normal", "range", ".", "\n\n", "As", "shown", "in", "Table", "II", ",", "compared", "with", "non", "-", "severe", "cases", ",", " ", "severe", " ", "COVID-19", "patients", "were", " ", "significantly", "older", "(", "median", "age", ",", "63", "vs", "40", "years", ";", "P", "-", "value", "&", "lt", ";", "0.001", ")", ",", "predominantly", " ", "male", " ", "(", "79.55", "%", " ", "vs", " ", "39.6", "%", ";", " ", "P", "-", "value", " ", "&", "lt", ";", "0.001", 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In a memory device including the illustrated in , writing operation and reading operation are performed for every plurality of memory cells (hereinafter referred to as a memory cell column) connected to the same word line WWL (or word line RWL). For example, the writing operation can be performed as follows. A potential at which the OS transistor MO is turned on is supplied to the word line WWL connected to a memory cell column on which writing is performed, whereby the OS transistors MO in the memory cell column on which writing is performed are turned on. Accordingly, the potential of the bit line WBL is applied to the gates of the transistors MN and one electrode of the capacitors C in the specified memory cell column, whereby a predetermined charge is supplied to the gates. After that, when the OS transistors MO in the memory cell column are turned off, the predetermined charge supplied to the gates can be retained. Thus, data can be written to the memory cells in the specified memory cell column. For example, the reading operation can be performed as follows. First, a potential at which the transistor MN is turned on regardless of a charge supplied to the gate of the transistor MN is supplied to the word lines RWL that are not connected to a memory cell column on which reading is to be performed; hence, the transistors MN in memory cell columns other than the memory cell column on which reading is to be performed are turned on. Then, a potential (reading potential) at which an on state or an off state of the transistor MN is selected in accordance with the charge of the gate of the transistor MN is supplied to the word line RWL connected to the memory cell column on which reading is performed. After that, a constant potential is supplied to the source line SL, and a reading circuit connected to the bit line RBL is brought into an operating state. Here, the plurality of transistors MN between the source line SL and the bit line RBL are on except the transistor MN in the memory cell column on which reading is performed; hence, the conductance between the source line SL and the bit line RBL depends on the state (an on state or an off state) of the transistor MN in the memory cell column	[ "In", "a", "memory", "device", "including", "the", " ", "illustrated", "in", ",", "writing", "operation", "and", "reading", "operation", "are", "performed", "for", "every", "plurality", "of", "memory", "cells", "(", "hereinafter", "referred", "to", "as", "a", "memory", "cell", "column", ")", "connected", "to", "the", "same", "word", "line", "WWL", "(", "or", "word", "line", "RWL", ")", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "writing", "operation", "can", "be", "performed", "as", "follows", ".", "A", "potential", "at", "which", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", "is", "turned", "on", "is", "supplied", "to", "the", "word", "line", "WWL", "connected", "to", "a", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "writing", "is", "performed", ",", "whereby", "the", "OS", "transistors", "MO", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "writing", "is", "performed", "are", "turned", "on", ".", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "potential", "of", "the", "bit", "line", "WBL", "is", "applied", "to", "the", "gates", "of", "the", "transistors", "MN", "and", "one", "electrode", "of", "the", "capacitors", "C", "in", "the", "specified", "memory", "cell", "column", ",", "whereby", "a", "predetermined", "charge", "is", "supplied", "to", "the", "gates", ".", "After", "that", ",", "when", "the", "OS", "transistors", "MO", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "are", "turned", "off", ",", "the", "predetermined", "charge", "supplied", "to", "the", "gates", "can", "be", "retained", ".", "Thus", ",", "data", "can", "be", "written", "to", "the", "memory", "cells", " ", "in", "the", "specified", "memory", "cell", "column", ".", "\n\n", "For", "example", ",", "the", "reading", "operation", "can", "be", "performed", "as", "follows", ".", "First", ",", "a", "potential", "at", "which", "the", "transistor", "MN", "is", "turned", "on", "regardless", "of", "a", "charge", "supplied", "to", "the", "gate", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "is", "supplied", "to", "the", "word", "lines", "RWL", "that", "are", "not", "connected", "to", "a", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "to", "be", "performed", ";", "hence", ",", "the", "transistors", "MN", "in", "memory", "cell", "columns", "other", "than", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "to", "be", "performed", "are", "turned", "on", ".", "Then", ",", "a", "potential", "(", "reading", "potential", ")", "at", "which", "an", "on", "state", "or", "an", "off", "state", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "is", "selected", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "charge", "of", "the", "gate", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "is", "supplied", "to", "the", "word", "line", "RWL", "connected", "to", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ".", "After", "that", ",", "a", "constant", "potential", "is", "supplied", "to", "the", "source", "line", "SL", ",", "and", "a", "reading", "circuit", "connected", "to", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "is", "brought", "into", "an", "operating", "state", ".", "Here", ",", "the", "plurality", "of", "transistors", "MN", "between", "the", "source", "line", "SL", "and", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "are", "on", "except", "the", "transistor", "MN", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ";", "hence", ",", "the", "conductance", "between", "the", "source", "line", "SL", "and", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "depends", "on", "the", "state", "(", "an", "on", "state", "or", "an", "off", "state", ")", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column" ]	[]
Principal I. With each promotion, they receive a higher salary and performance-based incentives, with expectations to perform at a higher level with additional roles. For example, school principals with Principal I ranking may be asked to lead larger schools. In Japan, there are 15 different stages within the school principal career structure, with salary grades based on performance and experience. In Singapore, teachers can enter a separate leadership track that includes a succession of roles, ranging from subject and department heads to principalship (OECD, 2019). Principals rotate schools every five to seven years to gain experience in different contexts and cultures. They can also have the opportunity to work inside the ministry to gain broader policy perspectives. The career path then extends beyond principalship, providing motivated and highly effective candidates with the opportunity to advance to system leadership roles, as cluster superintendents, deputy directors and directors. Some countries have formal middle leadership roles (Chapter 4) with opportunities to advance to school principal positions. In Sierra Leone, teachers can advance through the administrative career path, with incentives and promotions to subject head, deputy head and school head roles. The government has created categories (new, proficient, highly accomplished and distinguished) to help teachers and school leaders advance in their career with better pay. 72 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS 3 Other countries lack a separate career path for school principals, treating the role as a continuation of teaching or an extension of teaching duties. Limited promotion in school leadership roles can decrease attraction for candidates and their long-term motivation. In Portugal, the professional status of school principals is not clearly distinguished by a separate career structure or salary scales. The law recognizes that the principal’s role is important (Carvalho et al., 2021), but a professional career for principals and adequate preparation and incentives are lacking (Espuny et al., 2020). In Zambia, fixed-term principals face limited development opportunities and bureaucratic constraints, hindering their growth and ability to focus on instructional improvement (Zhong and Muyunda, 2023). Appraisal systems can enhance school principals’ effectiveness Performance assessment can help identify areas of strength and improvement and inform professional development programmes. Appraisal systems can focus on leadership skills, student achievement and school climate. Important attributes for successful evaluation systems include aligning with leadership standards, measuring effectiveness and accounting for context diversity. Principals highly value some key components of evaluation systems such	[ "Principal", "I.", "With", "each", "promotion", ",", "they", "receive", "a", "higher", "\n", "salary", "and", "performance", "-", "based", "incentives", ",", "with", "expectations", "to", "perform", "at", "a", "higher", "level", "with", "additional", "roles", ".", "For", "example", ",", "school", "principals", "with", "Principal", "I", "ranking", "may", "be", "asked", "to", "lead", "larger", "schools", ".", "In", "Japan", ",", "there", "are", "15", "different", "stages", "within", "the", "school", "principal", "career", "structure", ",", "with", "salary", "grades", "based", "on", "performance", "and", "experience", ".", "In", "Singapore", ",", "teachers", "can", "enter", "a", "separate", "leadership", "track", "that", "includes", "a", "succession", "of", "roles", ",", "ranging", "from", "subject", "and", "department", "heads", "to", "principalship", " \n", "(", "OECD", ",", "2019", ")", ".", "Principals", 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that batteries can be stored at 21◦C for 8 months without affecting the declared capacity, and in all cases, batteries can be discharged for periods of 5 h (the standard requires 3 h). Also, the test name “charge (capacity) recovery” in IEC 61951-2. This can be considered misleading since the battery is charged before the test, and its ability to store electric charge is measured, i.e., the state of health, SOH. In the endurance testing of portable NiMH batteries, we observed that there are extra parameters that can be considered for the testing protocols in IEC61951-2., e.g., charge end voltage is included in the test for endurance cycles when batteries are charged at 0.5 C (this in contrast with the charging procedure in IEC 61951-2 that only foresees charging with 0.1 C for 16 h). When batteries are constantly cycled, the capacity measured in cycle 50 reached the declared capacity in the first cycle (the standard allows for two cycles to reach the declared capacity). Furthermore, the tested AAA battery reached 300 cycles, and the IEC requirement is 200 (see Figure 10). Recent studies on NiMH batteries show that they can perform up to 1000 charge/discharge cycles before losing 40% capacity [ 39], the threshold for the endurance test in this study. This suggests that the number of cycles for pass/fail for portable NiMH batteries can be increased significantly.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 16 of 20 IEC 61951-2 defines performance and durability tests for portable NiMH batteries with constant currents for charging/discharging. In practice, batteries are used for dif- ferent applications, with different requirements. IEC 61951-2 considers NiMH batteries interchangeable with primary batteries with the same common designations, but it is not presented if NiMH can perform the same application test that primary batteries required. In Section 8, we characterize portable NiMH batteries with application tests from IEC 60086-2 and Nordic swam Eco labelling for primary batteries [29]. 8. Analysis of NiMH in ‘Toy’ Application Test In this part of the study, primary and NiMH batteries of different sizes (AAA, AA, C, D, and 9V) are compared using the application test “toy” according to IEC 60086-2. The “toy” test is selected because it is one of the most common applications of PBGUs. While this application test is not intended for secondary batteries, it is still applied for facilitating the comparison of the performance of primary and NiMH secondary batteries. It is	[ "that", "batteries", "can", "\n", "be", "stored", "at", "21", "◦", "C", "for", "8", "months", "without", "affecting", "the", "declared", "capacity", ",", "and", "in", "all", "cases", ",", "\n", "batteries", "can", "be", "discharged", "for", "periods", "of", "5", "h", "(", "the", "standard", "requires", "3", "h", ")", ".", "Also", ",", "the", "test", "\n", "name", "“", "charge", "(", "capacity", ")", "recovery", "”", "in", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2", ".", "This", "can", "be", "considered", "misleading", "since", "\n", "the", "battery", "is", "charged", "before", "the", "test", ",", "and", "its", "ability", "to", "store", "electric", "charge", "is", "measured", ",", "i.e.", ",", "\n", "the", "state", "of", "health", ",", "SOH", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "endurance", "testing", "of", "portable", "NiMH", "batteries", ",", "we", "observed", "that", "there", "are", "extra", "\n", "parameters", "that", "can", "be", "considered", "for", "the", "testing", "protocols", "in", "IEC61951", "-", "2", ".", ",", "e.g.", ",", "charge", "end", "\n", "voltage", "is", "included", "in", "the", "test", "for", "endurance", "cycles", "when", "batteries", "are", "charged", "at", "0.5", "C", "\n", "(", "this", "in", "contrast", "with", "the", "charging", "procedure", "in", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2", "that", "only", "foresees", "charging", "\n", "with", "0.1", "C", "for", "16", "h", ")", ".", "When", "batteries", "are", "constantly", "cycled", ",", "the", "capacity", "measured", "in", "cycle", "\n", "50", "reached", "the", "declared", "capacity", "in", "the", "first", "cycle", "(", "the", "standard", "allows", "for", "two", "cycles", "to", "\n", "reach", "the", "declared", "capacity", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "tested", "AAA", "battery", "reached", "300", "cycles", ",", "and", "\n", "the", "IEC", "requirement", "is", "200", "(", "see", "Figure", "10", ")", ".", "Recent", "studies", "on", "NiMH", "batteries", "show", "that", "\n", "they", "can", "perform", "up", "to", "1000", "charge", "/", "discharge", "cycles", "before", "losing", "40", "%", "capacity", "[", "39", "]", ",", "the", "\n", "threshold", "for", "the", "endurance", "test", "in", "this", "study", ".", "This", "suggests", "that", "the", "number", "of", "cycles", "for", "\n", "pass", "/", "fail", "for", "portable", "NiMH", "batteries", "can", "be", "increased", "significantly", ".", "Batteries", "2025", ",", "11", ",", "30", "16", "of", "20", "\n", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2", "defines", "performance", "and", "durability", "tests", "for", "portable", "NiMH", "batteries", "\n", "with", "constant", "currents", "for", "charging", "/", "discharging", ".", "In", "practice", ",", "batteries", "are", "used", "for", "dif-", "\n", "ferent", "applications", ",", "with", "different", "requirements", ".", "IEC", "61951", "-", "2", "considers", "NiMH", "batteries", "\n", "interchangeable", "with", "primary", "batteries", "with", "the", "same", "common", "designations", ",", "but", "it", "is", "not", "\n", "presented", "if", "NiMH", "can", "perform", "the", "same", "application", "test", "that", "primary", "batteries", "required", ".", "In", "\n", "Section", "8", ",", "we", "characterize", "portable", "NiMH", "batteries", "with", "application", "tests", "from", "IEC", "60086", "-", "2", "\n", "and", "Nordic", "swam", "Eco", "labelling", "for", "primary", "batteries", "[", "29", "]", ".", "\n", "8", ".", "Analysis", "of", "NiMH", "in", "‘", "Toy", "’", "Application", "Test", "\n", "In", "this", "part", "of", "the", "study", ",", "primary", "and", "NiMH", "batteries", "of", "different", "sizes", "(", "AAA", ",", "AA", ",", "C", ",", "\n", "D", ",", "and", "9V", ")", "are", "compared", "using", "the", "application", "test", "“", "toy", "”", "according", "to", "IEC", "60086", "-", "2", ".", "The", "\n", "“", "toy", "”", "test", "is", "selected", "because", "it", "is", "one", "of", "the", "most", "common", "applications", "of", "PBGUs", ".", "While", "\n", "this", "application", "test", "is", "not", "intended", "for", "secondary", "batteries", ",", "it", "is", "still", "applied", "for", "facilitating", "\n", "the", "comparison", "of", "the", "performance", "of", "primary", "and", "NiMH", "secondary", "batteries", ".", "It", "is" ]	[ { "end": 1215, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1213 }, { "end": 1999, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1997 } ]
to processing to recycling. To strengthen Europe’s position at the procurement stage, it is proposed to create a dedicated EU Critical Raw Material Platform. The platform would leverage Europe’s market power by aggregating demand for the joint purchasing of critical materials (following the model used in South Korea and Japan) and coordinating the negotiation of joint purchases with producer countries. It would also help lower “insurance costs” for Member States by managing future strategic stockpiles at the EU level, going beyond the soft request for national stockpiles 57THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 4 included in the CRMA. In parallel, it is recommended that the EU further develops its “resource diplomacy” for CRMs. Proposals include upgrading the Global Gateway – which promotes investment in third countries – to focus on the EU’s strategic needs and developing joint strategies with other buyers from strategically aligned countries, for example through a G7+ Critical Raw Materials Club (including Japan, South Korea and Australia). The EU should also carefully explore the potential of environmentally-sustainable deep sea mining: estimates suggest that the sea bed holds large multiples of the known land-based reserves for example for copper, titanium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elementsvii. The EU must also harness the potential of domestic resources through mining, recycling and innovation in alternative materials . Unlike fossil fuels, the EU has deposits of some critical raw materials, such as lithium in Portugal. Accelerating the opening of domestic mines could enable the EU to meet its entire demand for some critical minerals. The CRMA already calls on Member States to implement shorter permitting timeframes for “Strategic Projects”: 27 months for extraction permits and 15 months for processing, compared with processes that take three to five times as long today. However, the report recommends additional actions to accelerate the pace of permitting, for example increasing administrative capacity by mandating pre-defined staff resources to be allocated to Strategic Projects. At the same time, materials found in retired EVs, windmills and other goods represent a further supply that could be tapped through recycling. The EU could potentially meet more than half to three quarters of its metal requirements for clean technologies in 2050 through local recyclingviii. It is therefore recommended to establish a true Single Market for waste and circularity. 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3. Knight B. Legal aspect of medical practice. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. p.107. 4. Parikh CK. Parikh’s text book of medical jurisprudence and toxicology. 4th ed. Bombay: CBS; 1986. p. 85.J Dhaka Med Coll. Vol. 19, No. 1.	[ "3", ".", "Knight", "B.", "Legal", "aspect", "of", "medical", "practice", ".", "\n", "London", ":", "Churchill", "Livingstone", ";", "1997", ".", "p.107", ".", "\n", "4", ".", "Parikh", "CK", ".", "Parikh", "’s", "text", "book", "of", "medical", "\n", "jurisprudence", "and", "toxicology", ".", "4th", "ed", ".", "Bombay", ":", "CBS", ";", "\n", "1986", ".", "p.", "85.J", "Dhaka", "Med", "Coll", ".", "Vol", ".", "19", ",", "No", ".", "1", "." ]	[ { "end": 231, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 94 }, { "end": 92, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 91 }, { "end": 1, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 0 }, { "end": 90, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 3 } ]
lower-middle-income countries has increased almost fivefold in the past 20 years ................................................................................................................................................... 257 Figure 16.4 The number of international students has been steadily rising since 2000 ......................................................................... 257 Figure 16.5 International student mobility increased in some countries while it fell in others ............................................................. 258 Figure 16.6 Contributions from non-major industrialized nations are on the rise ..................................................................................... 259 Figure 17.1 In some regions, increases in the number of teachers means more untrained teachers ................................................. 263 Figure 17.2 Low shares of trained teachers increase the pupil/trained teacher ratio ............................................................................. 264 Figure 17.3 Trends in pupil/trained teacher ratios can reflect changes in the share of trained teachers or in the relative number of teachers ...................................................................................................................................................... 265 Figure 17.4 Pupil/teacher ratios can be considerably higher when taking into account teachers’ working hours ......................... 266 Figure 17.5 Format and content of in-service training matter ......................................................................................................................... 267 Figure 17.6 More training on a given topic is associated with a higher need for that training .............................................................. 268 Figure 17.7 Richer countries often set higher minimum qualifications for teachers ................................................................................ 270 Figure 18.1 In 2022, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 21% of the global school-age population but 1.6% of global public education expenditure ................................................................................................................................................................ 276 Figure 18.2 Global public education expenditure has fallen slightly since 2015 ......................................................................................... 277 Figure 18.3 Education has been receiving lower priority in government budgets since 2015 ............................................................... 277 Figure 18.4 About 70% of countries have reduced their priority to education since 2015 ...................................................................... 278 Figure 18.5 More than one in three countries fall short of both international public spending benchmarks ................................... 280 Figure 18.6 School principal salaries increase with the level of education .................................................................................................. 281 Figure 18.7 Principal salaries are particularly competitive in a few countries ............................................................................................ 282 Figure 18.8 Principals’ salaries mostly align with or outpace economic growth, especially in primary education ......................... 283 Figure 18.9 Principals receive high relative salaries in some lower middle-income countries .............................................................. 283 Figure 18.10 Principals’ starting salaries are about 20% higher on average than those of experienced teachers ............................ 284 Figure 18.11 Education aid reached USD 16.6 billion in 2022 ............................................................................................................................. 287 Figure 18.12 Recent increase in aid to education is mainly allocated to lower-middle-income countries .......................................... 288 Figure 18.13 The World Bank increased its aid to education by nearly 90% in five years .......................................................................... 289 Figure 18.14 There was a decline in Chinese aid to education activity during COVID-19 ........................................................................... 291 Figure 18.15 Climate finance is	[ "lower", "-", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "has", "increased", " \n ", "almost", "fivefold", "in", "the", "past", "20", "years", "...................................................................................................................................................", "257", "\n", "Figure", "16.4", " ", "The", "number", "of", 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".............................................................................", "264", "\n", "Figure", "17.3", " ", "Trends", "in", "pupil", "/", "trained", "teacher", "ratios", "can", "reflect", "changes", "in", "the", "share", "of", "trained", "teachers", "or", " \n ", "in", "the", "relative", "number", "of", "teachers", "......................................................................................................................................................", "265", "\n", "Figure", "17.4", " ", "Pupil", "/", "teacher", "ratios", "can", "be", "considerably", "higher", "when", "taking", "into", "account", "teachers", "’", "working", "hours", ".........................", "266", "\n", "Figure", "17.5", " ", "Format", "and", "content", "of", "in", "-", "service", "training", "matter", ".........................................................................................................................", "267", "\n", "Figure", "17.6", " ", "More", "training", "on", "a", "given", "topic", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "higher", "need", "for", "that", "training", "..............................................................", "268", "\n", "Figure", "17.7", " ", "Richer", "countries", "often", "set", "higher", "minimum", "qualifications", "for", "teachers", "................................................................................", "270", "\n", "Figure", "18.1", " ", "In", "2022", ",", "sub", "-", "Saharan", "Africa", "accounted", "for", "21", "%", "of", "the", "global", "school", "-", "age", "population", "but", "1.6", "%", "of", "global", " \n ", "public", "education", "expenditure", " ", "................................................................................................................................................................", "276", "\n", "Figure", "18.2", " ", "Global", "public", "education", "expenditure", "has", "fallen", "slightly", "since", "2015", ".........................................................................................", "277", "\n", "Figure", "18.3", " ", "Education", "has", "been", "receiving", "lower", "priority", "in", "government", "budgets", "since", "2015", "...............................................................", "277", "\n", "Figure", "18.4", " ", "About", "70", "%", "of", "countries", "have", "reduced", "their", "priority", "to", "education", "since", "2015", "......................................................................", "278", "\n", "Figure", "18.5", " ", "More", "than", "one", "in", "three", "countries", "fall", "short", "of", "both", "international", "public", "spending", "benchmarks", "...................................", "280", "\n", "Figure", "18.6", " ", "School", "principal", "salaries", "increase", "with", "the", "level", "of", "education", "..................................................................................................", "281", "\n", "Figure", "18.7", " ", "Principal", "salaries", "are", "particularly", "competitive", "in", "a", "few", "countries", "............................................................................................", "282", "\n", "Figure", "18.8", " ", "Principals", "’", "salaries", "mostly", "align", "with", "or", "outpace", "economic", "growth", ",", "especially", "in", "primary", "education", ".........................", "283", "\n", "Figure", "18.9", " ", "Principals", "receive", "high", "relative", "salaries", "in", "some", "lower", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "..............................................................", "283", "\n", "Figure", "18.10", " ", "Principals", "’", "starting", "salaries", "are", "about", "20", "%", "higher", "on", "average", "than", "those", "of", "experienced", "teachers", "............................", "284", "\n", "Figure", "18.11", " ", "Education", "aid", "reached", "USD", "16.6", "billion", "in", "2022", ".............................................................................................................................", "287", "\n", "Figure", "18.12", " ", "Recent", "increase", "in", "aid", "to", "education", "is", "mainly", "allocated", "to", "lower", "-", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "..........................................", "288", "\n", "Figure", "18.13", " ", "The", "World", "Bank", "increased", "its", "aid", "to", "education", "by", "nearly", "90", "%", "in", "five", "years", "..........................................................................", "289", "\n", "Figure", "18.14", " ", "There", "was", "a", "decline", "in", "Chinese", "aid", "to", "education", "activity", "during", "COVID-19", "...........................................................................", "291", "\n", "Figure", "18.15", "Climate", "finance", "is" ]	[]
54 Anuarul Învățământului secundar din Rom ânia pe anul 1924– 1925 , Precedat de o expunere asupra desvolt ării învățământului secundar și a situa ției sale în anul școlar 1924– 1925 întocmit ă de Constantin Kiri țescu [Romanian Secondary Education Yearbook 1924– 1925, With an Introduction on the Development of Secondary Education and Its Situation during the School Year 1924– 1925 by Const. Kiri țescu] (Bucharest: Tipografia Curții Regale F. Göbl Fiii, 1925), XL– XLIV. In 1924– 25 there were 116 boys’ high schools and 75 gymnasiums throughout the entire country; at the same time, there were only 63 high schools and secondary schools and just 25 middle schools for girls. 55 Regulamentul personalului didactic al școalelor secundare [Regulations for Secondary Schools Teaching Personnel], Monitorul Oficial , no. 39, 18 February 1929, p. 1429. 56 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 20– 21, 121– 28, 180. 57 H. P. Freidenreich, ‘Jewish women physicians in Central Europe in the early twentieth century’, in Contemporary Jewry , 17: 1 (1996), 80. 58 Cornelia Brădiceanu, wife of the important Romanian poet and philosopher Lucian Blaga, had studied medicine in Vienna and Cluj; however, after mar - riage she only practised dentistry for a while, before devoting herself to Blaga ʼs work. D. Blaga, Tatăl meu, Lucian Blaga [My Father, Lucian Blaga ] (Bucharest: Editura Humanitas, 2015), pp. 63– 64. 59 Looking at the doctors who were publishing articles on their work as sur - geons at the Maternity Institute, in the Revista de obstetrica, ginecologie și puericultur ă in 1925, one can easily notice that they were predominantly male, women being a minority. Revista de obstetrica, ginecologie și puericultur ă [Journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Puericulture ], 1 (January– February 1925), see table of contents. 60 Archives of the Public Health Ministry, file 5/ 1927 Decorations. The file includes lists and royal decrees regarding the persons who had contributed to the successful implementation of sanitary legislation and were recommended to be decorated with the Cross of Sanitary Merit. Most of them were male doc - tors, civilian or military, sanitary agents, accountants and pharmacists, local administrative officials, Romanian but also foreign. Women were also on the list but as social workers, members of the philanthropic societies or spouses of male professionals being decorated, midwives; only a minority were actual doctors. 61 Anuarul General al medicilor din Rom ânia 1941 dup ă datele	[ "54", "Anuarul", "Învățământului", "secundar", "din", "Rom", "ânia", "pe", "anul", "1924", "–", " ", "1925", ",", "Precedat", "\n", "de", "o", "expunere", "asupra", "desvolt", "ării", "învățământului", "secundar", "și", "a", "situa", "ției", "sale", "\n", "în", "anul", "școlar", "1924", "–", " ", "1925", "întocmit", "ă", "de", "Constantin", "Kiri", "țescu", "[", "Romanian", "\n", "Secondary", "Education", "Yearbook", "1924", "–", " ", "1925", ",", "With", "an", "Introduction", "on", "the", "\n", "Development", "of", "Secondary", "Education", "and", "Its", "Situation", "during", "the", "School", "Year", "\n", "1924", "–", " ", "1925", "by", "Const", ".", "Kiri", "țescu", "]", "(", "Bucharest", ":", "Tipografia", "Curții", "Regale", "F.", "Göbl", "\n", "Fiii", ",", "1925", ")", ",", "XL", "–", " ", "XLIV", ".", "In", "1924", "–", " ", "25", "there", "were", "116", "boys", "’", "high", "schools", "and", "75", "\n", "gymnasiums", "throughout", "the", "entire", "country", ";", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "there", "were", "only", "\n", "63", "high", "schools", "and", "secondary", "schools", "and", "just", "25", "middle", "schools", "for", "girls", ".", "\n ", "55", "Regulamentul", "personalului", "didactic", "al", "școalelor", "secundare", " ", "[", "Regulations", "for", "\n", "Secondary", "Schools", "Teaching", "Personnel", "]", ",", "Monitorul", "Oficial", ",", "no", ".", "39", ",", "18", "February", "\n", "1929", ",", "p.", "1429", ".", "\n ", "56", "ANIC", ",", "MCIP", "Collection", ",", "file", "329/", " ", "1929", ",", "pp", ".", "20", "–", " ", "21", ",", "121", "–", " ", "28", ",", "180", ".", "\n ", "57", "H.", "P.", "Freidenreich", ",", "‘", "Jewish", "women", "physicians", "in", "Central", "Europe", "in", "the", "early", "\n", "twentieth", "century", "’", ",", "in", "Contemporary", "Jewry", ",", "17", ":", "1", "(", "1996", ")", ",", "80", ".", "\n ", "58", "Cornelia", "Brădiceanu", ",", "wife", "of", "the", "important", "Romanian", "poet", "and", "philosopher", "\n", "Lucian", "Blaga", ",", "had", "studied", "medicine", "in", "Vienna", "and", "Cluj", ";", "however", ",", "after", "mar", "-", "\n", "riage", "she", "only", "practised", "dentistry", "for", "a", "while", ",", "before", "devoting", "herself", "to", "Blaga", "ʼs", "\n", "work", ".", "D.", "Blaga", ",", "Tatăl", "meu", ",", "Lucian", "Blaga", " ", "[", "My", "Father", ",", "Lucian", "Blaga", "]", "(", "Bucharest", ":", "\n", "Editura", "Humanitas", ",", "2015", ")", ",", "pp", ".", "63", "–", " ", "64", ".", "\n ", "59", "Looking", "at", "the", "doctors", "who", "were", "publishing", "articles", "on", "their", "work", "as", "sur", "-", "\n", "geons", "at", "the", "Maternity", "Institute", ",", "in", "the", "Revista", "de", "obstetrica", ",", "ginecologie", "și", "\n", "puericultur", "ă", "in", "1925", ",", "one", "can", "easily", "notice", "that", "they", "were", "predominantly", "male", ",", "\n", "women", "being", "a", "minority", ".", "Revista", "de", "obstetrica", ",", "ginecologie", "și", "puericultur", "ă", "\n", "[", "Journal", "of", "Obstetrics", ",", "Gynaecology", "and", "Puericulture", "]", ",", "1", "(", "January", "–", " ", "February", "\n", "1925", ")", ",", "see", "table", "of", "contents", ".", "\n ", "60", "Archives", "of", "the", "Public", "Health", "Ministry", ",", "file", "5/", " ", "1927", "Decorations", ".", "The", "file", "\n", "includes", "lists", "and", "royal", "decrees", "regarding", "the", "persons", "who", "had", "contributed", "to", "\n", "the", "successful", "implementation", "of", "sanitary", "legislation", "and", "were", "recommended", "to", "\n", "be", "decorated", "with", "the", "Cross", "of", "Sanitary", "Merit", ".", "Most", "of", "them", "were", "male", "doc", "-", "\n", "tors", ",", "civilian", "or", "military", ",", "sanitary", "agents", ",", "accountants", "and", "pharmacists", ",", "local", "\n", "administrative", "officials", ",", "Romanian", "but", "also", "foreign", ".", "Women", "were", "also", "on", "the", "\n", "list", "but", "as", "social", "workers", ",", "members", "of", "the", "philanthropic", "societies", "or", "spouses", "\n", "of", "male", "professionals", "being", "decorated", ",", "midwives", ";", "only", "a", "minority", "were", "actual", "\n", "doctors", ".", "\n ", "61", "Anuarul", "General", "al", "medicilor", "din", "Rom", "ânia", "1941", "dup", "ă", "datele" ]	[ { "end": 485, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 223 }, { "end": 1084, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 946 }, { "end": 1845, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1761 }, { "end": 2, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 0 }, { "end": 873, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 871 }, { "end": 869, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 757 }, { "end": 945, "label": 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blade, motor, construction, nozzle, roller, screw, cavity, motion, pump, tube, lever, head, apparatus, displacement, bearing, piston, flange, beam Nanotechnology and materialslayer, film, material, temperature, crystal, nanoparticle, inf, coating, surface, substrate, spectra, transition, thickness, alloy, dependence, resistance, conductivity, band, spectroscopy, ion, composite, powder, energy, concentration, defect, behaviour, microscopy, compound, deformation, measurement, atom, particle, synthesis, steel, oxide, deposition, spectrum, metal, nanocomposite, morphology, density, coefficient, diffraction, irradiation, glass, electron, thin film, ceramic, peak, treatment Optics and photonicswave, radiation, crystal, beam, frequency, medium, laser, propagation, wavelength, pulse, resonator, layer, light, excitation, equation, source, ghz, amplitude, waveguide, power, instability, polarisation, oscillation, surface, resonance, grating, condition, reflection, absorption, band, angle, lens, spectrum, metamaterial, measurement, film, dependence, expression, philtre, simulation, energy, mirror, permittivity, plasma, diffraction, plane, interface, transmission, coefficient, array Transportationvehicle, engine, wheel, controller, transport, car, transportation, truck, drive, vessel, consumption, condition, aircraft, road, loss, plant, cargo, train, regulator, locomotive, motor, synthesis, stock, network, safety, route, construction, energy, speed, fuel, rail, transmission, wing, maintenance, tractor, traffic, station, flight, motion, automatic control, internal combustion engine, power, waggon, regulation, tyre, disturbance, stabilisation, axle, monitoring, suspension Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 151 Figure 3.2. Keyword cloud for Agrifood Figure 3.6. Keyword cloud for Energy Figure 3.4. Keyword cloud for Chemistry and chemical engineering Figure 3.8. Keyword cloud for Fundamental physics and mathematics Figure 3.3. Keyword cloud for Biotechnology Figure 3.7. Keyword cloud for Environmental sciences and industries Figure 3.9. Keyword cloud for Governance, culture, education and the economy Figure 3.5. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies 152 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.10. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing Figure 3.14. Keyword cloud for Optics and photonics Figure 3.12. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Figure 3.11. Keyword cloud for ICT and computer science Figure 3.15. Keyword cloud for Transportation Figure 3.13. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation153 3. Characterisation of the S&T specialisation domains To provide a deeper understanding of the con- tent of the identified S&T specialisation domains, and complementing the top keywords present- ed in Chapter 2, the current chapter offers a finer-grained characterisation of these S&T do- mains, at EaP and at country level. 3.1 Overview of the distribution of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership Table 3.4 and Figure 3.16 showcase the number of records	[ "blade", ",", "motor", ",", "construction", ",", "nozzle", ",", "roller", ",", "screw", ",", "cavity", ",", "\n", "motion", ",", "pump", ",", "tube", ",", "lever", ",", "head", ",", "apparatus", ",", "displacement", ",", "bearing", ",", "piston", ",", "flange", ",", "beam", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialslayer", ",", "film", ",", "material", ",", "temperature", ",", "crystal", ",", "nanoparticle", ",", "inf", ",", "coating", ",", "surface", ",", "substrate", ",", "spectra", ",", "\n", "transition", ",", "thickness", ",", "alloy", ",", "dependence", ",", "resistance", ",", "conductivity", ",", "band", ",", "spectroscopy", ",", "ion", ",", "\n", "composite", ",", "powder", ",", "energy", ",", "concentration", ",", "defect", ",", "behaviour", ",", "microscopy", ",", "compound", ",", "deformation", ",", "\n", "measurement", ",", "atom", ",", "particle", ",", "synthesis", ",", "steel", ",", "oxide", ",", "deposition", ",", "spectrum", ",", "metal", ",", "nanocomposite", ",", "\n", "morphology", ",", "density", ",", "coefficient", ",", "diffraction", ",", "irradiation", ",", "glass", ",", "electron", ",", "thin", "film", ",", "ceramic", ",", "peak", ",", "\n", "treatment", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicswave", ",", "radiation", ",", "crystal", ",", "beam", ",", "frequency", ",", "medium", ",", "laser", ",", "propagation", ",", "wavelength", ",", "pulse", ",", "\n", "resonator", ",", "layer", ",", "light", ",", "excitation", ",", "equation", ",", "source", ",", "ghz", ",", "amplitude", ",", "waveguide", ",", "power", ",", "instability", ",", "\n", "polarisation", ",", "oscillation", ",", "surface", ",", "resonance", ",", "grating", ",", "condition", ",", "reflection", ",", "absorption", ",", "band", ",", "angle", ",", "\n", "lens", ",", "spectrum", ",", "metamaterial", ",", "measurement", ",", "film", ",", "dependence", ",", "expression", ",", "philtre", ",", "simulation", ",", "\n", "energy", ",", "mirror", ",", "permittivity", ",", "plasma", ",", "diffraction", ",", "plane", ",", "interface", ",", "transmission", ",", "coefficient", ",", "array", "\n", "Transportationvehicle", ",", "engine", ",", "wheel", ",", "controller", ",", "transport", ",", "car", ",", "transportation", ",", "truck", ",", "drive", ",", "vessel", ",", "consumption", ",", "\n", "condition", ",", "aircraft", ",", "road", ",", "loss", ",", "plant", ",", "cargo", ",", "train", ",", "regulator", ",", "locomotive", ",", "motor", ",", "synthesis", ",", "stock", ",", "\n", "network", ",", "safety", ",", "route", ",", "construction", ",", "energy", ",", "speed", ",", "fuel", ",", "rail", ",", "transmission", ",", "wing", ",", "maintenance", ",", "\n", "tractor", ",", "traffic", ",", "station", ",", "flight", ",", "motion", ",", "automatic", "control", ",", "internal", "combustion", "engine", ",", "power", ",", "\n", "waggon", ",", "regulation", ",", "tyre", ",", "disturbance", ",", "stabilisation", ",", "axle", ",", "monitoring", ",", "suspension", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation", "151", "\n", "Figure", "3.2", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Agrifood", "\n ", "Figure", "3.6", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Energy", "\n", "Figure", "3.4", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering", "\n", "Figure", "3.8", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "\n", "Figure", "3.3", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Biotechnology", "\n ", "Figure", "3.7", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "industries", "\n", "Figure", "3.9", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "\n", "and", "the", "economy", "\n", "Figure", "3.5", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies", "\n", "152", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Figure", "3.10", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "Figure", "3.14", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "Figure", "3.12", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery", "\n", "Figure", "3.11", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "\n", "Figure", "3.15", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Transportation", "\n", "Figure", "3.13", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation153", "\n", "3", ".", "Characterisation", "of", "the", "S&T", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "To", "provide", "a", "deeper", "understanding", "of", "the", "con-", "\n", "tent", "of", "the", "identified", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", ",", "\n", "and", "complementing", "the", "top", "keywords", "present-", "\n", "ed", "in", "Chapter", "2", ",", "the", "current", "chapter", "offers", "a", "\n", "finer", "-", "grained", "characterisation", "of", "these", "S&T", "do-", "\n", "mains", ",", "at", "EaP", "and", "at", "country", "level", ".", "\n", "3.1", "Overview", "of", "the", "distribution", "\n", "of", "records", "per", "S&T", "domain", "in", "the", "\n", "Eastern", "Partnership", "\n", "Table", "3.4", "and", "Figure", "3.16", "showcase", "the", "number", "\n", "of", "records" ]	[]
and studied medicine in Bucharest, obtaining her medical diploma in 1907.61 In 1929, she was appointed school doctor at the Elena Doamna Normal School in Bucharest, and was paid a daily wage, along with other female physicians recently designated as school doctors at different girls’ high schools in the city.62 However, she was able to pass the special inspection that allowed her to get tenure only in 1934. By then, she had transferred to the Central School Marica Brâncoveanu, one of the most prestigious and oldest high schools for girls in Bucharest. According to the principal’s recommendation, Eliza Ștefănescu had been appointed temporary school doctor in 1931; she was serving as both the boarding school’s physician and hygiene teacher. Highly competent, with 163 163 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania a spotless reputation and genuinely interested in the well- being of her stu - dents, she was willing to pay medical visits at school outside her schedule. Having a good working relationship with all her colleagues and being a respected doctor, she was praised by the principal, who highly recommended her for tenure. Similar appreciation expressed the inspector who assisted her seventh- grade hygiene course on alcoholism and smoking, valuing her abil - ity to relate and explain the lesson to make it intelligible to her teenage stu - dents: ‘I too, along with her students, have listened with great pleasure and interest to the recommendations the doctor has made … to keep ourselves healthy.’ Based on his report, there is no doubt that the inspector was truly impressed with doctor Ștefănescu ʼs class activity and considered her worthy of getting tenure.63 According to the doctor’s 1941 yearbook, during the war she retained her teaching position and was still working as a physician at the Central School. However, seven years later, her name was missing from the medical catalogue published in 1948, a clear sign that she had passed away, since even the retired doctors were included in the volume.64 Victoria Vasiliu The second example is that of Victoria Vasiliu, born on 21 April 1896, in Botoșani, who graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Bucharest in 1924.65 After graduation, she passed the exam to become an intern at the Public Hospitals in Bucharest, being appointed school doctor at the Despina Doamna Normal School for Girls in Botoșani in 1928. 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\| Publication number \| Priority date \| Publication date \| Assignee \| Title \| \|------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------------\|--------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| CN111186656A (en) * \| 2020-01-10 \| 2020-05-22 \| 上海电力大学 \| Target garbage classification method and intelligent garbage can \| \| CN111259977A (en) * \| 2020-01-22 \| 2020-06-09 \| 浙江工业大学 \| Garbage classification device based on deep learning \| \| CN113371360A (en) * \| 2020-02-25 \| 2021-09-10 \| 广东威林科技股份有限公司 \| Classification garbage can and garbage classification system \| \| CN111169848B (en) * \| 2020-02-27 \| 2024-10-01 \| 东北大学秦皇岛分校 \| Device and method for intelligently classifying and recycling garbage \| \| CN111268317B (en) * \| 2020-03-03 \| 2023-02-03 \| 深圳壹账通智能科技有限公司 \| Garbage classification treatment method, device, terminal and storage medium \| \| CN111498326A (en) * \| 2020-04-03 \| 2020-08-07 \| 成都禧来科技有限公司 \| Automatic garbage classifier based on two-class recognition model \| \| CN111517017A (en) * \| 2020-04-22 \| 2020-08-11 \| 五邑大学 \| Intelligent waste bin, control method and storage medium \| \| CN111605915A (en) * \| 2020-05-28 \| 2020-09-01 \| 浙江冰立方环保科技有限公司 \| Commercial kitchen garbage classification device \| \| CN113443296A (en) * \| 2020-08-17 \| 2021-09-28 \| 刘炎 \| Automatic garbage classification system based on big data \| \| CN112158485A (en) * \| 2020-11-04 \| 2021-01-01 \| 瑞斯哲智能科技(苏州)有限公司 \| Automatic classification dustbin device for municipal domestic waste \| \| CN112537582B (en) * \| 2020-12-18 \| 2021-07-02 \| 江苏华谊广告设备科技有限公司 \| Video intelligent garbage classification equipment \| \| CN112758544A (en) * \| 2020-12-31 \| 2021-05-07 \| 江苏理工学院 \| Classification and identification intelligent garbage can system \| \| CN112827846B (en) * \| 2021-01-04 \| 2023-08-22 \| 西安建筑科技大学 \| Device and method for automatically sorting garbage \| \| CN113076439A (en) * \| 2021-03-16 \| 2021-07-06 \| 四川九通智路科技有限公司 \| Garbage classification system and method based on garbage recognition \| \| CN113222186B (en) * \| 2021-03-24 \| 2022-02-08 \| 东北电力大学 \| Intelligent garbage classification system \| \| CN113401533A (en) * \| 2021-07-29 \| 2021-09-17 \| 浙江金实乐环境工程有限公司 \| Image recognition-based garbage classification putting system and method \| \| CN113581690A (en) * \| 2021-07-31 \| 2021-11-02 \| 浙江工业大学 \| Intelligent classification garbage bin control system based on image recognition \| \| CN113705443A (en) * \| 2021-08-27 \| 2021-11-26 \| 湖南工商大学 \| Palm print image identification method comprehensively utilizing knowledge graph and depth residual error network \| \| CN113879724B (en) * \| 2021-09-23 \| 2022-08-19 \| 宁波大学 \| Garbage classification system based on crowdsourcing intelligence \| \| CN114120136B (en) * \| 2022-01-27 \| 2022-06-17 \| 人民中科(济南)智能技术有限公司 \| Method and device for 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be enticing. 1 In reality, the tenants of the Kalkaji apartments, like Arjun Devi, believe that the conditions are worse there than in their original neighbourhood. Because of this, they wish they were back in their old slum. The flats lack potable water. They raise safety issues through faulty and broken lifts, water seepage in the walls causing electric shocks, an erratic electricity supply and the use of LPG cylinders in the flats owing to unconnected piped gas and a malfunctioning sewage system. All of these issues are occurring within two years of construction. Arjun can no longer work as a street vendor. He has nowhere to keep his cart, living on the third floor. He tried at first, leaving it outside the flats, but several times it was vandalised and eventually stolen. Now he sits staring out of the window. He feels isolated and removed from his trader's clan, sitting around the fire each morning sharing gossip, waiting for the day to begin. He's lost his livelihood, dignity and lives with feelings of helplessness and rejection. This is irrespective of the Supreme Court judgements of Sudama Singh v. Government of Delhi 2 (2010) and Gainda Ram v. Municipality of Delhi 3 (2010) that emphasise that in situ rehabilitation is the norm not relocation and that 'hawkers' have a fundamental right to trade and remain within their original trading area (RoyChowdhury, 2021). The lack of safety in the Kalkaji apartments is a real threat to the residents too. With no security guards at the entrances and the gates to the flats, no one moni -tors who comes and goes. It seems anyone is able to access the buildings. In these high-rise flats, residents continually feel vulnerable and abandoned. Left to fend for themselves, helpless and acting alone, there is a deep sense of dread, especially for women. The feeling is that they have been sold a poor deal. The state has turned its back on what was supposed to be an opportunity for renewal. Issues around the lack of protection, caused by alienation, moving from a community neighbourhood environment to a single flat residency, where closing the door closes you to the world, for some, provides a sense of disillusionment and fear. Feelings around the lack of dignity and abandonment are palpable. 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data points for which information is miss- ing in-between. Secondly, the last observed value for each enterprise is carried forward provided the enterprise is still active. Thirdly, the first observed value is carried backward using the enterprise’s date of incorporation as the baseline. All data aggregations and missing data imputations have been completed in Stata. For three countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia – data availability is too poor to include these countries in the mapping analysis (cf. Table 2.1, in particular all red-coloured numbers). Ag- gregate data are only available for 9 three-dig- it industries for Armenia, 3 three-digit industries for Azerbaijan. In this section we will only present Country Employees Turnover WagesEmployees & turnoverEmployees & wagesTurnover & wagesEmployees & turnover & wages Armenia 15 15 3 15 3 3 3 Azerbaijan 12 12 0 12 0 0 0 Georgia 180 442 180 442 0 180 442 0 0 0 Moldova 45 882 45 882 1 45 882 1 1 1 Ukraine 411 779 411 779 30 993 411 779 30 993 30 993 30 993Table 2.1. Orbis data availability – Number of enterprises for which at least one data observation is available for 2011-2019 Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation39 and discuss mapping results for Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Methodology The methodology used to analyse the aggregate Orbis data is different from that which was initial- ly envisioned – as data availability is much worse than initially expected – with sufficiently high data availability for the number of employees and turn- over for only three Eastern Partnership countries and poor data availability for wages for all Eastern Partnership countries. Aggregate industry-level data have been used to identify two types of industries: ■industries with a current strength, includ- ing specialised industries with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation29 and rel- ative size for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds; ■industries with an emerging strength, in- cluding emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds. For all NACE three-digit industries in Georgia, Mol- dova and Ukraine, the following indicators have been calculated: ■the degree of specialisation for the number of employees for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■the average relative share of the total number 29 Specialisation	[ "data", "points", "for", "which", "information", "is", "miss-", "\n", "ing", "in", "-", "between", ".", "Secondly", ",", "the", "last", "observed", "value", "\n", "for", "each", "enterprise", "is", "carried", "forward", "provided", "the", "\n", "enterprise", "is", "still", "active", ".", "Thirdly", ",", "the", "first", "observed", "\n", "value", "is", "carried", "backward", "using", "the", "enterprise", "’s", "\n", "date", "of", "incorporation", "as", "the", "baseline", ".", "All", "data", "\n", "aggregations", "and", "missing", "data", "imputations", "have", "\n", "been", "completed", "in", "Stata", ".", "\n", "For", "three", "countries", "–", "Armenia", ",", "Azerbaijan", "and", "\n", "Georgia", "–", "data", "availability", "is", "too", "poor", "to", "include", "\n", "these", "countries", "in", "the", "mapping", "analysis", "(", "cf", ".", "Table", "\n", "2.1", ",", "in", "particular", "all", "red", "-", "coloured", "numbers", ")", ".", "Ag-", "\n", "gregate", "data", "are", "only", "available", "for", "9", "three", "-", "dig-", "\n", "it", "industries", "for", "Armenia", ",", "3", "three", "-", "digit", "industries", "\n", "for", "Azerbaijan", ".", "In", "this", "section", "we", "will", "only", "present", "\n", "Country", "Employees", "Turnover", "WagesEmployees", "\n", "&", "turnoverEmployees", "\n", "&", "wagesTurnover", "&", "\n", "wagesEmployees", "\n", "&", "turnover", "\n", "&", "wages", "\n", "Armenia", "15", "15", "3", "15", "3", "3", "3", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "12", "12", "0", "12", "0", "0", "0", "\n", "Georgia", "180", "442", "180", "442", "0", "180", "442", "0", "0", "0", "\n", "Moldova", "45", "882", "45", "882", "1", "45", "882", "1", "1", "1", "\n", "Ukraine", "411", "779", "411", "779", "30", "993", "411", "779", "30", "993", "30", "993", "30", "993Table", "2.1", ".", "Orbis", "data", "availability", "–", "Number", "of", "enterprises", "for", "which", "at", "least", "one", "data", "observation", "is", "available", "for", "\n", "2011", "-", "2019", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation39", "\n", "and", "discuss", "mapping", "results", "for", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "\n", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Methodology", "\n", "The", "methodology", "used", "to", "analyse", "the", "aggregate", "\n", "Orbis", "data", "is", "different", "from", "that", "which", "was", "initial-", "\n", "ly", "envisioned", "–", "as", "data", "availability", "is", "much", "worse", "\n", "than", "initially", "expected", "–", "with", "sufficiently", "high", "data", "\n", "availability", "for", "the", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "turn-", "\n", "over", "for", "only", "three", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "\n", "and", "poor", "data", "availability", "for", "wages", "for", "all", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "countries", ".", "\n", "Aggregate", "industry", "-", "level", "data", "have", "been", "used", "to", "\n", "identify", "two", "types", "of", "industries", ":", "\n ", "■", "industries", "with", "a", "current", "strength", ",", "includ-", "\n", "ing", "specialised", "industries", "with", "critical", "mass", ",", "\n", "where", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation29", "and", "rel-", "\n", "ative", "size", "for", "both", "the", "number", "of", "employees", "\n", "and", "turnover", "are", "above", "predefined", "thresholds", ";", "\n ", "■", "industries", "with", "an", "emerging", "strength", ",", "in-", "\n", "cluding", "emerging", "industries", "with", "increasing", "\n", "degrees", "of", "specialisation", ",", "where", "the", "change", "\n", "in", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "both", "the", "\n", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "turnover", "are", "above", "\n", "predefined", "thresholds", ".", "\n", "For", "all", "NACE", "three", "-", "digit", "industries", "in", "Georgia", ",", "Mol-", "\n", "dova", "and", "Ukraine", ",", "the", "following", "indicators", "have", "\n", "been", "calculated", ":", "\n ", "■", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "for", "the", "number", "\n", "of", "employees", "for", "each", "year", "in", "the", "2012", "-", "2019", "\n", "period", ";", "\n ", "■", "the", "average", "relative", "share", "of", "the", "total", "number", "\n", "29", "Specialisation" ]	[]
[ 4,5]. One of the methods used to extract the average angular momentum from isomeric yield ratios relies on codesmodeling the prompt de-excitation of ﬁssion fragments, such as FIFRELIN [ 6]. Therefore, accurate knowledge of ﬁssion fragment level schemes, including the half-life of any iso-meric state, is required to assess the derived ﬁssion frag- ment angular momentum with high reliability. Second, the measurement of isomer half-lives has proven to be a fruit-ful source of information for nuclear structure studies. Inthat respect, spontaneous ﬁssion is a convenient reaction that produces neutron-rich nuclei far from stability without the need for neutron or radioactive ion beams. Hence, isomeric states produced in the spontaneous ﬁssion of 252Cf were studied using the VESPA setup, which bene- ﬁts from excellent timing characteristics from both a state-of-the-art ionization chamber and fast scintillation detectors. The present study was based on ﬁssion-tagged γ-γcoinci- dences between ﬁve almost identical γ-ray detectors. The present paper is organized as follows. Section 2.1is dedicated to the detailed description of the VESPA exper- imental setup and the characteristics of its detectors. Sec- tion2.2presents the data analysis procedure used to identify and analyze the ﬁssion fragments isomers. In Sect. 3.1,w e present the half-lives of the isomers measured in this work, ranging from about a nanosecond to several microseconds. Inparticular, we report new isomeric states in 94Rb,108Tc, and 147Ce. Section 3.2shows how this rich experimental data can be used to develop a calibration procedure of the VESPA ion- 0123456789().: V ,-vol 123 5 Page 2 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 ization chamber with respect to the nuclear charge of the ﬁs- sion fragments. Finally, Sect. 4summarizes the main results of this work. 2 Experiment 2.1 Setup The measurements were performed at the EC-JRC Geel (Bel- gium) with the VESPA setup for ﬁssion studies [ 1]. A source of252Cf undergoing spontaneous ﬁssion was placed inside a methane-ﬁlled twin Frisch-grid ionization chamber (IC)[7], which served as a ﬁssion detector. The Cf source was deposited on a nickel backing with a thickness of 250 nm. This created a small asymmetry between the ’backing side’and the ’source side’, as fragments lost some additional kinetic energy passing through this backing. The γ-ray spec- troscopy was performed by ﬁve 2 /prime/prime×2/prime/prime(51 mm diameter × 51 mm length) cylindrical LaBr 3(Ce) scintillation detectors surrounding the ionization chamber. These detectors were placed perpendicular to the IC axis, at distances rranging	[ "[", "4,5", "]", ".", "One", "of", "the", "methods", "used", "to", "extract", "the", "average", "\n", "angular", "momentum", "from", "isomeric", "yield", "ratios", "relies", "on", "codesmodeling", "the", "prompt", "de", "-", "excitation", "of", "ﬁssion", "fragments", ",", "such", "\n", "as", "FIFRELIN", "[", "6", "]", ".", "Therefore", ",", "accurate", "knowledge", "of", "ﬁssion", "\n", "fragment", "level", "schemes", ",", "including", "the", "half", "-", "life", "of", "any", "iso", "-", "meric", "state", ",", "is", "required", "to", "assess", "the", "derived", "ﬁssion", "frag-", "\n", "ment", "angular", "momentum", "with", "high", "reliability", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "\n", "measurement", "of", "isomer", "half", "-", "lives", "has", "proven", "to", "be", "a", "fruit", "-", "ful", "source", "of", "information", "for", "nuclear", "structure", "studies", ".", "Inthat", "respect", ",", "spontaneous", "ﬁssion", "is", "a", "convenient", "reaction", "that", "\n", "produces", "neutron", "-", "rich", "nuclei", "far", "from", "stability", "without", "the", "\n", "need", "for", "neutron", "or", "radioactive", "ion", "beams", ".", "\n", "Hence", ",", "isomeric", "states", "produced", "in", "the", "spontaneous", "ﬁssion", "\n", "of", "\n", "252Cf", "were", "studied", "using", "the", "VESPA", "setup", ",", "which", "bene-", "\n", "ﬁts", "from", "excellent", "timing", "characteristics", "from", "both", "a", "state", "-", "of", "-", "the", "-", "art", "ionization", "chamber", "and", "fast", "scintillation", "detectors", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "study", "was", "based", "on", "ﬁssion", "-", "tagged", "γ", "-", "γcoinci-", "\n", "dences", "between", "ﬁve", "almost", "identical", "γ", "-", "ray", "detectors", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "paper", "is", "organized", "as", "follows", ".", "Section", "2.1is", "\n", "dedicated", "to", "the", "detailed", "description", "of", "the", "VESPA", "exper-", "\n", "imental", "setup", "and", "the", "characteristics", "of", "its", "detectors", ".", "Sec-", "\n", "tion2.2presents", "the", "data", "analysis", "procedure", "used", "to", "identify", "\n", "and", "analyze", "the", "ﬁssion", "fragments", "isomers", ".", "In", "Sect", ".", "3.1,w", "e", "\n", "present", "the", "half", "-", "lives", "of", "the", "isomers", "measured", "in", "this", "work", ",", "\n", "ranging", "from", "about", "a", "nanosecond", "to", "several", "microseconds", ".", "Inparticular", ",", "we", "report", "new", "isomeric", "states", "in", "\n", "94Rb,108Tc", ",", "and", "\n", "147Ce", ".", "Section", "3.2shows", "how", "this", "rich", "experimental", "data", "can", "\n", "be", "used", "to", "develop", "a", "calibration", "procedure", "of", "the", "VESPA", "ion-", "\n", "0123456789", "(", ")", ".", ":", "V", ",", "-vol", "123", " ", "5", "Page", "2", "of", "12", "Eur", ".", "Phys", ".", "J.", "A", " ", "(", "2025", ")", "61:5", "\n", "ization", "chamber", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "nuclear", "charge", "of", "the", "ﬁs-", "\n", "sion", "fragments", ".", "Finally", ",", "Sect", ".", "4summarizes", "the", "main", "results", "\n", "of", "this", "work", ".", "\n", "2", "Experiment", "\n", "2.1", "Setup", "\n", "The", "measurements", "were", "performed", "at", "the", "EC", "-", "JRC", "Geel", "(", "Bel-", "\n", "gium", ")", "with", "the", "VESPA", "setup", "for", "ﬁssion", "studies", "[", "1", "]", ".", "A", "source", "\n", "of252Cf", "undergoing", "spontaneous", "ﬁssion", "was", "placed", "inside", "\n", "a", "methane-ﬁlled", "twin", "Frisch", "-", "grid", "ionization", "chamber", "(", "IC)[7", "]", ",", "which", "served", "as", "a", "ﬁssion", "detector", ".", "The", "Cf", "source", "was", "\n", "deposited", "on", "a", "nickel", "backing", "with", "a", "thickness", "of", "250", "nm", ".", "\n", "This", "created", "a", "small", "asymmetry", "between", "the", "’", "backing", "side’and", "the", "’", "source", "side", "’", ",", "as", "fragments", "lost", "some", "additional", "\n", "kinetic", "energy", "passing", "through", "this", "backing", ".", "The", "γ", "-", "ray", "spec-", "\n", "troscopy", "was", "performed", "by", "ﬁve", "2", "\n", "/prime", "/", "prime×2", "/", "prime", "/", "prime(51", "mm", "diameter", "×", "\n", "51", "mm", "length", ")", "cylindrical", "LaBr", "3(Ce", ")", "scintillation", "detectors", "\n", "surrounding", "the", "ionization", "chamber", ".", "These", "detectors", "were", "\n", "placed", "perpendicular", "to", "the", "IC", "axis", ",", "at", "distances", "rranging", "\n" ]	[ { "end": 3, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2 }, { "end": 5, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 4 }, { "end": 189, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 188 }, { "end": 1988, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1987 }, { "end": 2114, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2113 } ]
\| 7 \| 52 47 \| 45 25 \| 19 \| 12 \| \| 4 33 \| \| 5 18 \| \| 10 \| \| 12 \| 60 67 \| \| 22 \| \| \| \| Malawi \| 111 \| 167 \| 75 \| 87 \| 20 \| 48 \| 17 \| 33 \| 111 \| 163 60 \| 57 \| \| \| 10 19 \| \| \| \| 8 \| \| 64 \| 52 59 \| 18 21 \| 29 \| 29 \| 29 \| \| Mali Mauritania \| 101 53 \| 112 50 \| 64 26 \| 66 30 \| 21 18 \| 29 11 \| 16 10 \| 17 9 \| 88 29 \| 92 50 31 11 \| 46 17 \| 14 10 \| 4 \| 8 2 \| 7 3 \| 9 \| \| \| \| 10 9 \| \| 49 49 \| 60 26 \| 33 \| 26 22 \| \| Mauritius Mozambique \| 51 172 \| 5 179 \| 25 107 \| 1 121 \| 13 31 \| 2 32 \| 13 34 \| 1 26 \| 5 172 \| 5 2 179 83 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2 1 22 \| 1 11 \| \| \| 8 \| 7 \| 4 7 \| \| 18 49 \| 26 \| 18 \| 45 \| \| Namibia \| 14 \| 46 \| 3 \| 18 \| 7 \| 15 \| 4 \| 12 \| 14 \| 16 2 \| 90 2 \| 19 6 \| \| 17 7 \| 3 \| \| 4 \| 6 \| 7 \| 62 25 \| 67 40 \| 33 \| \| \| \| \| Niger Nigeria \| 206 \| 186 \| 65 \| 96 \| 117 117 \| 52 \| 24 \| 39 \| 184 \| 149 24 \| 26 \| 96 98 \| 217 \| 17 \| 4 \| \| 14 \| 29 \| \| 32 \| 51 \| \| 57 36 \| 28 \| 28 \| \| \| 323 \| 444 \| 155 \| 152 55 \| 49 \| 240 \| 51 \| 52 22 \| 323 136 \| 444 168 \| 106 \| \| 43 \| 3 32 28 \| \| 11 \| 11 12 \| \| \| 10 11 16 \| 48 \| 34 33 \| \| 54 \| 54 \| \| Rwanda S. \| 145 11 \| 168 \| 61 7	[ "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "52", "47", " ", "\|", "45", "25", " ", "\|", "19", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4", "33", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "5", "18", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "60", "67", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Malawi", " ", "\|", "111", " ", "\|", "167", " ", "\|", "75", " ", "\|", "87", " ", "\|", "20", " ", "\|", "48", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "111", " ", "\|", "163", "60", " ", "\|", "57", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", "19", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "64", " ", "\|", "52", "59", " ", "\|", "18", "21", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Mali", "Mauritania", " ", "\|", "101", "53", " ", "\|", "112", "50", " ", "\|", "64", "26", " ", "\|", "66", "30", " ", "\|", "21", "18", " ", "\|", "29", "11", " ", "\|", "16", "10", " ", "\|", "17", "9", " ", "\|", "88", "29", " ", "\|", "92", "50", "31", "11", " ", "\|", "46", "17", " ", "\|", "14", "10", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "8", "2", " ", "\|", "7", "3", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", "9", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "49", "49", " ", "\|", "60", "26", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "26", "22", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Mauritius", "Mozambique", " ", "\|", "51", "172", " ", "\|", "5", "179", " ", "\|", "25", "107", " ", "\|", "1", "121", " ", "\|", "13", "31", " ", "\|", "2", "32", " ", "\|", "13", "34", " ", "\|", "1", "26", " ", "\|", "5", "172", " ", "\|", "5", "2", "179", "83", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", "1", "22", " ", "\|", "1", "11", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "4", "7", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "18", "49", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "45", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Namibia", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "46", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "16", "2", " ", "\|", "90", "2", " ", "\|", "19", "6", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "17", "7", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "62", "25", " ", "\|", "67", "40", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Niger", "Nigeria", " ", "\|", "206", " ", "\|", "186", " ", "\|", "65", " ", "\|", "96", " ", "\|", "117", "117", " ", "\|", "52", " ", "\|", "24", " ", "\|", "39", " ", "\|", "184", " ", "\|", "149", "24", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "96", "98", " ", "\|", "217", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "32", " ", "\|", "51", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "57", "36", " ", "\|", "28", " ", "\|", "28", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "323", " ", "\|", "444", " ", "\|", "155", " ", "\|", "152", "55", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "240", " ", "\|", "51", " ", "\|", "52", "22", " ", "\|", "323", "136", " ", "\|", "444", "168", " ", "\|", "106", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "43", " ", "\|", "3", "32", "28", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "11", "12", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", "11", "16", " ", "\|", "48", " ", "\|", "34", "33", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "54", " ", "\|", "54", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Rwanda", "S.", " ", "\|", "145", "11", " ", "\|", "168", " ", "\|", "61", "7", " " ]	[]
spick and span room, looks at his Figure 5.2 Painting and barbershop Stories from the street 119 watch and informs us that he is going to meet Usha for lunch. She works with other women from the community sorting garment factory waste. The cycle sellers are bringing a variety of delicious lunchtime dishes too good not to try. The recipes are always changing, and according to Chandan, today’s specialities will be Pav bhaji (a blend of spicy mashed vegetables served with butter-toasted buns) and chole bhature (chickpea curry served with deep-fried bread). How could we resist? Afternoon tea The business of recycling, garment factory waste and the curry seller We make our way back out towards the south entrance of the basti. What meets our eyes is a street divided into three rows. The first looks identical to the third. Each side of the street is piled high, as far as the eye can see, with very large white canvas sacks. They are stacked in piles reaching five feet or so in height. Usha (Chandan’s wife) tells us that on one side of the street are sacks filled with textile waste from the local garment factories in Okhla. These textiles are pieces of different fabrics in terms of colour and type that are remnants from the cutting process when making clothes. Indeed, 15% of fabric is wasted during the making of garments. In Hindi, Usha tells us, this factory waste is known as Katrans . Sitting in between the two piles of sacks is a row of 20 pairs of women or more, each facing each other. They are dressed in vibrant colours. Their shawls and saris – pinks, oranges, blues, yel - lows, greens – are a spectacular contrast to the whiteness of the piles of sacks. The women are sitting in one long line, on the ground in between the sacks in pairs, segregating the textiles into colours and fibre type, cutting them into strips. They then deposit these into the sacks on the other side of the street, ready for Yameen to take the process further. This includes turning the pieces of cloth into minute fibres, followed by cleaning and then drying. The recycled yarn can then be used in the future production of cloth rather than going to landfill. But it’s time for lunch. Narendra, the lunch cycle seller, is making his way up the line,	[ "spick", "and", "span", "room", ",", "looks", "at", "his", "\n", "Figure", "5.2", " ", "Painting", "and", "barbershop", "\n", "Stories", "from", "the", "street", "119", "\n", "watch", "and", "informs", "us", "that", "he", "is", "going", "to", "meet", "Usha", "for", "lunch", ".", "She", "works", "with", "other", "\n", "women", "from", "the", "community", "sorting", "garment", "factory", "waste", ".", "The", "cycle", "sellers", "are", "\n", "bringing", "a", "variety", "of", "delicious", "lunchtime", "dishes", "too", "good", "not", "to", "try", ".", "The", "recipes", "are", "\n", "always", "changing", ",", "and", "according", "to", "Chandan", ",", "today", "’s", "specialities", "will", "be", "Pav", "bhaji", "\n", "(", "a", "blend", "of", "spicy", "mashed", "vegetables", "served", "with", "butter", "-", "toasted", "buns", ")", "and", "chole", "\n", "bhature", "(", "chickpea", "curry", "served", "with", "deep", "-", "fried", "bread", ")", ".", "How", "could", "we", "resist", "?", "\n", "Afternoon", "tea", "\n", "The", "business", "of", "recycling", ",", "garment", "factory", "waste", "and", "the", "curry", "seller", "\n", "We", "make", "our", "way", "back", "out", "towards", "the", "south", "entrance", "of", "the", "basti", ".", "What", "meets", "our", "\n", "eyes", "is", "a", "street", "divided", "into", "three", "rows", ".", "The", "first", "looks", "identical", "to", "the", "third", ".", "Each", "\n", "side", "of", "the", "street", "is", "piled", "high", ",", "as", "far", "as", "the", "eye", "can", "see", ",", "with", "very", "large", "white", "canvas", "\n", "sacks", ".", "They", "are", "stacked", "in", "piles", "reaching", "five", "feet", "or", "so", "in", "height", ".", "Usha", "(", "Chandan", "’s", "\n", "wife", ")", "tells", "us", "that", "on", "one", "side", "of", "the", "street", "are", "sacks", "filled", "with", "textile", "waste", "from", "\n", "the", "local", "garment", "factories", "in", "Okhla", ".", "These", "textiles", "are", "pieces", "of", "different", "fabrics", "in", "\n", "terms", "of", "colour", "and", "type", "that", "are", "remnants", "from", "the", "cutting", "process", "when", "making", "\n", "clothes", ".", "Indeed", ",", "15", "%", "of", "fabric", "is", "wasted", "during", "the", "making", "of", "garments", ".", "In", "Hindi", ",", "\n", "Usha", "tells", "us", ",", "this", "factory", "waste", "is", "known", "as", "Katrans", ".", "Sitting", "in", "between", "the", "two", "\n", "piles", "of", "sacks", "is", "a", "row", "of", "20", "pairs", "of", "women", "or", "more", ",", "each", "facing", "each", "other", ".", "They", "\n", "are", "dressed", "in", "vibrant", "colours", ".", "Their", "shawls", "and", "saris", "–", "pinks", ",", "oranges", ",", "blues", ",", "yel", "-", "\n", "lows", ",", "greens", "–", "are", "a", "spectacular", "contrast", "to", "the", "whiteness", "of", "the", "piles", "of", "sacks", ".", "The", "\n", "women", "are", "sitting", "in", "one", "long", "line", ",", "on", "the", "ground", "in", "between", "the", "sacks", "in", "pairs", ",", "\n", "segregating", "the", "textiles", "into", "colours", "and", "fibre", "type", ",", "cutting", "them", "into", "strips", ".", "They", "\n", "then", "deposit", "these", "into", "the", "sacks", "on", "the", "other", "side", "of", "the", "street", ",", "ready", "for", "Yameen", "to", "\n", "take", "the", "process", "further", ".", "This", "includes", "turning", "the", "pieces", "of", "cloth", "into", "minute", "fibres", ",", "\n", "followed", "by", "cleaning", "and", "then", "drying", ".", "The", "recycled", "yarn", "can", "then", "be", "used", "in", "the", "\n", "future", "production", "of", "cloth", "rather", "than", "going", "to", "landfill", ".", "\n", "But", "it", "’s", "time", "for", "lunch", ".", "Narendra", ",", "the", "lunch", "cycle", "seller", ",", "is", "making", "his", "way", "up", "\n", "the", "line", "," ]	[]
of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 18 60.9% 26 47.9% 0 Food and live animals 001 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 1.8% 056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. X 0.2% 058Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) X 0.4% 075 Spices X 0.3% X 0.3% 098 Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. X 0.2% 1 Beverages and tobacco 111 Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. X 4.4% X 4.4% 112 Alcoholic beverages X 9.0% X 9.0% 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 283Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copperX 11.4% X 11.4% 288 Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. X 1.3% 289Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) X 0.3% 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 333Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude X 1.3% 334Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s., containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils X 0.6% 351 Electric current X 0.8%Table 2.18. Goods export specialisation for Georgia 70 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 18 60.9% 26 47.9% 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 411 Animal oils and fats X 0.2% 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 522 Inorganic chemical elements, oxides and halogen salts X 0.3% X 0.3% 523 Salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids and metals X 0.6% 541Medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of group 542X 0.4% 542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) X 4.1% X 4.1% 553Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (excluding soaps)X 0.6% X 0.6% 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 625Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kindsX 0.8% X 0.8% 671Pig-iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and ferro-alloysX 9.5% X 9.5% 672Ingots and other primary forms, of iron or steel; semi- finished products of iron or steel X 1.0% 679Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel X 0.4% 684 Aluminium X 0.3% 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X 0.2% 7 Machinery and transport equipment 723Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereofX 0.3% X 0.3% 778 Electrical	[ "of", "\n", "exportsEmerging", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exports", "\n", "18", "60.9", "%", "26", "47.9", "%", "\n", "0", "Food", "and", "live", "animals", " \n", "001", "Live", "animals", "other", "than", "animals", "of", "division", "03", "X", "1.8", "%", " \n", "056", "Vegetables", ",", "roots", "and", "tubers", ",", "prepared", "or", "preserved", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "0.2", "%", "\n", "058Fruit", ",", "preserved", ",", "and", "fruit", "preparations", "(", "excluding", "fruit", "\n", "juices", ")", " ", "X", "0.4", "%", "\n", "075", "Spices", "X", "0.3", "%", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "098", "Edible", "products", "and", "preparations", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "0.2", "%", "\n", "1", "Beverages", "and", "tobacco", " \n", "111", "Non", "-", "alcoholic", "beverages", ",", "n.e.s", ".", "X", "4.4", "%", "X", "4.4", "%", "\n", "112", "Alcoholic", "beverages", "X", "9.0", "%", "X", "9.0", "%", "\n", "2", "Crude", "materials", ",", "inedible", ",", "except", "fuels", " \n", "283Copper", "ores", "and", "concentrates", ";", "copper", "mattes", ";", "cement", "\n", "copperX", "11.4", "%", "X", "11.4", "%", "\n", "288", "Non", "-", "ferrous", "base", "metal", "waste", "and", "scrap", ",", "n.e.s", ".", "X", "1.3", "%", " \n", "289Ores", "and", "concentrates", "of", "precious", "metals", ";", "waste", ",", "scrap", "and", "\n", "sweepings", "of", "precious", "metals", "(", "other", "than", "of", "gold", ")", " ", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "3", "Mineral", "fuels", ",", "lubricants", "and", "related", "materials", " \n", "333Petroleum", "oils", "and", "oils", "obtained", "from", "bituminous", "minerals", ",", "\n", "crude", " ", "X", "1.3", "%", "\n", "334Petroleum", "oils", "and", "oils", "obtained", "from", "bituminous", "minerals", "\n", "(", "other", "than", "crude", ")", ";", "preparations", ",", "n.e.s", ".", ",", "containing", "by", "weight", "\n", "70", "%", "or", "more", "of", "petroleum", "oils", "or", "of", "oils", "obtained", "from", "\n", "bituminous", "minerals", ",", "these", "oils", "being", "the", "basic", "constituents", "\n", "of", "the", "preparations", ";", "waste", "oils", " ", "X", "0.6", "%", "\n", "351", "Electric", "current", " ", "X", "0.8%Table", "2.18", ".", "Goods", "export", "specialisation", "for", "Georgia", "\n", "70", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "SITC", "Goods", "nameCurrent", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exportsEmerging", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exports", "\n", "18", "60.9", "%", "26", "47.9", "%", "\n", "4", "Animal", "and", "vegetable", "oils", ",", "fats", "and", "waxes", " \n", "411", "Animal", "oils", "and", "fats", "X", "0.2", "%", " \n", "5", "Chemicals", "and", "related", "products", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " \n", "522", "Inorganic", "chemical", "elements", ",", "oxides", "and", "halogen", "salts", "X", "0.3", "%", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "523", "Salts", "and", "peroxysalts", ",", "of", "inorganic", "acids", "and", "metals", "X", "0.6", "%", " \n", "541Medicinal", "and", "pharmaceutical", "products", ",", "other", "than", "\n", "medicaments", "of", "group", "542X", "0.4", "%", " \n", "542", "Medicaments", "(", "including", "veterinary", "medicaments", ")", "X", "4.1", "%", "X", "4.1", "%", "\n", "553Perfumery", ",", "cosmetic", "or", "toilet", "preparations", "(", "excluding", "\n", "soaps)X", "0.6", "%", "X", "0.6", "%", "\n", "6", "Manufactured", "goods", "classified", "chiefly", "by", "material", " \n", "625Rubber", "tyres", ",", "interchangeable", "tyre", "treads", ",", "tyre", "flaps", "and", "\n", "inner", "tubes", "for", "wheels", "of", "all", "kindsX", "0.8", "%", "X", "0.8", "%", "\n", "671Pig", "-", "iron", ",", "spiegeleisen", ",", "sponge", "iron", ",", "iron", "or", "steel", "granules", "\n", "and", "powders", "and", "ferro", "-", "alloysX", "9.5", "%", "X", "9.5", "%", "\n", "672Ingots", "and", "other", "primary", "forms", ",", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", ";", "semi-", "\n", "finished", "products", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", " ", "X", "1.0", "%", "\n", "679Tubes", ",", "pipes", "and", "hollow", "profiles", ",", "and", "tube", "or", "pipe", "fittings", ",", "\n", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", " ", "X", "0.4", "%", "\n", "684", "Aluminium", " ", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "699", "Manufactures", "of", "base", "metal", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "0.2", "%", "\n", "7", "Machinery", "and", "transport", "equipment", " \n", "723Civil", "engineering", "and", "contractors", "'", "plant", "and", "equipment", ";", "\n", "parts", "thereofX", "0.3", "%", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "778", "Electrical" ]	[]
and financial capacity. First, the programme should be refocused on a smaller number on commonly agreed priorities. Second, an increased share of the budget allocation should be allocated towards financing disruptive innovation and, to make efficient use of this funding, the EIC should be reformed to become a genuine “ARPA-type agency”, supporting high-risk projects with the potential of delivering breakthrough technological advances. Third, the governance of the programme should be managed by project managers and by people with proven track record at the frontier of innovation and – to maximise access for young, innovative companies – application processes should be faster and less bureaucratic. The organisation of the programme should be redesigned and streamlined to become more outcome-based and efficient. Finally, conditional on reforms, the budget of the new Framework Programme should be doubled to EUR 200 billion per 7 years. In parallel, better coordination of public R&I across Member States is necessary . A Research and Innova - tion Union should be established and lead to a joint formulation of a common European R&I strategy and policy. To improve coordination, the EU could promote a “European Research and Innovation Action Plan”, designed by Member States, together with the Commission, the research community, and stakeholders from the private sector. It is also essential to establish and consolidate European academic institutions at the forefront of global research . The European Research Council (ERC) has been crucial to the competitiveness of European science but many promising proposals remain unfunded owing to a lack of financial resources. The report recommends doubling the support for fundamental research through the ERC, significantly increasing the number of grant recip - ients without diluting the amount they receive. In parallel, the EU should introduce an excellence-based, highly competitive “ERC for Institutions” programme to provide the required resources for academic institutions. A new regime for world-class researchers (“EU Chair” position) is also proposed, to attract and retain the best academic scholars by hiring them as European officials. This regime should be supported by a new EU framework for private funding to enable public universities and research centres to design more competitive compensation policies for top talents and to provide additional support for research. Beyond academic institutions, increased funding and stronger coordination is required to develop world-leading research and technological infrastructures, when scale is needed. Europe needs to make it easier for “inventors to become investors” and facilitate scaling	[ "and", "financial", "capacity", ".", "First", ",", "the", "\n", "programme", "should", "be", "refocused", "on", "a", "smaller", "number", "on", "commonly", "agreed", "priorities", ".", "Second", ",", "an", "increased", "share", "of", "\n", "the", "budget", "allocation", "should", "be", "allocated", "towards", "financing", "disruptive", "innovation", "and", ",", "to", "make", "efficient", "use", "of", "this", "\n", "funding", ",", "the", "EIC", "should", "be", "reformed", "to", "become", "a", "genuine", "“", "ARPA", "-", "type", "agency", "”", ",", "supporting", "high", "-", "risk", "projects", "with", "\n", "the", "potential", "of", "delivering", "breakthrough", "technological", "advances", ".", "Third", ",", "the", "governance", "of", "the", "programme", "should", "\n", "be", "managed", "by", "project", "managers", "and", "by", "people", "with", "proven", "track", "record", "at", "the", "frontier", "of", "innovation", "and", "–", "to", "\n", "maximise", "access", "for", "young", ",", "innovative", "companies", "–", "application", "processes", "should", "be", "faster", "and", "less", "bureaucratic", ".", "\n", "The", "organisation", "of", "the", "programme", "should", "be", "redesigned", "and", "streamlined", "to", "become", "more", "outcome", "-", "based", "and", "\n", "efficient", ".", "Finally", ",", "conditional", "on", "reforms", ",", "the", "budget", "of", "the", "new", "Framework", "Programme", "should", "be", "doubled", "to", "EUR", "\n", "200", "billion", "per", "7", "years", ".", "\n", "In", "parallel", ",", "better", "coordination", "of", "public", "R&I", "across", "Member", "States", "is", "necessary", ".", "A", "Research", "and", "Innova", "-", "\n", "tion", "Union", "should", "be", "established", "and", "lead", "to", "a", "joint", "formulation", "of", "a", "common", "European", "R&I", "strategy", "and", "policy", ".", "\n", "To", "improve", "coordination", ",", "the", "EU", "could", "promote", "a", "“", "European", "Research", "and", "Innovation", "Action", "Plan", "”", ",", "designed", "by", "\n", "Member", "States", ",", "together", "with", "the", "Commission", ",", "the", "research", "community", ",", "and", "stakeholders", "from", "the", "private", "sector", ".", "\n", "It", "is", "also", "essential", "to", "establish", "and", "consolidate", "European", "academic", "institutions", "at", "the", "forefront", "of", "global", "\n", "research", ".", "The", "European", "Research", "Council", "(", "ERC", ")", "has", "been", "crucial", "to", "the", "competitiveness", "of", "European", "science", "\n", "but", "many", "promising", "proposals", "remain", "unfunded", "owing", "to", "a", "lack", "of", "financial", "resources", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "\n", "doubling", "the", "support", "for", "fundamental", "research", "through", "the", "ERC", ",", "significantly", "increasing", "the", "number", "of", "grant", "recip", "-", "\n", "ients", "without", "diluting", "the", "amount", "they", "receive", ".", "In", "parallel", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "introduce", "an", "excellence", "-", "based", ",", "highly", "\n", "competitive", "“", "ERC", "for", "Institutions", "”", "programme", "to", "provide", "the", "required", "resources", "for", "academic", "institutions", ".", "A", "new", "\n", "regime", "for", "world", "-", "class", "researchers", "(", "“", "EU", "Chair", "”", "position", ")", "is", "also", "proposed", ",", "to", "attract", "and", "retain", "the", "best", "academic", "\n", "scholars", "by", "hiring", "them", "as", "European", "officials", ".", "This", "regime", "should", "be", "supported", "by", "a", "new", "EU", "framework", "for", "private", "\n", "funding", "to", "enable", "public", "universities", "and", "research", "centres", "to", "design", "more", "competitive", "compensation", "policies", "for", "top", "\n", "talents", "and", "to", "provide", "additional", "support", "for", "research", ".", "Beyond", "academic", "institutions", ",", "increased", "funding", "and", "stronger", "\n", "coordination", "is", "required", "to", "develop", "world", "-", "leading", "research", "and", "technological", "infrastructures", ",", "when", "scale", "is", "needed", ".", "\n", "Europe", "needs", "to", "make", "it", "easier", "for", "“", "inventors", "to", "become", "investors", "”", "and", "facilitate", "scaling" ]	[]
screen could relate to wrapping of materials on the shafts or blockages in the screening openings that would require cleaning by the operational staff; wear of the screening surface that would allow the sizing ability to be compromised, which may require maintenance by the operational staff; excessive material and/or prohibitive objects that could cause jams and or damage to the screening surface; or monitoring the RPM of the screen or disc shafts or operative components through variable frequency drives to optimize material flow and component wear life, to name a few possible conditions. Different may be used to detect various conditions. Additionally or alternatively, materials may be utilized within the screening surface, either within different components or within layers of the same component, which would allow the scanning equipment to determine the health of the screen. For example, the screen discs (where employed) may be configured with multiple layers, including a wearable top layer placed over a second indicator layer. The indicator layer may be configured to be uniquely detectable by a or another camera when exposed due to the wear of the top layer, thus indicating that the screen disc needs replacement and/or refurbishing.	[ "screen", "could", "relate", "to", "wrapping", "of", "materials", "on", "the", "shafts", "or", "blockages", "in", "the", "screening", "openings", "that", "would", "require", "cleaning", "by", "the", "operational", "staff", ";", "wear", "of", "the", "screening", "surface", "that", "would", "allow", "the", "sizing", "ability", "to", "be", "compromised", ",", "which", "may", "require", "maintenance", "by", "the", "operational", "staff", ";", "excessive", "material", "and/or", "prohibitive", "objects", "that", "could", "cause", "jams", "and", "or", "damage", "to", "the", "screening", "surface", ";", "or", "monitoring", "the", "RPM", "of", "the", "screen", "or", "disc", "shafts", "or", "operative", "components", "through", "variable", "frequency", "drives", "to", "optimize", "material", "flow", "and", "component", "wear", "life", ",", "to", "name", "a", "few", "possible", "conditions", ".", "Different", " ", "may", "be", "used", "to", "detect", "various", "conditions", ".", "\n\n", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "materials", "may", "be", "utilized", "within", "the", "screening", "surface", ",", "either", "within", "different", "components", "or", "within", "layers", "of", "the", "same", "component", ",", "which", "would", "allow", "the", "scanning", "equipment", "to", "determine", "the", "health", "of", "the", "screen", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "screen", "discs", "(", "where", "employed", ")", "may", "be", "configured", "with", "multiple", "layers", ",", "including", "a", "wearable", "top", "layer", "placed", "over", "a", "second", "indicator", "layer", ".", "The", "indicator", "layer", "may", "be", "configured", "to", "be", "uniquely", "detectable", "by", "a", " ", "or", "another", "camera", "when", "exposed", "due", "to", "the", "wear", "of", "the", "top", "layer", ",", "thus", "indicating", "that", "the", "screen", "disc", "needs", "replacement", "and/or", "refurbishing", "." ]	[]
to the latest festival disaster - How hard will Trump’s 50% tariff hit India, and what is Delhi doing about it? ## Related stories ## Related stories - Monastic music that survived Henry VIII’s dissolution brought back to life16 Aug 2025 - ‘Joyous, immersive’ Beamish wins Art Fund museum of the year award 26 Jun 2025 - Assisted dying could become ‘tool’ to harm women in England and Wales, say faith leaders6 Apr 2025 - National Trust shines light on inner life of 18th-century ‘lady of the house’21 Jul 2024 - Dorset couple find 17th-century treasure hoard while renovating kitchen18 Apr 2024 - ‘Hidden stories’: Historic England funds 56 projects on working-class heritage21 Feb 2024 - Chart toppers of 17th century revived by historians and musicians28 Jan 2024 - Durham miners’ hall applies for Unesco world heritage status3 Aug 2022 ## More from culture ## More from culture - FilmThe big heat: what ‘sunburn cinema’ tells us about the Great British holiday3h ago - Book of the daySeascraper by Benjamin Wood review – a story that sings on the page2h ago - My best shotA wedding guest goes wild on the dancefloor … Meryl Meisler’s best photograph17h ago - Venice film festivalMother – Noomi Rapace is a fanatical Mother Teresa full of fury 18h ago - Books‘My sister, my God. 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1789: The Unraveling of an Absolutist Regime (Princeton Univ. Press, 2020). Verdier, N., Giraud, T., Mimeur, C. & Bretagnolle, A. Postal horse relays and roads in France, from the 17th to the 19th centuries. CyberGeo : Eur. J. Geo. https://doi.org/10.4000/13gxr (2025). Mead, W. E. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (Houghton Mifflin, 1914). Hadeler, K. P. & Castillo-Chávez, C. A core group model for disease transmission. Math. Biosci. 128 , 41–55 (1995). CAS PubMed MATH Google Scholar Kermack, W. O. & McKendrick, A. G. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 115 , 700–721 (1927). ADS MATH Google Scholar Hill, A. L., Rand, D. G., Nowak, M. A. & Christakis, N. A. Emotions as infectious diseases in a large social network: the SISa model. Proc. Biol. Sci. 277 , 3827–3835 (2010). 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Epidemiological modelling of the 2005 French riots: a spreading wave and the role of contagion. Sci. Rep. 8 , 107 (2018). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hagberg, A. A., Schult, D. A. & Swart, P. J. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. in Proc. 7th Python in Science Conference (eds Varoquaux, G. et al.) 11–15 (SciPy/NumFOCUS, 2008). Dijkstra, E. W. in Edsger Wybe Dijkstra: His Life, Work, and Legacy (eds Apt K. R. & Hoare T.) 287–290 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, 2022). Nelder, J. A. & Mead, R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput. J. 7 , 308–313 (1965). MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar Cassini de Thudy, C. & Maraldi, J. 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of internal perceptions and their role in shaping overall life satisfaction. The four subjective measures of well-being are hedonic well-being (feeling of happiness), eudaemonic well-being (sense of purpose), evaluative well-being (life satisfaction) and freedom of choice (life con -trol) (Diener, 1984 ; Verne, 2009 ; Bavetta et al., 2014 ; Pitlik and Rode, 2016). The four subjective well-being questions are: - 1. (Satisfaction) - Overall, how satisfied are you with life as a whole these days? [0 not at all satisfied to 10 completely satisfied]. - 2. (Freedom) - How much freedom of choice and control do you feel you have over the way your life turns out? [0 no freedom and control to 10 complete freedom and control]. - 3. (Happiness) - How happy did you feel yesterday? [0 not at all happy to 10 completely happy]. - 4. (Purpose) - Do you feel your life has an important purpose or meaning? [0 not at all worthwhile to 10 completely worthwhile]. It can be seen from the boxplots in Figure 3.3 that there are clear differences in the settlement's subjective well-being responses. We see in all cases that the residents in Bhalswa provide ratings that have the lowest mean value, followed by those living in Sanjay colony, with the highest being households from Ajit Vihar. Visually, these can be seen to be significantly different from one another, illustrating clear differences in the three areas around how the residents view their own well-being. Figure 3.3 Subjective well-being boxplots for the three settlements <!-- image --> Table 3.4 Significant differences in the three settlements well-being \| \| Subset for alpha = 0.05 \| Subset for alpha = 0.05 \| Subset for alpha = 0.05 \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------------------------\|---------------------------\|---------------------------\| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \| Satisfaction Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar \| 5.14 (1.778) \| 5.95 (1.338) \| 6.90 (1.336) \| \| Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar Happiness \| 5.50 (1.677) \| 6.34 (1.500) \| 7.03 (1.363) \| \| Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar Purpose \| 5.80 (1.589) \| 6.25 (1.572) \| 6.91(1.563) \| \| Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar \| 6.05 (1.666) \| 6.64 (1.675) \| 7.28 (1.513) \| Note: Mean for groups in homogeneous subsets is illustrated in the table with standard deviations in parenthesis. 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also chosen not to recharge the NiMH batteries for this test. In the case of NiMH batteries, the standard charging method in IEC 61951-2 is used (16 h, 0.1 C). The application test “toy” requires a battery to be discharged over a constant resistance for 1 h per day until a cut-off voltage of 0.8 V is reached for AA, AAA, C, and D size batteries and to 5.4 V for 9V batteries. A battery is considered to pass the test in IEC 60086-2 if the duration is higher than the minimum average duration (MAD) values in Table 3. Table 3. Parameters for the toy test per common designation in IEC 60086-2. Common Designation Toy Test ΩNordic Swan MAD (min)IEC 60086-2 MAD (min) AAA 5.1 190 120 AA 3.9 450 300 C 3.9 1260 840 D 2.2 1440 960 9V 270 1260 420 Figure 11 presents the voltage and current profiles of both primary and secondary batteries using the “toy” application test. Figure 11a,b show the comparison of portable NiMH batteries with primary batteries for the “toy” application test for the common designations AA and AAA, respectively. Both the AA and AAA portable NiMH can pass the “toy” application test (as well as the primary batteries) even without recharging. The difference between the primary and the secondary AA and AAA batteries is 56 min (4.37% capacity difference) and 54 min (8.76% capacity difference), respectively. In the case of the C (see Figure 11c) and D (see Figure 11d) and 9V (see Figure 11e) NiMH batteries, they cannot meet the duration requirement for the application test “toy” without recharging. The difference between the C and D primary and secondary batteries is smaller than in the case of the 9V battery (C = 608 min (44.8% capacity difference), D = 787.9 min (49% capacity difference), and 9V = 179 min (400% capacity difference)). Based on these results, although they cannot reach the pass value of the application test “toy”, it is expected that the 9V , C, and D NiMH batteries can pass the test in the fourth charge/discharge cycle for the 9V NiMH battery and the second cycle for the C and D (as manufacturers declared a minimum of 400 cycles). 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reasons. Once a doctor got tenure, he would have been entitled to a full payment not from the School Committee, but from the Ministry itself, which represented an additional financial burden. Given the economic distress that followed the 1929 crisis, it is not entirely surprising that such practices appeared. Therefore, female doctors had to wait for the economy to recover, almost five years later, to benefit from the provisions of the law regarding tenure. However, this longer period was not entirely the result of budgetary cuts or the way the Ministry tried to limit the number of medical professionals working in schools getting tenure. It was also because many of them had started their jobs as school doctors shortly before the law allowing them to work in secondary schools for girls was passed, in 1928. Consequently, they did not have the requested three provisional years, even though they possessed the mandatory School Hygiene diploma. To illustrate the professional trajectory for women who decided to become school doctors, I have selected two cases that are representative for this career, made possible by the 1928 law. Medicine had been a highly respected profession since the nineteenth century, allowing those who practised it financial independence and bringing them social prestige. However, even though women were allowed to study in medical schools in Europe around the turn of the century, 57 not all of them ended up practising, 58 while others occupied subordinated positions inside the public health administration. 59 Although after the war the number of female students in medicine in Greater Romania increased and they began working in hospitals, maternities and other healthcare institutions, it was still male doctors who constituted the majority of medical personnel leading and working in the sanitary administration. 60 Therefore, when the 1928 law was passed, the recruitment of female doctors for the public health administration was still in its infancy. By then however there were two different generations of female medical graduates: women born at the end of the previous century, who had finished their studies prior to the war, and those born at the turn of the century, who had studied during the 1920s. The cases I have selected are representative of the two categories: the first doctor belongs to the first generation of female professionals, while the latter belongs to the second generation. Still, one can notice that both women had been appointed hygiene	[ "reasons", ".", "Once", "a", "doctor", "got", "tenure", ",", "he", "would", "have", "been", "entitled", "to", "a", "full", "payment", "not", "from", "the", "School", "Committee", ",", "but", "from", "the", "Ministry", "itself", ",", "which", "represented", "an", "additional", "financial", "burden", ".", "Given", "the", "economic", "distress", "that", "followed", "the", "1929", "crisis", ",", "it", "is", "not", "entirely", "surprising", "that", "such", "practices", "appeared", ".", "Therefore", ",", "female", "doctors", "had", "to", "wait", "for", "the", "economy", "to", "recover", ",", "almost", "five", "years", "later", ",", "to", "benefit", "from", "the", "provisions", "of", "the", "law", "regarding", "tenure", ".", "\n\n", "However", ",", "this", "longer", "period", "was", "not", "entirely", "the", "result", "of", "budgetary", "cuts", "or", "the", "way", "the", "Ministry", "tried", "to", "limit", "the", "number", "of", "medical", "professionals", "working", "in", "schools", "getting", "tenure", ".", "It", "was", "also", "because", "many", "of", "them", "had", "started", "their", "jobs", "as", "school", "doctors", "shortly", "before", "the", "law", "allowing", "them", "to", "work", "in", "secondary", "schools", "for", "girls", "was", "passed", ",", "in", "1928", ".", "Consequently", ",", "they", "did", "not", "have", "the", "requested", "three", "provisional", "years", ",", "even", "though", "they", "possessed", "the", "mandatory", "School", "Hygiene", "diploma", ".", "\n\n", "To", " ", "illustrate", " ", "the", " ", "professional", " ", "trajectory", " ", "for", " ", "women", " ", "who", " ", "decided", " ", "to", "become", "school", "doctors", ",", "I", "have", "selected", " ", "two", " ", "cases", " ", "that", " ", "are", " ", "representative", "for", "this", "career", ",", "made", "possible", "by", "the", "1928", "law", ".", "Medicine", "had", "been", "a", "highly", "respected", "profession", "since", "the", "nineteenth", "century", ",", "allowing", "those", "who", "practised", "it", "financial", "independence", "and", "bringing", "them", "social", "prestige", ".", "However", ",", "even", "though", "women", "were", "allowed", "to", "study", "in", "medical", "schools", "in", "Europe", "around", "the", "turn", "of", "the", "century", ",", "57", " ", "not", "all", "of", "them", "ended", "up", "practising", ",", "58", " ", "while", "others", "occupied", "subordinated", "positions", "inside", "the", "public", "health", "administration", ".", "59", "Although", "after", "the", "war", "the", "number", "of", "female", "students", "in", "medicine", "in", "Greater", "Romania", "increased", "and", "they", "began", "working", "in", "hospitals", ",", "maternities", "and", "other", "healthcare", "institutions", ",", "it", "was", "still", "male", "doctors", "who", "constituted", "the", "majority", "of", "medical", "personnel", "leading", "and", "working", "in", "the", "sanitary", "administration", ".", "60", " ", "Therefore", ",", " ", "when", " ", "the", " ", "1928", " ", "law", " ", "was", " ", "passed", ",", " ", "the", " ", "recruitment", "of", "female", "doctors", "for", "the", "public", "health", "administration", "was", "still", "in", "its", "infancy", ".", "By", "then", "however", "there", "were", "two", "different", "generations", "of", "female", "medical", "graduates", ":", "women", "born", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "previous", "century", ",", "who", "had", "finished", "their", "studies", "prior", "to", "the", "war", ",", "and", "those", "born", "at", "the", "turn", "of", "the", "century", ",", "who", "had", "studied", "during", "the", "1920s", ".", "The", "cases", "I", "have", "selected", "are", "representative", "of", "the", "two", "categories", ":", "the", "first", "doctor", "belongs", "to", "the", "first", "generation", "of", "female", "professionals", ",", "while", "the", "latter", "belongs", "to", "the", "second", "generation", ".", "Still", ",", "one", "can", "notice", "that", "both", "women", "had", "been", "appointed", "hygiene" ]	[ { "end": 1437, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1435 }, { "end": 1478, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1476 }, { "end": 1877, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1875 }, { "end": 1568, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1566 } ]
genetic compatibility and quality. MHC-mediated behaviors are diverse and though general patterns exist within vertebrates, the exact function of MHC-based social signaling will /g69/g72/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g72/g86/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g79/g92/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g72/g91/g87/g3/g71/g72/g83/g72/g81/g71/g68/g81/g87/g17 SIGNALING OF MHC GENOTYPE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS For three decades after the discovery of MHC-mediated social singling in laboratory mice, 2/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g3 /g80/g72/g70/g75/g68/g81/g76/g86/g80/g3 /g82/g73/g3 /g75/g82/g90/g3 /g48/g43/g38/g3 /g74/g72/g81/g82/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3 /g90/g68/g86/g3 /g83/g72/g85/g70/g72/g76/g89/g72/g71/g3 /g76/g81/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g86/g3 /g85/g72/g80/g68/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3 a mystery. Early on it was discovered that MHC genotype could be discriminated by chemical cues detected by the olfactory system. These studies showed that mice could discriminate MHC odortypes either through training 5 or in the absence of training.6 However, the nature of the signaling odorants remained elusive. This mystery was at least partially solved by the discovery that peptides known to bind MHC molecules also bound receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). 7 It was later shown that a similar process was working in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE).8 The critical role of MHC-presented peptides during adaptive immune recognition is well established.9 MHC-bound peptides are presented at the cell surface for interrogation by T cells; when the peptides are of foreign origin (e.g., from a pathogen) an immune response is initiated. The majority of MHC alleles encode unique structural aspects of /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g83/g87/g76/g71/g72/g3/g69/g76/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g85/g72/g74/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g82/g79/g72/g70/g88/g79/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g68/g81/g87/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g89/g76/g71/g72/g3/g74/g85/g72/g68/g87/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g76/g81/g3the peptides they present. Because there is physical correspondence between MHC allelic variants and the anchor positions of the amino acid sequence of their bound peptides, it was hypothesized that MHC peptides could serve as ligands for odorant receptors that /g75/g68/g71/g3/g86/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g3/g69/g76/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g76/g87/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g88/g86/g3/g68/g79/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g73/g82/g85/g80/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g74/g72/g81/g82/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3conveyed. Physiological recordings from vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) stimulated with synthetic peptides proved this to be the case.	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"mediated", "social", "singling", "in", "laboratory", "\n", "mice", ",", "\n", "2", "/", "g3", "/g87", "/", "g75", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/g68", "/", "g70", "/", "g87", "/", "g88", "/", "g68", "/", "g79", "/", "g3", "/g80", "/", "g72", "/", "g70", "/", "g75", "/", "g68", "/", "g81", "/", "g76", "/", "g86", "/", "g80", "/", "g3", "/g82", "/", "g73", "/", "g3", "/g75", "/", "g82", "/", "g90", "/", "g3", "/g48", "/", "g43", "/", "g38", "/", "g3", "/g74", "/", "g72", "/", "g81", "/", "g82", "/", "g87", "/", "g92", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/g90", "/", "g68", "/", "g86", "/", "g3", "/g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g85", "/", "g70", "/", "g72", "/", "g76", "/", "g89", "/", "g72", "/", "g71", "/", "g3", "/g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g3", "/g70", "/", "g82", "/", "g81", "/", "g86", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g70", "/", "g76", "/", "g191", "/", "g70", "/", "g86", "/", "g3", "/g85", "/", "g72", "/", "g80", "/", "g68", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g72", "/", "g71", "/", "g3", "\n", "a", "mystery", ".", "Early", "on", "it", "was", "discovered", "that", "MHC", "genotype", "could", "be", "discriminated", "by", "\n", "chemical", "cues", "detected", "by", "the", "olfactory", "system", ".", "These", "studies", "showed", "that", "mice", "could", "discriminate", "MHC", "odortypes", "either", "through", "training", "\n", "5", "or", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "training.6", "\n", "However", ",", "the", "nature", "of", "the", "signaling", "odorants", "remained", "elusive", ".", "This", "mystery", "was", "at", "least", "partially", "solved", "by", "the", "discovery", "that", "peptides", "known", "to", "bind", "MHC", "molecules", "also", "bound", "receptors", "in", "the", "vomeronasal", "organ", "(", "VNO", ")", ".", "\n", "7", "It", "was", "later", "shown", "that", "a", "similar", "\n", "process", "was", "working", "in", "the", "main", "olfactory", "epithelium", "(", "MOE).8", "\n", "The", "critical", "role", "of", "MHC", "-", "presented", "peptides", "during", "adaptive", "immune", "recognition", "is", "\n", "well", "established.9", "MHC", "-", "bound", "peptides", "are", "presented", "at", "the", "cell", "surface", "for", "interrogation", "\n", "by", "T", "cells", ";", "when", "the", "peptides", "are", "of", "foreign", "origin", "(", "e.g.", ",", "from", "a", "pathogen", ")", "an", "immune", "response", "is", "initiated", ".", "The", "majority", "of", "MHC", "alleles", "encode", "unique", "structural", "aspects", "of", "/g87", "/", "g75", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g83", "/", "g87", "/", "g76", "/", "g71", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g69", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g71", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g74", "/", "g3", "/", "g85", "/", "g72", "/", "g74", "/", "g76", "/", "g82", "/", "g81", "/", "g3", "/", "g82", "/", "g73", "/", "g3", "/", "g87", "/", "g75", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g80", "/", "g82", "/", "g79", "/", "g72", "/", "g70", "/", "g88", "/", "g79", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g68", "/", "g81", "/", "g71", "/", "g3", "/", "g87", "/", "g75", "/", "g72", "/", "g86", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g89", "/", "g68", "/", "g85", "/", "g76", "/", "g68", "/", "g81", "/", "g87", "/", "g86", "/", "g3", "/", "g83", "/", "g85", "/", "g82", "/", "g89", "/", "g76", "/", "g71", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g74", "/", "g85", "/", "g72", "/", "g68", "/", "g87", "/", "g3", "/", "g86", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g70", "/", "g76", "/", "g191", "/", "g70", "/", "g76", "/", "g87", "/", "g92", "/", "g3", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g3the", "peptides", "they", "present", ".", "Because", "there", "is", "physical", "correspondence", "between", "MHC", "allelic", "variants", "and", "the", "anchor", "positions", "of", "the", "amino", "acid", "sequence", "of", "their", "bound", "peptides", ",", "it", "was", "hypothesized", "that", "MHC", "peptides", "could", "serve", "as", "ligands", "for", "odorant", "receptors", "that", "/g75", "/", "g68", "/", "g71", "/", "g3", "/", "g86", "/", "g76", "/", "g80", "/", "g76", "/", "g79", "/", "g68", "/", "g85", "/", "g3", "/", "g69", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g71", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g74", "/", "g3", "/", "g86", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g70", "/", "g76", "/", "g191", "/", "g70", "/", "g76", "/", "g87", "/", "g92", "/", "g15", "/", "g3", "/", "g87", "/", "g75", "/", "g88", "/", "g86", "/", "g3", "/", "g68", "/", "g79", "/", "g79", "/", "g82", "/", "g90", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g74", "/", "g3", "/", "g76", "/", "g81", "/", "g73", "/", "g82", "/", "g85", "/", "g80", "/", "g68", "/", "g87", "/", "g76", "/", "g82", "/", "g81", "/", "g3", "/", "g68", "/", "g69", "/", "g82", "/", "g88", "/", "g87", "/", "g3", "/", "g48", "/", "g43", "/", "g38", "/", "g3", "/", "g74", "/", "g72", "/", "g81", "/", "g82", "/", "g87", "/", "g92", "/", "g83", "/", "g72", "/", "g3", "/", "g87", "/", "g82", "/", "g3", "/", "g69", "/", "g72", "/", "g3conveyed", ".", "Physiological", "recordings", "from", "vomeronasal", "sensory", "neurons", "(", "VSNs", ")", "stimulated", "with", "synthetic", "peptides", "proved", "this", "to", "be", "the", "case", "." ]	[ { "end": 1047, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1046 }, { "end": 1079, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1078 }, { "end": 1301, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1300 }, { "end": 1397, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1396 }, { "end": 1499, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1498 } ]
there are some industries where Europe’s cost disadvantage is too large to be a serious competitor. Even if the EU has lost ground owing to foreign subsidies, it makes economic sense to import necessary technology and allow foreign taxpayers to bear the costs, while diver - sifying suppliers to the extent possible to limit dependencies. The second broad case is industries where the EU is concerned about where production takes place – to protect jobs from unfair competition – but is agnostic about where the underlying technology originates from. In this case, an effective policy mix would be to encourage inward FDI while deploying trade measures to offset the cost advantage gained by foreign subsidies. With the combination of recent tariff increases and FDI announcements in some Member States, this approach is currently being de facto applied in the automotive sector. The third case is industries where the EU has a strategic interest in ensuring that European companies retain relevant know-how and manufacturing capacity, allowing production to be ramped up in the event of geopolitical tensions. Here the EU should aim to increase the long-term “bankability” of new investments in Europe, for instance by applying local-content requirements, and to ensure a minimum level of technological sovereignty. The latter can be achieved by requiring foreign companies that want to produce in Europe to enter into joint ventures with local companies. Security considerations may lead to changes over time in the classification of industries of strategic interest. The fourth case is “infant industries” where the EU has an innovative edge and sees high future growth potential. In this case, there is a well-established playbook of applying a full range of trade-dis - torting measures until the industry reaches sufficient scale and protections can be withdrawn. 41THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3Executing this strategy will require a joint decarbonisation and competitiveness plan where all policies are aligned behind the EU’s objectives . Priority areas to be addressed include, first, lowering energy costs for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation and accelerating the decarbonisation of the energy sector in a cost-efficient way, leveraging all available solutions. Second, capturing the industrial opportunities presented by the green transition, ranging from remaining at the forefront of clean tech innovation to manufacturing clean tech at scale to leveraging the opportunities from circularity. Third, levelling the playing field in sectors more	[ "there", "are", "some", "industries", "where", "Europe", "’s", "cost", "\n", "disadvantage", "is", "too", "large", "to", "be", "a", "serious", "competitor", ".", "Even", "if", "the", "EU", "has", "lost", "ground", "owing", "to", "foreign", "subsidies", ",", "it", "\n", "makes", "economic", "sense", "to", "import", "necessary", "technology", "and", "allow", "foreign", "taxpayers", "to", "bear", "the", "costs", ",", "while", "diver", "-", "\n", "sifying", "suppliers", "to", "the", "extent", "possible", "to", "limit", "dependencies", ".", "The", "second", "broad", "case", "is", "industries", "where", "the", "EU", "is", "\n", "concerned", "about", "where", "production", "takes", "place", "–", "to", "protect", "jobs", "from", "unfair", "competition", "–", "but", "is", "agnostic", "about", "\n", "where", "the", "underlying", "technology", "originates", "from", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "an", "effective", "policy", "mix", "would", "be", "to", "encourage", "inward", "\n", "FDI", "while", "deploying", "trade", "measures", "to", "offset", "the", "cost", "advantage", "gained", "by", "foreign", "subsidies", ".", "With", "the", "combination", "\n", "of", "recent", "tariff", "increases", "and", "FDI", "announcements", "in", "some", "Member", "States", ",", "this", "approach", "is", "currently", "being", "de", "facto", "\n", "applied", "in", "the", "automotive", "sector", ".", "The", "third", "case", "is", "industries", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "a", "strategic", "interest", "in", "ensuring", "that", "\n", "European", "companies", "retain", "relevant", "know", "-", "how", "and", "manufacturing", "capacity", ",", "allowing", "production", "to", "be", "ramped", "up", "in", "\n", "the", "event", "of", "geopolitical", "tensions", ".", "Here", "the", "EU", "should", "aim", "to", "increase", "the", "long", "-", "term", "“", "bankability", "”", "of", "new", "investments", "\n", "in", "Europe", ",", "for", "instance", "by", "applying", "local", "-", "content", "requirements", ",", "and", "to", "ensure", "a", "minimum", "level", "of", "technological", "\n", "sovereignty", ".", "The", "latter", "can", "be", "achieved", "by", "requiring", "foreign", "companies", "that", "want", "to", "produce", "in", "Europe", "to", "enter", "into", "\n", "joint", "ventures", "with", "local", "companies", ".", "Security", "considerations", "may", "lead", "to", "changes", "over", "time", "in", "the", "classification", "of", "\n", "industries", "of", "strategic", "interest", ".", "The", "fourth", "case", "is", "“", "infant", "industries", "”", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "an", "innovative", "edge", "and", "sees", "\n", "high", "future", "growth", "potential", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "there", "is", "a", "well", "-", "established", "playbook", "of", "applying", "a", "full", "range", "of", "trade", "-", "dis", "-", "\n", "torting", "measures", "until", "the", "industry", "reaches", "sufficient", "scale", "and", "protections", "can", "be", "withdrawn", ".", "\n", "41THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3Executing", "this", "strategy", "will", "require", "a", "joint", "decarbonisation", "and", "competitiveness", "plan", "where", "all", "policies", "are", "\n", "aligned", "behind", "the", "EU", "’s", "objectives", ".", "Priority", "areas", "to", "be", "addressed", "include", ",", "first", ",", "lowering", "energy", "costs", "for", "end", "\n", "users", "by", "transferring", "the", "benefits", "of", "the", "decarbonisation", "and", "accelerating", "the", "decarbonisation", "of", "the", "energy", "sector", "\n", "in", "a", "cost", "-", "efficient", "way", ",", "leveraging", "all", "available", "solutions", ".", "Second", ",", "capturing", "the", "industrial", "opportunities", "presented", "by", "\n", "the", "green", "transition", ",", "ranging", "from", "remaining", "at", "the", "forefront", "of", "clean", "tech", "innovation", "to", "manufacturing", "clean", "tech", "\n", "at", "scale", "to", "leveraging", "the", "opportunities", "from", "circularity", ".", "Third", ",", "levelling", "the", "playing", "field", "in", "sectors", "more" ]	[]
iii Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The lead authors of this publication are T omas Balco, Senior Advisor, BEPS Capacity Building T eam of Global Relations and Development Division, OECD, and Jaqueline T aquiri, Senior Policy Advisor, T ax and Extractive Industries, IGF. The authors would like to recognize the contributions made by the governments of Kenya, Liberia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, T anzania, the United Kingdom, and Zambia as well as Thomas Baunsgaard from the International Monetary Fund, and the International Council on Mining and Metals. The authors were ably assisted in their research work by members of the IGF’s Global Mining T ax Initiative, including Kudzai Mataba, Alexandra Readhead, and Ekpen Omonbude, and colleagues from the OECD, including Andrew Viola. OECD: http://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining IGF: www.igfmining.org/financial-benefits/ This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you agree to be bound by the terms of this licence ( https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). Attribution – You must cite the work. Translations – You must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid. Adaptations – You must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD, the IISD and the IGF. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD, the IGF, or their respective member countries. Third-party material – The licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD’s, the IISD’s or the IGF’s respective logo, visual identity, or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD or IISD/IGF endorses your use of the work. Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the 2012 Rules of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. iv Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APT additional profit tax BEPS base erosion and profit shifting CAPEX capital	[ "iii", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersACKNOWLEDGEMENTS", "\n", "The", "lead", "authors", "of", "this", "publication", "are", "T", "omas", "Balco", ",", "Senior", "Advisor", ",", "BEPS", "Capacity", "Building", "\n", "T", "eam", "of", "Global", "Relations", "and", "Development", "Division", ",", "OECD", ",", "and", "Jaqueline", "T", "aquiri", ",", "Senior", "\n", "Policy", "Advisor", ",", "T", "ax", "and", "Extractive", "Industries", ",", "IGF", ".", "\n", "The", "authors", "would", "like", "to", "recognize", "the", "contributions", "made", "by", "the", "governments", "of", "Kenya", ",", "\n", "Liberia", ",", "Papua", "New", "Guinea", ",", "South", "Africa", ",", "T", "anzania", ",", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "and", "Zambia", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "Thomas", "Baunsgaard", "from", "the", "International", "Monetary", "Fund", ",", "and", "the", "International", "Council", "on", "\n", "Mining", "and", "Metals", ".", "The", "authors", "were", "ably", "assisted", "in", "their", "research", "work", "by", "members", "of", "the", "\n", "IGF", "’s", "Global", "Mining", "T", "ax", "Initiative", ",", "including", "Kudzai", "Mataba", ",", "Alexandra", "Readhead", ",", "and", "Ekpen", "\n", "Omonbude", ",", "and", "colleagues", "from", "the", "OECD", ",", "including", "Andrew", "Viola", ".", "\n", "OECD", ":", "http://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining", "\n", "IGF", ":", "www.igfmining.org/financial-benefits/", "\n", "This", "work", "is", "made", "available", "under", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "4.0", "International", "\n", "licence", ".", "By", "using", "this", "work", ",", "you", "agree", "to", "be", "bound", "by", "the", "terms", "of", "this", "licence", "(", "https://", "\n", "creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", ")", ".", "\n", "Attribution", "–", " ", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "work", ".", "\n", "Translations", "–", " ", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "original", "work", ",", "identify", "changes", "to", "the", "original", "and", "add", "the", "\n", "following", "text", ":", "In", "the", "event", "of", "any", "discrepancy", "between", "the", "original", "work", "and", "the", "translation", ",", "\n", "only", "the", "text", "of", "the", "original", "work", "should", "be", "considered", "valid", ".", "\n", "Adaptations", "–", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "original", "work", "and", "add", "the", "following", "text", ":", "This", "is", "an", "\n", "adaptation", "of", "an", "original", "work", "by", "the", "OECD", ",", "the", "IISD", "and", "the", "IGF", ".", "The", "opinions", "expressed", "and", "\n", "arguments", "employed", "in", "this", "adaptation", "should", "not", "be", "reported", "as", "representing", "the", "official", "\n", "views", "of", "the", "OECD", ",", "the", "IGF", ",", "or", "their", "respective", "member", "countries", ".", "\n", "Third", "-", "party", "material", "–", "The", "licence", "does", "not", "apply", "to", "third", "-", "party", "material", "in", "the", "work", ".", "If", "using", "\n", "such", "material", ",", "you", "are", "responsible", "for", "obtaining", "permission", "from", "the", "third", "party", "and", "for", "any", "\n", "claims", "of", "infringement", ".", "\n", "You", "must", "not", "use", "the", "OECD", "’s", ",", "the", "IISD", "’s", "or", "the", "IGF", "’s", "respective", "logo", ",", "visual", "identity", ",", "or", "cover", "\n", "image", "without", "express", "permission", "or", "suggest", "the", "OECD", "or", "IISD", "/", "IGF", "endorses", "your", "use", "of", "the", "\n", "work", ".", "Any", "dispute", "arising", "under", "this", "licence", "shall", "be", "settled", "by", "arbitration", "in", "accordance", "with", "\n", "the", "2012", "Rules", "of", "the", "Permanent", "Court", "of", "Arbitration", ".", "The", "seat", "of", "arbitration", "shall", "be", "Paris", "\n", "(", "France", ")", ".", "The", "number", "of", "arbitrators", "shall", "be", "one", ".", "\n", "iv", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersLIST", "OF", "ABBREVIATIONS", "\n", "APT", "additional", "profit", "tax", "\n", "BEPS", "base", "erosion", "and", "profit", "shifting", "\n", "CAPEX", " ", "capital" ]	[]
appliances [27.5]A21B; B01B; F24D; A45D; D06F; F25C; A47G; E06C; F25D; A47J; F24B; H05B; A47L; F24C 27.9Manufacture of other electrical equipment [27.9]B60M; H01T; B61L; H02H; G08G; H02M; G10K; H05C; H01P 28.1Manufacture of general-purpose machinery [28.1]A47K; F01K; B23F; F01M; F01B; F01N; F01C; F01P; F01D; F02C; F02G; F02K; F03B; F03C; F03D; F03G; F04B; F04C; F04D; F15B; F16C; F16D; F16F; F16H; F16K; F16M; F23R; G05D; G05G 28.2Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery [28.2]A62C; B41K; B01D; B43M; B04C; B60S; B05B; B61B; B41J; B65G; B66B; B66C; B66D; B66F; C10F; C12L; E02C; F16G; F22D; F23B; F23C; F23D; F23G; F23H; F23J; F23K; F23L; F23M; F23N; F24F; F24H; F25B; F27B; F28B; F28C; F28D; F28F; F28G; G01G; G03G; G06K; G06M; G07B; G07C; G07D; G07F; G11B; G07G; H05F; G09D; G09G; G10L 28.3Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery [28.3]A01B; A01K; A01C; A01M; A01D; B27L; A01F; A01G 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools [28.4]B21D; B21L; B23H; B24C; B25F; B26F; B27J; B21F; B23B; B23K; B24D; B25G; B27B; B28D; B21H; B23C; B23P; B25B; B25H; B27C; B30B; B21J; B23D; B23Q; B25C; B25J; B27F; B21K; B23G; B24B; B25D; B26B; B27G Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation331 NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 28.9Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery [28.9]A21C; A41H; A22B; A42C; A22C; A43D; A23N; B01F; A24C; B02B; B02C; B03B; B03C; B03D; B05C; B05D; B06B; B07B; B07C; B08B; B21B; B22C; B26D; B31B; B31C; B31D; B31F; B33Y; B41B; B41C; B41D; B41F; B41G; B41L; B41N; B42B; B42C; B44B; B44C; B65B; B65C; B65F; B65F 1/; B65F 5/; B65F 7/; B65F 9/; B65H; B67B; B67C; B68F; C13C; C13D; C13G; C13H; C14B; C23C; D01B; D01D; D01G; D01H; D02G; D02H; D02J; D03C; D03D; D03J; D04B; D04C; D05B; D05C; D06B; D06G; D06H; D21B; D21D; D21F; D21G; E01C; E01D; E01F; E01H; E02D; E02F; E05G; E21B; E21C; E21D; E21F; F04F; F15D; F16N; F16P; F26B 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles [29.1]B60B; B60K; B60D; B60L; B60G; B60N; B60H; B60P; B60J; B60Q; B60R; B60T; B62D; F01L; F02B; F02D; F02F; F02M; F02N; F02P; F16J; G01P 29.3Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles [29.3]B60W 30Manufacture of other transport equipment [30]B60F; B61G; B60V; B61H; B61C; B61J; B61D; B61K; B61F; B62C; B62H; B62J; B62K; B62L; B62M; B63B; B63C; B63H; B63J; B64B; B64C; B64D; B64F; B64G; B65F 3/*; E01B; F03H 31 Manufacture of furniture [31] A47B; A47C; A47D; A47F 32 Other manufacturing [32]A41G; A45F; A63D; A63K; B68G; G10B; G10H; A42B; A46B; A63F; B43K; C06F; G10C; A44C; A46D; A63G; B43L; D07B; G10D; A45B; A63B; A63H; B44D; F16L;	[ "appliances", "\n", "[", "27.5]A21B", ";", "B01B", ";", "F24D", ";", "A45D", ";", "D06F", ";", "F25C", ";", "\n", "A47", "G", ";", "E06C", ";", "F25D", ";", "A47J", ";", "F24B", ";", "H05B", ";", "\n", "A47L", ";", "F24C", "\n", "27.9Manufacture", "of", "other", "electrical", "\n", "equipment", "[", "27.9]B60", "M", ";", "H01", "T", ";", "B61L", ";", "H02H", ";", "G08", "G", ";", "H02", "M", ";", "\n", "G10", "K", ";", "H05C", ";", "H01P", "\n", "28.1Manufacture", "of", "general", "-", "purpose", "\n", "machinery", "[", "28.1]A47", "K", ";", "F01", "K", ";", "B23F", ";", "F01", "M", ";", "F01B", ";", "F01N", ";", "\n", "F01C", ";", "F01P", ";", "F01D", ";", "F02C", ";", "F02", "G", ";", "F02", "K", ";", "\n", "F03B", ";", "F03C", ";", "F03D", ";", "F03", "G", ";", "F04B", ";", "F04C", ";", "\n", "F04D", ";", "F15B", ";", "F16C", ";", "F16D", ";", "F16F", ";", "F16H", ";", "\n", "F16", "K", ";", "F16", "M", ";", "F23R", ";", "G05D", ";", "G05", "G", "\n", "28.2Manufacture", "of", "other", "general", "-", "purpose", "\n", "machinery", "[", "28.2]A62C", ";", "B41", "K", ";", "B01D", ";", "B43", "M", ";", "B04C", ";", "B60S", ";", "\n", "B05B", ";", "B61B", ";", "B41J", ";", "B65", "G", ";", "B66B", ";", "B66C", ";", "\n", "B66D", ";", "B66F", ";", "C10F", ";", "C12L", ";", "E02C", ";", "F16", "G", ";", "\n", "F22D", ";", "F23B", ";", "F23C", ";", "F23D", ";", "F23", "G", ";", "F23H", ";", "\n", "F23J", ";", "F23", "K", ";", "F23L", ";", "F23", "M", ";", "F23N", ";", "F24F", ";", "\n", "F24H", ";", "F25B", ";", "F27B", ";", "F28B", ";", "F28C", ";", "F28D", ";", "\n", "F28F", ";", "F28", "G", ";", "G01", "G", ";", "G03", "G", ";", "G06", "K", ";", "G06", "M", ";", "\n", "G07B", ";", "G07C", ";", "G07D", ";", "G07F", ";", "G11B", ";", "G07", "G", ";", "\n", "H05F", ";", "G09D", ";", "G09", "G", ";", "G10L", "\n", "28.3Manufacture", "of", "agricultural", "and", "forestry", "\n", "machinery", "[", "28.3]A01B", ";", "A01", "K", ";", "A01C", ";", "A01", "M", ";", "A01D", ";", "B27L", ";", "\n", "A01F", ";", "A01", "G", "\n", "28.4Manufacture", "of", "metal", "forming", "machinery", "\n", "and", "machine", "tools", "[", "28.4]B21D", ";", "B21L", ";", "B23H", ";", "B24C", ";", "B25F", ";", "B26F", ";", "\n", "B27J", ";", "B21F", ";", "B23B", ";", "B23", "K", ";", "B24D", ";", "B25", "G", ";", "\n", "B27B", ";", "B28D", ";", "B21H", ";", "B23C", ";", "B23P", ";", "B25B", ";", "\n", "B25H", ";", "B27C", ";", "B30B", ";", "B21J", ";", "B23D", ";", "B23Q", ";", "\n", "B25C", ";", "B25J", ";", "B27F", ";", "B21", "K", ";", "B23", "G", ";", "B24B", ";", "\n", "B25D", ";", "B26B", ";", "B27", "G", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation331", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "IPC", "class", "NOT", "matching", "\n", "28.9Manufacture", "of", "other", "special", "-", "purpose", "\n", "machinery", "[", "28.9]A21C", ";", "A41H", ";", "A22B", ";", "A42C", ";", "A22C", ";", "A43D", ";", "\n", "A23N", ";", "B01F", ";", "A24C", ";", "B02B", ";", "B02C", ";", "B03B", ";", "\n", "B03C", ";", "B03D", ";", "B05C", ";", "B05D", ";", "B06B", ";", "B07B", ";", "\n", "B07C", ";", "B08B", ";", "B21B", ";", "B22C", ";", "B26D", ";", "B31B", ";", "\n", "B31C", ";", "B31D", ";", "B31F", ";", "B33Y", ";", "B41B", ";", "B41C", ";", "\n", "B41D", ";", "B41F", ";", "B41", "G", ";", "B41L", ";", "B41N", ";", "B42B", ";", "\n", "B42C", ";", "B44B", ";", "B44C", ";", "B65B", ";", "B65C", ";", "B65F", ";", "\n", "B65F", "1/", "", ";", "B65F", "5/", "", ";", "B65F", "7/", "", ";", "B65F", "9/", "", ";", "\n", "B65H", ";", "B67B", ";", "B67C", ";", "B68F", ";", "C13C", ";", "C13D", ";", "\n", "C13", "G", ";", "C13H", ";", "C14B", ";", "C23C", ";", "D01B", ";", "D01D", ";", "\n", "D01", "G", ";", "D01H", ";", "D02", "G", ";", "D02H", ";", "D02J", ";", "D03C", ";", "\n", "D03D", ";", "D03J", ";", "D04B", ";", "D04C", ";", "D05B", ";", "D05C", ";", "\n", "D06B", ";", "D06", "G", ";", "D06H", ";", "D21B", ";", "D21D", ";", "D21F", ";", "\n", "D21", "G", ";", "E01C", ";", "E01D", ";", "E01F", ";", "E01H", ";", "E02D", ";", "\n", "E02F", ";", "E05", "G", ";", "E21B", ";", "E21C", ";", "E21D", ";", "E21F", ";", "\n", "F04F", ";", "F15D", ";", "F16N", ";", "F16P", ";", "F26B", "\n", "29.1", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "[", "29.1]B60B", ";", "B60", "K", ";", "B60D", ";", "B60L", ";", "B60", "G", ";", "B60N", ";", "\n", "B60H", ";", "B60P", ";", "B60J", ";", "B60Q", ";", "B60R", ";", "B60", "T", ";", "\n", "B62D", ";", "F01L", ";", "F02B", ";", "F02D", ";", "F02F", ";", "F02", "M", ";", "\n", "F02N", ";", "F02P", ";", "F16J", ";", "G01P", "\n", "29.3Manufacture", "of", "parts", "and", "accessories", "for", "\n", "motor", "vehicles", "[", "29.3]B60W", "\n", "30Manufacture", "of", "other", "transport", "\n", "equipment", "[", "30]B60F", ";", "B61", "G", ";", "B60V", ";", "B61H", ";", "B61C", ";", "B61J", ";", "\n", "B61D", ";", "B61", "K", ";", "B61F", ";", "B62C", ";", "B62H", ";", "B62J", ";", "\n", "B62", "K", ";", "B62L", ";", "B62", "M", ";", "B63B", ";", "B63C", ";", "B63H", ";", "\n", "B63J", ";", "B64B", ";", "B64C", ";", "B64D", ";", "B64F", ";", "B64", "G", ";", "\n", "B65F", "3/", "*", ";", "E01B", ";", "F03H", "\n", "31", "Manufacture", "of", "furniture", "[", "31", "]", "A47B", ";", "A47C", ";", "A47D", ";", "A47F", "\n", "32", "Other", "manufacturing", "[", "32]A41", "G", ";", "A45F", ";", "A63D", ";", "A63", "K", ";", "B68", "G", ";", "G10B", ";", "\n", "G10H", ";", "A42B", ";", "A46B", ";", "A63F", ";", "B43", "K", ";", "C06F", ";", "\n", "G10C", ";", "A44C", ";", "A46D", ";", "A63", "G", ";", "B43L", ";", "D07B", ";", "\n", "G10D", ";", "A45B", ";", "A63B", ";", "A63H", ";", "B44D", ";", "F16L", ";", "\n" ]	[]
'scientific rebel' only to a certain extent; the visibility afforded her did not shelter her from insidious forms of sexism and discrimination. ## In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and contestations Keeble's chapter also draws attention to the importance of mobility in women's engagement with science in the twentieth century. The three chapters in this section provide further proof of the vital role mobility as well as personal and professional networks played in facilitating women's access to scientific careers and recognition. While men enjoyed easier access paths to scientific positions, for women the prestige and capital provided by travelling abroad was sometimes the only avenue available to improve their chances of securing positions in science. Forging international collaborations acquired particular urgency in situations of political and economic crisis, as Christine von Oertzen's study of the International Federation of University Women also shows. The Federation played an important role in the support of academic women, especially in the context of the Nazi dictatorship and the Holocaust. 53 The chapters in this section also reveal how in/ visibility operated in relation to women's scientific networks. Strategic friendships between women scientists from the Global North and Global South, such as that discussed in Savithri Preetha Nair's chapter, have been rather invisible. The same can be said of the quasi- imperial networks some Eastern and Central European states attempted to build after 1918, as they sought to expand their cultural, economic and scientific influence in the Middle East and the Balkans. In this context, some female medical doctors attempted to forge careers abroad, combining medical work with research on 'tropical diseases', as Adéla Jůnová Macková's chapter shows. By contrast, Emily Rees Koerner and Graeme Gooday's chapter on the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists addresses a much more visible and formalized type of scientific network. Nair's chapter makes a case for using biographical exploration and studies of friendships between women scientists to uncover 'invisible academic 1 7 networks' and understand women's experiences and strategies of survival in science. The discussion focuses on the life- long friendship and scientific collaboration between the British American botanist and cytogeneticist Eileen Jessie Whitehead Erlanson and Indian botanist and cytogeneticist Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal. While Janaki Ammal's life is slowly becoming better known in India, thanks also to Nair's scholarship, Eileen Erlanson has been largely forgotten, despite being one of the first women in the world (if not,	[ "'", "scientific", "rebel", "'", "only", "to", "a", "certain", "extent", ";", "the", "visibility", " ", "afforded", "her", "did", "not", "shelter", "her", "from", "insidious", "forms", "of", "sexism", "and", "discrimination", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "In/", " ", "visibilities", "across", "borders", ":", "Scientific", "collaborations", "and", "contestations", "\n\n", "Keeble", "'s", "chapter", "also", "draws", "attention", "to", "the", "importance", "of", "mobility", "in", "women", "'s", "engagement", "with", "science", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "The", "three", "chapters", "in", " ", "this", " ", "section", " ", "provide", " ", "further", " ", "proof", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "vital", " ", "role", " ", "mobility", " ", "as", " ", "well", " ", "as", "personal", "and", "professional", "networks", "played", "in", "facilitating", "women", "'s", "access", "to", "scientific", "careers", "and", "recognition", ".", "While", "men", "enjoyed", "easier", "access", "paths", "to", "scientific", "positions", ",", "for", "women", "the", "prestige", "and", "capital", "provided", "by", "travelling", " ", "abroad", " ", "was", " ", "sometimes", " ", "the", " ", "only", " ", "avenue", " ", "available", " ", "to", " ", "improve", " ", "their", "chances", "of", "securing", "positions", "in", "science", ".", "Forging", "international", "collaborations", " ", "acquired", " ", "particular", " ", "urgency", " ", "in", " ", "situations", " ", "of", " ", "political", " ", "and", " ", "economic", "crisis", ",", "as", "Christine", "von", "Oertzen", "'s", "study", "of", "the", "International", "Federation", "of", "University", "Women", "also", "shows", ".", "The", "Federation", "played", "an", "important", "role", "in", "the", "support", "of", "academic", "women", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "context", "of", "the", "Nazi", "dictatorship", "and", "the", "Holocaust", ".", "53", "\n\n", "The", "chapters", "in", "this", "section", "also", "reveal", "how", "in/", " ", "visibility", "operated", "in", "relation", "to", "women", "'s", "scientific", "networks", ".", "Strategic", "friendships", "between", "women", "scientists", "from", "the", "Global", "North", "and", "Global", "South", ",", "such", "as", "that", "discussed", "in", "Savithri", "Preetha", "Nair", "'s", "chapter", ",", "have", "been", "rather", "invisible", ".", "The", "same", "can", "be", "said", "of", "the", "quasi-", " ", "imperial", "networks", "some", "Eastern", "and", "Central", "European", "states", "attempted", "to", "build", "after", "1918", ",", "as", "they", "sought", "to", "expand", "their", "cultural", ",", "economic", "and", "scientific", "influence", "in", "the", "Middle", "East", "and", "the", "Balkans", ".", "In", " ", "this", " ", "context", ",", " ", "some", " ", "female", " ", "medical", " ", "doctors", " ", "attempted", " ", "to", " ", "forge", " ", "careers", "abroad", ",", "combining", "medical", "work", "with", "research", "on", "'", "tropical", "diseases", "'", ",", "as", "Adéla", "Jůnová", "Macková", "'s", "chapter", "shows", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "Emily", "Rees", "Koerner", "and", "Graeme", "Gooday", "'s", "chapter", "on", "the", "International", "Conference", "of", "Women", "Engineers", "and", "Scientists", "addresses", "a", "much", "more", "visible", "and", "formalized", "type", "of", "scientific", "network", ".", "\n\n", "Nair", "'s", "chapter", "makes", "a", "case", "for", "using", "biographical", "exploration", "and", "studies", "of", "friendships", "between", "women", "scientists", "to", "uncover", "'", "invisible", "academic", "\n\n", "1", "\n\n", "7", "\n\n", "networks", "'", "and", "understand", "women", "'s", "experiences", "and", "strategies", "of", "survival", "in", "science", ".", "The", "discussion", "focuses", "on", "the", "life-", " ", "long", "friendship", "and", "scientific", "collaboration", "between", "the", "British", "American", "botanist", "and", "cytogeneticist", "Eileen", "Jessie", "Whitehead", "Erlanson", "and", "Indian", "botanist", "and", "cytogeneticist", "Edavalath", "Kakkat", "Janaki", "Ammal", ".", "While", "Janaki", "Ammal", "'s", "life", "is", "slowly", "becoming", "better", "known", "in", "India", ",", "thanks", "also", "to", "Nair", "'s", "scholarship", ",", "Eileen", "Erlanson", "has", "been", "largely", "forgotten", ",", "despite", "being", "one", "of", "the", "first", "women", "in", "the", "world", "(", "if", "not", "," ]	[ { "end": 1179, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1177 } ]
ask two China trips to the same party. We humans are also very willing, as we will see inx4 below, to attribute communicative intent to a linguistic signal of a language we speak, even if the originator of the signal is not an entity that could have communicative intent. To summarize, as we strive to understand how NLU tasks and system performance on those tasks relates to the bigger picture goals of building human-analogous natural language understanding systems, it is useful to distinguish cleanly between form, conventional meaning, and communicative intent. Furthermore, we should be careful not to confuse communicative intent with ground truth about the world, as speakers can of course be mis- taken, be intentionally dissembling, etc. We argue that a model of natural language that is trained purely on form will not learn meaning: if the training data is only form, there is not sufﬁ- cient signal to learn the relation Mbetween that form and the non-linguistic intent of human lan- guage users, nor Cbetween form and the standing meaning the linguistic system assigns to each form. 3.2 Meaning and intelligence Meaning and understanding have long been seen as key to intelligence. Turing (1950) argued that a machine can be said to “think” if a human judge cannot distinguish it from a human interlocutor af- ter having an arbitrary written conversation with 5188each. However, humans are quick to attribute mean- ing and even intelligence to artiﬁcial agents, even when they know them to be artiﬁcial, as evidenced by the way people formed attachments to ELIZA (Weizenbaum, 1966; Block, 1981). This means we must be extra careful in devising evaluations for machine understanding, as Searle (1980) elaborates with his Chinese Room experi- ment: he develops the metaphor of a “system” in which a person who does not speak Chinese an- swers Chinese questions by consulting a library of Chinese books according to predeﬁned rules. From the outside, the system seems like it “understands” Chinese, although in reality no actual understand- ing happens anywhere inside the system. Searle’s thought experiment begins from the premise that it is possible to manipulate forms well enough to be indistinguishable from a system that understands the meaning of the forms, reasons about it, and responds appropriately. We observe that much recent work in NLP claims to be build- ing systems where not only the runtime system but in fact also the process for	[ "ask", "two", "China", "trips", "to", "the", "same", "party", ".", "\n", "We", "humans", "are", "also", "very", "willing", ",", "as", "we", "will", "see", "\n", "inx4", "below", ",", "to", "attribute", "communicative", "intent", "to", "a", "\n", "linguistic", "signal", "of", "a", "language", "we", "speak", ",", "even", "if", "the", "\n", "originator", "of", "the", "signal", "is", "not", "an", "entity", "that", "could", "\n", "have", "communicative", "intent", ".", "\n", "To", "summarize", ",", "as", "we", "strive", "to", "understand", "how", "\n", "NLU", "tasks", "and", "system", "performance", "on", "those", "tasks", "\n", "relates", "to", "the", "bigger", "picture", "goals", "of", "building", "\n", "human", "-", "analogous", "natural", "language", "understanding", "\n", "systems", ",", "it", "is", "useful", "to", "distinguish", "cleanly", "between", "\n", "form", ",", "conventional", "meaning", ",", "and", "communicative", "\n", "intent", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "we", "should", "be", "careful", "not", "to", "\n", "confuse", "communicative", "intent", "with", "ground", "truth", "\n", "about", "the", "world", ",", "as", "speakers", "can", "of", "course", "be", "mis-", "\n", "taken", ",", "be", "intentionally", "dissembling", ",", "etc", ".", "\n", "We", "argue", "that", "a", "model", "of", "natural", "language", "that", "\n", "is", "trained", "purely", "on", "form", "will", "not", "learn", "meaning", ":", "\n", "if", "the", "training", "data", "is", "only", "form", ",", "there", "is", "not", "sufﬁ-", "\n", "cient", "signal", "to", "learn", "the", "relation", "Mbetween", "that", "\n", "form", "and", "the", "non", "-", "linguistic", "intent", "of", "human", "lan-", "\n", "guage", "users", ",", "nor", "Cbetween", "form", "and", "the", "standing", "\n", "meaning", "the", "linguistic", "system", "assigns", "to", "each", "form", ".", "\n", "3.2", "Meaning", "and", "intelligence", "\n", "Meaning", "and", "understanding", "have", "long", "been", "seen", "\n", "as", "key", "to", "intelligence", ".", "Turing", "(", "1950", ")", "argued", "that", "a", "\n", "machine", "can", "be", "said", "to", "“", "think", "”", "if", "a", "human", "judge", "\n", "can", "not", "distinguish", "it", "from", "a", "human", "interlocutor", "af-", "\n", "ter", "having", "an", "arbitrary", "written", "conversation", "with", "\n", "5188each", ".", "However", ",", "humans", "are", "quick", "to", "attribute", "mean-", "\n", "ing", "and", "even", "intelligence", "to", "artiﬁcial", "agents", ",", "even", "\n", "when", "they", "know", "them", "to", "be", "artiﬁcial", ",", "as", "evidenced", "\n", "by", "the", "way", "people", "formed", "attachments", "to", "ELIZA", "\n", "(", "Weizenbaum", ",", "1966", ";", "Block", ",", "1981", ")", ".", "\n", "This", "means", "we", "must", "be", "extra", "careful", "in", "devising", "\n", "evaluations", "for", "machine", "understanding", ",", "as", "Searle", "\n", "(", "1980", ")", "elaborates", "with", "his", "Chinese", "Room", "experi-", "\n", "ment", ":", "he", "develops", "the", "metaphor", "of", "a", "“", "system", "”", "in", "\n", "which", "a", "person", "who", "does", "not", "speak", "Chinese", "an-", "\n", "swers", "Chinese", "questions", "by", "consulting", "a", "library", "of", "\n", "Chinese", "books", "according", "to", "predeﬁned", "rules", ".", "From", "\n", "the", "outside", ",", "the", "system", "seems", "like", "it", "“", "understands", "”", "\n", "Chinese", ",", "although", "in", "reality", "no", "actual", "understand-", "\n", "ing", "happens", "anywhere", "inside", "the", "system", ".", "\n", "Searle", "’s", "thought", "experiment", "begins", "from", "the", "\n", "premise", "that", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "manipulate", "forms", "\n", "well", "enough", "to", "be", "indistinguishable", "from", "a", "system", "\n", "that", "understands", "the", "meaning", "of", "the", "forms", ",", "reasons", "\n", "about", "it", ",", "and", "responds", "appropriately", ".", "We", "observe", "\n", "that", "much", "recent", "work", "in", "NLP", "claims", "to", "be", "build-", "\n", "ing", "systems", "where", "not", "only", "the", "runtime", "system", "\n", "but", "in", "fact", "also", "the", "process", "for" ]	[ { "end": 1208, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1196 }, { "end": 1202, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1196 }, { "end": 1208, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1204 }, { "end": 1594, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1578 }, { "end": 1607, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1596 }, { "end": 1588, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1578 }, { "end": 1594, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1590 }, { "end": 1601, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1596 }, { "end": 1607, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1603 }, { "end": 1713, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1700 }, { "end": 1706, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1700 }, { "end": 1712, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1708 } ]
emphasis on instructional leadership and quality assurance. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image -->	[ "emphasis", "on", "instructional", "leadership", "and", "quality", "assurance", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">" ]	[]
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Roman (eds), Copilării trecute prin război: Povești de viață, politici sociale și reprezentări culturale în România anilor 1913- 1923 [ Childhood in War: Life Stories, Social Policies and Cultural Representations in Romania 1913- 1923 ], pp. 196- 97. Iași: Editura Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza, 2020. Zengin, B. Women Engineers in Turkey: Gender, Technology, Education and Professional Life . Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010. Zhao, L. 'Qingmo Minchu Zhongguo Nü Xiyi Yanjiu' [Study of Chinese female doctors of Western medicine in late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China]. Master's dissertation, Hunan Normal University, 2013. Zhu, H., ed. Zeng Jingguang . Beijing: Zhongguo Zhong yiyao chubanshe, 2018.	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to prepare the data for Item Response Theory and produce the relevant analysis. The structure of the competence index uses data from the items that are set out in Table 6.4 concerning the medical practitioners' answers around patient history, examination and treatment. These 12 items are used to construct two competence indexes, one for diarrhoea (6 items D1-D6) and one for tuberculosis (6 items T1-T6).	[ "to", "prepare", "the", "data", "for", "Item", "Response", "Theory", "and", "produce", "the", "relevant", "analysis", ".", "\n\n", "The", "structure", "of", "the", "competence", "index", "uses", "data", "from", "the", "items", "that", "are", "set", "out", "in", "Table", "6.4", "concerning", "the", "medical", "practitioners", "'", "answers", "around", "patient", "history", ",", "examination", "and", "treatment", ".", "These", "12", "items", "are", "used", "to", "construct", "two", "competence", "indexes", ",", "one", "for", "diarrhoea", "(", "6", "items", "D1", "-", "D6", ")", "and", "one", "for", "tuberculosis", "(", "6", "items", "T1", "-", "T6", ")", "." ]	[]
x Letta, E., ‘Much more than a market – Speed, Security, Solidarity. Empowering the Single Market to deliver a sustainable future and prosperity for all EU Citizens’, Report to the European Council, 2024. xi For a review Rodrik, D., The new economics of industrial policy , 2023.xii Tirole, J., ‘ Economics for the Common Good ’, Princeton University Press, 2017. xiii OECD, ‘ Pro-competitive industrial policy ’, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 309, OECD Publishing, 2024. xiv European Commission, ‘ Protecting Competition in a Changing World: Evidence on the evolution of competition in the EU during the past 25 years ’, 2024. xv European Investment Bank (EIB), EIB Report to the EC on Investment Barriers 2023, 2023, https:/ /www.eib.org/attachments/ lucalli/20230330_investment_barriers_in_the_eu_2023_en.pdf . xvi Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P., ‘ Tasks, automation and the rise in US wage inequality ’, Econometrica, Vol. 90, No. 5, September, 2022. xvii Springford, J., Tordoir, S. and Resende Carvalho, L. ‘ Why cities must drive growth in the EU’s Single Market ’, Centre For European Reform, Policy Brief, June 2024. xviii Gruber, J., and Johnson, S., Jump-starting America: How Breakthrough Science Can Revive Economic Growth and the American Dream, 2019. xix Autor, D., and Salomons, A., ‘ Is Automation Labor-Displacing? Productivity Growth, Employment, and the Labor Share ’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 24871, 2018. 22THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 12. Closing the innovation gap Europe’s productivity challenge Europe needs faster productivity growth to maintain sustainable growth rates in the face of adverse demo - graphics . After the second world war, the EU experienced strong catch-up growth driven by both rising productivity and a growing population. However, both drivers of growth are now slowing. EU labour productivity01 converged from 22% of the US level in 1945 to 95% in 1995 but labour productivity growth has subsequently slowed by more than in the US and fallen back below 80% of the US level [see Figure 1]i. At the same time, Europe is entering the first period in modern history in which GDP growth will not be supported by sustained net growth of the labour force [see Box 1] . By 2040, the EU’s workforce is projected to shrink by close to 2 million workers each year, while the ratio of working to retired people is expected to fall from around 3:1 to 2:1. 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community. Looking after each other, despite the hardships, was an unspoken pledge. One resident recounts the problem: Our mothers and daughters are far from safe here. Strangers come and loiter around late into the night, drinking and causing trouble, making it impossible for our daughters to move freely. The government should have anticipated this risk, yet we are left to endure it. On top of that, the lifts haven't been working for two months. I live on the 11th floor, and my mother, who strug -gles to walk, has no choice but to climb the stairs every day. Despite our repeated complaints, no one seems to care or take action. We are abandoned and exhausted, fighting for basic safety and dignity while feeling utterly ignored. ( Nabi, 2024) Owing to the untenable living conditions, some residents are considering relocat -ing back to a slum neighbourhood. Although they believed that their lives were far from perfect in their original basti, there was security and safety. It was a com -munity that watched over each other. Wanting to return to a community where there is control from within, being part of a safe environment again beckons. The 'in situ' rehabilitation to a high-rise block of flats engenders what the residents feel is an uncaring and overwhelmingly unsanitary predicament. The scheme has succeeded in creating a vertical slum in place of a neighbourhood jhuggi (Mehta, 2024). According to one woman who lived for 30 years in the Govindpuri jhuggi jhopri and was relocated to the flats in Kalkaj: It's as if an eerie silence has settled over these apartments. Back in the jhuggi, there was a real sense of community. If someone had an argument, tripped, or even just had a bad day, everyone spilled out of their homes to offer help. Now, we're confined to our small rooms on different floors. It's a world where no one knows what's happening beyond their own door. (Mehta , 2024) The building of Delhi's Kalkaji flats to 'rehabilitate economically weaker section families' that have been evicted from their original bastis is only one example of in situ slum rehabilitation through the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) scheme. 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Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789 \| Nature Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement View all journals Search Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author Show results from All journals This journal Search Advanced search Quick links Explore articles by subject Find a job Guide to authors Editorial policies Log in Explore content Explore content Research articles News Opinion Research Analysis Careers Books & Culture Podcasts Videos Current issue Browse issues Collections Subjects Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed About the journal About the journal Journal Staff About the Editors Journal Information Our publishing models Editorial Values Statement Journal Metrics Awards Contact Editorial policies History of Nature Send a news tip Publish with us Publish with us For Authors For Referees Language editing services Open access funding Submit manuscript Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature articles article Article Published: 27 August 2025 Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789 Stefano Zapperi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5692-5465 1 , 2 , Constant Varlet-Bertrand ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0003-0938-5963 3 , 4 , Cécile Bastidon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-6024 4 , 5 , 6 , Caterina A. M. La Porta ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8966 7 , 8 & … Antoine Parent ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-9488 3 , 4 , 6 Show authors Nature ( 2025 ) Cite this article Abstract The Great Fear of 1789, a wave of panic and unrest in rural France fuelled by the spreading of rumours, was an important moment at the onset of the French Revolution, marking the collapse of feudalism and the rise of the new regime 1 . The Great Fear provides a vivid example of the role the spreading of rumours has in driving political changes that might be relevant today 2 , 3 . Here, we collect existing historical records related to the Great Fear and use epidemiology tools and models 4 to reconstruct the network of its transmission from town to town. In this way, we quantify the spatiotemporal spread of the rumours and compute key epidemiological parameters, such	[ "Epidemiology", "models", "explain", "rumour", "spreading", "during", "France", "’s", "Great", "Fear", "of", "1789", "\|", "Nature", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Skip", "to", "main", "content", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Thank", "you", "for", "visiting", 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man - uscript, respectively. The volume also owes its current shape to several colleagues and friends who generously offered support at various stages, including read - ing drafts, suggesting useful references, double- checking transliterations and engaging in extensive conversations about women in science: Özlem, Temitope and Pelumi Deniz Akinbosoye- Zaimoğlu, Kathryn Edgerton- Tarpley, Graeme Gooday, Aya Homei, Vladimir Janković, Luciana Jinga, Jaehwan Hyun, Savithri Preetha Nair, Mariko Ogawa, Andrea Pető, Zoltán Rostás, Ashok Sahni, Sally Shuttleworth and Meng Zhang. We are also indebted to Emily Rees Koerner for bringing to our attention the wonderful photograph taken at the Third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists held in Turin, Italy, in 1971, and to the Institution of Engineering and Technology Archives/ W omen’s xviii Negotiating in/visibility Engineering Society for granting permission to feature it on this volume’s cover. We dedicate this volume to our children, Armina, Petra and Vlad, in the hope that by the time they reach adulthood, the inequities discussed here will have become obsolete and irrelevant. Abbreviations ACWF All- China W omen’s Federation AIWC All India W omen’s Conference AKPR Archiv kanceláře prezidenta republiky (Archive of the Office of the President of the Republic), Prague ANIC Arhivele Naționale Istorice Centrale (National Archives of Romania, Central Branch), Bucharest A.Sc.W. Association of Scientific W orkers BCP British Communist Party BHL, UoM Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan BMJ British Medical Journal CCP Chinese Communist Party CSAWG Cambridge Scientists’ Anti- W ar Group DAC Delfis Archival Center , Athens EPMEWSE The Japan Inter - Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of Men and Women in Science and Engineering GLF Great Leap Forward, 1958–62 ICWES International Conference of W omen Engineers and Scientists IDM Illinois Distributed Museum IFUW International Federation of University W omen LAPNP Památníku národního písemnictví (Museum of Czech Literature), Prague MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan MTA Magyar T udományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) MÚA, AÚTGM Masarykův ústav a Archiv A V ČR, Archiv Ústavu Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka (Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Archive of the Institute of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk), Prague xx Negotiating in/visibility MWIA Medical Women’s International Association NA Národní Archiv (National Archives of the Czech Republic) NSAC National Society for Autistic Children NSF National Science Foundation, United States PUMC Peking Union Medical College SJWS Society of Japanese Women Scientists (Nihon josei kagakusha no	[ "man", "-", "\n", "uscript", ",", "respectively", ".", "\n", "The", "volume", "also", "owes", "its", "current", "shape", "to", "several", "colleagues", "and", "\n", "friends", "who", "generously", "offered", "support", "at", "various", "stages", ",", "including", "read", "\n", "-", "\n", "ing", "drafts", ",", "suggesting", "useful", "references", ",", "double-", " ", "checking", "transliterations", " \n", "and", "engaging", "in", "extensive", "conversations", "about", "women", "in", "science", ":", "Özlem", ",", "\n", "Temitope", "and", "Pelumi", "Deniz", "Akinbosoye-", " ", "Zaimoğlu", ",", "Kathryn", "Edgerton-", " \n", "Tarpley", ",", "Graeme", 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"Culture", ",", "Sports", ",", "Science", "and", "\n", "Technology", ",", "Japan", "\n", "MTA", " ", "Magyar", "T", "udományos", "Akadémia", "(", "Hungarian", "Academy", "of", "\n", "Sciences", ")", "\n", "MÚA", ",", "AÚTGM", " ", "Masarykův", "ústav", "a", "Archiv", "A", "V", "ČR", ",", "Archiv", "Ústavu", "\n", "Tomáše", "Garrigua", "Masaryka", "(", "Masaryk", "Institute", "and", "Archives", "\n ", "of", "the", "Czech", "Academy", "of", "Sciences", ",", "Archive", "of", "\n", "the", "Institute", "of", "Tomáš", "Garrigue", "Masaryk", ")", ",", "Prague", " \n", "xx", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "MWIA", "Medical", "Women", "’s", "International", "Association", "\n", "NA", "Národní", "Archiv", "(", "National", "Archives", "of", "the", "Czech", "\n", "Republic", ")", "\n", "NSAC", "National", "Society", "for", "Autistic", "Children", "\n", "NSF", "National", "Science", "Foundation", ",", "United", "States", "\n", "PUMC", "Peking", "Union", "Medical", "College", "\n", "SJWS", "Society", "of", "Japanese", "Women", "Scientists", "(", "Nihon", "josei", "\n", "kagakusha", "no" ]	[]
Principals are expected to stay informed about and align their vision with education theory, national legislation and global trends. In Albania, school directors must understand legislation, theories and emerging practices in education (Albania Ministry of Education and Science, 2013). In Hong Kong, China, principals are expected to inform their school's vision and mission based on global trends and follow a systems thinking approach (COTAP Secretariat, 2015). In Japan, principals are expected to formulate their school's vision in alignment with national, prefectural and municipal education policies (Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2020). In the Netherlands, principals are expected to stay up to date with local, national and societal developments (SRVO, 2021).	[ "\n\n", "Principals", "are", "expected", "to", "stay", "informed", "about", "and", "align", "their", "vision", "with", "education", "theory", ",", "national", "legislation", "and", "global", "trends", ".", "In", "Albania", ",", "school", "directors", "must", "understand", "legislation", ",", "theories", "and", "emerging", "practices", "in", "education", "(", "Albania", "Ministry", "of", "Education", "and", "Science", ",", "2013", ")", ".", "In", "Hong", "Kong", ",", "China", ",", "principals", "are", "expected", "to", "inform", "their", "school", "'s", "vision", "and", "mission", "based", "on", "global", "trends", "and", "follow", "a", "systems", "thinking", "approach", "(", "COTAP", "Secretariat", ",", "2015", ")", ".", "In", "Japan", ",", "principals", "are", "expected", "to", "formulate", "their", "\n\n", "school", "'s", "vision", "in", "alignment", "with", "national", ",", "prefectural", "and", "municipal", "education", "policies", "(", "Japan", "Ministry", "of", "Education", ",", "Culture", ",", "Sports", ",", "Science", "and", "Technology", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "In", "the", "Netherlands", ",", "principals", "are", "expected", "to", "stay", "up", "to", "date", "with", "local", ",", "national", "and", "societal", "developments", "(", "SRVO", ",", "2021", ")", "." ]	[ { "end": 464, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 441 }, { "end": 458, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 441 }, { "end": 464, "label": "YEAR", "start": 460 }, { "end": 286, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 239 }, { "end": 286, "label": "YEAR", "start": 282 }, { "end": 279, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 239 }, { "end": 685, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 611 }, { "end": 679, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 611 }, { "end": 685, "label": "YEAR", "start": 681 }, { "end": 809, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 799 }, { "end": 803, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 799 }, { "end": 809, "label": "YEAR", "start": 805 } ]
that take you? I'd say four and a half years. ## Are there any other comments that you would like to make? Okay, so please let me think a bit, you know. Let me think a bit. I would like to see that experiences of mine, both positive and negative, have taught me the importance of representation, inclusivity, and diversity in education. So, as a Hispanic student, I often felt like I was invisible in the curriculum and that my experiences and perspectives were not valued at all. Excuse me, my experiences and perspective. We are not valued; that's our own. So, finally, I'd like to say that I'm grateful for the opportunity to share my story. And I hope that I can inspire others to advocate for themselves to speak out for themselves. They should be bold in themselves and their community as Hispanic Americans. Sorry to add, though, are you Hispanic American, too, or you're just for the study? The topic that I'm researching is based on Hispanic American students. I'm a middle school science teacher. For the past 18 years, the majority of my students have been Hispanic Americans. When I started my doctorate, what I was passionate about was the success of those kids. That is what brought me to this topic for my research. But I'm not Hispanic. That's a mean win for you, man. That's a win-win for you. Yes, I hope so. I hope I can make a difference in some people's lives. You'll definitely make a difference, ma'am. You're amazing. Thank you. Do you have any other questions for me? No, ma'am, no other questions. \| Qualitative Research \| Minimum Interview \| Corresponding \| Corresponding \| \|------------------------\|---------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Case Study \| 45+ minutes \| 8+ pages single- spaced typed \| 8-12 pages single- space typed \| ## Participant/Pseudonym: IP8 - Interview 8 Date: December 24, 2024 Beginning Time: 6:00 pm End: 6:47 pm Location: Zoom ## 1. Describe your attitude towards school or education when you started high school. Okay, I'd say, well, I got to admit. I wasn't exactly thrilled about being in high school. I mean, I was still getting used to the whole idea of being in a new school with new teachers and new classmates. It was all a bit overwhelming, you know. To be honest, I was more focused on trying to fit in and make friends	[ "that", "take", "you", "?", "\n\n", "I", "'d", "say", "four", "and", "a", "half", "years", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Are", "there", "any", "other", "comments", "that", "you", "would", "like", "to", "make", "?", "\n\n", "Okay", ",", "so", "please", "let", "me", "think", "a", "bit", ",", "you", "know", ".", "Let", "me", "think", "a", "bit", ".", "I", "would", "like", "to", "see", "that", "experiences", "of", "mine", ",", "both", "positive", "and", "negative", ",", "have", "taught", "me", "the", "importance", "of", "representation", ",", "inclusivity", ",", "and", "diversity", "in", "education", ".", "So", ",", "as", "a", "Hispanic", "student", ",", "I", "often", "felt", "like", "I", "was", "invisible", "in", "the", "curriculum", "and", "that", "my", "experiences", "and", "perspectives", "were", "not", "valued", "at", "all", ".", "Excuse", "me", ",", "my", "experiences", "and", "perspective", ".", "We", "are", "not", "valued", ";", "that", "'s", "our", "own", ".", "So", ",", "finally", ",", "I", "'d", "like", "to", "say", "that", "I", "'m", "grateful", "for", "the", "opportunity", "to", "share", "my", "story", ".", "And", "I", "hope", "that", "I", "can", "inspire", "others", "to", "advocate", "for", "themselves", "to", "speak", "out", "for", "themselves", ".", "They", "should", "be", "bold", "in", "themselves", "and", "their", "community", "as", "Hispanic", "Americans", ".", "Sorry", "to", "add", ",", "though", ",", "are", "you", "Hispanic", "American", ",", "too", ",", "or", "you", "'re", "just", "for", "the", "study", "?", "\n\n", "The", "topic", "that", "I", "'m", "researching", "is", "based", "on", "Hispanic", "American", "students", ".", "I", "'m", "a", "middle", "school", "science", "teacher", ".", "For", "the", "past", "18", "years", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "my", "students", "have", "been", "Hispanic", "Americans", ".", "When", "I", "started", "my", "doctorate", ",", "what", "I", "was", "passionate", "about", "was", "the", "success", "of", "those", "kids", ".", "That", "is", "what", "brought", "me", "to", "this", "topic", "for", "my", "research", ".", "But", "I", "'m", "not", "Hispanic", ".", "\n\n", "That", "'s", "a", "mean", "win", "for", "you", ",", "man", ".", "That", "'s", "a", "win", "-", "win", "for", "you", ".", "\n\n", "Yes", ",", "I", "hope", "so", ".", "I", "hope", "I", "can", "make", "a", "difference", "in", "some", "people", "'s", "lives", ".", "\n\n", "You", "'ll", "definitely", "make", "a", "difference", ",", "ma'am", ".", "You", "'re", "amazing", ".", "\n\n", "Thank", "you", ".", "Do", "you", "have", "any", "other", "questions", "for", "me", "?", "\n\n", "No", ",", "ma'am", ",", "no", "other", "questions", ".", "\n\n", "\|", "Qualitative", "Research", " ", "\|", "Minimum", "Interview", " ", "\|", "Corresponding", " ", "\|", "Corresponding", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|------------------------\|---------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Case", "Study", " ", "\|", "45", "+", "minutes", " ", "\|", "8", "+", "pages", "single-", "spaced", "typed", "\|", "8", "-", "12", "pages", "single-", "space", "typed", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Participant", "/", "Pseudonym", ":", "IP8", "-", "Interview", "8", "\n\n", "Date", ":", "December", "24", ",", "2024", "\n\n", "Beginning", "Time", ":", "6:00", "pm", "\n\n", "End", ":", "6:47", "pm", "\n\n", "Location", ":", "Zoom", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1", ".", "Describe", "your", "attitude", "towards", "school", "or", "education", "when", "you", "started", "high", "school", ".", "\n\n", "Okay", ",", "I", "'d", "say", ",", "well", ",", "I", "got", "to", "admit", ".", "I", "was", "n't", "exactly", "thrilled", "about", "being", "in", "high", "school", ".", "I", "mean", ",", "I", "was", "still", "getting", "used", "to", "the", "whole", "idea", "of", "being", "in", "a", "new", "school", "with", "new", "teachers", "and", "new", "classmates", ".", "It", "was", "all", "a", "bit", "overwhelming", ",", "you", "know", ".", "To", "be", "honest", ",", "I", "was", "more", "focused", "on", "trying", "to", "fit", "in", "and", "make", "friends" ]	[]
that those living in slums are apathetic, incompetent, disorganised and dangerous as per marginality theory - what she terms the myths of marginality. She does this through fieldwork in three favelas of Rio de Janeiro between 1968-1969. The favelados, those living in the favelas she shows, are none of the above. They are hard working, save money, value education, pursue upward mobility, work together as communities to defend their rights and eschew radical politics. Politically, the communities work with the established political system. Perlman interviewed residents in three favelas as well as 50 local leaders in each, who she chose for their position as a head of a community organisation or owing to their reputation. Stokes (1995) carried out research that included observations, a 900-resident survey and in-depth interviews with community leaders, considering the politics of the urban poor in Lima, Peru, from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. The slum area under examination is the Independencia. She finds that the community leaders are of two different dispositions. There are those who adopt a confrontational political style, espousing ideas around class struggle, compared to those leaders who promote a traditional, respectful, clientelist vision of political action. The role of intermediaries, sometimes called brokers, because they have the ability to broker goods and services, has also been highlighted in more recent studies in Argentina and India. These studies highlight the importance of politi -cal affiliations, revealing how political connections help resolve residents' issues and aid in community slum development ( Auerbach, 2017 ; Auerbach and Thachil, 2018 , 2023 ; Paniagua, 2022). Auerbach and Thachil undertook their study in two Indian cities (Jaipur and Bhopal) through a conjoint survey experiment with 2,199 residents living in 110 slums and a survey of 629 slum leaders. Their aim was to understand how residents choose their slum leader and the characteristics successful brokers possess. The findings initially show that a preferred broker is one with a good education (above grade 8) who is of the same caste and religion as the resident, from the same state, has the same political affiliation with good networks. Data were also collected around the choice of neighbour to provide a benchmark of social preferences. This provides information to ensure that the preferred traits and qualities of the slum leader are specific to them and not the general social preferences of the resident. Triangulation from the conjoint survey experiment	[ "that", "those", "living", "in", "slums", "are", "apathetic", ",", "incompetent", ",", "disorganised", "and", "dangerous", "as", "per", "marginality", "theory", "-", "what", "she", "terms", "the", "myths", "of", "marginality", ".", "She", "does", "this", "through", "fieldwork", "in", "three", "favelas", "of", "Rio", "de", "Janeiro", "between", "1968", "-", "1969", ".", "The", "favelados", ",", "those", "living", "in", "the", "favelas", "she", "shows", ",", "are", "none", "of", "the", "above", ".", "They", "are", "hard", "working", ",", "save", "money", ",", "value", "education", ",", "pursue", "upward", "mobility", ",", "work", "together", "as", "communities", "to", "defend", "their", "rights", "and", "eschew", "radical", " ", "politics", ".", " ", "Politically", ",", " ", "the", " ", "communities", " ", "work", " ", "with", " ", "the", " ", "established", " ", "political", "system", ".", "Perlman", "interviewed", "residents", "in", "three", "favelas", "as", "well", "as", "50", "local", "leaders", "in", "each", ",", "who", "she", "chose", "for", "their", "position", "as", "a", "head", "of", "a", "community", "organisation", "or", "owing", "to", "their", "reputation", ".", "Stokes", "(", "1995", ")", "carried", "out", "research", "that", "included", "observations", ",", "a", "900", "-", "resident", "survey", "and", "in", "-", "depth", "interviews", "with", "community", "leaders", ",", "considering", "the", "politics", "of", "the", "urban", "poor", "in", "Lima", ",", "Peru", ",", "from", "the", "mid-1980s", "to", "the", "early", "1990s", ".", "The", "slum", "area", "under", "examination", "is", "the", "Independencia", ".", "She", "finds", "that", "the", "community", "leaders", "are", "of", "two", "different", "dispositions", ".", "There", "are", "those", "who", "adopt", "a", "confrontational", "political", "style", ",", "espousing", "ideas", "around", "class", "struggle", ",", "compared", "to", "those", "leaders", "who", "promote", "a", "traditional", ",", "respectful", ",", "clientelist", "vision", "of", "political", "action", ".", "The", "role", "of", "intermediaries", ",", "sometimes", "called", "brokers", ",", "because", "they", "have", "the", "ability", "to", "broker", "goods", "and", "services", ",", "has", "also", "been", "highlighted", "in", "more", "recent", "studies", "in", "Argentina", "and", "India", ".", "These", "studies", "highlight", "the", "importance", "of", "politi", "-cal", "affiliations", ",", "revealing", "how", "political", "connections", "help", "resolve", "residents", "'", "issues", "and", "aid", "in", "community", "slum", "development", "(", "Auerbach", ",", "2017", ";", "Auerbach", "and", "Thachil", ",", "2018", ",", "2023", ";", "Paniagua", ",", "2022", ")", ".", "Auerbach", "and", "Thachil", "undertook", "their", "study", "in", "two", "Indian", "cities", "(", "Jaipur", "and", "Bhopal", ")", "through", "a", "conjoint", "survey", "experiment", "with", "2,199", "residents", "living", "in", "110", "slums", "and", "a", "survey", "of", "629", "slum", "leaders", ".", "Their", "aim", "was", "to", "understand", "how", "residents", "choose", "their", "slum", "leader", "and", "the", "characteristics", "successful", "brokers", "possess", ".", "The", "findings", "initially", "show", "that", "a", "preferred", "broker", "is", "one", "with", "a", "good", "education", "(", "above", "grade", "8)", "who", "is", "of", "the", "same", "caste", "and", "religion", "as", "the", "resident", ",", "from", "the", "same", "state", ",", "has", "the", "same", "political", "affiliation", "with", "good", "networks", ".", "Data", "were", "also", "collected", "around", "the", "choice", "of", "neighbour", "to", "provide", "a", "benchmark", "of", "social", "preferences", ".", "This", "provides", "information", "to", "ensure", "that", "the", "preferred", "traits", "and", "qualities", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "slum", " ", "leader", " ", "are", " ", "specific", " ", "to", " ", "them", " ", "and", " ", "not", " ", "the", " ", "general", " ", "social", "preferences", "of", "the", "resident", ".", "Triangulation", "from", "the", "conjoint", "survey", "experiment" ]	[ { "end": 744, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 738 }, { "end": 750, "label": "YEAR", "start": 746 }, { "end": 751, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 738 }, { "end": 1669, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1661 }, { "end": 1698, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1678 }, { "end": 1722, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1714 }, { "end": 1675, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1671 }, { "end": 1704, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1700 }, { "end": 1711, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1707 }, { "end": 1728, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1724 }, { "end": 1728, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1714 }, { "end": 1711, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1678 }, { "end": 1675, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1661 } ]
Section 15(a) read with Section 36 of their Income Tax Act, applies only to CapEx. This means that deductible CapEx from one mine cannot be consolidated with the taxable income of another mine. 23 For example, Ghana levies a tax rate of 35%, while the general tax rate is 25%. In Liberia, the general tax is 25% and 30% for mining companies. In Guinea the corporate tax rate is 25%, while the mining tax rate is 30%. See PwC's Worldwide Tax Summaries Online for various country examples. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION for a taxpayer's multiple projects and can thus be affected by losses from other projects or even non-mining activities, rather than being calculated separately for each specific project. From an administrative perspective, not ring-fencing these taxes may create unnecessary complexity for tax authorities, who would otherwise have to administer and audit each profit-based tax separately and differently, depending on whether they are ring-fenced or not. 24 The revenue impact of ring-fencing these taxes, if designed in this way, may be significant since these taxes will be paid when the IRR threshold is met for any single project. However, such an outcome is consistent with the tax policy objectives of RRTs and APTs, which may otherwise never apply if only consolidated results are considered. In summary, RRT/APTs will need to be ring-fencing to be effectively implemented. The question is whether resource-rich countries should ring-fence the CIT. If the RRT/APT are calculated on a post-tax IRR, the CIT would also have to be ring-fenced. This will streamline administration and compliance efforts while also achieving the positive effect of ring-fencing rules for all profit-based taxes. On the other hand, if the RRT/APT are applied on a pre-tax IRR, ringfencing of CIT is not required, and countries might consider consolidating CIT. While countries typically apply ring-fencing rules for direct tax purposes, there may be situations of an (un)intended interaction with value added tax/ goods and services tax (VAT/GST) rules that would merit consideration, in particular those aimed at addressing the challenges of mining companies to recover input VAT. 25 For example the implementation of a ring-fencing approach at project level when national (VAT/GST) legislation provides that VAT/GST refundable excess input tax credits can be offset against other tax liabilities	[ "Section", "15(a", ")", "read", "with", "Section", "36", "of", "their", "Income", "Tax", "Act", ",", "applies", "only", "to", "CapEx", ".", "This", "means", "that", "deductible", "CapEx", "from", "one", "mine", "can", "not", "be", "consolidated", "with", "the", "taxable", "income", "of", "another", "mine", ".", "\n\n", "23", " ", "For", "example", ",", "Ghana", "levies", "a", "tax", "rate", "of", "35", "%", ",", "while", "the", "general", "tax", "rate", "is", "25", "%", ".", "In", "Liberia", ",", "the", "general", "tax", "is", "25", "%", "and", "30", "%", "for", "mining", "companies", ".", "In", "Guinea", "the", "corporate", "tax", "rate", "is", "25", "%", ",", "while", "the", "mining", "tax", "rate", "is", "30", "%", ".", "See", "PwC", "'s", "Worldwide", "Tax", "Summaries", "Online", "for", "various", "country", "examples", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "for", "a", "taxpayer", "'s", "multiple", "projects", "and", "can", "thus", "be", "affected", "by", "losses", "from", "other", "projects", "or", "even", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ",", "rather", "than", "being", "calculated", "separately", "for", "each", "specific", "project", ".", "\n\n", "From", "an", "administrative", "perspective", ",", "not", "ring", "-", "fencing", "these", "taxes", "may", "create", "unnecessary", "complexity", "for", "tax", "authorities", ",", "who", "would", "otherwise", "have", "to", "administer", "and", "audit", "each", "profit", "-", "based", "tax", "separately", "and", "differently", ",", "depending", "on", "whether", "they", "are", "ring", "-", "fenced", "or", "not", ".", "24", " ", "The", "revenue", "impact", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "these", "taxes", ",", "if", "designed", "in", "this", "way", ",", "may", "be", "significant", "since", "these", "taxes", "will", "be", "paid", "when", "the", "IRR", "threshold", "is", "met", "for", "any", "single", "project", ".", "However", ",", "such", "an", "outcome", "is", "consistent", "with", "the", "tax", "policy", "objectives", "of", "RRTs", "and", "APTs", ",", "which", "may", "otherwise", "never", "apply", "if", "only", "consolidated", "results", "are", "considered", ".", "In", "summary", ",", "RRT", "/", "APTs", "will", "need", "to", "be", "ring", "-", "fencing", "to", "be", "effectively", "implemented", ".", "\n\n", "The", "question", "is", "whether", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "ring", "-", "fence", "the", "CIT", ".", "If", "the", "RRT", "/", "APT", "are", "calculated", "on", "a", "post", "-", "tax", "IRR", ",", "the", "CIT", "would", "also", "have", "to", "be", "ring", "-", "fenced", ".", "This", "will", "streamline", "administration", "and", "compliance", "efforts", "while", "also", "achieving", "the", "positive", "effect", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "all", "profit", "-", "based", "taxes", ".", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "if", "the", "RRT", "/", "APT", "are", "applied", "on", "a", "pre", "-", "tax", "IRR", ",", "ringfencing", "of", "CIT", "is", "not", "required", ",", "and", "countries", "might", "consider", "consolidating", "CIT", ".", "\n\n", "While", "countries", "typically", "apply", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "direct", "tax", "purposes", ",", "there", "may", "be", "situations", "of", "an", "(", "un)intended", "interaction", "with", "value", "added", "tax/", "goods", "and", "services", "tax", "(", "VAT", "/", "GST", ")", "rules", "that", "would", "merit", "consideration", ",", "in", "particular", "those", "aimed", "at", "addressing", "the", "challenges", "of", "mining", "companies", "to", "recover", "input", "VAT", ".", "25", " ", "For", "example", "the", "implementation", "of", "a", "ring", "-", "fencing", "approach", "at", "project", "level", "when", "national", "(", "VAT", "/", "GST", ")", "legislation", "provides", "that", "VAT", "/", "GST", "refundable", "excess", "input", "tax", "credits", "can", "be", "offset", "against", "other", "tax", "liabilities" ]	[]
future tenders, and by promoting EU-based telecoms equipment providers as strategic in trade negotiations. ## Strengthening industrial capacity for defence and space The European defence industry not only suff.ligaers from lower defence spending but also a lack of focus on technological development [see the chapter on defence]. The European defence sector is highly competitive globally, registering an annual turnover of EUR 135 billion in 2022 and strong export volumes. Some EU products and technologies are superior or at least equivalent in quality to those produced by the US, such as main battle tanks, conventional submarines, naval shipyard technology and transport aircraft. However, the EU defence industry is suff.ligaering from a capacity gap on two fronts. First, overall demand is lower: aggregate defence spending in the EU is about one-third as high as in the US. Second, EU spending is less focused on innovation. Defence is a highly technological industry characterised by disruptive innovation, meaning that massive R&D investments are required to maintain strategic parity. The US has prioritised R&D spending over all other military spending categories since 2014. In the 2023, it allocated EUR 130 billion (USD 140 billion) for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, amounting to around 16% of total defence spending. This category also saw the largest relative percentage increase in the defence budget. In Europe, total funding for defence R&D was EUR 10.7 billion in 2022, amounting to just 4.5% of total spending. Complex next-generation defence systems in all strategic domains will require massive R&D investment that exceeds the capacity of single EU Member States. The European defence industry is also fragmented, limiting its scale and hindering operational eff.ligaectiveness in the field . The EU defence industrial landscape is populated mainly by national players operating in relatively small domestic markets [see Figure 4]. Fragmentation creates two major challenges. First, it means that the industry lacks scale, which is essential in a capital-intensive sector with long investment cycles. As a result, if EU Member States were to ramp up defence spending significantly, a supply crisis could occur with Member States competing between each other on the constrained European defence equipment market. Second, fragmentation leads to serious issues related to a lack of standardisation and the interoperability of equipment, which have come to light during the EU's support for Ukraine. For 155 mm artillery alone, EU Member States have provided ten diff.ligaerent types of howitzers to Ukraine from their	[ "future", "tenders", ",", "and", "by", "promoting", "EU", "-", "based", "telecoms", "equipment", "providers", "as", "strategic", "in", "trade", "negotiations", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Strengthening", "industrial", "capacity", "for", " ", "defence", " ", "and", " ", "space", "\n\n", "The", "European", "defence", "industry", "not", "only", "suff.ligaers", "from", "lower", "defence", "spending", "but", "also", "a", "lack", "of", "focus", "on", "technological", "development", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "defence", "]", ".", "The", "European", "defence", "sector", "is", "highly", "competitive", "globally", ",", "registering", "an", "annual", "turnover", "of", "EUR", "135", "billion", "in", "2022", "and", "strong", "export", "volumes", ".", "Some", "EU", "products", "and", "technologies", "are", "superior", "or", "at", "least", "equivalent", "in", "quality", "to", "those", "produced", "by", "the", "US", ",", "such", "as", "main", "battle", "tanks", ",", "conventional", "submarines", ",", "naval", "shipyard", "technology", "and", "transport", "aircraft", ".", "However", ",", "the", "EU", "defence", "industry", "is", "suff.ligaering", "from", "a", "capacity", "gap", "on", "two", "fronts", ".", "First", ",", "overall", "demand", "is", "lower", ":", "aggregate", "defence", "spending", "in", "the", "EU", "is", "about", "one", "-", "third", "as", "high", "as", "in", "the", "US", ".", "Second", ",", "EU", "spending", "is", "less", "focused", "on", "innovation", ".", "Defence", "is", "a", "highly", "technological", "industry", "characterised", "by", "disruptive", "innovation", ",", "meaning", "that", "massive", "R&D", "investments", "are", "required", "to", "maintain", "strategic", "parity", ".", "The", "US", "has", "prioritised", "R&D", "spending", "over", "all", "other", "military", "spending", "categories", "since", "2014", ".", "In", "the", "2023", ",", "it", "allocated", "EUR", "130", "billion", "(", "USD", "140", "billion", ")", "for", "Research", ",", "Development", ",", "Test", "and", "Evaluation", ",", "amounting", "to", "around", "16", "%", "of", "total", "defence", "spending", ".", "This", "category", "also", "saw", "the", "largest", "relative", "percentage", "increase", "in", "the", "defence", "budget", ".", "In", "Europe", ",", "total", "funding", "for", "defence", "R&D", "was", "EUR", "10.7", "billion", "in", "2022", ",", "amounting", "to", "just", "4.5", "%", "of", "total", "spending", ".", "Complex", "next", "-", "generation", "defence", "systems", "in", "all", "strategic", "domains", "will", "require", "massive", "R&D", "investment", "that", "exceeds", "the", "capacity", "of", "single", "EU", "Member", "States", ".", "\n\n", "The", "European", "defence", "industry", "is", "also", "fragmented", ",", "limiting", "its", "scale", "and", "hindering", "operational", "eff.ligaectiveness", "in", "the", "field", ".", "The", "EU", "defence", "industrial", "landscape", "is", "populated", "mainly", "by", "national", "players", "operating", "in", "relatively", "small", "domestic", "markets", "[", "see", "Figure", "4", "]", ".", "Fragmentation", "creates", "two", "major", "challenges", ".", "First", ",", "it", "means", "that", "the", "industry", "lacks", "scale", ",", "which", "is", "essential", "in", "a", "capital", "-", "intensive", "sector", "with", "long", "investment", "cycles", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "if", "EU", "Member", "States", "were", "to", "ramp", "up", "defence", "spending", "significantly", ",", "a", "supply", "crisis", "could", "occur", "with", "Member", "States", "competing", "between", "each", "other", "on", "the", "constrained", "European", "defence", "equipment", "market", ".", "Second", ",", "fragmentation", "leads", "to", "serious", "issues", "related", "to", "a", "lack", "of", "standardisation", "and", "the", "interoperability", "of", "equipment", ",", "which", "have", "come", "to", "light", "during", "the", "EU", "'s", "support", "for", "Ukraine", ".", "For", "155", "mm", "artillery", "alone", ",", "EU", "Member", "States", "have", "provided", "ten", "diff.ligaerent", "types", "of", "howitzers", "to", "Ukraine", "from", "their" ]	[]
the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 A are electrically connected to each other. - a one-stage or multi-stage conductor 208 B is provided over the conductor 316 B and is electrically connected to the conductor 316 B. - a top surface of the conductor 208 B is connected to a bottom surface of the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B, whereby the conductor 316 B and the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B are electrically connected to each other. - a source of the transistor 300 A and a source of the transistor 300 B are electrically connected to a wiring SL 1 and a wiring SL 2 , respectively. - the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B share a drain, and the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B share the other of the source and the drain. - the drains of the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B are electrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of each of the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B through a conductor and are electrically connected to a wiring BL. - a conductor 209 is electrically connected to the drains of the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B. - a conductor 240 that is connected to a top surface of the conductor 209 and electrically connected to the wiring BL is provided in an opening provided so as to penetrate the oxide 230 , and is electrically connected to a side surface of the oxide 230 . - the present invention is not limited thereto. - the top surface of the conductor 209 and a bottom surface of the oxide 230 may be connected to each other so that the conductor 240 may be electrically connected to a top surface of the oxide 230 . - the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 A is electrically connected to the capacitor 100 A. - the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B is electrically connected to the capacitor 100 B. - cylindrical capacitors 100 A and 100 B in each of which an opening is provided in an insulator that covers the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B, a	[ "the", "one", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "A", "are", "electrically", "connected", "to", "each", "other", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "one", "-", "stage", "or", "multi", "-", "stage", "conductor", "208", "B", "\n", "is", "provided", "over", "the", "conductor", "316", "B", "and", "is", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "conductor", "316", "B.", "\n", "-", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "208", "B", "\n", "is", "connected", "to", "a", "bottom", "surface", "of", "the", "one", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", ",", "whereby", "the", "conductor", "316", "B", "and", "the", "one", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", "are", "electrically", "connected", "to", "each", "other", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "source", "of", "the", "transistor", "300", "A", "and", "a", "source", "of", "the", "transistor", "300", "B", "\n", "are", "electrically", "connected", "to", "a", "wiring", "SL", "1", "and", "a", "wiring", "SL", "2", ",", "respectively", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "transistor", "300", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "300", "B", "\n", "share", "a", "drain", ",", "and", "the", "transistor", "200", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", "share", "the", "other", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "drains", "of", "the", "transistor", "300", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "300", "B", "\n", "are", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "other", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "each", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", "through", "a", "conductor", "and", "are", "electrically", "connected", "to", "a", "wiring", "BL", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "conductor", "209", "\n", "is", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "drains", "of", "the", "transistor", "300", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "300", "B.", "\n", "-", "a", "conductor", "240", "that", "is", "connected", "to", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "209", "and", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "wiring", "BL", "\n", "is", "provided", "in", "an", "opening", "provided", "so", "as", "to", "penetrate", "the", "oxide", "230", ",", "and", "is", "electrically", "connected", "to", "a", "side", "surface", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "present", "invention", "\n", "is", "not", "limited", "thereto", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "209", "and", "a", "bottom", "surface", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", "\n", "may", "be", "connected", "to", "each", "other", "so", "that", "the", "conductor", "240", "may", "be", "electrically", "connected", "to", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "one", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "A", "\n", "is", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "capacitor", "100", "A.", "\n", "-", "the", "one", "of", "the", "source", "and", "the", "drain", "of", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", "\n", "is", "electrically", "connected", "to", "the", "capacitor", "100", "B.", "\n", "-", "cylindrical", "capacitors", "100", "A", "and", "100", "B", "\n", "in", "each", "of", "which", "an", "opening", "is", "provided", "in", "an", "insulator", "that", "covers", "the", "transistor", "200", "A", "and", "the", "transistor", "200", "B", ",", "a" ]	[]
in other economic areas, notably digital sectors. EIST domains, where a direct concordance between E&I and S&T has been found, present adequate environments for knowledge exchange and the co-development of strategies, technologies and niches by the quadruple helix, particularly between academic actors and private companies. Here, shared resources and venues, such as technolog- ical platforms or clusters, collaborative R&D, sub- sidised contract research or innovation vouchers would find a fertile landscape. Finally, it must be noted that, in some cases, data unavailability or sparsity has reduced the poten- tial of the analysis for some countries and some domains of specialisation, and must lead to a cau- tious interpretation and apprehension of the re- sults. Furthermore, the current analysis contained in the ‘Analysis of context – country specific con- ditions’ phase of the above-mentioned S3 Frame- work must be complemented with quantitative analyses based on additional and national data sources, as well as expert and qualitative insight into the EDP framework.Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations 1. Economic and innovation (E&I) potential in the Eastern Partnership countries Part 2 of this study presents the results of the mapping of the economic and innovation potential of the Eastern Partnership countries, which results in the identification of a set of domains of eco- nomic and innovation specialisation summarised below. This is achieved by looking at relevant eco- nomic variables – such as employment, turnover and average wages – as well as their growth dy- namics. Similar indicators have been quantified for the manufacturing sector and for the export of goods and services. Additionally, a critical mass of venture capital-backed companies per industry group and per respective class for patent, trade- mark, and industrial design applications has been measured. Lastly, innovation has been quantified by means of the results of the innovation surveys carried out by the World Bank Enterprise Survey. E&I specialisations for Armenia The economic and innovation analysis for Arme- nia leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisation domains: ■Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation in beverages, spe- cialised performance in related patents, the identification of a food and agriculture cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Tobacco (NACE 12) based on an economic specialisation in beverages, specialised per- formance in related patents and specialised performance in related goods exports; 10 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations ■Travel and tourism	[ "in", "other", "economic", "areas", ",", "notably", "digital", "\n", "sectors", ".", "\n", "EIST", "domains", ",", "where", "a", "direct", "concordance", "between", "\n", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "has", "been", "found", ",", "present", "adequate", "\n", "environments", "for", "knowledge", "exchange", "and", "the", "\n", "co", "-", "development", "of", "strategies", ",", "technologies", "and", "\n", "niches", "by", "the", "quadruple", "helix", ",", "particularly", "between", "\n", "academic", "actors", "and", "private", "companies", ".", "Here", ",", "\n", "shared", "resources", "and", "venues", ",", "such", "as", "technolog-", "\n", "ical", "platforms", "or", "clusters", ",", "collaborative", "R&D", ",", "sub-", "\n", "sidised", "contract", "research", "or", "innovation", "vouchers", "\n", "would", "find", "a", "fertile", "landscape", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "it", "must", "be", "noted", "that", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "data", "\n", "unavailability", "or", "sparsity", "has", "reduced", "the", "poten-", "\n", "tial", "of", "the", "analysis", "for", "some", "countries", "and", "some", "\n", "domains", "of", "specialisation", ",", "and", "must", "lead", "to", "a", "cau-", "\n", "tious", "interpretation", "and", "apprehension", "of", "the", "re-", "\n", "sults", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "current", "analysis", "contained", "\n", "in", "the", "‘", "Analysis", "of", "context", "–", "country", "specific", "con-", "\n", "ditions", "’", "phase", "of", "the", "above", "-", "mentioned", "S3", "Frame-", "\n", "work", "must", "be", "complemented", "with", "quantitative", "\n", "analyses", "based", "on", "additional", "and", "national", "data", "\n", "sources", ",", "as", "well", "as", "expert", "and", "qualitative", "insight", "\n", "into", "the", "EDP", "framework", ".", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "\n", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "\n", "and", "technological", "\n", "specialisations", "\n", "1", ".", "Economic", "and", "innovation", "\n", "(", "E&I", ")", "potential", "in", "the", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "countries", "\n", "Part", "2", "of", "this", "study", "presents", "the", "results", "of", "the", "\n", "mapping", "of", "the", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "of", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", ",", "which", "results", "\n", "in", "the", "identification", "of", "a", "set", "of", "domains", "of", "eco-", "\n", "nomic", "and", "innovation", "specialisation", "summarised", "\n", "below", ".", "This", "is", "achieved", "by", "looking", "at", "relevant", "eco-", "\n", "nomic", "variables", "–", "such", "as", "employment", ",", "turnover", "\n", "and", "average", "wages", "–", "as", "well", "as", "their", "growth", "dy-", "\n", "namics", ".", "Similar", "indicators", "have", "been", "quantified", "\n", "for", "the", "manufacturing", "sector", "and", "for", "the", "export", "\n", "of", "goods", "and", "services", ".", "Additionally", ",", "a", "critical", "mass", "\n", "of", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "per", "industry", "\n", "group", "and", "per", "respective", "class", "for", "patent", ",", "trade-", "\n", "mark", ",", "and", "industrial", "design", "applications", "has", "been", "\n", "measured", ".", "Lastly", ",", "innovation", "has", "been", "quantified", "\n", "by", "means", "of", "the", "results", "of", "the", "innovation", "surveys", "\n", "carried", "out", "by", "the", "World", "Bank", "Enterprise", "Survey", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "Armenia", "\n", "The", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "Arme-", "\n", "nia", "leads", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "the", "following", "E&I", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", ":", "\n ", "■", "Food", "&", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", "based", "on", "\n", "an", "economic", "specialisation", "in", "beverages", ",", "spe-", "\n", "cialised", "performance", "in", "related", "patents", ",", "the", "\n", "identification", "of", "a", "food", "and", "agriculture", "cluster", "\n", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "\n", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Tobacco", "(", "NACE", "12", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "\n", "specialisation", "in", "beverages", ",", "specialised", "per-", "\n", "formance", "in", "related", "patents", "and", "specialised", "\n", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "exports", ";", "\n", "10", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "\n ", "■", "Travel", "and", "tourism" ]	[]
to be interdependent (i.e., shared processing facilities), making it harder to allocate income and expenditures to each licence area. However, it may be difficult to determine what qualifies as the same mineral product (e.g., is it the same dominant mineral, grade and quality, level of beneficiation, etc.). \| \| Two or more mines are substantially interdependent. \| Zimbabwe \| The justification is the same as above. The challenge is that it can be broadly interpreted by tax authorities and taxpayers. For instance, the interpretation can be as broad as considering that interdependency means that new mines are only able to exist if they are able to offset costs against existing mines. \| \| There are exploration expenditures incurred in one of the mines owned by the mining company. \| Sierra Leone permits the consolidation of exploration expenditures from one mine with profits from another mine (only development costs are ring-fenced). \| The policy objective is to encourage mining investment, specifically brownfield investments in older and abandoned mining locations. Without this exception, it is believed that resources occurring in these locations would have been sterilized. However, this exception may risk the potential of early government revenues-a critical objective that some of the versions of ring-fencing rules are trying to achieve. This is because investors would be able to offset exploration expenditures against mining income from producing mines. \| \| 1.0 INTRODUCTION \| \|---------------------------------------------\| \| 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OFRING-FENCING \| \| 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING \| \| 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES \| \| 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OFRING-FENCING RULES \| \| 6.0 CONCLUSION \| \| Exception applies in the following cases \| Countries that applythis exception \| Analysis \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| There are unsuccessful exploration expenditures incurred in one of the mines owned by the mining company. \| PNG, Kenya, and the Cook Islands exempt mining investors with unsuccessful exploration activities from ring-fencing rules (see Box 16). \| The policy objective behind this exception is to promote exploration investments and overcome the challenge of ring-fencing rules, which could result in complete non-recognition of such costs for tax purposes. 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of marriage and the dominant perception of contraception. As they stated, contraception is communicated by the Church and by the majority of the medical community as a 'risky set of methods' - narratives that 'distort the truth, maintaining women's passive role and challenging their right to sex, pleasure and independence'. 65 For them, the issue of contraception was linked to the autonomy of the 2 9 1 female body, the conceptualization of which demanded a 'responsible education' that moved beyond the communication of risks, side effects and counterindications and enriched women's knowledge of their bodies. 66 Moreover, the public discussion of contraception in women's counterpublics was correlated with the deconstruction of the dominant and gendered conceptualization of female sexuality - the identification of sexuality with reproduction and its perception as a means for men's pleasure - and the struggle to associate reclaiming control over the body with control over knowledge. 67 ## The counterpublics: State feminists Exploring women's public sphere and, more specifically, magazines and publications related to state feminists such as the Bulletin of the Democratic Women's Movement , Modern Woman or the Bulletin of the Association of Greek Women Scientists , one sees the construction of alternative meanings and narratives concerning birth control. In such articles, the struggle for the decriminalization of abortions was often analysed as part of the promotion of birth control. This exact identification was contextualized with narratives about protecting women's health and interpreted as 'acts against women's exploitation by different experts'. 68 Additionally, birth control and contraception were crucial practices for decreasing high abortion rates (200,000500,000 illegal abortions per year), 69 the reconstruction of the relationship between men and women and the reformation of sexual health. 70 In parallel, women highlighted the need for the circulation of knowledge related to birth control, embodying in their analysis the crucial role of family planning in the protection of motherhood. Here, abortion was conceived as a 'medical, social and economic issue'. 71 In their critique against the illegal abortion regime, they focused on gender inequality, a phenomenon resulting from the 'lack of related institutions and the limited circulation of knowledge', while at the same time arguing that decriminalization would 'transform abortions into an emergency solution', instead of a contraceptive method. 72 Women's struggle to decriminalize abortion also included their participation in governmental or experts' committees, where cooperation between different actors was suggested primarily. 73 Within their practices,	[ "of", "marriage", "and", "the", "dominant", "perception", "of", "contraception", ".", "As", "they", "stated", ",", "contraception", "is", "communicated", "by", "the", "Church", "and", "by", "the", "majority", "of", "the", "medical", "community", "as", "a", "'", "risky", "set", "of", "methods", "'", "-", "narratives", "that", "'", "distort", "the", "truth", ",", 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de tener un papel modesto a convertirse en el segundo factor más importante a la hora de explicar los resultados del aprendizaje (Lakomski et al., 2018). Atribuir la transformación de los sistemas educativos únicamente a los individuos, algo que podría considerarse como un prejuicio inherente a la cultura occidental, podría resultar engañoso. De hecho, contar con entornos institucionales apropiados y buenas estructuras organizativas puede ser incluso más importante. Esto no significa que los directores de los centros escolares no desempeñen un papel fundamental, sino que este papel está matizado. Si se analizara de manera más detallada el funcionamiento de una institución educativa es posible que se observase cómo un resultado educativo positivo puede haber sido obra de varias personas intrínsecamente motivadas que aportaron su compromiso y experiencia. Sin embargo, considerar a estas personas como seguidores que dependen de un líder subestima sus contribuciones. En lo que respecta al contexto, el problema radica en el contraste que existe entre el control existente y la autonomía que tienen las personas en los distintos niveles del sistema educativo a la hora de tomar decisiones. Otro obstáculo añadido son las normas y la discreción para reaccionar en el momento oportuno a las circunstancias locales, lo cual hace que, en ocasiones, la estructura esté reñida con el organismo del que depende. Si bien la capacidad y los atributos personales son importantes, es posible que estos solo puedan aprovecharse en entornos propicios. Sin embargo, el énfasis en la autonomía no debe distraer la atención del hecho de que los líderes educativos trabajan para lograr resultados, independientemente del régimen de gobierno bajo el que operen. Los líderes también trabajan en contextos limitados. Mientras que algunos líderes disponen de los recursos necesarios para poner en práctica sus planes, otros se ven obligados a encontrar soluciones en circunstancias adversas. Aunque el liderazgo es un concepto atractivo, no está lo suficientemente claro. A menudo, es difícil distinguir a un buen líder de un buen gestor. A pesar de sus ambiciosos objetivos, el trabajo de los líderes educativos tiende a ser mundano. Los directores de los centros educativos tienen que gestionar los presupuestos escolares o celebrar reuniones para tomar decisiones disciplinarias. Es probable que quienes están a cargo del departamento o del equipo docente dediquen mucho tiempo a preparar horarios y organizar la contratación del profesorado. 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our side are Morgan Stephenson, Patrick Oetting and Roberta Herzberg. Our in-country partners, Baladevan Rangaraju and Dr Renu Khosla, were there to advise, discuss and prompt us throughout the whole process. Professor Mark Pennington and Professor Karen Ross were two colleagues who brought much to this project, as did Sue Price and Dr Declan McCormack – Flooded Cellar – you are just the best. Thank you to Professor Jishnu Das, Professor Tariq Thachil and Professor Adam Auerbach for their inspiration. We had at all times the support of our colleagues at Newcastle University, Professor Julie Morris, Dr Aditya Sharma, Professor Caroline and Dr Alan Walker-Gleaves. For dinners, drinks, humour and encouragement, Jane and Geoff Eggleston. Thanks to Professor Chris Counihan, whom we can always rely on. Helena Hurd and Katerina Lade from the senior editorial team at Routledge, Global Development, Routledge Studies in Cities and Development, were supportive from the start and encouraged us to complete the book in a timely manner. We are also eternally grateful to the communities who opened their lives up to us, so we could recount their stories and learn from them.Acknowledgements AAP Aam Aadmi Party AAY Ration card Antyodaya Ration card AMCE Average Marginal Components Effect ATTR Attraction to Neighbourhood AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homeopathy BAMS Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BNS Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita BSP Bahujan Samaj Party CHC Community Health Centres CI Confidence Interval DALYS Disability Adjusted Life Years DDA Delhi Development Authority IAD Institutional Analysis and Development framework INC Indian National Congress IPC Indian Penal Code IRT Item Response Theory JJ Jhuggi Jhopri JNNURM/BSUP Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission/Basic Services to Urban Poor LMICs Lower and Middle Income Countries LSE London School of Economics MBA Master’s in Business Administration MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery MCD Municipal Corporation of Delhi MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs MPD Master Plans for Delhi NCI Neighbourhood Cohesion Index NCT National Capital Territory of Delhi NEI Neighbourliness NFHS National Family Health Survey P Partners PHC Primary Health Care Clinics PHH ration cards Priority Household ration cardsAbbreviations Abbreviations xviiAbbreviations PrB Private Benefits PuB Public Benefits RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana PMAY-U Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) RRY Rajiv Rinn Yojana RWA Resident Welfare Association SC Social Capital SEM Structural Equation Modelling SHG Self Help Group SOC Sense of community SWB Subjective well-being UCLA	[ "our", "side", "are", "Morgan", "Stephenson", ",", "Patrick", "Oetting", "and", "Roberta", "\n", "Herzberg", ".", "Our", "in", "-", "country", "partners", ",", "Baladevan", "Rangaraju", "and", "Dr", "Renu", "Khosla", ",", "were", "\n", "there", "to", "advise", ",", "discuss", "and", "prompt", "us", "throughout", "the", "whole", "process", ".", "Professor", "Mark", "\n", "Pennington", "and", "Professor", "Karen", "Ross", "were", "two", "colleagues", "who", "brought", "much", "to", "\n", "this", "project", ",", "as", "did", "Sue", "Price", "and", "Dr", "Declan", "McCormack", "–", "Flooded", "Cellar", " ", "–", "you", "\n", "are", "just", "the", "best", ".", "Thank", "you", "to", "Professor", "Jishnu", "Das", ",", "Professor", "Tariq", "Thachil", "and", "\n", "Professor", "Adam", "Auerbach", "for", "their", "inspiration", ".", "We", "had", "at", "all", "times", "the", "support", "of", "\n", "our", "colleagues", "at", "Newcastle", "University", ",", "Professor", "Julie", "Morris", ",", "Dr", "Aditya", "Sharma", ",", "\n", "Professor", "Caroline", "and", "Dr", "Alan", "Walker", "-", "Gleaves", ".", "For", "dinners", ",", "drinks", ",", "humour", "and", "\n", "encouragement", ",", "Jane", "and", "Geoff", "Eggleston", ".", "Thanks", "to", "Professor", "Chris", "Counihan", ",", "\n", "whom", "we", "can", "always", 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run the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0257] includes an integrated circuit comprising one or more of the processor circuitry and the one or more computer readable media of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0258] includes a computing system comprising the one or more computer readable media and the processor circuitry of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0259] includes an apparatus comprising means for executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0260] includes a signal generated as a result of executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0261] includes a data unit generated as a result of executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0262] includes the data unit of example [0261] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the data unit is a packet, frame, datagram, protocol data unit (PDU), service data unit (SDU), segment, message, data block, data chunk, cell, data field, data element, information element, type length value, set of bytes, set of bits, set of symbols, and/or database object.	[ "run", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0257", "]", "includes", "an", "integrated", "circuit", "comprising", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "and", "the", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "readable", "media", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0258", "]", "includes", "a", "computing", "system", "comprising", "the", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "readable", "media", "and", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0259", "]", "includes", "an", "apparatus", "comprising", "means", "for", "executing", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0260", "]", "includes", "a", "signal", "generated", "as", "a", "result", "of", "executing", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0261", "]", "includes", "a", "data", "unit", "generated", "as", "a", "result", "of", "executing", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0262", "]", "includes", "the", "data", "unit", "of", "example", "[", "0261", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "data", "unit", "is", "a", "packet", ",", "frame", ",", "datagram", ",", "protocol", "data", "unit", "(", "PDU", ")", ",", "service", "data", "unit", "(", "SDU", ")", ",", "segment", ",", "message", ",", "data", "block", ",", "data", "chunk", ",", "cell", ",", "data", "field", ",", "data", "element", ",", "information", "element", ",", "type", "length", "value", ",", "set", "of", "bytes", ",", "set", "of", "bits", ",", "set", "of", "symbols", ",", "and/or", "database", "object", "." ]	[]
Krishna, A. , and Shrader, E. (2000). Cross-Cultural Measures of Social Capital: A Tool and Results from India and Panama (Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 21 ). Washington, DC: World Bank. Krishna, A. (2002) . Active Social Capital: Tracing the Roots of Development and Democracy . New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Loehlin, J. C., and Beaujen, A. A. (2017). Latent Variable Models . New York, NY: Routledge. Macintyre, S. , and Ellaway, A. (2000). Neighbourhood Cohesion and Health in Socially Contrasting Neighbourhoods: Implications for the Social Exclusion and Public Health Agendas, Health Bulletin , 58 (6), 450-456. Mahadevia, D. , Bhatia, N., and Bhatt, B. (2016). Decentralized Governance or Passing the Buck: The Case of Resident Welfare Associations at Resettlement Sites, Ahmedabad, India, Environment and Urbanization , 28 (1), 294-307. McCulloch, A. (2003). An Examination of Social Capital and Social Disorganisation in Neighbourhoods in the British Household Panel Study, Social Science and Medicine , 56 (7), 1425-1438. Mendes, M. L., Otero, G., Link, F., Morales, E. L., and Gayo, M. (2021). Neighbourhood Cohesion as a Form of Privilege, Urban Studies 58 , , 1691-1711. Patel, R. , Marbaniang, S. P., Srivastava, S., Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., and Simon, D. J. (2021). Gender Differential in Low Psychological Health and Low Subjective WellBeing Among Older Adults in India: With Special Focus on Childless Older Adults, PLoS One , 16 , e0247943. Pinchak, N. P. , Browning, C. R., Calder, C. A., and Boettner, B. (2021). Activity Locations, Residential Segregation, and the Significance of Residential Neighbourhood Boundary Perceptions, Urban Studies , 58 , 2758-2781. Prezza, M. , Amici, M., Roberti, T., and Tedeschi, G. (2001). 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close in on deal for Manchester United’s Alejandro Garnacho 14h ago United’s Terland pummels PSV with treble in Women’s Champions League qualifying 19h ago Mainoo wants to leave Manchester United after being sidelined by Amorim 2d ago Manchester United not equipped for Europe this season, admits Ruben Amorim 2d ago More from News More from News Ukraine ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least eight people 41m ago Trump administration Top US health agency erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign 6h ago China Putin and Kim to join Xi at Chinese military parade in show of defiance to the west 3h ago Gaza Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza 10h ago France Macron backs Bayrou and calls on budget critics to show responsibility 15h ago Greenland Denmark issues first apology over forced contraception of Greenlandic women 14h ago Iran Iran faces return of sweeping sanctions from UK, France and Germany 1h ago Argentina Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister 7h ago Japan Japanese town wants residents to limit smartphone use to two hours a day 8h ago Most viewed Most viewed Most viewed Across the Guardian Most viewed in Education Most viewed Across the Guardian CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome to the latest festival disaster Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister Sting sued by former Police bandmates over alleged lost royalties Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least 12 people Bland, easy to follow, for fans of everything: what has the Netflix algorithm done to our films? Meet the water sommeliers: they believe H₂O can rival wine – but would you pay £19 a bottle? ‘We had to up the ante’: Robin Wright on her tense TV tale of incest and violence among London’s billionaires Most viewed in Education Overdiagnosis of children overlooks that growing up is ‘messy and uneven’, says Jeremy Hunt The Guardian University Guide 2025 – the rankings Trump says he wants ‘nothing less than $500m’ from Harvard as feud continues Some pupils in England less likely to have special	[ "close", "in", "on", "deal", "for", "Manchester", "United", "’s", "Alejandro", "Garnacho", "\n", "14h", "ago", "\n", "United", "’s", "Terland", "pummels", "PSV", "with", "treble", "in", "Women", "’s", "Champions", "League", "qualifying", "\n", "19h", "ago", "\n", "Mainoo", "wants", "to", "leave", "Manchester", "United", "after", "being", "sidelined", "by", "Amorim", "\n", "2d", "ago", "\n", "Manchester", "United", "not", "equipped", "for", "Europe", "this", "season", ",", "admits", "Ruben", "Amorim", "\n", "2d", "ago", "\n", "More", "from", "\n", "News", "\n", "More", "from", "\n", "News", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "‘", "Massive", "’", "Russian", "missile", "and", "drone", "attack", "on", "Kyiv", "kills", "at", "least", "eight", "people", "\n", "41", "m", "ago", "\n", "Trump", "administration", "\n", "Top", "US", "health", "agency", "erupts", "in", "chaos", "after", "ousted", "chief", "Susan", "Monarez", "refuses", "to", "resign", "\n", "6h", "ago", "\n", "China", "\n", "Putin", "and", "Kim", "to", "join", "Xi", "at", "Chinese", "military", "parade", "in", "show", "of", "defiance", "to", "the", "west", "\n", "3h", "ago", "\n", "Gaza", "\n", "Tony", "Blair", "attends", "White", "House", "meeting", "with", "Trump", "on", "postwar", "Gaza", "\n", "10h", "ago", "\n", "France", "\n", "Macron", "backs", "Bayrou", "and", "calls", "on", "budget", "critics", "to", "show", "responsibility", "\n", "15h", "ago", "\n", "Greenland", "\n", "Denmark", "issues", "first", "apology", "over", "forced", "contraception", "of", "Greenlandic", "women", "\n", "14h", "ago", "\n", "Iran", "\n", "Iran", "faces", "return", "of", "sweeping", "sanctions", "from", "UK", ",", "France", "and", "Germany", "\n", "1h", "ago", "\n", "Argentina", "\n", "Argentina", "’s", "president", "Milei", "pelted", "with", "rocks", "on", "campaign", "trail", "amid", "corruption", "scandal", "linked", "to", "sister", "\n", "7h", "ago", "\n", "Japan", "\n", "Japanese", "town", "wants", "residents", "to", "limit", "smartphone", "use", "to", "two", "hours", "a", "day", "\n", "8h", "ago", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "\n", "Across", "the", " ", "Guardian", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "\n", "in", "Education", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "Across", "the Guardian", "\n", "CDC", "erupts", "in", "chaos", "after", "ousted", "chief", "Susan", "Monarez", "refuses", "to", "resign", "\n", "Glorious", "Grimsby", "humiliate", "Manchester", "United", "with", "shootout", "victory", "\n", "The", "Burning", "Man", "Orgy", "Dome", ":", "welcome", "to", "the", "latest", "festival", "disaster", "\n", "Argentina", "’s", "president", "Milei", "pelted", "with", "rocks", "on", "campaign", "trail", "amid", "corruption", "scandal", "linked", "to", "sister", "\n", "Sting", "sued", "by", "former", "Police", "bandmates", "over", "alleged", "lost", "royalties", "\n", "Tony", "Blair", "attends", "White", "House", "meeting", "with", "Trump", "on", "postwar", "Gaza", "\n", "‘", "Massive", "’", "Russian", "missile", "and", "drone", "attack", "on", "Kyiv", "kills", "at", "least", "12", "people", "\n", "Bland", ",", "easy", "to", "follow", ",", "for", "fans", "of", "everything", ":", "what", "has", "the", "Netflix", "algorithm", "done", "to", "our", "films", "?", "\n", "Meet", "the", "water", "sommeliers", ":", "they", "believe", "H₂O", "can", "rival", "wine", "–", "but", "would", "you", "pay", "£", "19", "a", "bottle", "?", "\n", "‘", "We", "had", "to", "up", "the", "ante", "’", ":", "Robin", "Wright", "on", "her", "tense", "TV", "tale", "of", "incest", "and", "violence", "among", "London", "’s", "billionaires", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "in", "Education", "\n", "Overdiagnosis", "of", "children", "overlooks", "that", "growing", "up", "is", "‘", "messy", "and", "uneven", "’", ",", "says", "Jeremy", "Hunt", "\n", "The", "Guardian", "University", "Guide", "2025", "–", "the", "rankings", "\n", "Trump", "says", "he", "wants", "‘", "nothing", "less", "than", "$", "500", "m", "’", "from", "Harvard", "as", "feud", "continues", "\n", "Some", "pupils", "in", "England", "less", "likely", "to", "have", "special" ]	[]
World Bank. 2023a. 'The Development, Climate, and Nature Crisis: Solutions to End Poverty on a Livable Planet.' World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/publication/the -development-climate-and-nature-crisis. World Bank. 2023b. Lessons from Korea's Energy Efficiency Policies in the Industrial Sector . Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2023c. 'Scaling Up to Phase Down: Financing Energy Transitions in the Power Sector.' April, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2023d. 'State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023.' World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2023e. Testing Resilience . Western Balkans Regular Economic Report 23 (Spring). Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2023f. World Bank Group Support to Demand-Side Energy Efficiency: An Independent Evaluation . Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations / world -bank-group-support-demand-side-energy-efficiency. World Bank. 2024a. 'The Critical Link: Empowering Utilities for the Energy Transition.' World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024b. 'Greening the Economy of Europe and Central Asia.' Europe and Central Asia in Focus, Office of the Chief Economist, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024c. 'Net Zero Energy by 2060: Charting Europe and Central Asia's Journey toward Sustainable Energy Futures.' Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024d. Scaling Up Renewables in Europe and Central Asia: Barriers and Opportunities . Washington, DC: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank. World Bank. 2024e. Western Balkans 6: Country Climate and Development Report . October. Washington, DC: World Bank. ## ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology, which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified paper, with nearly all containing 50-100 percent recycled content. The recycled fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine-free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine-free (EECF) processes. More information about the Bank's environmental philosophy can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility. <!-- image --> Twenty-seven countries have reached high-income status since 1990. 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31 \| \| \| 8 21 46 \| 60 45 \| 24 \| \| 27 \| 27 \| \| Gambia \| 30 \| 41 \| 16 13 \| 14 11 \| 9 5 \| 8 20 \| 10 11 \| 10 \| 17 \| 41 5 \| 5 \| 1 \| \| 17 \| 7 \| 7 \| 10 \| \| 15 \| 44 \| 27 \| \| 18 \| 49 23 \| 49 23 \| \| Ghana \| 91 \| 92 \| 30 \| 27 \| 35 \| 21 \| 26 \| 44 \| 91 \| 92 19 \| 16 \| \| 29 \| 16 \| 21 \| \| \| 38 \| 6 \| 8 33 \| 29 \| 38 \| 15 \| \| \| \| Guinea \| 27 \| 29 \| 14 \| 14 \| 4 \| 5 \| 9 \| 10 \| 26 \| 29 13 \| 11 \| 3 \| 4 2 \| 8 \| \| 8 \| \| \| 5 \| 6 53 \| 49 \| \| \| 18 \| 18 \| \| Guinea-Bissau \| 18 154 \| 14 \| 11 \| 7 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 3 \| 13 95 \| 11 7 202 20 \| 5 27 \| 30 \| 1 \| 2 26 \| \| 2 \| \| 49 \| 10 3 \| 8 7 \| 62 38 \| 55 36 \| 18 32 \| 23 28 \| 23 28 \| \| Kenya Lesotho \| \| 202 \| 59 \| 73 \| 50 \| 57 1 \| 45 1 \| 72 1 \| \| 3 \| \| 2 \| \| 34 1 \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 3 \| 55 69 \| 47 \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| 5 \| 4 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| \| \| 8 \| 5 \| 1 \| \| \| 0 2 \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 23 \| 31 \| 31 \| \| Liberia \| 57 \| 44 \| 39 \| 28 \| 13 \| 12 \| 4 \| 3 \| \| 44 35 \| 25 \| 11 7 \| \| 10 13 \| \| 2 \| \| 11 6 \| \| 10 5 \| \| 65 51 \| 27 33 \| \| \| \| Madagascar \| 68 \| 45 \| 41 \| 23 \| 15 \| 15 \| 12	[ "31", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", "21", "46", " ", "\|", "60", "45", " ", "\|", "24", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Gambia", " ", "\|", "30", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "16", "13", " ", "\|", "14", "11", " ", "\|", "9", "5", " ", "\|", "8", "20", " ", "\|", "10", "11", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "41", "5", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "49", "23", " ", "\|", "49", "23", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ghana", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "30", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "35", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "92", "19", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "38", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "8", "33", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "38", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Guinea", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "29", "13", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "4", "2", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "6", "53", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Guinea", "-", "Bissau", " ", "\|", "18", "154", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "13", "95", " ", "\|", "11", "7", "202", "20", " ", "\|", "5", "27", " ", "\|", "30", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "2", "26", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "10", "3", " ", "\|", "8", "7", " ", "\|", "62", "38", " ", "\|", "55", "36", " ", "\|", "18", "32", " ", "\|", "23", "28", " ", "\|", "23", "28", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Kenya", "Lesotho", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "202", " ", "\|", "59", " ", "\|", "73", " ", "\|", "50", " ", "\|", "57", "1", " ", "\|", "45", "1", " ", "\|", "72", "1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "34", "1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "55", "69", " ", "\|", "47", " ", "\|", "31", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "0", "2", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "31", " ", "\|", "31", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Liberia", " ", "\|", "57", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "39", " ", "\|", "28", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "44", "35", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", "11", "7", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", "13", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "11", "6", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "10", "5", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "65", "51", " ", "\|", "27", "33", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Madagascar", " ", "\|", "68", " ", "\|", "45", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "12", " " ]	[]
to think what learning outcomes to focus on as well as to deliver on a wide range of goals related to equity, quality and inclusion. - Influencing change has increasingly been associated with sharing leadership functions to achieve education goals - moving from perhaps too much emphasis on individuals. - Freedom to make decisions, which is the result of rules that reflect cultural norms, frees leaders' potential to exercise leadership, although leaders also work in constrained contexts. ## In designing a leadership policy, attention needs to shift from exceptional individuals to systematic processes. - It is often difficult to distinguish a good leader from a good manager. Managing daily activities effectively to make time for future planning is at the heart of what leaders do. - Although being a change agent is what often distinguishes a leader, leadership may be more important for maintaining stability in some cases than for seeking change. - The focus of a leadership policy should be how to encourage and nurture diverse groups of people with good leadership potential to pursue such careers through appropriate institutional and organizational structures. ## Four dimensions of school leadership are important for leadership at all levels of education. - Setting expectations, focusing on learning, fostering collaboration and developing people are important not only for school principals and teacher leaders, but also for system leaders. \| Expectations of leaders at the school and system level have been changing.............10 \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Guide to the report.........................................................................................................................13 \| \| Recommendations.........................................................................................................................17 \| T he role of education leaders is taken for granted. Yet, often invisibly, they shape the direction of their schools, universities, departments and ministries. Their leadership styles reflect their personalities and expertise but also adapt to fit their teams' characteristics, their organizations' goals and their context. The variety of leadership styles is precisely why there is no easy way of demonstrating how they impact education. It is also why that impact is frequently overlooked. Yet the need for good school, system and political leaders is acute to help drive education in the right direction, particularly as education challenges remain daunting. has two implications: first, that leadership is not conferred automatically by being in a position of power but by an ability to affect other people's actions, and second, that leadership is framed in terms of a goal for which leaders play an important role in	[ "to", "think", "what", "learning", "outcomes", "to", "focus", "on", "as", "well", "as", "to", "deliver", "on", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "goals", "related", "to", "equity", ",", "quality", "and", "inclusion", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Influencing", "change", "has", "increasingly", "been", "associated", "with", "sharing", "leadership", "functions", "to", "achieve", "education", "goals", "-", "moving", "from", "perhaps", "too", "much", "emphasis", "on", "individuals", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Freedom", "to", "make", "decisions", ",", "which", "is", "the", "result", "of", "rules", "that", "reflect", "cultural", "norms", ",", "frees", "leaders", "'", "potential", "to", "exercise", "leadership", ",", "although", "leaders", "also", "work", "in", "constrained", "contexts", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "In", "designing", "a", "leadership", "policy", ",", "attention", "needs", "to", "shift", "from", "exceptional", "individuals", "to", "systematic", "processes", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "It", "is", "often", "difficult", "to", "distinguish", "a", "good", "leader", "from", "a", "good", "manager", ".", "Managing", "daily", "activities", "effectively", "to", "make", "time", "for", "future", "planning", "is", "at", "the", "heart", "of", "what", "leaders", "do", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Although", "being", "a", "change", "agent", "is", "what", "often", "distinguishes", "a", "leader", ",", "leadership", "may", "be", "more", "important", "for", "maintaining", "stability", "in", "some", "cases", "than", "for", "seeking", "change", ".", "\n", "-", "", "The", "focus", "of", "a", "leadership", "policy", "should", "be", "how", "to", "encourage", "and", "nurture", "diverse", "groups", "of", "people", "with", "good", "leadership", "potential", "to", "pursue", "such", "careers", "through", "appropriate", "institutional", "and", "organizational", "structures", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Four", "dimensions", "of", "school", "leadership", "are", "important", "for", "leadership", "at", "all", "levels", "of", "education", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Setting", "expectations", ",", "focusing", "on", "learning", ",", "fostering", "collaboration", "and", "developing", "people", "are", "important", "not", "only", "for", "school", "principals", "and", "teacher", "leaders", ",", "but", "also", "for", "system", "leaders", ".", "\n\n", "\|", "Expectations", "of", "leaders", "at", "the", "school", "and", "system", "level", "have", "been", "changing", ".............", "10", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Guide", "to", "the", "report", ".........................................................................................................................", "13", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Recommendations", ".........................................................................................................................", "17", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "T", "he", "role", "of", "education", "leaders", "is", "taken", "for", "granted", ".", "Yet", ",", "often", "invisibly", ",", "they", "shape", "the", "direction", "of", "their", "schools", ",", "universities", ",", "departments", "and", "ministries", ".", "Their", "leadership", "styles", "reflect", "their", "personalities", "and", "expertise", "but", "also", "adapt", "to", "fit", "their", "teams", "'", "characteristics", ",", "their", "organizations", "'", "goals", "and", "their", "context", ".", "The", "variety", "of", "leadership", "styles", "is", "precisely", "why", "there", "is", "no", "easy", "way", "of", "demonstrating", "how", "they", "impact", "education", ".", "It", "is", "also", "why", "that", "impact", "is", "frequently", "overlooked", ".", "Yet", "the", "need", "for", "good", "school", ",", "system", "and", "political", "leaders", "is", "acute", "to", "help", "drive", "education", "in", "the", "right", "direction", ",", "particularly", "as", "education", "challenges", "remain", "daunting", ".", "\n\n", "has", "two", "implications", ":", "first", ",", "that", "leadership", "is", "not", "conferred", "automatically", "by", "being", "in", "a", "position", "of", "power", "but", "by", "an", "ability", "to", "affect", "other", "people", "'s", "actions", ",", "and", "second", ",", "that", "leadership", "is", "framed", "in", "terms", "of", "a", "goal", "for", "which", "leaders", "play", "an", "important", "role", "in" ]	[]
though uncommon ( Figure 15.1). For each of the WASH dimensions, countries at very different starting points and from different regions have been able to increase coverage by at least three percentage points per year since 2015. In Rwanda, the share of primary schools with access to a handwashing facility increased from 40% in 2015 to 100% in 2021. The country had already launched its handwashing strategy in 2019 (Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2019) but accelerated its construction efforts with COVID-19 (Rwanda Ministry of Education, 2021). Saint Kitts and Nevis also achieved universal coverage of drinking water and handwashing facilities, both of which were at 79% in 2016. In Burkina Faso, despite improvements in handwashing and drinking water services, the share of primary schools with sanitation facilities decreased from 74% in 2016 to 45% in 2021 ( Figure 15.1b). This decrease coincides with an increase in the share of schools with limited sanitation services (unimproved, not usable or not single sex), suggesting either that existing facilities had deteriorated or more careful inspections had updated their status (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). A study of Ecuador, India, Nigeria and the Philippines found that 1.2 million school toilets built since 2015 in these countries were ‘lost’ due to lack of maintenance, amounting to a loss of USD 1.9 billion (Economist Impact, 2023). In Niger, despite modest improvement, the availability of drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools remains the lowest in the world at 23% and 27%, respectively. Fast progress was achieved, however, in the share of primary schools with access to handwashing facilities, which increased from 14% in 2016 to 49% in 2023. Part of this increase is due to targeted financial and technical support provided by a group of international organizations, which supported the construction of piped systems, standpipes and a sludge treatment plant as well as improved monitoring of water points and increased awareness campaigns (UNICEF, 2019). Nevertheless, coverage is still very unequal across Niger, with urban schools at least twice as likely to have handwashing and sanitation facilities as rural schools (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). In 2017, the government adopted a plan with improved WASH services as a national priority and set a target to reach universal coverage by 2030 (Niger Ministry of Water and Sanitation, 2016; UNICEF, 2024).FIGURE 15.3: The prevalence of bullying has increased more for girls than for boys Percentage of 15-year-old students experiencing bullying in	[ "though", "uncommon", "(", "Figure", "15.1", ")", ".", "\n", "For", "each", "of", "the", "WASH", "dimensions", ",", "countries", "at", "very", "\n", "different", "starting", "points", "and", "from", "different", "regions", "have", "been", "able", "to", "increase", "coverage", "by", "at", "least", "three", "percentage", "points", "per", "year", "since", "2015", ".", "In", "Rwanda", ",", "the", "share", "of", "primary", "schools", "with", "access", "to", "a", " \n", "handwashing", "facility", "increased", "from", "40", "%", "in", "2015", "to", "100", "%", "in", "2021", ".", "The", "country", "had", "already", "launched", "its", "handwashing", 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106 \| Grain mill products, starches and starch products \| \| \| \| X \| X \| X \| \| 107 \| Other food products \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 108 \| Prepared animal feeds \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 15 \| Manufacture of leather and related products \| \| \| \| X \| X \| X \| \| 16 \| Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials \| \| X \| \| X \| X \| X \| \| 160 \| Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials \| \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| 181 \| Printing and service activities related to printing \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| \| 20 \| Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products \| \| X \| \| X \| \| \| \| 210 \| Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. \| \| X \| \| X \| \| \| \| 23 \| Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 24 \| Manufacture of basic metals \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| \| 25 \| Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified \| \| \| Employ- ment \| Turnover \| Employ- ment & turnover \| Employ- ment \| Turnover \| Employ- ment & turnover \| \|----\|-----------------------------------------------------------\|----------------\|------------\|---------------------------\|----------------\|------------\|---------------------------\| \| \| \| Current \| Current \| Current \| Emerging \| Emerging \| Emerging \| \| \| \| 7 \| 9 \| 5 \| 11 \| 9 \| 4 \| \| 26 \| Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products \| X \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 27 \| Manufacture of electrical equipment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 28 \| Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. \| X \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| 29 \| Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| \| 30 \| Manufacture of other transport equipment \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| \| 32 \| Other manufacturing \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| \| 33 \| Repair and installation of machinery and 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1990s. However, their transition to high-income status has been delayed. These middle-income countries have found that the prospects for growth to high-income status have become even more difficult since the 2007-09 global financial crisis. This reflects partly a slowdown in structural reforms at home and partly the challenges associated with a deterioration in the global environment. The concern has emerged that many countries in the region may be caught in the middle-income trap, a phase in development characterized by a recurring deceleration in growth and by per capita incomes that are systematically below the high-income threshold. To ensure that these countries overcome the obstacles to growth and achieve progress toward high-income status, policy makers need to make the transition from a strategy driven largely by investment to a strategy that is supported by the importation and diffusion of global capital, knowledge, and technology and then to a strategy that complements these with innovation. <!-- image --> The study Greater Heights: Growing to High Income in Europe and Central Asia relies on the 3 strategy described in i World Development Report 2024 -investment, infusion, and innovation-to propose policy options to assist middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia in the effort to reach high-income status. Drawing on comprehensive empirical analysis, the report offers actionable recommendations that will enable policy makers to advance stronger economic growth across the region. Such a transition will require continued and sustained foundational reform to maximize the drivers of economic growth while pivoting to new transformative reforms to promote the development of more complex economic structures and institutions. These involve the need to discipline incumbents, boost the role of the private sector, strengthen the competitive environment, and reward merit. 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Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) \| \| MICS \| Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys \| \| NGO \| Non-governmental organization \| \| NPQEL \| National Professional Qualification for Educational Leaders \| \| NSW \| New South Wales \| \| ODA \| Official development assistance \| \| OECD \| Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development \| \| PASEC \| Program for the Analysis of Educational Systems of CONFEMEN \| \| PEER \| Profiles Enhancing Reviews in Education \| \| PIAAC \| Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies \| \| PIRLS \| Progress in International Reading Literacy Study \| \| PISA \| Programme for International Student Assessment \| \| SDG \| Sustainable Development Goal \| \| SEAMEO \| Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization \| \| STEM \| Science, technology, engineering and mathematics \| \| TALIS \| Teaching and Learning International Survey \| \| TIMSS \| Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study \| \| TOSSD \| Total Official Support for Sustainable Development \| \| TVET \| Technical and vocational education and training \| 2 0 2 4 / 5	[ "Culture", ",", "Sports", ",", "Science", "and", "Technology", "(", "Japan", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "MICS", " ", "\|", "Multiple", "Indicator", "Cluster", "Surveys", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "NGO", " ", "\|", "Non", "-", "governmental", "organization", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "NPQEL", " ", "\|", "National", "Professional", "Qualification", "for", "Educational", "Leaders", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "NSW", " ", "\|", "New", "South", "Wales", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "ODA", " ", "\|", "Official", "development", "assistance", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "OECD", " ", "\|", "Organisation", "for", "Economic", "Co", "-", "operation", "and", "Development", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "PASEC", " ", "\|", "Program", "for", "the", "Analysis", "of", "Educational", "Systems", "of", "CONFEMEN", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "PEER", " ", "\|", "Profiles", "Enhancing", "Reviews", "in", "Education", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "PIAAC", " ", "\|", "Programme", "for", "International", "Assessment", "of", "Adult", "Competencies", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "PIRLS", " ", "\|", "Progress", "in", "International", "Reading", "Literacy", "Study", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "PISA", " ", "\|", "Programme", "for", "International", "Student", "Assessment", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "SDG", " ", "\|", "Sustainable", "Development", "Goal", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "SEAMEO", " ", "\|", "Southeast", "Asian", "Ministers", "of", "Education", "Organization", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "STEM", " ", "\|", "Science", ",", "technology", ",", "engineering", "and", "mathematics", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "TALIS", " ", "\|", "Teaching", "and", "Learning", "International", "Survey", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "TIMSS", " ", "\|", "Trends", "in", "International", "Mathematics", "and", "Science", "Study", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "TOSSD", " ", "\|", "Total", "Official", "Support", "for", "Sustainable", "Development", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "TVET", " ", "\|", "Technical", "and", "vocational", "education", "and", "training", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "2", "\n\n", "0", "\n\n", "2", "\n\n", "4", "\n\n", "/", "\n\n", "5" ]	[]
\| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 32 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 25 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 20 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 11 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 11 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia \| 2 ᵢ \| 2 … \| 6 \| 75 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … 16 ₋₄ \| … 16 ₋₄ \| \| Türkiye \| 9 ᵢ \| 23 ₋₁ \| … \| … \| 28 \| 38 \| 23 ₋₄ \| 18 ₋₄ 14 ₋₂ \| 16 ₋₄ \| 83 ᵢ \| \| 44 ᵢ \| 21 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 21 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| \| 1 ₋₁ \| ᵢ \| 21 ₋₁ \| … \| 35 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 128 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 28 ₋₂ \| \| 3 ₋₂ \| 86 ᵢ \| 53 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 41 ᵢ \| \| \| \| United Arab Emirates \| ᵢ \| 6 ᵢ \| 6 \| \| \| 61 \| 100 ₋₂ \| 84 ₋₂ \| 22 ₋₂ \| 93 ₋₁ \| 85 \| \| 56 ₋₁ \| 56 ₋₁ \| \| Yemen \| … \| \| \| 100 \| … \| ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| ₋₁ \| 74 ₋₁ \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 46 \| 34 \| 26 \| … \| … \| \| Central and Southern Asia Afghanistan \| 0.4 ₋₃ ᵢ \| … \| … \| … \| 11 ₋₃ \| 11 ₋₃ \| … \| … \| … 21 ₋₁ \| \| 15 ₋₁ \| 13 \| ₋₁ 5 ₋₂ \| ₋₁ 5 ₋₂ \| \| Bhutan \| ᵢ 2 ᵢ \| … \| 2 ₋₁ \| 100 ₋₃ \| … \| 15 \| 10 ₋₂ \| 6 ₋₂ \| ᵢ 1 ₋₂ \| … \| ᵢ … \| … \| ᵢ … \| ᵢ … \| \| India \| 0.4 ᵢ \| 2 \| 3 \| 100 \| 29 ᵢ \| 33 \| … \| … \| … \| 66 \| 52 \| 34 \| 14 \| 14 \| \| Iran, Islamic Republic of \| 2 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 8 ₋₃ \| 16 ₋₃ \| … \| 25 ₋₃ \| 61 ₋₁ \| 17 ₋₂ \| 4 ₋₂ \| 1	[ "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "32", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "25", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "20", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Syrian", "Arab", "Republic", "Tunisia", " ", "\|", "2", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "2", "…", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "75", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "16", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "…", "16", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Türkiye", " ", "\|", "9", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "28", " ", "\|", "38", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "18", "₋₄", "14", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "16", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "83", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "44", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "35", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "128", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "28", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "86", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "53", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "41", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "United", "Arab", "Emirates", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "6", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "61", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "84", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "93", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "85", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "56", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "56", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Yemen", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "74", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "46", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Central", "and", "Southern", "Asia", "Afghanistan", " ", "\|", "0.4", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "21", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "5", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "5", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Bhutan", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "2", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "2", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "10", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "6", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "1", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "…", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "India", " ", "\|", "0.4", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "29", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "66", " ", "\|", "52", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Iran", ",", "Islamic", "Republic", "of", " ", "\|", "2", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "8", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "16", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "25", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "61", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "17", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "4", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "1" ]	[]
seemed to have ' successfully created both a common vocabulary and trust among the group, as 22 Kimmerer (2013). Braiding sweetgrass: Indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge, and the teachings of plants. participants felt understood by one another and began to see themselves in the other. These initial stages thus had established a basic framework for the rest of the residency program, creating a shared space based on trust that allowed the participants of the sharing circle to lay themselves bare and to confront intergenerational trauma by engaging deeply with each other s histories. ' We observed that, although we proposed to engage with each of the four pillars, the most intense engagement during the two days revolved around the first pillar -acknowledging historical trauma -with participants intensely engaging with one another s ' personal and family trajectories, experiences of migration, exile, and the passing of traumas through generations. More importantly, while pillar number two -restoring a sense of human dignity -was not tackled directly, on the second day when pillars three and four were introduced formally, and then throughout the rest of the program, a constant dialogue was established between pillar one and pillar three -fostering interconnectedness -and pillar four -envisioning justice. One could argue that pillar four was naturally deeply present throughout the weekend, much like the thread weaving the framework of the Common Ground residency from day one, or like the reason the participants decided to join the program in the first place. Indeed, it was this collective desire and will to imagine other possible futures that made this discussion about individual and collective trauma and this moment of deep sharing possible. And it is also through this collective yearning for other forms of relationship with one another and the living world that the idea of interconnection of pillar three became increasingly tangible within the group. This understanding of interconnection was achieved in a purely organic way, in a collective process that emphasised reciprocity, individual differences and the mutual responsibility of the participants and organisers towards each other in the creation of the shared space. Through these moments of oral sharing, but also through the playful exercises and creative activities proposed, and in continuity with the first phase, pillar three, strengthening interconnection, materialized in an almost tangible form. This experience within the Common Ground group shows us that, in practice, the four pillars are not necessarily easily separable from	[ "seemed", "to", "have", "'", "successfully", "created", "both", "a", "common", "vocabulary", "and", "trust", "among", "the", "group", ",", "as", "\n\n", "22", "Kimmerer", "(", "2013", ")", ".", "Braiding", "sweetgrass", ":", "Indigenous", "wisdom", ",", "scientific", "knowledge", ",", "and", "the", "teachings", "of", "plants", ".", "\n\n", "participants", "felt", "understood", "by", "one", "another", "and", "began", "to", "see", "themselves", "in", "the", "other", ".", "These", "initial", "stages", "thus", "had", "established", "a", "basic", "framework", "for", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "residency", "program", ",", "creating", "a", "shared", "space", "based", "on", "trust", "that", "allowed", "the", "participants", "of", "the", "sharing", "circle", "to", "lay", "themselves", "bare", "and", "to", "confront", "intergenerational", "trauma", "by", "engaging", "deeply", "with", "each", "other", "s", "histories", ".", "'", "\n\n", "We", "observed", "that", ",", "although", "we", "proposed", "to", "engage", "with", "each", "of", "the", "four", "pillars", ",", "the", "most", "intense", "engagement", "during", "the", "two", "days", "revolved", "around", "the", "first", "pillar", "-acknowledging", "historical", "trauma", "-with", "participants", "intensely", "engaging", "with", "one", "another", "s", "'", "personal", "and", "family", "trajectories", ",", "experiences", "of", "migration", ",", "exile", ",", "and", "the", "passing", "of", "traumas", "through", "generations", ".", "More", "importantly", ",", "while", "pillar", "number", "two", "-restoring", "a", "sense", "of", "human", "dignity", "-was", "not", "tackled", "directly", ",", "on", "the", "second", "day", "when", "pillars", "three", "and", "four", "were", "introduced", "formally", ",", "and", "then", "throughout", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "program", ",", "a", "constant", "dialogue", "was", "established", "between", "pillar", "one", "and", "pillar", "three", "-fostering", "interconnectedness", "-and", "pillar", "four", "-envisioning", "justice", ".", "\n\n", "One", "could", "argue", "that", "pillar", "four", "was", "naturally", "deeply", "present", "throughout", "the", "weekend", ",", "much", "like", "the", "thread", "weaving", "the", "framework", "of", "the", "Common", "Ground", "residency", "from", "day", "one", ",", "or", "like", "the", "reason", "the", "participants", "decided", "to", "join", "the", "program", "in", "the", "first", "place", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "it", "was", "this", "collective", "desire", "and", "will", "to", "imagine", "other", "possible", "futures", "that", "made", "this", "discussion", "about", "individual", "and", "collective", "trauma", "and", "this", "moment", "of", "deep", "sharing", "possible", ".", "And", "it", "is", "also", "through", "this", "collective", "yearning", "for", "other", "forms", "of", "relationship", "with", "one", "another", "and", "the", "living", "world", "that", "the", "idea", "of", "interconnection", "of", "pillar", "three", "became", "increasingly", "tangible", "within", "the", "group", ".", "This", "understanding", "of", "interconnection", "was", "achieved", "in", "a", "purely", "organic", "way", ",", "in", "a", "collective", "process", "that", "emphasised", "reciprocity", ",", "individual", "differences", "and", "the", "mutual", "responsibility", "of", "the", "participants", "and", "organisers", "towards", "each", "other", "in", "the", "creation", "of", "the", "shared", "space", ".", "Through", "these", "moments", "of", "oral", "sharing", ",", "but", "also", "through", "the", "playful", "exercises", "and", "creative", "activities", "proposed", ",", "and", "in", "continuity", "with", "the", "first", "phase", ",", "pillar", "three", ",", "strengthening", "interconnection", ",", "materialized", "in", "an", "almost", "tangible", "form", ".", "\n\n", "This", "experience", "within", "the", "Common", "Ground", "group", "shows", "us", "that", ",", "in", "practice", ",", "the", "four", "pillars", "are", "not", "necessarily", "easily", "separable", "from" ]	[ { "end": 96, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 94 }, { "end": 204, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 97 } ]
can only implement decisions made elsewhere. In such hierarchical systems, principals and teachers may not be able to depart from tightly defined rules and regulations. Institutional and professional autonomy in some high-income countries has been accompanied by accountability mechanisms designed to monitor and steer school improvement (UNESCO, 2017). Accountability for complying with regulations and achieving results aims to strengthen extrinsic motivation. School performance is regularly reviewed and publicly reported in some cases, while school choice and competition for students may add market-like pressures. This type of accountability contrasts with notions of moral accountability, in which principals and teachers are responsible for meeting the needs of parents and students, and professional accountability, where principals and teachers meet their own self-expectations as well as those of their colleagues and peers, both of which aim to strengthen intrinsic motivation. 8 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 contexts. While this report looks at how countries have approached the questions of leadership standards, it only aims to describe their efforts and not to prescribe their content or enforcement. In terms of relationships, the dilemma is whether personalities or effective teams, whose members learn from each other, are the drivers of results in education. Critics argue too much importance has been placed on individuals – and point out that leadership has risen from a modest role to being singled out as the second most important factor which explains learning outcomes (Lakomski et al., 2018). It might be misleading to credit individuals with single-handedly transforming education systems – and that might be a bias inherent in Western culture. Appropriate institutional environments and good organizational structures may be more important. This does not mean that principals do not play a critical role, but that this role is nuanced. A closer look at the operation of an education institution could reveal that a positive education outcome may have been the work of several intrinsically motivated people who contributed their commitment and expertise. Portraying these people as followers, who are dependent on a leader, underestimates their contributions. In relation to context, the contrast is between control and the empowerment of people at different levels of the education system to make decisions. Another opposition is rules and the discretion to react at the right moment to local circumstances. Structure can be at odds with agency. While capacity and personal attributes matter, it may only be possible to put them to good use	[ "can", "only", "implement", "decisions", "made", "elsewhere", ".", "In", "such", "hierarchical", "systems", ",", "principals", "and", "teachers", "may", "not", "be", "able", "to", "depart", "from", "tightly", "defined", "rules", "and", "regulations", ".", "\n", "Institutional", "and", "professional", "autonomy", "in", "some", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "has", "been", "accompanied", "by", "accountability", "mechanisms", "designed", "\n", "to", "monitor", "and", "steer", "school", "improvement", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2017", ")", ".", "Accountability", "for", "complying", "with", "regulations", "and", "achieving", "results", "aims", "to", "strengthen", "extrinsic", "motivation", ".", "School", "performance", "is", "regularly", "reviewed", "and", "publicly", "reported", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "while", "school", "choice", "and", "competition", "for", "students", "may", "add", "market", "-", "like", "pressures", ".", "This", "type", "of", "accountability", "contrasts", "with", "notions", "of", "moral", "accountability", ",", "in", "which", "principals", "and", "teachers", "are", "responsible", "for", "meeting", "the", "needs", "of", "parents", "and", "students", ",", "and", "professional", "accountability", ",", "where", "principals", "and", "teachers", "meet", "their", "own", "self", "-", "expectations", "as", "well", "as", "those", "of", "their", "colleagues", "and", "peers", ",", "both", "of", "which", "aim", "to", "strengthen", "intrinsic", "motivation", ".", "\n", "8", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "contexts", ".", "While", "this", "report", "looks", "at", "how", "countries", "have", "\n", "approached", "the", "questions", "of", "leadership", "standards", ",", "it", "only", "aims", "to", "describe", "their", "efforts", "and", "not", "to", "prescribe", "their", "content", "or", "enforcement", ".", "\n", "In", "terms", "of", "relationships", ",", "the", "dilemma", "is", "whether", "\n", "personalities", "or", "effective", "teams", ",", "whose", "members", "learn", "from", "each", "other", ",", "are", "the", "drivers", "of", "results", "in", "education", ".", "Critics", "argue", "too", "much", "importance", "has", "been", "placed", "on", "individuals", "–", "and", "point", "out", "that", "leadership", "has", "risen", "from", "a", "modest", "role", "to", "being", "singled", "out", "as", "the", "second", "most", "important", "factor", "which", "explains", "learning", "outcomes", "(", "Lakomski", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2018", ")", ".", "It", "might", "be", "misleading", "to", "credit", "individuals", "with", "single", "-", "handedly", "transforming", "education", "systems", "–", "and", "that", "might", "be", "a", "bias", "inherent", "in", "Western", "culture", ".", "Appropriate", "institutional", "environments", "and", "good", "organizational", "structures", "may", "be", "more", "important", ".", "This", "does", "not", "mean", "that", "principals", "do", "not", "play", "a", "critical", "role", ",", "but", "that", "this", "role", "is", "nuanced", ".", "A", "closer", "look", "at", "the", "operation", "of", "an", "education", "institution", "could", "reveal", "that", "a", "positive", "education", "outcome", "may", "have", "been", "the", "work", "of", "several", "intrinsically", "motivated", "people", "who", "contributed", "their", "commitment", "and", "expertise", ".", "Portraying", "these", "people", "as", "followers", ",", "who", "are", "dependent", "on", "a", "leader", ",", "underestimates", "their", "contributions", ".", "\n", "In", "relation", "to", "context", ",", "the", "contrast", "is", "between", "control", "\n", "and", "the", "empowerment", "of", "people", "at", "different", "levels", "of", "the", "education", "system", "to", "make", "decisions", ".", "Another", "opposition", "is", "rules", "and", "the", "discretion", "to", "react", "at", "the", "right", "moment", "to", "local", "circumstances", ".", "Structure", "can", "be", "at", "odds", "with", "agency", ".", "While", "capacity", "and", "personal", "attributes", "matter", ",", "it", "may", "only", "be", "possible", "to", "put", "them", "to", "good", "use" ]	[ { "end": 1623, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1602 }, { "end": 1617, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1602 }, { "end": 347, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 341 }, { "end": 353, "label": "YEAR", "start": 349 }, { "end": 1623, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1619 }, { "end": 353, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 341 } ]
asked for the female doctor working there to be replaced by a male colleague. Doctor Virginia Stănescu, who oversaw the rural sanitary administration at the time, had also been willing to work as school doctor, hygiene teacher and French teacher. However, the Ministry of Instruction did not want to pay two different persons, insisting that one professional should cover both jobs. 47 The correspondence between the principal and the Ministry clearly shows that the authorities in Bucharest were increasingly concerned about their limited budget. On the other hand, it becomes obvious that the Ministry of Instruction paid attention to the interactions between female doctors and male students. In fact, their concern was not directed towards the doctor, since she was already working with rural populations of different genders and ages, but towards the pre- adolescent boys, who were approaching puberty. The medical examinations required under the law, such as periodic body measurements and general examinations, were perceived as inappropriate when conducted by a professional of the opposite sex, more so if she was a woman. Among other things, this way of thinking was connected to the way secondary schools were designed. The law reflected the extreme shame surrounding the body and sexuality displayed by the general population, 48 in both urban and rural areas, on the one hand, and the ferociously prudish attitude of the political elite, on the other. It was in fact the very peak of a conservative school policy, the product of a political class that went out of its ways to dissociate reproduction from human anatomy for the sake of preserving the good morals of students, at least of those in theoretical schools. 49 However, in doing so, they offered new opportunities to women. At the same time, this was the outcome of an obvious attempt to modernize society by providing medical assistance and career guidance to the young generations, perceived as the most vulnerable and also bearers of a new way of life, healthy, rational and socially involved, a true preparation for adulthood and even more importantly, in the case of boys, for active citizenship. Still, gender was not the only criterion for the exclusion of female and male doctors from secondary schools; language also played a role. Mastering Romanian became another standard by which medical professionals were being evaluated, mainly in provincial towns that prior to World War I had belonged to different states.	[ "asked", "for", "the", "female", "doctor", "working", "there", "to", "be", "replaced", "by", "a", "male", "colleague", ".", "Doctor", "Virginia", "Stănescu", ",", "who", "oversaw", "the", "rural", "sanitary", "administration", "at", "the", "time", ",", "had", "also", "been", "willing", "to", "work", "as", "school", "doctor", ",", "hygiene", "teacher", "and", "French", "teacher", ".", "However", ",", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "did", "not", "want", "to", "pay", "two", "different", "persons", ",", "insisting", " ", "that", " ", "one", " ", "professional", " ", "should", " ", "cover", " ", "both", " ", "jobs", ".", "47", " ", "The", " ", "correspondence", "between", "the", "principal", "and", "the", "Ministry", "clearly", "shows", "that", "the", "authorities", "in", "Bucharest", "were", "increasingly", "concerned", "about", "their", "limited", "budget", ".", "\n\n", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "it", "becomes", "obvious", "that", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "paid", " ", "attention", " ", "to", " ", "the", " ", "interactions", " ", "between", " ", "female", " ", "doctors", " ", "and", " ", "male", " ", "students", ".", " ", "In", " ", "fact", ",", " ", "their", " ", "concern", " ", "was", " ", "not", " ", "directed", " ", "towards", " ", "the", " ", "doctor", ",", " ", "since", "she", "was", "already", "working", "with", "rural", "populations", "of", "different", "genders", "and", "ages", ",", "but", "towards", "the", "pre-", " ", "adolescent", "boys", ",", "who", "were", "approaching", "puberty", ".", "The", "medical", "examinations", "required", "under", "the", "law", ",", "such", "as", "periodic", "body", "measurements", "and", "general", "examinations", ",", "were", "perceived", "as", "inappropriate", "when", "conducted", "by", "a", "professional", "of", "the", "opposite", "sex", ",", "more", "so", "if", "she", "was", "a", "woman", ".", "Among", "other", "things", ",", "this", "way", "of", "thinking", "was", "connected", "to", "the", "way", "secondary", "schools", "were", "designed", ".", "The", "law", "reflected", "the", "extreme", "shame", "surrounding", "the", "body", "and", "sexuality", "displayed", "by", "the", "general", "population", ",", "48", "in", "both", "urban", "and", "rural", "areas", ",", "on", "the", "one", "hand", ",", "and", "the", "ferociously", "prudish", "attitude", "of", "the", "political", "elite", ",", "on", "the", "other", ".", "It", "was", "in", "fact", "the", "very", "peak", "of", "a", "conservative", "school", "policy", ",", "the", "product", "of", "a", "political", "class", "that", "went", "out", "of", "its", "ways", "to", "dissociate", "reproduction", "from", "human", "anatomy", "for", "the", "sake", "of", "preserving", "the", "good", "morals", "of", "students", ",", "at", "least", "of", "those", "in", "theoretical", "schools", ".", "49", " ", "However", ",", "in", "doing", "so", ",", "they", "offered", "new", "opportunities", "to", "women", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "this", "was", "the", "outcome", "of", "an", "obvious", "attempt", "to", "modernize", "society", "by", "providing", "medical", "assistance", "and", "career", "guidance", "to", "the", "young", "generations", ",", "perceived", "as", "the", "most", "vulnerable", "and", "also", "bearers", "of", "a", "new", "way", "of", "life", ",", "healthy", ",", "rational", "and", "socially", "involved", ",", "a", "true", "preparation", "for", "adulthood", "and", "even", "more", "importantly", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "boys", ",", "for", "active", "citizenship", ".", "\n\n", "Still", ",", " ", "gender", " ", "was", " ", "not", " ", "the", " ", "only", " ", "criterion", " ", "for", " ", "the", " ", "exclusion", " ", "of", " ", "female", "and", " ", "male", " ", "doctors", " ", "from", " ", "secondary", " ", "schools", ";", " ", "language", " ", "also", " ", "played", " ", "a", " ", "role", ".", "Mastering", "Romanian", "became", "another", "standard", "by", "which", "medical", "professionals", "were", "being", "evaluated", ",", "mainly", "in", "provincial", "towns", "that", "prior", "to", "World", "War", "I", "had", "belonged", "to", "different", "states", "." ]	[ { "end": 392, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 390 }, { "end": 1374, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1372 }, { "end": 1765, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1763 } ]

population in 1994. It was originally designed to study T1D. Within the DIPP cohort, we created a CD sub-study consisting of 10 case-control groups of 16 cases and 27 controls, matched for date of birth and county of residence. Compared to MIDIA, the DIPP cohort recruits newborns with more heterogeneous genotypes: HLA- DQB1*02/*0302, the *0302/x genotype [x ≠ *02, *0301 or *0602] and boys with the DQB1*02/y-DQA1*05/z [y ≠ *0301, *0302, *0602, *0603; z ≠ *0201] genotype. Serum samples were collected every 3–6 months and stool samples were collected monthly 6from 3 months of age until 24 months of age. As in MIDIA, various additional data were collected by means of several regular questionnaires. DNA was prepared differently from MIDIA: the stools were centrifuged at a lower speed before initial freezing, leaving more bacterial material in the supernatant. 2.2.2 Disease-specific virome studies: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes Celiac disease: A total of 2043 DNA metagenomic virome libraries were generated from the stools of 41 cases and 76 matched controls. The MIDIA cohort provided 1271 stool samples from 74 individuals (25 cases and 49 matched controls). The DIPP study was represented by 772 stool samples obtained from 43 subjects (16 cases matched to 27 controls), Table 1-A . Type 1 diabetes: In total, 311 DNA+RNA viral metagenomic libraries were prepared from the case-control set. The set consisted of 24 matching groups of one case and two controls, with the exception of one case matched to only one control (due to the impossibility of a close enough match), Table 1-B . All but two of the case children developed diabetes - this happened with a mean lag of 5.3 years since diagnosis of islet autoimmunity. The two children who remained non-diabetic had persistent autoantibody markers of islet autoimmunity for 11 years as of January 2018. 2.2.3 Wet lab processing In the celiac disease study, metagenomic high-throughput metagenomic sequencing was restricted to DNA viruses. The rationale behind the decision not to sequence RNA viruses is many-fold: (a) the RNA fraction is heavily contaminated with bacterial ribosomes and contains many irrelevant plant RNA viruses from the food, (b) association studies on important human RNA viruses in CD had been published by others and by us (Kahrs, Chuda et al. 2019; Tapia, Chuda et al. 2020) before the start of this metagenomic project, and so far obtained data do not indicate any important undiscovered

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Full text Ferres D.; AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. Spanish morphological generation with wide-coverage lexicons and decision trees . Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2017; 58: 109-116. Full text Saggion H.; Ronzano F.; Accuosto P.; Ferres D.. MultiScien: A bi-lingual natural language processing system for mining and enrichment of scientific collections . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2017; 1888: 26-40. Full text Barbieri F.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Saggion H.. Revealing patterns of Twitter emoji usage in Barcelona and Madrid . Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 2016; 288: 239-244. Publication link Full text Espinosa-Anke L, Ronzano F, Saggion H. TALN at SemEval-2016 Task 14: semantic taxonomy enrichment via sense-based embeddings . Proceedings of the Conference Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2016; 1332-1336. Full text Espinosa-Anke L.; Tello J.; Pardo A.; Medrano I.; Ureña A.; Salcedo I.; Saggion H.. Savana: a global information extraction and terminology expansion framework in the medical domain . Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2016; 57: 23-30. Full text Ferres D.; Marimon M.; Saggion H.; AbuRa¿ed A.. YATS: Yet Another Text Simplifier . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 335-342. Publication link Full text Oramas S.; Espinosa-Anke L.; Sordo M.; Saggion H.; Serra X.. Information extraction for knowledge base construction in the music domain . Data and Knowledge Engineering 2016; 106: 70-83. Publication link Full text Ronzano F, Freire A, Saez-Trumper D, Saggion H. Making sense of massive amounts of scientific publications: the scientific knowledge miner project . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 36-41. Full text Ronzano F.; Saggion H.. An Empirical Assessment of Citation Information in Scientific Summarization . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2016; 9612: 318-325. Publication link Full text Other resources Saggion H.; Abura''ed A.; Ronzano F.. Trainable Citation-enhanced Summarization of Scientific Articles . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2016; 175-186. Full text Saggion H.; Bott S.; Rello L.. Simplifying Words in Context. Experiments with two Lexical Resources in Spanish . Computer Speech and Language 2016; 35: 200-218. Publication link Barbieri F, Ronzano F, Saggion H. Summarization and Information Extraction in your Tablet . Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2015; (55): 201-206. 50 Entries Per Page 1 Entries per Page 2 Entries per Page 3 Entries per Page 4 Entries per Page 5 Entries per Page 6 Entries per Page 9 Entries per Page 10 Entries per Page 12 Entries per Page 20 Entries per Page 30 Entries per Page 50 Entries per Page 75 Entries per Page 100 Entries

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The relative abundances of vOTUs in each sample were determined and a frequency table was generated. 2.2.5 Deposition of raw data The raw data will be made public under the conditions of the HEDIMED Horizon 2020 grant. Presently, these data are being processed and will not be available until results are published. 2.3 Results of the faecal virome sequencing 2.3.1 Libraries sequenced in the CD study A total of 2 043 samples from 117 individuals (41 cases and 76 controls) were sequenced ( Table 2 ). The MIDIA cohort provided 25 cases and 49 matched controls, DIPP cohort provided 16 cases and 27 matched controls. The median number of stool samples per child was 17 and the median follow-up to the last tested stool sample was 13.0 months of age. The median of high-quality paired reads per sample was 1,195,472. There was a difference in the proportion of viral reads identified between the two cohorts. We identified fewer viral sequencing reads in DIPP stool samples than in MIDIA. This may be either a biological phenomenon or a consequence of differences in sample handling: the DIPP samples were processed using a slightly different extraction protocol and were centrifuged at a lower speed, which may have resulted in a higher content of bacterial genomic DNA. This is consistent with the mapping of reads to bacterial sequences. The sequencing of the DNA+RNA libraries from the T1D study will have been finished in spring 2024, and will be processed as described above. 9Table 2. Metagenomic sequencing of DNA viromes in the CD study MIDIA cohort DIPP cohort Total Count of samples 1271 772 2043 NextSeq sequencing runs 14 10 24 Total generated reads , million 1 465 mill. 567 mill. 2 032 mill. High quality paired reads median per sample (IQR) million2.0 (1.7 - 2.4) 2.5 (1.9 - 3.0) 2.1 (1.7 - 2.7) Virus reads , million median per sample (IQR)1.1 (0.9 - 1.3) 0.6 (0.5 - 0.9) 1.0 (0.7 - 1.2) Viral species per sample median (IQR)115 (72 - 168) 143 (87 - 189) 125 (76 - 176) Viral families per sample median (IQR) mean (min-max)16 (3 - 76) 66 (0 - 1077)9 (1 - 53) 50 (0 - 660)51 (31 - 72) 53 (0 - 1047) Total species per study 15 222 8 844 17 826 Species newly described in this study7 848 4 436 9 319 Total virus families per study

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[]

than on my schoolwork. I was worried about being accepted by my peers, and I didn't want to be seen as a nerd or a bookworm. So, I kind of coasted through my freshman year, just trying to get by and have fun. But my parents were always on my case about getting good grades and taking my education seriously. They would say education is the key to success, and I just roll my eyes and think, yeah, yeah, yeah, I got it. Looking back, I wish I had taken my education more seriously from the start. But I was young, and I didn't know any better. It wasn't until later that I had some amazing teachers who believed in me, and I started to see the value in my education. ## What were your grades like when you first started? Okay. Well, let's see, they weren't exactly something to brag about. It was a bit of a struggle. I was a bit of a struggling student. To be honest, I had a hard time keeping up with the coursework, and I didn't always put in the effort I should have. I think my GPA was around 2.6 or 2.5, and I had some C's and D's in classes like math and science, which were always tough for me. But I did okay in classes like English and history, where I could write and express myself more. Yeah. So, my parents were always in my face about my grades. They say things like that's not good enough. We have to work harder, and I just feel bad, and we need to do better. But despite the struggles, I think I did have some great teachers who also saw potential in me and encouraged me to keep going. That's it. It seems like he can do it. Don't give up. And that really, really does mean a lot to me, you know. ## Did you know you would complete high school when you were a freshman? Did you feel like you would make it all the way through? Well, I'd say as a freshman, I was really unsure if I was going to make it through high school. You know, I was struggling in my classes, and I didn't really see the point of it all. I feel like I was just going through the motions, you know. I remember thinking,

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[]

that context alone. All the contributions in this section show that the examination of personal and professional networks in science and their role in rendering women more visible cannot be separated from an examination of the broader political context in which their lives and careers unfolded. ## In/ visibilities in medicine and care: Treating, teaching, reforming As in the case of science and engineering, some of the chapters in this volume also provide an opportunity for comparative study between different areas of medicine. Medicine and care have been among the most examined sites of science in relation to gender, education and women's work, but the papers in this section suggest new avenues of investigation. They focus in particular on neglected arenas like women's work as doctors and educators in secondary schools in Romania, women physicians' role in training midwives in Republican China and attempts made by female cadres, researchers, doctors and medical students to alleviate 'women's illnesses' and promote 'grassroot science' in Maoist China. These chapters highlight often- overlooked institutional contexts, ranging from secondary schools to rural health stations, and examine how political events, such as World War I and the Great Leap Famine, 54 both expanded and constrained the range of opportunities available to female physicians and scientists. Camelia Zavarache's contribution addresses the importance of political change, border reconfiguration and state- building in the appointment of women as doctors in secondary- school education in interwar Romania, a time when the country significantly expanded its territory and minority population. 55 Zavarache argues that the state's agenda of providing hygiene education to secondary- school students was intertwined with the aim of producing a healthy 'body' for the Romanian nation. This played a crucial role in allowing women access to positions as school doctors, especially after the passing of the 1928 Law on Secondary Education which stipulated that female doctors should be employed to teach hygiene courses and conduct medical examinations in girls' schools. Although the socio- political and economic circumstances that followed World War I created a situation that helped render women more visible both as health professionals and 'modernising agents' of the new, enlarged Romanian state, Zavarache demonstrates that women often had to fight for the school positions they were legally entitled to. Using archival documents which have been largely neglected in Romanian historiography, especially correspondence between women doctors and local authorities - as opposed to the more visible documents

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and cork 181_Printing and service activities related to printing 19_Coke and reﬁned petroleum products 210_Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 23_Other non-metallic mineral products 25_Fabricated metal products 27_Electrical equipment 29_Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 310_Furniture 33_Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentMethodology The methodology used to analyse INDSTAT data is slightly different to that presented in Section 2.1 as data are less recent and the total number of analysed industries is much smaller. Aggregate industry-level data have been used to identify two types of industries: ■industries with a current strength, includ- ing specialised industries with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation and rela- tive size for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds; ■industries with an emerging strength, in- cluding emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for both the number of employees and turnover are above 56 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Figure 2.3. Distribution of output in Manufacturing for five EaP countries 101_Processing/preserving of meat 103_Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 105_Dairy products 107_Other food products 110_Beverages 13_Textiles 15_Leather and related products 170_Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 182_Reproduction of recorded media 20_Chemicals and chemical products 22_Rubber and plastic products 24_Basic metals 26_Computer, electronic and optical products 28_Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 30_Other transport equipment 32_Other manufacturingArmenia Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Ukraine EaP countries0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 102_Processing/preserving of ﬁsh, etc. 104_Vegetable and animal oils and fats 106_Grain mill products, starches and starch products 108_Prepared animal feeds 120_Tobacco products 14_Wearing apparel 16_Wood and of products of wood and cork 181_Printing and service activities related to printing 19_Coke and reﬁned petroleum products 210_Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 23_Other non-metallic mineral products 25_Fabricated metal products 27_Electrical equipment 29_Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 310_Furniture 33_Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentpredefined thresholds. For all industries shown in Table 2.7, the following indicators have been calculated for Armenia, Azer- baijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine: ■the degree of specialisation for the number of employees for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■average relative share of the total number of employees for each year in the 2012-2017 period, ■rate of change in degree of specialisation for the number of employees for two time peri- ods – between 2012 and 2015, and between 2014 and 2017, ■the degree of specialisation for output for each year in the 2012-2017 period,

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[]

are, again, very few EC projects in collabora- tion within the EaP in this domain. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 2 7 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 2 15 12 1 9 211 AZ 2 3 7 4 7 410 BY 15 3 7 5 50 702 GE 12 7 7 3 11 145 MD 1 4 5 3 35 287 UA 9 7 50 11 35 1 975 PublicationsFigure 3.49. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Chemistry and chemical engineering’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 1 3 4 1 1 3 10 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 1 3 2 2 15 AZ BY 1 3 5 19 123 GE 3 3 2 5 57 MD 2 5 2 7 111 UA 2 19 5 7 1 241 PublicationsFigure 3.50. Number of publications and EC projects in collaboration between EaP actors in different countries, in the ‘Electric and electronic technologies’ domain Colour indicates the relative distribution of documents, computed row-wise. 212 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Regional collaboration in Energy In Energy publications, the intensity of the col- laborations with external partners is not as pro- nounced as for other domains, except for Ukraine. With the exception of Georgia, all countries have a fairly distributed collaboration pattern, with the Ukraine collaboration standing out once again. There is a significant number of EC energy pro- jects in collaboration within the EaP, spread rela- tively evenly.Regional collaboration in Environmental sciences and industries In the case of Environmental sciences and publications, external collaborations again have a significant weight across all six EaP countries. Within the EaP, some of the highest-intensity col- laborations are Armenia with Georgia and Ukraine, and Moldova with Ukraine. In terms of EC projects, the relatively intense col- laboration between Moldova and Ukraine stands out. AM AZ BY GE MD UA Other 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 3 1 2 5 10 1 2 1 6 1 1 5 1 38 EC projectsAM AZ BY GE MD UA Other AM 3 2 1 5 47 AZ 3 1 1 5 63 BY 2 1 4 22 125 GE MD 1 1 4 13

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can be used. Originally perceived as responsible for day-to-day operations, their roles have expanded and diversified over time, calling for a range of skills. Leaders of preschools, technical and vocational institutes, colleges, universities, and adult education centres require similar but also very different capacities to do their jobs well. Within the school: In addition to the school principal, the contribution of vice -principals and of teaching staff who are assigned formal or informal responsibility for selected grades or subjects is increasingly recognized. Non-teaching staff can also be influential. The role of school governing boards or management committees is crucial though their existence and decision-making power varies. Students, parents and community members also have leadership potential. Outside the school: At local levels of the education administration, structures are in place to support schools in academic and operational matters. At the central level, education ministry and agency staff are expected to exercise system leadership in the design and implementation of national laws, policies and reforms. Outside the education system: Political leaders formulate an education vision, directions and priorities, which is usually part of their election platforms. The oversight of government work and approval of draft laws related to education is the responsibility of the legislature, which can steer debate. But this debate on the future of education is open to all. Researchers, civil society organizations, employer organizations, teacher and student unions, intellectuals, and the media – all monitor, influence and put pressure on national education system leaders to live up to or change their commitments, often pulling in different directions. International organizations are another group of actors with considerable influence on governments. EXPECTATIONS OF LEADERS AT THE SCHOOL AND SYSTEM LEVEL HAVE BEEN CHANGING Around the world, the concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders’ roles have been changing over the past few decades (Gurr, 2023). The general shift has been from seeing the school principal playing an administrative and bureaucratic function to expecting more involvement in working with teachers and other staff to improve school ‘results’ (Pont, 2020). Expectations about the form of these results are shaped by social preferences and the beliefs of education authorities and the education community, including leaders themselves. Do we need another hero? The concept of school leadership and perceptions of leaders’ roles have been changing over the last few decades 10 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 TABLE 1.1: There are diverse leadership roles in

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in the northern provinces of Afghanistan where irrigation is based on water resources of Afghan rivers. Agricultural produce and products of its processing take approximately three-fourths of the whole Afghan export. Technical equipment of agriculture is very poor. In villages manual labor prevails. Widely used are sickles, wooden plows, primitive harrows, etc. Tractors are used on less than 1% of the annually cultivated lands. Main agricultural crops grown here are cereals, cotton, sugar beet, rice, vegetables and fruits. There are three largest river basins in the country: - -the Amudarya River basin - Panj, Kowkchen, Konduz, Khulm, Balkh, Sar-e Pol, Kaisar, Morghab, Harirud rivers; - -the Indus River basin - Kabul with Konar, Kurram and Gumal rivers; - -the Sistan Depression basin - Helmand with Arghandab, Harut, Farah and Hashrud rivers, their total average annual flow is equal to 420 cu. m/s. The river flow that is formed on the territory of Afghanistan makes up 1600 to 1750 cu. m/s, or 50 to 55 cu.km a year. In the climatic conditions of Afghanistan, that are characterized by low annual precipitations and dry climate, the irrigated farming makes the base of agricultural production here and a key factor for agriculture development. Only on slopes of some ridges where more than 300 to 500 mm of precipitations fall it is possible to practice rainfed farming. Table 1 gives distribution of water and land resources by river basins in Afghanistan. Table 1 ## Distribution of Water and Land Resources of Afghanistan by River Basins | River basin | Surface water resources, km 3 | Mln thou ha | Mln thou ha | Mln thou ha | |---------------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------|------------------------| | River basin | Surface water resources, km 3 | suitable for irrigation | irrigated in 1965 | perspective irrigation | | Amudarya | 23.6 | 1580 | 460 | 1120 | | Helmand | 13.0 | 500 | 290 | 210 | | Kabul (Indus) | 24.0 | 146 | 56 | 90 | | TOTAL: | 60.6 | 2226 | 806 | 1420 | At present, by estimates of Afghan specialists, about 15 to 18 cu. km of water are used for irrigation. Remaining water goes out from the country because there are not regulating reservoirs. In the future only 35 to 37 cu. km of water a year will be used for irrigation and water supply. By rough estimations, the existing irrigated land

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33 | … … | … … | … | 34 | … | … | … | … 100 | 95 … | | 100 | 100 ₋₁ | … | 4.1 2.6 | 2.9 4.5 ₋₁ | 18.6 16.8 | 18.8 ₋₁ 24.1 ₋₂ | | | | | | | | 98 ₊₁ | 91 ₋₂ | 80 | … | 59 | 36 ₋₁ | … | 50 ₋₁ | … 48 ₊₁ | 100 | 100 | 100 | … | … … | … | … … … | 3.3 | | | | | | | | | | | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 91 | | 93 | 96 87 ₋₁ | … | … 98 ₋₁ | … 94 83 ᵢ … 77 ₊₁ ᵢ | 99 ₋₁ | 7.0 4.6 | 6.8 5.2 | 19.1 12.9 | 21.0 ₋₁ 10.7 ₊₁ | | | | | | | | … … | … … | … … | … | … … | … … | … … | … … | … … | … 77 … 63 ₋₁ | 83 94 82 | 93 81 | | 96 58 ₋₁ 83 ₋₁ | | 91 | 3.3 | 3.7 | … | 12.8 ₋₂ 8.3 | | | | 13.2 11.0 | | | | … … … | … … | … … | … … … | … | … … | … … | … … | … … | | 98 80 ₋₁ 86 | | 61 87 ₋₁ 86 | | 77 ₋₁ | | 2.4 2.1 5.0 | 1.9 1.8 | | 7.2 ₊₁ 21.4 ₋₁ | | 78 ₋₁ | | | | | ## PROGRESS SINCE 2015: SELECTED INDICATORS: Continued | | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Participation/Completion | Gender | Gender | |--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|-----------|------------------------------| | | A enrolment before | | | | B Out-of-school rate (%) | B Out-of-school rate (%) | B Out-of-school rate (%) | B Out-of-school rate (%) | Completion | Completion | Completion | Completion | Completion | secondary | secondary | D -Male) | | | Adjusted net rate one year

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allowances for EIIs if implementation is ineffective. To capitalise on the decarbonisation push, Europe should refocus its support for clean tech manufac - turing, focusing on technologies where it either has a lead or where there is a strategic case for developing domestic capacity [see the chapter on clean technologies] . The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth – such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should offer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to offset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production offtake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements 51THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For “infant industries”, it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a “launch customer” for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and offsetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technolo - gies are highly concentrated, the EU has win-win opportunities to strategically partner with other regions in targeted steps of clean technology supply chains. Like-minded neighbouring regions with access to low-cost renewable energy sources and raw materials could help Europe accomplish its energy and climate goals in an affordable manner while widening the diversification of supplies. At the same time, the EU should leverage its strong position in clean tech and pursue opportunities to invest in other countries to widen the deployment market for technologies the

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on innovation activities at more highly aggregated levels; ■the DOCDB database of the European Pat- ent Office20 for aggregate patent data, which covers patents issued by most of the patent offices worldwide; ■the WIPO Global Brand Database21 for reg- istered trademark data for each Eastern Part- nership country. Trademarks are classified into 45 classes using the NICE Classification; ■the WIPO Global Design Database22 for in- dustrial design data for each Eastern Partner- ship country. Industrial designs are classified into 32 classes using the Locarno Classifica- tion; ■Crunchbase23, one of the world’s leading data sources for start-ups and venture cap- ital-backed companies. Crunchbase compiles data on companies’ industrial sectors, reve- 17 UNIDO, INDSTAT 4 Industrial Statistics Database at the 3- and 4-digit level of ISIC Revision 3 and ISIC Revision 4, Vienna, 2020. Available from http://stat.unido.org. 18 https://comtrade.un.org/. 19 Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org), The World Bank. 20 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/data/bulk- data-sets/docdb.html. 21 https://www3.wipo.int/branddb/en/ Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control. 22 https://www.wipo.int/reference/en/designdb/ 23 https://www.crunchbase.com/ 30 Part 1 Introduction and methodology nue, acquisition, funding and more via crowd- sourcing; ■the European Cluster Collaboration Plat- form24 (ECCP) and the assessment provided in the report Review of the state of devel- opment of clusters in EaP countries for an overview of sectoral industrial clusters in the various EaP countries. 2.5 Scientific and technological (S&T) potential and relative data sources In science, the notion of potential at international level goes hand in hand with that of excellence. The question here is in fact not only to under- stand whether there exists, in the EaP sectors and STI system, relative specialisation and/or critical mass in each preliminary priority domain, but also whether the agents possess the necessary capaci- ties to compete and collaborate in the internation- al arena. Excellence is, however, an even more elusive concept than potential, one which in the current context can only be indirectly related to bibliometric impact, for publications, and to the capacity of EaP actors to obtain Horizon 2020 funding – a high-quality threshold for any organisation, proving relevant STI capacities. Therefore, to assess the scientific and techno- logical potential, this study analyses a series of indicators that measure the critical mass and spe- cialisation of each EaP country

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or frozen | X | 0.9% | | | | 054 | Vegetables, fresh, chilled, frozen or simply preserved (including dried leguminous vegetables); roots, tubers and other edible vegetable products, n.e.s., fresh or dried | | | X | 0.9% | | 056 | Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. | X | 0.4% | X | 0.4% | | 058 | Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) | X | 0.6% | | | | 071 | Coffee and coffee substitutes | X | 0.3% | | | | 073 | Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.3% | | 1 | Beverages and tobacco | | | | | | 112 | Alcoholic beverages | X | 10.5% | | | | 122 | Tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) | X | 9.0% | | | | 2 | Crude materials, inedible, except fuels | | | | | | 278 | Other crude minerals | | | X | 0.2% | | 283 | Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copper | X | 20.7% | | | | 287 | Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s. | X | 1.3% | | | | SITC | Goods name | Current strength | %share of exports | Emerging strength | %share of exports | |--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------| | | | 19 | 76.5% | 12 | 15.6% | | 288 | Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.4% | | 289 | Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) | X | 1.5% | X | 1.5% | | 292 | Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s. | X | 0.3% | | | | 3 | Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials | | | | | | 351 | Electric current | X | 4.4% | | | | 4 | Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes | | | | | | 5 | Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. | | | | | | 6 | Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material | | | | | | 661 | Lime, cement, and fabricated construction materials (except glass and clay materials) | X | 0.6% | | | | 667 | Pearls and precious

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[]

by a154 keV γ-ray, decays with a short half-life, as represented in Fig. 10. In this ﬁgure, this underlying isomeric state pop- ulated by the 154 keV γ-ray is clearly visible, as well as other γ-ray coincidences. These observations are consis-tent with the level scheme presented in Fig. 9. The half- life of this short-lived isomeric state was measured to be (2.81±0.04) ns. We also observed an even more short-lived isomeric state when gating on the 106 keV transition. The half-life of the 106.3 keV level, also measured for the ﬁrst time, is (0 .94±0.06) ns. Additional interesting features can be noticed in Fig. 10. In the region corresponding to the 89/87 and 87/89 coin- cidences from Fig 10c, the time distribution seems to shift with the energy between 82 and 94 keV . In this region, theanti-delayed and delayed time distributions corresponding to the 89.4 keV →86.8 keV cascade are mixed, as the γ-rays cannot be resolved due to the energy resolution of the detec-tors. This could indicate the presence of a very short-lived (T 1/2<1n s )s t a t ea t E∗=86.8k e V . 3.1.2147Ce A short-lived isomer was found for the γ-γcoincidence with γ-ray energies of 118 keV and 283 keV. The average post- neutron masses of the associated light and heavy fragments 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 7 of 12 5 Table 3 Half-lives of the isomers (heavy fragments) measured in this work ( Texp. 1/2) compared with literature ( Tlit. 1/2) and RIPL3-2023 database [ 15] (TRIPL3 1/2). The “main isomer” is marked with an asterisk(*) in each nucleus E∗(MeV) Texp. 1/2(ns) Tlit. 1/2(ns) Ref. TRIPL3 1/2(ns) 130Sn 2.085* 50 (5) 63 (4) [ 29]5 2 132Sb 0.254* 112.0 (27) 102 (4) [ 30] 102 132Te 2.723 3500 (300) 3520 (90) [ 31] 3700 1.925 28100 (1300) 28500 (900) [ 32] 28100 1.775* 137 (8) 133.1 (35) [ 32] 145 133Te 1.610* 106.5 (44) 100 (5) [ 33] 100 134Te 5.804 16.7 (8) 16.4 (17) [ 34]1 8 1.691* 172.5 (16) 164.1 (9) [ 35] 164.1 1.576 1.26 (2) 1.4 (1) [ 34]1 . 3 6 135Te 1.555* 500 (35) 511 (20) [ 36] 511 136Xe 1.892* 2950 (50) 2920 (30) [ 31] 2950 1.694 1.28 (2) 1.293 (17) [ 37] 1.293 137Xe 1.935* 7.8 (5) 10.1 (9) [ 38] 10.1 146La 0.620+ x* 14.0 (5) 14 (1) [ 39]2 0

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event is relatively low, so many plaintext pairs are needed before it is possible to partition pairs into sets. It is much more likely that the weight one difference spreads moderately through the cipher resulting in a few active S-boxes in the ciphertext. Hence, we might find slender pair candidates more efficiently by looking at ciphertext pairs with more than one active S-box. The more active S-boxes we allow, the more noise we will get, and so there is a tradeoff between the signal-to-noise ratio, and the strength of the signal. It turns out that allowing even a relatively large number of active S-boxes does not introduce too much noise. This can be used to make the attack more efficient. For each input S-box S i and for each pair { x, y } we introduce counters C i,j ( { x, y } ). We increment the counter C i,j ( { x, y } ) every time the input pair { x, y } to S-box S i (with a random but fixed input to the other S-boxes) leads to exactly j S-boxes being active, where j ranges from 1 to 15. When we have done a number of encryptions we may sort the counters C i,j for some pair i, j . If the cover filter identifies sets based on this sorting, we assume that these are correct slender sets. When we have several sets, we use the bowtie filter to check the validity of the sets. We do this for increasing j from 1 to 15. Since the cover filter is a very strong filter, the risk of errors is low, both in the cases where the signal is weak (small values of j ), and also in the cases where there is a lot of noise (large values of j ). /negationslash ## 4 The Attack in Practice We now describe how the attack is carried out in practice. The attack consists of a data collection phase followed by an S-box recovery phase, and those two phases are repeated until all or almost all S-boxes have been recovered. ## 4.1 Data Collection Phase In the data collecting phase we simply encrypt structures and increment counters when applicable. Each structure consists of 16 plaintexts differing in only a single input S-box. Which S-box is active is a random choice among the S-boxes that have not already

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# Largest ever study into cannabis use investigates risk of paranoia and poor mental health in the general population King's College London New research from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) at King’s College London, in partnership with the University of Bath, has found that the reasons why a person chooses to use cannabis can increase their risk of developing paranoia. The use and potency of cannabis is increasing worldwide, and dependence and cannabis-induced psychosis are also greatly increasing as a result, especially in North America. Two new research papers, both using data from Cannabis & Me - the largest survey of its kind - have identified key risk factors associated with the more severe forms of paranoia in cannabis users. The first study, published today in the BMJ Mental Health, explored the relationship between why people first started using cannabis, and how this affected their subsequent use. 3389 former and current cannabis users aged 18 and over responded to a survey examining their reasons for first and continued use, their weekly consumption of cannabis in THC units, and their mental health. Researchers established several key findings. Respondents who first started using cannabis to self-medicate an illness, including physical pain, anxiety, depression, or because they were experiencing minor psychotic symptoms, all demonstrated higher paranoia scores. This was in contrast to those respondents who tried cannabis for fun or curiosity, or with their friends, who reported the lowest average paranoia and anxiety scores. Dr Edoardo Spinazzola, a Research Assistant at King’s IoPPN and the study’s first author said, “Our study provides vital evidence on how the reason someone first starts using cannabis can dramatically impact their long-term health. “This research suggests that using cannabis as a mean to self-medicate physical or mental discomfort can have a negative impact on the levels of paranoia, anxiety, and depression. Most of these subgroups had average scores of depression and anxiety which were above the threshold for referral to counselling." Respondents were also asked to provide data on the frequency and strength of the cannabis they were using so that researchers could track their average weekly consumption of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - the principle psychoactive component of cannabis. The researchers found that the average respondent consumed 206 units of THC a week. This might equate to roughly 10-17 ‘joints’ per week, if the user was consuming an expected 20 per cent THC content that

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provide further proof of the vital role mobility as well as personal and professional networks played in facilitating women’s access to scientific careers and recognition. While men enjoyed easier access paths to scientific positions, for women the prestige and capital provided by trav - elling abroad was sometimes the only avenue available to improve their chances of securing positions in science. Forging international collabora - tions acquired particular urgency in situations of political and economic crisis, as Christine von Oertzen’s study of the International Federation of University Women also shows. The Federation played an important role in the support of academic women, especially in the context of the Nazi dicta - torship and the Holocaust.53 The chapters in this section also reveal how in/ visibility operated in rela - tion to women’s scientific networks. Strategic friendships between women scientists from the Global North and Global South, such as that discussed in Savithri Preetha Nair’s chapter, have been rather invisible. The same can be said of the quasi- imperial networks some Eastern and Central European states attempted to build after 1918, as they sought to expand their cul - tural, economic and scientific influence in the Middle East and the Balkans. In this context, some female medical doctors attempted to forge careers abroad, combining medical work with research on ‘tropical diseases’, as Adéla Jůnová Macková’s chapter shows. By contrast, Emily Rees Koerner and Graeme Gooday’s chapter on the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists addresses a much more visible and formalized type of scientific network. Nair’s chapter makes a case for using biographical exploration and stud - ies of friendships between women scientists to uncover ‘invisible academic 17 17 Introduction networks’ and understand women’s experiences and strategies of survival in science. The discussion focuses on the life- long friendship and scientific col - laboration between the British American botanist and cytogeneticist Eileen Jessie Whitehead Erlanson and Indian botanist and cytogeneticist Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal. While Janaki Ammal’s life is slowly becoming better known in India, thanks also to Nair’s scholarship, Eileen Erlanson has been largely forgotten, despite being one of the first women in the world (if not, indeed, the first) to be awarded a PhD and DSc in genetics. Both women were high achievers, Eileen as a three- time National Research Council Fellow and Janaki as the first Indian woman to obtain a doctorate in botany and the first

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to water and soil as a consequence of microplastic and macroplastic releases along the value chain . Most of the total microplastics and macroplastics losses in all sectors (3.7 Mt) arise during the use phase (43.1% of the total losses) and most (2 Mt) were released to soil (against 0.7 Mt to water) , the rest (1 Mt) being recollected . Cumulatively, the total quantity of plastic lost and mismanaged represented 11.4% of the total production ( 6.6 Mt). Concerning plastic waste being recycled , a total of 8. 4 Mt of secondary plastics (i.e. ‘recyclates ’) were produced in the MFA 2022, with 7. 3 Mt being employed by the EU -27 manufacturing industries (as 12.5% of recyclates were exported). 11.4 Mt were sent to recycling ( considering 1 Mt of imported recyclable waste), of which 11.1 Mt was sent to mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling represented a potential alternative to mechanical recycling treatments, despite receiving no more than 2.3% of the total plastic sent to recycling each year. Results also indicated that the average end -of-life recycling rate among all sectors (i.e., recyclates produced over total waste being generated) was equal to 19.6% ( 17.1 % when recyclates ’ trade is considered). Results of the study underlined the role of Packaging and Construction as the most important sectors among those assessed, respectively contributing to 3 3.9% and 18.3% of the total plastic consumption . Import of plastic products played a crucial role in driving the overall quantities of plastic volumes consumed in the EU. In particular, import of Textile products contributed around 7 Mt and represented the main responsible for a total trade deficit of 10.7 Mt for the whole EU. Out of total quantity of plast ic consumed, the share of plastics being discarded vs. maintained in stock varied depending on the sector under scrutiny. Almost 93% of the Packaging plastic consumption was 36 discarded in the 2022 due to the short lifespan of products in this sector. By contrast, as much as 74.7% of the consumed products in Construction were accumulated as stock. On top of Packaging (with 19.7 Mt), also the Textiles sector accounted for a significant quantity (6.2 Mt) of the total waste generation due to the relevant import s of textile products. The present study underlined the different role of the various sectors in the total plastic waste collected and especially sent to recycling

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[]

when Maasdorp entered the Cavendish as a doctoral student. 19 Cambridge would not grant women equal status until 1948. Despite the university's adamantine position, women academics had begun to be appointed. In 1926, the University of Cambridge recruited ten women lecturers, increasing the percentage of women academics to 7 per cent. 20 Ann Davies was the first tenured woman lecturer in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. Davies completed her Bachelor of Science in 1915, majoring in physics at Royal Holloway College. She then completed her PhD in 1922, researching radiation and ionization potentials of the rare gases. 21 In 1935, Davies was appointed a fellow and lecturer in physics at Newnham College and a lecturer in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory. Davies remained the only woman lecturer in physics at the Cavendish for the next twenty years. 22 Dyhouse suggests that '[t] here is indeed a sense in which any woman who achieved public recognition as a scholar in universities before 1939 could only have managed this through formidable persistence and application'. 23 ## Life at the lab When Maasdorp arrived at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935, there were around fifty postgraduate students. Maasdorp was the only woman. 24 In 1934- 35, there were 507 full- time women students at Cambridge; male students outnumbered women by ten to one. 25 Proportionally, most women students studied the liberal arts or social sciences; very few women pursued the sciences, much less the so- called hard sciences such as physics. It would also be a year before the appointment of Davies as the first woman lecturer. Despite Rutherford's advocacy, female students did not experience equal privileges with their male counterparts. Female physics students were required to sit on the front benches of lecture theatres 'for fear their attention might be distracted by too much male proximity'. 26 Maasdorp needed to carry a card stating that she was 'a fit and proper person', which was necessary to present before entering the library. 27 Male students did not have to carry a similar card. Even when some of these restrictions were lifted, and female students could participate in university events and activities, they often experienced considerable male opposition. For example, for the first two years of her time at Cambridge, Maasdorp was not allowed to attend the annual Cavendish Laboratory Christmas Dinner, which she describes as 'a bang- up evening dress affair' with entertainment, such

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provision of sanitation and healthcare in priority locations across the country; provided cash injections to Kenyan businesses, protected jobs and supported measures to allow cross-border trade in the East African Community by directly supporting Kenyan truck drivers. The European Union was also a large donor to COVAX, a mechanism through which Kenya received COVID-19 vaccines (European Union, 2021[58]). In the early months of the pandemic, the European Union also provided funding to the World Health Organization (WHO) in Kenya to train frontline health workers at national and county levels, strengthen the COVID-19 rapid response and clinical teams, and support risk communication and community engagement (WHO, 2020[59]). ## Japan: Enhancing medical infrastructure and cold chain capacity Japan's support for Kenya's COVID -19 response included the provision of 50 000 SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR testing kits and the procurement of medical equipment along with funding of KES 240 million to the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Inclusive and Multi-Sectoral Response to COVID-19 in Kenya. Under this project, three smart anti-epidemic robots were installed and users from major hospitals in Kenya were trained. Additionally, the funding enhanced the procurement and delivery of PPE in Kenya (UNDP, 2021[60]; Embassy of Japan in Kenya, 2021[61]). Japan also donated KES 212 million to improve the cold chain capacity for Kenya's COVID -19 vaccine rollout with financing provided through the United Nat ions Children's Fund ( UNICEF). This funding supported procuring equipment for vaccine storage, distribution and continuous temperature monitoring, including storage for vaccines requiring ultra-cold temperatures and training for healthcare workers (UNICEF, 2021[62]). ## China: Providing vaccines and medical supplies In 2022, the Global Development and South-South Cooperation Fund delivered 2 million pieces of personal protective equipment to Kenya, via the UN Refugee Agency, including 250,000 N95 masks, 10,000 goggles, 1,000 pairs of rubber boots and 500 protective suits for refugees, local residents, frontline medical and humanitarian workers (CIDCA, 2022[63]). China pledged some 12 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine to Kenya in 2021, with 400 000 reported as delivered (Bridge Beijing, 2022[34]). ## France: Promoting private sector resilience and community health initiatives The French Development Agency (AFD) complemented Kenya's socio -economic recovery by directly supporting the private sector. It expanded its private sector development programming in Africa by adding a COVID-19-specific ' Resilience component worth EUR 1 billion. This mechanism aimed to improve ' access to credit and investments for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and

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instrumental in supporting the uptake of the vaccination and curbing vaccine hesitancy (UNICEF, 2021[40]). Community health volunteers were also employed to dispel vaccine myths across counties (UNICEF, 2022[41]). The most recent data shows that 27% of Kenya's population (14.5 million) has been vaccinated with at least a single dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. In comparison, the percentage of the population vaccinated with a complete primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine stood at 21% (WHO, 2024[14]). In total, 23.7 million COVID-19 vaccine doses were administered, with only 4% of the total population vaccinated with at least one additional booster dose of a COVID19 vaccine. Put together, the evidence reveals that Kenya's performance in COVID -19 vaccinations was lower than average in the African region. For example, the average of the total population vaccinated with one vaccine dose in Africa was 12 percentage points higher than for Kenya, at 39%. Similar disparities exist in the complete primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine (33% vs. 21%) and the administration of at least one booster dose (6% vs. 4%) (WHO, 2023[42]; Our World in Data, 2024[43]). Figure 2.1. Share of people who completed the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol in Kenya  Source: Our World in Data (2024[43]), Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations. ## 2.5. Socio-economic resilience: Protecting livelihoods and stimulating recovery Social protection measures, including cash transfers and food relief, along with funds to maintain cash flow for businesses, were key components of the government's budgetary allocations for COVID -19-related expenditures. These allocations amounted to KES 40 billion (EUR 296 million) in 2020, KES 56.6 billion (EUR 418 million) in 2021, and KES 45 billion (EUR 333 million) in 2022. The economic stimulus package included a new youth employment scheme, provision of credit guarantees, fast-tracking payment of value added tax (VAT) refunds, and increased funding for cash transfers. Key tax measures included full income tax relief for persons earning below the equivalent of USD 225 per month, and reductions in corporate income tax, tax on small businesses and VAT, some of which were reversed from 1 January 2021. Out of the spending allocations, KES 7.6 billion (EUR 51.5 million) was set aside to enhance access to affordable medical care, and KES 23.1 billion (EUR 156 million) for an economic stimulus programme to cushion vulnerable groups (IMF, 2021[24]). The National Safety Net Programme (NSNP /Inua Jamii ) which administers cash transfers across Kenya reached

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local school authorities, from revisers to high- school principals, namely that male doctors were better suited for such positions, while women doctors were young and inexperienced. This is precisely what the principal of the Dej Girls' High School, a woman herself, argued in November 1929, when she pleaded that the Ministry of Instruction allow the male doctor already working in the school to continue. The document was a response to a job request made by Emilia Ciuta, a female doctor working at the public hospital in town who pursued the same position, but was dismissed by the principal, since she was perceived as not having a similar level of experience. 43 Such attitudes were generated by the mistrust in female doctors' ability to work in schools, even though many women were already working in hospitals, maternities or rural healthcare institutions. However, the most important hurdle for principals must have been that of accommodating a new doctor and teacher they did not know; this change would have been even more difficult when the former male employee was of good conduct and had established himself as a good professional. Another factor that weighed heavily in this process was the pay; principals who had to pay doctors out of the School Committee funds with a daily allowance knew they needed to rely on a person having another job, or else they would not have been able to support themselves out of this little amount. Still, doctor Ciuta did have another job, proving that women also perceived school positions and the income generated by them as supplements, not salaries in their own right. Therefore, one cannot ignore the mistrust and even hostility that local school authorities tended to display towards such requests made by women, even though they were legally entitled to them. It seems their determination to have their right to work in girls' schools respected was bothering local authorities because it disrupted the way the system worked and led to the substitution of male doctors. Despite such prejudices, women seemed aware of their legal rights and refused to accept that male doctors would continue to practise and teach in girls' schools. In September 1929, Dr Gudlea Ghelbruch wrote a petition to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed at the Carmen Sylva Girls' High School in Timișoara. At the time, she was working at the Social Security House in Timișoara, proving

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results for Manufacturing for Georgia Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation61 Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing: results for Moldova Results of the economic mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.12. In total, 5 manufacturing in- dustries have been identified as having a current strength and only one manufacturing industry has been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell).Industries with current strength include Pro- cessing/preserving of fish, etc. (102); Manufacture of textiles (13); Manufacture of wearing apparel (14); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Furniture (310). Industries with emerg- ing strength include Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (20). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 10 5 1 7 1 101 Processing/preserving of meat X 102 Processing/preserving of fish, etc. X X X 103 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables X 104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats X X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X 13 Manufacture of textiles X X X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X X X 15Manufacture of leather and related productsX X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X 19Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X X X 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment X 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment X 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. X 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersX 310 Furniture X X X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classifiedTable 2.12. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Moldova 62 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping the economic potential in Manu- facturing – results for Ukraine Results of the economic mapping for Ukraine are shown in Table 2.13. In total, 5 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a cur- rent strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two col- umns with an ‘X’ in a green-coloured cell). Industries with current strength include Vege- table and animal oils and fats (104); Manufacture of basic metals (24); Manufacture of

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[]

premature deaths annually, typically from respiratory disease (asthma, cough and tuberculosis) (Elsey et al., 2016). Accidents and injuries are also among the main causes within the home, including within the kitchen and in the wider slum environment (burns, eye irritations and headaches). The data we collected in our three settlements were classified as in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 as 'routine' and 'non-routine' illnesses. The 11 subcategories are taken from the definition by Luke and Munshi (2007) . Non-routine illnesses are those that are more difficult to treat and potentially more serious. We aggregate the responses from 105 medics collected during the survey from our three different neighbour -hoods. First, the most common routine illnesses reported were fever, headaches and loss of appetite (52.7%). Coughs and throat infections were second, accounting for 33% of routine illnesses and include sinus issues, throat pain and tonsillitis. Ear, tooth and eye infections account for 11% of routine illnesses treated at the private medical facilities ( Table 6.2). Table 6.2 Routine illnesses | Illness | Sanjay | Bhalswa | Ajit Vihar | Total | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|-----------|--------------|---------| | Cough and throat infection: cough, sinus, throat pain, throat infection, tonsils. | 34.6% | 36.1% | 27.6% | 33.0% | | Headache and fever: fever, infection, headache, loss of appetite. | 53.8% | 55.6% | 48.3% | 52.7% | | Injury and accident: injury, hand injury, leg injury, insect bite, glass cut, bleeding. | 7.7% | 0.0% | 3.4% | 3.3% | | Ear, nose and throat: ear pain, tooth pain, ear infection, eye problems, nose pain. | 3.8% | 8.3% | 20.7% | 11.0% | | Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | Table 6.3 Non-routine illnesses | Illness | Sanjay | Bhalswa | Ajit Vihar | Total | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|-----------|--------------|---------| | Gastrointestinal : diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, dysentery. | 38.9% | 13.3% | 23.5% | 23.1% | | Respiratory : respiratory, breathing problem, Tuberculosis, chest pain, nosebleed, asthma. | 5.6% | 26.7% | 5.9% | 15.4% | | Typhoid and jaundice : low weight, typhoid, jaundice. | 16.7% | 6.7% | 11.8% | 10.8% | | Childhood diseases : mumps, measles, chicken pox. | 5.6% | 6.7% | 5.9% | 6.2% | | Tumours and operations : appendix, stroke, ear operation, head tumour, childbirth. | 5.6% | 13.3% | 11.8% | 10.8% | | Skin conditions: allergy, boils, skin problems. | 27.8% | 10.0% | 17.6%

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to lead instructional support. They also tend to see their role as one of control rather than support. Appraisal mechanisms lack measurable objectives, which could be used to give feedback. Professional development programmes need to build capacity for education officials, with a particular emphasis on instructional leadership and quality assurance. In increasingly complex environments, education officials also need preparation in crisis management. 20 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT21 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 Jamba Chongo, teacher and vice-principal, teaches the pupils of Lubile Primary School in Mpungwe, a village about 20 kilometers from Kalemie in the Tanganyika province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on November 28, 2023. Credit: © UNICEF/UNI548673/Benekire* 2 CHAPTER School leadership: Roles, impact and standards KEY MESSAGES Principals balance a wide range of responsibilities, and often do not have enough time to focus on teaching and learning. Principals are expected to shape a school’s vision, design its curriculum, ensure students’ well-being and monitor their progress. Yet in 14 low- and middle-income countries, principals spent 68% of their time on management tasks. There is a growing focus on principals’ role in teacher development. Globally, 54% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on observation. In practice, evidence from high-income countries suggests that the share of principals observing lessons fell from 81% in 2015 to 77% in 2022. Strong school leadership is essential for students’ success. Principals’ impact on student success ranks just below teachers' influence among school-controlled factors. Most evidence comes from the United States. A review of leadership practices at all levels – senior, middle and teacher leaders – found that they explained up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes. An experiment in six urban districts found that schools with strategically placed principals improved by over 6 percentile points in reading after three years. Leadership can improve academic achievement, reduce dropout rates and foster a positive school climate. A study of 32 countries showed that strong leadership also leads to improved teaching practices. A principal's effectiveness is influenced by context and their capacity and background. Principals in disadvantaged schools tend to have less experience compared to their peers in non-disadvantaged schools. Principals from diverse backgrounds can enhance the success and well-being of minority students. Black principals in the United States are associated with improved mathematics scores and reduced

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[]

X NACE Innovation – Patents 20.3Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, etc.X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleansing preparationsX 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal productsX 57 Plastics in primary forms X 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 27.3Manufacture of wiring and wiring devicesX X 65Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related productsX 20.2 Man. of pesticides and other agrochemical products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distributionX 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 36Water collection, treatment and supplyX 73 Metalworking machinery X 25.2 Manufacture of tanks 42.1 Construction of roads and railways X 76Telecommunications and sound-recording and reproducing apparatus and equipmentX 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projectsX 77Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, and electrical parts thereofX X 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 43.3 Building completion and finishing X 79 Other transport equipment X 28.4 Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools 43.9Other specialised construction activitiesX 82Furniture and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishingsX X 46.5Wholesale of information and communication equipmentX 83 Travel goods, handbags and similar containers X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 46.7 Other specialised wholesale X 84 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories X J62, J63 Software 47.9Retail trade not in stores, stalls or marketsX 85 Footwear X J62, K64 Financial services 49.1 Passenger rail transport, interurban X 87Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatusX J61, J62, J63 Information technology 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 89 Miscellaneous manufactured articles X K64 Lending and investments 53.1Postal activities under universal service obligationX Sustainability Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation133 134 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 63.1Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portalsX X EBOPS Services exports C E C10, C11, I56 Food and beverage 64.1 Monetary intermediation X 1.1 Sea transport X 64.9 Other financial service activities X 1.2 Air transport X X Clusters 66.2Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension fundingX 2.1 Business travel X Green energy and environmental services 68.1Buying and selling of own real estateX X 3.1 Postal and courier services X Education and knowledge transfer 68.2Rental and operating of own or leased real estateX 3.2 Telecommunications services X Biotechnology 70.2 Management consultancy activities X 6

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For example, at the Principele Carol High School in Gura Humorului, a small town in the province of Bukovina, the local reviser considered appointing Dr Sonia Donetz, who had applied for the position. The main reason for this option was the fact that she was the only one among her colleagues in town who spoke Romanian fluently. The resolution issued by the Ministry of Instruction was however clear: no female doctor would be considered suited for a boys' school, the principal being urged to find a male alternative. 50 This case sheds light on a procedure that was highly discriminatory and against the best interests of the institution: a female doctor was being dismissed solely on the ground that it was preferable to leave students without any medical assistance than to have a woman examine and teach them, given the fact she was the only professional who knew the language. In fact, the lengthy correspondence between the Ministry and local authorities could have been easily avoided by collaborating with the Ministry of Health to compile updated statistics of doctors, their education and place of residence. What central authorities must have regarded as a way to give local institutions the ability to decide for themselves was in fact a mere misconception: although they could appoint someone as school doctor, such institutions still needed the Ministry's consent. Language turned out to be one of the most important criteria when settling a dispute between two female doctors aiming for the same position, when only one of them benefited from the support of the school's principal. 51 However, research conducted on documents from the Ministry of Instruction suggests that comments referring to the unsatisfactory degree of mastering the Romanian language constituted a common accusation among teaching staff and local school authorities. Its purpose was that of delegitimizing the opponent as a professional, since without the ability to speak Romanian the transfer of knowledge would have been impossible. Despite these cases which reveal the numerous tensions generated by the mandatory gender segregation of medical staff working in secondary schools, not all substitutions were as difficult. On the contrary, in many schools, appointing a female doctor was the easiest decision the principal had to make; the board of the Girls' High School in Turnu Măgurele, which received two applications for the school doctor and hygiene teacher position, the first from a male doctor and the second

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Analytics; Financial Services6 J63 – Information service activitiesInformation Technology; Internet Services; Software; Apps5 K64 – Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingFinancial Services; Lending and Investment; Payments,3 M71 – Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysisScience and Engineering 1 M72 – Scientific research and development Science and Engineering 1 M73 – Advertising and market researchSales and Marketing; Data Analytics2 N79 – Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activitiesTravel and Tourism 2Table 2.55. Concordance between NACE industries and recommended industry groups for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies The table shows a preliminary concordance between NACE sectors and Crunchbase Industry Groups. The right column represents the number of different countries with one or more selected industry groups from the middle column. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation117 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Total ECCP’s Cluster Mapping Tool 1 0 3 4 2 23 33 Additional clusters in the EaP PLUS report3 1 1 1 1 1 8Table 2.56. Number of cluster organisations by EaP country The following sections present all of the identified organisation clusters by country, first those fea- tured in the Cluster Mapping Tool and then those featured in the EaP PLUS report, as well as some additional considerations. A final section includes a table featuring the num- ber of clusters per sector for each country. Armenia In the Cluster Mapping Tool, Armenia presents one single cluster: Green Energy Cluster, with 19 member organisations, and Barva Innovation as its technological centre. The cluster is related to the sectors of Environmental services and Educa- tion and knowledge creation. The EaP PLUS report also highlights two clusters in the field of IT: the Gyumri Technology Center and the Vanadzor Technology Center. Addition- ally, the Armenian Society of Food Science and Technologies is also considered a cluster in the fields of Food and IT. As of 2017, the Government of the Republic of Armenia had not yet formed specific cluster-re- lated policies – but SME development, research and innovation structure development – and pub- lic-private partnership facilitation in several key fields has been a strong government policy focus in past years. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan currently has no clusters featured on the ECCP mapping platform. The EaP PLUS report highlights a single cluster or- ganisation in the field of Energy: the Petrochem- ical cluster of Azerbaijan. It is led by SOCAR

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[]

Notes: The country groupings by level of income are as defined by the World Bank but include only countries shown in the table. They are based on the list of countries by income group as revised in July 2023. Imputed student costs are excluded. All data represent gross disbursements. Sector allocable ODA does not include budget support. ## TABLE 4: Development assistance to education by donor - top 3 recipients, annual average 2020-2022 | | EDUCATION | EDUCATION | | BASIC EDUCATION | BASIC EDUCATION | | |-------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------|-------------| | Donor | Recipient | Constant 2022 USD millions | Recipient % | Recipient | Constant 2022 USD millions | Recipient % | | Australia | Oceania, Unallocated | 27 | 14 | Indonesia | 11 | 15.8 | | | Papua New Guinea | 25 | 13 | Unspecified by region | 10 | 14.2 | | | Vanuatu | 18 | 9 | Solomon Islands | 9 | 12.2 | | Austria | Unspecified by region | 6 | 17 | Mexico | 2 | 70.9 | | | Türkiye | 5 | 15 | Europe and Northern America, Unallocated | 0 | 9.0 | | | Guatemala | 4 | 12 | Rep. Moldova | 0 | 8.8 | | Belgium | Unspecified by region | 40 | 36 | Unspecified by region | 8 | 50.5 | | | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 15 | 13 | Viet Nam | 1 | 9.1 | | | Uganda | 9 | 8 | Zambia | 1 | 8.2 | | Canada | Unspecified by region | 56 | 9 | Unspecified by region | 32 | 26.6 | | | Jordan | 17 | 5 | Burkina Faso | 7 | 6.2 | | | Tanzania | 14 | 4 | Mozambique | 7 | 6.0 | | Denmark | Unspecified by region | 70 | 40 | Northern Africa and Western Asia, Unallocated | 8 | 61.7 | | | Northern Africa and Western Asia, Unallocated | 8 | 10 | Myanmar | 2 | 11.8 | | | Ethiopia | 2 | 2 | Afghanistan | 1 | 8.3 | | Finland | Unspecified by region | 15 | 20 | Sub-Saharan Africa, Unallocated | 0 | 0.7 | | | Mozambique | 11 | 16 | Ethiopia | 5 | 17.7 | | |

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[]

that resolve the dark matter signal that were first published in (Shah, Deng et al. 2023), we identified 17,826 virus taxonomic entities from the sequenced material. Of these, we annotated and classified 9,329 novel viruses, mostly bacteriophages. The total repertoire now amounts to 973 families, 7346 subfamilies and 16 850 genera. 2.3.4 Testing association with the two diseases To assess the virome compositions, we decided to use a multivariate prediction model – sparse projection to latent structures (sPLS) and random forest (Thorsen, Rasmussen et al. 2019) to generate virome scores (“fingerprint score”) for each sample. As inputs, we tested log-transformed relative abundances of vOTU and family level after removing rare taxonomic groups. 11The extracted virome score was then used as a predictor in a mixed-effects logistic regression model with random intercepts for individuals and matched sets. Covariates included clinical variables (mode of delivery, age, breastfeeding, introduction of gluten) and their meaningful interactions. The analyses are being carried out according to a jointly agreed written analytic plan, and manuscript writing follows the respective manuscript proposal. 3Profiling the bacteriome using the 16S rDNA gene The bacteriome profiles in the HEDIMED project were determined using 16S rDNA gene profiling of its V3-V4 region, mostly amplified with staggered primers (i.e. primers with an insertion of a spacer having a variable number of bases between the sequencing adapter, and the constant specific part of the primer). The novel design of the spacers is now being written up as a short technical communication. Samples were collected and immediately frozen, or collected and preserved in ambient temperature using the Isohelix StoolFix microbiome stabilization solution. The DNA extraction was performed using the PowerSoil Plus kit (Qiagen), and the content of bacterial genomes was assessed using pan-bacterial 16S rDNA quantitative real-time PCR. For the profiling, the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA was amplified using broadly used primers 341F (V3, forward (Muyzer, de Waal et al. 1993)) and 806R (V4 reverse (Walters, Hyde et al. 2016)) which give a ~430 nt amplicon. The products were purified, diluted and tailed using a limited-cycles second round PCR. Indexed amplicons were purified, equalized based on fluorescent DNA quantification, and pooled. Sequencing of the library pool was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform (for smaller batches of libraries) or Illumina NextSeq 2000 platform (for larger batches of libraries), always using bidirectional sequencing with 250-270 bases each direction. Primers and spacers were removed by a

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scintillators, as discussed previously. In order to remove the background caused by prompt γ- rays and neutrons and to keep only γ-rays from isomers, a time cut was applied to the analyzed data. From the neutrons’time-of-ﬂight from the chamber to the LaBr 3(Ce) detectors (see Table 1for the distances), it was calculated that the con- tribution from neutrons having a kinetic energy En/greaterorsimilar100 keV was gated out by selecting only γ-rays detected more than 35 ns after ﬁssion. Hence, in the following late emission γ- rays will refer to γ-rays emitted after this 35 ns threshold. It is noteworthy that for such times the ﬁssion fragments werealready stopped inside the chamber, hence no Doppler shift was expected for the late emission γ-rays. In total, 8 .2×10 6 FF-γ-γcoincidence events were detected between 35 ns and 100 µs after ﬁssion. The isomers found in the VESPA coincidence data were identiﬁed using the NuDat database [ 13,14], based on ENSDF Adopted Levels and Gamma ﬁles. This analysis wasbased on the energy and time information of the detected γ- rays. For instance, γ-γmatrices with different time cuts are shown in Fig. 4. Several spots in these matrices are visible, corresponding to abundant γ-γcoincidences from isomeric γcascades that could be easily identiﬁed. The identiﬁcation could be conﬁrmed by studying the post-neutron mass distribution of the corresponding ﬁssion 123 5 Page 4 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Fig. 4 γ-γcoincidence matrix obtained with VESPA at different time cuts relative to ﬁssion, between 50 and 450 keV fragments obtained from the IC. Indeed, when gating on a γ−γcoincidence corresponding to one particular isomer, the resulting mass distribution consisted of two Gaussians,as shown in Fig. 5. The two peaks correspond to the emit- ting fragment and its complementary one, both smeared by the mass resolution of the IC. In contrast, no distinct peak came from coincidences that did not originate from a spe-ciﬁc fragment. This was, for instance, the case of the γ-γ coincidence from 81Br that came from the LaBr 3(Ce) scin- tillator. This nucleus could be excited up to an isomeric state(E ∗=536 keV and T1/2=34.6µs) by the inelastic scat- tering of prompt ﬁssion neutrons in the crystals. The mass distribution associated with such a spurious coincidence fol-lowed the Y(A post)distribution represented in Fig. 5.Fig. 5 Mass distributions corresponding to95Sr (red) and134Te (blue) isomers (and their complementary fragments, which are lighter shaded)from

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industries. At the same time, refocusing implies that the EU should be more rigorous in applying the subsidiarity prin - ciple and exercise more “self-restraint” . The Commission’s legislative activity has been growing excessively, also due to passive scrutiny of the subsidiarity principle by national parliaments, which sets the boundaries of the Commission’s right of initiative. While national parliaments have the power to scrutinise whether EU legislation complies with the subsidiarity principle through reasoned opinions – and potentially trigger the so-called “yellow card procedure” – many do not actively exercise this right. For example, of the 39 national parliaments or chambers in the EU, only nine (from seven Member States) issued reasoned opinions in the context of scrutinising subsidiarity in 2023. An EU-wide inquiry should be launched to analyse the reasons behind national parliaments’ passive exercise of their scrutiny of the subsidiarity principle. Building on its conclusions, initiatives should be taken to reinforce the administrative capacity and role of national parliaments and Member States in their control over EU legislative activity. Moreover, EU institutions should apply a “self-restraint” principle in policymaking, both by better filtering future initiatives and by streamlining the existing acquis, building on the measures described in “Simplifying rules” below. ACCELERATING THE WORK OF THE EU Council votes subject to qualified majority voting (QMV) should be extended to more areas, and if action at the EU level is blocked, a differentiated approach to integration should be pursued . So far, many efforts to deepen European integration between Member States have been hindered by unanimity voting in the Council of the European Union. All possibilities offered by the EU Treaties should therefore be exploited to extend QMV. The so-called “passerelle” clause should be leveraged to generalise voting by qualified majority in all policy areas in the Council. This step would require an upfront agreement, subject to unanimity at the level of the European Council, and would have a positive impact on the pace at which key legislative initiatives are adopted by the EU. If action at the EU level is hindered by existing institutional procedures, the next-best option is for like-minded groups of Member States to resort to enhanced cooperation as foreseen by Articles 20 TEU and 329 TFEU. Enhanced cooperation offers two important safeguards: the consent of the European Parliament (EP) and judicial oversight of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU). It is also based on

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[]

interested in the four slender sets, since all other sets give no additional information about the S-box. We now describe a number of ways to partition the pairs into sets and to check that this partitioning is correct. Partitioning pairs into sets. Assume again that we are trying to recover S-box S 0 . Our starting point for partitioning pairs (in particular the slender pairs) into sets is the counter C . The straightforward partitioning method simply sorts C in descending order, and takes the first eight pairs as the first set, the next eight pairs as a second set, etc. Using this method obviously means that we shall often make the wrong partitioning into sets, but the partitioning can be checked using the very strong filtering methods described in the following subsection. Filtering methods. Given u sets for some S-box S and v sets for its inverse S -1 , the most indicative method to check whether these sets may be correct is to see how many S-boxes would give rise to the same sets. If no S-box gives rise to these sets, then clearly the sets must be wrong. However, counting the number of S-boxes that give rise to these sets is somewhat inefficient (see, however, Section 4), and as we have seen, if we only know a few sets, there are usually several S-boxes that give rise to the same sets, and so the probability of a false positive is high in this case. We call this filter the existence filter . A much more efficient method is based on the trivial observation that for any valid set D e , we have that { x, y : { x, y } ∈ D e } = F 4 2 . In other words, a valid set 'covers' all values in F 4 2 . Hence, if we have identified a candidate set D containing two pairs { x, y } and { x, z } , then D cannot be a valid set. Although this method is very simple, it is in fact a very strong filter; the probability that eight randomly chosen pairs among the 120 pairs cover all values in F 4 2 is only  and therefore in practice, many wrong candidate sets are discovered by this method. We call this filter the cover filter . It should be noted that

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[]

experience with its application. As the toolkit discusses, ring-fencing may play an important role in the timely collection of government revenue from the mining sector. While appropriate in some cases, it may not be in others, and the policy would be better achieved through other means, such as a mining royalty or a carefully designed capital allowances regime. It was also argued that the ring-fencing rules are not always necessary. Since there are costs associated with ring-fencing, e.g., impacts on investment decisions or compliance and administration burdens, its implementation should be carefully considered, considering the costs and benefits related to revenue-raising in view of the prevailing mining tax regime. Before considering the design and implementation of ring-fencing rules, governments need to consider the potential benefits a ring-fencing regime could deliver. Benefits must be weighed against the potential impact on future investment in their country and the additional burden that this is likely to place on taxpayers and tax administrations from complexities in audits and compliance, and the potential increase in disputes. The toolkit identifies the instances where it is advisable to achieve the tax policy objectives more effectively by careful design of a special mining regime and use of different fiscal instruments (e.g., a mining royalty to deliver early revenues), rather than introducing the ring-fencing rules. Equally, in many cases, addressing and dealing with BEPS and tax avoidance practices may be more effectively achieved by introducing special anti-avoidance rules and having a well-trained tax administration administer them effectively. In other situations, ring-fencing rules can enhance-or be essential tothe integrity of a special mining taxation regime. Furthermore, ring-fencing rules can also help mitigate some BEPS risks, such as abuse of financial derivatives and hedging transactions for profit-shifting purposes. This is especially the case where the tax administration has limited capacity to scrutinize sophisticated transactions, and ring-fencing rules can isolate such risk into a separate category of tax base that will be quarantined and taxed separately. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES ## 6.0 CONCLUSION There are different ring-fencing regime options to choose from, each offering different trade-offs and levels of restriction. There could be exceptions to ring-fencing or special design rules that make ring-fencing more flexiblefor example, to deal with permanent losses and to promote investment. Regardless of which ring-fencing option is

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accordance with the Ninth Schedule; ⁰ (v) other sources of income chargeable to tax under section 3(2)(a), not falling within subparagraph (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) of this paragraph” (pp. 45–46). Source: Section 15, paragraph 7 of Kenya’s Income T ax Act (rev. 2021).3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 36 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers19. (1) Subject to subparagraph (2), hedging transactions entered into by a licensee or contractor shall be treated as a specified source of income for the purposes of section 15(7). (2) Subparagraph (1) does not apply to an approved hedging transaction entered into by a licensee or contractor that has an annual turnover of less than ten million shillings as required to obtain project finance and approved by the Commissioner. (3) In this paragraph, “hedging transaction” means a transaction entered into by a licensee or contractor to manage commodity price risk. Source: Schedule 9 – Hedging transactions, Kenya Income T ax Act . South Africa The capital expenditure determined “in relation to any mine or mines shall not exceed the taxable income (as determined before the deduction of any amount allowable under section 15(a), but after the set-off of any balance of assessed loss incurred by the taxpayer in relation to such mine or mines in any previous year which has been carried forward from the preceding year of assessment) derived by the taxpayer from mining.” Source: Section 36 (7E) of the Income T ax Act . In some cases, it may be difficult to distinguish between mining and non-mining activities. Distinguishing between the mining operations and manufacturing activities that can be connected or interrelated with mining operations is one such example. Countries may have different rules and even incentives in place, which may apply depending on whether the activities are considered mining versus manufacturing activities. On the one hand, mining involves the recovery of minerals that are already in the earth, whereas manufacturing produces a new element different from the materials or components that went into its making. On the other hand, the process of refining raw materials into a finished product, significantly different from the ore, could be considered manufacturing, and such activities may be subject to different tax treatments. Such distinctions and relevant definitions

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0.001 | | Diabetes, N (%) | 8 (7.92) | 10 (22.73) | 0.025 | | Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | 5 (4.95) | 11 (25.00) | 0.001 | | Respiratory disease, N (%) | 7 (6.93) | 7 (15.91) | 0.125 | | Other disease, N (%) | 15 (14.85) | 16 (36.36) | 0.007 | | Clinical symptoms | | | | | Fever, N (%) | 38 (37.62) | 24 (54.55) | 0.069 | | General symptom, N (%) | 35 (34.65) | 21 (47.73) | 0.144 | | Respiratory symptom, N (%) | 47 (46.53) | 35 (79.55) | 0.000 | | ENT symptom, N (%) | 32 (31.68) | 10 (22.73) | 0.323 | | Digestive symptom, N (%) | 22 (21.78) | 12 (27.27) | 0.525 | | Blood routine | | | | | Leucocyte (×10 9 per L) | 5.93 (4.63-7.27) | 6.62 (5.45-8.15) | 0.074 | | Neutrophil (×10 9 per L) | 3.56 (2.28-4.86) | 4.74 (3.4-6.8) | 0.000 | | Lymphocyte (×10 9 per L) | 1.73 (1.3-2.25) | 1.02 (0.72-1.36) | 0.000 | | Monocyte (×10 9 per L) | 0.46 (0.38-0.59) | 0.49 (0.35-0.7) | 0.658 | | Eosinophil (×10 9 per L) | 0.04 (0.01-0.08) | 0.01 (0-0.04) | 0.000 | | Haemoglobin (g/L) | 137 (130-149) | 141 (123.5-147.5) | 0.636 | | Platelet (×10 9 per L) | 232 (194-280) | 210.5 (167-291.5) | 0.398 | | CRP (mg/L) | 3.4 (1.08-16.7) | 86.4 (21.69-145.8) | 0.000 | | Outcome | | | | | Death | 0 | 14 (31.82) | 0.000 | ENT, ear, nose and throat; CRP , C-reactive protein. hypertension (24.83%), other disease (21.38%), diabetes (12.41%), and cardiovascular disease (11.03%). The most common symptoms were respiratory symptom (56.55%), fever (42.76%), fatigue and general symptom (38.62%). Laboratory findings for all patients on admission showed that the median white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, and CRP level were all in the normal range. As shown in Table II , compared with non-severe cases, severe COVID-19 patients were significantly older (median age, 63 vs 40 years; P-value < 0.001), predominantly male (79.55% vs 39.6%; P-value < 0.001), and characterized by a high proportion of comorbidities including hypertension (43.18% vs 16.83%; P-value = 0.001), diabetes (22.73% vs 7.92%; P-value = 0.025), cardiovascular disease (25% vs 4.95%; P-value = 0.001), and other disease (36.36%

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[]

In a memory device including the illustrated in , writing operation and reading operation are performed for every plurality of memory cells (hereinafter referred to as a memory cell column) connected to the same word line WWL (or word line RWL). For example, the writing operation can be performed as follows. A potential at which the OS transistor MO is turned on is supplied to the word line WWL connected to a memory cell column on which writing is performed, whereby the OS transistors MO in the memory cell column on which writing is performed are turned on. Accordingly, the potential of the bit line WBL is applied to the gates of the transistors MN and one electrode of the capacitors C in the specified memory cell column, whereby a predetermined charge is supplied to the gates. After that, when the OS transistors MO in the memory cell column are turned off, the predetermined charge supplied to the gates can be retained. Thus, data can be written to the memory cells in the specified memory cell column. For example, the reading operation can be performed as follows. First, a potential at which the transistor MN is turned on regardless of a charge supplied to the gate of the transistor MN is supplied to the word lines RWL that are not connected to a memory cell column on which reading is to be performed; hence, the transistors MN in memory cell columns other than the memory cell column on which reading is to be performed are turned on. Then, a potential (reading potential) at which an on state or an off state of the transistor MN is selected in accordance with the charge of the gate of the transistor MN is supplied to the word line RWL connected to the memory cell column on which reading is performed. After that, a constant potential is supplied to the source line SL, and a reading circuit connected to the bit line RBL is brought into an operating state. Here, the plurality of transistors MN between the source line SL and the bit line RBL are on except the transistor MN in the memory cell column on which reading is performed; hence, the conductance between the source line SL and the bit line RBL depends on the state (an on state or an off state) of the transistor MN in the memory cell column

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[]

Principal I. With each promotion, they receive a higher salary and performance-based incentives, with expectations to perform at a higher level with additional roles. For example, school principals with Principal I ranking may be asked to lead larger schools. In Japan, there are 15 different stages within the school principal career structure, with salary grades based on performance and experience. In Singapore, teachers can enter a separate leadership track that includes a succession of roles, ranging from subject and department heads to principalship (OECD, 2019). Principals rotate schools every five to seven years to gain experience in different contexts and cultures. They can also have the opportunity to work inside the ministry to gain broader policy perspectives. The career path then extends beyond principalship, providing motivated and highly effective candidates with the opportunity to advance to system leadership roles, as cluster superintendents, deputy directors and directors. Some countries have formal middle leadership roles (Chapter 4) with opportunities to advance to school principal positions. In Sierra Leone, teachers can advance through the administrative career path, with incentives and promotions to subject head, deputy head and school head roles. The government has created categories (new, proficient, highly accomplished and distinguished) to help teachers and school leaders advance in their career with better pay. 72 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS 3 Other countries lack a separate career path for school principals, treating the role as a continuation of teaching or an extension of teaching duties. Limited promotion in school leadership roles can decrease attraction for candidates and their long-term motivation. In Portugal, the professional status of school principals is not clearly distinguished by a separate career structure or salary scales. The law recognizes that the principal’s role is important (Carvalho et al., 2021), but a professional career for principals and adequate preparation and incentives are lacking (Espuny et al., 2020). In Zambia, fixed-term principals face limited development opportunities and bureaucratic constraints, hindering their growth and ability to focus on instructional improvement (Zhong and Muyunda, 2023). Appraisal systems can enhance school principals’ effectiveness Performance assessment can help identify areas of strength and improvement and inform professional development programmes. Appraisal systems can focus on leadership skills, student achievement and school climate. Important attributes for successful evaluation systems include aligning with leadership standards, measuring effectiveness and accounting for context diversity. Principals highly value some key components of evaluation systems such

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that batteries can be stored at 21◦C for 8 months without affecting the declared capacity, and in all cases, batteries can be discharged for periods of 5 h (the standard requires 3 h). Also, the test name “charge (capacity) recovery” in IEC 61951-2. This can be considered misleading since the battery is charged before the test, and its ability to store electric charge is measured, i.e., the state of health, SOH. In the endurance testing of portable NiMH batteries, we observed that there are extra parameters that can be considered for the testing protocols in IEC61951-2., e.g., charge end voltage is included in the test for endurance cycles when batteries are charged at 0.5 C (this in contrast with the charging procedure in IEC 61951-2 that only foresees charging with 0.1 C for 16 h). When batteries are constantly cycled, the capacity measured in cycle 50 reached the declared capacity in the first cycle (the standard allows for two cycles to reach the declared capacity). Furthermore, the tested AAA battery reached 300 cycles, and the IEC requirement is 200 (see Figure 10). Recent studies on NiMH batteries show that they can perform up to 1000 charge/discharge cycles before losing 40% capacity [ 39], the threshold for the endurance test in this study. This suggests that the number of cycles for pass/fail for portable NiMH batteries can be increased significantly.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 16 of 20 IEC 61951-2 defines performance and durability tests for portable NiMH batteries with constant currents for charging/discharging. In practice, batteries are used for dif- ferent applications, with different requirements. IEC 61951-2 considers NiMH batteries interchangeable with primary batteries with the same common designations, but it is not presented if NiMH can perform the same application test that primary batteries required. In Section 8, we characterize portable NiMH batteries with application tests from IEC 60086-2 and Nordic swam Eco labelling for primary batteries [29]. 8. Analysis of NiMH in ‘Toy’ Application Test In this part of the study, primary and NiMH batteries of different sizes (AAA, AA, C, D, and 9V) are compared using the application test “toy” according to IEC 60086-2. The “toy” test is selected because it is one of the most common applications of PBGUs. While this application test is not intended for secondary batteries, it is still applied for facilitating the comparison of the performance of primary and NiMH secondary batteries. It is

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to processing to recycling. To strengthen Europe’s position at the procurement stage, it is proposed to create a dedicated EU Critical Raw Material Platform. The platform would leverage Europe’s market power by aggregating demand for the joint purchasing of critical materials (following the model used in South Korea and Japan) and coordinating the negotiation of joint purchases with producer countries. It would also help lower “insurance costs” for Member States by managing future strategic stockpiles at the EU level, going beyond the soft request for national stockpiles 57THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 4 included in the CRMA. In parallel, it is recommended that the EU further develops its “resource diplomacy” for CRMs. Proposals include upgrading the Global Gateway – which promotes investment in third countries – to focus on the EU’s strategic needs and developing joint strategies with other buyers from strategically aligned countries, for example through a G7+ Critical Raw Materials Club (including Japan, South Korea and Australia). The EU should also carefully explore the potential of environmentally-sustainable deep sea mining: estimates suggest that the sea bed holds large multiples of the known land-based reserves for example for copper, titanium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elementsvii. The EU must also harness the potential of domestic resources through mining, recycling and innovation in alternative materials . Unlike fossil fuels, the EU has deposits of some critical raw materials, such as lithium in Portugal. Accelerating the opening of domestic mines could enable the EU to meet its entire demand for some critical minerals. The CRMA already calls on Member States to implement shorter permitting timeframes for “Strategic Projects”: 27 months for extraction permits and 15 months for processing, compared with processes that take three to five times as long today. However, the report recommends additional actions to accelerate the pace of permitting, for example increasing administrative capacity by mandating pre-defined staff resources to be allocated to Strategic Projects. At the same time, materials found in retired EVs, windmills and other goods represent a further supply that could be tapped through recycling. The EU could potentially meet more than half to three quarters of its metal requirements for clean technologies in 2050 through local recyclingviii. It is therefore recommended to establish a true Single Market for waste and circularity. Achieving this goal will require strengthening the secondary market for critical raw materials waste, effectively enforcing existing

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3. Knight B. Legal aspect of medical practice. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. p.107. 4. Parikh CK. Parikh’s text book of medical jurisprudence and toxicology. 4th ed. Bombay: CBS; 1986. p. 85.J Dhaka Med Coll. Vol. 19, No. 1.

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lower-middle-income countries has increased almost fivefold in the past 20 years ................................................................................................................................................... 257 Figure 16.4 The number of international students has been steadily rising since 2000 ......................................................................... 257 Figure 16.5 International student mobility increased in some countries while it fell in others ............................................................. 258 Figure 16.6 Contributions from non-major industrialized nations are on the rise ..................................................................................... 259 Figure 17.1 In some regions, increases in the number of teachers means more untrained teachers ................................................. 263 Figure 17.2 Low shares of trained teachers increase the pupil/trained teacher ratio ............................................................................. 264 Figure 17.3 Trends in pupil/trained teacher ratios can reflect changes in the share of trained teachers or in the relative number of teachers ...................................................................................................................................................... 265 Figure 17.4 Pupil/teacher ratios can be considerably higher when taking into account teachers’ working hours ......................... 266 Figure 17.5 Format and content of in-service training matter ......................................................................................................................... 267 Figure 17.6 More training on a given topic is associated with a higher need for that training .............................................................. 268 Figure 17.7 Richer countries often set higher minimum qualifications for teachers ................................................................................ 270 Figure 18.1 In 2022, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 21% of the global school-age population but 1.6% of global public education expenditure ................................................................................................................................................................ 276 Figure 18.2 Global public education expenditure has fallen slightly since 2015 ......................................................................................... 277 Figure 18.3 Education has been receiving lower priority in government budgets since 2015 ............................................................... 277 Figure 18.4 About 70% of countries have reduced their priority to education since 2015 ...................................................................... 278 Figure 18.5 More than one in three countries fall short of both international public spending benchmarks ................................... 280 Figure 18.6 School principal salaries increase with the level of education .................................................................................................. 281 Figure 18.7 Principal salaries are particularly competitive in a few countries ............................................................................................ 282 Figure 18.8 Principals’ salaries mostly align with or outpace economic growth, especially in primary education ......................... 283 Figure 18.9 Principals receive high relative salaries in some lower middle-income countries .............................................................. 283 Figure 18.10 Principals’ starting salaries are about 20% higher on average than those of experienced teachers ............................ 284 Figure 18.11 Education aid reached USD 16.6 billion in 2022 ............................................................................................................................. 287 Figure 18.12 Recent increase in aid to education is mainly allocated to lower-middle-income countries .......................................... 288 Figure 18.13 The World Bank increased its aid to education by nearly 90% in five years .......................................................................... 289 Figure 18.14 There was a decline in Chinese aid to education activity during COVID-19 ........................................................................... 291 Figure 18.15 Climate finance is

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[]

54 Anuarul Învățământului secundar din Rom ânia pe anul 1924– 1925 , Precedat de o expunere asupra desvolt ării învățământului secundar și a situa ției sale în anul școlar 1924– 1925 întocmit ă de Constantin Kiri țescu [Romanian Secondary Education Yearbook 1924– 1925, With an Introduction on the Development of Secondary Education and Its Situation during the School Year 1924– 1925 by Const. Kiri țescu] (Bucharest: Tipografia Curții Regale F. Göbl Fiii, 1925), XL– XLIV. In 1924– 25 there were 116 boys’ high schools and 75 gymnasiums throughout the entire country; at the same time, there were only 63 high schools and secondary schools and just 25 middle schools for girls. 55 Regulamentul personalului didactic al școalelor secundare [Regulations for Secondary Schools Teaching Personnel], Monitorul Oficial , no. 39, 18 February 1929, p. 1429. 56 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 20– 21, 121– 28, 180. 57 H. P. Freidenreich, ‘Jewish women physicians in Central Europe in the early twentieth century’, in Contemporary Jewry , 17: 1 (1996), 80. 58 Cornelia Brădiceanu, wife of the important Romanian poet and philosopher Lucian Blaga, had studied medicine in Vienna and Cluj; however, after mar - riage she only practised dentistry for a while, before devoting herself to Blaga ʼs work. D. Blaga, Tatăl meu, Lucian Blaga [My Father, Lucian Blaga ] (Bucharest: Editura Humanitas, 2015), pp. 63– 64. 59 Looking at the doctors who were publishing articles on their work as sur - geons at the Maternity Institute, in the Revista de obstetrica, ginecologie și puericultur ă in 1925, one can easily notice that they were predominantly male, women being a minority. Revista de obstetrica, ginecologie și puericultur ă [Journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Puericulture ], 1 (January– February 1925), see table of contents. 60 Archives of the Public Health Ministry, file 5/ 1927 Decorations. The file includes lists and royal decrees regarding the persons who had contributed to the successful implementation of sanitary legislation and were recommended to be decorated with the Cross of Sanitary Merit. Most of them were male doc - tors, civilian or military, sanitary agents, accountants and pharmacists, local administrative officials, Romanian but also foreign. Women were also on the list but as social workers, members of the philanthropic societies or spouses of male professionals being decorated, midwives; only a minority were actual doctors. 61 Anuarul General al medicilor din Rom ânia 1941 dup ă datele

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blade, motor, construction, nozzle, roller, screw, cavity, motion, pump, tube, lever, head, apparatus, displacement, bearing, piston, flange, beam Nanotechnology and materialslayer, film, material, temperature, crystal, nanoparticle, inf, coating, surface, substrate, spectra, transition, thickness, alloy, dependence, resistance, conductivity, band, spectroscopy, ion, composite, powder, energy, concentration, defect, behaviour, microscopy, compound, deformation, measurement, atom, particle, synthesis, steel, oxide, deposition, spectrum, metal, nanocomposite, morphology, density, coefficient, diffraction, irradiation, glass, electron, thin film, ceramic, peak, treatment Optics and photonicswave, radiation, crystal, beam, frequency, medium, laser, propagation, wavelength, pulse, resonator, layer, light, excitation, equation, source, ghz, amplitude, waveguide, power, instability, polarisation, oscillation, surface, resonance, grating, condition, reflection, absorption, band, angle, lens, spectrum, metamaterial, measurement, film, dependence, expression, philtre, simulation, energy, mirror, permittivity, plasma, diffraction, plane, interface, transmission, coefficient, array Transportationvehicle, engine, wheel, controller, transport, car, transportation, truck, drive, vessel, consumption, condition, aircraft, road, loss, plant, cargo, train, regulator, locomotive, motor, synthesis, stock, network, safety, route, construction, energy, speed, fuel, rail, transmission, wing, maintenance, tractor, traffic, station, flight, motion, automatic control, internal combustion engine, power, waggon, regulation, tyre, disturbance, stabilisation, axle, monitoring, suspension Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 151 Figure 3.2. Keyword cloud for Agrifood Figure 3.6. Keyword cloud for Energy Figure 3.4. Keyword cloud for Chemistry and chemical engineering Figure 3.8. Keyword cloud for Fundamental physics and mathematics Figure 3.3. Keyword cloud for Biotechnology Figure 3.7. Keyword cloud for Environmental sciences and industries Figure 3.9. Keyword cloud for Governance, culture, education and the economy Figure 3.5. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies 152 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.10. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing Figure 3.14. Keyword cloud for Optics and photonics Figure 3.12. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Figure 3.11. Keyword cloud for ICT and computer science Figure 3.15. Keyword cloud for Transportation Figure 3.13. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation153 3. Characterisation of the S&T specialisation domains To provide a deeper understanding of the con- tent of the identified S&T specialisation domains, and complementing the top keywords present- ed in Chapter 2, the current chapter offers a finer-grained characterisation of these S&T do- mains, at EaP and at country level. 3.1 Overview of the distribution of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership Table 3.4 and Figure 3.16 showcase the number of records

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[]

and studied medicine in Bucharest, obtaining her medical diploma in 1907.61 In 1929, she was appointed school doctor at the Elena Doamna Normal School in Bucharest, and was paid a daily wage, along with other female physicians recently designated as school doctors at different girls’ high schools in the city.62 However, she was able to pass the special inspection that allowed her to get tenure only in 1934. By then, she had transferred to the Central School Marica Brâncoveanu, one of the most prestigious and oldest high schools for girls in Bucharest. According to the principal’s recommendation, Eliza Ștefănescu had been appointed temporary school doctor in 1931; she was serving as both the boarding school’s physician and hygiene teacher. Highly competent, with 163 163 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania a spotless reputation and genuinely interested in the well- being of her stu - dents, she was willing to pay medical visits at school outside her schedule. Having a good working relationship with all her colleagues and being a respected doctor, she was praised by the principal, who highly recommended her for tenure. Similar appreciation expressed the inspector who assisted her seventh- grade hygiene course on alcoholism and smoking, valuing her abil - ity to relate and explain the lesson to make it intelligible to her teenage stu - dents: ‘I too, along with her students, have listened with great pleasure and interest to the recommendations the doctor has made … to keep ourselves healthy.’ Based on his report, there is no doubt that the inspector was truly impressed with doctor Ștefănescu ʼs class activity and considered her worthy of getting tenure.63 According to the doctor’s 1941 yearbook, during the war she retained her teaching position and was still working as a physician at the Central School. However, seven years later, her name was missing from the medical catalogue published in 1948, a clear sign that she had passed away, since even the retired doctors were included in the volume.64 Victoria Vasiliu The second example is that of Victoria Vasiliu, born on 21 April 1896, in Botoșani, who graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Bucharest in 1924.65 After graduation, she passed the exam to become an intern at the Public Hospitals in Bucharest, being appointed school doctor at the Despina Doamna Normal School for Girls in Botoșani in 1928. To retain her posi - tion as a physician

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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title | |------------------------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | CN111186656A (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2020-05-22 | 上海电力大学 | Target garbage classification method and intelligent garbage can | | CN111259977A (en) * | 2020-01-22 | 2020-06-09 | 浙江工业大学 | Garbage classification device based on deep learning | | CN113371360A (en) * | 2020-02-25 | 2021-09-10 | 广东威林科技股份有限公司 | Classification garbage can and garbage classification system | | CN111169848B (en) * | 2020-02-27 | 2024-10-01 | 东北大学秦皇岛分校 | Device and method for intelligently classifying and recycling garbage | | CN111268317B (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2023-02-03 | 深圳壹账通智能科技有限公司 | Garbage classification treatment method, device, terminal and storage medium | | CN111498326A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-08-07 | 成都禧来科技有限公司 | Automatic garbage classifier based on two-class recognition model | | CN111517017A (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2020-08-11 | 五邑大学 | Intelligent waste bin, control method and storage medium | | CN111605915A (en) * | 2020-05-28 | 2020-09-01 | 浙江冰立方环保科技有限公司 | Commercial kitchen garbage classification device | | CN113443296A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2021-09-28 | 刘炎 | Automatic garbage classification system based on big data | | CN112158485A (en) * | 2020-11-04 | 2021-01-01 | 瑞斯哲智能科技(苏州)有限公司 | Automatic classification dustbin device for municipal domestic waste | | CN112537582B (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-07-02 | 江苏华谊广告设备科技有限公司 | Video intelligent garbage classification equipment | | CN112758544A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-07 | 江苏理工学院 | Classification and identification intelligent garbage can system | | CN112827846B (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2023-08-22 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Device and method for automatically sorting garbage | | CN113076439A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-07-06 | 四川九通智路科技有限公司 | Garbage classification system and method based on garbage recognition | | CN113222186B (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-02-08 | 东北电力大学 | Intelligent garbage classification system | | CN113401533A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-09-17 | 浙江金实乐环境工程有限公司 | Image recognition-based garbage classification putting system and method | | CN113581690A (en) * | 2021-07-31 | 2021-11-02 | 浙江工业大学 | Intelligent classification garbage bin control system based on image recognition | | CN113705443A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2021-11-26 | 湖南工商大学 | Palm print image identification method comprehensively utilizing knowledge graph and depth residual error network | | CN113879724B (en) * | 2021-09-23 | 2022-08-19 | 宁波大学 | Garbage classification system based on crowdsourcing intelligence | | CN114120136B (en) * | 2022-01-27 | 2022-06-17 | 人民中科(济南)智能技术有限公司 | Method and device for classifying garbage and storage medium

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be enticing. 1 In reality, the tenants of the Kalkaji apartments, like Arjun Devi, believe that the conditions are worse there than in their original neighbourhood. Because of this, they wish they were back in their old slum. The flats lack potable water. They raise safety issues through faulty and broken lifts, water seepage in the walls causing electric shocks, an erratic electricity supply and the use of LPG cylinders in the flats owing to unconnected piped gas and a malfunctioning sewage system. All of these issues are occurring within two years of construction. Arjun can no longer work as a street vendor. He has nowhere to keep his cart, living on the third floor. He tried at first, leaving it outside the flats, but several times it was vandalised and eventually stolen. Now he sits staring out of the window. He feels isolated and removed from his trader's clan, sitting around the fire each morning sharing gossip, waiting for the day to begin. He's lost his livelihood, dignity and lives with feelings of helplessness and rejection. This is irrespective of the Supreme Court judgements of Sudama Singh v. Government of Delhi 2 (2010) and Gainda Ram v. Municipality of Delhi 3 (2010) that emphasise that in situ rehabilitation is the norm not relocation and that 'hawkers' have a fundamental right to trade and remain within their original trading area (RoyChowdhury, 2021). The lack of safety in the Kalkaji apartments is a real threat to the residents too. With no security guards at the entrances and the gates to the flats, no one moni -tors who comes and goes. It seems anyone is able to access the buildings. In these high-rise flats, residents continually feel vulnerable and abandoned. Left to fend for themselves, helpless and acting alone, there is a deep sense of dread, especially for women. The feeling is that they have been sold a poor deal. The state has turned its back on what was supposed to be an opportunity for renewal. Issues around the lack of protection, caused by alienation, moving from a community neighbourhood environment to a single flat residency, where closing the door closes you to the world, for some, provides a sense of disillusionment and fear. Feelings around the lack of dignity and abandonment are palpable. This, the residents say, is very different from their original neighbourhood, where there was a bond within the

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data points for which information is miss- ing in-between. Secondly, the last observed value for each enterprise is carried forward provided the enterprise is still active. Thirdly, the first observed value is carried backward using the enterprise’s date of incorporation as the baseline. All data aggregations and missing data imputations have been completed in Stata. For three countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia – data availability is too poor to include these countries in the mapping analysis (cf. Table 2.1, in particular all red-coloured numbers). Ag- gregate data are only available for 9 three-dig- it industries for Armenia, 3 three-digit industries for Azerbaijan. In this section we will only present Country Employees Turnover WagesEmployees & turnoverEmployees & wagesTurnover & wagesEmployees & turnover & wages Armenia 15 15 3 15 3 3 3 Azerbaijan 12 12 0 12 0 0 0 Georgia 180 442 180 442 0 180 442 0 0 0 Moldova 45 882 45 882 1 45 882 1 1 1 Ukraine 411 779 411 779 30 993 411 779 30 993 30 993 30 993Table 2.1. Orbis data availability – Number of enterprises for which at least one data observation is available for 2011-2019 Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation39 and discuss mapping results for Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Methodology The methodology used to analyse the aggregate Orbis data is different from that which was initial- ly envisioned – as data availability is much worse than initially expected – with sufficiently high data availability for the number of employees and turn- over for only three Eastern Partnership countries and poor data availability for wages for all Eastern Partnership countries. Aggregate industry-level data have been used to identify two types of industries: ■industries with a current strength, includ- ing specialised industries with critical mass, where the degree of specialisation29 and rel- ative size for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds; ■industries with an emerging strength, in- cluding emerging industries with increasing degrees of specialisation, where the change in the degree of specialisation for both the number of employees and turnover are above predefined thresholds. For all NACE three-digit industries in Georgia, Mol- dova and Ukraine, the following indicators have been calculated: ■the degree of specialisation for the number of employees for each year in the 2012-2019 period; ■the average relative share of the total number 29 Specialisation

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[]

[ 4,5]. One of the methods used to extract the average angular momentum from isomeric yield ratios relies on codesmodeling the prompt de-excitation of ﬁssion fragments, such as FIFRELIN [ 6]. Therefore, accurate knowledge of ﬁssion fragment level schemes, including the half-life of any iso-meric state, is required to assess the derived ﬁssion frag- ment angular momentum with high reliability. Second, the measurement of isomer half-lives has proven to be a fruit-ful source of information for nuclear structure studies. Inthat respect, spontaneous ﬁssion is a convenient reaction that produces neutron-rich nuclei far from stability without the need for neutron or radioactive ion beams. Hence, isomeric states produced in the spontaneous ﬁssion of 252Cf were studied using the VESPA setup, which bene- ﬁts from excellent timing characteristics from both a state-of-the-art ionization chamber and fast scintillation detectors. The present study was based on ﬁssion-tagged γ-γcoinci- dences between ﬁve almost identical γ-ray detectors. The present paper is organized as follows. Section 2.1is dedicated to the detailed description of the VESPA exper- imental setup and the characteristics of its detectors. Sec- tion2.2presents the data analysis procedure used to identify and analyze the ﬁssion fragments isomers. In Sect. 3.1,w e present the half-lives of the isomers measured in this work, ranging from about a nanosecond to several microseconds. Inparticular, we report new isomeric states in 94Rb,108Tc, and 147Ce. Section 3.2shows how this rich experimental data can be used to develop a calibration procedure of the VESPA ion- 0123456789().: V ,-vol 123 5 Page 2 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 ization chamber with respect to the nuclear charge of the ﬁs- sion fragments. Finally, Sect. 4summarizes the main results of this work. 2 Experiment 2.1 Setup The measurements were performed at the EC-JRC Geel (Bel- gium) with the VESPA setup for ﬁssion studies [ 1]. A source of252Cf undergoing spontaneous ﬁssion was placed inside a methane-ﬁlled twin Frisch-grid ionization chamber (IC)[7], which served as a ﬁssion detector. The Cf source was deposited on a nickel backing with a thickness of 250 nm. This created a small asymmetry between the ’backing side’and the ’source side’, as fragments lost some additional kinetic energy passing through this backing. The γ-ray spec- troscopy was performed by ﬁve 2 /prime/prime×2/prime/prime(51 mm diameter × 51 mm length) cylindrical LaBr 3(Ce) scintillation detectors surrounding the ionization chamber. These detectors were placed perpendicular to the IC axis, at distances rranging

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| 7 | 52 47 | 45 25 | 19 | 12 | | 4 33 | | 5 18 | | 10 | | 12 | 60 67 | | 22 | | | | Malawi | 111 | 167 | 75 | 87 | 20 | 48 | 17 | 33 | 111 | 163 60 | 57 | | | 10 19 | | | | 8 | | 64 | 52 59 | 18 21 | 29 | 29 | 29 | | Mali Mauritania | 101 53 | 112 50 | 64 26 | 66 30 | 21 18 | 29 11 | 16 10 | 17 9 | 88 29 | 92 50 31 11 | 46 17 | 14 10 | 4 | 8 2 | 7 3 | 9 | | | | 10 9 | | 49 49 | 60 26 | 33 | 26 22 | | Mauritius Mozambique | 51 172 | 5 179 | 25 107 | 1 121 | 13 31 | 2 32 | 13 34 | 1 26 | 5 172 | 5 2 179 83 | 1 | 2 | | 2 1 22 | 1 11 | | | 8 | 7 | 4 7 | | 18 49 | 26 | 18 | 45 | | Namibia | 14 | 46 | 3 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 16 2 | 90 2 | 19 6 | | 17 7 | 3 | | 4 | 6 | 7 | 62 25 | 67 40 | 33 | | | | | Niger Nigeria | 206 | 186 | 65 | 96 | 117 117 | 52 | 24 | 39 | 184 | 149 24 | 26 | 96 98 | 217 | 17 | 4 | | 14 | 29 | | 32 | 51 | | 57 36 | 28 | 28 | | | 323 | 444 | 155 | 152 55 | 49 | 240 | 51 | 52 22 | 323 136 | 444 168 | 106 | | 43 | 3 32 28 | | 11 | 11 12 | | | 10 11 16 | 48 | 34 33 | | 54 | 54 | | Rwanda S. | 145 11 | 168 | 61 7

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[]

spick and span room, looks at his Figure 5.2 Painting and barbershop Stories from the street 119 watch and informs us that he is going to meet Usha for lunch. She works with other women from the community sorting garment factory waste. The cycle sellers are bringing a variety of delicious lunchtime dishes too good not to try. The recipes are always changing, and according to Chandan, today’s specialities will be Pav bhaji (a blend of spicy mashed vegetables served with butter-toasted buns) and chole bhature (chickpea curry served with deep-fried bread). How could we resist? Afternoon tea The business of recycling, garment factory waste and the curry seller We make our way back out towards the south entrance of the basti. What meets our eyes is a street divided into three rows. The first looks identical to the third. Each side of the street is piled high, as far as the eye can see, with very large white canvas sacks. They are stacked in piles reaching five feet or so in height. Usha (Chandan’s wife) tells us that on one side of the street are sacks filled with textile waste from the local garment factories in Okhla. These textiles are pieces of different fabrics in terms of colour and type that are remnants from the cutting process when making clothes. Indeed, 15% of fabric is wasted during the making of garments. In Hindi, Usha tells us, this factory waste is known as Katrans . Sitting in between the two piles of sacks is a row of 20 pairs of women or more, each facing each other. They are dressed in vibrant colours. Their shawls and saris – pinks, oranges, blues, yel - lows, greens – are a spectacular contrast to the whiteness of the piles of sacks. The women are sitting in one long line, on the ground in between the sacks in pairs, segregating the textiles into colours and fibre type, cutting them into strips. They then deposit these into the sacks on the other side of the street, ready for Yameen to take the process further. This includes turning the pieces of cloth into minute fibres, followed by cleaning and then drying. The recycled yarn can then be used in the future production of cloth rather than going to landfill. But it’s time for lunch. Narendra, the lunch cycle seller, is making his way up the line,

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of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 18 60.9% 26 47.9% 0 Food and live animals 001 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 1.8% 056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. X 0.2% 058Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) X 0.4% 075 Spices X 0.3% X 0.3% 098 Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. X 0.2% 1 Beverages and tobacco 111 Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. X 4.4% X 4.4% 112 Alcoholic beverages X 9.0% X 9.0% 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 283Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copperX 11.4% X 11.4% 288 Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. X 1.3% 289Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) X 0.3% 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 333Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude X 1.3% 334Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s., containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils X 0.6% 351 Electric current X 0.8%Table 2.18. Goods export specialisation for Georgia 70 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 18 60.9% 26 47.9% 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 411 Animal oils and fats X 0.2% 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 522 Inorganic chemical elements, oxides and halogen salts X 0.3% X 0.3% 523 Salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids and metals X 0.6% 541Medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of group 542X 0.4% 542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) X 4.1% X 4.1% 553Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (excluding soaps)X 0.6% X 0.6% 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 625Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kindsX 0.8% X 0.8% 671Pig-iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and ferro-alloysX 9.5% X 9.5% 672Ingots and other primary forms, of iron or steel; semi- finished products of iron or steel X 1.0% 679Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel X 0.4% 684 Aluminium X 0.3% 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X 0.2% 7 Machinery and transport equipment 723Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereofX 0.3% X 0.3% 778 Electrical

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and financial capacity. First, the programme should be refocused on a smaller number on commonly agreed priorities. Second, an increased share of the budget allocation should be allocated towards financing disruptive innovation and, to make efficient use of this funding, the EIC should be reformed to become a genuine “ARPA-type agency”, supporting high-risk projects with the potential of delivering breakthrough technological advances. Third, the governance of the programme should be managed by project managers and by people with proven track record at the frontier of innovation and – to maximise access for young, innovative companies – application processes should be faster and less bureaucratic. The organisation of the programme should be redesigned and streamlined to become more outcome-based and efficient. Finally, conditional on reforms, the budget of the new Framework Programme should be doubled to EUR 200 billion per 7 years. In parallel, better coordination of public R&I across Member States is necessary . A Research and Innova - tion Union should be established and lead to a joint formulation of a common European R&I strategy and policy. To improve coordination, the EU could promote a “European Research and Innovation Action Plan”, designed by Member States, together with the Commission, the research community, and stakeholders from the private sector. It is also essential to establish and consolidate European academic institutions at the forefront of global research . The European Research Council (ERC) has been crucial to the competitiveness of European science but many promising proposals remain unfunded owing to a lack of financial resources. The report recommends doubling the support for fundamental research through the ERC, significantly increasing the number of grant recip - ients without diluting the amount they receive. In parallel, the EU should introduce an excellence-based, highly competitive “ERC for Institutions” programme to provide the required resources for academic institutions. A new regime for world-class researchers (“EU Chair” position) is also proposed, to attract and retain the best academic scholars by hiring them as European officials. This regime should be supported by a new EU framework for private funding to enable public universities and research centres to design more competitive compensation policies for top talents and to provide additional support for research. Beyond academic institutions, increased funding and stronger coordination is required to develop world-leading research and technological infrastructures, when scale is needed. Europe needs to make it easier for “inventors to become investors” and facilitate scaling

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screen could relate to wrapping of materials on the shafts or blockages in the screening openings that would require cleaning by the operational staff; wear of the screening surface that would allow the sizing ability to be compromised, which may require maintenance by the operational staff; excessive material and/or prohibitive objects that could cause jams and or damage to the screening surface; or monitoring the RPM of the screen or disc shafts or operative components through variable frequency drives to optimize material flow and component wear life, to name a few possible conditions. Different may be used to detect various conditions. Additionally or alternatively, materials may be utilized within the screening surface, either within different components or within layers of the same component, which would allow the scanning equipment to determine the health of the screen. For example, the screen discs (where employed) may be configured with multiple layers, including a wearable top layer placed over a second indicator layer. The indicator layer may be configured to be uniquely detectable by a or another camera when exposed due to the wear of the top layer, thus indicating that the screen disc needs replacement and/or refurbishing.

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to the latest festival disaster - How hard will Trump’s 50% tariff hit India, and what is Delhi doing about it? ## Related stories ## Related stories - Monastic music that survived Henry VIII’s dissolution brought back to life16 Aug 2025 - ‘Joyous, immersive’ Beamish wins Art Fund museum of the year award 26 Jun 2025 - Assisted dying could become ‘tool’ to harm women in England and Wales, say faith leaders6 Apr 2025 - National Trust shines light on inner life of 18th-century ‘lady of the house’21 Jul 2024 - Dorset couple find 17th-century treasure hoard while renovating kitchen18 Apr 2024 - ‘Hidden stories’: Historic England funds 56 projects on working-class heritage21 Feb 2024 - Chart toppers of 17th century revived by historians and musicians28 Jan 2024 - Durham miners’ hall applies for Unesco world heritage status3 Aug 2022 ## More from culture ## More from culture - FilmThe big heat: what ‘sunburn cinema’ tells us about the Great British holiday3h ago - Book of the daySeascraper by Benjamin Wood review – a story that sings on the page2h ago - My best shotA wedding guest goes wild on the dancefloor … Meryl Meisler’s best photograph17h ago - Venice film festivalMother – Noomi Rapace is a fanatical Mother Teresa full of fury 18h ago - Books‘My sister, my God. It’s a visceral pain that never goes away’: Miriam Toews on a memoir of suicide and silence22h ago - Autumn arts preview 2025Space, stadiums, poses and prizes: the best art and architecture of autumn 20251d ago ## Most viewed ## Most viewed - Books - Music - TV & radio - Art & design - Film - Games - Classical - Stage - News - Opinion - Sport - Culture - Lifestyle Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning - Help - Complaints & corrections - SecureDrop - Work for us - Privacy policy - Cookie policy - Terms & conditions - Contact us - All topics - All writers - Digital newspaper archive - Tax strategy - Facebook - YouTube - Instagram - LinkedIn - Newsletters - Advertise with us - Search UK jobs - Tips - Accessibility settings

[ "to", "the", "latest", "festival", "disaster", "\n", "-", "How", "hard", "will", "Trump", "’s", "50", "%", "tariff", "hit", "India", ",", "and", "what", "is", "Delhi", "doing", "about", "it", "?", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Related", "stories", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Related", "stories", "\n\n", "-", "Monastic", "music", "that", "survived", "Henry", "VIII", "’s", "dissolution", "brought", "back", "to", "life16", "Aug", "2025", "\n", "-", "‘", "Joyous", ",", "immersive", "’", "Beamish", "wins", "Art", "Fund", "museum", "of", "the", "year", "award", "26", "Jun", "2025", "\n", "-", "Assisted", "dying", "could", "become", "‘", "tool", "’", "to", "harm", "women", "in", "England", "and", "Wales", ",", "say", "faith", "leaders6", "Apr", "2025", "\n", "-", "National", "Trust", "shines", "light", "on", "inner", "life", "of", "18th", "-", "century", "‘", "lady", "of", "the", "house’21", "Jul", "2024", "\n", "-", "Dorset", "couple", "find", "17th", "-", "century", "treasure", "hoard", "while", "renovating", "kitchen18", "Apr", "2024", "\n", "-", "‘", "Hidden", "stories", "’", ":", "Historic", "England", "funds", "56", "projects", "on", "working", "-", "class", "heritage21", "Feb", "2024", "\n", "-", "Chart", "toppers", "of", "17th", "century", "revived", "by", "historians", "and", "musicians28", "Jan", "2024", "\n", "-", "Durham", "miners", "’", "hall", "applies", "for", "Unesco", "world", "heritage", "status3", "Aug", "2022", "\n\n", "#", "#", "More", "from", "culture", "\n\n", "#", "#", "More", "from", "culture", "\n\n", "-", "FilmThe", "big", "heat", ":", "what", "‘", "sunburn", "cinema", "’", "tells", "us", "about", "the", "Great", "British", "holiday3h", "ago", "\n", "-", "Book", "of", "the", "daySeascraper", "by", "Benjamin", "Wood", "review", "–", "a", "story", "that", "sings", "on", "the", "page2h", "ago", "\n", "-", "My", "best", "shotA", "wedding", "guest", "goes", "wild", "on", "the", "dancefloor", "…", "Meryl", "Meisler", "’s", "best", "photograph17h", "ago", "\n", "-", "Venice", "film", "festivalMother", "–", "Noomi", "Rapace", "is", "a", "fanatical", "Mother", "Teresa", "full", "of", "fury", "18h", "ago", "\n", "-", "Books‘My", "sister", ",", "my", "God", ".", "It", "’s", "a", "visceral", "pain", "that", "never", "goes", "away", "’", ":", "Miriam", "Toews", "on", "a", "memoir", "of", "suicide", "and", "silence22h", "ago", "\n", "-", "Autumn", "arts", "preview", "2025Space", ",", "stadiums", ",", "poses", "and", "prizes", ":", "the", "best", "art", "and", "architecture", "of", "autumn", "20251d", "ago", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Most", "viewed", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Most", "viewed", "\n\n", "-", "Books", "\n", "-", "Music", "\n", "-", "TV", "&", "amp", ";", "radio", "\n", "-", "Art", "&", "amp", ";", "design", "\n", "-", "Film", "\n", "-", "Games", "\n", "-", "Classical", "\n", "-", "Stage", "\n\n", "-", "News", "\n", "-", "Opinion", "\n", "-", "Sport", "\n", "-", "Culture", "\n", "-", "Lifestyle", "\n\n", "Original", "reporting", "and", "incisive", "analysis", ",", "direct", "from", "the", "Guardian", "every", "morning", "\n\n", "-", "Help", "\n", "-", "Complaints", "&", "amp", ";", "corrections", "\n", "-", "SecureDrop", "\n", "-", "Work", "for", "us", "\n", "-", "Privacy", "policy", "\n", "-", "Cookie", "policy", "\n", "-", "Terms", "&", "amp", ";", "conditions", "\n", "-", "Contact", "us", "\n\n", "-", "All", "topics", "\n", "-", "All", "writers", "\n", "-", "Digital", "newspaper", "archive", "\n", "-", "Tax", "strategy", "\n", "-", "Facebook", "\n", "-", "YouTube", "\n", "-", "Instagram", "\n", "-", "LinkedIn", "\n", "-", "Newsletters", "\n\n", "-", "Advertise", "with", "us", "\n", "-", "Search", "UK", "jobs", "\n", "-", "Tips", "\n", "-", "Accessibility", "settings" ]

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1789: The Unraveling of an Absolutist Regime (Princeton Univ. Press, 2020). Verdier, N., Giraud, T., Mimeur, C. & Bretagnolle, A. Postal horse relays and roads in France, from the 17th to the 19th centuries. CyberGeo : Eur. J. Geo. https://doi.org/10.4000/13gxr (2025). Mead, W. E. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (Houghton Mifflin, 1914). Hadeler, K. P. & Castillo-Chávez, C. A core group model for disease transmission. Math. Biosci. 128 , 41–55 (1995). CAS PubMed MATH Google Scholar Kermack, W. O. & McKendrick, A. G. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 115 , 700–721 (1927). ADS MATH Google Scholar Hill, A. L., Rand, D. G., Nowak, M. A. & Christakis, N. A. Emotions as infectious diseases in a large social network: the SISa model. Proc. Biol. Sci. 277 , 3827–3835 (2010). PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Levasseur, É. “La” population française: histoire de la population avant 1789 et démographie de la France comparée à celle des autres nations au 19e siècle précédée d’une introduction sur la statistique , vol. 1 (Rousseau, 1889). Ramsay, C. The Ideology of the Great Fear: The Soissonnais in 1789 (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1989). Lefebvre, G. La grande peur de 1789: Suivi de Les Foules révolutionnaires (Armand Colin, 2021). Darnton, R. The corpus of clandestine literature in France, 1769–1789 (Norton, 1995). Darnton, R. The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-revolutionary France (Norton, 1995). Soboul, A. De la pratique des terriers au brûlement des titres féodaux (1789–1793). Ann. Hist. Revolut. Fr. 176 , 149–158 (1964). Tudoroiu, T. Social media and revolutionary waves: the case of the Arab Spring. New Polit. Sci. 36 , 346–365 (2014). Google Scholar Bonnasse-Gahot, L. et al. Epidemiological modelling of the 2005 French riots: a spreading wave and the role of contagion. Sci. Rep. 8 , 107 (2018). ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hagberg, A. A., Schult, D. A. & Swart, P. J. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. in Proc. 7th Python in Science Conference (eds Varoquaux, G. et al.) 11–15 (SciPy/NumFOCUS, 2008). Dijkstra, E. W. in Edsger Wybe Dijkstra: His Life, Work, and Legacy (eds Apt K. R. & Hoare T.) 287–290 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, 2022). Nelder, J. A. & Mead, R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput. J. 7 , 308–313 (1965). MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar Cassini de Thudy, C. & Maraldi, J. Nouvelle carte qui

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of internal perceptions and their role in shaping overall life satisfaction. The four subjective measures of well-being are hedonic well-being (feeling of happiness), eudaemonic well-being (sense of purpose), evaluative well-being (life satisfaction) and freedom of choice (life con -trol) (Diener, 1984 ; Verne, 2009 ; Bavetta et al., 2014 ; Pitlik and Rode, 2016). The four subjective well-being questions are: - 1. (Satisfaction) - Overall, how satisfied are you with life as a whole these days? [0 not at all satisfied to 10 completely satisfied]. - 2. (Freedom) - How much freedom of choice and control do you feel you have over the way your life turns out? [0 no freedom and control to 10 complete freedom and control]. - 3. (Happiness) - How happy did you feel yesterday? [0 not at all happy to 10 completely happy]. - 4. (Purpose) - Do you feel your life has an important purpose or meaning? [0 not at all worthwhile to 10 completely worthwhile]. It can be seen from the boxplots in Figure 3.3 that there are clear differences in the settlement's subjective well-being responses. We see in all cases that the residents in Bhalswa provide ratings that have the lowest mean value, followed by those living in Sanjay colony, with the highest being households from Ajit Vihar. Visually, these can be seen to be significantly different from one another, illustrating clear differences in the three areas around how the residents view their own well-being. Figure 3.3 Subjective well-being boxplots for the three settlements  Table 3.4 Significant differences in the three settlements well-being | | Subset for alpha = 0.05 | Subset for alpha = 0.05 | Subset for alpha = 0.05 | |-----------------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | | Satisfaction Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar | 5.14 (1.778) | 5.95 (1.338) | 6.90 (1.336) | | Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar Happiness | 5.50 (1.677) | 6.34 (1.500) | 7.03 (1.363) | | Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar Purpose | 5.80 (1.589) | 6.25 (1.572) | 6.91(1.563) | | Bhalswa Sanjay Colony Ajit Vihar | 6.05 (1.666) | 6.64 (1.675) | 7.28 (1.513) | Note: Mean for groups in homogeneous subsets is illustrated in the table with standard deviations in parenthesis. Analysing these data using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) dem -onstrates that the differences between the subjective well-being measures in all three settlement

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also chosen not to recharge the NiMH batteries for this test. In the case of NiMH batteries, the standard charging method in IEC 61951-2 is used (16 h, 0.1 C). The application test “toy” requires a battery to be discharged over a constant resistance for 1 h per day until a cut-off voltage of 0.8 V is reached for AA, AAA, C, and D size batteries and to 5.4 V for 9V batteries. A battery is considered to pass the test in IEC 60086-2 if the duration is higher than the minimum average duration (MAD) values in Table 3. Table 3. Parameters for the toy test per common designation in IEC 60086-2. Common Designation Toy Test ΩNordic Swan MAD (min)IEC 60086-2 MAD (min) AAA 5.1 190 120 AA 3.9 450 300 C 3.9 1260 840 D 2.2 1440 960 9V 270 1260 420 Figure 11 presents the voltage and current profiles of both primary and secondary batteries using the “toy” application test. Figure 11a,b show the comparison of portable NiMH batteries with primary batteries for the “toy” application test for the common designations AA and AAA, respectively. Both the AA and AAA portable NiMH can pass the “toy” application test (as well as the primary batteries) even without recharging. The difference between the primary and the secondary AA and AAA batteries is 56 min (4.37% capacity difference) and 54 min (8.76% capacity difference), respectively. In the case of the C (see Figure 11c) and D (see Figure 11d) and 9V (see Figure 11e) NiMH batteries, they cannot meet the duration requirement for the application test “toy” without recharging. The difference between the C and D primary and secondary batteries is smaller than in the case of the 9V battery (C = 608 min (44.8% capacity difference), D = 787.9 min (49% capacity difference), and 9V = 179 min (400% capacity difference)). Based on these results, although they cannot reach the pass value of the application test “toy”, it is expected that the 9V , C, and D NiMH batteries can pass the test in the fourth charge/discharge cycle for the 9V NiMH battery and the second cycle for the C and D (as manufacturers declared a minimum of 400 cycles). For the AA and AAA batteries, the results show that the NiMH can fulfill the application test without recharging and that the gap between primary and secondary batteries for this

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[]

reasons. Once a doctor got tenure, he would have been entitled to a full payment not from the School Committee, but from the Ministry itself, which represented an additional financial burden. Given the economic distress that followed the 1929 crisis, it is not entirely surprising that such practices appeared. Therefore, female doctors had to wait for the economy to recover, almost five years later, to benefit from the provisions of the law regarding tenure. However, this longer period was not entirely the result of budgetary cuts or the way the Ministry tried to limit the number of medical professionals working in schools getting tenure. It was also because many of them had started their jobs as school doctors shortly before the law allowing them to work in secondary schools for girls was passed, in 1928. Consequently, they did not have the requested three provisional years, even though they possessed the mandatory School Hygiene diploma. To illustrate the professional trajectory for women who decided to become school doctors, I have selected two cases that are representative for this career, made possible by the 1928 law. Medicine had been a highly respected profession since the nineteenth century, allowing those who practised it financial independence and bringing them social prestige. However, even though women were allowed to study in medical schools in Europe around the turn of the century, 57 not all of them ended up practising, 58 while others occupied subordinated positions inside the public health administration. 59 Although after the war the number of female students in medicine in Greater Romania increased and they began working in hospitals, maternities and other healthcare institutions, it was still male doctors who constituted the majority of medical personnel leading and working in the sanitary administration. 60 Therefore, when the 1928 law was passed, the recruitment of female doctors for the public health administration was still in its infancy. By then however there were two different generations of female medical graduates: women born at the end of the previous century, who had finished their studies prior to the war, and those born at the turn of the century, who had studied during the 1920s. The cases I have selected are representative of the two categories: the first doctor belongs to the first generation of female professionals, while the latter belongs to the second generation. Still, one can notice that both women had been appointed hygiene

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genetic compatibility and quality. MHC-mediated behaviors are diverse and though general patterns exist within vertebrates, the exact function of MHC-based social signaling will /g69/g72/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g72/g86/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g79/g92/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g72/g91/g87/g3/g71/g72/g83/g72/g81/g71/g68/g81/g87/g17 SIGNALING OF MHC GENOTYPE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS For three decades after the discovery of MHC-mediated social singling in laboratory mice, 2/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g3 /g80/g72/g70/g75/g68/g81/g76/g86/g80/g3 /g82/g73/g3 /g75/g82/g90/g3 /g48/g43/g38/g3 /g74/g72/g81/g82/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3 /g90/g68/g86/g3 /g83/g72/g85/g70/g72/g76/g89/g72/g71/g3 /g76/g81/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g86/g3 /g85/g72/g80/g68/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3 a mystery. Early on it was discovered that MHC genotype could be discriminated by chemical cues detected by the olfactory system. These studies showed that mice could discriminate MHC odortypes either through training 5 or in the absence of training.6 However, the nature of the signaling odorants remained elusive. This mystery was at least partially solved by the discovery that peptides known to bind MHC molecules also bound receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). 7 It was later shown that a similar process was working in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE).8 The critical role of MHC-presented peptides during adaptive immune recognition is well established.9 MHC-bound peptides are presented at the cell surface for interrogation by T cells; when the peptides are of foreign origin (e.g., from a pathogen) an immune response is initiated. The majority of MHC alleles encode unique structural aspects of /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g83/g87/g76/g71/g72/g3/g69/g76/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g85/g72/g74/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g82/g79/g72/g70/g88/g79/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g68/g81/g87/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g89/g76/g71/g72/g3/g74/g85/g72/g68/g87/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g76/g81/g3the peptides they present. Because there is physical correspondence between MHC allelic variants and the anchor positions of the amino acid sequence of their bound peptides, it was hypothesized that MHC peptides could serve as ligands for odorant receptors that /g75/g68/g71/g3/g86/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g3/g69/g76/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g191/g70/g76/g87/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g88/g86/g3/g68/g79/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g73/g82/g85/g80/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g74/g72/g81/g82/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3conveyed. Physiological recordings from vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) stimulated with synthetic peptides proved this to be the case.

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there are some industries where Europe’s cost disadvantage is too large to be a serious competitor. Even if the EU has lost ground owing to foreign subsidies, it makes economic sense to import necessary technology and allow foreign taxpayers to bear the costs, while diver - sifying suppliers to the extent possible to limit dependencies. The second broad case is industries where the EU is concerned about where production takes place – to protect jobs from unfair competition – but is agnostic about where the underlying technology originates from. In this case, an effective policy mix would be to encourage inward FDI while deploying trade measures to offset the cost advantage gained by foreign subsidies. With the combination of recent tariff increases and FDI announcements in some Member States, this approach is currently being de facto applied in the automotive sector. The third case is industries where the EU has a strategic interest in ensuring that European companies retain relevant know-how and manufacturing capacity, allowing production to be ramped up in the event of geopolitical tensions. Here the EU should aim to increase the long-term “bankability” of new investments in Europe, for instance by applying local-content requirements, and to ensure a minimum level of technological sovereignty. The latter can be achieved by requiring foreign companies that want to produce in Europe to enter into joint ventures with local companies. Security considerations may lead to changes over time in the classification of industries of strategic interest. The fourth case is “infant industries” where the EU has an innovative edge and sees high future growth potential. In this case, there is a well-established playbook of applying a full range of trade-dis - torting measures until the industry reaches sufficient scale and protections can be withdrawn. 41THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3Executing this strategy will require a joint decarbonisation and competitiveness plan where all policies are aligned behind the EU’s objectives . Priority areas to be addressed include, first, lowering energy costs for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation and accelerating the decarbonisation of the energy sector in a cost-efficient way, leveraging all available solutions. Second, capturing the industrial opportunities presented by the green transition, ranging from remaining at the forefront of clean tech innovation to manufacturing clean tech at scale to leveraging the opportunities from circularity. Third, levelling the playing field in sectors more

[ "there", "are", "some", "industries", "where", "Europe", "’s", "cost", "\n", "disadvantage", "is", "too", "large", "to", "be", "a", "serious", "competitor", ".", "Even", "if", "the", "EU", "has", "lost", "ground", "owing", "to", "foreign", "subsidies", ",", "it", "\n", "makes", "economic", "sense", "to", "import", "necessary", "technology", "and", "allow", "foreign", "taxpayers", "to", "bear", "the", "costs", ",", "while", "diver", "-", "\n", "sifying", "suppliers", "to", "the", "extent", "possible", "to", "limit", "dependencies", ".", "The", "second", "broad", "case", "is", "industries", "where", "the", "EU", "is", "\n", "concerned", "about", "where", "production", "takes", "place", "–", "to", "protect", "jobs", "from", "unfair", "competition", "–", "but", "is", "agnostic", "about", "\n", "where", "the", "underlying", "technology", "originates", "from", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "an", "effective", "policy", "mix", "would", "be", "to", "encourage", "inward", "\n", "FDI", "while", "deploying", "trade", "measures", "to", "offset", "the", "cost", "advantage", "gained", "by", "foreign", "subsidies", ".", "With", "the", "combination", "\n", "of", "recent", "tariff", "increases", "and", "FDI", "announcements", "in", "some", "Member", "States", ",", "this", "approach", "is", "currently", "being", "de", "facto", "\n", "applied", "in", "the", "automotive", "sector", ".", "The", "third", "case", "is", "industries", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "a", "strategic", "interest", "in", "ensuring", "that", "\n", "European", "companies", "retain", "relevant", "know", "-", "how", "and", "manufacturing", "capacity", ",", "allowing", "production", "to", "be", "ramped", "up", "in", "\n", "the", "event", "of", "geopolitical", "tensions", ".", "Here", "the", "EU", "should", "aim", "to", "increase", "the", "long", "-", "term", "“", "bankability", "”", "of", "new", "investments", "\n", "in", "Europe", ",", "for", "instance", "by", "applying", "local", "-", "content", "requirements", ",", "and", "to", "ensure", "a", "minimum", "level", "of", "technological", "\n", "sovereignty", ".", "The", "latter", "can", "be", "achieved", "by", "requiring", "foreign", "companies", "that", "want", "to", "produce", "in", "Europe", "to", "enter", "into", "\n", "joint", "ventures", "with", "local", "companies", ".", "Security", "considerations", "may", "lead", "to", "changes", "over", "time", "in", "the", "classification", "of", "\n", "industries", "of", "strategic", "interest", ".", "The", "fourth", "case", "is", "“", "infant", "industries", "”", "where", "the", "EU", "has", "an", "innovative", "edge", "and", "sees", "\n", "high", "future", "growth", "potential", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "there", "is", "a", "well", "-", "established", "playbook", "of", "applying", "a", "full", "range", "of", "trade", "-", "dis", "-", "\n", "torting", "measures", "until", "the", "industry", "reaches", "sufficient", "scale", "and", "protections", "can", "be", "withdrawn", ".", "\n", "41THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "|", "CHAPTER", "3Executing", "this", "strategy", "will", "require", "a", "joint", "decarbonisation", "and", "competitiveness", "plan", "where", "all", "policies", "are", "\n", "aligned", "behind", "the", "EU", "’s", "objectives", ".", "Priority", "areas", "to", "be", "addressed", "include", ",", "first", ",", "lowering", "energy", "costs", "for", "end", "\n", "users", "by", "transferring", "the", "benefits", "of", "the", "decarbonisation", "and", "accelerating", "the", "decarbonisation", "of", "the", "energy", "sector", "\n", "in", "a", "cost", "-", "efficient", "way", ",", "leveraging", "all", "available", "solutions", ".", "Second", ",", "capturing", "the", "industrial", "opportunities", "presented", "by", "\n", "the", "green", "transition", ",", "ranging", "from", "remaining", "at", "the", "forefront", "of", "clean", "tech", "innovation", "to", "manufacturing", "clean", "tech", "\n", "at", "scale", "to", "leveraging", "the", "opportunities", "from", "circularity", ".", "Third", ",", "levelling", "the", "playing", "field", "in", "sectors", "more" ]

[]

iii Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The lead authors of this publication are T omas Balco, Senior Advisor, BEPS Capacity Building T eam of Global Relations and Development Division, OECD, and Jaqueline T aquiri, Senior Policy Advisor, T ax and Extractive Industries, IGF. The authors would like to recognize the contributions made by the governments of Kenya, Liberia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, T anzania, the United Kingdom, and Zambia as well as Thomas Baunsgaard from the International Monetary Fund, and the International Council on Mining and Metals. The authors were ably assisted in their research work by members of the IGF’s Global Mining T ax Initiative, including Kudzai Mataba, Alexandra Readhead, and Ekpen Omonbude, and colleagues from the OECD, including Andrew Viola. OECD: http://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining IGF: www.igfmining.org/financial-benefits/ This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you agree to be bound by the terms of this licence ( https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). Attribution – You must cite the work. Translations – You must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid. Adaptations – You must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD, the IISD and the IGF. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD, the IGF, or their respective member countries. Third-party material – The licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD’s, the IISD’s or the IGF’s respective logo, visual identity, or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD or IISD/IGF endorses your use of the work. Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the 2012 Rules of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. iv Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APT additional profit tax BEPS base erosion and profit shifting CAPEX capital

[ "iii", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersACKNOWLEDGEMENTS", "\n", "The", "lead", "authors", "of", "this", "publication", "are", "T", "omas", "Balco", ",", "Senior", "Advisor", ",", "BEPS", "Capacity", "Building", "\n", "T", "eam", "of", "Global", "Relations", "and", "Development", "Division", ",", "OECD", ",", "and", "Jaqueline", "T", "aquiri", ",", "Senior", "\n", "Policy", "Advisor", ",", "T", "ax", "and", "Extractive", "Industries", ",", "IGF", ".", "\n", "The", "authors", "would", "like", "to", "recognize", "the", "contributions", "made", "by", "the", "governments", "of", "Kenya", ",", "\n", "Liberia", ",", "Papua", "New", "Guinea", ",", "South", "Africa", ",", "T", "anzania", ",", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "and", "Zambia", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "Thomas", "Baunsgaard", "from", "the", "International", "Monetary", "Fund", ",", "and", "the", "International", "Council", "on", "\n", "Mining", "and", "Metals", ".", "The", "authors", "were", "ably", "assisted", "in", "their", "research", "work", "by", "members", "of", "the", "\n", "IGF", "’s", "Global", "Mining", "T", "ax", "Initiative", ",", "including", "Kudzai", "Mataba", ",", "Alexandra", "Readhead", ",", "and", "Ekpen", "\n", "Omonbude", ",", "and", "colleagues", "from", "the", "OECD", ",", "including", "Andrew", "Viola", ".", "\n", "OECD", ":", "http://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining", "\n", "IGF", ":", "www.igfmining.org/financial-benefits/", "\n", "This", "work", "is", "made", "available", "under", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "4.0", "International", "\n", "licence", ".", "By", "using", "this", "work", ",", "you", "agree", "to", "be", "bound", "by", "the", "terms", "of", "this", "licence", "(", "https://", "\n", "creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", ")", ".", "\n", "Attribution", "–", " ", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "work", ".", "\n", "Translations", "–", " ", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "original", "work", ",", "identify", "changes", "to", "the", "original", "and", "add", "the", "\n", "following", "text", ":", "In", "the", "event", "of", "any", "discrepancy", "between", "the", "original", "work", "and", "the", "translation", ",", "\n", "only", "the", "text", "of", "the", "original", "work", "should", "be", "considered", "valid", ".", "\n", "Adaptations", "–", "You", "must", "cite", "the", "original", "work", "and", "add", "the", "following", "text", ":", "This", "is", "an", "\n", "adaptation", "of", "an", "original", "work", "by", "the", "OECD", ",", "the", "IISD", "and", "the", "IGF", ".", "The", "opinions", "expressed", "and", "\n", "arguments", "employed", "in", "this", "adaptation", "should", "not", "be", "reported", "as", "representing", "the", "official", "\n", "views", "of", "the", "OECD", ",", "the", "IGF", ",", "or", "their", "respective", "member", "countries", ".", "\n", "Third", "-", "party", "material", "–", "The", "licence", "does", "not", "apply", "to", "third", "-", "party", "material", "in", "the", "work", ".", "If", "using", "\n", "such", "material", ",", "you", "are", "responsible", "for", "obtaining", "permission", "from", "the", "third", "party", "and", "for", "any", "\n", "claims", "of", "infringement", ".", "\n", "You", "must", "not", "use", "the", "OECD", "’s", ",", "the", "IISD", "’s", "or", "the", "IGF", "’s", "respective", "logo", ",", "visual", "identity", ",", "or", "cover", "\n", "image", "without", "express", "permission", "or", "suggest", "the", "OECD", "or", "IISD", "/", "IGF", "endorses", "your", "use", "of", "the", "\n", "work", ".", "Any", "dispute", "arising", "under", "this", "licence", "shall", "be", "settled", "by", "arbitration", "in", "accordance", "with", "\n", "the", "2012", "Rules", "of", "the", "Permanent", "Court", "of", "Arbitration", ".", "The", "seat", "of", "arbitration", "shall", "be", "Paris", "\n", "(", "France", ")", ".", "The", "number", "of", "arbitrators", "shall", "be", "one", ".", "\n", "iv", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersLIST", "OF", "ABBREVIATIONS", "\n", "APT", "additional", "profit", "tax", "\n", "BEPS", "base", "erosion", "and", "profit", "shifting", "\n", "CAPEX", " ", "capital" ]

[]

appliances [27.5]A21B; B01B; F24D; A45D; D06F; F25C; A47G; E06C; F25D; A47J; F24B; H05B; A47L; F24C 27.9Manufacture of other electrical equipment [27.9]B60M; H01T; B61L; H02H; G08G; H02M; G10K; H05C; H01P 28.1Manufacture of general-purpose machinery [28.1]A47K; F01K; B23F; F01M; F01B; F01N; F01C; F01P; F01D; F02C; F02G; F02K; F03B; F03C; F03D; F03G; F04B; F04C; F04D; F15B; F16C; F16D; F16F; F16H; F16K; F16M; F23R; G05D; G05G 28.2Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery [28.2]A62C; B41K; B01D; B43M; B04C; B60S; B05B; B61B; B41J; B65G; B66B; B66C; B66D; B66F; C10F; C12L; E02C; F16G; F22D; F23B; F23C; F23D; F23G; F23H; F23J; F23K; F23L; F23M; F23N; F24F; F24H; F25B; F27B; F28B; F28C; F28D; F28F; F28G; G01G; G03G; G06K; G06M; G07B; G07C; G07D; G07F; G11B; G07G; H05F; G09D; G09G; G10L 28.3Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery [28.3]A01B; A01K; A01C; A01M; A01D; B27L; A01F; A01G 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools [28.4]B21D; B21L; B23H; B24C; B25F; B26F; B27J; B21F; B23B; B23K; B24D; B25G; B27B; B28D; B21H; B23C; B23P; B25B; B25H; B27C; B30B; B21J; B23D; B23Q; B25C; B25J; B27F; B21K; B23G; B24B; B25D; B26B; B27G Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation331 NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 28.9Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery [28.9]A21C; A41H; A22B; A42C; A22C; A43D; A23N; B01F; A24C; B02B; B02C; B03B; B03C; B03D; B05C; B05D; B06B; B07B; B07C; B08B; B21B; B22C; B26D; B31B; B31C; B31D; B31F; B33Y; B41B; B41C; B41D; B41F; B41G; B41L; B41N; B42B; B42C; B44B; B44C; B65B; B65C; B65F; B65F 1/*; B65F 5/*; B65F 7/*; B65F 9/*; B65H; B67B; B67C; B68F; C13C; C13D; C13G; C13H; C14B; C23C; D01B; D01D; D01G; D01H; D02G; D02H; D02J; D03C; D03D; D03J; D04B; D04C; D05B; D05C; D06B; D06G; D06H; D21B; D21D; D21F; D21G; E01C; E01D; E01F; E01H; E02D; E02F; E05G; E21B; E21C; E21D; E21F; F04F; F15D; F16N; F16P; F26B 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles [29.1]B60B; B60K; B60D; B60L; B60G; B60N; B60H; B60P; B60J; B60Q; B60R; B60T; B62D; F01L; F02B; F02D; F02F; F02M; F02N; F02P; F16J; G01P 29.3Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles [29.3]B60W 30Manufacture of other transport equipment [30]B60F; B61G; B60V; B61H; B61C; B61J; B61D; B61K; B61F; B62C; B62H; B62J; B62K; B62L; B62M; B63B; B63C; B63H; B63J; B64B; B64C; B64D; B64F; B64G; B65F 3/*; E01B; F03H 31 Manufacture of furniture [31] A47B; A47C; A47D; A47F 32 Other manufacturing [32]A41G; A45F; A63D; A63K; B68G; G10B; G10H; A42B; A46B; A63F; B43K; C06F; G10C; A44C; A46D; A63G; B43L; D07B; G10D; A45B; A63B; A63H; B44D; F16L;

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"A42C", ";", "A22C", ";", "A43D", ";", "\n", "A23N", ";", "B01F", ";", "A24C", ";", "B02B", ";", "B02C", ";", "B03B", ";", "\n", "B03C", ";", "B03D", ";", "B05C", ";", "B05D", ";", "B06B", ";", "B07B", ";", "\n", "B07C", ";", "B08B", ";", "B21B", ";", "B22C", ";", "B26D", ";", "B31B", ";", "\n", "B31C", ";", "B31D", ";", "B31F", ";", "B33Y", ";", "B41B", ";", "B41C", ";", "\n", "B41D", ";", "B41F", ";", "B41", "G", ";", "B41L", ";", "B41N", ";", "B42B", ";", "\n", "B42C", ";", "B44B", ";", "B44C", ";", "B65B", ";", "B65C", ";", "B65F", ";", "\n", "B65F", "1/", "*", ";", "B65F", "5/", "*", ";", "B65F", "7/", "*", ";", "B65F", "9/", "*", ";", "\n", "B65H", ";", "B67B", ";", "B67C", ";", "B68F", ";", "C13C", ";", "C13D", ";", "\n", "C13", "G", ";", "C13H", ";", "C14B", ";", "C23C", ";", "D01B", ";", "D01D", ";", "\n", "D01", "G", ";", "D01H", ";", "D02", "G", ";", "D02H", ";", "D02J", ";", "D03C", ";", "\n", "D03D", ";", "D03J", ";", "D04B", ";", "D04C", ";", "D05B", ";", "D05C", ";", "\n", "D06B", ";", "D06", "G", ";", "D06H", ";", "D21B", ";", "D21D", ";", "D21F", ";", "\n", "D21", "G", ";", "E01C", ";", "E01D", ";", "E01F", ";", "E01H", ";", "E02D", ";", "\n", "E02F", ";", "E05", "G", ";", "E21B", ";", "E21C", ";", "E21D", ";", "E21F", ";", "\n", "F04F", ";", "F15D", ";", "F16N", ";", "F16P", ";", "F26B", "\n", "29.1", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "[", "29.1]B60B", ";", "B60", "K", ";", "B60D", ";", "B60L", ";", "B60", "G", ";", "B60N", ";", "\n", "B60H", ";", "B60P", ";", "B60J", ";", "B60Q", ";", "B60R", ";", "B60", "T", ";", "\n", "B62D", ";", "F01L", ";", "F02B", ";", "F02D", ";", "F02F", ";", "F02", "M", ";", "\n", "F02N", ";", "F02P", ";", "F16J", ";", "G01P", "\n", "29.3Manufacture", "of", "parts", "and", "accessories", "for", "\n", "motor", "vehicles", "[", "29.3]B60W", "\n", "30Manufacture", "of", "other", "transport", "\n", "equipment", "[", "30]B60F", ";", "B61", "G", ";", "B60V", ";", "B61H", ";", "B61C", ";", "B61J", ";", "\n", "B61D", 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[]

'scientific rebel' only to a certain extent; the visibility afforded her did not shelter her from insidious forms of sexism and discrimination. ## In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and contestations Keeble's chapter also draws attention to the importance of mobility in women's engagement with science in the twentieth century. The three chapters in this section provide further proof of the vital role mobility as well as personal and professional networks played in facilitating women's access to scientific careers and recognition. While men enjoyed easier access paths to scientific positions, for women the prestige and capital provided by travelling abroad was sometimes the only avenue available to improve their chances of securing positions in science. Forging international collaborations acquired particular urgency in situations of political and economic crisis, as Christine von Oertzen's study of the International Federation of University Women also shows. The Federation played an important role in the support of academic women, especially in the context of the Nazi dictatorship and the Holocaust. 53 The chapters in this section also reveal how in/ visibility operated in relation to women's scientific networks. Strategic friendships between women scientists from the Global North and Global South, such as that discussed in Savithri Preetha Nair's chapter, have been rather invisible. The same can be said of the quasi- imperial networks some Eastern and Central European states attempted to build after 1918, as they sought to expand their cultural, economic and scientific influence in the Middle East and the Balkans. In this context, some female medical doctors attempted to forge careers abroad, combining medical work with research on 'tropical diseases', as Adéla Jůnová Macková's chapter shows. By contrast, Emily Rees Koerner and Graeme Gooday's chapter on the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists addresses a much more visible and formalized type of scientific network. Nair's chapter makes a case for using biographical exploration and studies of friendships between women scientists to uncover 'invisible academic 1 7 networks' and understand women's experiences and strategies of survival in science. The discussion focuses on the life- long friendship and scientific collaboration between the British American botanist and cytogeneticist Eileen Jessie Whitehead Erlanson and Indian botanist and cytogeneticist Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal. While Janaki Ammal's life is slowly becoming better known in India, thanks also to Nair's scholarship, Eileen Erlanson has been largely forgotten, despite being one of the first women in the world (if not,

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ask two China trips to the same party. We humans are also very willing, as we will see inx4 below, to attribute communicative intent to a linguistic signal of a language we speak, even if the originator of the signal is not an entity that could have communicative intent. To summarize, as we strive to understand how NLU tasks and system performance on those tasks relates to the bigger picture goals of building human-analogous natural language understanding systems, it is useful to distinguish cleanly between form, conventional meaning, and communicative intent. Furthermore, we should be careful not to confuse communicative intent with ground truth about the world, as speakers can of course be mis- taken, be intentionally dissembling, etc. We argue that a model of natural language that is trained purely on form will not learn meaning: if the training data is only form, there is not sufﬁ- cient signal to learn the relation Mbetween that form and the non-linguistic intent of human lan- guage users, nor Cbetween form and the standing meaning the linguistic system assigns to each form. 3.2 Meaning and intelligence Meaning and understanding have long been seen as key to intelligence. Turing (1950) argued that a machine can be said to “think” if a human judge cannot distinguish it from a human interlocutor af- ter having an arbitrary written conversation with 5188each. However, humans are quick to attribute mean- ing and even intelligence to artiﬁcial agents, even when they know them to be artiﬁcial, as evidenced by the way people formed attachments to ELIZA (Weizenbaum, 1966; Block, 1981). This means we must be extra careful in devising evaluations for machine understanding, as Searle (1980) elaborates with his Chinese Room experi- ment: he develops the metaphor of a “system” in which a person who does not speak Chinese an- swers Chinese questions by consulting a library of Chinese books according to predeﬁned rules. From the outside, the system seems like it “understands” Chinese, although in reality no actual understand- ing happens anywhere inside the system. Searle’s thought experiment begins from the premise that it is possible to manipulate forms well enough to be indistinguishable from a system that understands the meaning of the forms, reasons about it, and responds appropriately. We observe that much recent work in NLP claims to be build- ing systems where not only the runtime system but in fact also the process for

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emphasis on instructional leadership and quality assurance.

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[]

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to prepare the data for Item Response Theory and produce the relevant analysis. The structure of the competence index uses data from the items that are set out in Table 6.4 concerning the medical practitioners' answers around patient history, examination and treatment. These 12 items are used to construct two competence indexes, one for diarrhoea (6 items D1-D6) and one for tuberculosis (6 items T1-T6).

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[]

x Letta, E., ‘Much more than a market – Speed, Security, Solidarity. Empowering the Single Market to deliver a sustainable future and prosperity for all EU Citizens’, Report to the European Council, 2024. xi For a review Rodrik, D., The new economics of industrial policy , 2023.xii Tirole, J., ‘ Economics for the Common Good ’, Princeton University Press, 2017. xiii OECD, ‘ Pro-competitive industrial policy ’, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 309, OECD Publishing, 2024. xiv European Commission, ‘ Protecting Competition in a Changing World: Evidence on the evolution of competition in the EU during the past 25 years ’, 2024. xv European Investment Bank (EIB), EIB Report to the EC on Investment Barriers 2023, 2023, https:/ /www.eib.org/attachments/ lucalli/20230330_investment_barriers_in_the_eu_2023_en.pdf . xvi Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P., ‘ Tasks, automation and the rise in US wage inequality ’, Econometrica, Vol. 90, No. 5, September, 2022. xvii Springford, J., Tordoir, S. and Resende Carvalho, L. ‘ Why cities must drive growth in the EU’s Single Market ’, Centre For European Reform, Policy Brief, June 2024. xviii Gruber, J., and Johnson, S., Jump-starting America: How Breakthrough Science Can Revive Economic Growth and the American Dream, 2019. xix Autor, D., and Salomons, A., ‘ Is Automation Labor-Displacing? Productivity Growth, Employment, and the Labor Share ’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 24871, 2018. 22THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 12. Closing the innovation gap Europe’s productivity challenge Europe needs faster productivity growth to maintain sustainable growth rates in the face of adverse demo - graphics . After the second world war, the EU experienced strong catch-up growth driven by both rising productivity and a growing population. However, both drivers of growth are now slowing. EU labour productivity01 converged from 22% of the US level in 1945 to 95% in 1995 but labour productivity growth has subsequently slowed by more than in the US and fallen back below 80% of the US level [see Figure 1]i. At the same time, Europe is entering the first period in modern history in which GDP growth will not be supported by sustained net growth of the labour force [see Box 1] . By 2040, the EU’s workforce is projected to shrink by close to 2 million workers each year, while the ratio of working to retired people is expected to fall from around 3:1 to 2:1. On this trajectory,

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community. Looking after each other, despite the hardships, was an unspoken pledge. One resident recounts the problem: Our mothers and daughters are far from safe here. Strangers come and loiter around late into the night, drinking and causing trouble, making it impossible for our daughters to move freely. The government should have anticipated this risk, yet we are left to endure it. On top of that, the lifts haven't been working for two months. I live on the 11th floor, and my mother, who strug -gles to walk, has no choice but to climb the stairs every day. Despite our repeated complaints, no one seems to care or take action. We are abandoned and exhausted, fighting for basic safety and dignity while feeling utterly ignored. ( Nabi, 2024) Owing to the untenable living conditions, some residents are considering relocat -ing back to a slum neighbourhood. Although they believed that their lives were far from perfect in their original basti, there was security and safety. It was a com -munity that watched over each other. Wanting to return to a community where there is control from within, being part of a safe environment again beckons. The 'in situ' rehabilitation to a high-rise block of flats engenders what the residents feel is an uncaring and overwhelmingly unsanitary predicament. The scheme has succeeded in creating a vertical slum in place of a neighbourhood jhuggi (Mehta, 2024). According to one woman who lived for 30 years in the Govindpuri jhuggi jhopri and was relocated to the flats in Kalkaj: It's as if an eerie silence has settled over these apartments. Back in the jhuggi, there was a real sense of community. If someone had an argument, tripped, or even just had a bad day, everyone spilled out of their homes to offer help. Now, we're confined to our small rooms on different floors. It's a world where no one knows what's happening beyond their own door. (Mehta , 2024) The building of Delhi's Kalkaji flats to 'rehabilitate economically weaker section families' that have been evicted from their original bastis is only one example of in situ slum rehabilitation through the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) scheme. The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) aims to rehouse 376 jhuggi jho -pri clusters, providing what they believe is a 'better and healthy living environment to the residents of JJ clusters, with proper amenities and facilities'. 4 Much has

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Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789 | Nature Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement View all journals Search Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author Show results from All journals This journal Search Advanced search Quick links Explore articles by subject Find a job Guide to authors Editorial policies Log in Explore content Explore content Research articles News Opinion Research Analysis Careers Books & Culture Podcasts Videos Current issue Browse issues Collections Subjects Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed About the journal About the journal Journal Staff About the Editors Journal Information Our publishing models Editorial Values Statement Journal Metrics Awards Contact Editorial policies History of Nature Send a news tip Publish with us Publish with us For Authors For Referees Language editing services Open access funding Submit manuscript Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature articles article Article Published: 27 August 2025 Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789 Stefano Zapperi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5692-5465 1 , 2 , Constant Varlet-Bertrand ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0003-0938-5963 3 , 4 , Cécile Bastidon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7780-6024 4 , 5 , 6 , Caterina A. M. La Porta ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8966 7 , 8 & … Antoine Parent ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-9488 3 , 4 , 6 Show authors Nature ( 2025 ) Cite this article Abstract The Great Fear of 1789, a wave of panic and unrest in rural France fuelled by the spreading of rumours, was an important moment at the onset of the French Revolution, marking the collapse of feudalism and the rise of the new regime 1 . The Great Fear provides a vivid example of the role the spreading of rumours has in driving political changes that might be relevant today 2 , 3 . Here, we collect existing historical records related to the Great Fear and use epidemiology tools and models 4 to reconstruct the network of its transmission from town to town. In this way, we quantify the spatiotemporal spread of the rumours and compute key epidemiological parameters, such

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[]

man - uscript, respectively. The volume also owes its current shape to several colleagues and friends who generously offered support at various stages, including read - ing drafts, suggesting useful references, double- checking transliterations and engaging in extensive conversations about women in science: Özlem, Temitope and Pelumi Deniz Akinbosoye- Zaimoğlu, Kathryn Edgerton- Tarpley, Graeme Gooday, Aya Homei, Vladimir Janković, Luciana Jinga, Jaehwan Hyun, Savithri Preetha Nair, Mariko Ogawa, Andrea Pető, Zoltán Rostás, Ashok Sahni, Sally Shuttleworth and Meng Zhang. We are also indebted to Emily Rees Koerner for bringing to our attention the wonderful photograph taken at the Third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists held in Turin, Italy, in 1971, and to the Institution of Engineering and Technology Archives/ W omen’s xviii Negotiating in/visibility Engineering Society for granting permission to feature it on this volume’s cover. We dedicate this volume to our children, Armina, Petra and Vlad, in the hope that by the time they reach adulthood, the inequities discussed here will have become obsolete and irrelevant. Abbreviations ACWF All- China W omen’s Federation AIWC All India W omen’s Conference AKPR Archiv kanceláře prezidenta republiky (Archive of the Office of the President of the Republic), Prague ANIC Arhivele Naționale Istorice Centrale (National Archives of Romania, Central Branch), Bucharest A.Sc.W. Association of Scientific W orkers BCP British Communist Party BHL, UoM Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan BMJ British Medical Journal CCP Chinese Communist Party CSAWG Cambridge Scientists’ Anti- W ar Group DAC Delfis Archival Center , Athens EPMEWSE The Japan Inter - Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of Men and Women in Science and Engineering GLF Great Leap Forward, 1958–62 ICWES International Conference of W omen Engineers and Scientists IDM Illinois Distributed Museum IFUW International Federation of University W omen LAPNP Památníku národního písemnictví (Museum of Czech Literature), Prague MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan MTA Magyar T udományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) MÚA, AÚTGM Masarykův ústav a Archiv A V ČR, Archiv Ústavu Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka (Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Archive of the Institute of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk), Prague xx Negotiating in/visibility MWIA Medical Women’s International Association NA Národní Archiv (National Archives of the Czech Republic) NSAC National Society for Autistic Children NSF National Science Foundation, United States PUMC Peking Union Medical College SJWS Society of Japanese Women Scientists (Nihon josei kagakusha no

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[]

Principals are expected to stay informed about and align their vision with education theory, national legislation and global trends. In Albania, school directors must understand legislation, theories and emerging practices in education (Albania Ministry of Education and Science, 2013). In Hong Kong, China, principals are expected to inform their school's vision and mission based on global trends and follow a systems thinking approach (COTAP Secretariat, 2015). In Japan, principals are expected to formulate their school's vision in alignment with national, prefectural and municipal education policies (Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2020). In the Netherlands, principals are expected to stay up to date with local, national and societal developments (SRVO, 2021).

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that take you? I'd say four and a half years. ## Are there any other comments that you would like to make? Okay, so please let me think a bit, you know. Let me think a bit. I would like to see that experiences of mine, both positive and negative, have taught me the importance of representation, inclusivity, and diversity in education. So, as a Hispanic student, I often felt like I was invisible in the curriculum and that my experiences and perspectives were not valued at all. Excuse me, my experiences and perspective. We are not valued; that's our own. So, finally, I'd like to say that I'm grateful for the opportunity to share my story. And I hope that I can inspire others to advocate for themselves to speak out for themselves. They should be bold in themselves and their community as Hispanic Americans. Sorry to add, though, are you Hispanic American, too, or you're just for the study? The topic that I'm researching is based on Hispanic American students. I'm a middle school science teacher. For the past 18 years, the majority of my students have been Hispanic Americans. When I started my doctorate, what I was passionate about was the success of those kids. That is what brought me to this topic for my research. But I'm not Hispanic. That's a mean win for you, man. That's a win-win for you. Yes, I hope so. I hope I can make a difference in some people's lives. You'll definitely make a difference, ma'am. You're amazing. Thank you. Do you have any other questions for me? No, ma'am, no other questions. | Qualitative Research | Minimum Interview | Corresponding | Corresponding | |------------------------|---------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------| | Case Study | 45+ minutes | 8+ pages single- spaced typed | 8-12 pages single- space typed | ## Participant/Pseudonym: IP8 - Interview 8 Date: December 24, 2024 Beginning Time: 6:00 pm End: 6:47 pm Location: Zoom ## 1. Describe your attitude towards school or education when you started high school. Okay, I'd say, well, I got to admit. I wasn't exactly thrilled about being in high school. I mean, I was still getting used to the whole idea of being in a new school with new teachers and new classmates. It was all a bit overwhelming, you know. To be honest, I was more focused on trying to fit in and make friends

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that those living in slums are apathetic, incompetent, disorganised and dangerous as per marginality theory - what she terms the myths of marginality. She does this through fieldwork in three favelas of Rio de Janeiro between 1968-1969. The favelados, those living in the favelas she shows, are none of the above. They are hard working, save money, value education, pursue upward mobility, work together as communities to defend their rights and eschew radical politics. Politically, the communities work with the established political system. Perlman interviewed residents in three favelas as well as 50 local leaders in each, who she chose for their position as a head of a community organisation or owing to their reputation. Stokes (1995) carried out research that included observations, a 900-resident survey and in-depth interviews with community leaders, considering the politics of the urban poor in Lima, Peru, from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. The slum area under examination is the Independencia. She finds that the community leaders are of two different dispositions. There are those who adopt a confrontational political style, espousing ideas around class struggle, compared to those leaders who promote a traditional, respectful, clientelist vision of political action. The role of intermediaries, sometimes called brokers, because they have the ability to broker goods and services, has also been highlighted in more recent studies in Argentina and India. These studies highlight the importance of politi -cal affiliations, revealing how political connections help resolve residents' issues and aid in community slum development ( Auerbach, 2017 ; Auerbach and Thachil, 2018 , 2023 ; Paniagua, 2022). Auerbach and Thachil undertook their study in two Indian cities (Jaipur and Bhopal) through a conjoint survey experiment with 2,199 residents living in 110 slums and a survey of 629 slum leaders. Their aim was to understand how residents choose their slum leader and the characteristics successful brokers possess. The findings initially show that a preferred broker is one with a good education (above grade 8) who is of the same caste and religion as the resident, from the same state, has the same political affiliation with good networks. Data were also collected around the choice of neighbour to provide a benchmark of social preferences. This provides information to ensure that the preferred traits and qualities of the slum leader are specific to them and not the general social preferences of the resident. Triangulation from the conjoint survey experiment

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Section 15(a) read with Section 36 of their Income Tax Act, applies only to CapEx. This means that deductible CapEx from one mine cannot be consolidated with the taxable income of another mine. 23 For example, Ghana levies a tax rate of 35%, while the general tax rate is 25%. In Liberia, the general tax is 25% and 30% for mining companies. In Guinea the corporate tax rate is 25%, while the mining tax rate is 30%. See PwC's Worldwide Tax Summaries Online for various country examples. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION for a taxpayer's multiple projects and can thus be affected by losses from other projects or even non-mining activities, rather than being calculated separately for each specific project. From an administrative perspective, not ring-fencing these taxes may create unnecessary complexity for tax authorities, who would otherwise have to administer and audit each profit-based tax separately and differently, depending on whether they are ring-fenced or not. 24 The revenue impact of ring-fencing these taxes, if designed in this way, may be significant since these taxes will be paid when the IRR threshold is met for any single project. However, such an outcome is consistent with the tax policy objectives of RRTs and APTs, which may otherwise never apply if only consolidated results are considered. In summary, RRT/APTs will need to be ring-fencing to be effectively implemented. The question is whether resource-rich countries should ring-fence the CIT. If the RRT/APT are calculated on a post-tax IRR, the CIT would also have to be ring-fenced. This will streamline administration and compliance efforts while also achieving the positive effect of ring-fencing rules for all profit-based taxes. On the other hand, if the RRT/APT are applied on a pre-tax IRR, ringfencing of CIT is not required, and countries might consider consolidating CIT. While countries typically apply ring-fencing rules for direct tax purposes, there may be situations of an (un)intended interaction with value added tax/ goods and services tax (VAT/GST) rules that would merit consideration, in particular those aimed at addressing the challenges of mining companies to recover input VAT. 25 For example the implementation of a ring-fencing approach at project level when national (VAT/GST) legislation provides that VAT/GST refundable excess input tax credits can be offset against other tax liabilities

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future tenders, and by promoting EU-based telecoms equipment providers as strategic in trade negotiations. ## Strengthening industrial capacity for defence and space The European defence industry not only suff.ligaers from lower defence spending but also a lack of focus on technological development [see the chapter on defence]. The European defence sector is highly competitive globally, registering an annual turnover of EUR 135 billion in 2022 and strong export volumes. Some EU products and technologies are superior or at least equivalent in quality to those produced by the US, such as main battle tanks, conventional submarines, naval shipyard technology and transport aircraft. However, the EU defence industry is suff.ligaering from a capacity gap on two fronts. First, overall demand is lower: aggregate defence spending in the EU is about one-third as high as in the US. Second, EU spending is less focused on innovation. Defence is a highly technological industry characterised by disruptive innovation, meaning that massive R&D investments are required to maintain strategic parity. The US has prioritised R&D spending over all other military spending categories since 2014. In the 2023, it allocated EUR 130 billion (USD 140 billion) for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, amounting to around 16% of total defence spending. This category also saw the largest relative percentage increase in the defence budget. In Europe, total funding for defence R&D was EUR 10.7 billion in 2022, amounting to just 4.5% of total spending. Complex next-generation defence systems in all strategic domains will require massive R&D investment that exceeds the capacity of single EU Member States. The European defence industry is also fragmented, limiting its scale and hindering operational eff.ligaectiveness in the field . The EU defence industrial landscape is populated mainly by national players operating in relatively small domestic markets [see Figure 4]. Fragmentation creates two major challenges. First, it means that the industry lacks scale, which is essential in a capital-intensive sector with long investment cycles. As a result, if EU Member States were to ramp up defence spending significantly, a supply crisis could occur with Member States competing between each other on the constrained European defence equipment market. Second, fragmentation leads to serious issues related to a lack of standardisation and the interoperability of equipment, which have come to light during the EU's support for Ukraine. For 155 mm artillery alone, EU Member States have provided ten diff.ligaerent types of howitzers to Ukraine from their

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the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 A are electrically connected to each other. - a one-stage or multi-stage conductor 208 B is provided over the conductor 316 B and is electrically connected to the conductor 316 B. - a top surface of the conductor 208 B is connected to a bottom surface of the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B, whereby the conductor 316 B and the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B are electrically connected to each other. - a source of the transistor 300 A and a source of the transistor 300 B are electrically connected to a wiring SL 1 and a wiring SL 2 , respectively. - the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B share a drain, and the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B share the other of the source and the drain. - the drains of the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B are electrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of each of the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B through a conductor and are electrically connected to a wiring BL. - a conductor 209 is electrically connected to the drains of the transistor 300 A and the transistor 300 B. - a conductor 240 that is connected to a top surface of the conductor 209 and electrically connected to the wiring BL is provided in an opening provided so as to penetrate the oxide 230 , and is electrically connected to a side surface of the oxide 230 . - the present invention is not limited thereto. - the top surface of the conductor 209 and a bottom surface of the oxide 230 may be connected to each other so that the conductor 240 may be electrically connected to a top surface of the oxide 230 . - the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 A is electrically connected to the capacitor 100 A. - the one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 B is electrically connected to the capacitor 100 B. - cylindrical capacitors 100 A and 100 B in each of which an opening is provided in an insulator that covers the transistor 200 A and the transistor 200 B, a

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in other economic areas, notably digital sectors. EIST domains, where a direct concordance between E&I and S&T has been found, present adequate environments for knowledge exchange and the co-development of strategies, technologies and niches by the quadruple helix, particularly between academic actors and private companies. Here, shared resources and venues, such as technolog- ical platforms or clusters, collaborative R&D, sub- sidised contract research or innovation vouchers would find a fertile landscape. Finally, it must be noted that, in some cases, data unavailability or sparsity has reduced the poten- tial of the analysis for some countries and some domains of specialisation, and must lead to a cau- tious interpretation and apprehension of the re- sults. Furthermore, the current analysis contained in the ‘Analysis of context – country specific con- ditions’ phase of the above-mentioned S3 Frame- work must be complemented with quantitative analyses based on additional and national data sources, as well as expert and qualitative insight into the EDP framework.Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations 1. Economic and innovation (E&I) potential in the Eastern Partnership countries Part 2 of this study presents the results of the mapping of the economic and innovation potential of the Eastern Partnership countries, which results in the identification of a set of domains of eco- nomic and innovation specialisation summarised below. This is achieved by looking at relevant eco- nomic variables – such as employment, turnover and average wages – as well as their growth dy- namics. Similar indicators have been quantified for the manufacturing sector and for the export of goods and services. Additionally, a critical mass of venture capital-backed companies per industry group and per respective class for patent, trade- mark, and industrial design applications has been measured. Lastly, innovation has been quantified by means of the results of the innovation surveys carried out by the World Bank Enterprise Survey. E&I specialisations for Armenia The economic and innovation analysis for Arme- nia leads to the identification of the following E&I specialisation domains: ■Food & beverages (NACE 10, 11) based on an economic specialisation in beverages, spe- cialised performance in related patents, the identification of a food and agriculture cluster and specialised performance in related goods exports; ■Tobacco (NACE 12) based on an economic specialisation in beverages, specialised per- formance in related patents and specialised performance in related goods exports; 10 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations ■Travel and tourism

[ "in", "other", "economic", "areas", ",", "notably", "digital", "\n", "sectors", ".", "\n", "EIST", "domains", ",", "where", "a", "direct", "concordance", "between", "\n", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "has", "been", "found", ",", "present", "adequate", "\n", "environments", "for", "knowledge", "exchange", "and", "the", "\n", "co", "-", "development", "of", "strategies", ",", "technologies", "and", "\n", "niches", "by", "the", "quadruple", "helix", ",", "particularly", "between", "\n", "academic", "actors", "and", "private", "companies", ".", "Here", ",", "\n", "shared", "resources", "and", "venues", ",", "such", "as", "technolog-", "\n", "ical", "platforms", "or", "clusters", ",", "collaborative", "R&D", ",", "sub-", "\n", "sidised", "contract", "research", "or", "innovation", "vouchers", "\n", "would", "find", "a", "fertile", "landscape", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "it", "must", "be", "noted", "that", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "data", "\n", "unavailability", "or", "sparsity", "has", "reduced", "the", "poten-", "\n", "tial", "of", "the", "analysis", "for", "some", "countries", "and", "some", "\n", "domains", "of", "specialisation", ",", "and", "must", "lead", "to", "a", "cau-", "\n", "tious", "interpretation", "and", "apprehension", "of", "the", "re-", "\n", "sults", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "current", "analysis", "contained", "\n", "in", "the", "‘", "Analysis", "of", "context", "–", "country", "specific", "con-", "\n", "ditions", "’", "phase", "of", "the", "above", "-", "mentioned", "S3", "Frame-", "\n", "work", "must", "be", "complemented", "with", "quantitative", "\n", "analyses", "based", "on", "additional", "and", "national", "data", "\n", "sources", ",", "as", "well", "as", "expert", "and", "qualitative", "insight", "\n", "into", "the", "EDP", "framework", ".", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "\n", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "\n", "and", "technological", "\n", "specialisations", "\n", "1", ".", "Economic", "and", "innovation", "\n", "(", "E&I", ")", "potential", "in", "the", "Eastern", "\n", "Partnership", "countries", "\n", "Part", "2", "of", "this", "study", "presents", "the", "results", "of", "the", "\n", "mapping", "of", "the", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "of", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", ",", "which", "results", "\n", "in", "the", "identification", "of", "a", "set", "of", "domains", "of", "eco-", "\n", "nomic", "and", "innovation", "specialisation", "summarised", "\n", "below", ".", "This", "is", "achieved", "by", "looking", "at", "relevant", "eco-", "\n", "nomic", "variables", "–", "such", "as", "employment", ",", "turnover", "\n", "and", "average", "wages", "–", "as", "well", "as", "their", "growth", "dy-", "\n", "namics", ".", "Similar", "indicators", "have", "been", "quantified", "\n", "for", "the", "manufacturing", "sector", "and", "for", "the", "export", "\n", "of", "goods", "and", "services", ".", "Additionally", ",", "a", "critical", "mass", "\n", "of", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "per", "industry", "\n", "group", "and", "per", "respective", "class", "for", "patent", ",", "trade-", "\n", "mark", ",", "and", "industrial", "design", "applications", "has", "been", "\n", "measured", ".", "Lastly", ",", "innovation", "has", "been", "quantified", "\n", "by", "means", "of", "the", "results", "of", "the", "innovation", "surveys", "\n", "carried", "out", "by", "the", "World", "Bank", "Enterprise", "Survey", ".", "\n", "E&I", "specialisations", "for", "Armenia", "\n", "The", "economic", "and", "innovation", "analysis", "for", "Arme-", "\n", "nia", "leads", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "the", "following", "E&I", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", ":", "\n ", "■", "Food", "&", "beverages", "(", "NACE", "10", ",", "11", ")", "based", "on", "\n", "an", "economic", "specialisation", "in", "beverages", ",", "spe-", "\n", "cialised", "performance", "in", "related", "patents", ",", "the", "\n", "identification", "of", "a", "food", "and", "agriculture", "cluster", "\n", "and", "specialised", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "\n", "exports", ";", "\n ", "■", "Tobacco", "(", "NACE", "12", ")", "based", "on", "an", "economic", "\n", "specialisation", "in", "beverages", ",", "specialised", "per-", "\n", "formance", "in", "related", "patents", "and", "specialised", "\n", "performance", "in", "related", "goods", "exports", ";", "\n", "10", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "\n ", "■", "Travel", "and", "tourism" ]

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to be interdependent (i.e., shared processing facilities), making it harder to allocate income and expenditures to each licence area. However, it may be difficult to determine what qualifies as the same mineral product (e.g., is it the same dominant mineral, grade and quality, level of beneficiation, etc.). | | Two or more mines are substantially interdependent. | Zimbabwe | The justification is the same as above. The challenge is that it can be broadly interpreted by tax authorities and taxpayers. For instance, the interpretation can be as broad as considering that interdependency means that new mines are only able to exist if they are able to offset costs against existing mines. | | There are exploration expenditures incurred in one of the mines owned by the mining company. | Sierra Leone permits the consolidation of exploration expenditures from one mine with profits from another mine (only development costs are ring-fenced). | The policy objective is to encourage mining investment, specifically brownfield investments in older and abandoned mining locations. Without this exception, it is believed that resources occurring in these locations would have been sterilized. However, this exception may risk the potential of early government revenues-a critical objective that some of the versions of ring-fencing rules are trying to achieve. This is because investors would be able to offset exploration expenditures against mining income from producing mines. | | 1.0 INTRODUCTION | |---------------------------------------------| | 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OFRING-FENCING | | 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING | | 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES | | 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OFRING-FENCING RULES | | 6.0 CONCLUSION | | Exception applies in the following cases | Countries that applythis exception | Analysis | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | There are unsuccessful exploration expenditures incurred in one of the mines owned by the mining company. | PNG, Kenya, and the Cook Islands exempt mining investors with unsuccessful exploration activities from ring-fencing rules (see Box 16). | The policy objective behind this exception is to promote exploration investments and overcome the challenge of ring-fencing rules, which could result in complete non-recognition of such costs for tax purposes. This exception permits the deduction of such failed exploration costs, but on a limited basis. This exception might be a good policy option if there is an obligation for the taxpayer to prove the existence of an unsuccessful exploration activity and the reasons why the operation was unsuccessful, as well as make

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"|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|", "\n", "|", "There", "are", "unsuccessful", "exploration", "expenditures", "incurred", "in", "one", "of", "the", "mines", "owned", "by", "the", "mining", "company", ".", "|", "PNG", ",", "Kenya", ",", "and", "the", "Cook", "Islands", "exempt", "mining", "investors", "with", "unsuccessful", "exploration", "activities", "from", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "(", "see", "Box", "16", ")", ".", "|", "The", "policy", "objective", "behind", "this", "exception", "is", "to", "promote", "exploration", "investments", "and", "overcome", "the", "challenge", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ",", "which", "could", "result", "in", "complete", "non", "-", "recognition", "of", "such", "costs", "for", "tax", "purposes", ".", "This", "exception", "permits", "the", "deduction", "of", "such", "failed", "exploration", "costs", ",", "but", "on", "a", "limited", "basis", ".", "This", "exception", "might", "be", "a", "good", "policy", "option", "if", "there", "is", "an", "obligation", "for", "the", "taxpayer", "to", "prove", "the", "existence", "of", "an", "unsuccessful", "exploration", "activity", "and", "the", "reasons", "why", "the", "operation", "was", "unsuccessful", ",", "as", "well", "as", "make" ]

[]

- 2. Corston-Oliver, S., Gamon, M., Brockett, C.: A machine learning approach to the automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceeding of 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2001, pp. 148 -155 (2001) - 3. Urvoy, T., Lavergne, T., Filoche, P.: Tracking web spam with hidden style similarity. In: AIRWEB 2006, Seattle, Washington, USA, 10 August 2006 - 4. Witten, I.H., Frank, E.: Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Burlington (2011) - 5. Arase, Y., Zhou, M.: Machine translation detection from monolingual web-text. In: Proceedings of 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, So /uniFB01 a, Bulgaria, pp. 1597 -1607, 4 -9 August 2013 - 6. Baayen, R.H.: Word Frequency Distributions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam (2001) - 7. Clarkson, P., Rosenfeld, R.: Statistical language modeling using the CMU-Cambridge toolkit. In: Proceedings of Eurospeech 1997, pp. 2707 -2710 (1997) - 8. Chickering, D.M., Heckerman, D., Meek, C.: A Bayesian approach to learning Bayesian networks with local structure. In: Geiger, D., Shenoy, P.P. (eds.) Proceedings of 13th Conference on Uncertainty in Arti /uniFB01 cial Intelligence, pp. 80 -89 (1997) - 9. Vapnik, V.N.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer, New York (1995) - 10. Chen, S.F., Goodman, J.T.: An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling. In: Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Santa Cruz, pp. 310 -318 (1996) - 11. Honore, A.: Some simple measures of richness of vocabulary. Assoc. Lit. Linguist. Comput. Bull. 7 (2), 172 -177 (1979) - 12. Sichel, H.: On a distribution law for word frequencies. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 70 , 542 -547 (1975) - 13. Lavergne, T., Urvoy, T., Yvon, F.: Detecting fake content with relative entropy scoring. In: PAN 2008 (2008) - 14. Seymore, K., Rosenfeld, R.: Scalable backoff language models. In: ICSLP 1996, Philadelphia, PA, vol. 1, pp. 232 -235 (1996) - 15. Stolcke, A.: Entropy-based pruning of backoff language models (1998) - 16. Manning, C.D., Schutze, H.: Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1999) - 17. Gyongyi, Z., Garcia-Molina, H.: Web spam taxonomy. In: 1st International Workshop on Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web (AIRWeb 2005) (2005) - 18. Heymann, P., Koutrika, G., Garcia-Molina, H.: Fighting spam on social web sites: a survey of approaches and future challenges. IEEE Mag. Internet Comput. 11 (6), 36 -45 (2007)

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of marriage and the dominant perception of contraception. As they stated, contraception is communicated by the Church and by the majority of the medical community as a 'risky set of methods' - narratives that 'distort the truth, maintaining women's passive role and challenging their right to sex, pleasure and independence'. 65 For them, the issue of contraception was linked to the autonomy of the 2 9 1 female body, the conceptualization of which demanded a 'responsible education' that moved beyond the communication of risks, side effects and counterindications and enriched women's knowledge of their bodies. 66 Moreover, the public discussion of contraception in women's counterpublics was correlated with the deconstruction of the dominant and gendered conceptualization of female sexuality - the identification of sexuality with reproduction and its perception as a means for men's pleasure - and the struggle to associate reclaiming control over the body with control over knowledge. 67 ## The counterpublics: State feminists Exploring women's public sphere and, more specifically, magazines and publications related to state feminists such as the Bulletin of the Democratic Women's Movement , Modern Woman or the Bulletin of the Association of Greek Women Scientists , one sees the construction of alternative meanings and narratives concerning birth control. In such articles, the struggle for the decriminalization of abortions was often analysed as part of the promotion of birth control. This exact identification was contextualized with narratives about protecting women's health and interpreted as 'acts against women's exploitation by different experts'. 68 Additionally, birth control and contraception were crucial practices for decreasing high abortion rates (200,000500,000 illegal abortions per year), 69 the reconstruction of the relationship between men and women and the reformation of sexual health. 70 In parallel, women highlighted the need for the circulation of knowledge related to birth control, embodying in their analysis the crucial role of family planning in the protection of motherhood. Here, abortion was conceived as a 'medical, social and economic issue'. 71 In their critique against the illegal abortion regime, they focused on gender inequality, a phenomenon resulting from the 'lack of related institutions and the limited circulation of knowledge', while at the same time arguing that decriminalization would 'transform abortions into an emergency solution', instead of a contraceptive method. 72 Women's struggle to decriminalize abortion also included their participation in governmental or experts' committees, where cooperation between different actors was suggested primarily. 73 Within their practices,

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de tener un papel modesto a convertirse en el segundo factor más importante a la hora de explicar los resultados del aprendizaje (Lakomski et al., 2018). Atribuir la transformación de los sistemas educativos únicamente a los individuos, algo que podría considerarse como un prejuicio inherente a la cultura occidental, podría resultar engañoso. De hecho, contar con entornos institucionales apropiados y buenas estructuras organizativas puede ser incluso más importante. Esto no significa que los directores de los centros escolares no desempeñen un papel fundamental, sino que este papel está matizado. Si se analizara de manera más detallada el funcionamiento de una institución educativa es posible que se observase cómo un resultado educativo positivo puede haber sido obra de varias personas intrínsecamente motivadas que aportaron su compromiso y experiencia. Sin embargo, considerar a estas personas como seguidores que dependen de un líder subestima sus contribuciones. En lo que respecta al contexto, el problema radica en el contraste que existe entre el control existente y la autonomía que tienen las personas en los distintos niveles del sistema educativo a la hora de tomar decisiones. Otro obstáculo añadido son las normas y la discreción para reaccionar en el momento oportuno a las circunstancias locales, lo cual hace que, en ocasiones, la estructura esté reñida con el organismo del que depende. Si bien la capacidad y los atributos personales son importantes, es posible que estos solo puedan aprovecharse en entornos propicios. Sin embargo, el énfasis en la autonomía no debe distraer la atención del hecho de que los líderes educativos trabajan para lograr resultados, independientemente del régimen de gobierno bajo el que operen. Los líderes también trabajan en contextos limitados. Mientras que algunos líderes disponen de los recursos necesarios para poner en práctica sus planes, otros se ven obligados a encontrar soluciones en circunstancias adversas. Aunque el liderazgo es un concepto atractivo, no está lo suficientemente claro. A menudo, es difícil distinguir a un buen líder de un buen gestor. A pesar de sus ambiciosos objetivos, el trabajo de los líderes educativos tiende a ser mundano. Los directores de los centros educativos tienen que gestionar los presupuestos escolares o celebrar reuniones para tomar decisiones disciplinarias. Es probable que quienes están a cargo del departamento o del equipo docente dediquen mucho tiempo a preparar horarios y organizar la contratación del profesorado. Asimismo, es probable que los funcionarios locales de educación tengan que centrarse en conseguir que

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our side are Morgan Stephenson, Patrick Oetting and Roberta Herzberg. Our in-country partners, Baladevan Rangaraju and Dr Renu Khosla, were there to advise, discuss and prompt us throughout the whole process. Professor Mark Pennington and Professor Karen Ross were two colleagues who brought much to this project, as did Sue Price and Dr Declan McCormack – Flooded Cellar – you are just the best. Thank you to Professor Jishnu Das, Professor Tariq Thachil and Professor Adam Auerbach for their inspiration. We had at all times the support of our colleagues at Newcastle University, Professor Julie Morris, Dr Aditya Sharma, Professor Caroline and Dr Alan Walker-Gleaves. For dinners, drinks, humour and encouragement, Jane and Geoff Eggleston. Thanks to Professor Chris Counihan, whom we can always rely on. Helena Hurd and Katerina Lade from the senior editorial team at Routledge, Global Development, Routledge Studies in Cities and Development, were supportive from the start and encouraged us to complete the book in a timely manner. We are also eternally grateful to the communities who opened their lives up to us, so we could recount their stories and learn from them.Acknowledgements AAP Aam Aadmi Party AAY Ration card Antyodaya Ration card AMCE Average Marginal Components Effect ATTR Attraction to Neighbourhood AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homeopathy BAMS Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BNS Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita BSP Bahujan Samaj Party CHC Community Health Centres CI Confidence Interval DALYS Disability Adjusted Life Years DDA Delhi Development Authority IAD Institutional Analysis and Development framework INC Indian National Congress IPC Indian Penal Code IRT Item Response Theory JJ Jhuggi Jhopri JNNURM/BSUP Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission/Basic Services to Urban Poor LMICs Lower and Middle Income Countries LSE London School of Economics MBA Master’s in Business Administration MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery MCD Municipal Corporation of Delhi MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs MPD Master Plans for Delhi NCI Neighbourhood Cohesion Index NCT National Capital Territory of Delhi NEI Neighbourliness NFHS National Family Health Survey P Partners PHC Primary Health Care Clinics PHH ration cards Priority Household ration cardsAbbreviations Abbreviations xviiAbbreviations PrB Private Benefits PuB Public Benefits RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana PMAY-U Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) RRY Rajiv Rinn Yojana RWA Resident Welfare Association SC Social Capital SEM Structural Equation Modelling SHG Self Help Group SOC Sense of community SWB Subjective well-being UCLA

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run the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0257] includes an integrated circuit comprising one or more of the processor circuitry and the one or more computer readable media of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0258] includes a computing system comprising the one or more computer readable media and the processor circuitry of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0259] includes an apparatus comprising means for executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0260] includes a signal generated as a result of executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0261] includes a data unit generated as a result of executing the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0262] includes the data unit of example [0261] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the data unit is a packet, frame, datagram, protocol data unit (PDU), service data unit (SDU), segment, message, data block, data chunk, cell, data field, data element, information element, type length value, set of bytes, set of bits, set of symbols, and/or database object.

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[]

Krishna, A. , and Shrader, E. (2000). Cross-Cultural Measures of Social Capital: A Tool and Results from India and Panama (Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 21 ). Washington, DC: World Bank. Krishna, A. (2002) . Active Social Capital: Tracing the Roots of Development and Democracy . New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Loehlin, J. C., and Beaujen, A. A. (2017). Latent Variable Models . New York, NY: Routledge. Macintyre, S. , and Ellaway, A. (2000). Neighbourhood Cohesion and Health in Socially Contrasting Neighbourhoods: Implications for the Social Exclusion and Public Health Agendas, Health Bulletin , 58 (6), 450-456. Mahadevia, D. , Bhatia, N., and Bhatt, B. (2016). Decentralized Governance or Passing the Buck: The Case of Resident Welfare Associations at Resettlement Sites, Ahmedabad, India, Environment and Urbanization , 28 (1), 294-307. McCulloch, A. (2003). An Examination of Social Capital and Social Disorganisation in Neighbourhoods in the British Household Panel Study, Social Science and Medicine , 56 (7), 1425-1438. Mendes, M. L., Otero, G., Link, F., Morales, E. L., and Gayo, M. (2021). Neighbourhood Cohesion as a Form of Privilege, Urban Studies 58 , , 1691-1711. Patel, R. , Marbaniang, S. P., Srivastava, S., Kumar, P., Chauhan, S., and Simon, D. J. (2021). Gender Differential in Low Psychological Health and Low Subjective WellBeing Among Older Adults in India: With Special Focus on Childless Older Adults, PLoS One , 16 , e0247943. Pinchak, N. P. , Browning, C. R., Calder, C. A., and Boettner, B. (2021). Activity Locations, Residential Segregation, and the Significance of Residential Neighbourhood Boundary Perceptions, Urban Studies , 58 , 2758-2781. Prezza, M. , Amici, M., Roberti, T., and Tedeschi, G. (2001). Sense of Community Referred to the Whole Town: Its Relations with Neighbouring, Loneliness, Life Satisfaction, and Area of Residence, Journal of Community Psychology , 29 (1), 29-52. Puddifoot, J. E. (1995). Dimensions of Community Identity, Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology , 5 , 357-370. Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Robinette, J. W., Charles, S. T., and Mogle, J. A. (2013). Neighbourhood Cohesion and Daily Well-Being: Results from a Diary Study, Social Science Medicine , 96 , 174-182. Robinson, D. , and Wilkinson, D. (1995). Sense of Community in a Remote Mining Town: Validating a Neighbourhood Cohesion Scale, American Journal of Community Psychology , 23 (1), 137-148. Ross, A. , and Searle, M. (2021). Conceptualization and Validation of the Neighbourhood Cohesion Index Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling, Community Development Journal , 56 (3), 408-431.

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close in on deal for Manchester United’s Alejandro Garnacho 14h ago United’s Terland pummels PSV with treble in Women’s Champions League qualifying 19h ago Mainoo wants to leave Manchester United after being sidelined by Amorim 2d ago Manchester United not equipped for Europe this season, admits Ruben Amorim 2d ago More from News More from News Ukraine ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least eight people 41m ago Trump administration Top US health agency erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign 6h ago China Putin and Kim to join Xi at Chinese military parade in show of defiance to the west 3h ago Gaza Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza 10h ago France Macron backs Bayrou and calls on budget critics to show responsibility 15h ago Greenland Denmark issues first apology over forced contraception of Greenlandic women 14h ago Iran Iran faces return of sweeping sanctions from UK, France and Germany 1h ago Argentina Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister 7h ago Japan Japanese town wants residents to limit smartphone use to two hours a day 8h ago Most viewed Most viewed Most viewed Across the Guardian Most viewed in Education Most viewed Across the Guardian CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome to the latest festival disaster Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister Sting sued by former Police bandmates over alleged lost royalties Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least 12 people Bland, easy to follow, for fans of everything: what has the Netflix algorithm done to our films? Meet the water sommeliers: they believe H₂O can rival wine – but would you pay £19 a bottle? ‘We had to up the ante’: Robin Wright on her tense TV tale of incest and violence among London’s billionaires Most viewed in Education Overdiagnosis of children overlooks that growing up is ‘messy and uneven’, says Jeremy Hunt The Guardian University Guide 2025 – the rankings Trump says he wants ‘nothing less than $500m’ from Harvard as feud continues Some pupils in England less likely to have special

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[]

World Bank. 2023a. 'The Development, Climate, and Nature Crisis: Solutions to End Poverty on a Livable Planet.' World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/publication/the -development-climate-and-nature-crisis. World Bank. 2023b. Lessons from Korea's Energy Efficiency Policies in the Industrial Sector . Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2023c. 'Scaling Up to Phase Down: Financing Energy Transitions in the Power Sector.' April, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2023d. 'State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023.' World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2023e. Testing Resilience . Western Balkans Regular Economic Report 23 (Spring). Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2023f. World Bank Group Support to Demand-Side Energy Efficiency: An Independent Evaluation . Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank. https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations / world -bank-group-support-demand-side-energy-efficiency. World Bank. 2024a. 'The Critical Link: Empowering Utilities for the Energy Transition.' World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024b. 'Greening the Economy of Europe and Central Asia.' Europe and Central Asia in Focus, Office of the Chief Economist, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024c. 'Net Zero Energy by 2060: Charting Europe and Central Asia's Journey toward Sustainable Energy Futures.' Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2024d. Scaling Up Renewables in Europe and Central Asia: Barriers and Opportunities . Washington, DC: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank. World Bank. 2024e. Western Balkans 6: Country Climate and Development Report . October. Washington, DC: World Bank. ## ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology, which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified paper, with nearly all containing 50-100 percent recycled content. The recycled fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine-free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine-free (EECF) processes. More information about the Bank's environmental philosophy can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility.  Twenty-seven countries have reached high-income status since 1990. Ten of these are in the Europe and Central Asia region and have joined the European Union. Another 20 in the region have become more prosperous since the

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31 | | | 8 21 46 | 60 45 | 24 | | 27 | 27 | | Gambia | 30 | 41 | 16 13 | 14 11 | 9 5 | 8 20 | 10 11 | 10 | 17 | 41 5 | 5 | 1 | | 17 | 7 | 7 | 10 | | 15 | 44 | 27 | | 18 | 49 23 | 49 23 | | Ghana | 91 | 92 | 30 | 27 | 35 | 21 | 26 | 44 | 91 | 92 19 | 16 | | 29 | 16 | 21 | | | 38 | 6 | 8 33 | 29 | 38 | 15 | | | | Guinea | 27 | 29 | 14 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 26 | 29 13 | 11 | 3 | 4 2 | 8 | | 8 | | | 5 | 6 53 | 49 | | | 18 | 18 | | Guinea-Bissau | 18 154 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 13 95 | 11 7 202 20 | 5 27 | 30 | 1 | 2 26 | | 2 | | 49 | 10 3 | 8 7 | 62 38 | 55 36 | 18 32 | 23 28 | 23 28 | | Kenya Lesotho | | 202 | 59 | 73 | 50 | 57 1 | 45 1 | 72 1 | | 3 | | 2 | | 34 1 | | | | | 4 | 3 | 55 69 | 47 | 31 | | | | | 8 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | | | | 8 | 5 | 1 | | | 0 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | 23 | 31 | 31 | | Liberia | 57 | 44 | 39 | 28 | 13 | 12 | 4 | 3 | | 44 35 | 25 | 11 7 | | 10 13 | | 2 | | 11 6 | | 10 5 | | 65 51 | 27 33 | | | | Madagascar | 68 | 45 | 41 | 23 | 15 | 15 | 12

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[]

to think what learning outcomes to focus on as well as to deliver on a wide range of goals related to equity, quality and inclusion. - Influencing change has increasingly been associated with sharing leadership functions to achieve education goals - moving from perhaps too much emphasis on individuals. - Freedom to make decisions, which is the result of rules that reflect cultural norms, frees leaders' potential to exercise leadership, although leaders also work in constrained contexts. ## In designing a leadership policy, attention needs to shift from exceptional individuals to systematic processes. - It is often difficult to distinguish a good leader from a good manager. Managing daily activities effectively to make time for future planning is at the heart of what leaders do. - Although being a change agent is what often distinguishes a leader, leadership may be more important for maintaining stability in some cases than for seeking change. - The focus of a leadership policy should be how to encourage and nurture diverse groups of people with good leadership potential to pursue such careers through appropriate institutional and organizational structures. ## Four dimensions of school leadership are important for leadership at all levels of education. - Setting expectations, focusing on learning, fostering collaboration and developing people are important not only for school principals and teacher leaders, but also for system leaders. | Expectations of leaders at the school and system level have been changing.............10 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Guide to the report.........................................................................................................................13 | | Recommendations.........................................................................................................................17 | T he role of education leaders is taken for granted. Yet, often invisibly, they shape the direction of their schools, universities, departments and ministries. Their leadership styles reflect their personalities and expertise but also adapt to fit their teams' characteristics, their organizations' goals and their context. The variety of leadership styles is precisely why there is no easy way of demonstrating how they impact education. It is also why that impact is frequently overlooked. Yet the need for good school, system and political leaders is acute to help drive education in the right direction, particularly as education challenges remain daunting. has two implications: first, that leadership is not conferred automatically by being in a position of power but by an ability to affect other people's actions, and second, that leadership is framed in terms of a goal for which leaders play an important role in

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though uncommon ( Figure 15.1). For each of the WASH dimensions, countries at very different starting points and from different regions have been able to increase coverage by at least three percentage points per year since 2015. In Rwanda, the share of primary schools with access to a handwashing facility increased from 40% in 2015 to 100% in 2021. The country had already launched its handwashing strategy in 2019 (Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2019) but accelerated its construction efforts with COVID-19 (Rwanda Ministry of Education, 2021). Saint Kitts and Nevis also achieved universal coverage of drinking water and handwashing facilities, both of which were at 79% in 2016. In Burkina Faso, despite improvements in handwashing and drinking water services, the share of primary schools with sanitation facilities decreased from 74% in 2016 to 45% in 2021 ( Figure 15.1b). This decrease coincides with an increase in the share of schools with limited sanitation services (unimproved, not usable or not single sex), suggesting either that existing facilities had deteriorated or more careful inspections had updated their status (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). A study of Ecuador, India, Nigeria and the Philippines found that 1.2 million school toilets built since 2015 in these countries were ‘lost’ due to lack of maintenance, amounting to a loss of USD 1.9 billion (Economist Impact, 2023). In Niger, despite modest improvement, the availability of drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools remains the lowest in the world at 23% and 27%, respectively. Fast progress was achieved, however, in the share of primary schools with access to handwashing facilities, which increased from 14% in 2016 to 49% in 2023. Part of this increase is due to targeted financial and technical support provided by a group of international organizations, which supported the construction of piped systems, standpipes and a sludge treatment plant as well as improved monitoring of water points and increased awareness campaigns (UNICEF, 2019). Nevertheless, coverage is still very unequal across Niger, with urban schools at least twice as likely to have handwashing and sanitation facilities as rural schools (UNICEF and WHO, 2024). In 2017, the government adopted a plan with improved WASH services as a national priority and set a target to reach universal coverage by 2030 (Niger Ministry of Water and Sanitation, 2016; UNICEF, 2024).FIGURE 15.3: The prevalence of bullying has increased more for girls than for boys Percentage of 15-year-old students experiencing bullying in

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106 | Grain mill products, starches and starch products | | | | X | X | X | | 107 | Other food products | | | | | X | | | 108 | Prepared animal feeds | | | | | X | | | 15 | Manufacture of leather and related products | | | | X | X | X | | 16 | Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials | | X | | X | X | X | | 160 | Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials | | X | | | | | | 181 | Printing and service activities related to printing | | | | X | | | | 20 | Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products | | X | | X | | | | 210 | Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. | | X | | X | | | | 23 | Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | | | | | X | | | 24 | Manufacture of basic metals | X | X | X | | | | | 25 | Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment | X | | | | | | n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified | | | Employ- ment | Turnover | Employ- ment & turnover | Employ- ment | Turnover | Employ- ment & turnover | |----|-----------------------------------------------------------|----------------|------------|---------------------------|----------------|------------|---------------------------| | | | Current | Current | Current | Emerging | Emerging | Emerging | | | | 7 | 9 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 4 | | 26 | Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products | X | | | | X | | | 27 | Manufacture of electrical equipment | | | | | | | | 28 | Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. | X | X | X | X | | | | 29 | Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers | X | X | X | | | | | 30 | Manufacture of other transport equipment | X | X | X | | | | | 32 | Other manufacturing | | | | X | | | | 33 | Repair and installation of machinery and equipment | | | |

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[]

1990s. However, their transition to high-income status has been delayed. These middle-income countries have found that the prospects for growth to high-income status have become even more difficult since the 2007-09 global financial crisis. This reflects partly a slowdown in structural reforms at home and partly the challenges associated with a deterioration in the global environment. The concern has emerged that many countries in the region may be caught in the middle-income trap, a phase in development characterized by a recurring deceleration in growth and by per capita incomes that are systematically below the high-income threshold. To ensure that these countries overcome the obstacles to growth and achieve progress toward high-income status, policy makers need to make the transition from a strategy driven largely by investment to a strategy that is supported by the importation and diffusion of global capital, knowledge, and technology and then to a strategy that complements these with innovation.  The study Greater Heights: Growing to High Income in Europe and Central Asia relies on the 3 strategy described in i World Development Report 2024 -investment, infusion, and innovation-to propose policy options to assist middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia in the effort to reach high-income status. Drawing on comprehensive empirical analysis, the report offers actionable recommendations that will enable policy makers to advance stronger economic growth across the region. Such a transition will require continued and sustained foundational reform to maximize the drivers of economic growth while pivoting to new transformative reforms to promote the development of more complex economic structures and institutions. These involve the need to discipline incumbents, boost the role of the private sector, strengthen the competitive environment, and reward merit. The emphasis on a strategy driven by innovation is also critically important for those countries that have already attained high-income status.

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| … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 32 ₋₁ ᵢ | 25 ₋₁ ᵢ | 20 ₋₁ ᵢ | 11 ₋₁ ᵢ | 11 ₋₁ ᵢ | | Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia | 2 ᵢ | 2 … | 6 | 75 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … 16 ₋₄ | … 16 ₋₄ | | Türkiye | 9 ᵢ | 23 ₋₁ | … | … | 28 | 38 | 23 ₋₄ | 18 ₋₄ 14 ₋₂ | 16 ₋₄ | 83 ᵢ | | 44 ᵢ | 21 ₋₁ ᵢ | 21 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | 1 ₋₁ | ᵢ | 21 ₋₁ | … | 35 ₋₁ ᵢ | 128 ₋₁ ᵢ | 28 ₋₂ | | 3 ₋₂ | 86 ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ ᵢ | 41 ᵢ | | | | United Arab Emirates | ᵢ | 6 ᵢ | 6 | | | 61 | 100 ₋₂ | 84 ₋₂ | 22 ₋₂ | 93 ₋₁ | 85 | | 56 ₋₁ | 56 ₋₁ | | Yemen | … | | | 100 | … | ᵢ | | | | | ₋₁ | 74 ₋₁ | | | | | | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 46 | 34 | 26 | … | … | | Central and Southern Asia Afghanistan | 0.4 ₋₃ ᵢ | … | … | … | 11 ₋₃ | 11 ₋₃ | … | … | … 21 ₋₁ | | 15 ₋₁ | 13 | ₋₁ 5 ₋₂ | ₋₁ 5 ₋₂ | | Bhutan | ᵢ 2 ᵢ | … | 2 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₃ | … | 15 | 10 ₋₂ | 6 ₋₂ | ᵢ 1 ₋₂ | … | ᵢ … | … | ᵢ … | ᵢ … | | India | 0.4 ᵢ | 2 | 3 | 100 | 29 ᵢ | 33 | … | … | … | 66 | 52 | 34 | 14 | 14 | | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 2 ₋₁ ᵢ | 8 ₋₃ | 16 ₋₃ | … | 25 ₋₃ | 61 ₋₁ | 17 ₋₂ | 4 ₋₂ | 1

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seemed to have ' successfully created both a common vocabulary and trust among the group, as 22 Kimmerer (2013). Braiding sweetgrass: Indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge, and the teachings of plants. participants felt understood by one another and began to see themselves in the other. These initial stages thus had established a basic framework for the rest of the residency program, creating a shared space based on trust that allowed the participants of the sharing circle to lay themselves bare and to confront intergenerational trauma by engaging deeply with each other s histories. ' We observed that, although we proposed to engage with each of the four pillars, the most intense engagement during the two days revolved around the first pillar -acknowledging historical trauma -with participants intensely engaging with one another s ' personal and family trajectories, experiences of migration, exile, and the passing of traumas through generations. More importantly, while pillar number two -restoring a sense of human dignity -was not tackled directly, on the second day when pillars three and four were introduced formally, and then throughout the rest of the program, a constant dialogue was established between pillar one and pillar three -fostering interconnectedness -and pillar four -envisioning justice. One could argue that pillar four was naturally deeply present throughout the weekend, much like the thread weaving the framework of the Common Ground residency from day one, or like the reason the participants decided to join the program in the first place. Indeed, it was this collective desire and will to imagine other possible futures that made this discussion about individual and collective trauma and this moment of deep sharing possible. And it is also through this collective yearning for other forms of relationship with one another and the living world that the idea of interconnection of pillar three became increasingly tangible within the group. This understanding of interconnection was achieved in a purely organic way, in a collective process that emphasised reciprocity, individual differences and the mutual responsibility of the participants and organisers towards each other in the creation of the shared space. Through these moments of oral sharing, but also through the playful exercises and creative activities proposed, and in continuity with the first phase, pillar three, strengthening interconnection, materialized in an almost tangible form. This experience within the Common Ground group shows us that, in practice, the four pillars are not necessarily easily separable from

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can only implement decisions made elsewhere. In such hierarchical systems, principals and teachers may not be able to depart from tightly defined rules and regulations. Institutional and professional autonomy in some high-income countries has been accompanied by accountability mechanisms designed to monitor and steer school improvement (UNESCO, 2017). Accountability for complying with regulations and achieving results aims to strengthen extrinsic motivation. School performance is regularly reviewed and publicly reported in some cases, while school choice and competition for students may add market-like pressures. This type of accountability contrasts with notions of moral accountability, in which principals and teachers are responsible for meeting the needs of parents and students, and professional accountability, where principals and teachers meet their own self-expectations as well as those of their colleagues and peers, both of which aim to strengthen intrinsic motivation. 8 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 contexts. While this report looks at how countries have approached the questions of leadership standards, it only aims to describe their efforts and not to prescribe their content or enforcement. In terms of relationships, the dilemma is whether personalities or effective teams, whose members learn from each other, are the drivers of results in education. Critics argue too much importance has been placed on individuals – and point out that leadership has risen from a modest role to being singled out as the second most important factor which explains learning outcomes (Lakomski et al., 2018). It might be misleading to credit individuals with single-handedly transforming education systems – and that might be a bias inherent in Western culture. Appropriate institutional environments and good organizational structures may be more important. This does not mean that principals do not play a critical role, but that this role is nuanced. A closer look at the operation of an education institution could reveal that a positive education outcome may have been the work of several intrinsically motivated people who contributed their commitment and expertise. Portraying these people as followers, who are dependent on a leader, underestimates their contributions. In relation to context, the contrast is between control and the empowerment of people at different levels of the education system to make decisions. Another opposition is rules and the discretion to react at the right moment to local circumstances. Structure can be at odds with agency. While capacity and personal attributes matter, it may only be possible to put them to good use

[ "can", "only", "implement", "decisions", "made", "elsewhere", ".", "In", "such", "hierarchical", "systems", ",", "principals", "and", "teachers", "may", "not", "be", "able", "to", "depart", "from", "tightly", "defined", "rules", "and", "regulations", ".", "\n", "Institutional", "and", "professional", "autonomy", "in", "some", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "has", "been", "accompanied", "by", "accountability", "mechanisms", "designed", "\n", "to", "monitor", "and", "steer", "school", "improvement", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2017", ")", ".", "Accountability", "for", "complying", "with", "regulations", "and", "achieving", "results", "aims", "to", "strengthen", "extrinsic", "motivation", ".", "School", "performance", "is", "regularly", "reviewed", "and", "publicly", "reported", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "while", "school", "choice", "and", "competition", "for", "students", "may", "add", "market", "-", "like", "pressures", ".", "This", "type", "of", "accountability", "contrasts", "with", "notions", "of", "moral", "accountability", ",", "in", "which", "principals", "and", "teachers", "are", "responsible", "for", "meeting", "the", "needs", "of", "parents", "and", "students", ",", "and", "professional", "accountability", ",", "where", "principals", "and", "teachers", "meet", "their", "own", "self", "-", "expectations", "as", "well", "as", "those", "of", "their", "colleagues", "and", "peers", ",", "both", "of", "which", "aim", "to", "strengthen", "intrinsic", "motivation", ".", "\n", "8", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "contexts", ".", "While", "this", "report", "looks", "at", "how", "countries", "have", "\n", "approached", "the", "questions", "of", "leadership", "standards", ",", "it", "only", "aims", "to", "describe", "their", "efforts", "and", "not", "to", "prescribe", "their", "content", "or", "enforcement", ".", "\n", "In", "terms", "of", "relationships", ",", "the", "dilemma", "is", "whether", "\n", "personalities", "or", "effective", "teams", ",", "whose", "members", "learn", "from", "each", "other", ",", "are", "the", "drivers", "of", "results", "in", "education", ".", "Critics", "argue", "too", "much", "importance", "has", "been", "placed", "on", "individuals", "–", "and", "point", "out", "that", "leadership", "has", "risen", "from", "a", "modest", "role", "to", "being", "singled", "out", "as", "the", "second", "most", "important", "factor", "which", "explains", "learning", "outcomes", "(", "Lakomski", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2018", ")", ".", "It", "might", "be", "misleading", "to", "credit", "individuals", "with", "single", "-", "handedly", "transforming", "education", "systems", "–", "and", "that", "might", "be", "a", "bias", "inherent", "in", "Western", "culture", ".", "Appropriate", "institutional", "environments", "and", "good", "organizational", "structures", "may", "be", "more", "important", ".", "This", "does", "not", "mean", "that", "principals", "do", "not", "play", "a", "critical", "role", ",", "but", "that", "this", "role", "is", "nuanced", ".", "A", "closer", "look", "at", "the", "operation", "of", "an", "education", "institution", "could", "reveal", "that", "a", "positive", "education", "outcome", "may", "have", "been", "the", "work", "of", "several", "intrinsically", "motivated", "people", "who", "contributed", "their", "commitment", "and", "expertise", ".", "Portraying", "these", "people", "as", "followers", ",", "who", "are", "dependent", "on", "a", "leader", ",", "underestimates", "their", "contributions", ".", "\n", "In", "relation", "to", "context", ",", "the", "contrast", "is", "between", "control", "\n", "and", "the", "empowerment", "of", "people", "at", "different", "levels", "of", "the", "education", "system", "to", "make", "decisions", ".", "Another", "opposition", "is", "rules", "and", "the", "discretion", "to", "react", "at", "the", "right", "moment", "to", "local", "circumstances", ".", "Structure", "can", "be", "at", "odds", "with", "agency", ".", "While", "capacity", "and", "personal", "attributes", "matter", ",", "it", "may", "only", "be", "possible", "to", "put", "them", "to", "good", "use" ]

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asked for the female doctor working there to be replaced by a male colleague. Doctor Virginia Stănescu, who oversaw the rural sanitary administration at the time, had also been willing to work as school doctor, hygiene teacher and French teacher. However, the Ministry of Instruction did not want to pay two different persons, insisting that one professional should cover both jobs. 47 The correspondence between the principal and the Ministry clearly shows that the authorities in Bucharest were increasingly concerned about their limited budget. On the other hand, it becomes obvious that the Ministry of Instruction paid attention to the interactions between female doctors and male students. In fact, their concern was not directed towards the doctor, since she was already working with rural populations of different genders and ages, but towards the pre- adolescent boys, who were approaching puberty. The medical examinations required under the law, such as periodic body measurements and general examinations, were perceived as inappropriate when conducted by a professional of the opposite sex, more so if she was a woman. Among other things, this way of thinking was connected to the way secondary schools were designed. The law reflected the extreme shame surrounding the body and sexuality displayed by the general population, 48 in both urban and rural areas, on the one hand, and the ferociously prudish attitude of the political elite, on the other. It was in fact the very peak of a conservative school policy, the product of a political class that went out of its ways to dissociate reproduction from human anatomy for the sake of preserving the good morals of students, at least of those in theoretical schools. 49 However, in doing so, they offered new opportunities to women. At the same time, this was the outcome of an obvious attempt to modernize society by providing medical assistance and career guidance to the young generations, perceived as the most vulnerable and also bearers of a new way of life, healthy, rational and socially involved, a true preparation for adulthood and even more importantly, in the case of boys, for active citizenship. Still, gender was not the only criterion for the exclusion of female and male doctors from secondary schools; language also played a role. Mastering Romanian became another standard by which medical professionals were being evaluated, mainly in provincial towns that prior to World War I had belonged to different states.

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