SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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the Coalition is to evaluate the international response to the pandemic on both health and economic levels, excluding OOF financing would underestimate the international effort to help overcome the crisis and would not give a global picture of the events. ## Figure 3.1) and an increase in OOF. Between 2016 and 2023, the major providers to Kenya were the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA), the United States, the African Development Bank (AfDB), France and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), providing 31%, 20%, 9%, 4% and 4% respectively of total ODF to the country. In 2020-22 specifically, the top providers were the World Bank's IDA (USD 7.9 billion), followed by the United States (USD 3.7 billion), the IMF (USD 1.7 billion), the AfDB (USD 1.5 billion) and France (USD 961 million). ## Box 3.1. Using official development finance flows when evaluating the COVID-19 economic response The analysis in this report considers total official development finance (ODF) flows: That is, both official development assistance (ODA) - grants and concessional loans - and other official flows (OOF), which are flows of official development finance that are not concessional enough to qualify as ODA. The reason for this choice is that donors mix both kinds of official financing to assist developing countries and considering one or the other of these flows in isolation would give an incomplete overview of donors' efforts and resource allocations. Private sector instruments (PSI) are financial instruments extended by development finance institutions (DFIs) and similar vehicles founded by donors to build markets in developing countries and support their economic development and welfare by investing in private sector activities. Private sector instruments include loans to the private sector, equity investments, mezzanine finance instruments, reimbursable grants and guarantees, in support of developing countries' development . As of 2023, they are presented as a distinct category in the OECD CRS, whereas in previous years these activities were included within ODA and OOF. In the case of official flows (ODF) dedicated to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, grants and concessional loans (ODA) were prioritised to finance the health urgency where non-concessional loans were predominantly used to help developing countries overcome the economic consequences of the crisis. Concessional and non-concessional loans represented 56% and 44% of the global response respectively. 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rate of the link-gram parser 5 over the sentences in the generated text. We also measure the relevance of the generated text against the Wikipedia page that contains the prefix used for the generation. For this purposes, we compute the tf-idf score of the generated text and the related Wikipedia page. ## 8.4 Ablation study over delay length We perform an ablation study to measure how the number of supported sentences generated with DELAYEDBS is affected by the delay length. We generated text using the prefixes in the validation set using DELAYEDBS with top-k as sampling strategy and with different delay length. Our hypothesis is that using larger delay length the number of supported sentences in the generated text will become close to the one obtained for top-k. We report the results in figure 5. From the figure it is clear that with larger delay length the number of supported sentences is very close to the one obtained with top-k. Moreover, as expected, a short delay length seems to produce a larger number of supported sentences. 5 https://github.com/opencog/link-grammar \| strategy \| param \| distinct sentences \| #entities \| #tokens \| #conj \| %success link-gram \| tf-idf score \| \|---------------------\|----------\|----------------------\|-------------\|-----------\|---------\|----------------------\|----------------\| \| greedy \| 1 \| 2.44 \| 2.02 \| 18.68 \| 1.18 \| 81.3 \| 255.04 \| \| beam search \| 6 \| 2.2 \| 2.79 \| 22.71 \| 1.32 \| 74.76 \| 510.17 \| \| beam search \| 12 \| 2.13 \| 3.13 \| 23.72 \| 1.39 \| 71.92 \| 565.97 \| \| beam search \| 15 \| 2.14 \| 3.13 \| 23.51 \| 1.4 \| 72.41 \| 568.96 \| \| top-k \| 2 \| 4.63 \| 2.43 \| 21.92 \| 1.26 \| 83.58 \| 259.75 \| \| top-k \| 10 \| 4.95 \| 2.7 \| 25.22 \| 1.33 \| 78.73 \| 246.18 \| \| top-k \| 100 \| 4.98 \| 2.72 \| 27.29 \| 1.36 \| 74.91 \| 203.19 \| \| top-p \| 0.1 \| 2.57 \| 2.02 \| 18.93 \| 1.17 \| 81.1 \| 251.27 \| \| top-p \| 0.3 \| 3.88 \| 2.19 \| 19.41 \| 1.19 \| 85.06 \| 238.72 \| \| top-p \| 0.7 \| 4.9 \| 2.59 \| 23.76 \| 1.27 \| 79.9 \| 215.68 \| \| top-p \| 1 \| 4.97 \| 2.81 \| 28.55 \| 1.38 \| 70.4 \| 162.95 \| \| delayed beam search \| 5-6-1 \| 3.74 \| 3.01 \|	[ "rate", "of", "the", "link", "-", "gram", "parser", "5", "over", "the", "sentences", "in", "the", "generated", "text", ".", "\n\n", "We", "also", "measure", "the", "relevance", "of", "the", "generated", "text", "against", "the", "Wikipedia", "page", "that", "contains", "the", "prefix", "used", "for", "the", "generation", ".", "For", "this", "purposes", ",", "we", "compute", "the", "tf", "-", "idf", "score", "of", "the", "generated", "text", "and", "the", "related", "Wikipedia", "page", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "8.4", "Ablation", "study", "over", "delay", "length", "\n\n", "We", "perform", "an", "ablation", "study", "to", "measure", "how", "the", "number", "of", "supported", "sentences", "generated", "with", "DELAYEDBS", "is", "affected", "by", "the", 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of using comparable and standardized data, the UIS has proposed that the global indicator for target 4.c be revised to be the 'proportion of teachers with the minimum required academic qualification according to a global standard, by education level taught'. The global standard could be set using the most prevalent minimum requirement across countries, for example a bachelor's degree to teach upper secondary education. Data for this potential new indicator are being collected in 2024 as part of the UIS annual education data collection. The current indicator on the share of teachers with the minimum academic qualifications according to national standards (4.c.3) would remain as a thematic indicator to complement and contextualize the global one (UNESCO, 2024c). Data on minimum pedagogical training requirements are harder to collect and compare given the wide variety of programmes and the lack of a common international classification. Pedagogical training can be acquired from teacher training programmes that grant a teacher diploma, whether concurrent or consecutive, or through short programmes that combine work in schools with tailored training. The UIS piloted a survey with 25 countries to begin the development of an International Standard Classification of Teacher Training Programmes (ISCED-T), but low response rates and challenges in collecting comprehensive data mean that ISCED-T is not immediately scalable. Using current data on the minimum required qualifications countries reported for global indicator 4.c.1, it is estimated that about 85% of teachers in pre-primary, primary and secondary education globally have received at least the minimum pedagogical teacher training. In primary education, for which trend data are available, the share decreased from 90% in 2010 to 85% in 2023, while the total number of teachers increased by more than 5 million ( Figure 17.1 ). <!-- image --> In Europe and Northern America, the share of teachers with minimum qualifications has been gradually decreasing, from 98% in 2010 to 93% in 2023 <!-- image --> In Europe and Northern America, the share of teachers with minimum qualifications has been gradually decreasing, from 98% in 2010 to 93% in 2023. Of the 250,000 teachers added between 2010 and 2023, more than 230,000 - or 92% of them - did not have the minimum required qualifications. This trend is a result of increasing teacher shortages in the region ( Focus 17.1 ). 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- Recipes - Love & sex - Health & fitness - Home & garden - Women - Men - Family - Travel - Money - Search input google-search Search - Support us - Print subscriptions - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - The Guardian app - Video - Podcasts - Pictures - Newsletters - Today's paper - Inside the Guardian - Guardian Weekly - Crosswords - Wordiply - Corrections - Tips - Search input google-search Search - Search input - google-search - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - Education - Schools - Teachers - Universities - Students ‘Higher education is not about earning a higher salary, but learning about a wider world.’ Photograph: David Schaffer/Getty Images <!-- image --> # Have British universities lost their wider purpose? Adrian Warner on how higher education has changed, in response to an article by Simon Jenkins. Plus letters from Jude Anderson, Dr Nick Williams and Jean Austin Thu 21 Aug 2025 18.31 CEST Simon Jenkins claims that students at university face an “academic experience that has almost nothing to do with real life” (As thousands more teenagers scramble for university places, I have to ask – why?, 14 August). I would invite him to join my journalism sessions at the University of Northampton, where he would need to finish the day with a radio or TV package plus social media content, as well as his written piece for the paper and online. Today’s student journalists need to produce far more varied content than when he was an editor. His idea of cramming all that learning into two years is nonsense. Most students need a year to learn how to manage their lives and studies. And, more importantly, a two-year degree would mean teaching all year around, and only very privileged students have the luxury of not working in the holidays (as well as in termtime) to pay the bills. Universities have changed a lot since the days of the people who comment on them in Westminster or Fleet Street. In some ways, they are in their ivory towers and we lecturers operate in the real world. Adrian Warner Senior lecturer in multimedia sports journalism, University of Northampton So much of Simon Jenkins’ article struck chords. I went to university when I	[ "-", "Recipes", "\n ", "-", "Love", "&", "amp", ";", "sex", "\n ", "-", "Health", "&", "amp", ";", "fitness", "\n ", "-", "Home", "&", "amp", ";", "garden", "\n ", "-", "Women", "\n ", "-", "Men", "\n ", "-", "Family", "\n ", "-", "Travel", "\n ", "-", "Money", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "google", "-", "search", "Search", "\n ", "-", "Support", "us", "\n ", "-", "Print", "subscriptions", "\n ", "-", "Search", "jobs", "\n ", "-", "Holidays", "\n ", "-", "Digital", "Archive", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Licensing", "\n ", "-", "Live", "events", "\n ", "-", "About", "Us", "\n ", "-", "The", "Guardian", "app", "\n ", "-", "Video", "\n ", "-", "Podcasts", "\n ", "-", "Pictures", "\n ", "-", "Newsletters", "\n ", "-", "Today", "'s", "paper", "\n ", "-", "Inside", "the", "Guardian", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Weekly", "\n ", "-", "Crosswords", "\n ", "-", "Wordiply", "\n ", "-", "Corrections", "\n ", "-", "Tips", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "google", "-", "search", "Search", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "\n", "-", "google", "-", "search", "\n ", "-", "Search", "jobs", "\n ", "-", "Holidays", "\n ", "-", "Digital", "Archive", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Licensing", "\n ", "-", "Live", "events", "\n ", "-", "About", "Us", "\n\n", "-", "Education", "\n", "-", "Schools", "\n", "-", "Teachers", "\n", "-", "Universities", "\n", "-", "Students", "\n\n", "‘", "Higher", "education", "is", "not", "about", "earning", "a", "higher", "salary", ",", "but", "learning", "about", "a", "wider", "world", ".", "’", "Photograph", ":", "David", "Schaffer", "/", "Getty", "Images", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "Have", "British", "universities", "lost", "their", "wider", "purpose", "?", "\n\n", "Adrian", "Warner", "on", "how", "higher", "education", "has", "changed", ",", "in", "response", "to", "an", "article", "by", "Simon", "Jenkins", ".", "Plus", "letters", "from", "Jude", "Anderson", ",", "Dr", "Nick", "Williams", "and", "Jean", "Austin", "\n\n", "Thu", "21", "Aug", "2025", "18.31", "CEST", "\n\n", "Simon", "Jenkins", "claims", "that", "students", "at", "university", "face", "an", "“", "academic", "experience", "that", "has", "almost", "nothing", "to", "do", "with", "real", "life", "”", "(", "As", "thousands", "more", "teenagers", "scramble", "for", "university", "places", ",", "I", "have", "to", "ask", "–", "why", "?", ",", "14", "August", ")", ".", "\n\n", "I", "would", "invite", "him", "to", "join", "my", "journalism", "sessions", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Northampton", ",", "where", "he", "would", "need", "to", "finish", "the", "day", "with", "a", "radio", "or", "TV", "package", "plus", "social", "media", "content", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "written", "piece", "for", "the", "paper", "and", "online", ".", "Today", "’s", "student", "journalists", " ", "need", "to", "produce", "far", "more", "varied", "content", "than", "when", "he", " ", "was", "an", "editor", ".", "\n\n", "His", "idea", "of", "cramming", "all", "that", "learning", "into", "two", "years", "is", "nonsense", ".", "Most", "students", "need", "a", "year", "to", "learn", "how", "to", "manage", "their", "lives", "and", "studies", ".", "And", ",", "more", "importantly", ",", "a", "two", "-", "year", "degree", "would", "mean", "teaching", "all", "year", "around", ",", "and", "only", "very", "privileged", "students", "have", "the", "luxury", "of", "not", "working", "in", "the", "holidays", "(", "as", "well", "as", "in", "termtime", ")", "to", " ", "pay", "the", "bills", ".", "\n\n", "Universities", "have", "changed", "a", "lot", "since", "the", "days", "of", "the", "people", "who", "comment", "on", "them", "in", "Westminster", "or", "Fleet", "Street", ".", "In", "some", "ways", ",", "they", "are", "in", "their", "ivory", "towers", "and", "we", "lecturers", "operate", "in", "the", "real", "world", ".", "\n", "Adrian", "Warner", "\n", "Senior", "lecturer", "in", "multimedia", "sports", "journalism", ",", "University", "of", " ", "Northampton", "\n\n", "So", "much", "of", "Simon", "Jenkins", "’", "article", "struck", "chords", ".", "I", "went", "to", "university", "when", "I" ]	[]
or roller bearings X 0.2% 78 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 51 69.6% 52 47.0% 747Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valvesX 0.2% 748Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gearboxes and other speed changers (including torque converters); flywheels and pulleys (including pulley blocks); clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints); articulated link chain; parts thereofX 0.2% 764Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s., and parts, n.e.s., and accessories of apparatus falling within division 76X 0.6% X 0.6% 773 Equipment for distributing electricity, n.e.s. X 2.6% 775Household-type electrical and non-electrical equipment, n.e.s. X 0.5% 778 Electrical machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.4% 791Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipmentX 1.8% 793 Ships, boats (including hovercraft) and floating structures X 0.4% X 0.4% 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 812 Sanitary, plumbing and heating fixtures and fittings, n.e.s. X 0.2% X 0.2% 821Furniture and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings X 1.0% 841Men’s or boys’ coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, not knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) X 0.4% 892 Printed matter X 0.2% X 0.2% 893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics X 0.4% 9Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation79 2.4. Export performance for servic- es The UN Comtrade Database35 on exports of servic- es contains up to four-digit export data according to the EBOPS 2002 classification36. Specialisa- tion in export performance can be used to iden- tify those services categories in which countries perform above average and are able to compete successfully on international markets. Data availability Data availability is significantly reduced for ex- ports of services, with data available for all one-digit EBOPS classes, several two-digit EBOPS 35 https://comtrade.un.org/ 36 https://unstats.un.org/wiki/display/comtrade/EB- OPS+2002classes and only a limited number of three-dig- it EBOPS classes. Data for exports of services for Georgia are available up to 2019, up to 2019 for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Moldova, up to 2017 for. 2018 data for Ukraine have been substituted with 2017 data. 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Referring back to , another separation screen , trommel, or some other type of separation system can be used for removing small items from the . In some implementations, the screen includes discs arranged to form openings of the same or various sizes that allow smaller materials , alternatively referred to as “fines”, to drop through the screen . These smaller materials can include small rocks, dirt, and/or the like, that might otherwise be blown against different parts of the , possibly damaging, or at the least, increasing the wear and tear on the . In some implementations, the configuration of screen is similar in nature to screen depicted in , with a plurality of discs that form IFOs, through which the smaller materials fall. However, the IFO size, in such implementations, may vary w.r.t the types of materials being separated, viz. “fines” may require a considerably smaller IFO compared to to allow substantially all to pass, for later separation as described above w.r.t . depict example configurations that can be used with the MRF aspects discussed herein. The number and configuration of components of an MRF may depend upon a variety of factors, such as, for example, available physical space, materials to be handled, sorting methods employed, and intended output product, among many other possible factors. Further, some possible components not depicted in may be present, some of these additional components are discussed infra w.r.t . As mentioned previously, once the initial screens remove the fines and heavy contaminants, and separate the recyclables into 2D and 3D objects, the commodities will be separated further and additional contaminants removed. 3D objects typically contain a majority of the plastic bottles, tin and aluminum food and beverage containers. However, many other items in the stream can adopt a 3D shape. For example, 3D objects can include small plastic bags filled with shredded paper, bunched up textiles, cardboard boxes, green waste, kitchen food waste, and/or the like. These type of objects may be transported into the 3D object stream. While human sorters can be used to remove the objects prior to the container separation, automation can take the place of this operation in various implementations, as discussed infra. For example, by utilizing a control system that employs one or more of neural networks, vision cameras and optical sensor arrays, 3D contaminants can be removed without human intervention. 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require that costs that are incurred for the purpose of obtaining future income are capitalized on the balance sheet to achieve those objectives. • Ring-fencing rules strengthen these concepts in tax practice, where the tax law rules may not always fully reflect these principles, or they are affected by specific features of the tax system, such as accelerated depreciation or similar tax incentives. \| ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3 What Aspects of Mining Operations Should Be Ring-Fenced? ## 4.3.1 Ring-Fencing by Mining Area All countries that apply ring-fencing rules to the mining sector do so primarily according to the mining area. Countries may articulate this differentlyfor example, mining licence area, separate mining operation, mining project, 17 or mine-but the policy intent is the same: to prevent investors from consolidating income between two or more separate mining (or exploration) activities carried out by the same taxpayer. Of these variations, the mining licence area is arguably the easiest to administer because it is tied to a specific geographical location that is clearly defined in the licence, and the tax treatment is aligned with the mining regulatory treatment (see two examples in Box 8). ## BOX 8. SELECTED RING-FENCING PRACTICES 18 WHERE COUNTRIES RING-FENCED PER MINING LICENCE AREA ## Ethiopia ' A deduction for expenditure to the extent incurred by a licensee in undertaking mining operations in a license area during a tax year shall be allowed only against the business income derived by the licensee from mining operations in the license area during the year.' Source: Article 38 (1) Federal Income Tax Proclamation. Proc. No.979-2016. ## Liberia ' All expenditures incurred during the tax period wholly, exclusively, and necessarily in connection with project operations (including non-capital operating costs but excluding capital costs except to the extent of the annual allowance for depreciation), are allowed as deduction. The term 'mining production project' means mineral development, mining, or related activities carried out by a mining project producer within a mining license area.' Source: Section 705. Determination of Taxable Income of Mining Projects under Liberia Revenue Code of 2000 as Amended by the Consolidated Tax Amendments Act October 25, 2011. 17 For instance, Malawi, Kazakhstan, Liberia, and Botswana. 18 The examples of legislation we considered throughout this practice note are	[ "require", "that", "costs", "that", "are", "incurred", "for", "the", "purpose", "of", "obtaining", "future", "income", "are", "capitalized", "on", "the", "balance", "sheet", "to", "achieve", "those", "objectives", ".", "•", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "strengthen", "these", "concepts", "in", "tax", "practice", ",", "where", "the", "tax", "law", "rules", "may", "not", "always", "fully", "reflect", "these", "principles", ",", "or", "they", "are", "affected", "by", "specific", "features", "of", "the", "tax", "system", ",", "such", "as", "accelerated", "depreciation", "or", "similar", "tax", "incentives", ".", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.3", "What", "Aspects", "of", "Mining", "Operations", "Should", "Be", "Ring", "-", "Fenced", "?", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.3.1", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "by", "Mining", "Area", "\n\n", "All", "countries", "that", "apply", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "to", "the", "mining", "sector", "do", "so", "primarily", "according", "to", "the", "mining", "area", ".", "Countries", "may", "articulate", "this", "differentlyfor", "example", ",", "mining", "licence", "area", ",", "separate", "mining", "operation", ",", "mining", "project", ",", "17", "or", "mine", "-", "but", "the", "policy", "intent", "is", "the", "same", ":", "to", "prevent", "investors", "from", "consolidating", "income", "between", "two", "or", "more", "separate", "mining", "(", "or", "exploration", ")", "activities", "carried", "out", "by", "the", "same", "taxpayer", ".", "\n\n", "Of", "these", "variations", ",", "the", "mining", "licence", "area", "is", "arguably", "the", "easiest", "to", "administer", "because", "it", "is", "tied", "to", "a", "specific", "geographical", "location", "that", "is", "clearly", "defined", "in", "the", "licence", ",", "and", "the", "tax", "treatment", "is", "aligned", "with", "the", "mining", "regulatory", "treatment", "(", "see", "two", "examples", "in", "Box", "8)", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "8", ".", "SELECTED", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "PRACTICES", "18", " ", "WHERE", "COUNTRIES", "RING", "-", "FENCED", "PER", "MINING", "LICENCE", "AREA", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Ethiopia", "\n\n", "'", "A", "deduction", "for", "expenditure", "to", "the", "extent", "incurred", "by", "a", "licensee", "in", "undertaking", "mining", "operations", "in", "a", "license", "area", "during", "a", "tax", "year", "shall", "be", "allowed", "only", "against", "the", "business", "income", "derived", "by", "the", "licensee", "from", "mining", "operations", "in", "the", "license", "area", "during", "the", "year", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Article", "38", "(", "1", ")", "Federal", "Income", "Tax", "Proclamation", ".", "Proc", ".", "No.979", "-", "2016", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Liberia", "\n\n", "'", "All", "expenditures", "incurred", "during", "the", "tax", "period", "wholly", ",", "exclusively", ",", "and", "necessarily", "in", "connection", "with", "project", "operations", "(", "including", "non", "-", "capital", "operating", "costs", "but", "excluding", "capital", "costs", "except", "to", "the", "extent", "of", "the", "annual", "allowance", "for", "depreciation", ")", ",", "are", "allowed", "as", "deduction", ".", "The", "term", "'", "mining", "production", "project", "'", "means", "mineral", "development", ",", "mining", ",", "or", "related", "activities", "carried", "out", "by", "a", "mining", "project", "producer", "within", "a", "mining", "license", "area", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "705", ".", "Determination", "of", "Taxable", "Income", "of", "Mining", "Projects", "under", "Liberia", "Revenue", "Code", "of", "2000", "as", "Amended", "by", "the", "Consolidated", "Tax", "Amendments", "Act", "October", "25", ",", "2011", ".", "\n\n", "17", " ", "For", "instance", ",", "Malawi", ",", "Kazakhstan", ",", "Liberia", ",", "and", "Botswana", ".", "\n\n", "18", " ", "The", "examples", "of", "legislation", "we", "considered", "throughout", "this", "practice", "note", "are" ]	[]
history as it is being made - and the powerful autobiographical accounts of the diverse scientists who advance science. ## Notes - 1 While beyond the scope of this chapter, which focuses mainly on archives and museums in the US, a global survey of science documentation in archives and museums would be valuable and provide more fulsome and nuanced insights into these silences. - 2 Carrie C. Heitman, for example, discusses the dearth of women in photographic archives of archaeological digs. When women were photographed, they were represented in less- active and less- powerful positions. C. C. Heitman, 'The creation of gender bias in museum collections: Recontextualizing archaeological and archival collections from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico', Museum Anthropology , 40: 2 (2017), 128- 48. - 3 A. Reser and L. McNeill, Forces of Nature: The Women Who Changed Science (London: Frances Lincoln, 2021), pp. 7- 13. - 4 See T. Zanish- Belcher, 'The archives of women in science and engineering and future directions for oral history: Questions for women scientists', Centaurus , 54 (2012), 292; and L. Madsen- Brooks, 'Challenging science as usual: Women's participation in American Natural History Museum work, 1870- 1950', Journal of Women's History , 21: 2 (2009), 11. - 5 Archivists have long debated decisions about which appraisal and selection strategies they should employ. Many have questioned the merits of passive approaches to appraisal and collection development. See P. Hohmann, 'On impartiality and interrelatedness: Reactions to Jenkinsonian appraisal in the twentieth century', American Archivist, 79: 1 (2016), 14- 25, https:// doi.org/ 10.17723/ 0360- 9081.79.1.14. - 6 G. Porter, 'Seeing through solidity: A feminist perspective on museums', Sociological Review , 43: 1 (1995), 110, https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1467954X.1995.tb03 427.x. - 7 Stereotypes that women face in science have been overwhelmingly documented, despite still persisting. These stereotypes impact hiring decisions, job performance evaluations, not to mention advancement in science more generally. See E. Reuben, P. Sapienza and L. Zingales, 'How stereotypes impair women's careers in science', PNAS , 111 (2014), 4403- 8, https:// doi.org/ 10.1073/ pnas.131 4788 111. 3 1 7 - 8 A. Fisher and K. Henningsen, 'Women in science through an archival lens', Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy , 27 (2017), 158- 79, https:// doi.org/ 10.1353/ tnf.2017.0015. - 9 University of Illinois Archives, https:// archi ves.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ (accessed 31 May 2022). - 10 B. E. Seely, 'Engineering and the land- grant tradition at the University of Illinois, 1868- 1950', in A. I. Marcus (ed.), Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land- Grant Universities, 1865- 1930 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015), pp. 269- 96.	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been discussed and written about different government initiatives that have and are being undertaken to address slum rehabilitation in urban areas of India, including Delhi (RoyChowdhury, 2021 ; Kamath, 2012 ; Rao, 2020 ; Surendra, 2020 ; Ram and Sharma, 2022 ; D'Souza, 2019 ; Dupont and Shankare Gowda, 2020 ; Weinstein, 2014 ; Heller et al., 2021). These housing project initia -tives include the Indira Awas Yojana (1985-2001), the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY, 2001-2006) Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal , Mission/Basic Services to Urban Poor (JNNURM/BSUP, 2005-2012), Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY, 2013-2022), Rajiv Rinn Yojana (RRY) and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY, 2015-2024) and PMAY-U 2.0 (2024-2029). These schemes offer assistance in the construction, purchasing and/or renting of afford -able homes. The PMAY-U (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)), launched in 2015, subsumed all previous programmes of affordable urban housing. It is one of the government's major social welfare schemes. The budget for PMAY-U in 2024-2025 is Rs. 54,500 crore (£5 billion). This represents around one third of the total allocated to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) for the year. There is much criticism around public housing initiatives in India. Failure occurs owing to the lack of community participation, poor housing construction with inadequate infrastructure, the disruption of social networks and access to employment for rehoused residents, high rents or maintenance costs thus making homes inaccessible, bureaucratic delays, corruption, poor project management and inefficient project execution ( Mathur and Mane, 2024 ; D'Souza, 2019 ; RoyChowdhury, 2021 ; Kamath, 2012). The accounts from Kalkaji, part of the PMAY initiative, heralded by the govern -ment as a success, hold testament to the criticism not only of academics, but voices from the streets. By contrast, what is unmistakable in the original bastis and communities is the durability embedded in deep history, connectivity, collective action, working within polycentristic governance systems, in spaces that engender well-being and neighbourhood cohesion. Global networks are tapped into through the almost complete ownership of mobile phones and access to the internet. Mini cities within a city, with all the benefits Jane Jacobs observed in the tightly knit communities of Manhattan, accessing global opportunities, the poor being their own agents of change, with their eyes on the streets. ## Notes - 1 Not just for those living in the slums as it turns out, according to the newspaper India Today (October 2024). 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NACE 25 – Rubber and plastic products0 0 3 0 6 6 47 48 121 82 1 027 915 NACE 27 – Basic metal products6 0 4 0 8 14 73 76 121 121 1 785 1 649 NACE 30, 31, 32, 33 – Electrical and optical equipment9 8 7 4 33 69 182 265 263 239 6 317 5 387 NACE 34, 35 – Transport equipment5 0 3 0 67 27 60 65 95 85 1 725 1 546 NACE 60, 63 – Transport and storage3 6 19 15 10 11 102 193 306 324 4 041 3 696 NACE 67 – Financial intermediation3 3 11 0 10 14 241 346 190 257 5 396 4 653 NACE 72, 73 – Computer-related activity, research and development17 9 10 18 34 49 81 188 252 275 7 658 6 728 Total of above fields 57 44 79 45 244 271 1 241 1 592 2 161 2 236 44 539 39 657 Total number of trademarks508 669 289 195 828 881 6 798 10 087 11 407 11 586 200 427 181 139Table 2.35. Descriptive statistics for trademarks in a number of combined manufacturing industries ‘Total number of trademarks’ includes all NICE classes. In the table only a subset of all NICE classes can be assigned to the NACE industries listed. The total for this subset in given in ‘Total of above fields’. The majority of trademarks can thus not be assigned to a NACE industry. 100 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 2011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 2018 NACE 17, 18 and 19 – Textile, wearing, leather products0.315 0.506 1.016 0.632 1.740 1.643 0.813 0.592 0.908 1.220 1.209 1.407 NACE 20 – Wood and cork products0.868 0.207 1.145 0.710 0.533 1.099 0.989 0.754 1.247 1.672 1.218 1.558 NACE 21, 22 – Paper products, printing and publishing0.344 0.451 1.211 0.774 0.951 1.541 1.203 0.808 1.135 1.102 1.156 1.324 NACE 25 – Rubber and plastic products0.000 0.000 1.547 0.000 1.080 1.724 1.030 1.205 1.580 1.792 0.763 1.279 NACE 27 – Basic metal products1.081 0.000 1.267 0.000 0.884 2.219 0.983 1.052 0.971 1.458 0.815 1.271 NACE 30, 31, 32, 33 – Electrical and optical equipment0.652 0.383 0.891 0.657 1.466 2.507 0.985 0.841 0.848 0.660 1.159 0.952 NACE 34, 35 – Transport equipment0.465 0.000 0.491 0.000 3.826	[ "NACE", "25", "–", "Rubber", "\n", "and", "plastic", "products0", "0", "3", "0", "6", "6", "47", "48", "121", "82", "1", "027", "915", "\n", "NACE", "27", "–", "Basic", "\n", "metal", "products6", "0", "4", "0", "8", "14", "73", "76", "121", "121", "1", "785", "1", "649", "\n", "NACE", "30", ",", "31", ",", "32", ",", "33", "–", "\n", "Electrical", "and", "optical", "\n", "equipment9", "8", "7", "4", "33", "69", "182", "265", "263", "239", "6", "317", "5", "387", "\n", "NACE", "34", ",", "35", "–", "\n", "Transport", "equipment5", "0", "3", "0", "67", "27", "60", "65", "95", "85", "1", "725", "1", "546", "\n", "NACE", "60", ",", "63", "–", "\n", "Transport", "and", "storage3", "6", "19", "15", "10", "11", "102", "193", "306", "324", "4", "041", "3", "696", "\n", "NACE", "67", "–", "Financial", "\n", "intermediation3", "3", "11", "0", "10", "14", "241", "346", "190", "257", "5", "396", "4", "653", "\n", "NACE", "72", ",", "73", "–", "\n", "Computer", "-", "related", "\n", "activity", ",", "research", "and", "\n", "development17", "9", "10", "18", "34", "49", "81", "188", "252", "275", "7", "658", "6", "728", "\n", "Total", "of", "above", "fields", "57", "44", "79", "45", "244", "271", "1", "241", "1", "592", "2", "161", "2", "236", "44", "539", "39", "657", "\n", "Total", "number", "of", "\n", "trademarks508", "669", "289", "195", "828", "881", "6", "798", "10", "087", "11", "407", "11", "586", "200", "427", "181", "139Table", "2.35", ".", "Descriptive", "statistics", "for", "trademarks", "in", "a", "number", "of", "combined", "manufacturing", "industries", "\n", "", "‘", "Total", "number", "of", "trademarks", "’", "includes", "all", "NICE", "classes", ".", "In", "the", "table", "only", "a", "subset", "of", "all", "NICE", "classes", "can", "be", "assigned", "to", "the", "\n", "NACE", "industries", "listed", ".", "The", "total", "for", "this", "subset", "in", "given", "in", "‘", "Total", "of", "above", "fields", "’", ".", "The", "majority", "of", "trademarks", "can", "thus", "not", "be", "\n", "assigned", "to", "a", "NACE", "industry", ".", "\n", "100", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Georgia", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "\n", "2011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "20182011-", "\n", "20142015-", "\n", "2018", "\n", "NACE", "17", ",", "18", "and", "\n", "19", "–", "Textile", ",", "wearing", ",", "\n", "leather", "products0.315", "0.506", "1.016", "0.632", "1.740", "1.643", "0.813", "0.592", "0.908", "1.220", "1.209", "1.407", "\n", "NACE", "20", "–", "Wood", "and", "\n", "cork", "products0.868", "0.207", "1.145", "0.710", "0.533", "1.099", "0.989", "0.754", "1.247", "1.672", "1.218", "1.558", "\n", "NACE", "21", ",", "22", "–", "Paper", "\n", "products", ",", "printing", "and", "\n", "publishing0.344", "0.451", "1.211", "0.774", "0.951", "1.541", "1.203", "0.808", "1.135", "1.102", "1.156", "1.324", "\n", "NACE", "25", "–", "Rubber", "\n", "and", "plastic", "products0.000", "0.000", "1.547", "0.000", "1.080", "1.724", "1.030", "1.205", "1.580", "1.792", "0.763", "1.279", "\n", "NACE", "27", "–", "Basic", "\n", "metal", "products1.081", "0.000", "1.267", "0.000", "0.884", "2.219", "0.983", "1.052", "0.971", "1.458", "0.815", "1.271", "\n", "NACE", "30", ",", "31", ",", "32", ",", "33", "–", "\n", "Electrical", "and", "optical", "\n", "equipment0.652", "0.383", "0.891", "0.657", "1.466", "2.507", "0.985", "0.841", "0.848", "0.660", "1.159", "0.952", "\n", "NACE", "34", ",", "35", "–", "\n", "Transport", "equipment0.465", "0.000", "0.491", "0.000", "3.826" ]	[]
about how to collectively and individually face contemporary issues. The sharing also sparked a collective desire to engage more with our roots and an awareness that the future is not about the new but about the sum of the roots of the past and the seeds we nurture in the present. Robin Wall Kimmerer s introductory ' reading furthermore highlighted the potential for collective growth and transformation when individuals bring their individuality and gifts to a shared space, while fostering an environment where everyone flourishes. Inspired by this concept, participants approached each other in a spirit of mutual support, with the intention of confronting and healing deep-rooted traumas together. With each story of resilience shared, participants created patterns with the ' three sisters ' seeds on the canvas, honouring their communities, memories and lands, and paying homage to the resourcefulness of those who came before them. Seeds, representing potential and regeneration, symbolized the enduring capacity to grow and transform. Seeds hold memories of life, and they carry along the knowledge of how to thrive. As participants added seeds to the canvas, they also honoured the symbiotic relationships of their ancestors, both human and more-than-human entities, seeing these connections as integral to survival and flourishing, and as knowledge sources. As the participants engaged with these elements, the lines between personal and ecological healing blurred, challenging the traditional separation of human and non-human experiences. At the end of the activity, the emphasis slowly shifted from acknowledging trauma to celebrating resilience, drawing upon ancestral wisdom and more-than-human connections to foster a vision of healing that extends beyond the individual and human collective. The seeds were placed deliberately, each representing a story, memory or lesson passed down. This act of artistically seeding was a moment of collective ritual, the planting and cultivation of collective intentions, repeated practices of vulnerability, and other forms of interrelation; with the aim of restoring the soil we share and make it possible for other futures to emerge. These contributions were fixed on the canvas to ensure that the patterns of soil and seeds would hold. In this way, the canvas became a living representation of this shared ritual, containing both the weight of the past and the possibilities of regeneration. We called it Flag to represent the territory of coexistence for the wounds and the healing, the ancestors and the future, the humans and more-than humans. Indeed, Flag became	[ "about", "how", "to", "collectively", "and", "individually", "face", "contemporary", "issues", ".", "The", "sharing", "also", "sparked", "a", "collective", "desire", "to", "engage", "more", "with", "our", "roots", "and", "an", "awareness", "that", "the", "future", "is", "not", "about", "the", "new", "but", "about", "the", "sum", "of", "the", "roots", "of", "the", "past", "and", "the", "seeds", "we", "nurture", "in", "the", "present", ".", "Robin", "Wall", "Kimmerer", "s", "introductory", "'", "\n\n", "reading", "furthermore", "highlighted", "the", "potential", "for", "collective", "growth", "and", "transformation", "when", "individuals", "bring", "their", "individuality", "and", "gifts", "to", "a", "shared", "space", ",", "while", "fostering", "an", "environment", "where", "everyone", "flourishes", ".", "\n\n", "Inspired", "by", "this", "concept", ",", "participants", "approached", "each", "other", "in", "a", "spirit", "of", "mutual", "support", ",", "with", "the", "intention", "of", "confronting", "and", "healing", "deep", "-", "rooted", "traumas", "together", ".", "\n\n", "With", "each", "story", "of", "resilience", "shared", ",", "participants", "created", "patterns", "with", "the", "'", "three", "sisters", "'", "seeds", "on", "the", "canvas", ",", "honouring", "their", "communities", ",", "memories", "and", "lands", ",", "and", "paying", "homage", "to", "the", "resourcefulness", "of", "those", "who", "came", "before", "them", ".", "Seeds", ",", "representing", "potential", "and", "regeneration", ",", "symbolized", "the", "enduring", "capacity", "to", "grow", "and", "transform", ".", "Seeds", "hold", "memories", "of", "life", ",", "and", "they", "carry", "along", "the", "knowledge", "of", "how", "to", "thrive", ".", "As", "participants", "added", "seeds", "to", "the", "canvas", ",", "they", "also", "honoured", "the", "symbiotic", "relationships", "of", "their", "ancestors", ",", "both", "human", "and", "more", "-", "than", "-", "human", "entities", ",", "seeing", "these", "connections", "as", "integral", "to", "survival", "and", "flourishing", ",", "and", "as", "knowledge", "sources", ".", "As", "the", "participants", "engaged", "with", "these", "elements", ",", "the", "lines", "between", "personal", "and", "ecological", "healing", "blurred", ",", "challenging", "the", "traditional", "separation", "of", "human", "and", "non", "-", "human", "experiences", ".", "At", "the", "end", "of", "the", "activity", ",", "the", "emphasis", "slowly", "shifted", "from", "acknowledging", "trauma", "to", "celebrating", "resilience", ",", "drawing", "upon", "ancestral", "wisdom", "and", "more", "-", "than", "-", "human", "connections", "to", "foster", "a", "vision", "of", "healing", "that", "extends", "beyond", "the", "individual", "and", "human", "collective", ".", "\n\n", "The", "seeds", "were", "placed", "deliberately", ",", "each", "representing", "a", "story", ",", "memory", "or", "lesson", "passed", "down", ".", "This", "act", "of", "artistically", "seeding", "was", "a", "moment", "of", "collective", "ritual", ",", "the", "planting", "and", "cultivation", "of", "collective", "intentions", ",", "repeated", "practices", "of", "vulnerability", ",", "and", "other", "forms", "of", "interrelation", ";", "with", "the", "aim", "of", "restoring", "the", "soil", "we", "share", "and", "make", "it", "possible", "for", "other", "futures", "to", "emerge", ".", "These", "contributions", "were", "fixed", "on", "the", "canvas", "to", "ensure", "that", "the", "patterns", "of", "soil", "and", "seeds", "would", "hold", ".", "In", "this", "way", ",", "the", "canvas", "became", "a", "living", "representation", "of", "this", "shared", "ritual", ",", "containing", "both", "the", "weight", "of", "the", "past", "and", "the", "possibilities", "of", "regeneration", ".", "We", "called", "it", "Flag", "to", "represent", "the", "territory", "of", "coexistence", "for", "the", "wounds", "and", "the", "healing", ",", "the", "ancestors", "and", "the", "future", ",", "the", "humans", "and", "more", "-", "than", "humans", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "Flag", "became" ]	[]
10 year period (such as expenditure incurred in respect of the acquisition or construction of employee housing, which is eligible for a 10% annual allowance for over a period of 10 years); in exceptional cases, an annual allowance in excess of 100% is possible (such as expenditure incurred in respect of renewable energy plants brought into use before March 1, 2025 which is eligible for a 125% upfront deduction). ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION process, several minerals other than phosphates are separated and sold independently. Lastly, it considered that the ore is not saleable before the complex separation process. The SCA thus found that the end products that emerge are significantly different from the raw ore, and as such, Foskor's operations include manufacturing. In this case, mining operations are considered to end when the ore is extracted from the soil, and any processing beyond extraction constitutes manufacturing. Source: Southern African Legal Information Institute. To prevent the mixing of mining and non-mining income, resource-rich countries should include clear definitions of mining activities. There is an argument for aligning the treatment in the tax legislation by the regulatory definitions and application of the same in the mining law. The sector regulator is better placed than the tax authorities to determine an appropriate treatment. South Africa (Section 1 of the Income T ax Act) defines mining as 'every method or process by which any mineral is won from the soil or from any substance or constituent thereof.' There should also be a clear distinction between the process of beneficiating a mineral and manufacturing it into a final product. This distinction may be less critical when the two activities are subject to the same level of taxation, but the need for clear delineation grows as the tax differential increases, as this gives rise to tax arbitrage and, thus, motivation to shift profits or losses between the activities. The activities worth emphasizing as non-mining activities would be activities that have different natures and characters and could also be more likely used to generate unpredictable losses, such as engaging in financial investment activities or speculative trade with derivatives and/or even hedging activities (see the Zambia example in Box 13). Other countries list specific non-mining revenues: for example, the 2012 Zambian tax reform separates	[ "10", "year", "period", "(", "such", "as", "expenditure", "incurred", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "acquisition", "or", "construction", "of", "employee", "housing", ",", "which", "is", "eligible", "for", "a", "10", "%", "annual", "allowance", "for", "over", "a", "period", "of", "10", "years", ")", ";", "in", "exceptional", "cases", ",", "an", "annual", "allowance", "in", "excess", "of", "100", "%", "is", "possible", "(", "such", "as", "expenditure", "incurred", "in", "respect", "of", "renewable", "energy", "plants", "brought", "into", "use", "before", "March", "1", ",", "2025", "which", "is", "eligible", "for", "a", "125", "%", "upfront", "deduction", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "process", ",", "several", "minerals", "other", "than", "phosphates", "are", "separated", "and", "sold", "independently", ".", "Lastly", ",", "it", "considered", "that", "the", "ore", "is", "not", "saleable", "before", "the", "complex", "separation", "process", ".", "The", "SCA", "thus", "found", "that", "the", "end", "products", "that", "emerge", "are", "significantly", "different", "from", "the", "raw", "ore", ",", "and", "as", "such", ",", "Foskor", "'s", "operations", "include", "manufacturing", ".", "In", "this", "case", ",", "mining", "operations", "are", "considered", "to", "end", "when", "the", "ore", "is", "extracted", "from", "the", "soil", ",", "and", "any", "processing", "beyond", "extraction", "constitutes", "manufacturing", ".", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Southern", "African", "Legal", "Information", "Institute", ".", "\n\n", "To", "prevent", "the", "mixing", "of", "mining", "and", "non", "-", "mining", "income", ",", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "include", "clear", "definitions", "of", "mining", "activities", ".", "There", "is", "an", "argument", "for", "aligning", "the", "treatment", "in", "the", "tax", "legislation", "by", "the", "regulatory", "definitions", "and", "application", "of", "the", "same", "in", "the", "mining", "law", ".", "The", "sector", "regulator", "is", "better", "placed", "than", "the", "tax", "authorities", "to", "determine", "an", "appropriate", "treatment", ".", "\n\n", "South", "Africa", "(", "Section", "1", "of", "the", "Income", "T", "ax", "Act", ")", "defines", "mining", "as", "'", "every", "method", "or", "process", "by", "which", "any", "mineral", "is", "won", "from", "the", "soil", "or", "from", "any", "substance", "or", "constituent", "thereof", ".", "'", "There", "should", "also", "be", "a", "clear", "distinction", "between", "the", "process", "of", "beneficiating", "a", "mineral", "and", "manufacturing", "it", "into", "a", "final", "product", ".", "This", "distinction", "may", "be", "less", "critical", "when", "the", "two", "activities", "are", "subject", "to", "the", "same", "level", "of", "taxation", ",", "but", "the", "need", "for", "clear", "delineation", "grows", "as", "the", "tax", "differential", "increases", ",", "as", "this", "gives", "rise", "to", "tax", "arbitrage", "and", ",", "thus", ",", "motivation", "to", "shift", "profits", "or", "losses", "between", "the", "activities", ".", "The", "activities", "worth", "emphasizing", "as", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "would", "be", "activities", "that", "have", "different", "natures", "and", "characters", "and", "could", "also", "be", "more", "likely", "used", "to", "generate", "unpredictable", "losses", ",", "such", "as", "engaging", "in", "financial", "investment", "activities", "or", "speculative", "trade", "with", "derivatives", "and/or", "even", "hedging", "activities", "(", "see", "the", "Zambia", "example", "in", "Box", "13", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Other", "countries", "list", "specific", "non", "-", "mining", "revenues", ":", "for", "example", ",", "the", "2012", "Zambian", "tax", "reform", "separates" ]	[]
former communist bloc, a point valid for Europe as a whole, as Andrea Pető has argued: ‘In each country the development of writing gender history is deeply connected to national historiography and the characteristics of historians as an institutionalized profession. The bias towards gender or towards women’s history depends on the local intellec - tual tradition regarding difference.’30 In Romania, there has been a grad - ual increase in gender studies publications since the 1990s,31 but there is a noticeable lack of qualitative and quantitative studies that engage with science, a situation mirrored in the older and academically more established field of women’s history. As we have emphasized above, the omission is sig - nificant, considering the relatively high proportion of women in STEMM. It points not only to dominant perceptions of science as a masculine pursuit – statistics notwithstanding – but also the fact that writing about women and gender is a political act with tangible consequences. Recent attempts to ban the teaching of ‘gender ideology’ in schools and universities are a chilling reminder of this,32 although overall the push against gender studies has been less successful politically in Romania than in Hungary or Poland. The move is ironic, considering that neither gender studies nor women’s history have garnered much scholarly attention to date, certainly not in relation to wom - en’s participation in science. As in other parts of the world, much of the writing on women and science in Eastern and Central Europe has originated with women who have them - selves juggled careers as professional scientists. This further illustrates how the ‘location’ or position from which one speaks comes to circumscribe the ‘locution’, or what one can afford to say.33 In her paper on women in tech - nological higher education in twentieth- century Hungary, Mária Palasik hints at such dilemmas when she asks readers not to construe her research as an attack on the patriarchal structures responsible for the marginaliza - tion of women in technoscience: The aim of this paper is … not to attack the male scientific community for its closed and exclusive structure, but rather to present women’s achievements in selected areas, achievements that may have contributed to the destruction of 10 Negotiating in/visibility overly narrow disciplinary boundaries. My primary purpose is therefore to provide a realistic picture of the Hungarian scientific community in the area of technology.34 Notwithstanding the reluctance to	[ "former", "communist", "bloc", ",", "a", "point", "valid", "for", "Europe", "as", "\n", "a", "whole", ",", "as", "Andrea", "Pető", "has", "argued", ":", "‘", "In", "each", "country", "the", "development", "of", "\n", "writing", "gender", "history", "is", "deeply", "connected", "to", "national", "historiography", "and", "\n", "the", "characteristics", "of", "historians", "as", "an", "institutionalized", "profession", ".", "The", "bias", "\n", "towards", "gender", "or", "towards", "women", "’s", "history", "depends", "on", "the", "local", "intellec", "-", "\n", "tual", "tradition", "regarding", "difference", ".", "’30", "In", "Romania", ",", "there", "has", "been", "a", "grad", "-", "\n", "ual", "increase", "in", "gender", "studies", "publications", "since", "the", "1990s,31", "but", "there", "is", "\n", "a", "noticeable", "lack", "of", "qualitative", "and", "quantitative", "studies", "that", "engage", "with", "\n", "science", ",", "a", "situation", "mirrored", "in", "the", "older", "and", "academically", "more", "established", "\n", "field", "of", "women", "’s", "history", ".", "As", "we", "have", "emphasized", "above", ",", "the", "omission", "is", "sig", "-", "\n", "nificant", ",", "considering", "the", "relatively", "high", "proportion", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", ".", "It", "\n", "points", "not", "only", "to", "dominant", "perceptions", "of", "science", "as", "a", "masculine", "pursuit", "–", " \n", "statistics", "notwithstanding", "–", " ", "but", "also", "the", "fact", "that", "writing", "about", "women", "and", "\n", "gender", "is", "a", "political", "act", "with", "tangible", "consequences", ".", "Recent", "attempts", "to", "ban", "\n", "the", "teaching", "of", "‘", "gender", "ideology", "’", "in", "schools", "and", "universities", "are", "a", "chilling", "\n", "reminder", "of", "this,32", "although", "overall", "the", "push", "against", "gender", "studies", "has", "been", "\n", "less", "successful", "politically", "in", "Romania", "than", "in", "Hungary", "or", "Poland", ".", "The", "move", "\n", "is", "ironic", ",", "considering", "that", "neither", "gender", "studies", "nor", "women", "’s", "history", "have", "\n", "garnered", "much", "scholarly", "attention", "to", "date", ",", "certainly", "not", "in", "relation", "to", "wom", "-", "\n", "en", "’s", "participation", "in", "science", ".", "\n", "As", "in", "other", "parts", "of", "the", "world", ",", "much", "of", "the", "writing", "on", "women", "and", "science", "\n", "in", "Eastern", "and", "Central", "Europe", "has", "originated", "with", "women", "who", "have", "them", "-", "\n", "selves", "juggled", "careers", "as", "professional", "scientists", ".", "This", "further", "illustrates", "how", "\n", "the", "‘", "location", "’", "or", "position", "from", "which", "one", "speaks", "comes", "to", "circumscribe", "the", "\n", "‘", "locution", "’", ",", "or", "what", "one", "can", "afford", "to", "say.33", "In", "her", "paper", "on", "women", "in", "tech", "-", "\n", "nological", "higher", "education", "in", "twentieth-", " ", "century", "Hungary", ",", "Mária", "Palasik", "\n", "hints", "at", "such", "dilemmas", "when", "she", "asks", "readers", "not", "to", "construe", "her", "research", "\n", "as", "an", "attack", "on", "the", "patriarchal", "structures", "responsible", "for", "the", "marginaliza", "-", "\n", "tion", "of", "women", "in", "technoscience", ":", "\n", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "paper", "is", "…", "not", "to", "attack", "the", "male", "scientific", "community", "for", "its", "\n", "closed", "and", "exclusive", "structure", ",", "but", "rather", "to", "present", "women", "’s", "achievements", "in", "\n", "selected", "areas", ",", "achievements", "that", "may", "have", "contributed", "to", "the", "destruction", "of", " \n \n \n \n \n \n", "10", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "overly", "narrow", "disciplinary", "boundaries", ".", "My", "primary", "purpose", "is", "therefore", "to", "\n", "provide", "a", "realistic", "picture", "of", "the", "Hungarian", "scientific", "community", "in", "the", "area", "\n", "of", "technology.34", "\n", "Notwithstanding", "the", "reluctance", "to" ]	[ { "end": 393, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 391 }, { "end": 1147, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1145 }, { "end": 492, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 490 }, { "end": 1816, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1814 }, { "end": 2555, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2553 } ]
identify 100 targets for advanced exploration, which in turn lead to 10 development projects, 1 of which becomes a profitable mine” (Eggert, 2010). The existence of ring-fencing might discourage investors from undertaking risky exploration projects, as they will not be able to recover these losses for tax purposes unless special design features make it possible. Resource-rich countries could consider incorporating specific design features into their mining tax regimes to address the challenge of these permanent losses for exploration activities. This is explained in Section 5 of this practice note.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 22 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.2.4 Ring-Fencing Creates Increases in Compliance Costs Ring-fencing rules can impact the compliance costs for taxpayers. T axpayers will have to dedicate additional efforts to matching the relevant costs to the relevant mining projects and/or separate the results of non- mining activities from the mining tax base (Calder, 2014, p. 84). Ring-fencing rules might demand computations and reporting for operations in a manner that is inconsistent with internal management accounting and regulatory reporting. The complexity increases where mines operate based on separate licences, while they constitute one cohesive operating project, under which it is less likely to have separate management accounting on a per-licence basis. Weak grounding of the ring-fencing rules in commercial or accounting reality might result in disputes over the segregation of expenses or utilization of losses across an artificial line inconsistent with how the company makes decisions and reports. Where regulatory or commercial reality already requires the taxpayer to maintain segregated management or financial accounts of the different activities and the ring-fencing rules are designed in a similar manner (such as obligation to report to mining authorities on a mine or per-licence basis), there is less tax compliance burden. On the other hand, artificial segregation of incomes and expenditures, which is not relevant and needed for other commercial or regulatory purposes, might create an additional compliance burden. 3.2.5 Ring-Fencing Increases Administrative Costs The additional burden placed on tax administrations, which are often significantly resource-constrained in resource-rich developing countries, must also be considered. Ring-fencing per mine or mining licence area will increase the number of returns or separate calculations of tax base received by the tax authority, as opposed to	[ "identify", "100", "targets", "for", "advanced", "exploration", ",", "which", "in", "turn", "lead", "to", "10", "\n", "development", "projects", ",", "1", "of", "which", "becomes", "a", "profitable", "mine", "”", "(", "Eggert", ",", "2010", ")", ".", "\n", "The", "existence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "might", "discourage", "investors", "from", "undertaking", "\n", "risky", "exploration", "projects", ",", "as", "they", "will", "not", "be", "able", "to", "recover", "these", "losses", "for", "\n", "tax", "purposes", "unless", "special", "design", "features", "make", "it", "possible", ".", "\n", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "could", "consider", "incorporating", "specific", "design", "\n", "features", "into", "their", "mining", "tax", "regimes", "to", "address", "the", "challenge", "of", "these", "\n", "permanent", 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290CHAPTER 17 MHC SIGNALING DURING SOCIAL COMMUNICATION James S. Ruff,†* Adam C. Nelson,† Jason L. Kubinak and Wayne K. Potts Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA †These authors contributed equally to this manuscript *Corresponding Author: James S. Ruff—Email: [email protected] Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been known to play a critical role in immune recognition since the 1950s. It was a surprise, then, in the 1970s when /g87/g75/g72/g3/g191/g85/g86/g87/g3/g85/g72/g83/g82/g85/g87/g3/g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g80/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g73/g88/g81/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g17/g3Since this seminal discovery, MHC signaling has been found throughout vertebrates and its known functions have expanded beyond mate choice to include a suite of behaviors from kin-biased cooperation, parent-progeny recognition to pregnancy block. The widespread occurrence of MHC in social signaling has revealed conserved behavioral-genetic mechanisms that span vertebrates and includes humans. The identity of the signal’s chemical constituents and the receptors responsible for the perception of the signal have remained elusive, but recent advances have enabled /g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g191/g70/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g78/g72/g92/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g81/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g69/g72/g75/g68/g89/g76/g82/g85/g68/g79/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g70/g75/g68/g83/g87/g72/g85/g3/g90/g72/g3/g82/g85/g74/g68/g81/g76/g93/g72/g3/g85/g72/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g191/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g87/g72/g85/g68/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g80/g3/g76/g81/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g82/g88/g85/g3nonmutually exclusive models wherein MHC functions as a signal of (i) individuality, (ii) relatedness, (iii) genetic compatibility and (iv) quality. We also synthesize current mechanistic studies, showing how knowledge about the molecular basis of MHC signaling can lead to elegant and informative experimental manipulations. Finally, we discuss current evidence relating to the primordial functions of the MHC, including the possibility that its role in social signaling may be ancestral to its central role in adaptive immunity. Self and Nonself , edited by Carlos López-Larrea. ©2012 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. 291 MHC SIGNALING DURING SOCIAL COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION MHC (also known as HLA in humans and H-2 in mice) signaling mediates both immune recognition during the adaptive immune response (discussed in the previous chapter) and social signaling that enhances both the recognition of optimal mates and kin-biased behaviors. 1/g3/g54/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g3/g80/g72/g71/g76/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g90/g68/g86/g3/g191/g85/g86/g87/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g82/g89/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3 regards to mate preferences in laboratory mice (Mus musculus),2 a full three decades after the histocompatibility functions were described by George Snell.3 Thirty years later, social signaling via MHC has been described throughout vertebrates including mammals, /g69/g76/g85/g71/g86/g15/g3/g85/g72/g83/g87/g76/g79/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g80/g83/g75/g76/g69/g76/g68/g81/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g72/g79/g72/g82/g86/g87/g3/g191/g86/g75/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g55/g68/g69/g79/g72/g3/g20/g12/g17/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g86/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g191/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g21/g19/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g72/g85/g87/g72/g69/g85/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g79/g76/g78/g72/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g69/g68/g86/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g3/g89/g72/g85/g87/g72/g69/g85/g68/g87/g72/g16/g90/g76/g71/g72/g3chemosensory communication system. The original observation of MHC disassortative mating preferences seems to be common, but not omnipresent in vertebrates; 4 it by no means is the only behavior facilitated by MHC, nor is it the only type of observed MHC-based mate preference. MHC signaling also facilitates cooperative behavior with kin, parent-progeny recognition and pregnancy block. 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escolar coinciden con aquellos que han promovido la descentralización y estaban especialmente interesados en comprender el efecto que estos cambios administrativos podían tener en los resultados educativos. En estos contextos, la autonomía institucional, concedida a través de políticas, reglamentos y procedimientos, debe ir acompañada de una autonomía profesional en la que directores y docentes tengan capacidad para tomar buenas decisiones. A la inversa, el alcance del liderazgo puede verse comprometido en países donde las escuelas están sometidas a un control burocrático a la hora de tomar cualquier tipo de decisión o solo pueden aplicar decisiones tomadas de manera externa. En estos sistemas jerárquicos, los directores y docentes no pueden apartarse de normas y reglamentos estrictamente definidos. La autonomía institucional y profesional en algunos países de altos ingresos ha ido acompañada de mecanismos de rendición de cuentas diseñados para supervisar y dirigir la mejora escolar (UNESCO, 2017). La rendición de cuentas en lo que respecta al cumplimiento de la normativa y la consecución de resultados pretende reforzar la motivación extrínseca. Si bien, en algunos casos, el rendimiento escolar se revisa periódicamente e incluso se hace público, la elección del centro educativo y la competencia por el alumnado pueden añadir presiones similares a las de cualquier mercado. Este tipo de responsabilidad contrasta con las nociones de responsabilidad moral, en la que tanto directores como docentes son responsables de satisfacer las necesidades de padres, madres y alumnos, y de responsabilidad profesional, en la que directores y profesores satisfacen sus propias expectativas, así como las de sus colegas y compañeros, ambas encaminadas a reforzar la motivación intrínseca. o la preparación de los alumnos para adaptarse a los futuros retos de la ciudadanía y el cambio climático. Utilizar medidas de rendimiento estandarizadas podría dar lugar a la adopción de enfoques estandarizados de gestión y liderazgo, lo cual, a su vez, podría no adaptarse adecuadamente a los contextos individuales. Aunque este informe examina el modo en que los distintos países han abordado la cuestión de las normas de liderazgo, su única intención es la de describir sus esfuerzos y, en ningún caso, prescribir su contenido o aplicación. En cuanto a las relaciones, el dilema radica en si son las personalidades o los equipos eficaces, cuyos miembros aprenden unos de otros, quienes impulsan los resultados en la educación. Los críticos argumentan que se ha dado demasiada importancia a los individuos y señalan que el liderazgo ha pasado	[ "escolar", "coinciden", "con", "aquellos", "que", "han", "promovido", "la", "descentralización", "y", "estaban", "especialmente", "interesados", "en", "comprender", "el", "efecto", "que", "estos", "cambios", "administrativos", "podían", "tener", "en", "los", "resultados", "educativos", ".", "En", "estos", "contextos", ",", "la", "autonomía", "institucional", ",", "concedida", "a", "través", "de", "políticas", ",", "reglamentos", "y", "procedimientos", ",", "debe", "ir", "acompañada", "de", "una", "autonomía", "profesional", "en", "la", "que", "directores", "y", "docentes", "tengan", "capacidad", "para", "tomar", "buenas", "decisiones", ".", "A", "la", "inversa", ",", "el", "alcance", "del", "liderazgo", "puede", "verse", "comprometido", "en", "países", "donde", "las", "escuelas", "están", "sometidas", "a", "un", "control", "burocrático", "a", "la", "hora", "de", "tomar", "cualquier", "tipo", "de", "decisión", "o", "solo", "pueden", "aplicar", "decisiones", "tomadas", "de", "manera", "externa", ".", "En", "estos", "sistemas", "jerárquicos", ",", "los", "directores", "y", "docentes", "no", "pueden", "apartarse", "de", "normas", "y", "reglamentos", "estrictamente", "definidos", ".", "\n\n", "La", "autonomía", "institucional", "y", "profesional", "en", "algunos", "países", "de", "altos", "ingresos", "ha", "ido", "acompañada", "de", "mecanismos", "de", "rendición", "de", "cuentas", "diseñados", "para", "supervisar", "y", "dirigir", "la", "mejora", "escolar", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2017", ")", ".", "La", "rendición", "de", "cuentas", "en", "lo", "que", "respecta", "al", "cumplimiento", "de", "la", "normativa", "y", "la", "consecución", "de", "resultados", "pretende", "reforzar", "la", "motivación", "extrínseca", ".", "Si", "bien", ",", "en", "algunos", "casos", ",", "el", "rendimiento", "escolar", "se", "revisa", "periódicamente", "e", "incluso", "se", "hace", "público", ",", "la", "elección", "del", "centro", "educativo", "y", "la", "competencia", "por", "el", "alumnado", "pueden", "añadir", "presiones", "similares", "a", "las", "de", "cualquier", "mercado", ".", "Este", "tipo", "de", "responsabilidad", "contrasta", "con", "las", "nociones", "de", "responsabilidad", "moral", ",", "en", "la", "que", "tanto", "directores", "como", "docentes", "son", "responsables", "de", "satisfacer", "las", "necesidades", "de", "padres", ",", "madres", "y", "alumnos", ",", "y", "de", "responsabilidad", "profesional", ",", "en", "la", "que", "directores", "y", "profesores", "satisfacen", "sus", "propias", "expectativas", ",", "así", "como", "las", "de", "sus", "colegas", "y", "compañeros", ",", "ambas", "encaminadas", "a", "reforzar", "la", "motivación", "intrínseca", ".", "\n\n", "o", "la", "preparación", "de", "los", "alumnos", "para", "adaptarse", "a", "los", "futuros", "retos", "de", "la", "ciudadanía", "y", "el", "cambio", "climático", ".", "Utilizar", "medidas", "de", "rendimiento", "estandarizadas", "podría", "dar", "lugar", "a", "la", "adopción", "de", "enfoques", "estandarizados", "de", "gestión", "y", "liderazgo", ",", "lo", "cual", ",", "a", "su", "vez", ",", "podría", "no", "adaptarse", "adecuadamente", "a", "los", "contextos", "individuales", ".", "Aunque", "este", "informe", "examina", "el", "modo", "en", "que", "los", "distintos", "países", "han", "abordado", "la", "cuestión", "de", "las", "normas", "de", "liderazgo", ",", "su", "única", "intención", "es", "la", "de", "describir", "sus", "esfuerzos", "y", ",", "en", "ningún", "caso", ",", "prescribir", "su", "contenido", "o", "aplicación", ".", "\n\n", "En", "cuanto", "a", "las", "relaciones", ",", "el", "dilema", "radica", "en", "si", "son", "las", "personalidades", "o", "los", "equipos", "eficaces", ",", "cuyos", "miembros", "aprenden", "unos", "de", "otros", ",", "quienes", "impulsan", "los", "resultados", "en", "la", "educación", ".", "Los", "críticos", "argumentan", "que", "se", "ha", "dado", "demasiada", "importancia", "a", "los", "individuos", "y", "señalan", "que", "el", "liderazgo", "ha", "pasado" ]	[ { "end": 1012, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1000 }, { "end": 1006, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1000 }, { "end": 1012, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1008 } ]
\| Women's Christian College, Madras 86, 91 \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Women's Engineering Society (WES) 127, 132-33, 138 \| \| Women's Group of Self- Examination 289 \| \| women's history 9, 48 \| \| women's illnesses ( fun ǚ bing ) 20, 22, 147, 192-95, 198, 200-4, 206-8 \| \| Women's Liberation Movement 130 Women's Medical College of, Pennsylvania xxiv \| \| Women's Missionary Society 22, 176 World Conference of Women, Mexico 135 \| \| world wars xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, 18, 20, 47-48, 51, 64, 117, 125, 130, 147-49, 150, 159, 164, 175, 247, 250, 259, 264, 324 \| \| World Women Congress, Berlin 135 Wu, Chien-Shiung 6 \| \| Wuhan Medical College 192, 197 Yang, Chongrui 173 \| \| Yasui, Kono xxvi Yuasa, Toshiko xxvi Yue, Yicheng 179 \| \| Zeng, Jingguang 203-6, 208 Zhang, Fengtong 184 Zhang, Jingfen 184 \| \| Zhejiang School of Midwifery 184 Zheng, Qiyin 183-84 Zhou, Jixian 184 \| \| Zhu, Ziqing 172, 174 \|	[ "\|", "Women", "'s", "Christian", "College", ",", "Madras", "86", ",", "91", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Women", "'s", "Engineering", "Society", "(", "WES", ")", "127", ",", "132", "-", "33", ",", "138", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Women", "'s", "Group", "of", "Self-", "Examination", "289", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "women", "'s", "history", "9", ",", "48", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "women", "'s", "illnesses", "(", "fun", "ǚ", "bing", ")", "20", ",", "22", ",", "147", ",", "192", "-", "95", ",", "198", ",", "200", "-", "4", ",", "206", "-", "8", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Women", "'s", "Liberation", "Movement", "130", "Women", "'s", "Medical", "College", "of", ",", "Pennsylvania", "xxiv", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Women", "'s", "Missionary", "Society", "22", ",", "176", "World", "Conference", "of", "Women", ",", "Mexico", "135", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "world", "wars", "xxiii", ",", "xxvi", ",", "xxx", ",", "xxxi", ",", "18", ",", "20", ",", "47", "-", "48", ",", "51", ",", "64", ",", "117", ",", "125", ",", "130", ",", "147", "-", "49", ",", "150", ",", "159", ",", "164", ",", "175", ",", "247", ",", "250", ",", "259", ",", "264", ",", "324", "\|", "\n", "\|", "World", "Women", "Congress", ",", "Berlin", "135", "Wu", ",", "Chien", "-", "Shiung", "6", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Wuhan", "Medical", "College", "192", ",", "197", "Yang", ",", "Chongrui", "173", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Yasui", ",", "Kono", "xxvi", "Yuasa", ",", "Toshiko", "xxvi", "Yue", ",", "Yicheng", "179", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Zeng", ",", "Jingguang", "203", "-", "6", ",", "208", "Zhang", ",", "Fengtong", "184", "Zhang", ",", "Jingfen", "184", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Zhejiang", "School", "of", "Midwifery", "184", "Zheng", ",", "Qiyin", "183", "-", "84", "Zhou", ",", "Jixian", "184", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Zhu", ",", "Ziqing", "172", ",", "174", " ", "\|" ]	[]
26 Programele analitice ale învățământului secundar (Licee, gimnazii și clasele I- III ale școlilor normale) întocmite în conformitate cu Legea Învățământului secundar din 1928 [Secondary Schools Curricula (High Schools, Middle Schools and Ist to IIIrd Classes in Normal Schools) Written in Accordance with the Law on Secondary Education in 1928] (Bucharest: Imprimeriile Statului, 1929), pp. 12– 13, 177– 78. 27 P. K. Gilbert, The Citizen’s Body: Desire, Health and the Social in Victorian England (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2007), pp. 3– 6. 28 ANIC, Fond Ministerul Cultelor și Instrucțiunii Publice [Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction Collection, hereafter MCIP Collection], file 308/ 1927, p. 280. 29 Regulament provizor pentru școalele secundare (licee de b ăieți, de fete și gim - nazii) [Provisional Regulation for Secondary Schools (High Schools for Boys and Girls, Middle Schools] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografiei Arhidiecezane, 1919), pp. 12– 22, 39. 30 This was the case at the newly founded Domnița Anca Normal School for kindergarten teachers in Brașov, where during 1920– 22 hygiene was taught by Dr Nicolae Căliman, who was also the school’s physician and who was appointed hygiene inspector in Brașov in 1921. Anuarul Școalei Normale de Conduc ătoare de gr ădini de copii din Bra șov, pe anii școlari 1919, 1920, 1920– 1921 și 1921– 1922 [The Normal School for Kindergarten Teachers in Bra șov Yearbook, Years 1919, 1920, 1920– 1921 and 1921– 1922 ] (Brașov: Tipografia Unirea, 1922), pp. 13, 15. 31 See ‘Institutul de sănătate publică București’ [The Public Health Institute in Bucharest], in N. Ursea, Enciclopedie medical ă rom âneasc ă: Secolul XX [The Romanian Medical Encyclopaedia: Twentieth Century ], vol. 4, (Bucharest: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie Carol Davila, 2001), pp. 929– 32. 32 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 17– 25. 33 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 73– 79. 34 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, p. 173. 169 169 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania 35 Revista de Igien ă Social ă [Journal of Social Hygiene ], I: 1(January 1931), 61– 63. 36 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 260/ 1931, pp. 3– 9. 37 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 229– 30. 38 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 227– 28. 39 D. Sdrobiș, Limitele meritocra ției într- o societate agrar ă: Șomaj intelectual și radicalizare politic ă a tineretului în Rom ânia interbelic ă [The Limits of Meritocracy in an Agrarian Society: Intellectual Unemployment and Political Radicalisation in Interwar Romania ] (Iași: Polirom, 2015).	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m : 3D mesh * x1, x2, y1, y2, z1, z2 : extremes of the box * Output : * ------ * box : mesh contained in the box -------------------------------------------------- x = coor 1 m; sx = x POIN COMP x1 x2; y = coor 2 sx; sy = y POIN COMP y1 y2; z = coor 3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d32_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d32.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); 156 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d32.epx SC3D32 ECHO CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP GROU 2 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM 'pcub' LECT cube TERM COND APPU LARG LECT cub1 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. 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mining taxpayer holding/performing more than two licence areas/ activities is expected to properly apply and comply with the ring-fencing rules. Clear guidance and rules regarding formal obligations related to the implementation of ring-fencing rules will motivate voluntary compliance and will also reduce potential disputes. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 5.4.1 Filling Out Separate Tax Returns	[ "mining", "taxpayer", "holding", "/", "performing", "more", "than", "two", "licence", "areas/", "activities", "is", "expected", "to", "properly", "apply", "and", "comply", "with", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "Clear", "guidance", "and", "rules", "regarding", "formal", "obligations", "related", "to", "the", "implementation", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "will", "motivate", "voluntary", "compliance", "and", "will", "also", "reduce", "potential", "disputes", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.4.1", "Filling", "Out", "Separate", "Tax", "Returns" ]	[]
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Journal of Education and Practice , 7 (23), 47 -55.	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comprend les principeux triangles qui servent de fondement a la Description geometrique de France (Aubin & Heulland, 1744). Seabold, S. & Perktold, J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. SciPy 7 , 92–96 (2010). Download references Acknowledgements No funding was received for this paper. Author information Authors and Affiliations Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Stefano Zapperi CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l’Energia, Milan, Italy Stefano Zapperi LED - Laboratoire d’Economie Dionysien, Département d’économie, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France Constant Varlet-Bertrand & Antoine Parent CAC - IXXI, Institut Rhône-Alpin des Systèmes Complexes, Lyon, France Constant Varlet-Bertrand, Cécile Bastidon & Antoine Parent LEAD, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France Cécile Bastidon OFCE - Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Economiques, Sciences Po, Paris, France Cécile Bastidon & Antoine Parent Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Caterina A. M. La Porta Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy Caterina A. M. La Porta Authors Stefano Zapperi View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Constant Varlet-Bertrand View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Cécile Bastidon View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Caterina A. M. La Porta View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Antoine Parent View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Contributions S.Z. collected and curated the data, performed statistical and network analysis, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.V.-B. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.B. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.A.M.L.P. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. A.P. designed and coordinated the study, collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Stefano Zapperi or Antoine Parent . Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Nature thanks Jack Goldstone, Minchul Kim and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Extended data figures and tables Extended Data Fig. 1	[ "comprend", "les", "principeux", "triangles", "qui", "servent", "de", "fondement", "a", "la", "Description", "geometrique", "de", "France", "\n ", "(", "Aubin", "&", "Heulland", ",", "1744", ")", ".", "\n", "Seabold", ",", "S.", "&", "Perktold", ",", "J.", "Statsmodels", ":", "econometric", "and", "statistical", "modeling", "with", "Python", ".", "\n", "SciPy", "\n \n", "7", "\n", ",", "92–96", "(", "2010", ")", ".", "\n", "Download", "references", "\n", "Acknowledgements", "\n", "No", "funding", "was", "received", "for", "this", "paper", ".", "\n", "Author", "information", "\n", "Authors", "and", "Affiliations", "\n", "Center", "for", "Complexity", "and", "Biosystems", ",", "Department", "of", "Physics", ",", "University", "of", "Milan", ",", "Milan", ",", "Italy", "\n", "Stefano", "Zapperi", "\n", "CNR", "-", "Consiglio", "Nazionale", "delle", "Ricerche", ",", "Istituto", "di", "Chimica", "della", "Materia", "Condensata", "e", "di", "Tecnologie", "per", "l’Energia", ",", "Milan", ",", "Italy", "\n", "Stefano", "Zapperi", "\n", "LED", "-", "Laboratoire", "d’Economie", "Dionysien", ",", "Département", "d’économie", ",", "Université", "Paris", "8", ",", "Saint", "-", "Denis", ",", "France", "\n", "Constant", "Varlet", "-", "Bertrand", " ", "&", " ", "Antoine", "Parent", "\n", "CAC", "-", "IXXI", ",", "Institut", "Rhône", "-", "Alpin", "des", "Systèmes", "Complexes", ",", "Lyon", ",", "France", "\n", "Constant", "Varlet", "-", "Bertrand", ",", " ", "Cécile", "Bastidon", " ", "&", " ", "Antoine", "Parent", "\n", "LEAD", ",", "Université", "de", "Toulon", ",", "Toulon", ",", "France", "\n", "Cécile", "Bastidon", "\n", "OFCE", "-", "Observatoire", "Français", "des", "Conjonctures", "Economiques", ",", "Sciences", "Po", ",", "Paris", ",", "France", "\n", "Cécile", "Bastidon", " ", "&", " ", "Antoine", "Parent", "\n", "Center", "for", "Complexity", "and", "Biosystems", ",", "Department", "of", "Environmental", "Science", "and", "Policy", ",", "University", "of", "Milan", ",", "Milan", ",", "Italy", "\n", "Caterina", "A.", "M.", "La", "Porta", "\n", "Fondazione", "IRCCS", "Ca", "’", "Granda", ",", "Ospedale", "Maggiore", "Policlinico", "di", "Milano", ",", "Milan", ",", "Italy", "\n", "Caterina", "A.", "M.", "La", "Porta", "\n", "Authors", "\n", "Stefano", "Zapperi", "\n", "View", "author", "publications", "\n", "Search", "author", "on", ":", "\n", "PubMed", "\n \n", "Google", "Scholar", "\n", "Constant", "Varlet", "-", "Bertrand", "\n", "View", "author", "publications", "\n", "Search", "author", "on", ":", "\n", "PubMed", "\n \n", "Google", "Scholar", "\n", "Cécile", "Bastidon", "\n", "View", "author", "publications", "\n", "Search", "author", "on", ":", "\n", "PubMed", "\n \n", "Google", "Scholar", "\n", "Caterina", "A.", "M.", "La", "Porta", "\n", "View", "author", "publications", "\n", "Search", "author", "on", ":", "\n", "PubMed", "\n \n", "Google", "Scholar", "\n", "Antoine", "Parent", "\n", "View", "author", "publications", "\n", "Search", "author", "on", ":", "\n", "PubMed", "\n \n", "Google", "Scholar", "\n", "Contributions", "\n", "S.Z.", "collected", "and", "curated", "the", "data", ",", "performed", "statistical", "and", "network", "analysis", ",", "critically", "discussed", "the", "results", "and", "wrote", "the", "paper", ".", "C.V.-B.", "collected", "and", "curated", "the", "data", ",", "critically", "discussed", "the", "results", "and", "wrote", "the", "paper", ".", "C.B.", "collected", "and", "curated", "the", "data", ",", "critically", "discussed", "the", "results", "and", "wrote", "the", "paper", ".", "C.A.M.L.P.", "collected", "and", "curated", "the", "data", ",", "critically", "discussed", "the", "results", "and", "wrote", "the", "paper", ".", "A.P.", "designed", "and", "coordinated", "the", "study", ",", "collected", "and", "curated", "the", "data", ",", "critically", "discussed", "the", "results", "and", "wrote", "the", "paper", ".", "\n", "Corresponding", "authors", "\n", "Correspondence", "to", "\n \n", "Stefano", "Zapperi", "\n ", "or", "\n", "Antoine", "Parent", "\n", ".", "\n", "Ethics", "declarations", "\n\n\n", "Competing", "interests", "\n\n\n", "The", "authors", "declare", "no", "competing", "interests", ".", "\n\n\n", "Peer", "review", "\n\n\n", "Peer", "review", "information", "\n\n\n", "Nature", "\n ", "thanks", "Jack", "Goldstone", ",", "Minchul", "Kim", "and", "the", "other", ",", "anonymous", ",", "reviewer(s", ")", "for", "their", "contribution", "to", "the", "peer", "review", "of", "this", "work", ".", "\n", "Peer", "reviewer", "reports", "\n ", "are", "available", ".", "\n\n\n", "Additional", "information", "\n", "Publisher", "’s", "note", "\n ", "Springer", "Nature", "remains", "neutral", "with", "regard", "to", "jurisdictional", "claims", "in", "published", "maps", "and", "institutional", "affiliations", ".", "\n", "Extended", "data", "figures", "and", "tables", "\n", "Extended", "Data", "Fig", ".", "1" ]	[]
Box 1). Guinea 3 and Papua New Guinea 4 (PNG) also include a specific ring-fence in their mining contracts. This practice may be especially relevant where the primary law contains no provisions on ring-fencing or only narrow ring-fencing provisions. It is also relevant if a particular project presents specific fiscal risks that could be addressed or managed by well-designed ring-fencing rules. ## BOX 1. RING-FENCING IN MINING CONTRACTS: THE CASE OF SIERRA LEONE Sierra Leone introduced ring-fencing rules for mining in 2009. The ring-fence is applied per mining licence: 'the chargeable income for any year of assessment of a holder of a large-scale mining licence shall be calculated separately for each large-scale mining licence under which licence such holder shall maintain separate balance sheets, statements and books of accounts for each large-scale mining licence under which mining operations are carried on.' 5 The country also negotiated ring-fencing rules in some mining contracts that go beyond the general rules. Under the SierraMin Bauxite Limited, Concession, 2017 and the Tonguma Limited Concession, 2012, the government negotiated a further operational level of ring-fencing. Any activities carried out by the mining company that are separate from the mining operations contemplated in the contracts shall be considered 'non-project activities.' Such non-mining activities will be accounted for separately, as if they were carried out by a separate corporate entity and shall be subject to the law of general application. 3 ResourceContracts.org - Winning Consortium Simandou SAU, Exploitation License, 2020 . 4 ResourceContracts.org - Ramu Nickel Limited, Orogen Minerals (Ramu) Limited, JVA, 2000 . 5 S.155 (1), Sierra Leone Mines and Minerals Act , 2009. 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 2.2 The Prevalence of Ring-Fencing Rules in the Extractive Sectors Ring-fencing rules are widespread worldwide. They are particularly prevalent in the mining sector in developing countries. The findings in Box 2 are based on a survey of ring-fencing rules undertaken by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). ## BOX 2. IGF'S ANALYSIS OF RING-FENCING RULES IN MINING: DETERMINING RING-FENCING PRACTICE The analysis and guidance in Parts 3 to 5 of this note are based on a survey of existing ring-fencing rules by the authors of this toolkit. 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sharing existing best practice. Fulfilling these roles usually depends on a country's public administration and civil service structures and traditions, with respect to selection, promotion, professionalism, internal and external motivation, empowerment, expertise, and capacity - and the extent to which these cultivate a leadership perspective in the exercise of public functions. Chapter 6 on political leadership returns to the issue of the purpose of education. Ultimately, it falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality that captures popular aspirations and is aligned with national development objectives. This vision may be expressed in political party agendas and be part of a political programme that is questioned by voters. Presidents, prime ministers, ministers and deputy ministers of education are responsible for providing a long-term education perspective, seeking consensus in formulating reforms, offering continuity where necessary, and ensuring that plans are credible and matched with the required resources. Not only the executive but also the legislative branch of government needs to demonstrate leadership: parliamentary committees of education can make major contributions through the passing of laws and scrutinizing the work of government. <!-- image --> It falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality <!-- image --> Political leaders have opportunities and constraints in fulfilling their responsibilities. They differ in how their political visions of education are formed, how they serve society, and how often they are sidetracked by short-term considerations and political calculations. Short tenures, coalition and alliance demands, and narrow and entrenched interests get in the way of evidence-based policymaking. ## BOX 1.2: ## Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership It is impossible to do justice to such a broad range of topics in a single publication. For this reason, throughout 2025, four regional editions will explore selected issues in more detail that resonate in different parts of the world. - The third edition of the Spotlight series on universal basic education completion and foundational learning in Africa will focus on instructional leadership, drawing on research focusing on five countries. - A regional edition on Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia will focus on leadership for inclusive education, drawing on eight country case studies. - A regional edition on East Asia will focus on leadership and	[ "sharing", "existing", "best", "practice", ".", "Fulfilling", "these", "roles", "usually", "depends", "on", "a", "country", "'s", "public", "administration", "and", "civil", "service", "structures", "and", "traditions", ",", "with", "respect", "to", "selection", ",", "promotion", ",", "professionalism", ",", "internal", "and", "external", "motivation", ",", "empowerment", ",", "expertise", ",", "and", "capacity", "-", "and", "the", "extent", "to", "which", "these", "cultivate", "a", "leadership", "perspective", "in", "the", "exercise", "of", "public", "functions", ".", "\n\n", "Chapter", "6", "on", "political", "leadership", "returns", "to", "the", "issue", "of", "the", "purpose", "of", "education", ".", "Ultimately", ",", "it", "falls", "to", "political", "leaders", "to", "develop", "a", "vision", "and", "set", "the", "expectations", "for", "an", "education", "system", "of", "good", "quality", "that", "captures", "popular", "aspirations", "and", "is", "aligned", "with", "national", "development", "objectives", ".", "This", "vision", "may", "be", "expressed", "in", "political", "party", "agendas", "and", "be", "part", "of", "a", "political", "programme", "that", "is", "questioned", "by", "voters", ".", "Presidents", ",", "prime", "ministers", ",", "ministers", "and", "deputy", "ministers", "of", "education", "are", "responsible", "for", "providing", "a", "long", "-", "term", "education", "perspective", ",", "seeking", "consensus", "in", "formulating", "reforms", ",", "offering", "continuity", "where", "necessary", ",", "and", "ensuring", "that", "plans", "are", "credible", "and", "matched", "with", "the", "required", "resources", ".", "Not", "only", "the", "executive", "but", "also", "the", "legislative", "branch", "of", "government", "needs", "to", "demonstrate", "leadership", ":", "parliamentary", "committees", "of", "education", "can", "make", "major", "contributions", "through", "the", "passing", "of", "laws", "and", "scrutinizing", "the", "work", "of", "government", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "It", "falls", "to", "political", "leaders", "to", "develop", "a", "vision", "and", "set", "the", "expectations", "for", "an", "education", "system", "of", "good", "quality", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Political", "leaders", "have", "opportunities", "and", "constraints", "in", "fulfilling", "their", "responsibilities", ".", "They", "differ", "in", "how", "their", "political", "visions", "of", "education", "are", "formed", ",", "how", "they", "serve", "society", ",", "and", "how", "often", "they", "are", "sidetracked", "by", "short", "-", "term", "considerations", "and", "political", "calculations", ".", "Short", "tenures", ",", "coalition", "and", "alliance", "demands", ",", "and", "narrow", "and", "entrenched", "interests", "get", "in", "the", "way", "of", "evidence", "-", "based", "policymaking", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "1.2", ":", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Four", "regional", "editions", "accompany", "the", "2024/5", "Global", "Education", "Monitoring", "Report", "cycle", "on", "leadership", "\n\n", "It", "is", "impossible", "to", "do", "justice", "to", "such", "a", "broad", "range", "of", "topics", "in", "a", "single", "publication", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "throughout", "2025", ",", "four", "regional", "editions", "will", "explore", "selected", "issues", "in", "more", "detail", "that", "resonate", "in", "different", "parts", "of", "the", "world", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "The", "third", "edition", "of", "the", "Spotlight", "series", "on", "universal", "basic", "education", "completion", "and", "foundational", "learning", "in", "Africa", "will", "focus", "on", "instructional", "leadership", ",", "drawing", "on", "research", "focusing", "on", "five", "countries", ".", "\n", "-", "", "A", "regional", "edition", "on", "Central", "and", "Eastern", "Europe", ",", "the", "Caucasus", ",", "and", "Central", "Asia", "will", "focus", "on", "leadership", "for", "inclusive", "education", ",", "drawing", "on", "eight", "country", "case", "studies", ".", "\n", "-", "", "A", "regional", "edition", "on", "East", "Asia", "will", "focus", "on", "leadership", "and" ]	[]
school in India, 'included in the First Schedule'. According to the Indian Medical Council Act, qualifications that are not listed in the 'First Schedule' are not officially recognised. An update was made in the Indian Medical Central Council Act of 1970 to include the recognition of medi -cal qualifications from institutions mentioned in the Second Schedule. All medics need to register in the State or Central Register of Indian Medicine. Where an indi -vidual is in breach of the Acts, they may be imprisoned for one year and fined up to Rs. 1,000, or both (Singh and Trivedi, 2024). Those practising homoeopathy must hold a recognised medical qualification and be registered in the State or Central Register of Homoeopathy according to the Homoeopathy Central Council Act of 1973. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) also sets out the issues around criminal conspir -acy (Section 120B), culpable homicide not amounting to murder (304), deception (420) and impersonation (419). The IPC has since been replaced in July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) as the official criminal code in India. Section 106 of the BNS mandates imprisonment for up to five years for registered doctors involved in deaths caused by rash or negligent acts during medical procedures. BNS Section 106: Whoever causes death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if such act is done by a registered medical practitioner while performing medical procedure, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation: For the purposes of this sub-section, 'registered medical prac -titioner' means a medical practitioner who possesses any medical qualifi -cation recognised under the National Medical Commission Act, 2019 and whose name has been entered in the National Medical Register or a State Medical Register under that Act. The Supreme Court in April 2018 discussed the 'threat' and 'risk' of untrained practitioners, described by the courts as 'quacks' and 'charlatans' who practice medicine. It is believed that they play with the lives of people and pose a risk to society. 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economy is mainly composed of EC R&I projectsTable 3.5. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of the S&T data sources Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation157 Figure 3.19. Share of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership region, calculated for each domain, relative to the total number of records per data source publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects 3.2 Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains in the East- ern Partnership As noted earlier, patent numbers decreased sig- nificantly during the analysed period. To explore the temporal evolution of the domains, avoiding the effects of this general decrease, the share of each domain within each data source (publications and patents59) has been computed for two 4-year time periods: 2011-2014 and 2015-2018. The following table presents the percentage change in the share of a domain in a data source for the second over the first period. This relative indica- tor is more volatile for smaller domains, so the following temporal evolution indicators must be considered alongside total counts presented in the previous section. 59 EC projects being too few to provide reliable temporal evolution indicators.The domains that grow, relatively, the most are Transportation (only in publications), Health and wellbeing (mainly in publications) and ICT and computer science and Agrifood (both in publica- tions and patents). Overall, hard science domains tend to reduce their relative share the most; this is the case for Optics and photonics and Fundamental physics and mathematics. A relevant decline in the rel- ative share, although not as pronounced, can be observed for applied sciences domains such as Chemistry and chemical engineering and Nano- technology and materials. 3.3 Taxonomic characterisation of the S&T specialisation domains through publications and patents The documents analysed in this report are all cat- egorised in accordance with the native taxonomies of the corresponding data sources: the Bibliomet- ric subject areas and Fields for scientific publica- tions, and the International Patent Classification 158 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential EaP aggregateTemporal evolution of the domains Period over period change in the relative size of each domain, domain size	[ "economy", "is", "mainly", "composed", "of", "EC", "R&I", "projectsTable", "3.5", ".", "Characterisation", "of", "the", "EaP", "S&T", "domains", "according", "to", "the", "internal", "distribution", "of", "the", "S&T", "data", "sources", "\n", "Smart", 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informal networks of support, collaboration and, sometimes, contesta - tion between women in STEMM (e.g., Nair, Macková, Rees Koerner and Gooday). All point to the importance of gender solidarity in the pursuit of scientific careers by women and the validation that participation in such net - works afforded them, difficult to find in other types of professional, male- dominated contexts. Broadening the conversation to include different academic cultures and strands of writing also reveals the context- specific ways in which power asymmetries have worked to render women in science, engineering and 12 Negotiating in/visibility medicine invisible in the twentieth century. Earlier North American femi - nist scholarship connected women’s invisibility in science to the ideal of scientific objectivity, which helped devalue certain forms of knowledge and scientific labour associated with women by cementing the notion of the sci - entist as a rational (white) man engaged in the pursuit of knowledge and unhindered by his own subjectivity. As Donna Haraway argued, knowl - edge could only be fragmentary and ‘feminist objectivity mean[t] quite sim - ply situated knowledges ’.42 But understanding how knowledge is ‘situated’ requires us to document the socio- economic, political and material contexts of its production and circulation; among other things, this should also mean investigating histories of gender and women in science and theorizing them based on polycentric historical archives and scholarship that are not always dominated by the English language. In fact, as Naomi Oreskes has pointed out, even in the US context, ‘The types of work that women have done in many branches of American science [in the twentieth century] fit conven - tional notions of objectivity’, rather than the opposite. Scientific objectivity, Oreskes countered, was not the most appropriate value for understanding women’s invisibility in science; the ideology of scientific heroism was, espe - cially in field sciences like geology and geodesy.43 At the heart of it, women’s invisibility in science is the outcome of power asymmetries, power being a concept which has long engaged feminist schol - arship itself. As the chapters in this volume also discuss, across different times and geographies, some historical actors have managed to acquire sufficient political, economic, social and symbolic capital to be in a posi - tion to define what ‘science’ is, what problems are worthy of investigation, who counts as a ‘scientist’, what counts as ‘scientific’ labour, who should be rewarded for it and who,	[ "informal", "networks", "of", "support", ",", "collaboration", "and", ",", "sometimes", ",", "contesta", "-", "\n", "tion", "between", "women", "in", "STEMM", "(", "e.g.", ",", "Nair", ",", "Macková", ",", "Rees", "Koerner", "and", "\n", "Gooday", ")", ".", "All", "point", "to", "the", "importance", "of", "gender", "solidarity", "in", "the", "pursuit", "of", "\n", "scientific", "careers", "by", "women", "and", "the", "validation", "that", "participation", "in", "such", "net", "-", "\n", "works", "afforded", "them", ",", "difficult", "to", "find", "in", "other", "types", "of", "professional", ",", "male-", " \n", "dominated", "contexts", ".", "\n", "Broadening", "the", "conversation", "to", "include", "different", "academic", "cultures", "and", "\n", "strands", "of", "writing", "also", "reveals", "the", "context-", " ", "specific", "ways", "in", "which", "power", "\n", "asymmetries", "have", "worked", "to", "render", "women", "in", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", " \n \n \n \n", "12", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "medicine", "invisible", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "Earlier", "North", "American", "femi", "-", "\n", "nist", "scholarship", "connected", "women", "’s", "invisibility", "in", "science", "to", "the", "ideal", "of", "\n", "scientific", "objectivity", ",", "which", "helped", "devalue", "certain", "forms", "of", "knowledge", "and", "\n", "scientific", "labour", "associated", "with", "women", "by", "cementing", "the", "notion", "of", "the", "sci", "-", "\n", "entist", "as", "a", "rational", "(", "white", ")", "man", "engaged", "in", "the", "pursuit", "of", "knowledge", "and", "\n", "unhindered", "by", "his", "own", "subjectivity", ".", "As", "Donna", "Haraway", "argued", ",", "knowl", "-", "\n", "edge", "could", "only", "be", "fragmentary", "and", "‘", "feminist", "objectivity", "mean[t", "]", " ", "quite", "sim", "-", "\n", "ply", "situated", "knowledges", "’", ".42", "But", "understanding", "how", "knowledge", "is", "‘", "situated", "’", "\n", "requires", "us", "to", "document", "the", "socio-", " ", "economic", ",", "political", "and", "material", "contexts", "\n", "of", "its", "production", "and", "circulation", ";", "among", "other", "things", ",", "this", "should", "also", "mean", "\n", "investigating", "histories", "of", "gender", "and", "women", "in", "science", "and", "theorizing", "them", "\n", "based", "on", "polycentric", "historical", "archives", "and", "scholarship", "that", "are", "not", "always", "\n", "dominated", "by", "the", "English", "language", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "as", "Naomi", "Oreskes", "has", "pointed", "\n", "out", ",", "even", "in", "the", "US", "context", ",", "‘", "The", "types", "of", "work", "that", "women", "have", "done", "in", "\n", "many", "branches", "of", "American", "science", "[", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", "]", "fit", "conven", "-", "\n", "tional", "notions", "of", "objectivity", "’", ",", "rather", "than", "the", "opposite", ".", "Scientific", "objectivity", ",", "\n", "Oreskes", "countered", ",", "was", "not", "the", "most", "appropriate", "value", "for", "understanding", "\n", "women", "’s", "invisibility", "in", "science", ";", "the", "ideology", "of", "scientific", "heroism", "was", ",", "espe", "-", "\n", "cially", "in", "field", "sciences", "like", "geology", "and", "geodesy.43", "\n", "At", "the", "heart", "of", "it", ",", "women", "’s", "invisibility", "in", "science", "is", "the", "outcome", "of", "power", "\n", "asymmetries", ",", "power", "being", "a", "concept", "which", "has", "long", "engaged", "feminist", "schol", "-", "\n", "arship", "itself", ".", "As", "the", "chapters", "in", "this", "volume", "also", "discuss", ",", "across", "different", "\n", "times", "and", "geographies", ",", "some", "historical", "actors", "have", "managed", "to", "acquire", "\n", "sufficient", "political", ",", "economic", ",", "social", "and", "symbolic", "capital", "to", "be", "in", "a", "posi", "-", "\n", "tion", "to", "define", "what", "‘", "science", "’", "is", ",", "what", "problems", "are", "worthy", "of", "investigation", ",", "\n", "who", "counts", "as", "a", "‘", "scientist", "’", ",", "what", "counts", "as", "‘", "scientific", "’", "labour", ",", "who", "should", "\n", "be", "rewarded", "for", "it", "and", "who", "," ]	[ { "end": 1204, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1202 }, { "end": 2072, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2070 } ]
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delegation applies most of all to the type of European public goods described above. Such goods may not have direct spillovers on all countries which are called to contribute, but they have large indirect spillovers for the whole EU. There are still other areas where the EU should do less, applying the subsidiarity principle more rigorously and showing more “self-re - straint”. It will also be crucial to reduce the regulatory burden on companies. Regulation is seen by more than 60% of EU companies as an obstacle to investment, with 55% of SMEs flagging regulatory obstacles and the administrative burden as their greatest challengexv. Kick-starting this partnership does not necessarily mean focusing all minds and energies on the long and burdensome process of a Treaty change from day one. To begin with, a small number of overarching, targeted institutional changes should be made – without the need for Treaty change. 05. The historical private-public split for investment in the EU is around 4/5 to 1/5. 18THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 1Preserving social inclusion While the EU should aim to move closer to the US example in terms of productivity growth and innovation, it should do so without the drawbacks of the US social model . As outlined above, the US has pulled ahead of the EU owing to its stronger position in breakthrough technologies, yet it displays higher rates of inequality. A European approach must ensure that productivity growth and social inclusion go hand-in-hand. Europe is entering an unprecedented period in its history, where rapid technological change and sectoral transitions will combine with a shrinking working age population. In this setting, Europe will have to ensure the best use of its available skills while keeping the social fabric intact. Technological change can imply significant disruption for workers in previously dominant industries that are no longer so, as well as increasing inequality: from 1980 to 2016, automation is found to have accounted for 50-70% of the increase in wage inequality in the US between more and less educated workersxvi. The European welfare state will therefore be critical to provide strong public services, social protection, housing, transport and childcare during this transition. At the same time, Europe will need a fundamentally new approach to skills. The EU must ensure that all workers have a right to education and retraining, allowing them to move into new roles as	[ "delegation", "applies", "\n", "most", "of", "all", "to", "the", "type", "of", "European", "public", "goods", "described", "above", ".", "Such", "goods", "may", "not", "have", "direct", "spillovers", "on", "all", "\n", "countries", "which", "are", "called", "to", "contribute", ",", "but", "they", "have", "large", "indirect", "spillovers", "for", "the", "whole", "EU", ".", "There", "are", "still", "other", "\n", "areas", "where", "the", "EU", "should", "do", "less", ",", "applying", "the", "subsidiarity", "principle", "more", "rigorously", "and", "showing", "more", "“", "self", "-", "re", "-", "\n", "straint", "”", ".", "It", "will", "also", "be", "crucial", "to", "reduce", "the", "regulatory", "burden", "on", "companies", ".", "Regulation", "is", "seen", "by", "more", "than", "60", "%", "of", "\n", "EU", "companies", "as", "an", "obstacle", "to", "investment", ",", "with", "55", "%", "of", "SMEs", "flagging", "regulatory", "obstacles", "and", "the", "administrative", "\n", "burden", "as", "their", "greatest", "challengexv", ".", "Kick", "-", "starting", "this", "partnership", "does", "not", "necessarily", "mean", "focusing", "all", "minds", "and", "\n", "energies", "on", "the", "long", "and", "burdensome", "process", "of", "a", "Treaty", "change", "from", "day", "one", ".", "To", "begin", "with", ",", "a", "small", "number", "of", "\n", "overarching", ",", "targeted", "institutional", "changes", "should", "be", "made", "–", "without", "the", "need", "for", "Treaty", "change", ".", "\n", "05", ".", "The", "historical", "private", "-", "public", "split", "for", "investment", "in", "the", "EU", "is", "around", "4/5", "to", "1/5", ".", "\n", "18THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "1Preserving", "social", "inclusion", "\n", "While", "the", "EU", "should", "aim", "to", "move", "closer", "to", "the", "US", "example", "in", "terms", "of", "productivity", "growth", "and", "innovation", ",", "\n", "it", "should", "do", "so", "without", "the", "drawbacks", "of", "the", "US", "social", "model", ".", "As", "outlined", "above", ",", "the", "US", "has", "pulled", "ahead", "\n", "of", "the", "EU", "owing", "to", "its", "stronger", "position", "in", "breakthrough", "technologies", ",", "yet", "it", "displays", "higher", "rates", "of", "inequality", ".", "A", "\n", "European", "approach", "must", "ensure", "that", "productivity", "growth", "and", "social", "inclusion", "go", "hand", "-", "in", "-", "hand", ".", "Europe", "is", "entering", "\n", "an", "unprecedented", "period", "in", "its", "history", ",", "where", "rapid", "technological", "change", "and", "sectoral", "transitions", "will", "combine", "\n", "with", "a", "shrinking", "working", "age", "population", ".", "In", "this", "setting", ",", "Europe", "will", "have", "to", "ensure", "the", "best", "use", "of", "its", "available", "skills", "\n", "while", "keeping", "the", "social", "fabric", "intact", ".", "Technological", "change", "can", "imply", "significant", "disruption", "for", "workers", "in", "previously", "\n", "dominant", "industries", "that", "are", "no", "longer", "so", ",", "as", "well", "as", "increasing", "inequality", ":", "from", "1980", "to", "2016", ",", "automation", "is", "found", "to", "\n", "have", "accounted", "for", "50", "-", "70", "%", "of", "the", "increase", "in", "wage", "inequality", "in", "the", "US", "between", "more", "and", "less", "educated", "workersxvi", ".", "\n", "The", "European", "welfare", "state", "will", "therefore", "be", "critical", "to", "provide", "strong", "public", "services", ",", "social", "protection", ",", "housing", ",", "\n", "transport", "and", "childcare", "during", "this", "transition", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "Europe", "will", "need", "a", "fundamentally", "new", "approach", "to", "\n", "skills", ".", "The", "EU", "must", "ensure", "that", "all", "workers", "have", "a", "right", "to", "education", "and", "retraining", ",", "allowing", "them", "to", "move", "into", "new", "\n", "roles", "as" ]	[]
is used in this research to measure social cohe - sion with a focus on neighbourhood networks and the degree of neighbourliness; that is, the emotional social support within the neighbourhood, which includes visiting neighbours and friendships ( Buckner, 1988 ; Ross and Searle, 2021 ). Higher mean total scores indicate a greater level of neighbourhood social cohe - sion ( Ellaway et al., 2001 ; Robinson and Wilkinson, 1995 ). A neighbourhood with strong social cohesion can empower individuals within communities to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and net - works for a collective good ( Putnam, 1993 ; Sampson et al., 1997 ; Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999 ; Saegert et al., 2001 ). All items are measured on a 5-point Likert scale with 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree).	[ "is", "used", "in", "this", "research", "to", "measure", "social", "cohe", "-", "\n", "sion", "with", "a", "focus", "on", "neighbourhood", "networks", "and", "the", "degree", "of", "neighbourliness", ";", "\n", "that", "is", ",", "the", "emotional", "social", "support", "within", "the", "neighbourhood", ",", "which", "includes", "\n", "visiting", "neighbours", "and", "friendships", "(", "Buckner", ",", "1988", ";", "Ross", "and", "Searle", ",", "2021", ")", ".", "\n", "Higher", "mean", "total", "scores", "indicate", "a", "greater", "level", "of", "neighbourhood", "social", "cohe", "-", "\n", "sion", "(", "Ellaway", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2001", ";", "Robinson", "and", "Wilkinson", ",", "1995", ")", ".", "A", "neighbourhood", "\n", "with", "strong", "social", "cohesion", "can", "empower", "individuals", "within", "communities", "to", "\n", "support", "each", "other", "through", "residential", "bonds", ",", "create", "coordinated", "actions", "and", "net", "-", "\n", "works", "for", "a", "collective", "good", "(", "Putnam", ",", "1993", ";", "Sampson", "et", "al", ".", ",", "1997", ";", "Sampson", "and", "\n", "Raudenbush", ",", "1999", ";", "Saegert", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2001", ")", ".", "All", "items", "are", "measured", "on", "a", "5", "-", "point", "\n", "Likert", "scale", "with", "5", "(", "strongly", "agree", ")", "to", "1", "(", "strongly", "disagree", ")", "." ]	[ { "end": 261, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 248 }, { "end": 285, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 264 }, { "end": 398, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 378 }, { "end": 429, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 401 }, { "end": 650, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 638 }, { "end": 673, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 653 }, { "end": 705, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 676 }, { "end": 728, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 708 }, { "end": 255, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 248 }, { "end": 279, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 264 }, { "end": 391, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 378 }, { "end": 423, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 401 }, { "end": 644, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 638 }, { "end": 667, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 653 }, { "end": 699, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 676 }, { "end": 722, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 708 }, { "end": 261, "label": "YEAR", "start": 257 }, { "end": 285, "label": "YEAR", "start": 281 }, { "end": 398, "label": "YEAR", "start": 394 }, { "end": 429, "label": "YEAR", "start": 425 }, { "end": 650, "label": "YEAR", "start": 646 }, { "end": 673, "label": "YEAR", "start": 669 }, { "end": 705, "label": "YEAR", "start": 701 }, { "end": 728, "label": "YEAR", "start": 724 } ]
(Sanjay), both of infrastructure (Sanjay and Bhalswa) and one on the periphery of the city detached from a socio-economic livelihood base, where residents had been evicted from their original homes (Bhalswa). In the next part, we turn our attention to our second hypothesis. Hypothesis 2: Residents' preferences on social capital and neighbourhood cohesion measures are different in two neighbourhood types - A comparison of Sanjay (slum/JJ - illegal housing built on public land) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised - illegal housing built on private land typically owned by the household). ## Characteristics of participants - Perceptions of community and the involvement within it We collected socio-demographic information from 365 residents in Ajit Vihar, as well as having collected 311 from Sanjay colony, Okhla, Phase II between March and April 2022. The majority in Ajit Vihar (92.5%) were Hindu and belonged to the general caste (59.2%). Of the 365 participants from Ajit Vihar, 21.1% had a college education with 61.6% having completed up to grade 12, this is in con -trast to Sanjay colony that only had 7.7% respondents with college education and 35.4% that had completed up to grade 12. Around one fifth of Ajit Vihar were self-employed with the majority being regular salaried wage earners (52.9%). This is in contrast to Sanjay colony, where one third of households were self-employed business owners, and 41.2% had a regular salaried wage. The average monthly income in Sanjay colony was statistically significantly less at Rs. 16,681 (£156.65) compared with Ajit Vihar at Rs. 36,115 (£339.79). 1 Monthly income was positively correlated with the household owning a refrigerator with a freezer (r=0.245, p<0.01), washing machine (r=0.275, p<0.01), colour TV (r=0.106, p<0.01) and scooter/motorcycle (r=0.073, p<0.05) in these communities. These wealth indica -tors show positive associations with monthly income. This illustrates the robustness of our data and the convergent validity of 'income' as a measure of wealth ( Deaton, 2018). Statistically significant differences were found regarding all the wealth indicators, with residents in Ajit Vihar being statistically more likely to own these items than those in Sanjay ( Table 2.6). We use Auerbach's social capital scale as a way of understanding community collective action ( Auerbach, 2019). Higher levels of social capital have been Table 2.6 Demographic variables - Sanjay colony (slum/JJ) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised) \| \| N (%) \| \| \|---------------------------------------------\|----------------\|-----------------\| \| Household religion \| \| \| \| Hindu \| 291 (93.6) \|	[ "(", "Sanjay", ")", ",", "both", "of", "infrastructure", "(", "Sanjay", "and", "Bhalswa", ")", "and", "one", "on", "the", "periphery", "of", "the", "city", "detached", "from", "a", "socio", "-", "economic", "livelihood", "base", ",", "where", "residents", "had", "been", "evicted", "from", "their", "original", "homes", "(", "Bhalswa", ")", ".", "\n\n", "In", "the", "next", "part", ",", "we", "turn", "our", "attention", "to", "our", "second", "hypothesis", ".", "\n\n", "Hypothesis", "2", ":", "Residents", "'", "preferences", "on", "social", "capital", "and", "neighbourhood", "cohesion", "measures", "are", "different", "in", "two", "neighbourhood", "types", "-", "A", "comparison", "of", " ", "Sanjay", " ", "(", "slum", "/", "JJ", " ", "-", " ", "illegal", " ", "housing", " ", "built", " ", "on", " ", "public", " ", "land", ")", " ", "and", " ", "Ajit", " ", "Vihar", "(", "unauthorised", "-", "illegal", "housing", "built", "on", "private", "land", "typically", "owned", "by", "the", "household", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Characteristics", "of", "participants", "-", "Perceptions", "of", "community", "and", "the", "involvement", "within", "it", "\n\n", "We", "collected", "socio", "-", "demographic", "information", "from", "365", "residents", "in", "Ajit", "Vihar", ",", "as", "well", "as", "having", "collected", "311", "from", "Sanjay", "colony", ",", "Okhla", ",", "Phase", "II", "between", "March", "and", "April", "2022", ".", "The", "majority", "in", "Ajit", "Vihar", "(", "92.5", "%", ")", "were", "Hindu", "and", "belonged", "to", "the", "general", "caste", "(", "59.2", "%", ")", ".", "Of", "the", "365", "participants", "from", "Ajit", "Vihar", ",", "21.1", "%", "had", "a", "college", " ", "education", " ", "with", " ", "61.6", "%", " ", "having", " ", "completed", "up", "to", "grade", "12", ",", "this", "is", "in", "con", "-trast", "to", "Sanjay", "colony", "that", "only", "had", "7.7", "%", "respondents", "with", "college", "education", "and", "35.4", "%", "that", "had", "completed", "up", "to", "grade", "12", ".", "Around", "one", "fifth", "of", "Ajit", "Vihar", "were", "self", "-", "employed", "with", "the", "majority", "being", "regular", "salaried", "wage", "earners", "(", "52.9", "%", ")", ".", "This", "is", "in", "contrast", "to", "Sanjay", "colony", ",", "where", "one", "third", "of", "households", "were", "self", "-", "employed", "business", "owners", ",", "and", "41.2", "%", "had", "a", "regular", "salaried", "wage", ".", "The", "average", "monthly", "income", "in", "Sanjay", "colony", "was", "statistically", "significantly", "less", "at", "Rs", ".", "16,681", "(", "£", "156.65", ")", "compared", "with", "Ajit", "Vihar", "at", "Rs", ".", "36,115", "(", "£", "339.79", ")", ".", "1", "Monthly", "income", "was", "positively", "correlated", "with", "the", "household", "owning", "a", "refrigerator", "with", "a", "freezer", "(", "r=0.245", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ",", "washing", "machine", "(", "r=0.275", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ",", "colour", "TV", "(", "r=0.106", ",", "p<0.01", ")", "and", "scooter", "/", "motorcycle", "(", "r=0.073", ",", "p<0.05", ")", "in", "these", "communities", ".", "These", "wealth", "indica", "-tors", "show", "positive", "associations", "with", "monthly", "income", ".", "This", "illustrates", "the", "robustness", "of", "our", "data", "and", "the", "convergent", "validity", "of", "'", "income", "'", "as", "a", "measure", "of", "wealth", "(", "Deaton", ",", "2018", ")", ".", "Statistically", "significant", "differences", "were", "found", "regarding", "all", "the", "wealth", "indicators", ",", "with", "residents", "in", "Ajit", "Vihar", "being", "statistically", "more", "likely", "to", "own", "these", "items", "than", "those", "in", "Sanjay", "(", "Table", "2.6", ")", ".", "\n\n", "We", "use", " ", "Auerbach", "'s", " ", "social", " ", "capital", " ", "scale", " ", "as", " ", "a", " ", "way", " ", "of", " ", "understanding", " ", "community", "collective", "action", "(", "Auerbach", ",", "2019", ")", ".", "Higher", "levels", "of", "social", "capital", "have", "been", "\n\n", "Table", "2.6", "Demographic", "variables", "-", "Sanjay", "colony", "(", "slum", "/", "JJ", ")", "and", "Ajit", "Vihar", "(", "unauthorised", ")", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "N", "(", "%", ")", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------------------------------------\|----------------\|-----------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Household", "religion", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Hindu", " ", "\|", "291", "(", "93.6", ")", " ", "\|" ]	[]
sectoral, strategic and struc- tural properties. The platform mapping cluster organisation is curated by the ECCP and is openly accessible. For each cluster, the data source pro- vides an indication of its areas of specialisation in the form of NACE codes, scientific disciplines and policy objectives. The assessment of existing cluster organisations in EaP countries is complemented by the informa- tion provided in the 2017 report Review of the state of development of clusters in EaP coun- tries, elaborated as part of the Horizon 2020 pro- ject ‘STI International Cooperation Network for Eastern Partnership Countries – PLUS’. The report presents additional clusters or emerging cluster organisations to those identified in the mapping tool, which are defined as ‘closest to meeting the European definition criteria for “cluster” as of Jan- uary 2017’ and selected by local experts. The re- port also includes some additional considerations on organisation cluster policy and development. Table 2.56 presents all of the identified cluster organisations by EaP country, by selected source. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation115 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Software Mobile Financial Services Information Technology Lending and Investments Travel and Tourism Gaming Internet Services Natural Resources Payments Sustainability Professional Services Hardware Sales and Marketing Food and Beverage Science and Engineering Energy Data and Analytics Commerce and Shopping AppsTable 2.54. Recommended industry groups for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies The table shows the selected Industry Groups supporting the definition of innovation potential domains, for each EaP country. 116 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE code Industry Group(s) Number of EaP countries B6 – Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas Natural Resources 1 C10 – Manufacture of food products Food and Beverage 1 C11 – Manufacture of beverages Food and Beverage 1 C26 – Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsHardware; Mobile 4 D35 – Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Natural Resources; Energy 1 G46 – Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesCommerce and Shopping 1 G47 – Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesCommerce and Shopping; Sales and Marketing1 H53 – Warehousing and support activities for transportation Travel and Tourism 2 I55 – Accommodation Travel and Tourism 2 I56 – Food and beverage service activities Food and Beverage 1 J61 – TelecommunicationsMobile; 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de la labor de los líderes. - Aunque ser un agente de cambio es lo que suele distinguir a un líder, en determinados casos, el liderazgo puede ser más importante para mantener la estabilidad que para promover el cambio. - Las políticas de liderazgo deberían centrarse en cómo animar y nutrir a diversos grupos de personas con un buen potencial de liderazgo para que excedan en sus carreras profesionales a través de unas estructuras institucionales y organizativas adecuadas. Existen cuatro dimensiones importantes para garantizar un buen liderazgo escolar en todos los niveles educativos. - Establecer expectativas, centrarse en el aprendizaje, fomentar la colaboración y contribuir al desarrollo de las personas es importante no solo para quienes ocupan los puestos de dirección de los centros escolares y los líderes docentes, sino también para los líderes del sistema. \| Las expectativas de los líderes a nivel escolar y de sistema han ido cambiando .......10 \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Guía del informe..............................................................................................................................13 \| \| Recomendaciones..........................................................................................................................17 \| L as funciones de los líderes educativos suelen darse por sentado. Sin embargo, a menudo de forma invisible, dichos líderes marcan el rumbo de sus escuelas, universidades, departamentos y ministerios. Sus estilos de liderazgo reflejan su personalidad y experiencia, pero también se adaptan a las características de sus equipos, los objetivos de sus organizaciones y su contexto. La variedad de estilos de liderazgo existentes es precisamente la razón por la que no resulta fácil demostrar cómo influyen en la educación, pero también por la que a menudo se pasa por alto dicho impacto. Sin embargo, es imprescindible contar con un sólido liderazgo tanto a nivel escolar como político y de sistema para poder impulsar la educación en la dirección correcta, sobre todo porque los retos educativos siguen siendo desalentadores. meta» (Kruse, 2013). Esta definición tiene dos implicaciones: en primer lugar, que el liderazgo no se confiere automáticamente por estar en una posición de poder, sino por la capacidad de influir en las acciones de otras personas y, en segundo lugar, que el liderazgo se enmarca en términos de un objetivo para cuya formulación los líderes desempeñan un papel importante y tras el cual pueden unirse los miembros de un equipo, organización o sociedad. <!-- image --> Contar con buenos líderes escolares, políticos y del sistema es crucial para impulsar la educación en la dirección correcta <!-- image --> El liderazgo se asocia a menudo con	[ "de", "la", "labor", "de", "los", "líderes", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Aunque", "ser", "un", "agente", "de", "cambio", "es", "lo", "que", "suele", "distinguir", "a", "un", "líder", ",", "en", "determinados", "casos", ",", "el", "liderazgo", "puede", "ser", "más", "importante", "para", "mantener", "la", "estabilidad", "que", "para", "promover", "el", "cambio", ".", "\n", "-", "", 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Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.)Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 Imprinting Anglo- Italian Relations in The Liberal ROMANTIC STUDIES Theories and Practices Edited by Serena Baiesi and Lilla Maria Crisafulli VOLUME 3 Lausanne - Berlin - Bruxelles - Chennai - New York - Oxford Lilla Maria Crisafulli / Serena Baiesi / Carlotta Farese (eds.) Imprinting Anglo- Italian Relations in The Liberal Lausanne - Berlin - Bruxelles - Chennai - New York - Oxford Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in	[ "Hazlitt", ",", "and", "Mary", "Shelley", ")", ".", "They", "were", "all", "members", "of", "the", "so", "-", "called", "“", "Pisan", "circle", "”", ",", "an", "Anglo", "-", "Italian", "community", "of", "liberal", "writers", "aspiring", "to", "cultural", "and", "social", "reform", ".", "Even", "though", "The", "Liberal", "was", "addressed", "to", "an", "English", "public", ",", "it", "was", "entirely", "con", "-", "ceived", "in", "Italy", ",", "a", "country", "which", "had", "become", "a", "symbolic", "as", "well", "as", "a", "geographical", "space", ",", "playing", "a", "crucial", "role", "in", "defining", "the", "journal", "’s", "aims", "and", "themes", ".", "This", "col", "-", "lection", "of", "essays", "examines", "the", "short", "and", "difficult", "life", "of", "the", "periodical", ",", "reassessing", "its", "cultural", "politics", ",", "its", "relationship", "to", "Italy", ",", "the", "controversial", "British", "reception", ",", "and", "its", "relevance", "to", "Romantic", "(", "and", "indeed", "contemporary", ")", "debates", "on", "Liberalism", ".", "\n", "www.peterlang.com", "\n", "Imprinting", "Anglo", "-", "Italian", "Relations", "in", "The", "Liberal", "L.", "M.", "Crisafulli", "/", "S.", "Baiesi", "/", "C.", "Farese", "(", "eds.)Lilla", "Maria", "Crisafulli", "is", "Alma", "Mater", "Professor", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Bologna", ".", "She", "is", "\n", "Honorary", "President", "of", "the", "Interuniversity", "Centre", "for", "Romantic", "Studies", "(", "CISR", ")", "and", "General", "Editor", "of", "La", "Questione", "Romantica", ".", "She", "has", "written", "extensively", "on", "British", "Romanticism", "and", "on", "the", "Cultural", "Relations", "between", "Italy", "and", "Great", "Britain", ".", "She", "is", "the", "author", "of", "monographic", "studies", "on", "P", ".", "B.", "Shelley", ".", "\n", "Serena", "Baiesi", "is", "Associate", "Professor", "of", "English", "Literature", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Bologna", ",", "where", "she", "teaches", "British", "Romanticism", ".", "Her", "research", "interests", "and", "publications", "are", "related", "to", "Romantic", "poetry", ",", "Leigh", "Hunt", "and", "political", "writings", ",", "Mary", "Shelley", ",", "Gothic", "literature", ",", "Romantic", "theatre", "and", "drama", ",", "Jane", "Austen", ",", "slavery", "literature", ".", "\n", "Carlotta", "Farese", "is", "Associate", "Professor", "of", "English", "Literature", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Bologna", ".", "She", "has", "written", "on", "the", "woman", "reader", "in", "nineteenth", "-", "century", "fiction", ",", "on", "Anglo", "-", "German", "cultural", "relations", "(", "Inchbald", ",", "Kotzebue", ",", "Wieland", ")", ",", "on", "Jane", "Austen", "and", "the", "New", "Woman", ".", "Her", "current", "research", "interests", "focus", "on", "Austen", "’s", "Mansfield", "Park", ",", "and", "the", "literary", "representation", "of", "disability", "in", "the", "eighteenth", "and", "nineteenth", "centuries", ".", "LILLA", "MARIA", "CRISAFULLI", "/", "SERENA", "BAIESI", "/", "CARLOTTA", "FARESE", "(", "EDS", ".", ")", "\n", "IMPRINTING", "ANGLO", "-", "ITALIAN", " \n", "RELATIONS", "IN", "THE", "LIBERAL03", "0303", "Romantic", "Studies", ".", "Theories", "and", "Practices", "Romantic", "Studies", ".", "Theories", "and", "Practices", "\n", "9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd", " ", "All", "Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd", " ", "All", "Pages", "08", "-", "May-24", " ", "12:51:5508", "-", "May-24", " ", "12:51:55", "\n", "Imprinting", "Anglo-", " ", "Italian", "Relations", "in", "The", "Liberal", " \n", "ROMANTIC", "STUDIES", "\n", "Theories", "and", "Practices", "\n", "Edited", "by", "Serena", "Baiesi", "and", "Lilla", "Maria", "Crisafulli", "\n", "VOLUME", "3", "\n", "Lausanne", "-", "Berlin", "-", "Bruxelles", "-", "Chennai", "-", "New", "York", "-", "Oxford", " \n", "Lilla", "Maria", "Crisafulli", "/", " ", "Serena", "Baiesi", "/", " \n ", "Carlotta", "Farese", "(", "eds", ".", ")", "\n", "Imprinting", "Anglo-", " ", "Italian", "\n", "Relations", "in", "The", "Liberal", "\n", "Lausanne", "-", "Berlin", "-", "Bruxelles", "-", "Chennai", "-", "New", "York", "-", "Oxford", " \n", "Bibliographic", "Information", "published", "by", "the", "Deutsche", "Nationalbibliothek", " \n", "The", "Deutsche", "Nationalbibliothek", "lists", "this", "publication", "in", "the", "Deutsche", " \n", "Nationalbibliografie", ";", "detailed", "bibliographic", "data", "is", "available", "in" ]	[]
8. Chickering, D.M., Heckerman, D., Meek, C.: A Bayesian approach to learning Bayesian networks with local structure. In: Geiger, D., Shenoy, P.P. (eds.) Proceedings of 13thConference on Uncertainty in Arti ﬁcial Intelligence, pp. 80 –89 (1997) 9. Vapnik, V.N.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer, New York (1995) 10. Chen, S.F., Goodman, J.T.: An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling. In: Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Santa Cruz, pp. 310 –318 (1996) 11. Honore, A.: Some simple measures of richness of vocabulary. Assoc. Lit. Linguist. Comput. Bull. 7(2), 172 –177 (1979) 12. Sichel, H.: On a distribution law for word frequencies. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 70, 542 –547 (1975) 13. Lavergne, T., Urvoy, T., Yvon, F.: Detecting fake content with relative entropy scoring. In: PAN 2008 (2008) 14. Seymore, K., Rosenfeld, R.: Scalable backoff language models. In: ICSLP 1996, Philadelphia, PA, vol. 1, pp. 232 –235 (1996) 15. Stolcke, A.: Entropy-based pruning of backoff language models (1998) 16. Manning, C.D., Schutze, H.: Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1999) 17. Gyongyi, Z., Garcia-Molina, H.: Web spam taxonomy. In: 1st International Workshop on Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web (AIRWeb 2005) (2005) 18. Heymann, P., Koutrika, G., Garcia-Molina, H.: Fighting spam on social web sites: a survey of approaches and future challenges. IEEE Mag. Internet Comput. 11(6), 36 –45 (2007) 19. Labb é, C., Labb é, D.: Duplicate and fake publications in the scienti ﬁc literature: how many SCIgen papers in computer science? Scientometrics, Akad émiai Kiad ó, p. 10 (2012)426 D.	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royalties, RRTs, or APTs. The design of each fiscal instrument-whether it is ring-fenced or not-will have an impact on tax revenues. Governments must consider whether all taxes that apply to mining should be ring-fenced or only some of them. 21 These transactions can be also structured via independent intermediaries, such as banks as over-the-counter trading transactions. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION Typically, resource-rich countries will ring-fence CIT, 22 as well as RRT and APT (profit-based taxes), in the mining sector. We explain the reasons below.	[ "royalties", ",", "RRTs", ",", "or", "APTs", ".", "The", "design", "of", "each", "fiscal", "instrument", "-", "whether", "it", "is", "ring", "-", "fenced", "or", "not", "-", "will", "have", "an", "impact", "on", "tax", "revenues", ".", "Governments", "must", "consider", "whether", "all", "taxes", "that", "apply", "to", "mining", "should", "be", "ring", "-", "fenced", "or", "only", "some", "of", "them", ".", "\n\n", "21", " ", "These", "transactions", "can", "be", "also", "structured", "via", "independent", "intermediaries", ",", "such", "as", "banks", "as", "over", "-", "the", "-", "counter", "trading", "transactions", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "Typically", ",", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "will", "ring", "-", "fence", "CIT", ",", "22", " ", "as", "well", "as", "RRT", "and", "APT", "(", "profit", "-", "based", "taxes", ")", ",", "in", "the", "mining", "sector", ".", "We", "explain", "the", "reasons", "below", "." ]	[]
\| … \| 97 ₋₄ \| 60 ₋₄ \| 29 ₋₂ \| … 62 ₋₁ \| 4 ₋₁ \| 0.2 ₋₁ \| 1 ₋₁ ᵢ 43 ₋₁ \| 24 ₋₁ \| 87 ₋₁ ᵢ 27 … \| 51 … \| BRA VGB \| \| \| \| 66 ₋₁ \| 66 ₋₁ 100 \| 66 ₋₁ 100 \| 66 ₋₁ 100 \| 66 ₋₁ 100 \| 66 ₋₁ 100 \| 50 ₋₃ \| … … … … \| 23 ₋₃ … \| ᵢ … \| 0.2 ₋₃ 0.3 ₋₁ ᵢ … 1 ₋₁ ᵢ \| … \| … \| CYM \| \| \| \| 100 … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 52 ₋₄ \| 100 … \| 60 ₋₁ \| 3 1 ₋₁ \| 2 ₋₁ ᵢ 3 \| 18 ₋₁ \| 21 ₋₁ ᵢ … \| … \| CHL \| \| \| \| 53 ₋₄ \| … \| … \| 88 ₋₁ \| 47 ₋₁ \| 78 ₋₁ \| … \| 59 ₋₁ \| 92 \| ₋₁ ₋₁ \| 5 ₋₁ \| 62 ₋₁ ᵢ 7 \| 43 \| COL \| \| \| \| \| 76 ₋₃ \| 96 ₋₃ \| 99 ₋₃ \| 86 ₋₃ \| 97 ₋₃ 72 \| ₋₃ 58 \| ₋₁ … \| 0.2 1 ₋₄ \| ᵢ 2 ₋₄ ᵢ \| 3 ₋₃ 5 ₋₁ ᵢ 4 ₋₁ \| 1 \| 3 \| CRI \| \| \| \| 93 ₋₃ \| … \| 100 \| 100 \| 36 \| 100 \| … \| … \| … \| 2 1 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 7 \| ᵢ 2 \| 2 \| CUB \| \| \| \| 100 ₋₁ … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| \| … \| … \| 0.2 ₋₁ ᵢ 1 ₋₁ ᵢ \| … \| … \| CUW \| \| \| \| 100 \| \| 100 \| \| \| \| … 100 ₋₁ \| … \| … \| … … \| … … \| 0.2 \| 0.4 \| DMA \| \| \| \| \| 100 \| 80 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 23 \| - \| … \| 11 ₋₁ \| 1 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 55 ₋₁ \| 5 ₋₁ 1 \| 1 \| DOM \| \| \| \| - 41 \| - \| \| 90 \| 53 \| 76 \| 59 ₋₁ \| 3 ₋₁ \| 1 ₋₁ \| \|	[ "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "97", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "60", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "29", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", "62", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "4", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "0.2", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "43", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "87", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "27", "…", " ", "\|", "51", "…", " ", "\|", "BRA", "VGB", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "66", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₁", "100", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₁", "100", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₁", "100", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₁", "100", "\|", "66", "₋₁", "100", "\|", "50", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "…", "…", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₃", "…", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "…", " ", "\|", "0.2", "₋₃", "0.3", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "…", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "CYM", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "100", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "52", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "100", "…", " ", "\|", "60", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "3", "1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "2", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "3", " ", "\|", "18", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "CHL", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "53", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "88", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "47", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "78", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "59", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "5", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "7", " ", "\|", "43", " ", "\|", "COL", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "76", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "96", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "99", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "86", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "97", "₋₃", "72", " ", "\|", "₋₃", "58", " ", "\|", "₋₁", "…", " ", "\|", "0.2", "1", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "2", "₋₄", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₃", "5", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "4", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "CRI", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "93", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "2", "1", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "CUB", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "100", "₋₁", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "0.2", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "CUW", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", "100", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "0.4", " ", "\|", "DMA", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "80", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", "23", " ", "\|", "-", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "55", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "5", "₋₁", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "DOM", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "-", "41", " ", "\|", "-", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "53", " ", "\|", "76", " ", "\|", "59", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|" ]	[]
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In-Group Favoritism and the Reflection of Realistic Dimensions of Difference between National States in Central and Eastern European Nationality Stereotypes. British Journal of Social Psychology 1, 85 -102. - Rahinel, R., Otto, A.S., Grossman, D.M., Clarkson, J.J., 2021. Exposure to Brands Makes Preferential Decisions Easier. Journal of Consumer Research 48, 541 -561. - Reed, A., Forehand, M., Puntoni, S., Warlop, L., 2012. Identity-Based Consumer Behavior. International Journal of Research in Marketing 29 (4), 310 -341. Russo, Carlo, Luisa Menapace, Marcello Sansone, Edward Kyei Twum, Negin Fathinejad, Annarita Colamatteo, and Maria Anna Pagnanelli (2020), ' Economic rationale behind differences in the composition of seemingly identical branded food products in the Single Market, ' JRC Research Reports JRC117796.	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UK universities 23 Jul 2025 Nigeria takes up case of its Teesside University students ordered out of UK 30 May 2024 Nigerian students at Teesside University ordered to leave UK after currency crash 22 May 2024 UK universities report drop in international students amid visa doubts 13 May 2024 Sunak backs police action as Jewish students condemn ‘toxic’ protests 2 May 2024 Capita undercuts British Council to run Turing student exchange scheme 8 Dec 2021 Third of non-EU university students in UK come from China 16 Jan 2020 More from News More from News Ukraine ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least eight people 40m ago Trump administration Top US health agency erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign 6h ago China Putin and Kim to join Xi at Chinese military parade in show of defiance to the west 3h ago Gaza Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza 9h ago France Macron backs Bayrou and calls on budget critics to show responsibility 15h ago Greenland Denmark issues first apology over forced contraception of Greenlandic women 14h ago Iran Iran faces return of sweeping sanctions from UK, France and Germany 1h ago Argentina Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister 6h ago Japan Japanese town wants residents to limit smartphone use to two hours a day 8h ago Most viewed Most viewed Education Schools Teachers Universities Students News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning Sign up for our email Help Complaints & corrections SecureDrop Work for us Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms & conditions Contact us All topics All writers Digital newspaper archive Tax strategy Facebook YouTube Instagram LinkedIn Newsletters Advertise with us Search UK jobs Tips Accessibility settings Back to top © 2025 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. (dcr) The Guardian Under pressure, undeterred The urgent threats facing the free press today would have been unimaginable for most of the Guardian’s 204-year history. With big tech, billionaires, and authoritarians seizing more control of the world’s news and information, our independent journalism needs your support. We value whatever you can spare, but a monthly subscription makes the most impact, enabling greater investment in our most crucial, fearless journalism. Thank you.	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permits issued for onshore wind since the entry into force of the Article 122 Emergency Regulation. The report recommends extending acceleration measures and emergency regulation to heat networks, heat generators, and hydrogen and carbon capture and storage infrastructure. Greater focus is also needed on digitalising national permitting processes across the EU and addressing permitting authorities’ lack of resources. For instance, administrative fees for procedures could be increased to ensure authorities have adequate capabilities to deliver prompt approvals. Another potential avenue would be for the EU to make renewable acceleration areas and strategic environmental assessments the rule for renewables expansion, replacing individual assessments per project. Targeted updates to relevant EU Environmental legislation could be used to provide limited (in time and perimeter) exemptions in EU environmental directives until climate neutrality is achieved. This revised legislation should appoint last-resort national authorities to ensure the permitting of projects in the event that there is no answer from local authorities after a predetermined time (e.g. 45 days). A central element in accelerating decarbonisation will be unlocking the potential of clean energy through a collective EU focus on grids . If there is one horizontal area in the energy sector whose importance cannot be 50THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3overstated, it is the EU’s energy grids. Delivering a step-change in grid deployment will require a new approach to planning at the EU and Member State levels, including the ability to effectively reach decisions and accelerate permitting, to mobilise adequate public and private financing and to innovate grid assets and processes. From a European perspective, rapidly increasing the installation of interconnectors should be the focus. The report recom - mends, first, to establish a “28th regime” – i.e. a special legal framework outside of the 27 different national legal frameworks – for interconnectors deemed to be Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs). This regime should shorten the length of national procedures and integrate them into a single process, avoiding the possibility of projects being blocked by individual national interests. Some very large renewable energy projects, such as large offshore wind in the North Sea, could also apply via this procedure, bypassing permitting delays at the local level. Second, the next Multiannual Financial Framework should reinforce the EU instrument dedicated to financing interconnectors (the Connecting Europe Facility). Third, a permanent European coordinator should be created in charge of assisting in obtaining	[ "permits", "issued", "for", "onshore", "wind", "since", "the", "entry", "into", "force", "of", "the", "Article", "\n", "122", "Emergency", "Regulation", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "extending", "acceleration", "measures", "and", "emergency", "regulation", "\n", "to", "heat", "networks", ",", "heat", "generators", ",", "and", "hydrogen", "and", "carbon", "capture", "and", "storage", "infrastructure", ".", "Greater", "focus", "is", "\n", "also", "needed", "on", "digitalising", "national", "permitting", "processes", "across", "the", "EU", "and", "addressing", "permitting", "authorities", "’", "\n", "lack", "of", "resources", ".", "For", "instance", ",", "administrative", "fees", "for", "procedures", "could", "be", "increased", "to", "ensure", "authorities", "have", "\n", "adequate", "capabilities", "to", "deliver", "prompt", "approvals", ".", "Another", "potential", "avenue", "would", "be", "for", "the", "EU", "to", "make", "renewable", "\n", "acceleration", "areas", "and", "strategic", "environmental", "assessments", "the", "rule", "for", "renewables", "expansion", ",", "replacing", "individual", "\n", "assessments", "per", "project", ".", "Targeted", "updates", "to", "relevant", "EU", "Environmental", "legislation", "could", "be", "used", "to", "provide", "limited", "\n", "(", "in", "time", "and", "perimeter", ")", "exemptions", "in", "EU", "environmental", "directives", "until", "climate", "neutrality", "is", "achieved", ".", "This", "revised", "\n", "legislation", "should", "appoint", "last", "-", "resort", "national", "authorities", "to", "ensure", "the", "permitting", "of", "projects", "in", "the", "event", "that", "there", "\n", "is", "no", "answer", "from", "local", "authorities", "after", "a", "predetermined", "time", "(", "e.g.", "45", "days", ")", ".", "\n", "A", "central", "element", "in", "accelerating", "decarbonisation", "will", "be", "unlocking", "the", "potential", "of", "clean", "energy", "through", "\n", "a", "collective", "EU", "focus", "on", "grids", ".", "If", "there", "is", "one", "horizontal", "area", "in", "the", "energy", "sector", "whose", "importance", "can", "not", "be", "\n", "50THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3overstated", ",", "it", "is", "the", "EU", "’s", "energy", "grids", ".", "Delivering", "a", "step", "-", "change", "in", "grid", "deployment", "will", "require", "a", "new", "approach", "\n", "to", "planning", "at", "the", "EU", "and", "Member", "State", "levels", ",", "including", "the", "ability", "to", "effectively", "reach", "decisions", "and", "accelerate", "\n", "permitting", ",", "to", "mobilise", "adequate", "public", "and", "private", "financing", "and", "to", "innovate", "grid", "assets", "and", "processes", ".", "From", "a", "\n", "European", "perspective", ",", "rapidly", "increasing", "the", "installation", "of", "interconnectors", "should", "be", "the", "focus", ".", "The", "report", "recom", "-", "\n", "mends", ",", "first", ",", "to", "establish", "a", "“", "28th", "regime", "”", "–", "i.e.", "a", "special", "legal", "framework", "outside", "of", "the", "27", "different", "national", "legal", "\n", "frameworks", "–", "for", "interconnectors", "deemed", "to", "be", "Important", "Projects", "of", "Common", "European", "Interest", "(", "IPCEIs", ")", ".", "This", "\n", "regime", "should", "shorten", "the", "length", "of", "national", "procedures", "and", "integrate", "them", "into", "a", "single", "process", ",", "avoiding", "the", "\n", "possibility", "of", "projects", "being", "blocked", "by", "individual", "national", "interests", ".", "Some", "very", "large", "renewable", "energy", "projects", ",", "\n", "such", "as", "large", "offshore", "wind", "in", "the", "North", "Sea", ",", "could", "also", "apply", "via", "this", "procedure", ",", "bypassing", "permitting", "delays", "at", "\n", "the", "local", "level", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "next", "Multiannual", "Financial", "Framework", "should", "reinforce", "the", "EU", "instrument", "dedicated", "to", "\n", "financing", "interconnectors", "(", "the", "Connecting", "Europe", "Facility", ")", ".", "Third", ",", "a", "permanent", "European", "coordinator", "should", "be", "\n", "created", "in", "charge", "of", "assisting", "in", "obtaining" ]	[]
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circuits described in the above embodiment are provided on one die. The has a stacked-layer structure as described in the above embodiment, and is broadly divided into a , a , and an . Since the can be provided to be stacked over the , the size of the can be easily reduced. Although a QFP (Quad Flat Package) is used as a package of the in , the embodiment of the package is not limited thereto. The digital processing circuit such as a CPU, the analog arithmetic circuit using OS transistors, the OS-FPGA, and the OS memory such as a DOSRAM or a NOSRAM can all be formed in the , the , and the . In other words, the elements included in the AI system can be formed through the same manufacturing process. Consequently, the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the IC described in this embodiment does not need to be increased even when the number of elements is increased, and accordingly the AI system can be incorporated into the IC at low cost. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. <Electronic Device> The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for processors such as CPUs and GPUs or computers. to illustrate specific examples of electronic devices including a processor such as a CPU or a GPU or a computer of one embodiment of the present invention. <Electronic Device and System> The processor such as a CPU or a GPU or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention can be incorporated into a variety of electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices include a digital camera, a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone, a portable game machine, a portable information terminal, and an audio reproducing device in addition to electronic devices provided with a relatively large screen, such as a television device, a desktop or laptop personal computer, a monitor for a computer and the like, digital signage, and a large game machine like a pachinko machine. When the integrated circuit or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention is provided in an electronic device, the electronic device can include artificial intelligence. The electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention may include an antenna. 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and nuclear energy from higher and more volatile fossil fuel prices, preventing end users from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills [see Figure 5] . In 2022 at the peak of the energy crisis, natural gas was the price- setter 63% of the time, despite making up only 20% share of the EU’s electricity mix. The use of long-term contract solutions – like Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) markets or Contracts for Difference (CfDs) – can help attenuate the link between the marginal price setter and the cost of energy for end users, but such solutions are underdeveloped in Europe, in turn limiting the benefits from accelerating the roll-out of renewables. In the absence of action, this decoupling problem will remain acute at least for the remainder of this decade. Even if renewable installation targets are met, it is not forecast to significantly reduce the share of hours during which fossil fuels set energy prices by 2030. FIGURE 5 Price-setting technology per Member State and their generation mix %, 2022 Source: European Commission (JRC), 2023 Note: Market share of natural gas by venue in % of reported notionals, excluding central counterparties and clearing members. The figure shows that the top-5 and top-10 EU counterparties (in terms of gross notionals) accounted for more than 50% and 60% respectively of reported notionals by EU entities on each of the two EU gas regulated markets. Data as of November 2022. OI: Open Interest. TV: Trading Venue. OTC: Over-the-counter. Sources: Trade repositories (TRs), Bank of England, ESMA.Note: Absolute value of net positions in EUR billion for the top five long and short non-financial corporate counterparties and positions in % of average daily trading volume, in % rhs. The high concentration of positions indicates that if several firms with similar directional positions were to reduce their exposures, they could amplify market moves. Sources: EMIR, ESMA. 44THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3FIGURE 6 Electricity wholesale and retail prices across Member States for industry EUR/MWh, 2023 Source: European Commission, 2024. Based on Eurostat, S&P Global, and ENTSO-E, 2024. A lengthy and uncertain permitting process for new power supply and grids is a major obstacle to faster installation of new capacity . Investments in both power generation and grids require several years between feasi - bility studies and project completion. However, there is a large variation in permitting times between	[ "and", "nuclear", "energy", "from", "higher", "and", "more", "volatile", "fossil", "fuel", "prices", ",", "preventing", "end", "users", "from", "capturing", "the", "full", "\n", "benefits", "of", "clean", "energy", "in", "their", "bills", "[", "see", "Figure", "5", "]", ".", "In", "2022", "at", "the", "peak", "of", "the", "energy", "crisis", ",", "natural", "gas", "was", "the", "price-", "\n", "setter", "63", "%", "of", "the", "time", ",", "despite", "making", "up", "only", "20", "%", "share", "of", "the", "EU", "’s", "electricity", "mix", ".", "The", "use", "of", "long", "-", "term", "contract", "\n", "solutions", "–", "like", "Power", "Purchase", "Agreement", "(", "PPA", ")", "markets", "or", "Contracts", "for", "Difference", "(", "CfDs", ")", "–", "can", "help", "attenuate", "the", "\n", "link", "between", "the", "marginal", "price", "setter", "and", "the", "cost", "of", "energy", "for", "end", "users", ",", "but", "such", "solutions", "are", "underdeveloped", "\n", "in", "Europe", ",", "in", "turn", "limiting", "the", "benefits", "from", "accelerating", "the", "roll", "-", "out", "of", "renewables", ".", "In", "the", "absence", "of", "action", ",", "this", "\n", "decoupling", "problem", "will", "remain", "acute", "at", "least", "for", "the", "remainder", "of", "this", "decade", ".", "Even", "if", "renewable", "installation", "targets", "\n", "are", "met", ",", "it", "is", "not", "forecast", "to", "significantly", "reduce", "the", "share", "of", "hours", "during", "which", "fossil", "fuels", "set", "energy", "prices", "by", "2030", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "5", "\n", "Price", "-", "setting", "technology", "per", "Member", "State", "and", "their", "generation", "mix", " \n", "%", ",", "2022", "\n", "Source", ":", "European", "Commission", "(", "JRC", ")", ",", "2023", "\n", "Note", ":", " ", "Market", "share", "of", "natural", "gas", "by", "venue", "in", "%", "of", "reported", "notionals", ",", "\n", "excluding", "central", "counterparties", "and", "clearing", "members", ".", "The", "figure", "shows", "\n", "that", "the", "top-5", "and", "top-10", "EU", "counterparties", "(", "in", "terms", "of", "gross", "notionals", ")", "\n", "accounted", "for", "more", "than", "50", "%", "and", "60", "%", "respectively", "of", "reported", "notionals", "by", "\n", "EU", "entities", "on", "each", "of", "the", "two", "EU", "gas", "regulated", "markets", ".", "Data", "as", "of", "November", "\n", "2022", ".", "OI", ":", "Open", "Interest", ".", "TV", ":", "Trading", "Venue", ".", "OTC", ":", "Over", "-", "the", "-", "counter", ".", "\n", "Sources", ":", "Trade", "repositories", "(", "TRs", ")", ",", "Bank", "of", "England", ",", "ESMA.Note", ":", "Absolute", "value", "of", "net", "positions", "in", "EUR", "billion", "for", "the", "top", "five", "long", "and", "\n", "short", "non", "-", "financial", "corporate", "counterparties", "and", "positions", "in", "%", "of", "average", "\n", "daily", "trading", "volume", ",", "in", "%", "rhs", ".", "The", "high", "concentration", "of", "positions", "indicates", "\n", "that", "if", "several", "firms", "with", "similar", "directional", "positions", "were", "to", "reduce", "their", "\n", "exposures", ",", "they", "could", "amplify", "market", "moves", ".", "\n", "Sources", ":", "EMIR", ",", "ESMA", ".", "\n", "44THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3FIGURE", "6", "\n", "Electricity", "wholesale", "and", "retail", "prices", "across", "Member", "States", "for", "industry", " \n", "EUR", "/", "MWh", ",", "2023", "\n", "Source", ":", "European", "Commission", ",", "2024", ".", "Based", "on", "Eurostat", ",", "S&P", "Global", ",", "and", "ENTSO", "-", "E", ",", "2024", ".", "\n", "A", "lengthy", "and", "uncertain", "permitting", "process", "for", "new", "power", "supply", "and", "grids", "is", "a", "major", "obstacle", "to", "faster", "\n", "installation", "of", "new", "capacity", ".", "Investments", "in", "both", "power", "generation", "and", "grids", "require", "several", "years", "between", "feasi", "-", "\n", "bility", "studies", "and", "project", "completion", ".", "However", ",", "there", "is", "a", "large", "variation", "in", "permitting", "times", "between" ]	[]
example is that of Victoria Vasiliu, born on 21 April 1896, in Botoșani, who graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Bucharest in 1924. 65 After graduation, she passed the exam to become an intern at the Public Hospitals in Bucharest, being appointed school doctor at the Despina Doamna Normal School for Girls in Botoșani in 1928. To retain her position as a physician and a teacher, in May 1929 she graduated from the School Hygiene course of the Faculty of Medicine in Iași. However, it was not until 1934 that Victoria Vasiliu requested to be evaluated for tenure at the boarding school where she had been serving since 1928. According to the principal's recommendation, she had shown genuine interest in students' health and well- being over the years, examining them individually each year, keeping their sanitary leaflets up to date and monitoring the boarding school's hygiene and housing conditions. Since Victoria Vasiliu had served for six years as school doctor, but only five as a hygiene teacher, the principal, Olga Savinescu, pleaded with the Ministry of Instruction to grant her tenure. Still, for reasons that were not disclosed in the file, the evaluation did not take place until the last week of November 1936, when the designated inspector attended a seventh- grade medicine class on 'Bleeding and ways to stop it'. He evaluated the students as well prepared and appreciated the doctor's ability to use their answers to start the new lesson; she explained the procedure necessary to stop bleeding to the girls and showed them how to tie the knot, making them practise on each other's arms. The second class the inspector attended was a fifth- grade course on 'Eruptive fevers: Scarlet fever and measles'. Once again, the inspector appreciated her pedagogical skills and the clear and methodical approach of the lesson. Her teaching was not the only target of evaluation. The inspector referred to the way she served as a doctor, taking care of the students and making sure contagious diseases were contained. He also added that she was highly regarded, in school and beyond, as she had served the high school with great dedication. 66 Twelve years later, according to the doctor's yearbook in 1948, 67 Victoria Vasiliu was still a school doctor, proving that such professional paths opened the possibility of a successful teaching career for female physicians. ## Conclusions Female professionals have been invisible	[ "example", "is", " ", "that", " ", "of", " ", "Victoria", " ", "Vasiliu", ",", " ", "born", " ", "on", " ", "21", " ", "April", " ", "1896", ",", "in", "Botoșani", ",", "who", "graduated", "from", "the", "Faculty", "of", "Medicine", "in", "Bucharest", "in", "1924", ".", "65", " ", "After", "graduation", ",", "she", "passed", "the", "exam", "to", "become", "an", "intern", "at", "the", "Public", "Hospitals", "in", "Bucharest", ",", "being", "appointed", "school", "doctor", "at", "the", "Despina", "Doamna", "Normal", "School", "for", "Girls", "in", "Botoșani", "in", "1928", ".", "To", "retain", "her", "position", " ", "as", " ", "a", " ", "physician", " ", "and", " ", "a", " ", "teacher", ",", " ", "in", " ", "May", " ", "1929", " ", "she", " ", "graduated", " ", "from", " ", "the", "School", "Hygiene", "course", "of", "the", "Faculty", "of", "Medicine", "in", "Iași", ".", "\n\n", "However", ",", " ", "it", " ", "was", " ", "not", " ", "until", " ", "1934", " ", "that", " ", "Victoria", " ", "Vasiliu", " ", "requested", " ", "to", " ", "be", "evaluated", " ", "for", " ", "tenure", " ", "at", " ", "the", " ", "boarding", " ", "school", " ", "where", " ", "she", " ", "had", " ", "been", " ", "serving", "since", "1928", ".", "According", "to", "the", "principal", "'s", "recommendation", ",", "she", "had", "shown", "genuine", "interest", "in", "students", "'", "health", "and", "well-", " ", "being", "over", "the", "years", ",", "examining", "them", "individually", "each", "year", ",", "keeping", "their", "sanitary", "leaflets", "up", "to", "date", "and", "monitoring", "the", "boarding", "school", "'s", "hygiene", "and", "housing", "conditions", ".", "Since", "Victoria", "Vasiliu", "had", "served", "for", "six", "years", "as", "school", "doctor", ",", "but", "only", "five", "as", "a", "hygiene", "teacher", ",", "the", "principal", ",", "Olga", "Savinescu", ",", "pleaded", "with", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "to", "grant", "her", "tenure", ".", "\n\n", "Still", ",", " ", "for", " ", "reasons", "that", "were", "not", "disclosed", "in", "the", "file", ",", "the", "evaluation", "did", "not", "take", "place", "until", "the", "last", "week", "of", "November", "1936", ",", "when", "the", "designated", "inspector", "attended", "a", "seventh-", " ", "grade", "medicine", "class", "on", "'", "Bleeding", "and", "ways", "to", "stop", "it", "'", ".", "He", "evaluated", "the", "students", "as", "well", "prepared", "and", "appreciated", "the", "doctor", "'s", "ability", "to", "use", "their", "answers", "to", "start", "the", "new", "lesson", ";", "she", "explained", "\n\n", "the", "procedure", "necessary", "to", "stop", "bleeding", "to", "the", "girls", "and", "showed", "them", "how", "to", "tie", "the", "knot", ",", "making", "them", "practise", "on", "each", "other", "'s", "arms", ".", "The", "second", "class", "the", "inspector", "attended", "was", "a", "fifth-", " ", "grade", "course", "on", "'", "Eruptive", "fevers", ":", "Scarlet", "fever", "and", "measles", "'", ".", "Once", "again", ",", "the", "inspector", "appreciated", "her", "pedagogical", "skills", "and", "the", "clear", "and", "methodical", "approach", "of", "the", "lesson", ".", "\n\n", "Her", "teaching", "was", "not", "the", "only", "target", "of", "evaluation", ".", "The", "inspector", "referred", "to", "the", "way", "she", "served", "as", "a", "doctor", ",", "taking", "care", "of", "the", "students", "and", "making", "sure", "contagious", "diseases", "were", "contained", ".", "He", "also", "added", "that", "she", "was", "highly", "regarded", ",", " ", "in", " ", "school", " ", "and", " ", "beyond", ",", " ", "as", " ", "she", " ", "had", " ", "served", " ", "the", " ", "high", " ", "school", " ", "with", "great", "dedication", ".", "66", " ", "Twelve", "years", "later", ",", "according", "to", "the", "doctor", "'s", "yearbook", "in", "1948", ",", "67", " ", "Victoria", "Vasiliu", "was", "still", "a", "school", "doctor", ",", "proving", "that", "such", "professional", "paths", "opened", "the", "possibility", "of", "a", "successful", "teaching", "career", "for", "female", "physicians", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Conclusions", "\n\n", "Female", " ", "professionals", " ", "have", " ", "been", " ", "invisible", " " ]	[ { "end": 149, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 147 }, { "end": 2224, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2222 }, { "end": 2292, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2290 } ]
Stata SEM software calculates solutions using matrix algebra methods. In order to help give an understanding of how the SEM technique computation is undertaken, we will demonstrate the calculation using Wright’s three tracing rules. Wright’s method states that the correlation between any two variables can be expressed as the sum of the compound paths connecting these two points. The three rules that need to be followed are (1) no loops, (2) no going forward then backward (3) a maximum of one curved arrow per path. The first rule means that a path must not pass through the same variable more than once. The second rule implies that once you have traversed forward along the direction of a path arrow, you cannot proceed backwards against the direction of another arrow (Loehlin and Beaujen, 2017; Kenny, 1979 ). The following example set out in Figure A.1 includes four measured observed variables, A, B, C and D. The lower-case letters represent the causal param - eters or path coefficients. In most models, the measured variables do not usually account for all possible causes, and so other variables are introduced to capture these unexplained influences. These are referred to as error terms, or unspecified causes, or disturbance terms. In this example, the disturbance terms are denoted by U and V. The model includes a set of direct causal relationships. For example, variables A and B have direct effects on both C and D. There are also indirect effects, such as A influencing D through C, and B influencing D through C. In a model like this, we could, for example, be exploring how personal views on social capital (A) and perception of neighbourhood cohesion (B) affect private benefits (C), and how these, in turn, have both direct and indirect effects on individuals’ subjective well-being (D). The first step in analysing this model is to identify the system of equations cor - responding to each correlation (r) using Wright’s tracing rules. The curved arrow path from A to B represents the correlation rhAB=. If we next look at the cor - relation between A and C, we can see that it is made up of a direct path (a) and an indirect path (hb), resulting in the equation ra hbAC/g32/g14 . If we next look at the correlation rBD, we see that it is comprised of a direct path (d) and three compound indirect paths	[ "Stata", "SEM", "software", "calculates", "solutions", "using", "\n", "matrix", "algebra", "methods", ".", "\n", "In", "order", "to", "help", "give", "an", "understanding", "of", "how", "the", "SEM", "technique", "computation", "\n", "is", "undertaken", ",", "we", "will", "demonstrate", "the", "calculation", "using", "Wright", "’s", "three", "tracing", "\n", "rules", ".", "Wright", "’s", "method", "states", "that", "the", "correlation", "between", "any", "two", "variables", "can", "be", "\n", "expressed", "as", "the", "sum", "of", "the", "compound", "paths", "connecting", "these", "two", "points", ".", "The", "three", "\n", "rules", "that", "need", "to", "be", "followed", "are", "(", "1", ")", "no", "loops", ",", "(", "2", ")", "no", "going", "forward", "then", "backward", "\n", "(", "3", ")", "a", "maximum", "of", "one", "curved", "arrow", "per", "path", ".", "The", "first", "rule", "means", "that", "a", "path", "must", "\n", "not", "pass", "through", "the", "same", "variable", "more", "than", "once", ".", "The", "second", "rule", "implies", "that", "\n", "once", "you", "have", "traversed", "forward", "along", "the", "direction", "of", "a", "path", "arrow", ",", "you", "can", "not", "\n", "proceed", "backwards", "against", "the", "direction", "of", "another", "arrow", "(", "Loehlin", "and", "Beaujen", ",", "\n", "2017", ";", " ", "Kenny", ",", "1979", ")", ".", "\n", "The", "following", "example", "set", "out", "in", " ", "Figure", "A.1", "includes", "four", "measured", "observed", "\n", "variables", ",", "A", ",", "B", ",", "C", "and", "D.", "The", "lower", "-", "case", "letters", "represent", "the", "causal", "param", "-", "\n", "eters", "or", "path", "coefficients", ".", "In", "most", "models", ",", "the", "measured", "variables", "do", "not", "usually", "\n", "account", "for", "all", "possible", "causes", ",", "and", "so", "other", "variables", "are", "introduced", "to", "capture", "\n", "these", "unexplained", "influences", ".", "These", "are", "referred", "to", "as", "error", "terms", ",", "or", "unspecified", "\n", "causes", ",", "or", "disturbance", "terms", ".", "In", "this", "example", ",", "the", "disturbance", "terms", "are", "denoted", "\n", "by", "U", "and", "V.", "\n", "The", "model", "includes", "a", "set", "of", "direct", "causal", "relationships", ".", "For", "example", ",", "variables", "\n", "A", "and", "B", "have", "direct", "effects", "on", "both", "C", "and", "D.", "There", "are", "also", "indirect", "effects", ",", "such", "\n", "as", "A", "influencing", "D", "through", "C", ",", "and", "B", "influencing", "D", "through", "C.", "In", "a", "model", "like", "\n", "this", ",", "we", "could", ",", "for", "example", ",", "be", "exploring", "how", "personal", "views", "on", "social", "capital", "\n", "(", "A", ")", "and", "perception", "of", "neighbourhood", "cohesion", "(", "B", ")", "affect", "private", "benefits", "(", "C", ")", ",", "and", "\n", "how", "these", ",", "in", "turn", ",", "have", "both", "direct", "and", "indirect", "effects", "on", "individuals", "’", "subjective", "\n", "well", "-", "being", "(", "D", ")", ".", "\n", "The", "first", "step", "in", "analysing", "this", "model", "is", "to", "identify", "the", "system", "of", "equations", "cor", "-", "\n", "responding", "to", "each", "correlation", "(", "r", ")", "using", "Wright", "’s", "tracing", "rules", ".", "The", "curved", "arrow", "\n", "path", "from", "A", "to", "B", "represents", "the", "correlation", "rhAB=.", "If", "we", "next", "look", "at", "the", "cor", "-", "\n", "relation", "between", "A", "and", "C", ",", "we", "can", "see", "that", "it", "is", "made", "up", "of", "a", "direct", "path", "(", "a", ")", "and", "an", "\n", "indirect", "path", "(", "hb", ")", ",", "resulting", "in", "the", "equation", "ra", "hbAC", "/", "g32", "/", "g14", ".", "If", "we", "next", "look", "at", "the", "\n", "correlation", "rBD", ",", "we", "see", "that", "it", "is", "comprised", "of", "a", "direct", "path", "(", "d", ")", "and", "three", "compound", "\n", "indirect", "paths" ]	[ { "end": 811, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 785 }, { "end": 825, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 814 }, { "end": 804, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 785 }, { "end": 811, "label": "YEAR", "start": 807 }, { "end": 819, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 814 }, { "end": 825, "label": "YEAR", "start": 821 } ]
and related parts and accessories 46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 46.1 Wholesale on a fee or contract basis X X X X 46.2 Wholesale of agricultural raw materials and live animals X X X X 46.3 Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco X X X X X 46.4 Wholesale of household goods X X X 46.5 Wholesale of information and communication equipment X X X X 46.6 Wholesale of other machinery, equipment and supplies X X X X 46.7 Other specialised wholesale X X X X X 46.9 Non-specialised wholesale trade X X X X X 47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 47.1 Retail sale in non-specialised stores X X X X X X 47.2 Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores X X X X X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation283 284 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 47.3 Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialised stores X X X 47.4Retail sale of information and communication equipment in specialised stores X X 47.5 Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised stores X X X X X X X 47.6 Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialised stores X X X X X 47.7 Retail sale of other goods in specialised stores X X X X 47.8 Retail sale via stalls and markets X X X X 47.9 Retail trade not in stores, stalls or markets X X X X H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 49 Land transport and transport via pipelines 49.1 Passenger rail transport, interurban X X X X 49.2 Freight rail transport X X X X X X 49.3 Other passenger land transport X X X X X X X 49.4 Freight transport by road and removal services X X X X X X X 49.5 Transport via pipeline X X X X 50 Water transport 50.1 Sea and coastal	[ "and", "related", "parts", "and", "\n", "accessories", " \n", "46", "Wholesale", "trade", ",", "except", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "and", "motorcycles", " \n", "46.1", "Wholesale", "on", "a", "fee", "or", "contract", "basis", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "46.2", "Wholesale", "of", "agricultural", "raw", "materials", "and", "live", "animals", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "46.3", "Wholesale", "of", "food", ",", "beverages", "and", "tobacco", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "46.4", "Wholesale", "of", "household", "goods", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "46.5", "Wholesale", "of", "information", "and", "communication", "equipment", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "46.6", "Wholesale", "of", "other", "machinery", ",", "equipment", "and", "supplies", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "46.7", "Other", "specialised", "wholesale", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "46.9", "Non", "-", "specialised", "wholesale", "trade", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "47", "Retail", "trade", ",", "except", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "and", "motorcycles", " \n", "47.1", "Retail", "sale", "in", "non", "-", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "47.2", "Retail", "sale", "of", "food", ",", "beverages", "and", "tobacco", "in", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation283", "284", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", 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"47.4Retail", "sale", "of", "information", "and", "communication", "equipment", "in", "\n", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "47.5", "Retail", "sale", "of", "other", "household", "equipment", "in", "specialised", "stores", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "47.6", "Retail", "sale", "of", "cultural", "and", "recreation", "goods", "in", "specialised", "stores", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "47.7", "Retail", "sale", "of", "other", "goods", "in", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "47.8", "Retail", "sale", "via", "stalls", "and", "markets", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "47.9", "Retail", "trade", "not", "in", "stores", ",", "stalls", "or", "markets", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "H", "TRANSPORTATION", "AND", "STORAGE", " \n", "49", "Land", "transport", "and", "transport", "via", "pipelines", " \n", "49.1", "Passenger", "rail", "transport", ",", "interurban", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "49.2", "Freight", "rail", "transport", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "49.3", "Other", "passenger", "land", "transport", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "49.4", "Freight", "transport", "by", "road", "and", "removal", "services", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "49.5", "Transport", "via", "pipeline", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "50", "Water", "transport", " \n", "50.1", "Sea", "and", "coastal" ]	[]
single central securities depository (CSD) for all securities trades. As for smaller clearing houses the benefits of consolidation may not be large, a practical pathway towards consolidation could start with consolidating the largest CCPs and CSDs, and then counting on their gravitational pull to attract smaller ones. The EU must also better channel households’ savings to productive investments. The easiest and most efficient way to do so is via long-term saving products (pensions). To increase the flow of funds into capital markets, the EU should encourage retail investors through the offer of second pillar pension schemes, replicating the successful examples of some EU Member States. To increase the financing capacity of the banking sector, the EU should aim to revive securitisation and complete the Banking Union . This report recommends that the Commission makes a proposal to adjust pruden - tial requirements for securitised assets. Capital charges must be reduced for certain simple, transparent and stan - dardised categories for which charges do not reflect actual risks. In parallel, the EU should review transparency and due diligence rules for securitised assets, which are relatively high compared to other asset classes and reduce their attractiveness. Setting up a dedicated securitisation platform, as other economies have done, would help to deepen the securitisation market, especially if backed by targeted public support (for example, well-designed public guar - antees for the first-loss tranche). The EU should also assess whether current prudential regulation, also in light of the possible upcoming implementation of Basel III, is adequate to have a strong and international competitive banking system in the EU. A minimal step towards completing the Banking Union would be to create a separate jurisdiction for European banks with substantial cross-border operations that would be “country blind” from the regulatory, supervisory and crisis management viewpoints. The EU budget should be reformed to increase its focus and efficiency, as well as being better leveraged to support private investment . The EU’s financial resources should be refocused on jointly agreed strategic projects and objectives, where the EU brings the most added value. Under the next EU budget, the report recommends establishing a “Competitiveness Pillar” to direct EU funding towards priority projects identified under the Competi - tiveness Coordination Framework [see the chapter on governance] . As part of this process, the EU should streamline 65THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 5its budget structure to	[ "single", "central", "securities", "depository", "(", "CSD", ")", "for", "all", "securities", "trades", ".", "As", "for", "smaller", "clearing", "\n", "houses", "the", "benefits", "of", "consolidation", "may", "not", "be", "large", ",", "a", "practical", "pathway", "towards", "consolidation", "could", "start", "with", "\n", "consolidating", "the", "largest", "CCPs", "and", "CSDs", ",", "and", "then", "counting", "on", "their", "gravitational", "pull", "to", "attract", "smaller", "ones", ".", "The", "\n", "EU", "must", "also", "better", "channel", "households", "’", "savings", "to", "productive", "investments", ".", "The", "easiest", "and", "most", "efficient", "way", "to", "\n", "do", "so", "is", "via", "long", "-", "term", "saving", "products", "(", "pensions", ")", ".", "To", "increase", "the", "flow", "of", "funds", "into", "capital", "markets", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "\n", "encourage", "retail", "investors", "through", "the", "offer", "of", "second", "pillar", "pension", "schemes", ",", "replicating", "the", "successful", "examples", "\n", "of", "some", "EU", "Member", "States", ".", "\n", "To", "increase", "the", "financing", "capacity", "of", "the", "banking", "sector", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "aim", "to", "revive", "securitisation", "and", "\n", "complete", "the", "Banking", "Union", ".", "This", "report", "recommends", "that", "the", "Commission", "makes", "a", "proposal", "to", "adjust", "pruden", "-", "\n", "tial", "requirements", "for", "securitised", "assets", ".", "Capital", "charges", "must", "be", "reduced", "for", "certain", "simple", ",", "transparent", "and", "stan", "-", "\n", "dardised", "categories", "for", "which", "charges", "do", "not", "reflect", "actual", "risks", ".", "In", "parallel", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "review", "transparency", "and", "\n", "due", "diligence", "rules", "for", "securitised", "assets", ",", "which", "are", "relatively", "high", "compared", "to", "other", "asset", "classes", "and", "reduce", "their", "\n", "attractiveness", ".", "Setting", "up", "a", "dedicated", "securitisation", "platform", ",", "as", "other", "economies", "have", "done", ",", "would", "help", "to", "deepen", "\n", "the", "securitisation", "market", ",", "especially", "if", "backed", "by", "targeted", "public", "support", "(", "for", "example", ",", "well", "-", "designed", "public", "guar", "-", "\n", "antees", "for", "the", "first", "-", "loss", "tranche", ")", ".", "The", "EU", "should", "also", "assess", "whether", "current", "prudential", "regulation", ",", "also", "in", "light", "of", "the", "\n", "possible", "upcoming", "implementation", "of", "Basel", "III", ",", "is", "adequate", "to", "have", "a", "strong", "and", "international", "competitive", "banking", "\n", "system", "in", "the", "EU", ".", "A", "minimal", "step", "towards", "completing", "the", "Banking", "Union", "would", "be", "to", "create", "a", "separate", "jurisdiction", "\n", "for", "European", "banks", "with", "substantial", "cross", "-", "border", "operations", "that", "would", "be", "“", "country", "blind", "”", "from", "the", "regulatory", ",", "\n", "supervisory", "and", "crisis", "management", "viewpoints", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "budget", "should", "be", "reformed", "to", "increase", "its", "focus", "and", "efficiency", ",", "as", "well", "as", "being", "better", "leveraged", "to", "\n", "support", "private", "investment", ".", "The", "EU", "’s", "financial", "resources", "should", "be", "refocused", "on", "jointly", "agreed", "strategic", "projects", "\n", "and", "objectives", ",", "where", "the", "EU", "brings", "the", "most", "added", "value", ".", "Under", "the", "next", "EU", "budget", ",", "the", "report", "recommends", "\n", "establishing", "a", "“", "Competitiveness", "Pillar", "”", "to", "direct", "EU", "funding", "towards", "priority", "projects", "identified", "under", "the", "Competi", "-", "\n", "tiveness", "Coordination", "Framework", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "governance", "]", ".", "As", "part", "of", "this", "process", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "streamline", "\n", "65THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "5its", "budget", "structure", "to" ]	[]
one doctor. ‘Mustashfa’,48 the hospital, had to have at least two doctors, twenty beds and its own pharmacy. In January 1927, when the small clinic had already been receiving Iraqi patients for a year, Vlasta Kálalová sent the first comprehensive report to Masaryk, detailing her time in Baghdad and containing information about the country in which she lived, including climate, natural resources, indus - try, trade, agriculture, population, religious groups, education and politics. The report was carefully divided into headings and the text was accompa - nied by illustrative photographs.49 111 111 Vlasta Kálalová Di-Lotti in Iraq In explaining her practice, Vlasta wrote in great detail about the Iraqi health system, which had been the responsibility of the Health Secretariat since 1919, followed by the Ministry of Health and, after its abolition, the Ministry of the Interior. For example, during this time a water supply sys - tem had been established in Baghdad, river water was disinfected, a decree was issued on the reporting of infectious diseases and vaccination became compulsory during epidemic outbreaks. In 1927, the whole of Iraq had only twenty- six hospitals and 200 doctors, half of whom were based in Baghdad. The leading posts were, of course, held by British doctors.50 Although Vlasta Kálalová always stressed the importance of her small clinic as the basis for the establishment of a large scientific institute for trop - ical disease research, her medical work enabled many Muslim women to undergo examinations and operations that a male doctor was not allowed to perform. The importance of the small Czech clinic in Baghdad can also be gauged by the statistics that Vlasta Kálalová kept: Of the surgeries performed last year, 70 percent were women and 30 percent were men. From the beginning of my stay in Baghdad, from April 1925 to the end of 1926, I treated 1522 patients, of whom 690 in 1925 and 823 in 1926. Since the opening of the dispensary (1 January 1926) 36 patients have been admitted, with 345 days of treatment and 98 operations (15 laparotomies) have been performed.51 Other surviving correspondence between Kálalová and Masaryk, which testifies to the operation of the Czech hospital, dates from the year 1929 and suggests that some letters might have been lost. The emerging economic crisis caused Kálalová to fear that all her efforts would be destroyed by the lack of funds to build an institute for	[ "one", "doctor", ".", "\n", "‘", "Mustashfa’,48", "the", "hospital", ",", "had", "to", "have", "at", "least", "two", "doctors", ",", "twenty", "beds", "\n", "and", "its", "own", "pharmacy", ".", "\n", "In", "January", "1927", ",", "when", "the", "small", "clinic", "had", "already", "been", "receiving", "Iraqi", "\n", "patients", "for", "a", "year", ",", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "sent", "the", "first", "comprehensive", "report", "to", "\n", "Masaryk", ",", "detailing", "her", "time", "in", "Baghdad", "and", "containing", "information", "about", "\n", "the", "country", "in", "which", "she", "lived", ",", "including", "climate", ",", "natural", "resources", ",", "indus", "-", "\n", "try", ",", "trade", ",", "agriculture", ",", "population", ",", "religious", "groups", ",", "education", "and", "politics", ".", "\n", "The", "report", "was", "carefully", "divided", "into", "headings", "and", "the", "text", "was", "accompa", "-", "\n", "nied", "by", "illustrative", "photographs.49", "\n \n \n \n \n \n", "111", "\n", "111", "\n", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "Di", "-", "Lotti", "in", "Iraq", "\n", "In", "explaining", "her", "practice", ",", "Vlasta", "wrote", "in", "great", "detail", "about", "the", "Iraqi", "\n", "health", "system", ",", "which", "had", "been", "the", "responsibility", "of", "the", "Health", "Secretariat", "\n", "since", "1919", ",", "followed", "by", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Health", "and", ",", "after", "its", "abolition", ",", "the", "\n", "Ministry", "of", "the", "Interior", ".", "For", "example", ",", "during", "this", "time", "a", "water", "supply", "sys", "-", "\n", "tem", "had", "been", "established", "in", "Baghdad", ",", "river", "water", "was", "disinfected", ",", "a", "decree", "\n", "was", "issued", "on", "the", "reporting", "of", "infectious", "diseases", "and", "vaccination", "became", "\n", "compulsory", "during", "epidemic", "outbreaks", ".", "In", "1927", ",", "the", "whole", "of", "Iraq", "had", "only", "\n", "twenty-", " ", "six", "hospitals", "and", "200", "doctors", ",", "half", "of", "whom", "were", "based", "in", "Baghdad", ".", "\n", "The", "leading", "posts", "were", ",", "of", "course", ",", "held", "by", "British", "doctors.50", "\n", "Although", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "always", "stressed", "the", "importance", "of", "her", "small", "\n", "clinic", "as", "the", "basis", "for", "the", "establishment", "of", "a", "large", "scientific", "institute", "for", "trop", "-", "\n", "ical", "disease", "research", ",", "her", "medical", "work", "enabled", "many", "Muslim", "women", "to", "\n", "undergo", "examinations", "and", "operations", "that", "a", "male", "doctor", "was", "not", "allowed", "\n", "to", "perform", ".", "The", "importance", "of", "the", "small", "Czech", "clinic", "in", "Baghdad", "can", "also", "\n", "be", "gauged", "by", "the", "statistics", "that", "Vlasta", "Kálalová", "kept", ":", "\n", "Of", "the", "surgeries", "performed", "last", "year", ",", "70", "percent", "were", "women", "and", "30", "percent", "\n", "were", "men", ".", "From", "the", "beginning", "of", "my", "stay", "in", "Baghdad", ",", "from", "April", "1925", "to", "the", "\n", "end", "of", "1926", ",", "I", "treated", "1522", "patients", ",", "of", "whom", "690", "in", "1925", "and", "823", "in", "1926", ".", "\n", "Since", "the", "opening", "of", "the", "dispensary", "(", "1", "January", "1926", ")", "36", "patients", "have", "been", "\n", "admitted", ",", "with", "345", "days", "of", "treatment", "and", "98", "operations", "(", "15", "laparotomies", ")", "\n", "have", "been", "performed.51", "\n", "Other", "surviving", "correspondence", "between", "Kálalová", "and", "Masaryk", ",", "which", "\n", "testifies", "to", "the", "operation", "of", "the", "Czech", "hospital", ",", "dates", "from", "the", "year", "1929", "\n", "and", "suggests", "that", "some", "letters", "might", "have", "been", "lost", ".", "The", "emerging", "economic", "\n", "crisis", "caused", "Kálalová", "to", "fear", "that", "all", "her", "efforts", "would", "be", "destroyed", "by", "the", "\n", "lack", "of", "funds", "to", "build", "an", "institute", "for" ]	[ { "end": 27, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 25 }, { "end": 601, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 599 }, { "end": 1323, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1321 }, { "end": 2150, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2148 } ]
the news report, 'Some DDA employees decided to sell off the remaining inventory for a hefty profit. If you're willing to pay Rs. 6.5 laks (£5,968), the flat is yours' ( India Today , 2024). There are also reports of scams, illegal transfer of deeds and falsifying documents to make a quick yield in the future. - 2 https://missingbasti .com /posts /judgements -resources -- 'jhuggi dweller should not be treated as 'secondary citizens''if the jhuggi dweller is forcibly evicted and relocated, such jhuggi dweller is not worse off'. 'no jhuggi dweller is forcibly evicted and relocated and that (those to be evicted) have a right to a meaningful engagement .' - 3 Gainda Ram vs. Municipal Corporation of Delhi (2010) MANU/SC/0862/2010 - 4 https://www .youtube .com /watch ?v =zFCLPV7L -48 ## References D'Souza, R. (2019). Housing Poverty in Urban India: The Failures of Past and Current Strategies and the Need for a New Blueprint. Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper, 187. https://www .orfonline .org /wp -content /uploads /2019 /03 /ORF \_Occasional \_Paper \_187 \_HousingPoverty .pdf Dupont, V., and Shankare Gowda, M. M. (2020). Slum-Free City Planning Versus Durable Slums. Insights from Delhi, India, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development , 12 (1), 34-51. Heller, P. (2016). Making Slums Livable, Sociological Insights for Development Policy , 1 (5). Heller, P. , Mukhopadhyay, P., Sheikh, S., and Banda, S. (2021). Housing and Settlements Invisible Planning, Visible Exclusions, in S. Chakravorty and N. Sircar (eds.) Colossus: The Anatomy of Delhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88-119. Jacobs, J. (1955). Philadelphia's Redevelopment: A Progress Report, Architectural Forum, in S. Zipp, and N. Storring (eds.) Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Penguin Random House, p. 101. Jacobs, J. (1961). Death and Life in Great American Cities. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Kamath, L. (2012) New Policy Paradigms and Actual Practices in Slum Housing: The Case of Housing Projects in Bengaluru, Economic and Political Weekly , 47 (47/48), 76-86. Kanigel, R. (2016). Eyes on the Street: The Life of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf (Penguin Random House). Mathur, A. , and Mane, M. (2024). Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Critiquing India's Housing Poverty Policies, Law School Policy Review, Economic Affairs and Policy . Available at: https://law scho olpo licy review .com /2024 /04 /02 /out -of -sight -out -of -mind -critiquing -indias -housing -poverty -policies (Accessed February 2025).	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\| 0.023 (0.033) \| \| I feel like I belong to this neighbourhood (NCI 2) \| -0.048 (0.037) \| \| Given the opportunity, I would like to move out of this neighbourhood (R) (NCI 5) \| -0.041 (0.015) \| \| I plan to remain a resident of this neighbourhood for a number of years (NCI 13) \| 0.024 (0.023) \| \| Constant \| 0.182 (0.152) P[F(18, 657)=7.28] <0.001 R 2 = 0.166 \| Note: Analysis includes 676 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. * p<0.001, ** p<0.01, p<0.05. * NCI 16) with their neighbours. In the subscale 'neighbouring' (NEI), Ajit Vihar residents are less likely to visit neighbours' homes (10.3 pp, p<0.001, NCI 3), take neighbours advice (6.6 pp, p<0.01, NCI 7) or borrow and exchange favours with their neighbours (17.6 pp, p<0.001, NCI 11). Yet, they are more likely to invite neighbours into their homes (4.4 pp, p<0.01, NCI 15). Given the opportunity, there is less likelihood Ajit Vihar residents would move out of their neighbourhood com -pared to those in Sanjay (4.1 pp, p<0.01, NCI 5) (Table 2.8). ## Element of trust and the importance to the neighbourhood In this part we consider our third hypothesis: Hypothesis 3: There is a causal link between trust, social capital and neigh -bourhood cohesion irrespective of neighbourhood type - A comparison of Sanjay, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar. We investigate if there are any causal links between trust, social capital and neighbourhood cohesion. Looking at our household data, our findings show that in the three communities there is a strong positive correlation between trust and neighbourhood cohesion (Ajit Vihar (r=0.678, p<0.01); Sanjay (r=0.618, p<0.01); Bhalswa (r=0.533, p<0.01)). We also see strong significant correlations in all three settlements with (i) social capital and NCI (ii) social capital and trust (Ajit Vihar (r=0.743, p<0.01; r=0.723, p<0.01); Sanjay (r=0.274, p<0.01; r=0.264, p<0.01); Bhalswa (r=0.300, p<0.01; r=0.386, p<0.01)). The correlations between these three themes of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital and trust suggest a strong latent structure. We explore these relationships and see clear connections between trust, community neighbourhood cohesion (NCI) and social capital (SC). The path models (Figure 2.5) illustrate how strongly these three measures are related. A path model is a statistical technique that specifies a model of the relation -ship between variables and statistically tests the fit of the model to the data. Path analysis	[ "\|", "0.023", "(", "0.033", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "feel", "like", "I", "belong", "to", "this", "neighbourhood", "(", "NCI", "2", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.048", "(", "0.037", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Given", "the", "opportunity", ",", "I", "would", "like", "to", "move", "out", "of", "this", "neighbourhood", "(", "R", ")", "(", "NCI", "5", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.041", "", "", "(", "0.015", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "plan", "to", "remain", "a", "resident", "of", "this", "neighbourhood", "for", "a", "number", "of", "years", "(", "NCI", "13", ")", " ", "\|", "0.024", "(", "0.023", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Constant", " ", "\|", "0.182", "(", "0.152", ")", "P[F(18", ",", "657)=7.28", "]", "<", "0.001", "R", "2", "=", "0.166", "\|", "\n\n", "Note", ":", "Analysis", "includes", "676", "observations", ".", "Coefficient", "estimates", "of", "the", "average", "marginal", "component", "effects", "with", "standard", "errors", "in", "parenthesis", ".", "", "", "", "p<0.001", ",", "", "", "p<0.01", ",", "p<0.05", ".", "", "\n\n", "NCI", "16", ")", "with", "their", "neighbours", ".", "In", "the", "subscale", "'", "neighbouring", "'", "(", "NEI", ")", ",", "Ajit", "Vihar", "residents", "are", "less", "likely", "to", "visit", "neighbours", "'", "homes", "(", "10.3", "pp", ",", "p<0.001", ",", "NCI", "3", ")", ",", "take", "neighbours", "advice", "(", "6.6", "pp", ",", "p<0.01", ",", "NCI", "7", ")", "or", "borrow", "and", "exchange", "favours", "with", "their", "neighbours", "(", "17.6", "pp", ",", "p<0.001", ",", "NCI", "11", ")", ".", "Yet", ",", "they", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "invite", "neighbours", "into", "their", "homes", "(", "4.4", "pp", ",", "p<0.01", ",", "NCI", "15", ")", ".", "Given", "the", "opportunity", ",", "there", "is", "less", "likelihood", "Ajit", "Vihar", "residents", "would", "move", "out", "of", "their", "neighbourhood", "com", "-pared", "to", "those", "in", "Sanjay", "(", "4.1", "pp", ",", "p<0.01", ",", "NCI", "5", ")", "(", "Table", "2.8", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Element", "of", "trust", "and", "the", "importance", "to", "the", "neighbourhood", "\n\n", "In", "this", "part", "we", "consider", "our", "third", "hypothesis", ":", "\n\n", "Hypothesis", "3", ":", "There", "is", "a", "causal", "link", "between", "trust", ",", "social", "capital", "and", "neigh", "-bourhood", "cohesion", "irrespective", "of", "neighbourhood", "type", "-", "A", "comparison", "of", "Sanjay", ",", "Bhalswa", "and", "Ajit", "Vihar", ".", "\n\n", "We", " ", "investigate", " ", "if", " ", "there", " ", "are", " ", "any", " ", "causal", " ", "links", " ", "between", " ", "trust", ",", " ", "social", " ", "capital", " ", "and", "neighbourhood", "cohesion", ".", "Looking", "at", "our", "household", "data", ",", "our", "findings", "show", "that", "in", "the", "three", "communities", "there", "is", "a", "strong", "positive", "correlation", "between", "trust", "and", "neighbourhood", "cohesion", "(", "Ajit", "Vihar", "(", "r=0.678", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ";", "Sanjay", "(", "r=0.618", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ";", "Bhalswa", "(", "r=0.533", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ")", ".", "We", "also", "see", "strong", "significant", "correlations", "in", "all", "three", "settlements", "with", "(", "i", ")", "social", "capital", "and", "NCI", "(", "ii", ")", "social", "capital", "and", "trust", "(", "Ajit", "Vihar", "(", "r=0.743", ",", "p<0.01", ";", "r=0.723", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ";", "Sanjay", "(", "r=0.274", ",", "p<0.01", ";", "r=0.264", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ";", "Bhalswa", "(", "r=0.300", ",", "p<0.01", ";", "r=0.386", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ")", ".", "\n\n", "The", "correlations", "between", "these", "three", "themes", "of", "neighbourhood", "cohesion", ",", "social", "capital", "and", "trust", "suggest", "a", "strong", "latent", "structure", ".", "We", "explore", "these", "relationships", "and", " ", "see", " ", "clear", " ", "connections", " ", "between", " ", "trust", ",", " ", "community", " ", "neighbourhood", " ", "cohesion", "(", "NCI", ")", "and", "social", "capital", "(", "SC", ")", ".", "The", "path", "models", "(", "Figure", "2.5", ")", "illustrate", "how", "strongly", "these", "three", "measures", "are", "related", ".", "\n\n", "A", "path", "model", "is", "a", "statistical", "technique", "that", "specifies", "a", "model", "of", "the", "relation", "-ship", "between", "variables", "and", "statistically", "tests", "the", "fit", "of", "the", "model", "to", "the", "data", ".", "Path", "analysis" ]	[]
Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 14.3 Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel X X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 15.1Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness; dressing and dyeing of fur X X 15.2 Manufacture of footwear X X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials 16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood X X X X 16.2 Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials X X X X X X X 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products 17.1 Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard X 17.2 Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard X X X 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing X X X 18.2 Reproduction of recorded media 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 19.1 Manufacture of coke oven products X X X 19.2 Manufacture of refined petroleum products X X X X 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 20.1Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilisers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms X X X X X 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 20.3Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics X X X 20.4Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations X X X X 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products X X 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 21.1 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products X 21.2 Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations X X 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation275 276 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28	[ "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "NACE", "Industry", "name", "Current", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", 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coming out at a difficult time for our continent. We should abandon the illusion that only procrastination can preserve consensus. In fact, procrastination has only produced slower growth, and it has certainly achieved no more consensus. We have reached the point where, without action, we will have to either compromise our welfare, our environment or our freedom. For the strategy outlined in this report to succeed, we must begin with a common assessment of where we stand, the goals we want to prioritise, the risks we want to avoid and the trade-offs we are prepared to make. We must ensure that our democratically elected institutions are at the centre of these debates. Reforms can only be truly ambitious and sustainable if they enjoy democratic backing. And we must take a new stance towards cooperation: in removing obstacles, harmonising rules and laws, and coor - dinating policies. There are different constellations in which we can move forward. But what we cannot do is fail to move forward at all. Our confidence that we will succeed in moving forward should be strong. Never in the past has the scale of our coun - tries appeared so small and inadequate relative to the size of the challenges. And it is long since self-preservation has been such a common concern. The reasons for a unified response have never been so compelling – and in our unity we will find the strength to reform. 09 THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| FOREWORD1. The starting point: a new landscape for Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Three transformations ahead for Europe . . . . . . . 10 Towards a European response . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Preserving social inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Closing the innovation gap . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Europe’s productivity challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Key barriers to innovation in Europe . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. A joint decarbonisation and competitiveness plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The root cause of high	[ "coming", "out", "at", "a", "difficult", "time", "for", "our", "continent", ".", "\n", "We", "should", "abandon", "the", "illusion", "that", "only", "procrastination", "can", "preserve", "consensus", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "procrastination", "has", "only", "\n", "produced", "slower", "growth", ",", "and", "it", "has", "certainly", "achieved", "no", "more", "consensus", ".", "We", "have", "reached", "the", "point", "where", ",", "\n", "without", "action", ",", "we", "will", "have", "to", "either", "compromise", "our", "welfare", ",", "our", "environment", "or", "our", "freedom", ".", "\n", "For", "the", "strategy", "outlined", "in", "this", "report", "to", "succeed", ",", "we", "must", "begin", "with", "a", "common", "assessment", "of", "where", "we", "stand", ",", "the", "\n", "goals", "we", "want", "to", "prioritise", ",", "the", "risks", "we", "want", "to", "avoid", "and", "the", "trade", "-", "offs", "we", "are", "prepared", "to", "make", ".", "\n", "We", "must", "ensure", "that", "our", "democratically", "elected", "institutions", "are", "at", "the", "centre", "of", "these", "debates", ".", "Reforms", "can", "only", "be", "\n", "truly", "ambitious", "and", "sustainable", "if", "they", "enjoy", "democratic", "backing", ".", "\n", "And", "we", "must", "take", "a", "new", "stance", "towards", "cooperation", ":", "in", "removing", "obstacles", ",", "harmonising", "rules", "and", "laws", ",", "and", "coor", "-", "\n", "dinating", "policies", ".", "There", "are", "different", "constellations", "in", "which", "we", "can", "move", "forward", ".", "But", "what", "we", "can", "not", "do", "is", "fail", "to", "\n", "move", "forward", "at", "all", ".", "\n", "Our", "confidence", "that", "we", "will", "succeed", "in", "moving", "forward", "should", "be", "strong", ".", "Never", "in", "the", "past", "has", "the", "scale", "of", "our", "coun", "-", "\n", "tries", "appeared", "so", "small", "and", "inadequate", "relative", "to", "the", "size", "of", "the", "challenges", ".", "And", "it", "is", "long", "since", "self", "-", "preservation", "\n", "has", "been", "such", "a", "common", "concern", ".", "The", "reasons", "for", "a", "unified", "response", "have", "never", "been", "so", "compelling", "–", "and", "in", "our", "\n", "unity", "we", "will", "find", "the", "strength", "to", "reform", ".", "\n", "09", "\n", "THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "FOREWORD1", ".", "The", "starting", "point", ":", " \n", "a", " ", "new", " ", "landscape", "for", "Europe", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "07", "\n", "Three", "transformations", "ahead", "for", "Europe", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "10", "\n", "Towards", "a", "European", "response", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "13", "\n", "Preserving", "social", "inclusion", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "15", "\n", "2", ".", "Closing", "the", "innovation", "gap", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "19", "\n", "Europe", "’s", "productivity", "challenge", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "19", "\n", "Key", "barriers", "to", "innovation", "in", "Europe", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "24", "\n", "3", ".", "A", "joint", "decarbonisation", " \n", "and", "competitiveness", "plan", " ", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "35", "\n", "The", "root", "cause", "of", "high" ]	[]
services X 2.8% 10.1 Audiovisual and related services X 0.3% X 0.3% 10.2 Other personal, cultural, and recreational services X 0.9% X 0.9% 11 Government services, n.e.c. X 1.9%Table 2.22. Services export specialisation for Armenia 82 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Azerbaijan Results of the export mapping for Azerbaijan are shown in Table 2.23. The 2 services catego- ries with current strength represent 28% of the total exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Business travel account for almost 17% of the total exports, and those in Other business services for 11%. The 3 services categories with emerging strength represent, at 65%, a much higher share of the total exports due to large export shares for Transportation and Personal travel.Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Georgia Results of the export mapping for Georgia are shown in Table 2.24. The 2 services categories with current strength represent 24% of the to- tal exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Business travel account for 21% of the total exports. The 6 services categories with emerging strength represent almost 69% of the total ex- ports, with high export shares for Business travel and Personal travel. Current strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 2 24.2% 6 68.7% 1.1 Sea transport X 4.9% 2.1 Business travel X 21.0% X 21.0% 2.2 Personal travel X 39.3% 3.1 Postal and courier services X 0.1% 10.1 Audiovisual and related services X 0.2% 11 Government services, n.e.c. X 3.2% X 3.2%Table 2.24. Services export specialisation for GeorgiaCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 2 28.0% 3 65.3% 1 Transportation X 24.6% 2.1 Business travel X 16.9% 2.2 Personal travel X 40.3% 5 Insurance services X 0.4% 9 Other business services X 11.1% Table 2.23. Services export specialisation for Azerbaijan Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation83 Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Moldova Results of the export mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.25. The 6 services categories with current strength represent 74.5% of the total exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Per- sonal travel account for almost 13% of the total exports, and those in Telecommunication services for 10%. The 7 services categories with emerging strength represent 36% of the total exports, with Air transport and Other business services account- ing	[ "services", " ", "X", "2.8", "%", "\n", "10.1", "Audiovisual", "and", "related", "services", "X", "0.3", "%", "X", "0.3", "%", "\n", "10.2", "Other", "personal", ",", "cultural", ",", "and", "recreational", "services", "X", "0.9", "%", "X", "0.9", "%", "\n", "11", "Government", "services", ",", "n.e.c", ".", " ", "X", "1.9%Table", "2.22", ".", "Services", "export", "specialisation", "for", "Armenia", "\n", "82", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Mapping", "of", "services", "export", "specialisa-", "\n", "tions", "–", "results", "for", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Results", "of", "the", "export", "mapping", "for", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "are", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.23", ".", "The", "2", "services", "catego-", "\n", "ries", "with", "current", "strength", "represent", "28", "%", "of", "the", "\n", "total", "exports", "for", "2011", "-", "2018", ".", "Specialised", "exports", "\n", "in", "Business", "travel", "account", "for", "almost", "17", "%", "of", "the", "\n", "total", "exports", ",", "and", "those", "in", "Other", "business", "services", "\n", "for", "11", "%", ".", "The", "3", "services", "categories", "with", "emerging", "\n", "strength", "represent", ",", "at", "65", "%", ",", "a", "much", "higher", "share", "\n", "of", "the", "total", "exports", "due", "to", "large", "export", "shares", "for", "\n", "Transportation", "and", "Personal", "travel", ".", "Mapping", "of", "services", "export", "specialisa-", "\n", "tions", "–", "results", "for", "Georgia", "\n", "Results", "of", "the", "export", "mapping", "for", "Georgia", "are", "\n", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.24", ".", "The", "2", "services", "categories", "\n", "with", "current", "strength", "represent", "24", "%", "of", "the", "to-", "\n", "tal", "exports", "for", "2011", "-", "2018", ".", "Specialised", "exports", "\n", "in", "Business", "travel", "account", "for", "21", "%", "of", "the", "total", "\n", "exports", ".", "The", "6", "services", "categories", "with", "emerging", "\n", "strength", "represent", "almost", "69", "%", "of", "the", "total", "ex-", "\n", "ports", ",", "with", "high", "export", "shares", "for", "Business", "travel", "\n", "and", "Personal", "travel", ".", "\n", "Current", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exportsEmerging", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exports", "\n", "2", "24.2", "%", "6", "68.7", "%", "\n", "1.1", "Sea", "transport", " ", "X", "4.9", "%", "\n", "2.1", "Business", "travel", "X", "21.0", "%", "X", "21.0", "%", "\n", "2.2", "Personal", "travel", " ", "X", "39.3", "%", "\n", "3.1", "Postal", "and", "courier", "services", " ", "X", "0.1", "%", "\n", "10.1", "Audiovisual", "and", "related", "services", " ", "X", "0.2", "%", "\n", "11", "Government", "services", ",", "n.e.c", ".", "X", "3.2", "%", "X", "3.2%Table", "2.24", ".", "Services", "export", "specialisation", "for", "GeorgiaCurrent", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exportsEmerging", "\n", "strength%", "share", "\n", "of", "\n", "exports", "\n", "2", "28.0", "%", "3", "65.3", "%", "\n", "1", "Transportation", " ", "X", "24.6", "%", "\n", "2.1", "Business", "travel", "X", "16.9", "%", " \n", "2.2", "Personal", "travel", " ", "X", "40.3", "%", "\n", "5", "Insurance", "services", " ", "X", "0.4", "%", "\n", "9", "Other", "business", "services", "X", "11.1", "%", " ", "Table", "2.23", ".", "Services", "export", "specialisation", "for", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation83", "\n", "Mapping", "of", "services", "export", "specialisa-", "\n", "tions", "–", "results", "for", "Moldova", "\n", "Results", "of", "the", "export", "mapping", "for", "Moldova", "are", "\n", "shown", "in", "Table", "2.25", ".", "The", "6", "services", "categories", "\n", "with", "current", "strength", "represent", "74.5", "%", "of", "the", "total", "\n", "exports", "for", "2011", "-", "2018", ".", "Specialised", "exports", "in", "Per-", "\n", "sonal", "travel", "account", "for", "almost", "13", "%", "of", "the", "total", "exports", ",", "and", "those", "in", "Telecommunication", "services", "\n", "for", "10", "%", ".", "The", "7", "services", "categories", "with", "emerging", "\n", "strength", "represent", "36", "%", "of", "the", "total", "exports", ",", "with", "\n", "Air", "transport", "and", "Other", "business", "services", "account-", "\n", "ing" ]	[]
Smith, Mark M. Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Sörlin, Sverker. 'Environmental Times: Synchronizing Human-Earth Temporalities from Annales to Anthropocene, 1920s-2020s.' In Times of History, Times of Nature , edited by Anders Ekström and Staffan Bergwik, 64-101. New York: Columbia University Press, 2022. Sorokin, Pitirim, and Robert Merton. 'Social-Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis.' In The Sociology of Time , edited by John Hassard, 56-66. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Steffen, Will, et al. 'The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration.' The Anthropocene Review 2, no. 1 (2015): 81-98. Stein, Jeremy. 'Reflections on Time, Time-Space Compression and Technology in the Nineteenth Century.' In Timespace , edited by Jon May and Nigel Thrift, 106-119. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Tamm, Marek, and Laurent Olivier. Introduction to Rethinking Historical Time: New Approaches to Presentism , edited by Marek Tamm and Laurent Olivier. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. Accessed Obtober 27, 2024. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24543058. Tanaka, Stefan. History Without Chronology . Lever Press, 2019. Accessed November 11, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11418981. Tanaka, Stefan. New Times in Modern Japan , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Taylor, McComas. 'Time is Born of His Eyelashes: Puranic Measurement and Conceptions of Time.' In Retelling Time : Alternative Temporalties from Premodern South Asia , edited by Shonaleeka Kaul. London and New York: Routledge India, 2022. Thapar, Romila. 'Cyclical and Linear Time in Early India.' Museum International 57, no. 3 (2005): 19-31. Thapar, Romila. Time as a Metaphor of History: Early India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. 'The History of Time.' Cardiff Times and South Wales Weekly News , June 25, 1892. Thompson, Edward P. 'Eighteenth Century English Society: Class-Struggle without Class?.' Social History 3, no. 2 (1978): 133-165. Thompson, Edward P. 'Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.' Past & Present 38 (1967): 56-97. Thrift, Nigel. 'The Making of a Capitalism Time Consciousness.' In The Sociology of Time , edited by John Hassard, 105-129. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. 'Timepieces.' The Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald , November 15, 1902. Torres, Felipe. Temporal Regimes: Materiality, Politics, Technology . Oxon: Routledge, 2022. van Schendel, Wilhem, and H. Schulte Nordholt, eds. Time Matters: Global and Local Time in Asian Societies . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000. Varma, Nitin. Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour . Oldenburg: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2017. Whitrow, G. J. Time in History: Views on Time from Prehistory to the Present Day . Oxford: Barnes and Noble, 2004.	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despite facing prejudice and many other barriers.3 Furthermore, women’s scientific career opportunities received a boost during World War I because of the realignment of science and military activities. Patricia Fara has dem - onstrated that British women scientists gained a foundation in academia as well as in industry and government research activities after World War I.4 Similarly, Jordynn Jack has documented the opportunities that existed for women scientists in the US during World War II.5 Examining gender in rela - tion to war and STEMM is an extremely important and wide- ranging area that will require further research. It is encouraging to see that some of the chapters in this volume engage with the topic in contexts that go beyond Western Europe and the US, such as Hungary, offering fresh insights into the relationship between war, science and gender. Higher education, especially PhD programmes Higher education in the US and Europe In Europe and the US, women gained access to undergraduate higher edu - cation in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. At that time, there were no opportunities for women to continue their studies after graduat - ing from university. Thus, the next goal was to gain entrance to graduate schools. In the early 1890s, some American graduate schools decided to admit women and award them PhD degrees. Based on women’s access to PhD programmes, we can identify three distinct university groups in the US.6 The first group, which included Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania, was so conservative that it continued to refuse women’s entry into its undergraduate colleges. The second group, which included xxiv Negotiating in/visibility Columbia and Brown Universities, based its decision to admit women into its graduate schools on the formation of a coordinated college for women undergraduates. The third group, which included Stanford University and the University of Chicago, was the most liberal of all and, in 1891, insti - tuted full coeducation. As Margaret Rossiter concludes, by the early twen - tieth century, academic feminists could rejoice that their efforts had played some role in opening the highest degrees for women.7 However, postdoc - toral opportunities, which were necessary for successful careers in science, remained far from equal among men and women scientists. The next goal, therefore, was to increase equal opportunities for employment and research after completing doctoral studies. The situation in British universities was similar in some regards.8 The	[ "despite", "facing", "prejudice", "and", "many", "other", "barriers.3", "Furthermore", ",", "women", "’s", "\n", "scientific", "career", "opportunities", "received", "a", "boost", "during", "World", "War", "I", "because", "\n", "of", "the", "realignment", "of", "science", "and", "military", "activities", ".", "Patricia", "Fara", "has", "dem", "\n", "-", "\n", "onstrated", "that", "British", "women", "scientists", "gained", "a", "foundation", "in", "academia", "as", "\n", "well", "as", "in", "industry", "and", "government", "research", "activities", "after", "World", "War", "I.4", "\n", "Similarly", ",", "Jordynn", "Jack", "has", "documented", "the", "opportunities", "that", "existed", "for", "\n", "women", "scientists", "in", "the", "US", "during", "World", "War", "II.5", "Examining", "gender", "in", "rela", "-", "\n", "tion", "to", "war", "and", "STEMM", "is", "an", "extremely", "important", "and", "wide-", " ", "ranging", "area", "\n", "that", "will", "require", "further", "research", ".", "It", "is", "encouraging", "to", "see", "that", "some", "of", "the", "\n", "chapters", "in", "this", "volume", "engage", "with", "the", "topic", "in", "contexts", "that", "go", "beyond", "\n", "Western", "Europe", "and", "the", "US", ",", "such", "as", "Hungary", ",", "offering", "fresh", "insights", "into", "\n", "the", "relationship", "between", "war", ",", "science", "and", "gender", ".", "\n", "Higher", "education", ",", "especially", "PhD", "programmes", "\n", "Higher", "education", "in", "the", "US", "and", "Europe", "\n", "In", "Europe", "and", "the", "US", ",", "women", "gained", "access", "to", "undergraduate", "higher", "edu", "-", "\n", "cation", "in", "the", "last", "quarter", "of", "the", "nineteenth", "century", ".", "At", "that", "time", ",", "there", "\n", "were", "no", "opportunities", "for", "women", "to", "continue", "their", "studies", "after", "graduat", "\n", "-", "\n", "ing", "from", "university", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "next", "goal", "was", "to", "gain", "entrance", "to", "graduate", "\n", "schools", ".", "In", "the", "early", "1890s", ",", "some", "American", "graduate", "schools", "decided", "to", "\n", "admit", "women", "and", "award", "them", "PhD", "degrees", ".", "Based", "on", "women", "’s", "access", "to", "\n", "PhD", "programmes", ",", "we", "can", "identify", "three", "distinct", "university", "groups", "in", "the", "\n", "US.6", "The", "first", "group", ",", "which", "included", "Yale", "University", "and", "the", "University", "\n", "of", "Pennsylvania", ",", "was", "so", "conservative", "that", "it", "continued", "to", "refuse", "women", "’s", "\n", "entry", "into", "its", "undergraduate", "colleges", ".", "The", "second", "group", ",", "which", "included", " \n \n \n \n \n \n", "xxiv", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "Columbia", "and", "Brown", "Universities", ",", "based", "its", "decision", "to", "admit", "women", "into", "\n", "its", "graduate", "schools", "on", "the", "formation", "of", "a", "coordinated", "college", "for", "women", "\n", "undergraduates", ".", "The", "third", "group", ",", "which", "included", "Stanford", "University", "and", "\n", "the", "University", "of", "Chicago", ",", "was", "the", "most", "liberal", "of", "all", "and", ",", "in", "1891", ",", "insti", "\n", "-", "\n", "tuted", "full", "coeducation", ".", "As", "Margaret", "Rossiter", "concludes", ",", "by", "the", "early", "twen", "\n", "-", "\n", "tieth", "century", ",", "academic", "feminists", "could", "rejoice", "that", "their", "efforts", "had", "played", "\n", "some", "role", "in", "opening", "the", "highest", "degrees", "for", "women.7", "However", ",", "postdoc", "-", "\n", "toral", "opportunities", ",", "which", "were", "necessary", "for", "successful", "careers", "in", "science", ",", "\n", "remained", "far", "from", "equal", "among", "men", "and", "women", "scientists", ".", "The", "next", "goal", ",", "\n", "therefore", ",", "was", "to", "increase", "equal", "opportunities", "for", "employment", "and", "research", "\n", "after", "completing", "doctoral", "studies", ".", "\n", "The", "situation", "in", "British", "universities", "was", "similar", "in", "some", "regards.8", "The", "\n" ]	[]
an A/D converter circuit are unnecessary. Therefore, the area of a peripheral circuit for the can be reduced. In this specification, analog data refers to data having a resolution of 3 bits ( levels) or more. The above-described multilevel data is included in the analog data in some cases. Data and parameters used in neural network calculation can be once stored in the . The data and parameters may be stored in a memory provided outside the via the ; however, the provided inside the can store the data and parameters more quickly with lower power consumption. Furthermore, the enables a longer bit line than the and thus can have an increased storage capacity. The is an FPGA using an OS transistor. With the use of the , the can establish a connection of a neural network such as a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), an autoencoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), or a deep belief network (DBN) described later, with hardware. Establishing the connection of the neural network with hardware enables higher speed performance. The is an FPGA including an OS transistor. An OS-FPGA can have a smaller memory area than an FPGA including an SRAM. Thus, addition of a context switching function only causes a small increase in area. Moreover, an OS-FPGA can transmit data and parameters at high speed by boosting. In the , the , the , the , and the can be provided on one die (chip). Thus, the can execute neural network calculation at high speed with low power consumption. In addition, the , the , the , and the can be fabricated through the same manufacturing process. Therefore, the can be fabricated at low cost. Note that the does not necessarily include all of the , the , and the . One or more memories selected from the , the , and the are provided in accordance with a problem that is desired to be solved by the . The can execute a method such as a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), an autoencoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), or a deep belief network (DBN) in accordance with a problem that is desired to be solved. The can store a program for executing at least one of these methods. 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… 14 173 ₋₂ \| 876 ₋₂ \| 5260 ₋₂ \| … 23 ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| 8 ₋₂ \| \| \| 3,2 ₋₁ \| \| \| 13 \| \| \| 22 \| 21 ₋₂ \| 24 ₋₁ \| SMR \| \| \| 7,4 ₋₁ \| … \| \| … \| 5681 ₋₁ \| … … \| … 24 ₋₂ \| \| SRB \| \| 4,8 ₋₂ \| 9,4 ₋₂ \| 6979 ₋₂ \| … 9203 \| \| 13 18 \| ₋₂ \| 24 ₋₂ \| 36 ₋₂ \| SVK \| \| 5,4 ₋₂ 4,3 ₋₁ \| 11,5 ₋₂ 9,2 ₋₁ \| 8990 ₋₂ 11 ₋₂ \| ₋₂ 678 ₋₂ 11 \| 8910 ₋₂ 290 ₋₂ 12 \| 538 ₋₂ 746 ₋₂ 19 \| ₋₂ 25 ₋₂ \| 24 ₋₂ 22 ₋₂ \| 27 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ \| SVN \| \| 7,6 ₋₂ \| \| 7944 15 \| 8357 ₋₂ \| 9446 ₋₂ \| 9968 ₋₂ 18 \| ₋₂ 19 ₋₂ \| \| \| ESP \| \| \| 13,5 ₋₂ \| 086 ₋₂ 16 \| ₋₂ 14 295 \| 21 \| 792 ₋₂ 24 \| ₋₂ 22 ₋₂ \| 23 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ \| 34 ₋₂ \| SWE \| \| 4,9 ₋₁ \| 15,4 ₋₁ \| 14 869 ₋₂ 20 \| 064 450 ₋₂ 18 \| ₋₂ 814 ₋₂ \| 639 ₋₂ \| 25 ₋₂ \| 26 ₋₂ \| 34 ₋₂ \| CHE UKR \| \| 5,9 ₋₁ \| 8,5 ₋₁ \| 6669 ₋₂ 4531 \| 4883 ₋₂ 4663 \| 6534 \| 21 ₋₂ 37 ₋₂ \| 27 ₋₂ \| \| 36 ₋₂ \| \| \| 5,0 ₋₁ \| 10,6 ₋₁ \| ₋₂ \| ₋₂ 12 \| 129 ₋₂ \| 666 ₋₂ 9 \| ₋₂ 26 ₋₂ \| ₋₂ \| 39 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| 12 387 14 274 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| 25 \| \| \| \| \| \| ₋₂ \| 15 \| ₋₂ 19 \| 039 ₋₂ \| 22 ₋₂ \| 23 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 044 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 30 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| 12,7 ₋₃ \| 9169 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5,4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| USA \| \| \| \| \|	[ "…", "14", "173", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "876", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "5260", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", "23", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "8", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "3,2", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "SMR", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "7,4", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "5681", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "24", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "SRB", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,8", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9,4", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "6979", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", "9203", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "13", "18", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "36", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "SVK", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5,4", "₋₂", "4,3", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "11,5", "₋₂", "9,2", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "8990", "₋₂", "11", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "678", "₋₂", "11", " ", "\|", "8910", "₋₂", "290", "₋₂", "12", " ", "\|", "538", "₋₂", "746", "₋₂", "19", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "25", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₂", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₂", "23", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "SVN", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "7,6", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "7944", "15", " ", "\|", "8357", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9446", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "9968", "₋₂", "18", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "19", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ESP", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "13,5", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "086", "₋₂", "16", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "14", "295", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "792", "₋₂", "24", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₂", "23", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "34", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "SWE", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4,9", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "15,4", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "14", "869", "₋₂", "20", " ", "\|", "064", "450", "₋₂", "18", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "814", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "639", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "25", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "26", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "34", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "CHE", "UKR", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5,9", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "8,5", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "6669", "₋₂", "4531", " ", "\|", "4883", "₋₂", "4663", " ", "\|", "6534", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₂", "37", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "36", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5,0", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "10,6", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "12", " ", "\|", "129", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "666", "₋₂", "9", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "26", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "39", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "12", "387", "14", "274", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "₋₂", "19", " ", "\|", "039", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "044", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "30", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "12,7", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "9169", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5,4", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "USA", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " " ]	[]
potential pivot for reconciliation between the E&I and the S&T results. As a consequence, in this analysis, NACE sectors are used as much as possi- ble to bridge the information stemming from Part 2 and Part 3, respectively. Evidently, some dis- tinctive S&T domains identified in Part 3 may not fit in a given NACE sector and, conversely, some E&I domains will not find an S&T counterpart: all of these niches of either economic or knowledge specialisation will be duly taken into account and preserved for the final mapping results. Addition- ally, more deeply, the concordances identified in the following analysis are all based on quantita- tive alignments that rely on established concord- ance tables. There could be (and there probably are) further synergies between the E&I and S&T potential of the EaP region that escape the ration- ale of the current analysis and that could only be captured through further analysis using national data sources and the EDP to be carried out in the EaP countries. Bearing in mind the above caveats, to achieve the desired reconciliation, three main resources were employed in this exercise: 1. official correspondence tables produced by Eu- rostat (for IPC classification to NACE sectors)69 and the JRC (for NABS to NACE)70. In the first case, this allows for direct linkage of the tech- nological analysis with the results of Part 2. In the second, a two-step correspondence be- tween scientific production (classified in bibli- ometric categories) and the results of Part 2; 2. information on sectoral clusters, or ‘concentra- tions of economic activities in related indus- tries’ provided by the report Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Re- 69 Stancik, J., A methodology for estimating public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU, JRC, 2012. 70 Van Looy, V. et al., Patent statistics: Concordance IPC v8 - NACE Rev.2, Eurostat, 2015. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation231 lated Sectors (commissioned by the European Cluster Observatory)71, will allow the integra- tion of several interconnected lower-digit E&I specialisation domains in order to better align them with the S&T specialisation domains; 3. expert knowledge for making sense of the information coming from different sources, for selecting mapped concordances between EI&ST and eventually grouping sectors to- gether to arrive at an appropriate granularity for priority-setting by national stakeholders. These choices have been documented and are presented further on. This	[ "potential", "pivot", "for", "reconciliation", "between", "the", "\n", "E&I", "and", "the", "S&T", "results", ".", "As", "a", "consequence", ",", "in", "this", "\n", "analysis", ",", "NACE", "sectors", "are", "used", "as", "much", "as", "possi-", "\n", "ble", "to", "bridge", "the", "information", "stemming", "from", "Part", "\n", "2", "and", "Part", "3", ",", "respectively", ".", "Evidently", ",", "some", "dis-", "\n", "tinctive", "S&T", "domains", "identified", "in", "Part", "3", "may", "not", "\n", "fit", "in", "a", "given", "NACE", "sector", "and", ",", "conversely", ",", "some", "\n", "E&I", "domains", "will", "not", "find", "an", "S&T", "counterpart", ":", "all", "\n", "of", "these", "niches", "of", "either", "economic", "or", "knowledge", "\n", "specialisation", "will", "be", "duly", "taken", "into", "account", "and", "\n", "preserved", "for", "the", "final", "mapping", "results", ".", "Addition-", "\n", "ally", ",", "more", "deeply", ",", "the", "concordances", "identified", "in", "\n", "the", "following", "analysis", "are", "all", "based", "on", "quantita-", "\n", "tive", "alignments", "that", "rely", "on", "established", "concord-", "\n", "ance", "tables", ".", "There", "could", "be", "(", "and", "there", "probably", "\n", "are", ")", "further", "synergies", "between", "the", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "\n", "potential", "of", "the", "EaP", "region", "that", "escape", "the", "ration-", "\n", "ale", "of", "the", "current", "analysis", "and", "that", "could", "only", "be", "\n", "captured", "through", "further", "analysis", "using", "national", "\n", "data", "sources", "and", "the", "EDP", "to", "be", "carried", "out", "in", "the", "\n", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "Bearing", "in", "mind", "the", "above", "caveats", ",", "to", "achieve", "the", "\n", "desired", "reconciliation", ",", "three", "main", "resources", "were", "\n", "employed", "in", "this", "exercise", ":", "\n", "1", ".", "official", "correspondence", "tables", "produced", "by", "Eu-", "\n", "rostat", "(", "for", "IPC", "classification", "to", "NACE", "sectors)69", "\n", "and", "the", "JRC", "(", "for", "NABS", "to", "NACE)70", ".", "In", "the", "first", "\n", "case", ",", "this", "allows", "for", "direct", "linkage", "of", "the", "tech-", "\n", "nological", "analysis", "with", "the", "results", "of", "Part", "2", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "second", ",", "a", "two", "-", "step", "correspondence", "be-", "\n", "tween", "scientific", "production", "(", "classified", "in", "bibli-", "\n", "ometric", "categories", ")", "and", "the", "results", "of", "Part", "2", ";", "\n", "2", ".", "information", "on", "sectoral", "clusters", ",", "or", "‘", "concentra-", "\n", "tions", "of", "economic", "activities", "in", "related", "indus-", "\n", "tries", "’", "provided", "by", "the", "report", "Methodology", "and", "\n", "Findings", "Report", "for", "a", "Cluster", "Mapping", "of", "Re-", "\n", "69", "Stancik", ",", "J.", ",", "A", "methodology", "for", "estimating", "public", "ICT", "\n", "R&D", "expenditures", "in", "the", "EU", ",", "JRC", ",", "2012", ".", "\n", "70", "Van", "Looy", ",", "V.", "et", "al", ".", ",", "Patent", "statistics", ":", "Concordance", "IPC", "v8", "-", "\n", "NACE", "Rev.2", ",", "Eurostat", ",", "2015", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation231", "\n", "lated", "Sectors", "(", "commissioned", "by", "the", "European", "\n", "Cluster", "Observatory)71", ",", "will", "allow", "the", "integra-", "\n", "tion", "of", "several", "interconnected", "lower", "-", "digit", "E&I", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "order", "to", "better", "align", "\n", "them", "with", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", ";", "\n", "3", ".", "expert", "knowledge", "for", "making", "sense", "of", "the", "\n", "information", "coming", "from", "different", "sources", ",", "\n", "for", "selecting", "mapped", "concordances", "between", "\n", "EI&ST", "and", "eventually", "grouping", "sectors", "to-", "\n", "gether", "to", "arrive", "at", "an", "appropriate", "granularity", "\n", "for", "priority", "-", "setting", "by", "national", "stakeholders", ".", "\n", "These", "choices", "have", "been", "documented", "and", "are", "\n", "presented", "further", "on", ".", "\n", "This" ]	[ { "end": 1249, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1247 }, { "end": 1732, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1730 }, { "end": 1825, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1733 }, { "end": 1828, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1826 }, { "end": 1918, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1829 }, { "end": 1283, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1281 }, { "end": 2100, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2098 } ]
The EU has put in place binding legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The US, by contrast, has set a non-binding target of a 50-52% reduction below (higher) 2005 levels by 2030, while China only aims for its carbon emissions to peak by the end of the decade. These differences create massive near-term investment needs for EU companies that their competitors do not face. For the four largest EIIs (chemicals, basic metals, non-metallic minerals and paper), decarbonisation is projected to cost EUR 500 billion overall over the next 15 years, while for the “hardest-to-abate” parts of the transport sector (maritime and aviation) investment needs stand at around EUR 100 billion each year from 2031 to 2050. The EU is also the only major region worldwide to have introduced a significant CO2 price. This cost factor is of limited importance so far as heavy industrial production has been largely covered by free allowances under the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). However, these allowances will be progressively phased out with the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Decarbonisation offers an opportunity for Europe to lower energy prices and take the lead in clean technol - ogies (“clean tech”), while also becoming more energy secure . The decarbonisation of Europe’s energy system 39THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3implies the massive deployment of clean energy sources with low marginal generation costs, such as renewables and nuclear. Specific EU regions are endowed with high potential for cost-competitive renewable energy sources: for instance, solar in Southern Europe and wind in the North and Southeast. Renewable energy deployment in Europe is already rising, reaching around 22% of the EU’s gross final energy consumption in 2023, compared with 14% in China and 9% in the US. At the same time, Europe has strong innovative potential to meet rising domestic and global demand for clean energy solutions. Although Europe is weak in digital innovation, it is a leader in clean tech innovation [see Figure 2] . This presents opportunities: according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), more than one-third of the required CO2 emission reductions globally in 2050 rely on technologies currently at the demonstra - tion or prototype phaseiii. The electrification of the European energy system will also be an enabler of growth for the EU’s sustainable transport sector. 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the SUIT keyword in the EPX input. In each sub-test, we prescribe a dierent initial horizontal displacement of the projectile with respect to the target, to simulate sliding. A displacement increment of 0 :1 m per sub- test is used so that with 10 sub-tests we reach a conguration where the two pinballs are no longer in contact at step 0. Figure 110 shows the result of each sub-case and the .PIN le is listed below, from which one can read the measured penetration. Actually, this is the maximum penetration but in this case this is irrelevant since there is just one contact. (a) Step 0 (b) Step 1 (c) Step 2 (d) Step 3 (e) Step 4 (f) Step 5 (g) Step 6 (h) Step 7 (i) Step 8 (j) Step 9 (k) Step 10 Figure 110: Results of test MEPE41. 96 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.142E-01 4.142E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.092E-01 4.092E-01 9.950E-01 9.950E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.944E-01 3.944E-01 9.806E-01 9.806E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.702E-01 3.702E-01 9.578E-01 9.578E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.372E-01 3.372E-01 9.285E-01 9.285E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.962E-01 2.962E-01 8.944E-01 8.944E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.480E-01 2.480E-01 8.575E-01 8.575E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.936E-01 1.936E-01 8.192E-01 8.192E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.336E-01 1.336E-01 7.809E-01 7.809E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 6.885E-02 6.885E-02 7.433E-01 7.433E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX	[ "the", "SUIT", "keyword", "\n", "in", "the", "EPX", "input", ".", "In", "each", "sub", "-", "test", ",", "we", "prescribe", "a", "di", "\u000b", "erent", "initial", "horizontal", "displacement", "of", "the", "\n", "projectile", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "target", ",", "to", "simulate", 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by an array of tiny emitters with tailored phase and polarization, all driven at two close colors. The lattice naturally divides into subcells with opposite local topology, yet preserves a clean, alternating pattern across the whole structure. The authors sketch practical layouts using dipole arrays, grating couplers, or microwave antennas to realize the source arrangement. Unlike earlier optical hopfions that relied on beam diffraction along the propagation axis, this design works in the joint spacetime domain at a fixed plane, with periodic beating doing the heavy lifting. The team also discusses when the structures can "fly" some distance while maintaining their topology, and when diffraction undermines their integrity. Why it matters: topological textures like skyrmions have already reshaped ideas for dense, low-error data storage and signal routing. Extending that toolkit to hopfion crystals in light could unlock high-dimensional encoding schemes, resilient communications, atom trapping strategies, and new light-matter interactions. "The birth of spacetime hopfion crystals," the authors write, opens a path to condensed, robust topological information processing across optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. RELATED TOPICS Matter & Energy Spintronics Telecommunications Graphene Physics Inorganic Chemistry Nanotechnology Materials Science Civil Engineering RELATED TERMS Knot theory General relativity Robot Solar power Quantum computer Scientific method Chemical bond Renewable energy Story Source: Materials provided by Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference : Wenbo Lin, Nilo Mata-Cervera, Yasutomo Ota, Yijie Shen, Satoshi Iwamoto. Space-Time Optical Hopfion Crystals . Physical Review Letters , 2025; 135 (8) DOI: 10.1103/hh5s-cprt Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm>. Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. (2025, August 27). Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light. ScienceDaily . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Scientists Twist DNA Into Self-Building Nanostructures That Could Transform Technology July 20, 2025 — Scientists have used	[ "by", "an", "array", "of", "tiny", "emitters", "with", "tailored", "phase", "and", "polarization", ",", "all", "driven", "at", "two", "close", "colors", ".", "The", "lattice", "naturally", "divides", "into", "subcells", "with", "opposite", "local", "topology", ",", "yet", "preserves", "a", "clean", ",", "alternating", "pattern", "across", "the", "whole", "structure", ".", "The", "authors", "sketch", "practical", "layouts", "using", "dipole", "arrays", ",", "grating", "couplers", ",", "or", "microwave", "antennas", "to", "realize", "the", "source", "arrangement", ".", "\n\n\n", "Unlike", "earlier", "optical", "hopfions", "that", "relied", "on", "beam", "diffraction", "along", "the", "propagation", "axis", ",", "this", "design", "works", "in", "the", "joint", "spacetime", "domain", "at", "a", "fixed", "plane", ",", 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"information", "processing", "across", "optical", ",", "terahertz", ",", "and", "microwave", "domains", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "RELATED", "TOPICS", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Matter", "&", "Energy", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Spintronics", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Telecommunications", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Graphene", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Physics", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Inorganic", "Chemistry", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Materials", "Science", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Civil", "Engineering", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "RELATED", "TERMS", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Knot", "theory", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "General", "relativity", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Robot", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Solar", "power", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Quantum", "computer", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Scientific", "method", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Chemical", "bond", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Renewable", "energy", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n", "Story", "Source", ":", "\n\n\n", "Materials", "provided", "by", "\n", "Light", "Publishing", "Center", ",", "Changchun", "Institute", "of", "Optics", ",", "Fine", "Mechanics", "And", "Physics", ",", "CAS", "\n", ".", "\n", "Note", ":", "Content", "may", "be", "edited", "for", "style", "and", "length", ".", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Journal", "Reference", "\n", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Wenbo", "Lin", ",", "Nilo", "Mata", "-", "Cervera", ",", "Yasutomo", "Ota", ",", "Yijie", "Shen", ",", "Satoshi", "Iwamoto", ".", "\n", "Space", "-", "Time", "Optical", "Hopfion", "Crystals", "\n", ".", "\n", "Physical", "Review", "Letters", "\n", ",", "2025", ";", "135", "(", "8)", "DOI", ":", "\n", "10.1103", "/", "hh5s", "-", "cprt", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Cite", "This", "Page", "\n", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "MLA", "\n\n\n", "APA", "\n\n\n", "Chicago", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Light", "Publishing", "Center", ",", "Changchun", "Institute", "of", "Optics", ",", "Fine", "Mechanics", "And", "Physics", ",", "CAS", ".", "\"", "Scientists", "just", "created", "spacetime", "crystals", "made", "of", "knotted", "light", ".", "\"", "ScienceDaily", ".", "ScienceDaily", ",", "27", "August", "2025", ".", "<", "www.sciencedaily.com", "\n", "/", "\n", "releases", "\n", "/", "\n", "2025", "\n", "/", "\n", "08", "\n", "/", "\n", "250827010722.htm", ">", ".", "\n\n\n", "Light", "Publishing", "Center", ",", "Changchun", "Institute", "of", "Optics", ",", "Fine", "Mechanics", "And", "Physics", ",", "CAS", ".", "(", "2025", ",", "August", "27", ")", ".", "Scientists", "just", "created", "spacetime", "crystals", "made", "of", "knotted", "light", ".", "\n", "ScienceDaily", "\n", ".", "Retrieved", "August", "27", ",", "2025", "from", "www.sciencedaily.com", "\n", "/", "\n", "releases", "\n", "/", "\n", "2025", "\n", "/", "\n", "08", "\n", "/", "\n", "250827010722.htm", "\n\n\n", "Light", "Publishing", "Center", ",", "Changchun", "Institute", "of", "Optics", ",", "Fine", "Mechanics", "And", "Physics", ",", "CAS", ".", "\"", 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or ejecting the contents, or via air separation, where precise blasts of air can be used to eject contaminants. Other means for removing or expelling contaminants detected by optical sorter may be used, depending upon the specific needs of a given implementation. As examples, the optical sorters can be or include the discussed infra w.r.t . The optical sorters can be in communication with , where the optical sorters can provide indicating various contaminants, materials, or objects that were detected and/or ejected by the optical sorters. As with the from robotic sorters, the may use from optical sorters to determine the status and quality of the waste stream moving past optical sorters, and take appropriate actions as to ensure optimal operation of the MRF. For example, from an optical sorter may be passed downstream to a robotic sorter by the , and the may be able to dynamically reconfigure robotic sorter and/or the optical sorter based on the status information from the optical sorter and/or the robotic sorter. Likewise, the optical sorters may be in communication with the , and can receive from . For example, the can activate, deactivate, or otherwise reconfigured one or more optical sorters to monitor for and/or sort/remove different types of contaminants (e.g., within the limits/capabilities of the optical sorter hardware). Some of the include electromagnetic sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize magnetism and/or electromagnetic mechanisms on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials (e.g., recyclable metals and/or rare earth elements) and/or sort such materials from undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. For example, the electromagnetic sorters can include electromagnets (e.g., coils and/or solenoids in various shapes, designs, and/or arrangements), which when supplied with electric current, produce magnetic field poles to attract or repel ferromagnetic materials, permanent magnet materials rare-earth materials, composite magnet materials, and/or the like. Here, the can control the amounts of current (or varying pulses of current) to the electromagnets in order to control the strength and direction of the magnetic fields. Different magnetic field strengths can provide different oscillation/vibration frequencies for the electromagnets, which may provide various ways in which to separate out desirable materials from waste streams. Various oscillation frequencies can be achieved using various combinations of current pulses, for example, using phase offset modulation, pulse-width modulation, and/or other like modulation schemes. Some of the include pneumatic and/or air systems, which may include an	[ "or", "ejecting", "the", "contents", ",", "or", "via", "air", "separation", ",", "where", "precise", "blasts", "of", "air", "can", "be", "used", "to", "eject", "contaminants", ".", "Other", "means", "for", "removing", "or", "expelling", "contaminants", "detected", "by", "optical", "sorter", "may", "be", "used", ",", "depending", "upon", "the", "specific", "needs", "of", "a", "given", "implementation", ".", "As", "examples", ",", "the", "optical", "sorters", "can", "be", "or", "include", "the", " ", "discussed", "infra", "w.r.t", ".", "\n\n", "The", "optical", "sorters", "can", "be", "in", "communication", "with", " ", ",", "where", "the", "optical", "sorters", "can", "provide", " ", "indicating", "various", "contaminants", ",", "materials", ",", "or", "objects", "that", "were", "detected", "and/or", "ejected", "by", "the", "optical", "sorters", ".", "As", "with", "the", " ", "from", "robotic", "sorters", ",", "the", " ", "may", "use", " ", "from", "optical", "sorters", "to", "determine", "the", "status", "and", "quality", "of", "the", "waste", "stream", "moving", "past", "optical", "sorters", ",", "and", "take", "appropriate", "actions", "as", "to", "ensure", "optimal", "operation", "of", "the", "MRF", ".", "For", "example", ",", " ", "from", "an", "optical", "sorter", "may", "be", "passed", "downstream", "to", "a", "robotic", "sorter", "by", "the", " ", ",", "and", "the", " ", "may", "be", "able", "to", "dynamically", "reconfigure", "robotic", "sorter", "and/or", "the", "optical", "sorter", "based", "on", "the", "status", "information", "from", "the", "optical", "sorter", "and/or", "the", "robotic", "sorter", ".", "Likewise", ",", "the", "optical", "sorters", "may", "be", "in", "communication", "with", "the", " ", ",", "and", "can", "receive", " ", "from", " ", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", " ", "can", "activate", ",", "deactivate", ",", "or", "otherwise", "reconfigured", "one", "or", "more", "optical", "sorters", "to", "monitor", "for", "and/or", "sort", "/", "remove", "different", "types", "of", "contaminants", "(", "e.g.", ",", "within", "the", "limits", "/", "capabilities", "of", "the", "optical", "sorter", "hardware", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Some", "of", "the", " ", "include", "electromagnetic", "sorters", ",", "which", "are", "sorting", "machines", "that", "utilize", "magnetism", "and/or", "electromagnetic", "mechanisms", "on", "a", "waste", "stream", "to", "detect", "the", "presence", "of", "desirable", "objects", "/", "materials", "(", "e.g.", ",", "recyclable", "metals", "and/or", "rare", "earth", "elements", ")", "and/or", "sort", "such", "materials", "from", "undesirable", "objects", "or", "contaminants", "in", "a", "waste", "stream", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "electromagnetic", "sorters", "can", "include", "electromagnets", "(", "e.g.", ",", "coils", "and/or", "solenoids", "in", "various", "shapes", ",", "designs", ",", "and/or", "arrangements", ")", ",", "which", "when", "supplied", "with", "electric", "current", ",", "produce", "magnetic", "field", "poles", "to", "attract", "or", "repel", "ferromagnetic", "materials", ",", "permanent", "magnet", "materials", "rare", "-", "earth", "materials", ",", "composite", "magnet", "materials", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "Here", ",", "the", " ", "can", "control", "the", "amounts", "of", "current", "(", "or", "varying", "pulses", "of", "current", ")", "to", "the", "electromagnets", "in", "order", "to", "control", "the", "strength", "and", "direction", "of", "the", "magnetic", "fields", ".", "Different", "magnetic", "field", "strengths", "can", "provide", "different", "oscillation", "/", "vibration", "frequencies", "for", "the", "electromagnets", ",", "which", "may", "provide", "various", "ways", "in", "which", "to", "separate", "out", "desirable", "materials", "from", "waste", "streams", ".", "Various", "oscillation", "frequencies", "can", "be", "achieved", "using", "various", "combinations", "of", "current", "pulses", ",", "for", "example", ",", "using", "phase", "offset", "modulation", ",", "pulse", "-", "width", "modulation", ",", "and/or", "other", "like", "modulation", "schemes", ".", "\n\n", "Some", "of", "the", " ", "include", "pneumatic", "and/or", "air", "systems", ",", "which", "may", "include", "an" ]	[]
of school or do not attend school regularly are highly unlikely to achieve minimum proficiency levels ................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 8.10 By the end of primary school, only about 1 in 10 children read with comprehension in poorer African countries ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Figure 8.11 Students’ mathematics anxiety levels have risen ......................................................................................................................... 166 Figure 9.1 Education participation has increased for younger but not for older children ..................................................................... 172 Figure 9.2 Many children are enrolled in primary education one year before the official entry age ................................................. 173 Figure 9.3 Countries show different patterns in early entry to primary education ................................................................................ 174 Figure 9.4 Increased education participation of children one year before primary entry age can be due to an increase in pre-primary or in primary enrolment ........................................................................................................................... 175 Figure 9.5 Children attending pre-primary education are more likely to be developmentally on track ........................................... 176 Figure 9.6 Inadequate supervision is associated with a lower prevalence of positive and stimulating home environments ................................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Figure 9.7 Early childhood care and education leaders devote more time to administration than pedagogy ............................... 178 Figure 10.1 Adult formal and non-formal education participation rates exceed 10% in very few countries ..................................... 184 Figure 10.2 More than half of countries have seen a decline in formal and non-formal education participation rates in the last 10 years ........................................................................................................................................................................ 186 Figure 10.3 There is a large gender disparity in adult education and training participation ................................................................... 188 Figure 10.4 Vocational education participation rates have seen only marginal growth in the past 10 years .................................. 189 Figure 10.5 Gender disparity in tertiary education enrolment has continued unabated ......................................................................... 191 Figure 10.6 Gender gaps favour women in tertiary education but men in TVET ........................................................................................ 191 Figure 11.1 In high-income countries, adults have much higher levels of ICT skills than in middle-income countries ................. 198 Figure 11.2 No more than 1 in 20 Bangladeshi, Iranian and Vietnamese youth and adults can verify the reliability of online information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Figure 11.3 Men are even more likely than women to have ICT skills as the skill level rises .................................................................. 200 Figure 11.4 Secondary school teachers’ skills in using devices increased rapidly during COVID-19 .................................................... 202 Figure 11.5 The share of the population with at least secondary education increased by 5 percentage points in 10 years ...... 203 Figure 11.6 Disadvantaged students are less assertive than their more privileged peers .................................................................... 204 Figure 12.1 Globally, gender disparity in	[ "of", "school", "or", "do", "not", "attend", "school", "regularly", "are", "highly", "unlikely", "to", "achieve", " \n ", "minimum", "proficiency", "levels", " ", "...................................................................................................................................................................", "163", "\n", "Figure", "8.10", " ", "By", "the", "end", "of", "primary", "school", ",", "only", "about", "1", "in", "10", "children", "read", "with", "comprehension", "in", "poorer", " \n ", "African", "countries", " ", ".......................................................................................................................................................................................", "165", "\n", "Figure", "8.11", " ", "Students", "’", "mathematics", "anxiety", "levels", "have", "risen", ".........................................................................................................................", "166", "\n", "Figure", "9.1", " ", "Education", "participation", "has", "increased", "for", "younger", "but", "not", "for", "older", "children", ".....................................................................", "172", "\n", "Figure", "9.2", " ", "Many", "children", "are", "enrolled", "in", "primary", "education", "one", "year", "before", "the", "official", "entry", "age", ".................................................", "173", "\n", "Figure", "9.3", " ", "Countries", "show", "different", "patterns", "in", "early", "entry", "to", "primary", "education", "................................................................................", "174", "\n", "Figure", "9.4", " ", "Increased", "education", "participation", "of", "children", "one", "year", "before", "primary", "entry", "age", "can", "be", "due", "to", "an", " \n ", "increase", "in", "pre", "-", "primary", "or", "in", "primary", "enrolment", " ", "...........................................................................................................................", "175", "\n", "Figure", "9.5", " ", "Children", "attending", "pre", "-", "primary", "education", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "be", "developmentally", "on", "track", "...........................................", "176", "\n", "Figure", "9.6", " ", "Inadequate", "supervision", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "lower", "prevalence", "of", "positive", "and", "stimulating", " \n ", "home", "environments", " ", ".................................................................................................................................................................................", "177", "\n", "Figure", "9.7", " ", "Early", "childhood", "care", "and", "education", "leaders", "devote", "more", "time", "to", "administration", "than", "pedagogy", "...............................", "178", "\n", "Figure", "10.1", " ", "Adult", "formal", "and", "non", "-", "formal", "education", "participation", "rates", "exceed", "10", "%", "in", "very", "few", "countries", ".....................................", "184", "\n", "Figure", "10.2", " ", "More", "than", "half", "of", "countries", "have", "seen", "a", "decline", "in", "formal", "and", "non", "-", "formal", "education", "participation", " \n ", "rates", "in", "the", "last", "10", "years", "........................................................................................................................................................................", "186", "\n", "Figure", "10.3", " ", "There", "is", "a", "large", "gender", "disparity", "in", "adult", "education", "and", "training", "participation", "...................................................................", "188", "\n", "Figure", "10.4", " ", "Vocational", "education", "participation", "rates", "have", "seen", "only", "marginal", "growth", "in", "the", "past", "10", "years", "..................................", "189", "\n", "Figure", "10.5", "Gender", "disparity", "in", "tertiary", "education", "enrolment", "has", "continued", "unabated", ".........................................................................", "191", "\n", "Figure", "10.6", " ", "Gender", "gaps", "favour", "women", "in", "tertiary", "education", "but", "men", "in", "TVET", "........................................................................................", "191", "\n", "Figure", "11.1", " ", "In", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ",", "adults", "have", "much", "higher", "levels", "of", "ICT", "skills", "than", "in", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", ".................", "198", "\n", "Figure", "11.2", " ", "No", "more", "than", "1", "in", "20", "Bangladeshi", ",", "Iranian", "and", "Vietnamese", "youth", "and", "adults", "can", "verify", "the", "reliability", " \n ", "of", "online", "information", " ", "...............................................................................................................................................................................", "199", "\n", "Figure", "11.3", " ", "Men", "are", "even", "more", "likely", "than", "women", "to", "have", "ICT", "skills", "as", "the", "skill", "level", "rises", "..................................................................", "200", "\n", "Figure", "11.4", " ", "Secondary", "school", "teachers", "’", "skills", "in", "using", "devices", "increased", "rapidly", "during", "COVID-19", "....................................................", "202", "\n", "Figure", "11.5", " ", "The", "share", "of", "the", "population", "with", "at", "least", "secondary", "education", "increased", "by", "5", "percentage", "points", "in", "10", "years", "......", "203", "\n", "Figure", "11.6", " ", "Disadvantaged", "students", "are", "less", "assertive", "than", "their", "more", "privileged", "peers", "....................................................................", "204", "\n", "Figure", "12.1", " ", "Globally", ",", "gender", "disparity", "in" ]	[]
Smith, A., Johnson, M., & Roberts, L. (2022). Effects of early intervention in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review of cognitive outcomes. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(2), 112-124. Nguyen, H., & Lee, S. K. (2021). Genetic markers for Alzheimer's disease risk: A meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 80(4), 815-829. Barker, J., & Turner, R. D. (2020). Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 17(1), 9-22. Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Li, H., & Zhao, W. (2019). The role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 147, 1-12. Martinez, J. L., & Williams, G. A. (2021). The impact of exercise on mitochondrial function in aging: A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Ageing Research Reviews, 71, 10-23. Davis, M., & Evans, A. (2022). The microbiome and its role in autoimmune diseases: A review of recent findings. Clinical Immunology, 227, 53-62. Greenwood, J., & Patel, T. (2020). Advances in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: A critical review of current strategies. Journal of Gene Medicine, 22(7), e3147. Lee, M., & Wang, Z. (2019). Targeting the mTOR pathway in cancer therapy: An overview of current clinical trials. Oncology Reports, 42(1), 107-118. Harrison, J., & Young, R. (2021). Personalized medicine in oncology: Implications for the future of cancer treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39(6), 495-506. Singh, P., Kumar, N., & Shah, R. (2019). The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: A review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 148, 63-75.	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leadership as one of three key school-level factors within its broad framework of education quality (UNESCO, 2005, 2016), which captures inputs, processes and individual- and societal-level outcomes of education ( Figure 1.1 ). Within the framework, learners and systems influence school and classroom settings, resulting in education outcomes, within a context of economic, social and political conditions. Various aspects of the framework relate to school leaders. Learners bring their home backgrounds, including parental attitudes towards school leaders, into schools. Education systems determine the context in which school principals work, for example standards and accountability mechanisms, rules that determine the scope for school-level decisions such as teacher hiring, and the presence of initial training and professional development opportunities for school leaders. At the school level, conditions related to teachers and their professional interactions, teaching and learning practices, resources, and facilities form the environment in which school leaders work. The context for leadership affects the types of hierarchical relationships, cultural responses to individual initiative and levels of social trust. <!-- image --> ## Outcomes ## For learners in pre-primary education e.g. school readiness, executive function, social-emotional and motor development, and pre-academic skills in primary, secondary and tertiary education e.g. learning achievement, critical thinking skills, collaborative skills, and values and attitudes (including a better understanding of the world). ## For society e.g. behaviours linked with sustainable economic, social and environmental development; a culture of peace and non-violence; global citizenship; and cultural diversity. ## TABLE 1.2: ## Four school leadership dimensions describe principals' core practices \| Dimensions \| Indicative practices \| \|----------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Set expectations \| Develop, communicate and explain a shared vision, mission and goals, including a focus on student achievement Hold high performance expectations, for staff and students Provide inspirational motivation, exerting influence by setting a personal example and representing the community Stay current and use data for decision making \| \| Focus on learning \| Focus on instructional development, e.g. through pedagogical supervision Provide instructional resources and materials and align them to instructional goals Plan, coordinate and evaluate the curriculum Protect staff from work distractions Monitor student progress \| \| Foster collaboration \| Develop a school culture and positive climate Maintain a safe, healthy school environment Raise resources strategically, build networks and manage risk Nurture collaboration, especially between teachers, and enable action Build relations and consult with families and community \| \| Develop people \| Keep track of teacher professional development	[ "leadership", "as", "one", "of", "three", "key", "school", "-", "level", "factors", "within", "its", "broad", "framework", "of", "education", "quality", "(", "UNESCO", ",", "2005", ",", "2016", ")", ",", "which", "captures", "inputs", ",", "processes", "and", "individual-", "and", "societal", "-", "level", "outcomes", "of", "education", "(", "Figure", "1.1", ")", ".", "Within", "the", "framework", ",", "learners", "and", "systems", "influence", "school", "and", "classroom", "settings", ",", "resulting", "in", "education", "outcomes", ",", "within", "a", "context", "of", "economic", ",", "social", "and", "political", "conditions", ".", "Various", "aspects", "of", "the", "framework", "relate", "to", "school", "leaders", ".", "Learners", "bring", "their", "home", "backgrounds", ",", "including", "parental", "attitudes", "towards", "school", "leaders", ",", "into", "schools", ".", "Education", "systems", "determine", "the", "context", "in", "which", "school", "principals", "work", ",", "for", "example", "standards", "and", "accountability", "mechanisms", ",", "rules", "that", "determine", "the", "scope", "for", "school", "-", "level", "decisions", "such", "as", "teacher", "hiring", ",", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "initial", "training", "and", "professional", "development", "opportunities", "for", "school", "leaders", ".", "At", "the", "school", "level", ",", "conditions", "related", "to", "teachers", "and", "their", "professional", "interactions", ",", "teaching", "and", "learning", "practices", ",", "resources", ",", "and", "facilities", "form", "the", "environment", "in", "which", "school", "leaders", "work", ".", "The", "context", "for", "leadership", "affects", "the", "types", "of", "hierarchical", "relationships", ",", "cultural", "responses", "to", "individual", "initiative", "and", "levels", "of", "social", "trust", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Outcomes", "\n\n", "#", "#", "For", "learners", "\n\n", "in", "pre", "-", "primary", "education", "e.g.", "school", "readiness", ",", "executive", "function", ",", "social", "-", "emotional", "and", "motor", "development", ",", "and", "pre", "-", "academic", "skills", "in", "primary", ",", "secondary", "and", "tertiary", "education", "e.g.", "learning", "achievement", ",", "critical", "thinking", "skills", ",", "collaborative", "skills", ",", "and", "values", "and", "attitudes", "(", "including", "a", "better", "understanding", "of", "the", "world", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "For", "society", "\n\n", "e.g.", "behaviours", "linked", "with", "sustainable", "economic", ",", "social", "and", "environmental", "development", ";", "a", "culture", "of", "peace", "and", "non", "-", "violence", ";", "global", "citizenship", ";", "and", "cultural", "diversity", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "TABLE", "1.2", ":", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Four", "school", "leadership", "dimensions", "describe", "principals", "'", "core", "practices", "\n\n", "\|", "Dimensions", " ", "\|", "Indicative", "practices", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|----------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Set", "expectations", " ", "\|", "Develop", ",", "communicate", "and", "explain", "a", "shared", "vision", ",", "mission", "and", "goals", ",", "including", "a", "focus", "on", "student", "achievement", "Hold", "high", "performance", "expectations", ",", "for", "staff", "and", "students", "Provide", "inspirational", "motivation", ",", "exerting", "influence", "by", "setting", "a", "personal", "example", "and", "representing", "the", "community", "Stay", "current", "and", "use", "data", "for", "decision", "making", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Focus", "on", "learning", " ", "\|", "Focus", "on", "instructional", "development", ",", "e.g.", "through", "pedagogical", "supervision", "Provide", "instructional", "resources", "and", "materials", "and", "align", "them", "to", "instructional", "goals", "Plan", ",", "coordinate", "and", "evaluate", "the", "curriculum", "Protect", "staff", "from", "work", "distractions", "Monitor", "student", "progress", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Foster", "collaboration", "\|", "Develop", "a", "school", "culture", "and", "positive", "climate", "Maintain", "a", "safe", ",", "healthy", "school", "environment", "Raise", "resources", "strategically", ",", "build", "networks", "and", "manage", "risk", "Nurture", "collaboration", ",", "especially", "between", "teachers", ",", "and", "enable", "action", "Build", "relations", "and", "consult", "with", "families", "and", "community", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Develop", "people", " ", "\|", "Keep", "track", "of", "teacher", "professional", "development" ]	[ { "end": 119, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 101 }, { "end": 107, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 101 }, { "end": 113, "label": "YEAR", "start": 109 }, { "end": 119, "label": "YEAR", "start": 115 } ]
Ring-fencing rules create de facto 'separate taxpayers' for tax liability determination purposes and sometimes also for tax reporting purposes. There are different ways that tax administrations deal with this phenomenon from a tax reporting perspective. The countries can request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ring-fenced area, either as a part of their tax return or as a special annex to their tax return. The other possibility is to require filing a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. This means that the same taxpayer may file multiple tax returns for the same taxable period with respect to each ring-fenced activity and an additional one or more tax returns for non-mining activities. To support the filings, the licence holder will have to maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. The tax return or a special annex should include information needed for preliminary risk analysis, such as revenues and expenditures per ring-fenced item. A licence holder must usually submit the tax returns (either electronically or in physical form) to the tax authority on a template specifically designed and authorized for this purpose. Special templates for tax returns or their annexes can be designed to simplify the filing process while ensuring the key information needed for risk assessment and high-level review is included. ## 5.4.2 Maintaining All the Necessary Supporting Documents and Records In case of necessity or tax audit, the tax authority may require primary and other relevant documents when it receives the tax return(s). In that case, the mining taxpayer should be in a position to establish and prove how the relevant revenues and expenditures have been determined and correctly allocated to the specific licences or other ring-fenced business activities, ideally based on apportionment methods established in a guidance published by the tax authority for taxpayers. A proper application of an apportionment method relies on having clear data across mines/projects/ licence areas. In doing so, the taxpayer should maintain all the necessary documents and records to support its arguments in case the tax authority requests that it do so. There should be periodic reviews undertaken by the tax authority. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0	[ "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "create", "de", "facto", "'", "separate", "taxpayers", "'", "for", "tax", "liability", "determination", "purposes", "and", "sometimes", "also", "for", "tax", "reporting", "purposes", ".", "There", "are", "different", "ways", "that", "tax", "administrations", "deal", "with", "this", "phenomenon", "from", "a", "tax", "reporting", "perspective", ".", "The", "countries", "can", "request", "one", "single", "tax", "return", "filed", "by", "the", "taxpayer", "that", "includes", "separate", "tax", "base", "calculations", "for", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "area", ",", "either", "as", "a", "part", "of", "their", "tax", "return", "or", "as", "a", "special", "annex", "to", "their", "tax", "return", ".", "The", "other", "possibility", "is", "to", "require", "filing", "a", "separate", "tax", "return", "for", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "area", "or", "activity", ".", "This", "means", "that", "the", "same", "taxpayer", "may", "file", "multiple", "tax", "returns", "for", "the", "same", "taxable", "period", "with", "respect", "to", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "activity", "and", "an", "additional", "one", "or", "more", "tax", "returns", "for", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ".", "\n\n", "To", "support", "the", "filings", ",", "the", "licence", "holder", "will", "have", "to", "maintain", "all", "the", "necessary", "accounting", "documents", "and", "records", "to", "provide", "justifications", "for", "the", "completion", "of", "the", "relevant", "tax", "returns", ".", "\n\n", "The", "tax", "return", "or", "a", "special", "annex", "should", "include", "information", "needed", "for", "preliminary", "risk", "analysis", ",", "such", "as", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "per", "ring", "-", "fenced", "item", ".", "A", "licence", "holder", "must", "usually", "submit", "the", "tax", "returns", "(", "either", "electronically", "or", "in", "physical", "form", ")", "to", "the", "tax", "authority", "on", "a", "template", "specifically", "designed", "and", "authorized", "for", "this", "purpose", ".", "Special", "templates", "for", "tax", "returns", "or", "their", "annexes", "can", "be", "designed", "to", "simplify", "the", "filing", "process", "while", "ensuring", "the", "key", "information", "needed", "for", "risk", "assessment", "and", "high", "-", "level", "review", "is", "included", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.4.2", "Maintaining", "All", "the", "Necessary", "Supporting", "Documents", "and", "Records", "\n\n", "In", "case", "of", "necessity", "or", "tax", "audit", ",", "the", "tax", "authority", "may", "require", "primary", "and", "other", "relevant", "documents", "when", "it", "receives", "the", "tax", "return(s", ")", ".", "In", "that", "case", ",", "the", "mining", "taxpayer", "should", "be", "in", "a", "position", "to", "establish", "and", "prove", "how", "the", "relevant", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "have", "been", "determined", "and", "correctly", "allocated", "to", "the", "specific", "licences", "or", "other", "ring", "-", "fenced", "business", "activities", ",", "ideally", "based", "on", "apportionment", "methods", "established", "in", "a", "guidance", "published", "by", "the", "tax", "authority", "for", "taxpayers", ".", "A", "proper", "application", "of", "an", "apportionment", "method", "relies", "on", "having", "clear", "data", "across", "mines", "/", "projects/", "licence", "areas", ".", "In", "doing", "so", ",", "the", "taxpayer", "should", "maintain", "all", "the", "necessary", "documents", "and", "records", "to", "support", "its", "arguments", "in", "case", "the", "tax", "authority", "requests", "that", "it", "do", "so", ".", "There", "should", "be", "periodic", "reviews", "undertaken", "by", "the", "tax", "authority", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0" ]	[]
up of successful ventures . The EU should become as attractive for inventors as other leading regions for innovation. The report recommends a number of measures to support the transition from invention to commercialisation in Europe. First, to overcome bureaucratic barriers in universities and research institutions to managing intellectual property rights with their researchers, a new blueprint for fair and transparent royalty sharing is recommended. Second, to lower application costs for young companies and to offer uniform protection of intellectual property, it is proposed to adopt the Unitary Patent in all EU Member States. Third, the EU should carry out a thorough impact assessment of the effect of digital and other regulation on small companies, with the aim of excluding SMEs from regulations that only large companies are able to comply with. Finally, the EU should support rapid growth within the European market by giving innovative start-ups the opportunity to adopt a new EU-wide legal statute (the “Innovative European Company”). This status would provide companies with a single digital identity valid throughout the EU and recognised by all Member States. These companies would have access to harmonised legislation concerning corporate law and insol - vency, as well as a few key aspects of labour law and taxation, to be made progressively more ambitious, and they would be entitled to establish subsidiaries across the EU without incorporating separately in each Member State. A better financing environment for disruptive innovation, start-ups and scale-ups is needed as barriers to growth within the European markets are removed [see the chapters on innovation, and investment] . While high-growth companies can typically obtain finance from international investors, there are good reasons to further develop the financing ecosystem within Europe. Very early-stage innovation would benefit from a deeper pool of angel investors. Ensuring sufficient local capital to fund scale-ups would concentrate the spillovers of innovation within Europe. Increasing the appeal of European stock markets for IPOs would improve funding options for founders, encouraging more start-up activity in the EU. To generate a significant increase in equity and debt funding available to start-ups and scale-up, the report proposes the following measures. First, expanding incentives for business 33THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2“angels” and seed capital investors. Second, assessing whether further changes to capital requirements under Solvency II are warranted, which establishes capital adequacy rules for insurance companies, and issuing guide - lines for	[ "up", "of", "successful", "\n", "ventures", ".", "The", "EU", "should", "become", "as", "attractive", "for", "inventors", "as", "other", "leading", "regions", "for", "innovation", ".", "The", "report", "\n", "recommends", "a", "number", "of", "measures", "to", "support", "the", "transition", "from", "invention", "to", "commercialisation", "in", "Europe", ".", "First", ",", "\n", "to", "overcome", "bureaucratic", "barriers", "in", "universities", "and", "research", "institutions", "to", "managing", "intellectual", "property", "rights", "\n", "with", "their", "researchers", ",", "a", "new", "blueprint", "for", "fair", "and", "transparent", "royalty", "sharing", "is", "recommended", ".", "Second", ",", "to", "lower", "\n", "application", "costs", "for", "young", "companies", "and", "to", "offer", "uniform", "protection", "of", "intellectual", "property", ",", "it", "is", "proposed", "to", "adopt", "\n", "the", "Unitary", "Patent", "in", "all", "EU", "Member", "States", ".", "Third", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "carry", "out", "a", "thorough", "impact", "assessment", "of", "the", "effect", "\n", "of", "digital", "and", "other", "regulation", "on", "small", "companies", ",", "with", "the", "aim", "of", "excluding", "SMEs", "from", "regulations", "that", "only", "large", "\n", "companies", "are", "able", "to", "comply", "with", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "EU", "should", "support", "rapid", "growth", "within", "the", "European", "market", "by", "giving", "\n", "innovative", "start", "-", "ups", "the", "opportunity", "to", "adopt", "a", "new", "EU", "-", "wide", "legal", "statute", "(", "the", "“", "Innovative", "European", "Company", "”", ")", ".", "\n", "This", "status", "would", "provide", "companies", "with", "a", "single", "digital", "identity", "valid", "throughout", "the", "EU", "and", "recognised", "by", "all", "\n", "Member", "States", ".", "These", "companies", "would", "have", "access", "to", "harmonised", "legislation", "concerning", "corporate", "law", "and", "insol", "-", "\n", "vency", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "few", "key", "aspects", "of", "labour", "law", "and", "taxation", ",", "to", "be", "made", "progressively", "more", "ambitious", ",", "and", "they", "\n", "would", "be", "entitled", "to", "establish", "subsidiaries", "across", "the", "EU", "without", "incorporating", "separately", "in", "each", "Member", "State", ".", "\n", "A", "better", "financing", "environment", "for", "disruptive", "innovation", ",", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "scale", "-", "ups", "is", "needed", "as", "barriers", "\n", "to", "growth", "within", "the", "European", "markets", "are", "removed", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapters", "on", "innovation", ",", "and", "investment", "]", ".", "While", "\n", "high", "-", "growth", "companies", "can", "typically", "obtain", "finance", "from", "international", "investors", ",", "there", "are", "good", "reasons", "to", "further", "\n", "develop", "the", "financing", "ecosystem", "within", "Europe", ".", "Very", "early", "-", "stage", "innovation", "would", "benefit", "from", "a", "deeper", "pool", "of", "\n", "angel", "investors", ".", "Ensuring", "sufficient", "local", "capital", "to", "fund", "scale", "-", "ups", "would", "concentrate", "the", "spillovers", "of", "innovation", "\n", "within", "Europe", ".", "Increasing", "the", "appeal", "of", "European", "stock", "markets", "for", "IPOs", "would", "improve", "funding", "options", "for", "founders", ",", "\n", "encouraging", "more", "start", "-", "up", "activity", "in", "the", "EU", ".", "To", "generate", "a", "significant", "increase", "in", "equity", "and", "debt", "funding", "available", "\n", "to", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "scale", "-", "up", ",", "the", "report", "proposes", "the", "following", "measures", ".", "First", ",", "expanding", "incentives", "for", "business", "\n", "33THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "2“angels", "”", "and", "seed", "capital", "investors", ".", "Second", ",", "assessing", "whether", "further", "changes", "to", "capital", "requirements", "under", "\n", "Solvency", "II", "are", "warranted", ",", "which", "establishes", "capital", "adequacy", "rules", "for", "insurance", "companies", ",", "and", "issuing", "guide", "-", "\n", "lines", "for" ]	[]
applied in the automotive sector. The ambitious target of zero tailpipe emissions by 2035 will lead to a de facto phasing out of new registrations of vehicles with internal combustion engines and the rapid market penetration of EVs. Yet, the EU has not followed up these ambitions with a synchronised push to convert the supply chain. For example, the Commission only launched the European Battery Alliance to build a battery value chain in Europe in 2017, while Europe as a whole is far behind on installing charging infrastructure. China, by contrast, has been focusing on the full EV supply chain since 2012 and, as a result, it has moved faster and at a larger scale and is now one generation ahead in EV technology in virtually all domains, while also producing at lower cost. European companies are already losing market share and this trend may accelerate as shipping bottlenecks are overcome [see Figure 9] . Chinese carmakers’ market share for EVs in Europe rose from 5% in 2015 to almost 15% in 2023, while the share of European carmakers in the European EV market fell from 80% to 60%. FIGURE 9 Electric car imports to Europe by country of production and manufacturer headquarters Thousand vehicles, 2021-2022 Source: IEA, 2023 49THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3A joint plan for decarbonisation and competitiveness The first key goal for the energy sector is to lower the cost of energy for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation [see the chapter on energy] . Natural gas will remain part of the energy mix in Europe over the medium term – scenarios suggest that EU gas demand will fall by 8%-25% by 2030 – and so this goal requires reducing the volatility of natural gas prices. The report recommends reinforcing joint procurement – at least for LNG – to leverage Europe’s market power and establishing long-term partnerships with reliable and diversified trade partners as part of a genuine EU gas strategy. Europe also needs to reduce its exposure to spot market by encouraging a progressive move away from spot-linked sourcing and to reduce volatility in EU gas markets by limiting the possibility of speculative behaviour. Following the US example, regulators should be able to apply financial position limits as well as dynamic caps in circumstances when EU energy spot or derivatives prices diverge markedly from global energy prices.	[ "applied", "in", "\n", "the", "automotive", "sector", ".", "The", "ambitious", "target", "of", "zero", "tailpipe", "emissions", "by", "2035", "will", "lead", "to", "a", "de", "facto", "phasing", "out", "\n", "of", "new", "registrations", "of", "vehicles", "with", "internal", "combustion", "engines", "and", "the", "rapid", "market", "penetration", "of", "EVs", ".", "Yet", ",", "the", "\n", "EU", "has", "not", "followed", "up", "these", "ambitions", "with", "a", "synchronised", "push", "to", "convert", "the", "supply", "chain", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "\n", "Commission", "only", "launched", "the", "European", "Battery", "Alliance", "to", "build", "a", "battery", "value", "chain", "in", "Europe", "in", "2017", ",", "while", "\n", "Europe", "as", "a", "whole", "is", "far", "behind", "on", "installing", "charging", "infrastructure", ".", "China", ",", "by", "contrast", ",", "has", "been", "focusing", "on", "the", "\n", "full", "EV", "supply", "chain", "since", "2012", "and", ",", "as", "a", "result", ",", "it", "has", "moved", "faster", "and", "at", "a", "larger", "scale", "and", "is", "now", "one", "generation", "\n", "ahead", "in", "EV", "technology", "in", "virtually", "all", "domains", ",", "while", "also", "producing", "at", "lower", "cost", ".", "European", "companies", "are", "already", "\n", "losing", "market", "share", "and", "this", "trend", "may", "accelerate", "as", "shipping", "bottlenecks", "are", "overcome", "[", "see", "Figure", "9", "]", ".", "Chinese", "\n", "carmakers", "’", "market", "share", "for", "EVs", "in", "Europe", "rose", "from", "5", "%", "in", "2015", "to", "almost", "15", "%", "in", "2023", ",", "while", "the", "share", "of", "European", "\n", "carmakers", "in", "the", "European", "EV", "market", "fell", "from", "80", "%", "to", "60", "%", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "9", "\n", "Electric", "car", "imports", "to", "Europe", "by", "country", "of", "production", "and", "manufacturer", "headquarters", " \n", "Thousand", "vehicles", ",", "2021", "-", "2022", "\n", "Source", ":", "IEA", ",", "2023", "\n", "49THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3A", "joint", "plan", "for", "decarbonisation", " \n", "and", "competitiveness", "\n", "The", "first", "key", "goal", "for", "the", "energy", "sector", "is", "to", "lower", "the", "cost", "of", "energy", "for", "end", "users", "by", "transferring", "the", "\n", "benefits", "of", "the", "decarbonisation", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "energy", "]", ".", "Natural", "gas", "will", "remain", "part", "of", "the", "energy", "mix", "in", "\n", "Europe", "over", "the", "medium", "term", "–", "scenarios", "suggest", "that", "EU", "gas", "demand", "will", "fall", "by", "8%-25", "%", "by", "2030", "–", "and", "so", "this", "\n", "goal", "requires", "reducing", "the", "volatility", "of", "natural", "gas", "prices", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "reinforcing", "joint", "procurement", "\n", "–", "at", "least", "for", "LNG", "–", "to", "leverage", "Europe", "’s", "market", "power", "and", "establishing", "long", "-", "term", "partnerships", "with", "reliable", "and", "\n", "diversified", "trade", "partners", "as", "part", "of", "a", "genuine", "EU", "gas", "strategy", ".", "Europe", "also", "needs", "to", "reduce", "its", "exposure", "to", "spot", "\n", "market", "by", "encouraging", "a", "progressive", "move", "away", "from", "spot", "-", "linked", "sourcing", "and", "to", "reduce", "volatility", "in", "EU", "gas", "markets", "\n", "by", "limiting", "the", "possibility", "of", "speculative", "behaviour", ".", "Following", "the", "US", "example", ",", "regulators", "should", "be", "able", "to", "apply", "\n", "financial", "position", "limits", "as", "well", "as", "dynamic", "caps", "in", "circumstances", "when", "EU", "energy", "spot", "or", "derivatives", "prices", "diverge", "\n", "markedly", "from", "global", "energy", "prices", "." ]	[]
products, machinery and equipment X X X X X 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery and equipment X D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY 35 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 35.1 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X X X X X X X X X 35.2 Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains X X X X 35.3 Steam and air conditioning supply X X X X X X EWATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES 36 Water collection, treatment and supply X X X X 37 Sewerage X X 38Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery 38.1 Waste collection X 38.2 Waste treatment and disposal 38.3 Materials recovery X X X 39 Remediation activities and other waste management services F CONSTRUCTION 41 Construction of buildings 41.1 Development of building projects X X X X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation281 282 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 41.2 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings X X X X X X 42 Civil engineering 42.1 Construction of roads and railways X X X X X X X 42.2 Construction of utility projects X X X X X X X 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects X X X X X X X 43 Specialised construction activities 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X X X 43.2 Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities X X X X X X 43.3 Building completion and finishing X X X 43.9 Other specialised construction activities X X X X X X X GWHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES 45Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X X X X X 45.2 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles X X X 45.3 Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories X X X X 45.4Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles	[ "products", ",", "machinery", "and", "equipment", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "33.2", "Installation", "of", "industrial", "machinery", "and", "equipment", " ", "X", " \n", "D", "ELECTRICITY", ",", "GAS", ",", "STEAM", "AND", "AIR", "CONDITIONING", "SUPPLY", " \n", "35", "Electricity", ",", "gas", ",", "steam", "and", "air", "conditioning", "supply", " \n", "35.1", "Electric", "power", "generation", ",", "transmission", "and", "distribution", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "35.2", "Manufacture", "of", "gas", ";", "distribution", "of", "gaseous", "fuels", "through", "mains", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "35.3", "Steam", "and", "air", "conditioning", "supply", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "EWATER", "SUPPLY", ";", "SEWERAGE", ",", "WASTE", "MANAGEMENT", "AND", "\n", "REMEDIATION", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "36", "Water", "collection", ",", "treatment", "and", "supply", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "37", "Sewerage", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "38Waste", "collection", ",", "treatment", "and", "disposal", "activities", ";", "materials", "\n", "recovery", " \n", "38.1", "Waste", "collection", " ", "X", " \n", "38.2", "Waste", "treatment", "and", "disposal", " \n", "38.3", "Materials", "recovery", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "39", "Remediation", "activities", "and", "other", "waste", "management", "services", " \n", "F", "CONSTRUCTION", " \n", "41", "Construction", "of", "buildings", " \n", "41.1", "Development", "of", "building", "projects", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation281", "282", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "NACE", "Industry", "name", "Current", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ing", "\n", "34", "52", "28", "61", "64", "40", "31", "29", "15", "50", "47", "21", "55", "40", "35", "83", "57", "34", "\n", "41.2", "Construction", "of", "residential", "and", "non", "-", "residential", "buildings", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "42", "Civil", "engineering", " \n", "42.1", "Construction", "of", "roads", "and", "railways", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "42.2", "Construction", "of", "utility", "projects", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "42.9", "Construction", "of", "other", "civil", "engineering", "projects", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "43", "Specialised", "construction", "activities", " \n", "43.1", "Demolition", "and", "site", "preparation", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "43.2", "Electrical", ",", "plumbing", "and", "other", "construction", "installation", "activities", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "43.3", "Building", "completion", "and", "finishing", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "43.9", "Other", "specialised", "construction", "activities", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "GWHOLESALE", "AND", "RETAIL", "TRADE", ";", "REPAIR", "OF", "MOTOR", "VEHICLES", "AND", "\n", "MOTORCYCLES", " \n", "45Wholesale", "and", "retail", "trade", "and", "repair", "of", "motor", "vehicles", "and", "\n", "motorcycles", " \n", "45.1", "Sale", "of", "motor", "vehicles", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "45.2", "Maintenance", "and", "repair", "of", "motor", "vehicles", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "45.3", "Sale", "of", "motor", "vehicle", "parts", "and", "accessories", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "45.4Sale", ",", "maintenance", "and", "repair", "of", "motorcycles" ]	[]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 sc3d631.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 sc3d731.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 166 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 sc3d731.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 sc3d831.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 sc3d831.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 T tube01.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 tube01 cmp.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 tube01 seq.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 167 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 168 Getting in touch with the EU In person All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you online ( european -union.europa.eu/contact -eu/meet -us_en ). On the phone or in writing Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service: — by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls), —	[ ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "161", "\n", "sc3d631.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "161", "\n", "sc3d731.dgibi", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "162", "\n", "166", "\n", "Tuesday", "12thAugust", ",", "2025", "@", "13:38", "\n", "sc3d731.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "162", "\n", "sc3d831.dgibi", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "162", "\n", "sc3d831.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "163", "\n", "T", "\n", "tube01.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "163", "\n", "tube01", "cmp.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "164", "\n", "tube01", "seq.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "164", "\n", "167", "\n", "Tuesday", "12thAugust", ",", "2025", "@", "13:38", "\n", "168", "\n \n \n \n", "Getting", " ", "in", "touch", " ", "with", "the", "EU", "\n", "In", "person", " \n", "All", "over", "the", "European", "Union", "there", "are", "hundreds", "of", "Europe", "Direct", "centres", ".", "You", "can", "find", "the", "address", "of", "the", "\n", "centre", "nearest", "you", "online", "(", "european", "-union.europa.eu", "/", "contact", "-eu", "/", "meet", "-us_en", ")", ".", "\n", "On", "the", "phone", "or", "in", "writing", " \n", "Europe", "Direct", "is", "a", "service", "that", "answers", "your", "questions", "about", "the", "European", "Union", ".", "You", "can", "contact", "this", "\n", "service", ":", " \n", "—", "by", "freephone", ":", "00", "800", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "11", "(", "certain", "operators", "may", "charge", "for", "these", "calls", ")", ",", " \n", "—" ]	[]
large government-led initiatives, polycentric solutions can provide levels of flex - ibility and robustness that may not normally be possible. If a part of a proposed solution has issues, there are multiple routes that allow for adaptation and support (Ostrom, 2010b ). So, what do we mean by polycentricity? According to Stephan et al. ( 2019 ) At the core of almost every definition of polycentric governance (or polycen - tricity, polycentric systems or polycentric arrangements) is the idea of multi - ple centres of decision-making, or multiple authorities, no one of which has ultimate authority for making all collective decision …. How many centres of how many different sizes exist is less important than the basic idea that multiple centres exist and operate concurrently, within a system in which no single centre has final ultimate authority. (Stephan, Marshall, and McGinnis, 2019 ) Plan of the book The book is divided into four parts: • Part 1 : Neighbourhood cohesion (Chapters 1 and 2). • Part 2 : Collective action and polycentricity (Chapters 3 and 4). • Part 3 : Entrepreneurship (Chapters 5 and 6). • Part 4 : Reflections (Chapter 7). Part 1: Neighbourhood cohesion Chapter 1 , “The draw of the city”, provides an introduction that sets the scene for the rest of the book. The research undertaken in Delhi over the three years of the project focuses on three different neighbourhood types – slum/JJ, resettlement and unauthorised colonies. Delhi’s community live in a mixture of planned, unplanned, illegal and informal settlements owing to the detailed land use categories set out by urban planners. What follows are six chapters that explore, through data, dif - ferent parts of the lives of those living in three neighbourhoods – Sanjay (slum/ JJ), Bhalswa (resettlement) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised). We will discover stories of community solutions and resilience, where people become their own agents of change to provide their lives with dignity, purpose and meaning. The chapters may be read independently, although there are themes and threads running throughout that bind the book together. Chapter 2 , “Resilient cities – why does slum type matter?”, sets out to under - stand the different levels of trust, community cohesion, well-being and social capital in the different neighbourhood types. That is “is your life affected by the community in which you live and if so how and why”? 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expenditure CIT corporate income tax EPZ export processing zone IGF Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development IMF International Monetary Fund IRR internal rate of return MNE multinational enterprise OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPEX operating expenditure PNG Papua New Guinea PSA production-sharing agreement RRT resource rent tax SCA Supreme Court of Appeal v Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 About This Practice Note ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Who Is This Practice Note For? ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 What Gap Does This Practice Note Fill? ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 The Fundamentals of Ring-Fencing ................................................................................................ 5 2.1 The Source of Ring-Fencing Rules ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 The Prevalence of Ring-Fencing Rules in the Extractive Sectors .................................................................. 8 3.0 The Benefits and Risks of Ring-Fencing .................................................................................... 12 3.1 The Benefits .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 The Risks ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.0 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules ......................................................................................................... 23 4.1 When Ring-Fencing Is an Appropriate Policy Response ....................................................................................... 24 4.2 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules .............................................................................................................................................................. 26 4.3 What Aspects of Mining Operations Should Be Ring-Fenced? ................................................................. 28 4.4 Which T axes Should Be Ring-Fenced? ....................................................................................................................................... 39 4.5 Who Ring-Fencing Rules Should Apply T o ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? ......................................... 43 4.7 How to Deal With Permanent Losses Where Ring-Fencing Rules Exist ............................................ 46 5.0 The Implementation of Ring-Fencing Rules .............................................................................. 51 5.1 Introducing Ring-Fencing Rules Into the Applicable Legal Framework .............................................. 52 5.2 How Should the Apportionment of Revenues and Expenditures Work? ............................................ 56 5.3 How to Mitigate the Risk of Domestic Transfer Pricing Abuse in the Context of Ring-Fencing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.4 How to Design T axpayers’ Compliance Obligations ................................................................................................... 63 6.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Financial Support for the OECD Comes From the Following Donors: ............................................................ 70 Support for the IGF Comes From the Following: ........................................................................................................................ 71 References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 72 1.0 Introduction 2 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION For most economic sectors, corporate income tax (CIT) is levied at the business entity level. This means that the income derived from various projects or commercial activities undertaken by a single business entity is merged or consolidated into a single tax base. 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education institutions, education systems and societies to change for the better. Leaders do not act on their own – they respond to other actors who help shift the political system: members of parliament, researchers, international organizations, civil society, trade unions, media and many others. All of them exercise leadership, helping influence countries towards specific education and broader societal goals. Some politicians, for example, have made inclusive and equitable education of good quality a priority in their countries through forward-looking reforms and adequate resource allocation. But before delving into the ‘how’ of leadership – and risk it becoming an end in itself – it is therefore important not to lose sight of ‘what’ leadership is meant to achieve. Leadership is exercised in many ways and multiple forms, given differences in contexts, values, personalities and organizations. And the range of outcomes to which leaders contribute is so wide that focusing on any single one for analytical convenience underestimates their full impact. Stories of good leaders inspire but can only offer direct lessons to those who may find themselves in similar situations. The challenge is to draw from these individual BOX 1.2: Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership It is impossible to do justice to such a broad range of topics in a single publication. For this reason, throughout 2025, four regional editions will explore selected issues in more detail that resonate in different parts of the world. The third edition of the Spotlight series on universal basic education completion and foundational learning in Africa will focus on instructional leadership, drawing on research focusing on five countries. A regional edition on Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia will focus on leadership for inclusive education, drawing on eight country case studies. A regional edition on East Asia will focus on leadership and digital transformation, drawing on four country case studies. A regional edition on Latin America will examine distributed and shared leadership, drawing on seven country case studies. 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 17 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 stories and focus on institutional mechanisms that nurture rather than stifle talented leaders of all styles and backgrounds, in all contexts. In many countries, education leaders are often thought of only as administrators or managers. Yet in recent years some countries have recognized the full scope of their roles and built foundations for their	[ "education", "institutions", ",", "education", "systems", "and", "societies", "to", "change", "for", "the", "better", ".", "Leaders", "do", "not", "act", "on", "their", "own", "–", "they", "respond", "to", "other", "actors", "who", "help", "shift", "the", "political", "system", ":", "members", "of", "parliament", ",", "researchers", ",", "international", "organizations", ",", "civil", "society", ",", "trade", "unions", ",", "media", "and", "many", "others", ".", "All", "of", "them", "exercise", "leadership", ",", "helping", "influence", "countries", "towards", "specific", "education", "and", "broader", "societal", "goals", ".", "Some", "politicians", ",", "for", "example", ",", "have", "made", "inclusive", "and", "equitable", "education", "of", "good", "quality", "a", "priority", "in", "their", "countries", "through", "forward", "-", "looking", "reforms", "and", "adequate", "resource", "allocation", ".", "But", "before", "delving", "into", "the", "‘", "how", "’", "of", "leadership", "–", "and", "risk", "it", "becoming", "an", "end", "in", "itself", "–", "it", "is", "therefore", "important", "not", "to", "lose", "sight", "of", "‘", "what", "’", "leadership", "is", "meant", "to", "achieve", ".", "\n", "Leadership", "is", "exercised", "in", "many", "ways", "and", "multiple", "forms", ",", "\n", "given", "differences", "in", "contexts", ",", "values", ",", "personalities", "and", "organizations", ".", "And", "the", "range", "of", "outcomes", "to", "which", "leaders", "contribute", "is", "so", "wide", "that", "focusing", "on", "any", "single", "one", "for", "analytical", "convenience", "underestimates", "their", "full", "impact", ".", "Stories", "of", "good", "leaders", "inspire", "but", "can", "only", "offer", "direct", "lessons", "to", "those", "who", "may", "find", "themselves", "in", "similar", "situations", ".", "The", "challenge", "is", "to", "draw", "from", "these", "individual", "BOX", "1.2", ":", "\n", "Four", "regional", "editions", "accompany", "the", "2024/5", "Global", "Education", "Monitoring", "Report", "cycle", "on", "leadership", "\n", "It", "is", "impossible", "to", "do", "justice", "to", "such", "a", "broad", "range", "of", "topics", "in", "a", "single", "publication", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "throughout", "2025", ",", "four", "regional", "editions", "will", "explore", "selected", "issues", "in", "more", "detail", "that", "resonate", "in", "different", "parts", "of", "the", "world", ".", "\n ", "The", "third", "edition", "of", "the", "Spotlight", "series", "on", "universal", "basic", "education", "completion", "and", "foundational", "learning", "in", "Africa", "will", "focus", "on", "instructional", "leadership", ",", "drawing", "on", "research", "focusing", "on", "five", "countries", ".", "\n ", "A", "regional", "edition", "on", "Central", "and", "Eastern", "Europe", ",", "the", "Caucasus", ",", "and", "Central", "Asia", "will", "focus", "on", "leadership", "for", "inclusive", "education", ",", "drawing", "on", "eight", "country", "case", "studies", ".", "\n ", "A", "regional", "edition", "on", "East", "Asia", "will", "focus", "on", "leadership", "and", "digital", "transformation", ",", "drawing", "on", "four", "country", "case", "studies", ".", "\n ", "A", "regional", "edition", "on", "Latin", "America", "will", "examine", "distributed", "and", "shared", "leadership", ",", "drawing", "on", "seven", "country", "case", "studies", ".", "\n", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORT", "\n", "17", "CHAPTER", " ", "1", "•", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "1", "\n", "stories", "and", "focus", "on", "institutional", "mechanisms", "that", "\n", "nurture", "rather", "than", "stifle", "talented", "leaders", "of", "all", "styles", "and", "backgrounds", ",", "in", "all", "contexts", ".", "In", "many", "countries", ",", "education", "leaders", "are", "often", "thought", "of", "only", "as", "administrators", "or", "managers", ".", "Yet", "in", "recent", "years", "some", "countries", "have", "recognized", "the", "full", "scope", "of", "their", "roles", "and", "built", "foundations", "for", "their" ]	[]
\| \| Afghanistan Unspecified by region \| 345 \| 28 \| Unspecified by region \| 60 \| \| \| EU Institutions \| \| \| \| Türkiye \| 55 \| 27.2 \| \| \| Türkiye \| 217 \| 17 \| \| \| 25.1 \| \| \| Morocco \| 63 \| 5 28 \| Morocco Dominica \| 22 0 \| 9.9 0.1 \| \| Inter-American Development Bank \| Honduras \| 12 \| 25 \| Argentina \| 0 \| 0.1 \| \| \| Nicaragua \| 11 \| 16 \| Belize \| 0 \| \| \| Special Fund \| Guatemala \| 7 13 \| 37 \| State of Palestine \| 1 \| 0.2 28.4 \| \| Islamic Development Bank \| State of Palestine Nigeria \| 3 \| 8 \| Burkina Faso \| 1 \| 23.5 \| \| \| Niger \| 3 \| 8 \| Djibouti \| 0 \| 15.2 \| \| \| China \| 21 \| 61 \| Zimbabwe \| 2 \| 51.4 \| \| OPEC Fund for International \| Burkina Faso \| 5 \| 13 \| Côte d'Ivoire \| 1 \| 25.4 \| \| Development \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 23.2 \| \| \| Malawi \| 2 296 \| 6 \| Gambia \| \| \| \| UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine \| State of Palestine \| \| 63 21 \| State of Palestine \| 296 \| 62.6 21.4 \| \| Refugees \| Jordan \| 101 \| \| Jordan \| 101 50 \| 10.6 \| \| \| Lebanon \| 50 \| 11 \| Lebanon \| 3 \| 11.9 \| \| UNICEF \| Democratic Republic of the Congo \| 7 \| 10 \| India \| 1 \| \| \| \| India Pakistan \| 5 5 \| 8 7 \| Ethiopia Democratic Republic of the Congo \| 1 \| 6.3 4.5 \| \| World Bank \| Nigeria \| \| 10 \| Democratic Republic of the Congo \| 117 \| 23.4 \| \| (International Development \| United Republic of Tanzania \| 202 186 \| 9 \| Nigeria \| 60 \| 12.1 \| \| Association) \| Pakistan \| 168 \| 8 \| Ethiopia \| 51 \| 10.2 \| Source: OECD-DAC, CRS database (2024). ## Glossary Attainment rate. Number of persons in a particular age group by the highest level of education attained, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group (see Completion rate ). Age-specific enrolment ratio. 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books. Other formats, such as audiobooks, are the least preferred. The National Bibliography of Botswana (NABOB), published by the Botswana National Public Library, is a comprehensive record of new books, dissertation and abstracts of annual publications in the country. It also provides a list of publishers and printers. However, the collection does not indicate how many books were written or published by women. This critical document specifies the language of book publications, which are predominantly in English, the country’s official language. It also includes publications in the national languages of Setswana and Ikalanga. The sector’s output at the University of Botswana is managed through the University Library, the Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the University of Botswana Research Innovation and Scholarship Archive (UBRISA). For 2023, the University of Botswana’s Annual Research Report, produced by the ORD, indicates that there were 549 outputs, including books, journal articles and book chapters. The report does not provide detailed disaggregation. 7 As for educational books, the Ministry of Education secures books for schools through a public procurement and tendering system. With 821 primary schools and 293 secondary schools, the target market for publishing professionals in the country is the educational publishing sector. The book sector in Botswana is predominantly led by women. Based on consultations with multiple stakeholders, it appears that women occupy managerial roles but not executive positions in the distribution sector. Information gathered through these consultations indicates an employment trend by gender of 70% women, 25% men, and 5% unspecified.DISTRIBUTION, SALES AND PROMOTION CHANNELS According to the national authority’s survey response, the most important distribution channels are physical bookstores. Data from the same survey response also show that there are two physical bookstores dedicated mainly to books in the country, likely referring to the Botswana Book Centre (BBC) established in 1965, and Exclusive Books, which has been operating in the country since 2002. There is, however, a third bookstore based at the University of Botswana, called Van Schaik Bookstore, which sells mainly academic books to staff and students at the university. 8 All three bookstores are located in Gaborone. Both Exclusive Books and Van Schaik Bookstore also have online bookstores. Procurement at the BBC is 70% local acquisitions, 9 while Exclusive Books procures 95% imported books from South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. 10 This applies to library acquisitions as well as bookstores. In terms	[ "books", ".", "Other", "formats", ",", "such", "as", "audiobooks", ",", "are", "the", "least", "preferred", ".", "\n", "The", "National", "Bibliography", "of", "\n", "Botswana", "(", "NABOB", ")", ",", "published", "by", "the", "Botswana", "National", "Public", "Library", ",", "is", "a", "comprehensive", "record", "of", "new", "books", ",", "dissertation", "and", "abstracts", "of", "annual", "publications", "in", "the", "country", ".", "It", "also", "provides", "a", "list", "of", "publishers", "and", "printers", ".", "However", ",", "the", "collection", "does", "not", "indicate", "how", "many", "books", "were", "written", "or", "published", "by", "women", ".", "This", "critical", "document", "specifies", "the", "language", "of", "book", "publications", ",", "which", "are", "predominantly", "in", "English", ",", "the", "country", "’s", "official", "language", ".", "It", "also", "includes", "publications", "in", "the", "national", "languages", "of", "Setswana", "and", "Ikalanga", ".", "\n", "The", "sector", "’s", "output", "at", "the", "University", "\n", "of", "Botswana", "is", "managed", "through", "the", "University", "Library", ",", "the", "Office", "of", "Research", "and", "Development", "(", "ORD", ")", ",", "and", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "Research", "Innovation", "and", "Scholarship", "Archive", "(", "UBRISA", ")", ".", "For", "2023", ",", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "’s", "Annual", "Research", "Report", ",", "produced", "by", "the", "ORD", ",", "indicates", "that", "there", "were", "549", "outputs", ",", "including", "books", ",", "journal", "articles", "and", "book", "chapters", ".", "The", "report", "does", "not", "provide", "detailed", "disaggregation", ".", "\n", "7", "\n", "As", "for", "educational", "books", ",", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Education", "secures", "books", "for", "schools", "through", "a", "public", "procurement", "and", "tendering", "system", ".", "With", "821", "primary", "schools", "and", "293", "secondary", "schools", ",", "the", "target", "market", "for", "publishing", "professionals", "in", "the", "country", "is", "the", "educational", "publishing", "sector", ".", "\n", "The", "book", "sector", "in", "Botswana", "is", "\n", "predominantly", "led", "by", "women", ".", "Based", "on", "consultations", "with", "multiple", "stakeholders", ",", "it", "appears", "that", "women", "occupy", "managerial", "roles", "but", "not", "executive", "positions", "in", "the", "distribution", "sector", ".", "Information", "gathered", "through", "these", "consultations", "indicates", "an", "employment", "trend", "by", "gender", "of", "70", "%", "women", ",", "25", "%", "men", ",", "and", "5", "%", "unspecified", ".", "DISTRIBUTION", ",", "SALES", "\n", "AND", "PROMOTION", "CHANNELS", "\n", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "\n", "survey", "response", ",", "the", "most", "important", "distribution", "channels", "are", "physical", "bookstores", ".", "Data", "from", "the", "same", "survey", "response", "also", "show", "that", "there", "are", "two", "physical", "bookstores", "dedicated", "mainly", "to", "books", "in", "the", "country", ",", "likely", "referring", "to", "the", "Botswana", "Book", "Centre", "(", "BBC", ")", "established", "in", "1965", ",", "and", "Exclusive", "Books", ",", "which", "has", "been", "operating", "in", "the", "country", "since", "2002", ".", "There", "is", ",", "however", ",", "a", "third", "bookstore", "based", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", ",", "called", "Van", "Schaik", "Bookstore", ",", "which", "sells", "mainly", "academic", "books", "to", "staff", "and", "students", "at", "the", "university", ".", "\n", "8", "\n", "All", "three", "bookstores", "are", "located", "in", "Gaborone", ".", "Both", "Exclusive", "Books", "and", "Van", "Schaik", "Bookstore", "also", "have", "online", "bookstores", ".", "Procurement", "at", "the", "BBC", "is", "70", "%", "local", "acquisitions", ",", "\n", "9", "while", "Exclusive", "\n", "Books", "procures", "95", "%", "imported", "books", "from", "South", "Africa", ",", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "and", "the", "United", "States", "of", "America", ".", "\n", "10", "This", "\n", "applies", "to", "library", "acquisitions", "as", "well", "as", " ", "bookstores", ".", "\n", "In", "terms" ]	[]
of the S&T specialisa- tions Moldova presents a rather diversified S&T pan- orama. Its most highlighted S&T specialisation domains are the following: ■Health and wellbeing presents a nota- ble critical mass, specialisation and citation impact in publications, as well as a relevant number of patents and EC projects. The ‘Nico- lae Testemitanu’ State University of Medicine and Pharmacy is the leading academic institu- tion in the domain, accounting for more than one third of the country’s total produced re- cords on this topic; ■Nanotechnology and materials presents a notable critical mass, specialisation and cita- tion impact in publications, as well as a rel- MOLDOVA Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCIEC projectsTotal Agrifood 2 Biotechnology 2 Chemistry and chemical engineering2 Electric and electronic technologies4 Energy 1 Environmental sciences and industries2 Fundamental physics and mathematics1 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 5 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery3 Nanotechnology and materials 4 Optics and photonics 0 NCI = Normalised citation impact EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable 3.32. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Moldovaevant number of EC projects. In this country, the domain correlates highly with Optics and photonics, although produced records in both domains have been declining significantly in recent years; ■Electric and electronic technologies pre- sents a notable critical mass in patents, as well as a high specialisation in both publica- tions and patents. Its publication citation im- pact is one of the highest in the country, but still below 1.0; ■Mechanical engineering and heavy ma- chinery presents a notable critical mass in patents, as well as a high specialisation in both publications and patents. In Moldova, this do- main presents a very high co-occurrence with Energy. The following clouds present the most relevant keywords for these highlighted S&T domains. Figure 3.74. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Moldova Figure 3.76. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies in Moldova Figure 3.75. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova Figure 3.77. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Moldova 226 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation227 UKRAINE Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCIEC projectsTotal Agrifood 0 Biotechnology 3 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 4 Environmental sciences and industries1	[ "of", "the", "S&T", "specialisa-", "\n", "tions", "\n", "Moldova", "presents", "a", "rather", "diversified", "S&T", "pan-", "\n", "orama", ".", "\n", "Its", "most", "highlighted", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "are", "the", "following", ":", "\n ", "■", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "presents", "a", "nota-", "\n", "ble", "critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "and", "citation", "\n", "impact", "in", "publications", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "relevant", "\n", "number", "of", "patents", "and", "EC", "projects", ".", "The", "‘", "Nico-", "\n", "lae", "Testemitanu", "’", "State", "University", "of", "Medicine", "\n", "and", "Pharmacy", "is", "the", "leading", "academic", "institu-", "\n", "tion", "in", "the", "domain", ",", "accounting", "for", "more", "than", "\n", "one", "third", "of", "the", "country", "’s", "total", "produced", "re-", "\n", "cords", "on", "this", "topic", ";", "\n ", "■", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "presents", "a", "\n", "notable", "critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "and", "cita-", "\n", "tion", "impact", "in", "publications", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "rel-", "\n ", "MOLDOVA", "Critical", "mass", "Specialisation", "Excellence", "Summary", "\n", "S&T", "domain", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "NCIEC", "\n", "projectsTotal", "\n", "Agrifood", "2", "\n", "Biotechnology", "2", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering2", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies4", "\n", "Energy", "1", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "industries2", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics1", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "\n", "and", "the", "economy3", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "5", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "1", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery3", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "4", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "0", "\n", "", "NCI", "=", "Normalised", "citation", "impact", "", "EC", "projects", "=", "EU", "-", "funded", "R&I", "projectsTable", "3.32", ".", "Selected", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "Moldovaevant", "number", "of", "EC", "projects", ".", "In", "this", "country", ",", "\n", "the", "domain", "correlates", "highly", "with", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonics", ",", "although", "produced", "records", "in", "both", "\n", "domains", "have", "been", "declining", "significantly", "in", "\n", "recent", "years", ";", "\n ", "■", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "pre-", "\n", "sents", "a", "notable", "critical", "mass", "in", "patents", ",", "as", "\n", "well", "as", "a", "high", "specialisation", "in", "both", "publica-", "\n", "tions", "and", "patents", ".", "Its", "publication", "citation", "im-", "\n", "pact", "is", "one", "of", "the", "highest", "in", "the", "country", ",", "but", "\n", "still", "below", "1.0", ";", "\n ", "■", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "ma-", "\n", "chinery", "presents", "a", "notable", "critical", "mass", "in", "\n", "patents", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "high", "specialisation", "in", "both", "\n", "publications", "and", "patents", ".", "In", "Moldova", ",", "this", "do-", "\n", "main", "presents", "a", "very", "high", "co", "-", "occurrence", "with", "\n", "Energy", ".", "\n", "The", "following", "clouds", "present", "the", "most", "relevant", "\n", "keywords", "for", "these", "highlighted", "S&T", "domains", ".", "\n", "Figure", "3.74", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "in", "Moldova", "\n ", "Figure", "3.76", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies", "in", "Moldova", "\n", "Figure", "3.75", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", " \n", "in", "Moldova", "\n", "Figure", "3.77", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery", "in", "Moldova", "\n", "226", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation227", "\n ", "UKRAINE", "Critical", "mass", "Specialisation", "Excellence", "Summary", "\n", "S&T", "domain", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "NCIEC", "\n", "projectsTotal", "\n", "Agrifood", "0", "\n", "Biotechnology", "3", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering0", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies2", "\n", "Energy", "4", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "industries1", "\n" ]	[]
laboratory that can serve forensicpurpose, in any medical college and districthospitals of our country, where routinely postmortem examination and medico legal works performed. The only chemical examiner’s office situated in Dhaka is always overburdened. There are numerous problems involved with the preparation, delivery and use of chemicalreports. Forensic science laboratory is yet tobe established in each medical college anddistrict hospital. Under graduate education: Undergraduate education in forensic medicineis given for two academic years in the third and fourth year of the MBBS course with a finalexamination at the end of fourth year. Muchemphasis is to be placed on teaching forensicmedicine to undergraduates because inForensic Medicine: Bangladesh Perspective Rahman KGM et al 63 Bangladesh doctors posted to remote areas are required to do post mortem and medico legalworks in a routine basis, so teaching staffs should be increased. There are a good number of private medical institutions offeringundergraduate course without post mortemfacilities and there is no teachers of forensicmedicine except a few with part time basis andwith some retired professors, this is also due to scarcity of forensic specialist. Post graduate education: Teaching and training facilities at the university level, is lacking in the subject. Mostexperts in the profession are not expert bytraining but are expert by position. There aretwo post graduate degrees in Bangladesh: one is membership of BCPS another is diploma, conducted by forensic medicine department offew medical colleges. We propose to introduceMD and PhD courses in medical university, andFCPS in BCPS. The forensic specialist shouldperform medico legal work as opposed to untrained medical graduates, as medico legal work is a highly technical and specialized job.Postgraduate study and research should beencouraged and every effort should be takenfor the departmental doctors to visitinternationally reputed forensic centers.Co-ordination: There is no co-ordination among ministries of home, health; law and justice as far asautopsies are concerned. There should be a co-ordination among police, judges, magistrate, lawyers and forensic medicine department. There should be a provision of six monthsintensive training for newly recruited policeoffers, judges and lawyers to be registered inbar council, because during performing postmortem examination we get some dissimilarities between dead body and inquest report and during giving evidence in court weface some questions from the judges andlawyers those are not only irrelevent but alsoembarassing. References: 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Division. Ministry of Planning. Government ofPeople’s Republic of Bangladesh, 1997. Statisticalyearbook of Bangladesh, 18th ed. 1998. 2. Mant AK. Tailor’s principles and practice of medical jurisprudence. 13 th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1984: p.215.	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like - market conditions e.g., data composition of different MHUs 322 and/or based on data streams 331 from different sensors 321 . - the MRF system can allow for mixing bale purities on a shipment to achieve and target value. - this example can include certification of commodity bales based on data from processing system and sorting activities. - a unique identifier can be attached to or otherwise associated with a bale attached to bale allowing material composition data of the bale to be made available at the next point of commerce. - the UID may be stored in association with relevant data about the bale (e.g., material type, bale creation date, purity levels/percentages, and/or the like). - the UID may be in the form of, or otherwise included in, a machine readable element (MRE). - MRE is any element that contains information about a bale or other package of commodity. - the control system 302 or an MHU 322 generates an MRE for each bale, for example, by encoding the UID in the MRE when the MRE is a quick response (QR) code (e.g., model 1 QR code, a micro QR code, a secure QR code (SQR), a Swiss QR code, an IQR code, a frame QR code, a High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (CC2D) code, a Just Another Barcode (JAB) code, and/or other QR code variants), a linear barcode (e.g., Codablock F, PDF417, a code 3 of 9 (code 3/9), Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, CodaBar, and/or the like), data matrix code, DotCode, Han Xin code - QR - the scanner device may automatically be directed to a database location, uniform resource locator (URL), and/or other resource that stores the bale data for consumption (e.g., downloading the bale data to the scanner device and/or another device, sending the bale data to another/remote device, and/or the like). Additionally or alternatively, the scanner device may also collect information when scanning the MRE (e.g., location information of the scanner when performing the scan of the MRE, additional bale information, and/or the like). - a suitable scanner device e.g., an RFID tag reader, a barcode scanning application on a mobile device, an NFC reader, and/or the like - URL uniform resource locator - the scanner device may also collect information when scanning the MRE (e.g., location information of the scanner when performing the scan of the MRE, additional bale information, and/or the	[ "like", "\n", "-", "market", "conditions", "\n", "e.g.", ",", "data", "composition", "of", "different", "MHUs", "322", "and/or", "based", "on", "data", "streams", "331", "from", "different", "sensors", "321", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "MRF", "system", "\n", "can", "allow", "for", "mixing", "bale", "purities", "on", "a", "shipment", "to", "achieve", "and", "target", "value", ".", "\n", "-", "this", "example", "\n", "can", "include", "certification", "of", "commodity", "bales", "based", "on", "data", "from", "processing", "system", "and", "sorting", "activities", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "unique", "identifier", "\n", "can", "be", "attached", "to", "or", "otherwise", "associated", "with", "a", "bale", "attached", "to", "bale", "allowing", "material", "composition", "data", "of", "the", "bale", "to", "be", "made", "available", "at", "the", "next", "point", "of", "commerce", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "UID", "\n", "may", "be", "stored", "in", "association", "with", "relevant", "data", "about", "the", "bale", "(", "e.g.", ",", "material", "type", ",", "bale", "creation", "date", ",", "purity", "levels", "/", "percentages", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "UID", "\n", "may", "be", "in", "the", "form", "of", ",", "or", "otherwise", "included", "in", ",", "a", "machine", "readable", "element", "(", "MRE", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "MRE", "\n", "is", "any", "element", "that", "contains", "information", "about", "a", "bale", "or", "other", "package", "of", "commodity", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "control", "system", "302", "or", "an", "MHU", "322", "\n", "generates", "an", "MRE", "for", "each", "bale", ",", "for", "example", ",", "by", "encoding", "the", "UID", "in", "the", "MRE", "when", "the", "MRE", "is", "a", "quick", "response", "(", "QR", ")", "code", "(", "e.g.", ",", "model", "1", "QR", "code", ",", "a", "micro", "QR", "code", ",", "a", "secure", "QR", "code", "(", "SQR", ")", ",", "a", "Swiss", "QR", "code", ",", "an", "IQR", "code", ",", "a", "frame", "QR", "code", ",", "a", "High", "Capacity", "Colored", "2", "-", "Dimensional", "(", "CC2D", ")", "code", ",", "a", "Just", "Another", "Barcode", "(", "JAB", ")", "code", ",", "and/or", "other", "QR", "code", "variants", ")", ",", "a", "linear", "barcode", "(", "e.g.", ",", "Codablock", "F", ",", "PDF417", ",", "a", "code", "3", "of", "9", "(", "code", "3/9", ")", ",", "Universal", "Product", "Code", "(", "UPC", ")", "bar", "code", ",", "CodaBar", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "data", "matrix", "code", ",", "DotCode", ",", "Han", "Xin", "code", "\n", "-", "QR", "\n", "-", "the", "scanner", "device", "\n", "may", "automatically", "be", "directed", "to", "a", "database", "location", ",", "uniform", "resource", "locator", "(", "URL", ")", ",", "and/or", "other", "resource", "that", "stores", "the", "bale", "data", "for", "consumption", "(", "e.g.", ",", "downloading", "the", "bale", "data", "to", "the", "scanner", "device", "and/or", "another", "device", ",", "sending", "the", "bale", "data", "to", "another", "/", "remote", "device", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "scanner", "device", "may", "also", "collect", "information", "when", "scanning", "the", "MRE", "(", "e.g.", ",", "location", "information", "of", "the", "scanner", "when", "performing", "the", "scan", "of", "the", "MRE", ",", "additional", "bale", "information", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "suitable", "scanner", "device", "\n", "e.g.", ",", "an", "RFID", "tag", "reader", ",", "a", "barcode", "scanning", "application", "on", "a", "mobile", "device", ",", "an", "NFC", "reader", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", "\n", "-", "URL", "\n", "uniform", "resource", "locator", "\n", "-", "the", "scanner", "device", "\n", "may", "also", "collect", "information", "when", "scanning", "the", "MRE", "(", "e.g.", ",", "location", "information", "of", "the", "scanner", "when", "performing", "the", "scan", "of", "the", "MRE", ",", "additional", "bale", "information", ",", "and/or", "the" ]	[]
region, showcasing the alignment between the country’s economic clusters (representing the E&I specialisation domains) and the S&T specialisation domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation7 Information technology and analytical instruments26 Manufacture of computer, electonic and optical products 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment Electric and electronical technologies Energy Fundamental physics and mathematics ICT and computer science Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Production technology and heavy machinery28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Agrifood Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Automotive29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Transportation Repair and installation of machinery and equipment33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Nanotechnology and materials Wholesale trade46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles Postal and courier activities53 Postal and courier activities Hospitality and tourism55 Accomodation 56 Food and beverage service activities Communication equipment and services61 Telecommunications ICT and computer science 8 Executive summary Computer, programming, information services and financial services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding AM AZ BY GE MD UA Most relevant S&T domains Countries with high specialisation in the domain Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Transportation Figure IIb. The most relevant S&T specialisation domains by EaP countries Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation9 As noted in the ‘final remarks’ section, with regard to policymaking, a diverse policy mix may best support the different specialisation domains. No- tably, E&I specialisation domains – where corre- sponding S&T domains are lacking – would benefit the most from the development of new research and innovation capabilities, and from ‘market-pull’ instruments with an international outlook, facili- tating collaborations with experts abroad and the purchasing of frontier technology and advanced services. Conversely, S&T specialisation domains – where corresponding E&I domains are lacking – would benefit the most from ‘technology-push’ instru- ments targeting universities and research centres and fostering intellectual property commercial- isation as well as entrepreneurship, along with internationalisation support to access private companies and other potential partners abroad. These domains are also phenomenal talent pools with outstanding transferable skills which could be mobilised	[ "region", ",", "showcasing", "the", "alignment", "between", "the", "country", "’s", "economic", "clusters", "\n", "(", "representing", "the", "E&I", "specialisation", "domains", ")", "and", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation7", "\n", "Information", "technology", "and", "\n", "analytical", "instruments26", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electonic", "\n", "and", "optical", "products", "\n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "\n", "equipment", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronical", "technologies", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "Production", "technology", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery28", "Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery", "\n", "Automotive29", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ",", "\n", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers", "\n", "Transportation", "\n", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipment33", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Wholesale", "trade46", "Wholesale", "trade", ",", "except", "of", "motor", "\n", "vehicles", "and", "motorcycles", "\n", "Postal", "and", "courier", "activities53", "Postal", "and", "courier", "activities", "\n", "Hospitality", "and", "tourism55", "Accomodation", "\n", "56", 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\| \|-----------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\| \| MBBS \| 3.4% \| 3.1% \| 2.3% \| 2.9% \| \| BAMS \| 13.8% \| 18.8% \| 13.6% \| 15.2% \| \| Masters \| 3.4% \| 3.1% \| 0.0% \| 1.9% \| \| B Pharm \| 6.9% \| 6.3% \| 9.1% \| 7.6% \| \| Degree \| 27.6% \| 9.4% \| 11.4% \| 15.2% \| \| Diploma or less \| 44.8% \| 59.4% \| 63.6% \| 57.1% \| \| Total \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| 100% \| Note: B Pharm: Bachelor of Pharmacy is a four-year undergraduate degree in pharmacy. The BAMS is a five-and-a-half year, Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery. It is an undergraduate degree in the field of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. MBBS is a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree in India. ## Type of medical conditions What are the most prevalent ailments in the slums of Delhi that are treated by private healthcare providers? 'Skin allergy, common infections and fever. These are the most common problems in this area. Health issues are a very common thing owing to the lack of clean water and pollution. We see lots of our patients around these things - breathing problems, dehydration, diarrhoea, bad throats. That's the reason we opted for this place. We can do a good job here as there are many needing our help.' Dr Dwivedi ## And 'I give general treatment like diarrhoea, fever and cough. People do come for these minor illnesses at clinics like mine. If they have severe medical illness, like cancer or needing operations, and I am unable to treat them, I recommend they go to one of the big hospitals in Delhi. The patients who come to me, I diagnose them and give them medicines or advice where needed.' Dr Verma In slums globally, it is estimated that poor water, drainage systems and sanita -tion (including open defecation and latrines that discharge into the community's environment) contribute to disability adjusted life years (DALYS) in LMICs (lower- and middle-income countries), causing 60 million DALYS globally (gas -trointestinal disease (diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and dysentery), malaria, hepatitis, dengue and typhoid) (Elsey et al., 2016 ; Gupta and Guin, 2015 ; Krishna and Raj, 2022 ; Banerjee et al., 2021 ; Cairncross et al., 2010). The use of solid fuels for cooking and heating ranks fifth highest with over 40 million DALYS and 3.5 million	[ "\|", "\n", "\|-----------------\|----------\|-----------\|--------------\|---------\|", "\n", "\|", "MBBS", " ", "\|", "3.4", "%", " ", "\|", "3.1", "%", " ", "\|", "2.3", "%", " ", "\|", "2.9", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "BAMS", " ", "\|", "13.8", "%", " ", "\|", "18.8", "%", " ", "\|", "13.6", "%", " ", "\|", "15.2", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Masters", " ", "\|", "3.4", "%", " ", "\|", "3.1", "%", " ", "\|", "0.0", "%", " ", "\|", "1.9", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "B", "Pharm", " ", "\|", "6.9", "%", " ", "\|", "6.3", "%", " ", "\|", "9.1", "%", " ", "\|", "7.6", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Degree", " ", "\|", "27.6", "%", " ", "\|", "9.4", "%", " ", "\|", "11.4", "%", " ", "\|", "15.2", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Diploma", "or", "less", "\|", "44.8", "%", " ", "\|", "59.4", "%", " ", "\|", "63.6", "%", " ", "\|", "57.1", "%", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Total", " ", 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covering 17 million square kilometres, 4 times the EUs land surface01. FIGURE 1 Share of World GDP GDP at current prices, 2023 Source: IMF, 2024 01. The Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are sea zones prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, extending up to 200 nautical miles from the coast of a country, within which the state has the rights to explore and exploit maritime resources. Leveraging this vast maritime area will contribute to competitiveness, security and sustainability. 11THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 1FIGURE 2 Income and wage inequality in world regions Source: World Inequality Database (WID), 2024 Yet growth in the EU has been slowing, driven by weakening productivity growth, calling into question Europe’s ability to meet its ambitions . The EU has set out a range of ambitions – such as achieving high levels of social inclusion, delivering carbon neutrality and increasing geopolitical relevance – which depend on maintaining solid rates of economic growth. However, EU economic growth has been persistently slower than in the US over the past two decades, while China has been rapidly catching up. The EU-US gap in the level of GDP at 2015 prices02 has gradually widened from slightly more than 15% in 2002 to 30% in 2023, while on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis a gap of 12% has emerged [see Figure 3] . The gap has widened less on per capita basis as the US has seen faster population growth, but it is still significant: in PPP terms, it has risen from 31% in 2002 to 34% today. The main driver of these diverging developments has been productivity. Around 70% of the gap in per capita GDP with US at PPP is explained by lower productivity in the EU [see Figure 4] . Slower productivity growth has in turn been asso - ciated with slower income growth and weaker domestic demand in Europe: on a per capita basis, real disposable income has grown almost twice as much in the US as in the EU since 2000. FIGURE 3 GDP evolution 2015 reference levels, in EUR trillion Source: OECD, 2024. 02. The value of the gap in GDP in any given year is only indicative. It should not be viewed as an exact estimate as price deflators and purchasing power adjustments are imperfect. When comparing GDP developments across countries, the price	[ "covering", "17", "million", "square", "kilometres", ",", "4", "times", "the", "\n", "EUs", "land", "surface01", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "1", "\n", "Share", "of", "World", "GDP", " \n", "GDP", "at", "current", "prices", ",", "2023", "\n", "Source", ":", "IMF", ",", "2024", "\n", "01", ".", "The", "Exclusive", "Economic", "Zones", "(", "EEZs", ")", "are", "sea", "zones", "prescribed", "by", "the", "United", "Nations", "Convention", "on", "the", "Law", "of", "the", "Sea", ",", "\n", "extending", "up", "to", "200", "nautical", "miles", "from", "the", "coast", "of", "a", "country", ",", "within", "which", "the", "state", "has", "the", "rights", "to", "explore", "and", "exploit", "\n", "maritime", "resources", ".", "Leveraging", "this", "vast", "maritime", "area", "will", "contribute", "to", "competitiveness", ",", "security", "and", "sustainability", ".", "\n", "11THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "1FIGURE", "2", "\n", "Income", "and", "wage", "inequality", "in", "world", "regions", "\n", "Source", ":", "World", "Inequality", "Database", "(", "WID", ")", ",", "2024", "\n", "Yet", "growth", "in", "the", "EU", "has", "been", "slowing", ",", "driven", "by", "weakening", "productivity", "growth", ",", "calling", "into", "question", "\n", "Europe", "’s", "ability", "to", "meet", "its", "ambitions", ".", "The", "EU", "has", "set", "out", "a", "range", "of", "ambitions", "–", "such", "as", "achieving", "high", "levels", "of", "\n", "social", "inclusion", ",", "delivering", "carbon", "neutrality", "and", "increasing", "geopolitical", "relevance", "–", "which", "depend", "on", "maintaining", "\n", "solid", "rates", "of", "economic", "growth", ".", "However", ",", "EU", "economic", "growth", "has", "been", "persistently", "slower", "than", "in", "the", "US", "over", "the", "\n", "past", "two", "decades", ",", "while", "China", "has", "been", "rapidly", "catching", "up", ".", "The", "EU", "-", "US", "gap", "in", "the", "level", "of", "GDP", "at", "2015", "prices02", "\n", "has", "gradually", "widened", "from", "slightly", "more", "than", "15", "%", "in", "2002", "to", "30", "%", "in", "2023", ",", "while", "on", "a", "purchasing", "power", "parity", "(", "PPP", ")", "\n", "basis", "a", "gap", "of", "12", "%", "has", "emerged", "[", "see", "Figure", "3", "]", ".", "The", "gap", "has", "widened", "less", "on", "per", "capita", "basis", "as", "the", "US", "has", "seen", "\n", "faster", "population", "growth", ",", "but", "it", "is", "still", "significant", ":", "in", "PPP", "terms", ",", "it", "has", "risen", "from", "31", "%", "in", "2002", "to", "34", "%", "today", ".", "The", "main", "\n", "driver", "of", "these", "diverging", "developments", "has", "been", "productivity", ".", "Around", "70", "%", "of", "the", "gap", "in", "per", "capita", "GDP", "with", "US", "at", "\n", "PPP", "is", "explained", "by", "lower", "productivity", "in", "the", "EU", "[", "see", "Figure", "4", "]", ".", "Slower", "productivity", "growth", "has", "in", "turn", "been", "asso", "-", "\n", "ciated", "with", "slower", "income", "growth", "and", "weaker", "domestic", "demand", "in", "Europe", ":", "on", "a", "per", "capita", "basis", ",", "real", "disposable", "\n", "income", "has", "grown", "almost", "twice", "as", "much", "in", "the", "US", "as", "in", "the", "EU", "since", "2000", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "3", "\n", "GDP", "evolution", " \n", "2015", "reference", "levels", ",", "in", "EUR", "trillion", "\n", "Source", ":", "OECD", ",", "2024", ".", "\n", "02", ".", "The", "value", "of", "the", "gap", "in", "GDP", "in", "any", "given", "year", "is", "only", "indicative", ".", "It", "should", "not", "be", "viewed", "as", "an", "exact", "estimate", "as", "price", "\n", "deflators", "and", "purchasing", "power", "adjustments", "are", "imperfect", ".", "When", "comparing", "GDP", "developments", "across", "countries", ",", "the", "\n", "price" ]	[ { "end": 70, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 68 }, { "end": 150, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 148 }, { "end": 1237, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1235 }, { "end": 2092, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2090 } ]
X 676 Iron and steel bars, rods, angles, shapes and sections (including sheet piling) X X 677 Rails or railway track construction material, of iron or steel 678 Wire of iron or steel X X 679 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel X X X X 681 Silver, platinum and other metals of the platinum group Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation313 314 Annexes ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BELARUS GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE SITC Goods name Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging 19 12 3 8 65 64 18 26 41 23 51 52 682 Copper X X X 683 Nickel 684 Aluminium X X X X X 685 Lead 686 Zinc 687 Tin 689 Miscellaneous non-ferrous base metals employed in metallurgy, and cermets X 691 Structures and parts of structures, n.e.s., of iron, steel or aluminium X X 692 Metal containers for storage or transport 693 Wire products (excluding insulated electrical wiring) and fencing grills X 694 Nails, screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and the like, of iron, steel, copper or aluminium X X 695 Tools for use in the hand or in machines X X 696 Cutlery 697 Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. X X X 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X X X X X X 7 Machinery and transport equipment 700 Complete industrial plant appropriate to section 7 711Steam or other vapour-generating boilers, superheated water boilers, and auxiliary plant for use therewith; parts thereof 712 Steam turbines and other vapour turbines and parts thereof, n.e.s. 713 Internal combustion piston engines and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 714Engines and motors, non-electric (other than those of groups 712, 713 and 718); parts, n.e.s., of these engines and motors X 716 Rotating electric plant and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 718 Power-generating machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. X 721 Agricultural machinery (excluding tractors) and parts thereof X X 722 Tractors (other than those of headings 744.14 and 744.15) X 723 Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereof X X X X X 724 Textile and leather machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. 725Paper mill and pulp mill machinery, paper-cutting machines and other machinery for the manufacture of paper articles; parts thereof 726 Printing and bookbinding machinery and parts thereof 727 Food-processing machines (excluding domestic); parts thereof 728 Other machinery	[ "X", "\n", "676", "Iron", "and", "steel", "bars", ",", "rods", ",", "angles", ",", "shapes", "and", "sections", "(", "including", "sheet", "piling", ")", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "677", "Rails", "or", "railway", "track", "construction", "material", ",", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", " \n", "678", "Wire", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", " ", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "679", "Tubes", ",", "pipes", "and", "hollow", "profiles", ",", "and", "tube", "or", "pipe", "fittings", ",", "of", "iron", "or", "steel", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "681", "Silver", ",", "platinum", "and", "other", "metals", "of", "the", "platinum", "group", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation313", "314", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "ARMENIA", "AZERBAIJAN", "BELARUS", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINE", "\n", "SITC", "Goods", "name", "Current", "Emerging", "Current", "Emerging", "Current", "Emerging", "Current", "Emerging", "Current", "Emerging", "Current", "Emerging", "\n", "19", "12", "3", "8", "65", "64", "18", "26", "41", "23", "51", "52", "\n", "682", "Copper", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "683", "Nickel", " \n", "684", "Aluminium", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "685", "Lead", " \n", "686", "Zinc", " \n", "687", "Tin", " \n", "689", "Miscellaneous", "non", "-", "ferrous", "base", "metals", "employed", "in", "metallurgy", ",", "and", "cermets", " ", "X", "\n", "691", "Structures", "and", "parts", "of", "structures", ",", "n.e.s", ".", ",", "of", "iron", ",", "steel", "or", "aluminium", " ", "X", "X", " \n", "692", "Metal", "containers", "for", "storage", "or", "transport", " \n", "693", "Wire", "products", "(", "excluding", "insulated", "electrical", "wiring", ")", "and", "fencing", "grills", " ", "X", " \n", "694", "Nails", ",", "screws", ",", "nuts", ",", "bolts", ",", "rivets", "and", "the", "like", ",", "of", "iron", ",", "steel", ",", "copper", "or", "aluminium", " ", "X", "X", " \n", "695", "Tools", "for", "use", "in", "the", "hand", "or", "in", "machines", " ", "X", "X", " \n", "696", "Cutlery", " \n", "697", "Household", "equipment", "of", "base", "metal", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "699", "Manufactures", "of", "base", "metal", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "\n", "7", "Machinery", "and", "transport", "equipment", " \n", "700", "Complete", "industrial", "plant", "appropriate", "to", "section", "7", " \n", "711Steam", "or", "other", "vapour", "-", "generating", "boilers", ",", "superheated", "water", "boilers", ",", "and", "auxiliary", "plant", "for", "use", "therewith", ";", "parts", "\n", "thereof", " \n", "712", "Steam", "turbines", "and", "other", "vapour", "turbines", "and", "parts", "thereof", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " \n", "713", "Internal", "combustion", "piston", "engines", "and", "parts", "thereof", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", "X", " \n", "714Engines", "and", "motors", ",", "non", "-", "electric", "(", "other", "than", "those", "of", "groups", "712", ",", "713", "and", "718", ")", ";", "parts", ",", "n.e.s", ".", ",", "of", "these", "engines", "and", "\n", "motors", " ", "X", " \n", "716", "Rotating", "electric", "plant", "and", "parts", "thereof", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "718", "Power", "-", "generating", "machinery", "and", "parts", "thereof", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " ", "X", " \n", "721", "Agricultural", "machinery", "(", "excluding", "tractors", ")", "and", "parts", "thereof", " ", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "722", "Tractors", "(", "other", "than", "those", "of", "headings", "744.14", "and", "744.15", ")", " ", "X", " \n", "723", "Civil", "engineering", "and", "contractors", "'", "plant", "and", "equipment", ";", "parts", "thereof", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "\n", "724", "Textile", "and", "leather", "machinery", "and", "parts", "thereof", ",", "n.e.s", ".", " \n", "725Paper", "mill", "and", "pulp", "mill", "machinery", ",", "paper", "-", "cutting", "machines", "and", "other", "machinery", "for", "the", "manufacture", "of", "paper", "\n", "articles", ";", "parts", "thereof", " \n", "726", "Printing", "and", "bookbinding", "machinery", "and", "parts", "thereof", " \n", "727", "Food", "-", "processing", "machines", "(", "excluding", "domestic", ")", ";", "parts", "thereof", " \n", "728", "Other", "machinery" ]	[]
impact on output. However, if the strategy and reforms outlined in this report are implemented in parallel, the investment push should be accompanied by a significant increase in EU total factor productivity (TFP). A sizable increase in TFP will improve the government budget surplus, significantly reducing the transitional costs of imple - menting the plan, provided that the additional revenue is not fully spent on other purposes. For example, a 2% increase in the level of TFP within ten years could already be sufficient to cover up to one third of the fiscal spending (investment subsidies and government investment) required to implement the plan. The 2% TFP increase can be considered modest given the current 20% gap TFP levels between the EU and the US. THE ROOT CAUSES OF LOW INVESTMENT FINANCING IN EUROPE A key reason for less efficient financial intermediation in Europe is that capital markets remain fragmented and flows of savings into capital markets are lower . While the Commission has introduced several measures to build a Capital Markets Union (CMU), three main fault lines remain. First, the EU lacks a single securities market regulator and a single rulebook for all aspects of trading and there is still high variation in supervisory practices and interpretations of regulations. Second, the post-trade environment for clearing and settlement in Europe is far less 01. Productive investment is defined as gross fixed capital formation minus residential investment. 63THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 5unified than in the US. Third, despite the recent progress made on withholding tax, tax and insolvency regimes across Member States remain substantially unaligned. EU capital markets are also undersupplied with long-term capital relative to other major economies, owing largely to the underdevelopment of pension funds. In 2022, the level of pension assets in the EU was only 32% of GDP while in the US total assets amounted to 142% of GDP and in the UK to 100%. This difference reflects the fact that most European households’ pension wealth takes the form of claims on public pay-as-you-go social security systems. EU pension assets are highly concentrated in a handful of Member States with more developed private pension systems. The combined share of the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden in EU pension assets amounts to 62% of the EU total. The mirror image is that the EU relies excessively on bank financing, which is less well-suited	[ "impact", "on", "output", ".", "However", ",", "if", "the", "strategy", "and", "reforms", "outlined", "in", "this", "report", "are", "implemented", "in", "parallel", ",", "\n", "the", "investment", "push", "should", "be", "accompanied", "by", "a", "significant", "increase", "in", "EU", "total", "factor", "productivity", "(", "TFP", ")", ".", "A", "sizable", "\n", "increase", "in", "TFP", "will", "improve", "the", "government", "budget", "surplus", ",", "significantly", "reducing", "the", "transitional", "costs", "of", "imple", "-", "\n", "menting", "the", "plan", ",", "provided", "that", "the", "additional", "revenue", "is", "not", "fully", "spent", "on", "other", "purposes", ".", "For", "example", ",", "a", "2", "%", "\n", "increase", "in", "the", "level", "of", "TFP", "within", "ten", "years", "could", "already", "be", "sufficient", "to", "cover", "up", "to", "one", "third", "of", "the", "fiscal", "spending", "\n", "(", "investment", "subsidies", "and", "government", "investment", ")", "required", "to", "implement", "the", "plan", ".", "The", "2", "%", "TFP", "increase", "can", "be", "\n", "considered", "modest", "given", "the", "current", "20", "%", "gap", "TFP", "levels", "between", "the", "EU", "and", "the", "US", ".", "\n", "THE", "ROOT", "CAUSES", "OF", "LOW", "INVESTMENT", "FINANCING", "IN", "EUROPE", "\n", "A", "key", "reason", "for", "less", "efficient", "financial", "intermediation", "in", "Europe", "is", "that", "capital", "markets", "remain", "fragmented", "\n", "and", "flows", "of", "savings", "into", "capital", "markets", "are", "lower", ".", "While", "the", "Commission", "has", "introduced", "several", "measures", "\n", "to", "build", "a", "Capital", "Markets", "Union", "(", "CMU", ")", ",", "three", "main", "fault", "lines", "remain", ".", "First", ",", "the", "EU", "lacks", "a", "single", "securities", "market", "\n", "regulator", "and", "a", "single", "rulebook", "for", "all", "aspects", "of", "trading", "and", "there", "is", "still", "high", "variation", "in", "supervisory", "practices", "and", "\n", "interpretations", "of", "regulations", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "post", "-", "trade", "environment", "for", "clearing", "and", "settlement", "in", "Europe", "is", "far", "less", "\n", "01", ".", " ", "Productive", "investment", "is", "defined", "as", "gross", "fixed", "capital", "formation", "minus", "residential", "investment", ".", "\n", "63THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "5unified", "than", "in", "the", "US", ".", "Third", ",", "despite", "the", "recent", "progress", "made", "on", "withholding", "tax", ",", "tax", "and", "insolvency", "regimes", "across", "\n", "Member", "States", "remain", "substantially", "unaligned", ".", "EU", "capital", "markets", "are", "also", "undersupplied", "with", "long", "-", "term", "capital", "\n", "relative", "to", "other", "major", "economies", ",", "owing", "largely", "to", "the", "underdevelopment", "of", "pension", "funds", ".", "In", "2022", ",", "the", "level", "of", "\n", "pension", "assets", "in", "the", "EU", "was", "only", "32", "%", "of", "GDP", "while", "in", "the", "US", "total", "assets", "amounted", "to", "142", "%", "of", "GDP", "and", "in", "the", "UK", "\n", "to", "100", "%", ".", "This", "difference", "reflects", "the", "fact", "that", "most", "European", "households", "’", "pension", "wealth", "takes", "the", "form", "of", "claims", "on", "\n", "public", "pay", "-", "as", "-", "you", "-", "go", "social", "security", "systems", ".", "EU", "pension", "assets", "are", "highly", "concentrated", "in", "a", "handful", "of", "Member", "\n", "States", "with", "more", "developed", "private", "pension", "systems", ".", "The", "combined", "share", "of", "the", "Netherlands", ",", "Denmark", "and", "Sweden", "\n", "in", "EU", "pension", "assets", "amounts", "to", "62", "%", "of", "the", "EU", "total", ".", "\n", "The", "mirror", "image", "is", "that", "the", "EU", "relies", "excessively", "on", "bank", "financing", ",", "which", "is", "less", "well", "-", "suited" ]	[]
disparidad de género en las tasas de no escolarización ha disminuido significativamente en los últimos años................................................................................................................................................................................................................................208 \| \| \| Figura 12.2 \| Los países de Asia Central y Meridional han avanzado másrápido en la consecución de la paridad de género en la tasa de finalización de la enseñanza secundaria que los de África subsahariana.................................................................................................... \| 210 \| \| Figura 12.3 \| Las poblaciones vulnerables han alcanzado a sus iguales en la finalización de cada uno de los distintos niveles educativos.... \| 211 \| \| Figura 12.4 \| Las diferencias de género en lectura, que perjudican a los niños varones, son máspronunciadas en los países de ingresos medios que en los países de altos ingresos ................................................................................................................................................................... \| 212 213 \| \| Figura 12.5 \| En los últimos años, se ha producido un ligero descenso en la proporción de alumnos de los primeros grados que reciben enseñanza en su lengua materna....................................................................................................................................................................................... \| \| \| Figura 12.6 \| El origen socioeconómico influye másenaquellos centros en los que existe una alta concentración de alumnos de bajo rendimiento................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. \| 215 \| \| Figura 13.1 Figura 13.2 \| Las tasas de alfabetización han aumentado en dos generaciones...................................................................................................................... Las disparidades de género desaparecen en los niveles altos de \| 221 alfabetización........................................................................................... 222 \| \| Figura 13.3 \| En Perú, sigue habiendo grandes disparidades a pesar de los altos niveles generales de alfabetización........................................... \| 223 \| \| Figura 14.1 \| Es másprobable que los planes de estudios incluyan contenidos ecológicos en el primer ciclo de educación secundaria que en educación primaria \| 231 \| \| Figura 14.2 \| .................................................................................................................................................................................................... Una gran mayoría del alumnado alcanza el nivel mínimo de competencias en ciencias de la Tierra...................................................... \| 233 \| \| Figura 14.3 \| Las chicas tienen menos probabilidades que los chicos de participar activamente en política, pero más probabilidades de votar e informarse sobre los candidatos.................................................................................................................................... \| 235 \| \|---------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Figura 14.4 \| La participación electoral prevista es significativamente mayor entre los estudiantes másricos......................................................... \| 236 \| \| Figura 15.1 \| Es posible avanzar rápidamente en el acceso a los servicios de suministro de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH, por sus siglas en inglés) desde todos los puntos de partida.................................................................................................................................................... \| 240 \| \| Figura 15.2 \| Los avances en cuanto a conectividad a Internet en los centros educativos han sido rápidos pero desiguales................................ \| 241 \| \| Figura 15.3 \| La prevalencia del acoso escolar ha aumentado	[ "disparidad", "de", "género", "en", "las", "tasas", "de", "no", "escolarización", "ha", "disminuido", "significativamente", "en", "los", "últimos", "años", "................................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "208", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "12.2", " ", "\|", "Los", "países", "de", "Asia", "Central", "y", "Meridional", "han", "avanzado", "másrápido", "en", "la", "consecución", "de", "la", "paridad", "de", "género", "en", "la", "tasa", "de", "finalización", "de", "la", "enseñanza", "secundaria", "que", "los", "de", "África", "subsahariana", "....................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "210", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "12.3", " ", "\|", "Las", "poblaciones", "vulnerables", "han", "alcanzado", "a", "sus", "iguales", "en", "la", "finalización", "de", "cada", "uno", "de", "los", "distintos", "niveles", "educativos", "....", " ", "\|", "211", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "12.4", " ", "\|", "Las", "diferencias", "de", "género", "en", "lectura", ",", "que", "perjudican", "a", "los", "niños", "varones", ",", "son", "máspronunciadas", "en", "los", "países", "de", "ingresos", "medios", "que", "en", "los", "países", "de", "altos", "ingresos", "...................................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "212", "213", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "12.5", " ", "\|", "En", "los", "últimos", "años", ",", "se", "ha", "producido", "un", "ligero", "descenso", "en", "la", "proporción", "de", "alumnos", "de", "los", "primeros", "grados", "que", "reciben", "enseñanza", "en", "su", "lengua", "materna", ".......................................................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "12.6", " ", "\|", "El", "origen", "socioeconómico", "influye", "másenaquellos", "centros", "en", "los", "que", "existe", "una", "alta", "concentración", "de", "alumnos", "de", "bajo", "rendimiento", ".................................................................................................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "215", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "13.1", "Figura", "13.2", "\|", "Las", "tasas", "de", "alfabetización", "han", "aumentado", "en", "dos", "generaciones", "......................................................................................................................", "Las", "disparidades", "de", "género", "desaparecen", "en", "los", "niveles", "altos", "de", " ", "\|", "221", "alfabetización", "...........................................................................................", "222", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "13.3", " ", "\|", "En", "Perú", ",", "sigue", "habiendo", "grandes", "disparidades", "a", "pesar", "de", "los", "altos", "niveles", "generales", "de", "alfabetización", "...........................................", " ", "\|", "223", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "14.1", " ", "\|", "Es", "másprobable", "que", "los", "planes", "de", "estudios", "incluyan", "contenidos", "ecológicos", "en", "el", "primer", "ciclo", "de", "educación", "secundaria", "que", "en", "educación", "primaria", " ", "\|", "231", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "14.2", " ", "\|", "....................................................................................................................................................................................................", "Una", "gran", "mayoría", "del", "alumnado", "alcanza", "el", "nivel", "mínimo", "de", "competencias", "en", "ciencias", "de", "la", "Tierra", "......................................................", " ", "\|", "233", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "\|", "Figura", "14.3", " ", "\|", "Las", "chicas", "tienen", "menos", "probabilidades", "que", "los", "chicos", "de", "participar", "activamente", "en", "política", ",", "pero", "más", "probabilidades", "de", "votar", "e", "informarse", "sobre", "los", "candidatos", "....................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "235", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "14.4", " ", "\|", "La", "participación", "electoral", "prevista", "es", "significativamente", "mayor", "entre", "los", "estudiantes", "másricos", ".........................................................", " ", "\|", "236", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "15.1", " ", "\|", "Es", "posible", "avanzar", "rápidamente", "en", "el", "acceso", "a", "los", "servicios", "de", "suministro", "de", "agua", ",", "saneamiento", "e", "higiene", "(", "WASH", ",", "por", "sus", "siglas", "en", "inglés", ")", "desde", "todos", "los", "puntos", "de", "partida", "....................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "240", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "15.2", " ", "\|", "Los", "avances", "en", "cuanto", "a", "conectividad", "a", "Internet", "en", "los", "centros", "educativos", "han", "sido", "rápidos", "pero", "desiguales", "................................", " ", "\|", "241", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figura", "15.3", " ", "\|", "La", "prevalencia", "del", "acoso", "escolar", "ha", "aumentado" ]	[]
\| 6 \| 3 \| 91 \| 34 \| 2 \| 10 7 \| 118 49 5 \| 33 3 \| \| 2 \| 80 1 \| \| \| 1 \| 17 \| 12 \| 62 \| 56 24 \| 42 \| \| 34 24 \| \| \| Tome/Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia \| 143 95 87 \| 10 130 87 81 \| 74 53 52 \| 60 45 47 \| 46 26 20 \| 2 49 28 20 \| 2 23 16 15 \| 22 13 14 \| 129 128 76 87 81 77 \| 56 43 25 23 36 30 \| \| 37 12 \| 40 17 11 12 \| 13 7 \| 3 \| 0 15 2 6 \| 10 14 8 \| 52 55 \| 9 46 17 52 7 \| 32 28 60 \| 58 \| 32 28 60 \| 32 28 60 \| 23 \| 32 28 60 \| ## TABLE 3: Continued ## TABLE 3: Continued Source: OECD-DAC, CRS database (2024).	[ "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "10", "7", " ", "\|", "118", "49", "5", " ", "\|", "33", "3", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "80", "1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "17", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "62", " ", "\|", "56", "24", " ", "\|", "42", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "34", "24", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Tome", "/", "Principe", "Senegal", "Sierra", "Leone", "Somalia", "\|", "143", "95", "87", "\|", "10", "130", "87", "81", "\|", "74", "53", "52", " ", "\|", "60", "45", "47", " ", "\|", "46", "26", "20", " ", "\|", "2", "49", "28", "20", " ", "\|", "2", "23", "16", "15", " ", "\|", "22", "13", "14", " ", "\|", "129", "128", "76", "87", "81", "77", "\|", "56", "43", "25", "23", "36", "30", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "37", "12", " ", "\|", "40", "17", "11", "12", "\|", "13", "7", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "0", "15", "2", "6", " ", "\|", "10", "14", "8", " ", "\|", "52", "55", " ", "\|", "9", "46", "17", "52", "7", " ", "\|", "32", "28", "60", " ", "\|", "58", " ", "\|", "32", "28", "60", " ", "\|", "32", "28", "60", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "32", "28", "60", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "TABLE", "3", ":", "Continued", "\n\n", "#", "#", "TABLE", "3", ":", "Continued", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "OECD", "-", "DAC", ",", "CRS", "database", "(", "2024", ")", "." ]	[ { "end": 1184, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1155 } ]
the circulation of medical knowledge and the management of birth control (as appeared in the published articles) was limited to the experts' territory, establishing a specific boundary between science and society. Concerning the medical community's public sphere, I have shown experts' efforts to legitimize themselves as the ones responsible for circulating knowledge related to birth control, choosing based on their own criteria which contraceptive method might be the most appropriate for each woman and defining the criteria by which an abortion could be medical, artificial, criminal and so on. Interestingly, and in line with the regulations, 2 9 3 abortion here (except for the criminal abortion) was not correlated with an unwanted pregnancy, but only to a pregnancy that should be terminated for medical reasons. Additionally, the historical study of related regulation, up to their decriminalization, has demonstrated the state's efforts to discipline the female body, devalue women's demand for decriminalization and the importance of controlling knowledge and managing, alongside the experts, birth control. Last, the study of the religious (and religion- friendly) sphere has shown how the moralization of science can be a practice of science communication even without reproducing scientific content. By contrast, exploring women's counterpublics has shown a multileveled body of science communication practices through which women reclaimed their bodies and knowledge. More specifically, women promoted their needs, desires and experiences both by demanding their cooperation with the experts and the state and by infusing medical knowledge with their own experiences, a situation that brought a female gaze to science. Indeed, while birth control was presented in the dominant discourses as a political and moral issue whose management should be male- centred, women struggled to reveal its scientific character to circulate relevant scientific knowledge. However, they approached science as a social activity that embodies ideological narratives and gendered power relationships. To that end, women's polymorphous involvement in science and active engagement with the production and circulation of knowledge related to birth control operated as a mechanism that shifted the boundaries between science and society. Their practices of science communication were an act of resistance and an act against the given biopolitical order, which was correlated to hegemonic ways of knowing. Indeed, women ruptured the dominant public spheres to democratize knowledge, science and society. The counterpractices, counterdiscourses and countermeanings that women developed in their counterpublics were aimed at epistemic, social and reproductive justice. Thus, the feminist and queer	[ "the", "circulation", "of", "medical", "knowledge", "and", "the", "management", "of", "birth", "control", "(", "as", "appeared", "in", "the", "published", "articles", ")", "was", "limited", "to", "the", "experts", "'", "territory", ",", "establishing", "a", "specific", "boundary", "between", "science", "and", "society", ".", "\n\n", "Concerning", " ", "the", " ", "medical", " ", "community", "'s", " ", "public", " ", "sphere", ",", " ", "I", " ", "have", " ", "shown", "experts", "'", "efforts", "to", "legitimize", "themselves", "as", "the", "ones", "responsible", "for", "circulating", "knowledge", "related", "to", "birth", "control", ",", "choosing", "based", "on", "their", "own", "criteria", "which", "contraceptive", "method", "might", "be", "the", "most", "appropriate", "for", "each", "woman", "and", "defining", "the", "criteria", "by", "which", "an", "abortion", "could", "be", "medical", ",", "artificial", ",", "criminal", "and", "so", "on", ".", "Interestingly", ",", "and", "in", "line", "with", "the", "regulations", ",", "\n\n", "2", "\n\n", "9", "\n\n", "3", "\n\n", "abortion", "here", "(", "except", "for", "the", "criminal", "abortion", ")", "was", "not", "correlated", "with", "an", "unwanted", "pregnancy", ",", "but", "only", "to", "a", "pregnancy", "that", "should", "be", "terminated", "for", "medical", "reasons", ".", "Additionally", ",", "the", "historical", "study", "of", "related", "regulation", ",", "up", "to", "their", "decriminalization", ",", "has", "demonstrated", "the", "state", "'s", "efforts", "to", "discipline", "the", "female", "body", ",", "devalue", "women", "'s", "demand", "for", "decriminalization", "and", "the", "importance", "of", "controlling", "knowledge", "and", "managing", ",", "alongside", "the", "experts", ",", "birth", "control", ".", "Last", ",", "the", "study", "of", "the", "religious", "(", "and", "religion-", " ", "friendly", ")", "sphere", "has", "shown", "how", "the", "moralization", "of", "science", "can", "be", "a", "practice", "of", "science", "communication", "even", "without", "reproducing", "scientific", "content", ".", "\n\n", "By", "contrast", ",", "exploring", "women", "'s", "counterpublics", "has", "shown", "a", "multileveled", "body", "of", "science", "communication", "practices", "through", "which", "women", "reclaimed", "their", " ", "bodies", " ", "and", " ", "knowledge", ".", " ", "More", " ", "specifically", ",", " ", "women", " ", "promoted", " ", "their", "needs", ",", "desires", "and", "experiences", "both", "by", "demanding", "their", "cooperation", "with", "the", "experts", "and", "the", "state", "and", "by", "infusing", "medical", "knowledge", "with", "their", "own", "experiences", ",", "a", "situation", "that", "brought", "a", "female", "gaze", "to", "science", ".", "Indeed", ",", "while", "birth", "control", "was", "presented", "in", "the", "dominant", "discourses", "as", "a", "political", "and", "moral", "issue", "whose", "management", "should", "be", "male-", " ", "centred", ",", "women", "struggled", "to", "reveal", "its", "scientific", "character", "to", "circulate", "relevant", "scientific", "knowledge", ".", "However", ",", "they", "approached", "science", "as", "a", "social", "activity", "that", "embodies", "ideological", "narratives", "and", "gendered", "power", "relationships", ".", "\n\n", "To", "that", "end", ",", "women", "'s", "polymorphous", "involvement", "in", "science", "and", "active", "engagement", "with", "the", "production", "and", "circulation", "of", "knowledge", "related", "to", "birth", "control", "operated", "as", "a", "mechanism", "that", "shifted", "the", "boundaries", "between", "science", "and", "society", ".", "Their", "practices", "of", "science", "communication", "were", "an", "act", "of", "resistance", "and", "an", "act", "against", "the", "given", "biopolitical", "order", ",", "which", "was", "correlated", "to", "hegemonic", "ways", "of", "knowing", ".", "Indeed", ",", "women", "ruptured", "the", "dominant", "public", "spheres", "to", "democratize", "knowledge", ",", "science", "and", "society", ".", "The", "counterpractices", ",", " ", "counterdiscourses", " ", "and", " ", "countermeanings", "that", "women", "developed", "in", " ", "their", " ", "counterpublics", " ", "were", " ", "aimed", " ", "at", " ", "epistemic", ",", " ", "social", " ", "and", " ", "reproductive", "justice", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "feminist", "and", "queer" ]	[]
\| 27 \| 27 \| 27 \| \| Finland \| 93 \| 57 \| 61 \| 37 \| 20 \| 12 \| 12 \| \| 93 \| 57 \| 42 \| 27 \| 10 \| 7 \| 3 \| 3 \| 22 \| 13 \| 66 \| 65 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| 21 \| \| France \| 719 \| 758 \| 243 \| 239 \| 217 \| 258 \| 260 \| 8 \| 697 \| 732 \| 261 159 \| 145 \| 174 \| 210 \| 218 \| 214 \| \| 7 \| 34 \| 8 32 \| 30 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| 34 \| \| Germany \| 1328 \| 1344 \| 521 \| 424 \| 539 \| 652 \| 268 \| 268 \| 1328 \| 1344 \| 255 \| 231 \| 406 \| 555 \| 135 \| 171 \| 7 \| 6 \| 39 \| 32 \| 41 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| 49 \| \| Greece \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 6 8 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Hungary* \| 119 \| 143 \| 10 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 108 \| 141 \| 119 \| 143 \| 7 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 106 \| 140 \| 53 \| 60 \| 8 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Iceland \| 7 \| 5 \| 4 \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 7 \| 5 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 16 \| 56 \| 13 57 \| 24 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| \| Ireland Italy \| 42 188 \| 43 407 \| 27 81 \| 27 153	[ "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Finland", " ", "\|", "93", " ", "\|", "57", " ", "\|", "61", " ", "\|", "37", " ", "\|", "20", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "93", " ", "\|", "57", " ", "\|", "42", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "66", " ", "\|", "65", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "France", " ", "\|", "719", " ", "\|", "758", " ", "\|", "243", " ", "\|", "239", " ", "\|", "217", " ", "\|", "258", " ", "\|", "260", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "697", " ", "\|", "732", " ", "\|", "261", "159", " ", "\|", "145", " ", "\|", "174", " ", "\|", "210", " ", "\|", "218", " ", "\|", "214", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "8", "32", " ", "\|", "30", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Germany", " ", "\|", "1328", " ", "\|", "1344", " ", "\|", "521", " ", "\|", "424", " ", "\|", "539", " ", "\|", "652", " ", "\|", "268", " ", "\|", "268", " ", "\|", "1328", " ", "\|", "1344", " ", "\|", "255", " ", "\|", "231", " ", "\|", "406", " ", "\|", "555", " ", "\|", "135", " ", "\|", "171", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "39", " ", "\|", "32", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Greece", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "6", "8", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Hungary", "*", " ", "\|", "119", " ", "\|", "143", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "108", " ", "\|", "141", " ", "\|", "119", " ", "\|", "143", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "106", " ", "\|", "140", " ", "\|", "53", " ", "\|", "60", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Iceland", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", "0", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "56", " ", "\|", "13", "57", " ", "\|", "24", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ireland", "Italy", " ", "\|", "42", "188", " ", "\|", "43", "407", " ", "\|", "27", "81", " ", "\|", "27", "153", " " ]	[]
for VIP were used to assess the number of VIP + INs (n = 4 mice) by an experienced experimenter using the Neurolucida software (MBF Bioscience). Borders of the IC were outlined with the help of consecutive Nissl stained sections and according to a mouse brain atlas (Franklin, 2008). While counting neurons, sections were focused throughout their whole thickness to obtain the most accurate quantification. ## Immunofluorescence	[ "for", "VIP", "were", "used", "to", "assess", "the", "number", "of", "VIP", "+", "INs", "(", "n", "=", "4", "mice", ")", "by", "an", "experienced", "experimenter", "using", "the", "Neurolucida", "software", "(", "MBF", "Bioscience", ")", ".", "Borders", "of", "the", "IC", "were", "outlined", "with", "the", "help", "of", "consecutive", "Nissl", "stained", "sections", "and", "according", "to", "a", "mouse", "brain", "atlas", "(", "Franklin", ",", "2008", ")", ".", "While", "counting", "neurons", ",", "sections", "were", "focused", "throughout", "their", "whole", "thickness", "to", "obtain", "the", "most", "accurate", "quantification", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Immunofluorescence" ]	[ { "end": 281, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 267 }, { "end": 275, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 267 }, { "end": 281, "label": "YEAR", "start": 277 } ]
At the same time, transferring the benefits of decarbonisation requires policies to better decouple the price of natural gas from clean energy . The EU should decouple the remuneration of renewable energy and nuclear from fossil-fuel generation by building on the tools introduced under the new Electricity Market Design – such as PPAs and two-way CfDs – and progressively extending PPAs and CFDs to all renewable and nuclear assets in a harmonised way. The marginal pricing system should be used to ensure efficient balance in the energy system. To increase the uptake of PPAs into the industrial sector, the report recommends developing market platforms to contract resources and pool demand between generators and offtakers. This initiative can be combined with schemes to provide guarantees to mitigate the financial counterparty risks engendered by using such platforms, thereby enlarging market access to SMEs. For example, the EIB and National Promotional Banks could provide counter guarantees and specific financial products for small consumers or suppliers that lack a proper credit rating. In parallel, a fundamental component of lowering energy costs for end users is reducing energy taxation, which can be achieved by adopting a common maximum level of surcharges across the EU (including taxes, levies and network charges). Legislative reform in this area is subject to unanimity, but cooperation among a subset of Member States or guidance on energy taxation can be considered. The second key goal is to accelerate decarbonisation in a cost-efficient way, leveraging all available solu - tions through a technology-neutral approach . This approach should include renewables, nuclear, hydrogen, bioenergy and carbon capture, utilisation and storage, and should be backed by massive mobilisation of both public and private finance (based on the proposals laid out in the chapter on investment. However, increasing the supply of finance for clean energy deployment will not yield the desired results without increasing the pace of permitting for installation. Different options are available to reduce permitting delays for new energy projects. Systematically implementing existing legislation can make a major difference: for example, several Member States have experienced double-digit increases in the volume of permits issued for onshore wind since the entry into force of the Article 122 Emergency Regulation. The report recommends extending acceleration measures and emergency regulation to heat networks, heat generators, and hydrogen and carbon capture and storage infrastructure. Greater focus is also needed on digitalising national permitting processes across the EU	[ "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "transferring", "the", "benefits", "of", "decarbonisation", "requires", "policies", "to", "better", "decouple", "the", "price", "\n", "of", "natural", "gas", "from", "clean", "energy", ".", "The", "EU", "should", "decouple", "the", "remuneration", "of", "renewable", "energy", "and", "nuclear", "\n", "from", "fossil", "-", "fuel", "generation", "by", "building", "on", "the", "tools", "introduced", "under", "the", "new", "Electricity", "Market", "Design", "–", "such", "\n", "as", "PPAs", "and", "two", "-", "way", "CfDs", "–", "and", "progressively", "extending", "PPAs", "and", "CFDs", "to", "all", "renewable", "and", "nuclear", "assets", "in", "\n", "a", "harmonised", "way", ".", "The", "marginal", "pricing", "system", "should", "be", "used", "to", "ensure", "efficient", "balance", "in", "the", "energy", "system", ".", "\n", "To", "increase", "the", "uptake", "of", "PPAs", "into", "the", "industrial", "sector", ",", "the", "report", "recommends", "developing", "market", "platforms", "\n", "to", "contract", "resources", "and", "pool", "demand", "between", "generators", "and", "offtakers", ".", "This", "initiative", "can", "be", "combined", "with", "\n", "schemes", "to", "provide", "guarantees", "to", "mitigate", "the", "financial", "counterparty", "risks", "engendered", "by", "using", "such", "platforms", ",", "\n", "thereby", "enlarging", "market", "access", "to", "SMEs", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "EIB", "and", "National", "Promotional", "Banks", "could", "provide", "\n", "counter", "guarantees", "and", "specific", "financial", "products", "for", "small", "consumers", "or", "suppliers", "that", "lack", "a", "proper", "credit", "rating", ".", "\n", "In", "parallel", ",", "a", "fundamental", "component", "of", "lowering", "energy", "costs", "for", "end", "users", "is", "reducing", "energy", "taxation", ",", "which", "can", "\n", "be", "achieved", "by", "adopting", "a", "common", "maximum", "level", "of", "surcharges", "across", "the", "EU", "(", "including", "taxes", ",", "levies", "and", "network", "\n", "charges", ")", ".", "Legislative", "reform", "in", "this", "area", "is", "subject", "to", "unanimity", ",", "but", "cooperation", "among", "a", "subset", "of", "Member", "States", "\n", "or", "guidance", "on", "energy", "taxation", "can", "be", "considered", ".", "\n", "The", "second", "key", "goal", "is", "to", "accelerate", "decarbonisation", "in", "a", "cost", "-", "efficient", "way", ",", "leveraging", "all", "available", "solu", "-", "\n", "tions", "through", "a", "technology", "-", "neutral", "approach", ".", "This", "approach", "should", "include", "renewables", ",", "nuclear", ",", "hydrogen", ",", "\n", "bioenergy", "and", "carbon", "capture", ",", "utilisation", "and", "storage", ",", "and", "should", "be", "backed", "by", "massive", "mobilisation", "of", "both", "public", "\n", "and", "private", "finance", "(", "based", "on", "the", "proposals", "laid", "out", "in", "the", "chapter", "on", "investment", ".", "However", ",", "increasing", "the", "supply", "\n", "of", "finance", "for", "clean", "energy", "deployment", "will", "not", "yield", "the", "desired", "results", "without", "increasing", "the", "pace", "of", "permitting", "\n", "for", "installation", ".", "Different", "options", "are", "available", "to", "reduce", "permitting", "delays", "for", "new", "energy", "projects", ".", "Systematically", "\n", "implementing", "existing", "legislation", "can", "make", "a", "major", "difference", ":", "for", "example", ",", "several", "Member", "States", "have", "experienced", "\n", "double", "-", "digit", "increases", "in", "the", "volume", "of", "permits", "issued", "for", "onshore", "wind", "since", "the", "entry", "into", "force", "of", "the", "Article", "\n", "122", "Emergency", "Regulation", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "extending", "acceleration", "measures", "and", "emergency", "regulation", "\n", "to", "heat", "networks", ",", "heat", "generators", ",", "and", "hydrogen", "and", "carbon", "capture", "and", "storage", "infrastructure", ".", "Greater", "focus", "is", "\n", "also", "needed", "on", "digitalising", "national", "permitting", "processes", "across", "the", "EU" ]	[]
(1.4) and Me- chanical engineering and heavy machinery (1.3) have an NCI above or around 1.3, that is a 30% higher citation rate per publication than the aver- age EaP paper. In terms of patents, Transportation also has the highest specialisation (2.1), followed by Energy Publications (critical mass \| CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Nanotechnology and materials 21 222 3.7% 5 886 44 27 152 Health and wellbeing 11 229 18.5% 10 940 41 22 210 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery4 700 10.6% 16 351 7 21 058 Fundamental physics and mathematics 17 474 2.8% 2 070 12 19 556 Biotechnology 8 935 6.1% 5 517 20 14 472 ICT and computer science 10 514 16.5% 3 659 34 14 207 Governance, culture, education and the economy11 830 27.5% 355 119 12 304 Electric and electronic technologies 5 352 5.2% 6 515 16 11 883 Environmental sciences and industries 8 023 11.2% 3 052 45 11 120 Energy 4 800 9.2% 5 647 43 10 490 Optics and photonics 5 387 -0.5% 1 754 9 7 150 Agrifood 1 783 18.3% 5 353 11 7 147 Chemistry and chemical engineering 4 695 0.3% 1 815 9 6 519 Transportation 2 157 21.6% 1 958 20 4 135Table 3.17. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Ukraine 192 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.36. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Ukraine 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 Number of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Fundamental physics and mathematics Biotechnology ICT and computer science Governance, culture, education and the economy Electric and electronic technologies Environmental sciences and industries Energy Optics and photonics Agrifood Chemistry and chemical engineering Transportation patents EC projects(1.7), Health and wellbeing (1.3), Optics and pho- tonics (1.3) and Biotechnology (1.3). Given the richness of the patent data source for Ukraine, these domains are deemed relevant technological specialisations for the country. It must be noted that Transportation has not emerged as a specialisation domain in all coun- tries and Ukraine’s relative specialisation in trans- portation is relevant in science and technology. Finally, Table 3.18 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period67. 67 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further methodological information. 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10 scenarios for education in 2035 Close the accessibility toolbar Accessibility Bar visibility_off Disable flashes title Mark headings settings Background Color zoom_out Zoom out zoom_in Zoom in remove_circle_outline Decrease font add_circle_outline Increase font spellcheck Readable font brightness_high Bright contrast brightness_low Dark contrast format_underlined Underline links font_download Mark links Reset all options cached Skip to Content HOME ABOUT US WHAT WE DO WHERE WE WORK OUR TEAM STRATEGIC ADVISORY BOARD & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SPECIALIST NETWORK TOOLS EVIDENCE ABOUT EVIDENCE IN EDTECH EVIDENCE LIBRARY COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT TOPIC AREAS RESEARCH PORTFOLIO SANDBOXES HELPDESK BLOG CONNECT WITH US NEWSLETTER EVENTS CONTACT US Search Search Search Menu HOME ABOUT US WHAT WE DO WHERE WE WORK OUR TEAM STRATEGIC ADVISORY BOARD & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SPECIALIST NETWORK TOOLS EVIDENCE ABOUT EVIDENCE IN EDTECH EVIDENCE LIBRARY COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT TOPIC AREAS RESEARCH PORTFOLIO SANDBOXES HELPDESK BLOG CONNECT WITH US NEWSLETTER EVENTS CONTACT US Search 10 scenarios for education in 2035 Join us on a journey to reimagine our research agenda through strategic foresight The future is arriving fast, and education systems must keep pace. That’s why EdTech Hub has partnered with IDRC ’s EmpowerED programme to help education systems respond to two drivers of change over the next 10 years. Developments in artificial intelligence: Generative AI tools like ChatGPT already have billions of visits per month, from hundreds of millions of users. Increase in conflict and crisis: Increased civil and inter-state conflict, the climate crisis, and natural disasters are increasing disruptions in education, and the number of displaced and out-of-school learners. These two things will likely have a transformative impact on how learners learn, and how teachers teach. Every day we see the ramifications and opportunities of rapid technological advancement and the need for resilience in the face of growing instability. The need for bold and collaborative action is essential, and the time for action is now. Recognising that meaningful capacity building support must begin with a clear view of what lies ahead, we started our collaboration with a strategic foresight process. This work explored the key trends, developed from interviews with experts, that are likely to shape education systems in ten years time, and outlined a set of future scenarios that reflect the varied challenges that education systems may face. What is strategic foresight? Strategic foresight is a process for thinking systematically about the future ( Save the Children & SOIF, 2019 ). 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Sanjay in comparison to those in the resettlement community of Bhalswa. That Sanjay residents reported higher subjective wellbeing than in Bhalswa, despite such factors, may also indicate the independent and overriding value they place on having chosen where to live and not having been subject to forced relocation. In Bhalswa, there was a greater feeling of neighbourliness, and the longer the resident had lived in the community, the greater level of trust in their neighbours, even though residents did not express the sense of community belonging expressed in Sanjay. One explanation for this result could be that the shared feelings associ -ated with the trauma of compulsory relocation allowed the development of strong bonds with immediate neighbours coping with the original sense of helplessness and with longer terms of residency, their trust in neighbours increased independent of their perception of the neighbourhood as a whole.	[ " ", "Sanjay", "in", "comparison", "to", "those", "in", "the", "resettlement", "community", " ", "of", " ", "Bhalswa", ".", " ", "That", " ", "Sanjay", " ", "residents", " ", "reported", " ", "higher", " ", "subjective", " ", "wellbeing", "than", "in", "Bhalswa", ",", "despite", "such", "factors", ",", "may", "also", "indicate", "the", "independent", "and", "overriding", "value", "they", "place", "on", "having", "chosen", "where", "to", "live", "and", "not", "having", "been", "subject", "to", "forced", "relocation", ".", "\n\n", "In", "Bhalswa", ",", "there", "was", "a", "greater", "feeling", "of", "neighbourliness", ",", "and", "the", "longer", "the", "resident", "had", "lived", "in", "the", "community", ",", "the", "greater", "level", "of", "trust", "in", "their", "neighbours", ",", "even", "though", "residents", "did", "not", "express", "the", "sense", "of", "community", "belonging", "expressed", "in", "Sanjay", ".", "One", "explanation", "for", "this", "result", "could", "be", "that", "the", "shared", "feelings", "associ", "-ated", "with", "the", "trauma", "of", "compulsory", "relocation", "allowed", "the", "development", "of", "strong", "bonds", "with", "immediate", "neighbours", "coping", "with", "the", "original", "sense", "of", "helplessness", "and", "with", "longer", "terms", "of", "residency", ",", "their", "trust", "in", "neighbours", "increased", "independent", "of", "their", "perception", "of", "the", "neighbourhood", "as", "a", "whole", "." ]	[]
which has been adopted by several Ministries of Education in LMIC contexts. The framework includes crisis curricula, systematic hybrid learning approaches, trauma informed teacher training, and full inclusion for learners with disabilities. This scenario was voted 4th most likely by experts. Borderless accreditation More systematic learning for children on the move. A global accreditation system gives displaced learners the chance to earn certificates that work across borders. With a certification, a learner can join the education system or enter a workforce in their host country. High-income countries, with aging workforces, welcome this trend. As to global tech companies, who can hire validated talent anywhere in the world. This scenario was voted 5th most likely by experts. By imagining these different future scenarios, we can better prepare for them. Our hope is that these scenarios can help policymakers, funders, and education leaders anticipate risks, spot opportunities, and make more strategic decisions in the present. They are also informing the next phase of our partnership. What’s next: translating foresight into action Now we know what might be around the corner, EdTech Hub and IDRC are developing an action-oriented research programme to further investigate how governments and their supporters can strengthen capacity and prepare given these potential scenarios. We are excited to share more about this research later this year! If you’d like to learn more or be a part of our journey, get in touch with us at [email protected] . And some thanks Our strategic foresight study would not have been possible without the support of many experts. Special thanks to representatives from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Gates Foundation, World Bank, UNHCR, UNICEF, Fundación Ceibal, Angaza Elimu, Taleemabad, ACER, Can’t Wait to Learn, IT for Change, as well as officials from governments, EdTech Hub and IDRC team members. The images used in this blog were generated using AI (Adobe Firefly). Connect with Us Get a regular round-up of the latest in clear evidence, better decisions, and more learning in EdTech. SUBSCRIBE Leave this field empty if you're human: Connect with Us Get a regular round-up of the latest in clear evidence, better decisions, and more learning in EdTech. SUBSCRIBE Leave this field empty if you're human: About What We Do Connect With Us Team Careers Events Partners Annual Report Our work Evidence Library Helpdesk Blog Newsletter Covid-19 Resources Site Cookie Policy Privacy Policy Website Terms of Use Website Acceptable	[ "which", "has", "been", "adopted", "by", "several", "Ministries", "of", "Education", "in", "LMIC", "contexts", ".", "The", "framework", "includes", "crisis", "curricula", ",", "systematic", "hybrid", "learning", "approaches", ",", "trauma", "informed", "teacher", "training", ",", "and", "full", "inclusion", "for", "learners", "with", "disabilities", ".", "\n", "This", "scenario", "was", "voted", "\n", "4th", "most", "likely", "\n", "by", "experts", ".", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n ", "Borderless", "accreditation", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "More", "systematic", "learning", "for", "children", "on", "the", "move", ".", "\n", 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"anticipate", "risks", ",", "spot", "opportunities", ",", "and", "make", "more", "strategic", "decisions", "in", "the", "present", ".", "They", "are", "also", "informing", "the", "next", "phase", "of", "our", "partnership", ".", " \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "What", "’s", "next", ":", "translating", "foresight", "into", "action", "\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Now", "we", "know", "what", "might", "be", "around", "the", "corner", ",", "EdTech", "Hub", "and", "IDRC", "are", "developing", "an", "action", "-", "oriented", "research", "programme", "to", "further", "investigate", "how", "governments", "and", "their", "supporters", "can", "strengthen", "capacity", "and", "prepare", "given", "these", "potential", "scenarios", ".", "We", "are", "excited", "to", "share", "more", "about", "this", "research", "later", "this", "year", "!", "\n", "If", "you", "’d", "like", "to", "learn", "more", "or", "be", "a", "part", "of", "our", "journey", ",", "get", "in", "touch", "with", "us", "at", "\n", "[email protected]", "\n", ".", " \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "And", "some", "thanks", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Our", "strategic", "foresight", "study", "would", "not", "have", "been", "possible", "without", "the", "support", "of", "many", "experts", ".", "Special", "thanks", "to", "representatives", "from", "the", "UK", "Foreign", ",", "Commonwealth", "&", "Development", "Office", ",", "Gates", "Foundation", ",", "World", "Bank", ",", "UNHCR", ",", "UNICEF", ",", "Fundación", "Ceibal", ",", "Angaza", "Elimu", ",", "Taleemabad", ",", "ACER", ",", "Ca", "n’t", "Wait", "to", "Learn", ",", "IT", "for", "Change", ",", "as", "well", "as", "officials", "from", "governments", ",", "EdTech", "Hub", "and", "IDRC", "team", "members", ".", "\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "The", "images", "used", "in", "this", "blog", "were", "generated", "using", "AI", "(", "Adobe", "Firefly", ")", ".", " \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Connect", "with", "Us", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Get", "a", "regular", "round", "-", "up", "of", "the", "latest", "in", "clear", "evidence", ",", "better", "decisions", ",", "and", "more", "learning", "in", "EdTech", ".", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n ", "SUBSCRIBE", "\n \n\n\n\n\n", "Leave", "this", "field", "empty", "if", "you", "'re", "human", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Connect", "with", "Us", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Get", "a", "regular", "round", "-", "up", "of", "the", "latest", "in", "clear", "evidence", ",", "better", "decisions", ",", "and", "more", "learning", "in", "EdTech", ".", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n ", "SUBSCRIBE", "\n \n\n\n\n\n", "Leave", "this", "field", "empty", "if", "you", "'re", "human", ":", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "About", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "What", "We", "Do", "\n\n\n", "Connect", "With", "Us", "\n\n\n", "Team", "\n\n\n", "Careers", "\n\n\n", "Events", "\n\n\n", "Partners", "\n\n\n", "Annual", "Report", "\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Our", "work", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Evidence", "Library", "\n\n\n", "Helpdesk", "\n\n\n", "Blog", "\n\n\n", "Newsletter", "\n\n\n", "Covid-19", "Resources", "\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Site", "\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Cookie", "Policy", "\n\n\n", "Privacy", "Policy", "\n\n\n", "Website", "Terms", "of", "Use", "\n\n\n", "Website", "Acceptable" ]	[]
out-of-school rates has significantly decreased in recent years ...................................... 208 Figure 12.2 Central and Southern Asia has made faster progress in achieving gender parity secondary completion compared to sub-Saharan Africa ......................................................................................................................................................... 210 Figure 12.3 Disadvantaged populations have been catching up with their peers in completing each education level ................. 211 Figure 12.4 Gender differences in reading, which disadvantage boys, are more pronounced in middle-income countries than in higher-income countries ...................................................................................................................................... 212 Figure 12.5 In recent years, there has been a slight decline in the proportion of early-grade students receiving instruction in their home language ..................................................................................................................................................... 213 Figure 12.6 Socioeconomic background has a higher influence in schools with high concentrations of low-achieving students .......................................................................................................................................................................... 215 Figure 13.1 Literacy rates have increased in two generations ......................................................................................................................... 221 Figure 13.2 Gender disparities disappear at high literacy rate levels ............................................................................................................. 222 Figure 13.3 In Peru, wide disparities remain despite overall high levels of literacy .................................................................................. 223 Figure 14.1 Syllabi are more likely to include green content in lower secondary than in primary education ................................... 231 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT xvii Figure 14.2 A large majority of students achieve the minimum proficiency level in earth science ...................................................... 233 Figure 14.3 Girls are less likely than boys to expect to actively participate in politics, but more likely to expect to vote and get informed about candidates .......................................................................................................................................... 235 Figure 14.4 Intended electoral participation is significantly higher among richer students .................................................................. 236 Figure 15.1 Fast progress on access to WASH services is possible from all starting points .................................................................. 240 Figure 15.2 Progress on school internet connectivity has been fast but uneven ...................................................................................... 241 Figure 15.3 The prevalence of bullying has increased more for girls than for boys ................................................................................... 242 Figure 15.4 More countries are suffering attacks on education, though most attacks remain concentrated in a few countries ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 244 Figure 15.5 Coverage of school meals varies widely between countries ...................................................................................................... 246 Figure 15.6 The actual coverage of school meals programmes is higher if private school students are excluded ......................... 248 Figure 15.7 In Brazil, schools in hotter regions are less likely to have green spaces ................................................................................ 249 Figure 15.8 Disasters have caused significant damage to critical infrastructure in Pacific Island countries ................................... 250 Figure 16.1 COVID-19 affected scholarship spending ......................................................................................................................................... 255 Figure 16.2 France and Germany stand out among the country donors ....................................................................................................... 255 Figure 16.3 In Germany, the number of students from low- and	[ "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "rates", "has", "significantly", "decreased", "in", "recent", "years", "......................................", "208", "\n", "Figure", "12.2", " ", "Central", "and", "Southern", "Asia", "has", "made", "faster", "progress", "in", "achieving", "gender", "parity", "secondary", 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"and" ]	[]
one or more external devices. The external devices include , , , and other I/ , but may also include other devices or subsystems not shown by . Access to various such devices/components may be implementation specific, and may vary from implementation to implementation. As examples, the can be embodied as, or otherwise include, one or more hardware interfaces such as, for example, buses (e.g., including an expansion buses, IXs, and/or the like), input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces (e.g., peripheral cards and/or the like), network interface cards, host bus adapters, and/or mezzanines, and/or the like. In some implementations, the includes one or more interface controllers and connectors that interconnect one or more of the , , , , and the other components of and/or to one or more external (peripheral) components, devices, and/or subsystems. Additionally or alternatively, the includes a sensor hub or other like elements to obtain and process collected sensor data and/or actuator data before being passed to other components of the .	[ "one", "or", "more", "external", "devices", ".", "The", "external", "devices", "include", " ", ",", " ", ",", " ", ",", "and", "other", "I/", ",", "but", "may", "also", "include", "other", "devices", "or", "subsystems", "not", "shown", "by", ".", "Access", "to", "various", "such", "devices", "/", "components", "may", "be", "implementation", "specific", ",", "and", "may", "vary", "from", "implementation", "to", "implementation", ".", "As", "examples", ",", "the", " ", "can", "be", "embodied", "as", ",", "or", "otherwise", "include", ",", "one", "or", "more", "hardware", "interfaces", "such", "as", ",", "for", "example", ",", "buses", "(", "e.g.", ",", "including", "an", "expansion", "buses", ",", "IXs", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "input", "/", "output", "(", "I", "/", "O", ")", "interfaces", ",", "peripheral", "component", "interfaces", "(", "e.g.", ",", "peripheral", "cards", "and/or", "the", "like", ")", ",", "network", "interface", "cards", ",", "host", "bus", "adapters", ",", "and/or", "mezzanines", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "In", "some", "implementations", ",", "the", " ", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "interface", "controllers", "and", "connectors", "that", "interconnect", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", " ", ",", " ", ",", " ", ",", " ", ",", "and", "the", "other", "components", "of", " ", "and/or", "to", "one", "or", "more", "external", "(", "peripheral", ")", "components", ",", "devices", ",", "and/or", "subsystems", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", " ", "includes", "a", "sensor", "hub", "or", "other", "like", "elements", "to", "obtain", "and", "process", "collected", "sensor", "data", "and/or", "actuator", "data", "before", "being", "passed", "to", "other", "components", "of", "the", " ", "." ]	[]
as 58.0 % of the total impacts (respectively, 113.0 Mt CO2eq. and 33.2 Mt CO2eq.). Out of the remaining 42.0 % the most significant contribution resulted from the greenhouse gases emissions related to incineration activities (15.6 Mt CO2eq.). The Climate Change results of the present study could be translated to around 564.3 kgCO2eq./person with about 4.0 kgCO2eq. emitted per kg of plastic consumed ( 139.4 kg per person). Overall, the Packaging sector alone contributed on average to 29. 0% of the total impacts across the various impact categories assessed, resulting in the most impactful sector among all. In the case of the Climate Change impact category, results indicated that savings were achieved only via recycling activities ( -5.9 kgCO2eq. net savings; mostly consequently to recycling of plastics of the Packaging sector), although both savings from recycling and incineration with energy recovery were visible in other impact categories. Despite environmental savings for Climate Change would be achievable solely through recycling activities, results indicated that the benefits associated to energy recovery during incineration (capturing a total of 23.0 Mt of plastics) might be higher than those of recycling for some other impact categories (e.g. impacts related to the ‘Human toxicity, non -cancer ’ impact category, or impacts due to Ionizing Radiations). The findings related to the end -of-life performance of plastics underlined how the results' interpretation could be influenced by the choice 37 of impact category. In fact, depending on the category under scrutiny the relative performance of different life cycle stages/technologies may vary. Plastic trade also plays a pivotal role in the EU plastic value chain impacts, with total impacts amounting to 86.6 Mt CO2eq. (34.3 % of the whole value chain impacts for this impact category). The majority of the impacts from trade are attributed to plastics production and manufacturing occurring outside the EU and imported. The life cycle impacts of plastic losses to the environment were not accounted due to a lack of standardised or recognised methodology for assessing these. Moreover, the methodology developed in this study ensured that all life cycle impacts connected with the consumption occurring within a given geography are capt ured. Such approach ensures a fair comparison among studies implementing the same methodological approach, as it would avoid double counting and ensure comparability. Further, the proposed methodology could be replicated even beyond packaging, representing a potentially relevant asset also for other studies supporting mass and	[ "as", "58.0", "%", "of", "the", "total", "impacts", "(", "respectively", ",", "113.0", "Mt", "CO2eq", ".", "and", "33.2", "\n", "Mt", "CO2eq", ".", ")", ".", "Out", "of", "the", "remaining", "42.0", "%", "the", "most", "significant", "contribution", "resulted", "from", "the", "\n", "greenhouse", "gases", "emissions", "related", "to", "incineration", "activities", "(", "15.6", "Mt", "CO2eq", ".", ")", ".", "\n", "The", "Climate", "Change", "results", "of", "the", "present", "study", "could", "be", "translated", "to", "around", "564.3", " ", "kgCO2eq./person", "\n", "with", "about", "4.0", "kgCO2eq", ".", "emitted", "per", "kg", "of", "plastic", "consumed", "(", "139.4", " ", "kg", "per", "person", ")", ".", "Overall", ",", "the", "\n", "Packaging", "sector", "alone", "contributed", "on", "average", "to", "29", ".", "0", "%", "of", "the", "total", "impacts", "across", "the", "various", "\n", "impact", "categories", "assessed", ",", "resulting", "in", "the", "most", "impactful", "sector", "among", "all", ".", " \n", "In", "the", "case", "of", "the", "Climate", "Change", "impact", "category", ",", "results", "indicated", "that", "savings", "were", "achieved", "only", "\n", "via", "recycling", "activities", "(", "-5.9", "kgCO2eq", ".", "net", "savings", ";", "mostly", "consequently", "to", "recycling", "of", "plastics", "of", "the", "\n", "Packaging", "sector", ")", ",", "although", "both", "savings", "from", "recycling", "and", "incineration", "with", "energy", "recovery", "were", "\n", "visible", "in", "other", "impact", "categories", ".", "Despite", "environmental", "savings", "for", "Climate", "Change", "would", "be", "\n", "achievable", "solely", "through", "recycling", "activities", ",", "results", "indicated", "that", "the", "benefits", "associated", "to", "energy", "\n", "recovery", "during", "incineration", "(", "capturing", "a", "total", "of", "23.0", " ", "Mt", "of", "plastics", ")", "might", "be", "higher", "than", "those", "of", "\n", "recycling", "for", "some", "other", "impact", "categories", "(", "e.g.", "impacts", "related", "to", "the", "‘", "Human", "toxicity", ",", "non", "-cancer", "’", "\n", "impact", "category", ",", "or", "impacts", "due", "to", "Ionizing", "Radiations", ")", ".", "The", "findings", "related", "to", "the", "end", "-of", "-", "life", "\n", "performance", "of", "plastics", "underlined", "how", "the", "results", "'", "interpretation", "could", "be", "influenced", "by", "the", "choice", "\n \n", "37", "of", "impact", "category", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "depending", "on", "the", "category", "under", "scrutiny", "the", "relative", "performance", "of", "\n", "different", "life", "cycle", "stages", "/", "technologies", "may", "vary", ".", " \n", "Plastic", "trade", "also", "plays", "a", "pivotal", "role", "in", "the", "EU", "plastic", "value", "chain", "impacts", ",", "with", "total", "impacts", "\n", "amounting", "to", "86.6", " ", "Mt", "CO2eq", ".", "(", "34.3", "%", "of", "the", "whole", "value", "chain", "impacts", "for", "this", "impact", "category", ")", ".", "The", "\n", "majority", "of", "the", "impacts", "from", "trade", "are", "attributed", "to", "plastics", "production", "and", "manufacturing", "occurring", "\n", "outside", "the", "EU", "and", "imported", ".", "The", "life", "cycle", "impacts", "of", "plastic", "losses", "to", "the", "environment", "were", "not", "\n", "accounted", "due", "to", "a", "lack", "of", "standardised", "or", "recognised", "methodology", "for", "assessing", "these", ".", "Moreover", ",", "\n", "the", "methodology", "developed", "in", "this", "study", "ensured", "that", "all", "life", "cycle", "impacts", "connected", "with", "the", "\n", "consumption", "occurring", "within", "a", "given", "geography", "are", "capt", "ured", ".", "Such", "approach", "ensures", "a", "fair", "\n", "comparison", "among", "studies", "implementing", "the", "same", "methodological", "approach", ",", "as", "it", "would", "avoid", "\n", "double", "counting", "and", "ensure", "comparability", ".", "Further", ",", "the", "proposed", "methodology", "could", "be", "replicated", "\n", "even", "beyond", "packaging", ",", "representing", " ", "a", "potentially", "relevant", "asset", "also", "for", "other", "studies", "supporting", "\n", "mass", "and" ]	[]
highest number of records in Armenia were attributed to the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia and A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, highly specialised in fundamental physics and mathematics. In Ukraine – National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Taras Shevchenko Nation- al University of Kyiv had major shares of scientif- ic production. In Azerbaijan and Georgia, it was leading universities – Baku State University and Tbilisi State University. In Moldova, this was the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. The bilateral collaboration relationships between EaP countries in terms of the co-authorship of scientific publications are the most intensive and strong in ICT and computer science, Biotechnology, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Nano- technology and materials. The least collaboration has been recorded in the Transportation domain, while Optics and photonics, Health and wellbeing, Environmental sciences and industries, Electric and electronic technologies and Energy has inter- mediate collaboration. The most relevant S&T specialisation domains were identified based on critical mass, speciali- sation and excellence. For Armenia, they are as follows: Fundamental physics and mathemat- ics, Agrifood, Nanotechnology and materials and Health and wellbeing. Azerbaijan has the follow- ing: Chemistry and chemical engineering, Energy, Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery and Health and wellbeing. Georgia has the following: Environmental sciences and industries, Agrifood, Health and wellbeing and ICT and computer sci- ence. For Moldova, this is as follows: Health and wellbeing, Nanotechnology and materials, Electric and electronic technologies and Mechanical en- gineering and heavy machinery. Ukraine, having the largest numbers of publication and patents, has the following: Health and wellbeing, Energy, Biotechnology, Transportation, Mechanical engi- neering and Nanotechnology and materials.The final part of identifying concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technolog- ical potentials was to establish a list of clusters of economic activities, with matching E&I domains (expressed as NACE codes) and their correspond- ing S&T domains. For Armenia, the following three concordances were identified: in the ‘Communications Equipment and Services’ cluster, the S&T domain ICT Comput- er Science could be aligned with the E&I domain Telecommunications exclusively via publications. In the ‘Information Technology and Analytical In- struments’ cluster, the S&T domains Electric and electronic technologies and Nanotechnology and materials could be mapped with the E&I domain Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products via both patents and publications. In the ‘Food Processing and Manufacturing’ cluster, the Agrifood S&T domain could be aligned with the food and beverages manufacturing E&I domains exclusively via	[ "highest", "\n", "number", "of", "records", "in", "Armenia", "were", "attributed", "\n", "to", "the", "National", "Academy", "of", "Sciences", "of", "Armenia", "\n", "and", "A.I.", "Alikhanyan", "National", "Science", "Laboratory", ",", "\n", "highly", "specialised", "in", "fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", ".", "In", "Ukraine", "–", "National", "Academy", "of", "\n", "Sciences", "of", "Ukraine", "and", "Taras", "Shevchenko", "Nation-", "\n", "al", "University", "of", "Kyiv", "had", "major", "shares", "of", "scientif-", "\n", "ic", "production", ".", "In", "Azerbaijan", "and", "Georgia", ",", "it", "was", "\n", "leading", "universities", "–", "Baku", "State", "University", "and", "\n", "Tbilisi", "State", "University", ".", "In", "Moldova", ",", "this", "was", "the", "\n", "Academy", "of", "Sciences", "of", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "The", "bilateral", "collaboration", "relationships", "between", "\n", "EaP", "countries", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "co", "-", "authorship", "of", "\n", "scientific", "publications", "are", "the", "most", "intensive", "and", "\n", "strong", "in", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", ",", "Biotechnology", ",", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "and", "Nano-", "\n", "technology", "and", "materials", ".", "The", "least", "collaboration", "\n", "has", "been", "recorded", "in", "the", "Transportation", "domain", ",", "\n", "while", "Optics", "and", "photonics", ",", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ",", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", ",", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Energy", "has", "inter-", "\n", "mediate", "collaboration", ".", "\n", "The", "most", "relevant", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "were", "identified", "based", "on", "critical", "mass", ",", "speciali-", "\n", "sation", "and", "excellence", ".", "For", "Armenia", ",", "they", "are", "as", "\n", "follows", ":", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathemat-", "\n", "ics", ",", "Agrifood", ",", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "and", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ".", "Azerbaijan", "has", "the", "follow-", "\n", "ing", ":", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", ",", "Energy", ",", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "and", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ".", "Georgia", "has", "the", "following", ":", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", ",", "Agrifood", ",", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "and", "ICT", "and", "computer", "sci-", "\n", "ence", ".", "For", "Moldova", ",", "this", "is", "as", "follows", ":", "Health", "and", "\n", "wellbeing", ",", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ",", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Mechanical", "en-", "\n", "gineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ".", "Ukraine", ",", "having", "\n", "the", "largest", "numbers", "of", "publication", "and", "patents", ",", "\n", "has", "the", "following", ":", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ",", "Energy", ",", "\n", "Biotechnology", ",", "Transportation", ",", "Mechanical", "engi-", "\n", "neering", "and", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ".", "The", "final", "part", "of", "identifying", "concordances", "between", "\n", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technolog-", "\n", "ical", "potentials", "was", "to", "establish", "a", "list", "of", "clusters", "\n", "of", "economic", "activities", ",", "with", "matching", "E&I", "domains", "\n", "(", "expressed", "as", "NACE", "codes", ")", "and", "their", "correspond-", "\n", "ing", "S&T", "domains", ".", "\n", "For", "Armenia", ",", "the", "following", "three", "concordances", "\n", "were", "identified", ":", "in", "the", "‘", "Communications", "Equipment", "\n", "and", "Services", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domain", "ICT", "Comput-", "\n", "er", "Science", "could", "be", "aligned", "with", "the", "E&I", "domain", "\n", "Telecommunications", "exclusively", "via", "publications", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "‘", "Information", "Technology", "and", "Analytical", "In-", "\n", "struments", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domains", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "could", "be", "mapped", "with", "the", "E&I", "domain", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "products", "via", "both", "patents", "and", "publications", ".", "In", "the", "\n", "‘", "Food", "Processing", "and", "Manufacturing", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "\n", "Agrifood", "S&T", "domain", "could", "be", "aligned", "with", "the", "\n", "food", "and", "beverages", "manufacturing", "E&I", "domains", "\n", "exclusively", "via" ]	[]
de estudios». Aunque en un principio se consideraba a estas personas como responsables de las operaciones cotidianas, sus funciones se han ampliado y diversificado con el tiempo, lo cual hace que sea necesario que dichas personas tengan toda una serie de competencias. Los directores de centros preescolares, institutos técnicos y de formación profesional, colegios, universidades y centros de educación de adultos necesitan capacidades similares, pero también muy diferentes, para hacer bien su trabajo. - Dentro de la escuela: además del director del centro, cada vez se reconoce más la contribución de los subdirectores y del personal docente al que se asigna la responsabilidad, de manera formal o informal, de determinados cursos o asignaturas. Sin embargo,el personal no docente también puede ser influyente. El papel de los consejos escolares o comités de administración es crucial, aunque su existencia y poder de decisión varían. Los estudiantes, los padres y madres de alumnos, y los miembros de la comunidad también tienen potencial de liderazgo. - Fuera de la escuela: en los niveles locales de la administración educativa, existen estructuras de apoyo a las escuelas en cuestiones académicas y operativas. A nivel central, se espera - que el personal de los ministerios y organismos de educación ejerza el liderazgo a nivel de sistema en aspectos como el diseño y la aplicación de leyes, políticas y reformas nacionales. - Fuera del sistema educativo: los líderes políticos formulan una visión, unas orientaciones y unas prioridades en materia de educación, que suelen formar parte de sus programas electorales. Dado que la supervisión de la labor gubernamental y la aprobación de los proyectos de ley relacionados con la educación es responsabilidad del poder legislativo, este puede contribuir a definir el rumbo del debate. Sin embargo, el debate sobre el futuro de la educación está abierto a todos. Investigadores, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, organizaciones patronales, sindicatos de profesores y estudiantes, intelectuales y medios de comunicación: todos ellos vigilan, influyen y presionan a los responsables de los sistemas educativos nacionales para que cumplan o modifiquen sus compromisos, a menudo tirando en direcciones distintas. Las organizaciones internacionales son otro grupo de actores con una influencia considerable sobre los gobiernos. ## LAS EXPECTATIVAS DE LOS LÍDERES A NIVEL ESCOLAR Y DE SISTEMA HAN IDO CAMBIANDO En las últimas décadas, se ha observado un cambio a nivel mundial en el concepto de liderazgo escolar y las percepciones de las	[ "de", "estudios", "»", ".", "Aunque", "en", "un", "principio", "se", "consideraba", "a", "estas", "personas", "como", "responsables", "de", "las", "operaciones", "cotidianas", ",", "sus", "funciones", "se", "han", "ampliado", "y", "diversificado", "con", "el", "tiempo", ",", "lo", "cual", "hace", "que", "sea", "necesario", "que", "dichas", "personas", "tengan", "toda", "una", "serie", "de", "competencias", ".", "Los", "directores", "de", "centros", "preescolares", ",", "institutos", "técnicos", "y", "de", "formación", "profesional", ",", "colegios", ",", "universidades", "y", "centros", "de", "educación", "de", "adultos", "necesitan", "capacidades", "similares", ",", "pero", "también", "muy", "diferentes", ",", "para", "hacer", "bien", "su", "trabajo", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Dentro", "de", "la", "escuela", ":", "además", "del", "director", "del", "centro", ",", "cada", "vez", "se", "reconoce", "más", "la", "contribución", "de", "los", "subdirectores", "y", "del", "personal", "docente", "al", "que", "se", "asigna", "la", "responsabilidad", ",", "de", "manera", "formal", "o", "informal", ",", "de", "determinados", "cursos", "o", "asignaturas", ".", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "el", "personal", "no", "docente", "también", "puede", "ser", "influyente", ".", "El", "papel", "de", "los", "consejos", "escolares", "o", "comités", "de", "administración", "es", "crucial", ",", "aunque", "su", "existencia", "y", "poder", "de", "decisión", "varían", ".", "Los", "estudiantes", ",", "los", "padres", "y", "madres", "de", "alumnos", ",", "y", "los", "miembros", "de", "la", "comunidad", "también", "tienen", "potencial", "de", "liderazgo", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Fuera", "de", "la", "escuela", ":", "en", "los", "niveles", "locales", "de", "la", "administración", "educativa", ",", "existen", "estructuras", "de", "apoyo", "a", "las", "escuelas", "en", "cuestiones", "académicas", "y", "operativas", ".", "A", "nivel", "central", ",", "se", "espera", "\n", "-", "que", "el", "personal", "de", "los", "ministerios", "y", "organismos", "de", "educación", "ejerza", "el", "liderazgo", "a", "nivel", "de", "sistema", "en", "aspectos", "como", "el", "diseño", "y", "la", "aplicación", "de", "leyes", ",", "políticas", "y", "reformas", "nacionales", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Fuera", "del", "sistema", "educativo", ":", "los", "líderes", "políticos", "formulan", "una", "visión", ",", "unas", "orientaciones", "y", "unas", "prioridades", "en", "materia", "de", "educación", ",", "que", "suelen", "formar", "parte", "de", "sus", "programas", "electorales", ".", "Dado", "que", "la", "supervisión", "de", "la", "labor", "gubernamental", "y", "la", "aprobación", "de", "los", "proyectos", "de", "ley", "relacionados", "con", "la", "educación", "es", "responsabilidad", "del", "poder", "legislativo", ",", "este", "puede", "contribuir", "a", "definir", "el", "rumbo", "del", "debate", ".", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "el", "debate", "sobre", "el", "futuro", "de", "la", "educación", "está", "abierto", "a", "todos", ".", "Investigadores", ",", "organizaciones", "de", "la", "sociedad", "civil", ",", "organizaciones", "patronales", ",", "sindicatos", "de", "profesores", "y", "estudiantes", ",", "intelectuales", "y", "medios", "de", "comunicación", ":", "todos", "ellos", "vigilan", ",", "influyen", "y", "presionan", "a", "los", "responsables", "de", "los", "sistemas", "educativos", "nacionales", "para", "que", "cumplan", "o", "modifiquen", "sus", "compromisos", ",", "a", "menudo", "tirando", "en", "direcciones", "distintas", ".", "Las", "organizaciones", "internacionales", "son", "otro", "grupo", "de", "actores", "con", "una", "influencia", "considerable", "sobre", "los", "gobiernos", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "LAS", "EXPECTATIVAS", "DE", "LOS", "LÍDERES", "A", "NIVEL", "ESCOLAR", "Y", "DE", "SISTEMA", "HAN", "IDO", "CAMBIANDO", "\n\n", "En", "las", "últimas", "décadas", ",", "se", "ha", "observado", "un", "cambio", "a", "nivel", "mundial", "en", "el", "concepto", "de", "liderazgo", "escolar", "y", "las", "percepciones", "de", "las" ]	[]

the Coalition is to evaluate the international response to the pandemic on both health and economic levels, excluding OOF financing would underestimate the international effort to help overcome the crisis and would not give a global picture of the events. ## Figure 3.1) and an increase in OOF. Between 2016 and 2023, the major providers to Kenya were the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA), the United States, the African Development Bank (AfDB), France and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), providing 31%, 20%, 9%, 4% and 4% respectively of total ODF to the country. In 2020-22 specifically, the top providers were the World Bank's IDA (USD 7.9 billion), followed by the United States (USD 3.7 billion), the IMF (USD 1.7 billion), the AfDB (USD 1.5 billion) and France (USD 961 million). ## Box 3.1. Using official development finance flows when evaluating the COVID-19 economic response The analysis in this report considers total official development finance (ODF) flows: That is, both official development assistance (ODA) - grants and concessional loans - and other official flows (OOF), which are flows of official development finance that are not concessional enough to qualify as ODA. The reason for this choice is that donors mix both kinds of official financing to assist developing countries and considering one or the other of these flows in isolation would give an incomplete overview of donors' efforts and resource allocations. Private sector instruments (PSI) are financial instruments extended by development finance institutions (DFIs) and similar vehicles founded by donors to build markets in developing countries and support their economic development and welfare by investing in private sector activities. Private sector instruments include loans to the private sector, equity investments, mezzanine finance instruments, reimbursable grants and guarantees, in support of developing countries' development . As of 2023, they are presented as a distinct category in the OECD CRS, whereas in previous years these activities were included within ODA and OOF. In the case of official flows (ODF) dedicated to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, grants and concessional loans (ODA) were prioritised to finance the health urgency where non-concessional loans were predominantly used to help developing countries overcome the economic consequences of the crisis. Concessional and non-concessional loans represented 56% and 44% of the global response respectively. As the objective of the Coalition is to evaluate the international response to the pandemic on both health and economic levels, excluding

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rate of the link-gram parser 5 over the sentences in the generated text. We also measure the relevance of the generated text against the Wikipedia page that contains the prefix used for the generation. For this purposes, we compute the tf-idf score of the generated text and the related Wikipedia page. ## 8.4 Ablation study over delay length We perform an ablation study to measure how the number of supported sentences generated with DELAYEDBS is affected by the delay length. We generated text using the prefixes in the validation set using DELAYEDBS with top-k as sampling strategy and with different delay length. Our hypothesis is that using larger delay length the number of supported sentences in the generated text will become close to the one obtained for top-k. We report the results in figure 5. From the figure it is clear that with larger delay length the number of supported sentences is very close to the one obtained with top-k. Moreover, as expected, a short delay length seems to produce a larger number of supported sentences. 5 https://github.com/opencog/link-grammar | strategy | param | distinct sentences | #entities | #tokens | #conj | %success link-gram | tf-idf score | |---------------------|----------|----------------------|-------------|-----------|---------|----------------------|----------------| | greedy | 1 | 2.44 | 2.02 | 18.68 | 1.18 | 81.3 | 255.04 | | beam search | 6 | 2.2 | 2.79 | 22.71 | 1.32 | 74.76 | 510.17 | | beam search | 12 | 2.13 | 3.13 | 23.72 | 1.39 | 71.92 | 565.97 | | beam search | 15 | 2.14 | 3.13 | 23.51 | 1.4 | 72.41 | 568.96 | | top-k | 2 | 4.63 | 2.43 | 21.92 | 1.26 | 83.58 | 259.75 | | top-k | 10 | 4.95 | 2.7 | 25.22 | 1.33 | 78.73 | 246.18 | | top-k | 100 | 4.98 | 2.72 | 27.29 | 1.36 | 74.91 | 203.19 | | top-p | 0.1 | 2.57 | 2.02 | 18.93 | 1.17 | 81.1 | 251.27 | | top-p | 0.3 | 3.88 | 2.19 | 19.41 | 1.19 | 85.06 | 238.72 | | top-p | 0.7 | 4.9 | 2.59 | 23.76 | 1.27 | 79.9 | 215.68 | | top-p | 1 | 4.97 | 2.81 | 28.55 | 1.38 | 70.4 | 162.95 | | delayed beam search | 5-6-1 | 3.74 | 3.01 |

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[]

of using comparable and standardized data, the UIS has proposed that the global indicator for target 4.c be revised to be the 'proportion of teachers with the minimum required academic qualification according to a global standard, by education level taught'. The global standard could be set using the most prevalent minimum requirement across countries, for example a bachelor's degree to teach upper secondary education. Data for this potential new indicator are being collected in 2024 as part of the UIS annual education data collection. The current indicator on the share of teachers with the minimum academic qualifications according to national standards (4.c.3) would remain as a thematic indicator to complement and contextualize the global one (UNESCO, 2024c). Data on minimum pedagogical training requirements are harder to collect and compare given the wide variety of programmes and the lack of a common international classification. Pedagogical training can be acquired from teacher training programmes that grant a teacher diploma, whether concurrent or consecutive, or through short programmes that combine work in schools with tailored training. The UIS piloted a survey with 25 countries to begin the development of an International Standard Classification of Teacher Training Programmes (ISCED-T), but low response rates and challenges in collecting comprehensive data mean that ISCED-T is not immediately scalable. Using current data on the minimum required qualifications countries reported for global indicator 4.c.1, it is estimated that about 85% of teachers in pre-primary, primary and secondary education globally have received at least the minimum pedagogical teacher training. In primary education, for which trend data are available, the share decreased from 90% in 2010 to 85% in 2023, while the total number of teachers increased by more than 5 million ( Figure 17.1 ).  In Europe and Northern America, the share of teachers with minimum qualifications has been gradually decreasing, from 98% in 2010 to 93% in 2023  In Europe and Northern America, the share of teachers with minimum qualifications has been gradually decreasing, from 98% in 2010 to 93% in 2023. Of the 250,000 teachers added between 2010 and 2023, more than 230,000 - or 92% of them - did not have the minimum required qualifications. This trend is a result of increasing teacher shortages in the region ( Focus 17.1 ). In Sweden, shortages have increased the hiring of teachers with partial qualifications, including substitute teachers or those transitioning from

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- Recipes - Love & sex - Health & fitness - Home & garden - Women - Men - Family - Travel - Money - Search input google-search Search - Support us - Print subscriptions - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - The Guardian app - Video - Podcasts - Pictures - Newsletters - Today's paper - Inside the Guardian - Guardian Weekly - Crosswords - Wordiply - Corrections - Tips - Search input google-search Search - Search input - google-search - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - Education - Schools - Teachers - Universities - Students ‘Higher education is not about earning a higher salary, but learning about a wider world.’ Photograph: David Schaffer/Getty Images  # Have British universities lost their wider purpose? Adrian Warner on how higher education has changed, in response to an article by Simon Jenkins. Plus letters from Jude Anderson, Dr Nick Williams and Jean Austin Thu 21 Aug 2025 18.31 CEST Simon Jenkins claims that students at university face an “academic experience that has almost nothing to do with real life” (As thousands more teenagers scramble for university places, I have to ask – why?, 14 August). I would invite him to join my journalism sessions at the University of Northampton, where he would need to finish the day with a radio or TV package plus social media content, as well as his written piece for the paper and online. Today’s student journalists need to produce far more varied content than when he was an editor. His idea of cramming all that learning into two years is nonsense. Most students need a year to learn how to manage their lives and studies. And, more importantly, a two-year degree would mean teaching all year around, and only very privileged students have the luxury of not working in the holidays (as well as in termtime) to pay the bills. Universities have changed a lot since the days of the people who comment on them in Westminster or Fleet Street. In some ways, they are in their ivory towers and we lecturers operate in the real world. Adrian Warner Senior lecturer in multimedia sports journalism, University of Northampton So much of Simon Jenkins’ article struck chords. I went to university when I

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[]

or roller bearings X 0.2% 78 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 51 69.6% 52 47.0% 747Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valvesX 0.2% 748Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gearboxes and other speed changers (including torque converters); flywheels and pulleys (including pulley blocks); clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints); articulated link chain; parts thereofX 0.2% 764Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s., and parts, n.e.s., and accessories of apparatus falling within division 76X 0.6% X 0.6% 773 Equipment for distributing electricity, n.e.s. X 2.6% 775Household-type electrical and non-electrical equipment, n.e.s. X 0.5% 778 Electrical machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.4% 791Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipmentX 1.8% 793 Ships, boats (including hovercraft) and floating structures X 0.4% X 0.4% 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 812 Sanitary, plumbing and heating fixtures and fittings, n.e.s. X 0.2% X 0.2% 821Furniture and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings X 1.0% 841Men’s or boys’ coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, not knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) X 0.4% 892 Printed matter X 0.2% X 0.2% 893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics X 0.4% 9Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation79 2.4. Export performance for servic- es The UN Comtrade Database35 on exports of servic- es contains up to four-digit export data according to the EBOPS 2002 classification36. Specialisa- tion in export performance can be used to iden- tify those services categories in which countries perform above average and are able to compete successfully on international markets. Data availability Data availability is significantly reduced for ex- ports of services, with data available for all one-digit EBOPS classes, several two-digit EBOPS 35 https://comtrade.un.org/ 36 https://unstats.un.org/wiki/display/comtrade/EB- OPS+2002classes and only a limited number of three-dig- it EBOPS classes. Data for exports of services for Georgia are available up to 2019, up to 2019 for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Moldova, up to 2017 for. 2018 data for Ukraine have been substituted with 2017 data. Service exports are available for 11 one-digit EB- OPS classes, but services

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Referring back to , another separation screen , trommel, or some other type of separation system can be used for removing small items from the . In some implementations, the screen includes discs arranged to form openings of the same or various sizes that allow smaller materials , alternatively referred to as “fines”, to drop through the screen . These smaller materials can include small rocks, dirt, and/or the like, that might otherwise be blown against different parts of the , possibly damaging, or at the least, increasing the wear and tear on the . In some implementations, the configuration of screen is similar in nature to screen depicted in , with a plurality of discs that form IFOs, through which the smaller materials fall. However, the IFO size, in such implementations, may vary w.r.t the types of materials being separated, viz. “fines” may require a considerably smaller IFO compared to to allow substantially all to pass, for later separation as described above w.r.t . depict example configurations that can be used with the MRF aspects discussed herein. The number and configuration of components of an MRF may depend upon a variety of factors, such as, for example, available physical space, materials to be handled, sorting methods employed, and intended output product, among many other possible factors. Further, some possible components not depicted in may be present, some of these additional components are discussed infra w.r.t . As mentioned previously, once the initial screens remove the fines and heavy contaminants, and separate the recyclables into 2D and 3D objects, the commodities will be separated further and additional contaminants removed. 3D objects typically contain a majority of the plastic bottles, tin and aluminum food and beverage containers. However, many other items in the stream can adopt a 3D shape. For example, 3D objects can include small plastic bags filled with shredded paper, bunched up textiles, cardboard boxes, green waste, kitchen food waste, and/or the like. These type of objects may be transported into the 3D object stream. While human sorters can be used to remove the objects prior to the container separation, automation can take the place of this operation in various implementations, as discussed infra. For example, by utilizing a control system that employs one or more of neural networks, vision cameras and optical sensor arrays, 3D contaminants can be removed without human intervention. The 2D objects can require additional

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[]

require that costs that are incurred for the purpose of obtaining future income are capitalized on the balance sheet to achieve those objectives. • Ring-fencing rules strengthen these concepts in tax practice, where the tax law rules may not always fully reflect these principles, or they are affected by specific features of the tax system, such as accelerated depreciation or similar tax incentives. | ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3 What Aspects of Mining Operations Should Be Ring-Fenced? ## 4.3.1 Ring-Fencing by Mining Area All countries that apply ring-fencing rules to the mining sector do so primarily according to the mining area. Countries may articulate this differentlyfor example, mining licence area, separate mining operation, mining project, 17 or mine-but the policy intent is the same: to prevent investors from consolidating income between two or more separate mining (or exploration) activities carried out by the same taxpayer. Of these variations, the mining licence area is arguably the easiest to administer because it is tied to a specific geographical location that is clearly defined in the licence, and the tax treatment is aligned with the mining regulatory treatment (see two examples in Box 8). ## BOX 8. SELECTED RING-FENCING PRACTICES 18 WHERE COUNTRIES RING-FENCED PER MINING LICENCE AREA ## Ethiopia ' A deduction for expenditure to the extent incurred by a licensee in undertaking mining operations in a license area during a tax year shall be allowed only against the business income derived by the licensee from mining operations in the license area during the year.' Source: Article 38 (1) Federal Income Tax Proclamation. Proc. No.979-2016. ## Liberia ' All expenditures incurred during the tax period wholly, exclusively, and necessarily in connection with project operations (including non-capital operating costs but excluding capital costs except to the extent of the annual allowance for depreciation), are allowed as deduction. The term 'mining production project' means mineral development, mining, or related activities carried out by a mining project producer within a mining license area.' Source: Section 705. Determination of Taxable Income of Mining Projects under Liberia Revenue Code of 2000 as Amended by the Consolidated Tax Amendments Act October 25, 2011. 17 For instance, Malawi, Kazakhstan, Liberia, and Botswana. 18 The examples of legislation we considered throughout this practice note are

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[]

history as it is being made - and the powerful autobiographical accounts of the diverse scientists who advance science. ## Notes - 1 While beyond the scope of this chapter, which focuses mainly on archives and museums in the US, a global survey of science documentation in archives and museums would be valuable and provide more fulsome and nuanced insights into these silences. - 2 Carrie C. Heitman, for example, discusses the dearth of women in photographic archives of archaeological digs. When women were photographed, they were represented in less- active and less- powerful positions. C. C. Heitman, 'The creation of gender bias in museum collections: Recontextualizing archaeological and archival collections from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico', Museum Anthropology , 40: 2 (2017), 128- 48. - 3 A. Reser and L. McNeill, Forces of Nature: The Women Who Changed Science (London: Frances Lincoln, 2021), pp. 7- 13. - 4 See T. Zanish- Belcher, 'The archives of women in science and engineering and future directions for oral history: Questions for women scientists', Centaurus , 54 (2012), 292; and L. Madsen- Brooks, 'Challenging science as usual: Women's participation in American Natural History Museum work, 1870- 1950', Journal of Women's History , 21: 2 (2009), 11. - 5 Archivists have long debated decisions about which appraisal and selection strategies they should employ. Many have questioned the merits of passive approaches to appraisal and collection development. See P. Hohmann, 'On impartiality and interrelatedness: Reactions to Jenkinsonian appraisal in the twentieth century', American Archivist, 79: 1 (2016), 14- 25, https:// doi.org/ 10.17723/ 0360- 9081.79.1.14. - 6 G. Porter, 'Seeing through solidity: A feminist perspective on museums', Sociological Review , 43: 1 (1995), 110, https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1467954X.1995.tb03 427.x. - 7 Stereotypes that women face in science have been overwhelmingly documented, despite still persisting. These stereotypes impact hiring decisions, job performance evaluations, not to mention advancement in science more generally. See E. Reuben, P. Sapienza and L. Zingales, 'How stereotypes impair women's careers in science', PNAS , 111 (2014), 4403- 8, https:// doi.org/ 10.1073/ pnas.131 4788 111. 3 1 7 - 8 A. Fisher and K. Henningsen, 'Women in science through an archival lens', Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy , 27 (2017), 158- 79, https:// doi.org/ 10.1353/ tnf.2017.0015. - 9 University of Illinois Archives, https:// archi ves.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ (accessed 31 May 2022). - 10 B. E. Seely, 'Engineering and the land- grant tradition at the University of Illinois, 1868- 1950', in A. I. Marcus (ed.), Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land- Grant Universities, 1865- 1930 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015), pp. 269- 96.

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been discussed and written about different government initiatives that have and are being undertaken to address slum rehabilitation in urban areas of India, including Delhi (RoyChowdhury, 2021 ; Kamath, 2012 ; Rao, 2020 ; Surendra, 2020 ; Ram and Sharma, 2022 ; D'Souza, 2019 ; Dupont and Shankare Gowda, 2020 ; Weinstein, 2014 ; Heller et al., 2021). These housing project initia -tives include the Indira Awas Yojana (1985-2001), the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY, 2001-2006) Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal , Mission/Basic Services to Urban Poor (JNNURM/BSUP, 2005-2012), Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY, 2013-2022), Rajiv Rinn Yojana (RRY) and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY, 2015-2024) and PMAY-U 2.0 (2024-2029). These schemes offer assistance in the construction, purchasing and/or renting of afford -able homes. The PMAY-U (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)), launched in 2015, subsumed all previous programmes of affordable urban housing. It is one of the government's major social welfare schemes. The budget for PMAY-U in 2024-2025 is Rs. 54,500 crore (£5 billion). This represents around one third of the total allocated to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) for the year. There is much criticism around public housing initiatives in India. Failure occurs owing to the lack of community participation, poor housing construction with inadequate infrastructure, the disruption of social networks and access to employment for rehoused residents, high rents or maintenance costs thus making homes inaccessible, bureaucratic delays, corruption, poor project management and inefficient project execution ( Mathur and Mane, 2024 ; D'Souza, 2019 ; RoyChowdhury, 2021 ; Kamath, 2012). The accounts from Kalkaji, part of the PMAY initiative, heralded by the govern -ment as a success, hold testament to the criticism not only of academics, but voices from the streets. By contrast, what is unmistakable in the original bastis and communities is the durability embedded in deep history, connectivity, collective action, working within polycentristic governance systems, in spaces that engender well-being and neighbourhood cohesion. Global networks are tapped into through the almost complete ownership of mobile phones and access to the internet. Mini cities within a city, with all the benefits Jane Jacobs observed in the tightly knit communities of Manhattan, accessing global opportunities, the poor being their own agents of change, with their eyes on the streets. ## Notes - 1 Not just for those living in the slums as it turns out, according to the newspaper India Today (October 2024). According to

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NACE 25 – Rubber and plastic products0 0 3 0 6 6 47 48 121 82 1 027 915 NACE 27 – Basic metal products6 0 4 0 8 14 73 76 121 121 1 785 1 649 NACE 30, 31, 32, 33 – Electrical and optical equipment9 8 7 4 33 69 182 265 263 239 6 317 5 387 NACE 34, 35 – Transport equipment5 0 3 0 67 27 60 65 95 85 1 725 1 546 NACE 60, 63 – Transport and storage3 6 19 15 10 11 102 193 306 324 4 041 3 696 NACE 67 – Financial intermediation3 3 11 0 10 14 241 346 190 257 5 396 4 653 NACE 72, 73 – Computer-related activity, research and development17 9 10 18 34 49 81 188 252 275 7 658 6 728 Total of above fields 57 44 79 45 244 271 1 241 1 592 2 161 2 236 44 539 39 657 Total number of trademarks*508 669 289 195 828 881 6 798 10 087 11 407 11 586 200 427 181 139Table 2.35. Descriptive statistics for trademarks in a number of combined manufacturing industries * ‘Total number of trademarks’ includes all NICE classes. In the table only a subset of all NICE classes can be assigned to the NACE industries listed. The total for this subset in given in ‘Total of above fields’. The majority of trademarks can thus not be assigned to a NACE industry. 100 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 2011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 20182011- 20142015- 2018 NACE 17, 18 and 19 – Textile, wearing, leather products0.315 0.506 1.016 0.632 1.740 1.643 0.813 0.592 0.908 1.220 1.209 1.407 NACE 20 – Wood and cork products0.868 0.207 1.145 0.710 0.533 1.099 0.989 0.754 1.247 1.672 1.218 1.558 NACE 21, 22 – Paper products, printing and publishing0.344 0.451 1.211 0.774 0.951 1.541 1.203 0.808 1.135 1.102 1.156 1.324 NACE 25 – Rubber and plastic products0.000 0.000 1.547 0.000 1.080 1.724 1.030 1.205 1.580 1.792 0.763 1.279 NACE 27 – Basic metal products1.081 0.000 1.267 0.000 0.884 2.219 0.983 1.052 0.971 1.458 0.815 1.271 NACE 30, 31, 32, 33 – Electrical and optical equipment0.652 0.383 0.891 0.657 1.466 2.507 0.985 0.841 0.848 0.660 1.159 0.952 NACE 34, 35 – Transport equipment0.465 0.000 0.491 0.000 3.826

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about how to collectively and individually face contemporary issues. The sharing also sparked a collective desire to engage more with our roots and an awareness that the future is not about the new but about the sum of the roots of the past and the seeds we nurture in the present. Robin Wall Kimmerer s introductory ' reading furthermore highlighted the potential for collective growth and transformation when individuals bring their individuality and gifts to a shared space, while fostering an environment where everyone flourishes. Inspired by this concept, participants approached each other in a spirit of mutual support, with the intention of confronting and healing deep-rooted traumas together. With each story of resilience shared, participants created patterns with the ' three sisters ' seeds on the canvas, honouring their communities, memories and lands, and paying homage to the resourcefulness of those who came before them. Seeds, representing potential and regeneration, symbolized the enduring capacity to grow and transform. Seeds hold memories of life, and they carry along the knowledge of how to thrive. As participants added seeds to the canvas, they also honoured the symbiotic relationships of their ancestors, both human and more-than-human entities, seeing these connections as integral to survival and flourishing, and as knowledge sources. As the participants engaged with these elements, the lines between personal and ecological healing blurred, challenging the traditional separation of human and non-human experiences. At the end of the activity, the emphasis slowly shifted from acknowledging trauma to celebrating resilience, drawing upon ancestral wisdom and more-than-human connections to foster a vision of healing that extends beyond the individual and human collective. The seeds were placed deliberately, each representing a story, memory or lesson passed down. This act of artistically seeding was a moment of collective ritual, the planting and cultivation of collective intentions, repeated practices of vulnerability, and other forms of interrelation; with the aim of restoring the soil we share and make it possible for other futures to emerge. These contributions were fixed on the canvas to ensure that the patterns of soil and seeds would hold. In this way, the canvas became a living representation of this shared ritual, containing both the weight of the past and the possibilities of regeneration. We called it Flag to represent the territory of coexistence for the wounds and the healing, the ancestors and the future, the humans and more-than humans. Indeed, Flag became

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[]

10 year period (such as expenditure incurred in respect of the acquisition or construction of employee housing, which is eligible for a 10% annual allowance for over a period of 10 years); in exceptional cases, an annual allowance in excess of 100% is possible (such as expenditure incurred in respect of renewable energy plants brought into use before March 1, 2025 which is eligible for a 125% upfront deduction). ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION process, several minerals other than phosphates are separated and sold independently. Lastly, it considered that the ore is not saleable before the complex separation process. The SCA thus found that the end products that emerge are significantly different from the raw ore, and as such, Foskor's operations include manufacturing. In this case, mining operations are considered to end when the ore is extracted from the soil, and any processing beyond extraction constitutes manufacturing. Source: Southern African Legal Information Institute. To prevent the mixing of mining and non-mining income, resource-rich countries should include clear definitions of mining activities. There is an argument for aligning the treatment in the tax legislation by the regulatory definitions and application of the same in the mining law. The sector regulator is better placed than the tax authorities to determine an appropriate treatment. South Africa (Section 1 of the Income T ax Act) defines mining as 'every method or process by which any mineral is won from the soil or from any substance or constituent thereof.' There should also be a clear distinction between the process of beneficiating a mineral and manufacturing it into a final product. This distinction may be less critical when the two activities are subject to the same level of taxation, but the need for clear delineation grows as the tax differential increases, as this gives rise to tax arbitrage and, thus, motivation to shift profits or losses between the activities. The activities worth emphasizing as non-mining activities would be activities that have different natures and characters and could also be more likely used to generate unpredictable losses, such as engaging in financial investment activities or speculative trade with derivatives and/or even hedging activities (see the Zambia example in Box 13). Other countries list specific non-mining revenues: for example, the 2012 Zambian tax reform separates

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[]

former communist bloc, a point valid for Europe as a whole, as Andrea Pető has argued: ‘In each country the development of writing gender history is deeply connected to national historiography and the characteristics of historians as an institutionalized profession. The bias towards gender or towards women’s history depends on the local intellec - tual tradition regarding difference.’30 In Romania, there has been a grad - ual increase in gender studies publications since the 1990s,31 but there is a noticeable lack of qualitative and quantitative studies that engage with science, a situation mirrored in the older and academically more established field of women’s history. As we have emphasized above, the omission is sig - nificant, considering the relatively high proportion of women in STEMM. It points not only to dominant perceptions of science as a masculine pursuit – statistics notwithstanding – but also the fact that writing about women and gender is a political act with tangible consequences. Recent attempts to ban the teaching of ‘gender ideology’ in schools and universities are a chilling reminder of this,32 although overall the push against gender studies has been less successful politically in Romania than in Hungary or Poland. The move is ironic, considering that neither gender studies nor women’s history have garnered much scholarly attention to date, certainly not in relation to wom - en’s participation in science. As in other parts of the world, much of the writing on women and science in Eastern and Central Europe has originated with women who have them - selves juggled careers as professional scientists. This further illustrates how the ‘location’ or position from which one speaks comes to circumscribe the ‘locution’, or what one can afford to say.33 In her paper on women in tech - nological higher education in twentieth- century Hungary, Mária Palasik hints at such dilemmas when she asks readers not to construe her research as an attack on the patriarchal structures responsible for the marginaliza - tion of women in technoscience: The aim of this paper is … not to attack the male scientific community for its closed and exclusive structure, but rather to present women’s achievements in selected areas, achievements that may have contributed to the destruction of 10 Negotiating in/visibility overly narrow disciplinary boundaries. My primary purpose is therefore to provide a realistic picture of the Hungarian scientific community in the area of technology.34 Notwithstanding the reluctance to

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identify 100 targets for advanced exploration, which in turn lead to 10 development projects, 1 of which becomes a profitable mine” (Eggert, 2010). The existence of ring-fencing might discourage investors from undertaking risky exploration projects, as they will not be able to recover these losses for tax purposes unless special design features make it possible. Resource-rich countries could consider incorporating specific design features into their mining tax regimes to address the challenge of these permanent losses for exploration activities. This is explained in Section 5 of this practice note.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 22 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers3.2.4 Ring-Fencing Creates Increases in Compliance Costs Ring-fencing rules can impact the compliance costs for taxpayers. T axpayers will have to dedicate additional efforts to matching the relevant costs to the relevant mining projects and/or separate the results of non- mining activities from the mining tax base (Calder, 2014, p. 84). Ring-fencing rules might demand computations and reporting for operations in a manner that is inconsistent with internal management accounting and regulatory reporting. The complexity increases where mines operate based on separate licences, while they constitute one cohesive operating project, under which it is less likely to have separate management accounting on a per-licence basis. Weak grounding of the ring-fencing rules in commercial or accounting reality might result in disputes over the segregation of expenses or utilization of losses across an artificial line inconsistent with how the company makes decisions and reports. Where regulatory or commercial reality already requires the taxpayer to maintain segregated management or financial accounts of the different activities and the ring-fencing rules are designed in a similar manner (such as obligation to report to mining authorities on a mine or per-licence basis), there is less tax compliance burden. On the other hand, artificial segregation of incomes and expenditures, which is not relevant and needed for other commercial or regulatory purposes, might create an additional compliance burden. 3.2.5 Ring-Fencing Increases Administrative Costs The additional burden placed on tax administrations, which are often significantly resource-constrained in resource-rich developing countries, must also be considered. Ring-fencing per mine or mining licence area will increase the number of returns or separate calculations of tax base received by the tax authority, as opposed to

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290CHAPTER 17 MHC SIGNALING DURING SOCIAL COMMUNICATION James S. Ruff,†* Adam C. Nelson,† Jason L. Kubinak and Wayne K. Potts Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA †These authors contributed equally to this manuscript *Corresponding Author: James S. Ruff—Email: [email protected] Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been known to play a critical role in immune recognition since the 1950s. It was a surprise, then, in the 1970s when /g87/g75/g72/g3/g191/g85/g86/g87/g3/g85/g72/g83/g82/g85/g87/g3/g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g80/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g73/g88/g81/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g17/g3Since this seminal discovery, MHC signaling has been found throughout vertebrates and its known functions have expanded beyond mate choice to include a suite of behaviors from kin-biased cooperation, parent-progeny recognition to pregnancy block. The widespread occurrence of MHC in social signaling has revealed conserved behavioral-genetic mechanisms that span vertebrates and includes humans. The identity of the signal’s chemical constituents and the receptors responsible for the perception of the signal have remained elusive, but recent advances have enabled /g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g191/g70/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g78/g72/g92/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g81/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g69/g72/g75/g68/g89/g76/g82/g85/g68/g79/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g70/g75/g68/g83/g87/g72/g85/g3/g90/g72/g3/g82/g85/g74/g68/g81/g76/g93/g72/g3/g85/g72/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g191/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g87/g72/g85/g68/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g80/g3/g76/g81/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g82/g88/g85/g3nonmutually exclusive models wherein MHC functions as a signal of (i) individuality, (ii) relatedness, (iii) genetic compatibility and (iv) quality. We also synthesize current mechanistic studies, showing how knowledge about the molecular basis of MHC signaling can lead to elegant and informative experimental manipulations. Finally, we discuss current evidence relating to the primordial functions of the MHC, including the possibility that its role in social signaling may be ancestral to its central role in adaptive immunity. Self and Nonself , edited by Carlos López-Larrea. ©2012 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. 291 MHC SIGNALING DURING SOCIAL COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION MHC (also known as HLA in humans and H-2 in mice) signaling mediates both immune recognition during the adaptive immune response (discussed in the previous chapter) and social signaling that enhances both the recognition of optimal mates and kin-biased behaviors. 1/g3/g54/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g3/g80/g72/g71/g76/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g90/g68/g86/g3/g191/g85/g86/g87/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g82/g89/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3 regards to mate preferences in laboratory mice (Mus musculus),2 a full three decades after the histocompatibility functions were described by George Snell.3 Thirty years later, social signaling via MHC has been described throughout vertebrates including mammals, /g69/g76/g85/g71/g86/g15/g3/g85/g72/g83/g87/g76/g79/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g80/g83/g75/g76/g69/g76/g68/g81/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g72/g79/g72/g82/g86/g87/g3/g191/g86/g75/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g55/g68/g69/g79/g72/g3/g20/g12/g17/g3/g48/g43/g38/g3/g86/g82/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g79/g76/g81/g74/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g191/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g21/g19/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g72/g85/g87/g72/g69/g85/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g79/g76/g78/g72/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g69/g68/g86/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g3/g89/g72/g85/g87/g72/g69/g85/g68/g87/g72/g16/g90/g76/g71/g72/g3chemosensory communication system. The original observation of MHC disassortative mating preferences seems to be common, but not omnipresent in vertebrates; 4 it by no means is the only behavior facilitated by MHC, nor is it the only type of observed MHC-based mate preference. MHC signaling also facilitates cooperative behavior with kin, parent-progeny recognition and pregnancy block. In the following sections we will present the current evidence for MHC as a signal of relatedness, individuality,

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escolar coinciden con aquellos que han promovido la descentralización y estaban especialmente interesados en comprender el efecto que estos cambios administrativos podían tener en los resultados educativos. En estos contextos, la autonomía institucional, concedida a través de políticas, reglamentos y procedimientos, debe ir acompañada de una autonomía profesional en la que directores y docentes tengan capacidad para tomar buenas decisiones. A la inversa, el alcance del liderazgo puede verse comprometido en países donde las escuelas están sometidas a un control burocrático a la hora de tomar cualquier tipo de decisión o solo pueden aplicar decisiones tomadas de manera externa. En estos sistemas jerárquicos, los directores y docentes no pueden apartarse de normas y reglamentos estrictamente definidos. La autonomía institucional y profesional en algunos países de altos ingresos ha ido acompañada de mecanismos de rendición de cuentas diseñados para supervisar y dirigir la mejora escolar (UNESCO, 2017). La rendición de cuentas en lo que respecta al cumplimiento de la normativa y la consecución de resultados pretende reforzar la motivación extrínseca. Si bien, en algunos casos, el rendimiento escolar se revisa periódicamente e incluso se hace público, la elección del centro educativo y la competencia por el alumnado pueden añadir presiones similares a las de cualquier mercado. Este tipo de responsabilidad contrasta con las nociones de responsabilidad moral, en la que tanto directores como docentes son responsables de satisfacer las necesidades de padres, madres y alumnos, y de responsabilidad profesional, en la que directores y profesores satisfacen sus propias expectativas, así como las de sus colegas y compañeros, ambas encaminadas a reforzar la motivación intrínseca. o la preparación de los alumnos para adaptarse a los futuros retos de la ciudadanía y el cambio climático. Utilizar medidas de rendimiento estandarizadas podría dar lugar a la adopción de enfoques estandarizados de gestión y liderazgo, lo cual, a su vez, podría no adaptarse adecuadamente a los contextos individuales. Aunque este informe examina el modo en que los distintos países han abordado la cuestión de las normas de liderazgo, su única intención es la de describir sus esfuerzos y, en ningún caso, prescribir su contenido o aplicación. En cuanto a las relaciones, el dilema radica en si son las personalidades o los equipos eficaces, cuyos miembros aprenden unos de otros, quienes impulsan los resultados en la educación. Los críticos argumentan que se ha dado demasiada importancia a los individuos y señalan que el liderazgo ha pasado

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| Women's Christian College, Madras 86, 91 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Women's Engineering Society (WES) 127, 132-33, 138 | | Women's Group of Self- Examination 289 | | women's history 9, 48 | | women's illnesses ( fun ǚ bing ) 20, 22, 147, 192-95, 198, 200-4, 206-8 | | Women's Liberation Movement 130 Women's Medical College of, Pennsylvania xxiv | | Women's Missionary Society 22, 176 World Conference of Women, Mexico 135 | | world wars xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, 18, 20, 47-48, 51, 64, 117, 125, 130, 147-49, 150, 159, 164, 175, 247, 250, 259, 264, 324 | | World Women Congress, Berlin 135 Wu, Chien-Shiung 6 | | Wuhan Medical College 192, 197 Yang, Chongrui 173 | | Yasui, Kono xxvi Yuasa, Toshiko xxvi Yue, Yicheng 179 | | Zeng, Jingguang 203-6, 208 Zhang, Fengtong 184 Zhang, Jingfen 184 | | Zhejiang School of Midwifery 184 Zheng, Qiyin 183-84 Zhou, Jixian 184 | | Zhu, Ziqing 172, 174 |

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[]

26 Programele analitice ale învățământului secundar (Licee, gimnazii și clasele I- III ale școlilor normale) întocmite în conformitate cu Legea Învățământului secundar din 1928 [Secondary Schools Curricula (High Schools, Middle Schools and Ist to IIIrd Classes in Normal Schools) Written in Accordance with the Law on Secondary Education in 1928] (Bucharest: Imprimeriile Statului, 1929), pp. 12– 13, 177– 78. 27 P. K. Gilbert, The Citizen’s Body: Desire, Health and the Social in Victorian England (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2007), pp. 3– 6. 28 ANIC, Fond Ministerul Cultelor și Instrucțiunii Publice [Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction Collection, hereafter MCIP Collection], file 308/ 1927, p. 280. 29 Regulament provizor pentru școalele secundare (licee de b ăieți, de fete și gim - nazii) [Provisional Regulation for Secondary Schools (High Schools for Boys and Girls, Middle Schools] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografiei Arhidiecezane, 1919), pp. 12– 22, 39. 30 This was the case at the newly founded Domnița Anca Normal School for kindergarten teachers in Brașov, where during 1920– 22 hygiene was taught by Dr Nicolae Căliman, who was also the school’s physician and who was appointed hygiene inspector in Brașov in 1921. Anuarul Școalei Normale de Conduc ătoare de gr ădini de copii din Bra șov, pe anii școlari 1919, 1920, 1920– 1921 și 1921– 1922 [The Normal School for Kindergarten Teachers in Bra șov Yearbook, Years 1919, 1920, 1920– 1921 and 1921– 1922 ] (Brașov: Tipografia Unirea, 1922), pp. 13, 15. 31 See ‘Institutul de sănătate publică București’ [The Public Health Institute in Bucharest], in N. Ursea, Enciclopedie medical ă rom âneasc ă: Secolul XX [The Romanian Medical Encyclopaedia: Twentieth Century ], vol. 4, (Bucharest: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie Carol Davila, 2001), pp. 929– 32. 32 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 17– 25. 33 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 73– 79. 34 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, p. 173. 169 169 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania 35 Revista de Igien ă Social ă [Journal of Social Hygiene ], I: 1(January 1931), 61– 63. 36 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 260/ 1931, pp. 3– 9. 37 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 229– 30. 38 ANIC, MCIP Collection, file 329/ 1929, pp. 227– 28. 39 D. Sdrobiș, Limitele meritocra ției într- o societate agrar ă: Șomaj intelectual și radicalizare politic ă a tineretului în Rom ânia interbelic ă [The Limits of Meritocracy in an Agrarian Society: Intellectual Unemployment and Political Radicalisation in Interwar Romania ] (Iași: Polirom, 2015).

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m : 3D mesh * x1, x2, y1, y2, z1, z2 : extremes of the box * Output : * ------ * box : mesh contained in the box *-------------------------------------------------- * x = coor 1 m; sx = x POIN COMP x1 x2; y = coor 2 sx; sy = y POIN COMP y1 y2; z = coor 3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d32_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d32.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); 156 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d32.epx SC3D32 ECHO CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP GROU 2 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM 'pcub' LECT cube TERM COND APPU LARG LECT cub1 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 1.4E7

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mining taxpayer holding/performing more than two licence areas/ activities is expected to properly apply and comply with the ring-fencing rules. Clear guidance and rules regarding formal obligations related to the implementation of ring-fencing rules will motivate voluntary compliance and will also reduce potential disputes. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 5.4.1 Filling Out Separate Tax Returns

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comprend les principeux triangles qui servent de fondement a la Description geometrique de France (Aubin & Heulland, 1744). Seabold, S. & Perktold, J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python. SciPy 7 , 92–96 (2010). Download references Acknowledgements No funding was received for this paper. Author information Authors and Affiliations Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Stefano Zapperi CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l’Energia, Milan, Italy Stefano Zapperi LED - Laboratoire d’Economie Dionysien, Département d’économie, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France Constant Varlet-Bertrand & Antoine Parent CAC - IXXI, Institut Rhône-Alpin des Systèmes Complexes, Lyon, France Constant Varlet-Bertrand, Cécile Bastidon & Antoine Parent LEAD, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France Cécile Bastidon OFCE - Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Economiques, Sciences Po, Paris, France Cécile Bastidon & Antoine Parent Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Caterina A. M. La Porta Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy Caterina A. M. La Porta Authors Stefano Zapperi View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Constant Varlet-Bertrand View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Cécile Bastidon View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Caterina A. M. La Porta View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Antoine Parent View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Contributions S.Z. collected and curated the data, performed statistical and network analysis, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.V.-B. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.B. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. C.A.M.L.P. collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. A.P. designed and coordinated the study, collected and curated the data, critically discussed the results and wrote the paper. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Stefano Zapperi or Antoine Parent . Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Nature thanks Jack Goldstone, Minchul Kim and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Extended data figures and tables Extended Data Fig. 1

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Box 1). Guinea 3 and Papua New Guinea 4 (PNG) also include a specific ring-fence in their mining contracts. This practice may be especially relevant where the primary law contains no provisions on ring-fencing or only narrow ring-fencing provisions. It is also relevant if a particular project presents specific fiscal risks that could be addressed or managed by well-designed ring-fencing rules. ## BOX 1. RING-FENCING IN MINING CONTRACTS: THE CASE OF SIERRA LEONE Sierra Leone introduced ring-fencing rules for mining in 2009. The ring-fence is applied per mining licence: 'the chargeable income for any year of assessment of a holder of a large-scale mining licence shall be calculated separately for each large-scale mining licence under which licence such holder shall maintain separate balance sheets, statements and books of accounts for each large-scale mining licence under which mining operations are carried on.' 5 The country also negotiated ring-fencing rules in some mining contracts that go beyond the general rules. Under the SierraMin Bauxite Limited, Concession, 2017 and the Tonguma Limited Concession, 2012, the government negotiated a further operational level of ring-fencing. Any activities carried out by the mining company that are separate from the mining operations contemplated in the contracts shall be considered 'non-project activities.' Such non-mining activities will be accounted for separately, as if they were carried out by a separate corporate entity and shall be subject to the law of general application. 3 ResourceContracts.org - Winning Consortium Simandou SAU, Exploitation License, 2020 . 4 ResourceContracts.org - Ramu Nickel Limited, Orogen Minerals (Ramu) Limited, JVA, 2000 . 5 S.155 (1), Sierra Leone Mines and Minerals Act , 2009. 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 2.2 The Prevalence of Ring-Fencing Rules in the Extractive Sectors Ring-fencing rules are widespread worldwide. They are particularly prevalent in the mining sector in developing countries. The findings in Box 2 are based on a survey of ring-fencing rules undertaken by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). ## BOX 2. IGF'S ANALYSIS OF RING-FENCING RULES IN MINING: DETERMINING RING-FENCING PRACTICE The analysis and guidance in Parts 3 to 5 of this note are based on a survey of existing ring-fencing rules by the authors of this toolkit. The countries surveyed were selected for their economic reliance on mining revenue

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sharing existing best practice. Fulfilling these roles usually depends on a country's public administration and civil service structures and traditions, with respect to selection, promotion, professionalism, internal and external motivation, empowerment, expertise, and capacity - and the extent to which these cultivate a leadership perspective in the exercise of public functions. Chapter 6 on political leadership returns to the issue of the purpose of education. Ultimately, it falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality that captures popular aspirations and is aligned with national development objectives. This vision may be expressed in political party agendas and be part of a political programme that is questioned by voters. Presidents, prime ministers, ministers and deputy ministers of education are responsible for providing a long-term education perspective, seeking consensus in formulating reforms, offering continuity where necessary, and ensuring that plans are credible and matched with the required resources. Not only the executive but also the legislative branch of government needs to demonstrate leadership: parliamentary committees of education can make major contributions through the passing of laws and scrutinizing the work of government.  It falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality  Political leaders have opportunities and constraints in fulfilling their responsibilities. They differ in how their political visions of education are formed, how they serve society, and how often they are sidetracked by short-term considerations and political calculations. Short tenures, coalition and alliance demands, and narrow and entrenched interests get in the way of evidence-based policymaking. ## BOX 1.2: ## Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership It is impossible to do justice to such a broad range of topics in a single publication. For this reason, throughout 2025, four regional editions will explore selected issues in more detail that resonate in different parts of the world. - The third edition of the Spotlight series on universal basic education completion and foundational learning in Africa will focus on instructional leadership, drawing on research focusing on five countries. - A regional edition on Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia will focus on leadership for inclusive education, drawing on eight country case studies. - A regional edition on East Asia will focus on leadership and

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[]

school in India, 'included in the First Schedule'. According to the Indian Medical Council Act, qualifications that are not listed in the 'First Schedule' are not officially recognised. An update was made in the Indian Medical Central Council Act of 1970 to include the recognition of medi -cal qualifications from institutions mentioned in the Second Schedule. All medics need to register in the State or Central Register of Indian Medicine. Where an indi -vidual is in breach of the Acts, they may be imprisoned for one year and fined up to Rs. 1,000, or both (Singh and Trivedi, 2024). Those practising homoeopathy must hold a recognised medical qualification and be registered in the State or Central Register of Homoeopathy according to the Homoeopathy Central Council Act of 1973. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) also sets out the issues around criminal conspir -acy (Section 120B), culpable homicide not amounting to murder (304), deception (420) and impersonation (419). The IPC has since been replaced in July 2024 by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) as the official criminal code in India. Section 106 of the BNS mandates imprisonment for up to five years for registered doctors involved in deaths caused by rash or negligent acts during medical procedures. BNS Section 106: Whoever causes death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if such act is done by a registered medical practitioner while performing medical procedure, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation: For the purposes of this sub-section, 'registered medical prac -titioner' means a medical practitioner who possesses any medical qualifi -cation recognised under the National Medical Commission Act, 2019 and whose name has been entered in the National Medical Register or a State Medical Register under that Act. The Supreme Court in April 2018 discussed the 'threat' and 'risk' of untrained practitioners, described by the courts as 'quacks' and 'charlatans' who practice medicine. It is believed that they play with the lives of people and pose a risk to society. 'A number of unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives

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economy is mainly composed of EC R&I projectsTable 3.5. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of the S&T data sources Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation157 Figure 3.19. Share of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership region, calculated for each domain, relative to the total number of records per data source publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects 3.2 Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains in the East- ern Partnership As noted earlier, patent numbers decreased sig- nificantly during the analysed period. To explore the temporal evolution of the domains, avoiding the effects of this general decrease, the share of each domain within each data source (publications and patents59) has been computed for two 4-year time periods: 2011-2014 and 2015-2018. The following table presents the percentage change in the share of a domain in a data source for the second over the first period. This relative indica- tor is more volatile for smaller domains, so the following temporal evolution indicators must be considered alongside total counts presented in the previous section. 59 EC projects being too few to provide reliable temporal evolution indicators.The domains that grow, relatively, the most are Transportation (only in publications), Health and wellbeing (mainly in publications) and ICT and computer science and Agrifood (both in publica- tions and patents). Overall, hard science domains tend to reduce their relative share the most; this is the case for Optics and photonics and Fundamental physics and mathematics. A relevant decline in the rel- ative share, although not as pronounced, can be observed for applied sciences domains such as Chemistry and chemical engineering and Nano- technology and materials. 3.3 Taxonomic characterisation of the S&T specialisation domains through publications and patents The documents analysed in this report are all cat- egorised in accordance with the native taxonomies of the corresponding data sources: the Bibliomet- ric subject areas and Fields for scientific publica- tions, and the International Patent Classification 158 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential EaP aggregateTemporal evolution of the domains Period over period change in the relative size of each domain, domain size

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informal networks of support, collaboration and, sometimes, contesta - tion between women in STEMM (e.g., Nair, Macková, Rees Koerner and Gooday). All point to the importance of gender solidarity in the pursuit of scientific careers by women and the validation that participation in such net - works afforded them, difficult to find in other types of professional, male- dominated contexts. Broadening the conversation to include different academic cultures and strands of writing also reveals the context- specific ways in which power asymmetries have worked to render women in science, engineering and 12 Negotiating in/visibility medicine invisible in the twentieth century. Earlier North American femi - nist scholarship connected women’s invisibility in science to the ideal of scientific objectivity, which helped devalue certain forms of knowledge and scientific labour associated with women by cementing the notion of the sci - entist as a rational (white) man engaged in the pursuit of knowledge and unhindered by his own subjectivity. As Donna Haraway argued, knowl - edge could only be fragmentary and ‘feminist objectivity mean[t] quite sim - ply situated knowledges ’.42 But understanding how knowledge is ‘situated’ requires us to document the socio- economic, political and material contexts of its production and circulation; among other things, this should also mean investigating histories of gender and women in science and theorizing them based on polycentric historical archives and scholarship that are not always dominated by the English language. In fact, as Naomi Oreskes has pointed out, even in the US context, ‘The types of work that women have done in many branches of American science [in the twentieth century] fit conven - tional notions of objectivity’, rather than the opposite. Scientific objectivity, Oreskes countered, was not the most appropriate value for understanding women’s invisibility in science; the ideology of scientific heroism was, espe - cially in field sciences like geology and geodesy.43 At the heart of it, women’s invisibility in science is the outcome of power asymmetries, power being a concept which has long engaged feminist schol - arship itself. As the chapters in this volume also discuss, across different times and geographies, some historical actors have managed to acquire sufficient political, economic, social and symbolic capital to be in a posi - tion to define what ‘science’ is, what problems are worthy of investigation, who counts as a ‘scientist’, what counts as ‘scientific’ labour, who should be rewarded for it and who,

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delegation applies most of all to the type of European public goods described above. Such goods may not have direct spillovers on all countries which are called to contribute, but they have large indirect spillovers for the whole EU. There are still other areas where the EU should do less, applying the subsidiarity principle more rigorously and showing more “self-re - straint”. It will also be crucial to reduce the regulatory burden on companies. Regulation is seen by more than 60% of EU companies as an obstacle to investment, with 55% of SMEs flagging regulatory obstacles and the administrative burden as their greatest challengexv. Kick-starting this partnership does not necessarily mean focusing all minds and energies on the long and burdensome process of a Treaty change from day one. To begin with, a small number of overarching, targeted institutional changes should be made – without the need for Treaty change. 05. The historical private-public split for investment in the EU is around 4/5 to 1/5. 18THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 1Preserving social inclusion While the EU should aim to move closer to the US example in terms of productivity growth and innovation, it should do so without the drawbacks of the US social model . As outlined above, the US has pulled ahead of the EU owing to its stronger position in breakthrough technologies, yet it displays higher rates of inequality. A European approach must ensure that productivity growth and social inclusion go hand-in-hand. Europe is entering an unprecedented period in its history, where rapid technological change and sectoral transitions will combine with a shrinking working age population. In this setting, Europe will have to ensure the best use of its available skills while keeping the social fabric intact. Technological change can imply significant disruption for workers in previously dominant industries that are no longer so, as well as increasing inequality: from 1980 to 2016, automation is found to have accounted for 50-70% of the increase in wage inequality in the US between more and less educated workersxvi. The European welfare state will therefore be critical to provide strong public services, social protection, housing, transport and childcare during this transition. At the same time, Europe will need a fundamentally new approach to skills. The EU must ensure that all workers have a right to education and retraining, allowing them to move into new roles as

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[]

is used in this research to measure social cohe - sion with a focus on neighbourhood networks and the degree of neighbourliness; that is, the emotional social support within the neighbourhood, which includes visiting neighbours and friendships ( Buckner, 1988 ; Ross and Searle, 2021 ). Higher mean total scores indicate a greater level of neighbourhood social cohe - sion ( Ellaway et al., 2001 ; Robinson and Wilkinson, 1995 ). A neighbourhood with strong social cohesion can empower individuals within communities to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and net - works for a collective good ( Putnam, 1993 ; Sampson et al., 1997 ; Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999 ; Saegert et al., 2001 ). All items are measured on a 5-point Likert scale with 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree).

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(Sanjay), both of infrastructure (Sanjay and Bhalswa) and one on the periphery of the city detached from a socio-economic livelihood base, where residents had been evicted from their original homes (Bhalswa). In the next part, we turn our attention to our second hypothesis. Hypothesis 2: Residents' preferences on social capital and neighbourhood cohesion measures are different in two neighbourhood types - A comparison of Sanjay (slum/JJ - illegal housing built on public land) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised - illegal housing built on private land typically owned by the household). ## Characteristics of participants - Perceptions of community and the involvement within it We collected socio-demographic information from 365 residents in Ajit Vihar, as well as having collected 311 from Sanjay colony, Okhla, Phase II between March and April 2022. The majority in Ajit Vihar (92.5%) were Hindu and belonged to the general caste (59.2%). Of the 365 participants from Ajit Vihar, 21.1% had a college education with 61.6% having completed up to grade 12, this is in con -trast to Sanjay colony that only had 7.7% respondents with college education and 35.4% that had completed up to grade 12. Around one fifth of Ajit Vihar were self-employed with the majority being regular salaried wage earners (52.9%). This is in contrast to Sanjay colony, where one third of households were self-employed business owners, and 41.2% had a regular salaried wage. The average monthly income in Sanjay colony was statistically significantly less at Rs. 16,681 (£156.65) compared with Ajit Vihar at Rs. 36,115 (£339.79). 1 Monthly income was positively correlated with the household owning a refrigerator with a freezer (r=0.245, p<0.01), washing machine (r=0.275, p<0.01), colour TV (r=0.106, p<0.01) and scooter/motorcycle (r=0.073, p<0.05) in these communities. These wealth indica -tors show positive associations with monthly income. This illustrates the robustness of our data and the convergent validity of 'income' as a measure of wealth ( Deaton, 2018). Statistically significant differences were found regarding all the wealth indicators, with residents in Ajit Vihar being statistically more likely to own these items than those in Sanjay ( Table 2.6). We use Auerbach's social capital scale as a way of understanding community collective action ( Auerbach, 2019). Higher levels of social capital have been Table 2.6 Demographic variables - Sanjay colony (slum/JJ) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised) | | N (%) | | |---------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------| | Household religion | | | | Hindu | 291 (93.6) |

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[]

sectoral, strategic and struc- tural properties. The platform mapping cluster organisation is curated by the ECCP and is openly accessible. For each cluster, the data source pro- vides an indication of its areas of specialisation in the form of NACE codes, scientific disciplines and policy objectives. The assessment of existing cluster organisations in EaP countries is complemented by the informa- tion provided in the 2017 report Review of the state of development of clusters in EaP coun- tries, elaborated as part of the Horizon 2020 pro- ject ‘STI International Cooperation Network for Eastern Partnership Countries – PLUS’. The report presents additional clusters or emerging cluster organisations to those identified in the mapping tool, which are defined as ‘closest to meeting the European definition criteria for “cluster” as of Jan- uary 2017’ and selected by local experts. The re- port also includes some additional considerations on organisation cluster policy and development. Table 2.56 presents all of the identified cluster organisations by EaP country, by selected source. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation115 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine Software Mobile Financial Services Information Technology Lending and Investments Travel and Tourism Gaming Internet Services Natural Resources Payments Sustainability Professional Services Hardware Sales and Marketing Food and Beverage Science and Engineering Energy Data and Analytics Commerce and Shopping AppsTable 2.54. Recommended industry groups for start-ups and venture capital-backed companies The table shows the selected Industry Groups supporting the definition of innovation potential domains, for each EaP country. 116 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE code Industry Group(s) Number of EaP countries B6 – Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas Natural Resources 1 C10 – Manufacture of food products Food and Beverage 1 C11 – Manufacture of beverages Food and Beverage 1 C26 – Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsHardware; Mobile 4 D35 – Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Natural Resources; Energy 1 G46 – Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesCommerce and Shopping 1 G47 – Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesCommerce and Shopping; Sales and Marketing1 H53 – Warehousing and support activities for transportation Travel and Tourism 2 I55 – Accommodation Travel and Tourism 2 I56 – Food and beverage service activities Food and Beverage 1 J61 – TelecommunicationsMobile; Information Technology; Internet Services5 J62 – Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesInformation Technology; Software; Data and

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de la labor de los líderes. - Aunque ser un agente de cambio es lo que suele distinguir a un líder, en determinados casos, el liderazgo puede ser más importante para mantener la estabilidad que para promover el cambio. - Las políticas de liderazgo deberían centrarse en cómo animar y nutrir a diversos grupos de personas con un buen potencial de liderazgo para que excedan en sus carreras profesionales a través de unas estructuras institucionales y organizativas adecuadas. Existen cuatro dimensiones importantes para garantizar un buen liderazgo escolar en todos los niveles educativos. - Establecer expectativas, centrarse en el aprendizaje, fomentar la colaboración y contribuir al desarrollo de las personas es importante no solo para quienes ocupan los puestos de dirección de los centros escolares y los líderes docentes, sino también para los líderes del sistema. | Las expectativas de los líderes a nivel escolar y de sistema han ido cambiando .......10 | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Guía del informe..............................................................................................................................13 | | Recomendaciones..........................................................................................................................17 | L as funciones de los líderes educativos suelen darse por sentado. Sin embargo, a menudo de forma invisible, dichos líderes marcan el rumbo de sus escuelas, universidades, departamentos y ministerios. Sus estilos de liderazgo reflejan su personalidad y experiencia, pero también se adaptan a las características de sus equipos, los objetivos de sus organizaciones y su contexto. La variedad de estilos de liderazgo existentes es precisamente la razón por la que no resulta fácil demostrar cómo influyen en la educación, pero también por la que a menudo se pasa por alto dicho impacto. Sin embargo, es imprescindible contar con un sólido liderazgo tanto a nivel escolar como político y de sistema para poder impulsar la educación en la dirección correcta, sobre todo porque los retos educativos siguen siendo desalentadores. meta» (Kruse, 2013). Esta definición tiene dos implicaciones: en primer lugar, que el liderazgo no se confiere automáticamente por estar en una posición de poder, sino por la capacidad de influir en las acciones de otras personas y, en segundo lugar, que el liderazgo se enmarca en términos de un objetivo para cuya formulación los líderes desempeñan un papel importante y tras el cual pueden unirse los miembros de un equipo, organización o sociedad.  Contar con buenos líderes escolares, políticos y del sistema es crucial para impulsar la educación en la dirección correcta  El liderazgo se asocia a menudo con

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Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.)Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 Imprinting Anglo- Italian Relations in The Liberal ROMANTIC STUDIES Theories and Practices Edited by Serena Baiesi and Lilla Maria Crisafulli VOLUME 3 Lausanne - Berlin - Bruxelles - Chennai - New York - Oxford Lilla Maria Crisafulli / Serena Baiesi / Carlotta Farese (eds.) Imprinting Anglo- Italian Relations in The Liberal Lausanne - Berlin - Bruxelles - Chennai - New York - Oxford Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in

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royalties, RRTs, or APTs. The design of each fiscal instrument-whether it is ring-fenced or not-will have an impact on tax revenues. Governments must consider whether all taxes that apply to mining should be ring-fenced or only some of them. 21 These transactions can be also structured via independent intermediaries, such as banks as over-the-counter trading transactions. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION Typically, resource-rich countries will ring-fence CIT, 22 as well as RRT and APT (profit-based taxes), in the mining sector. We explain the reasons below.

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| … | 97 ₋₄ | 60 ₋₄ | 29 ₋₂ | … 62 ₋₁ | 4 ₋₁ | 0.2 ₋₁ | 1 ₋₁ ᵢ 43 ₋₁ | 24 ₋₁ | 87 ₋₁ ᵢ 27 … | 51 … | BRA VGB | | | | 66 ₋₁ | 66 ₋₁ 100 | 66 ₋₁ 100 | 66 ₋₁ 100 | 66 ₋₁ 100 | 66 ₋₁ 100 | 50 ₋₃ | … … … … | 23 ₋₃ … | ᵢ … | 0.2 ₋₃ 0.3 ₋₁ ᵢ … 1 ₋₁ ᵢ | … | … | CYM | | | | 100 … | … | … | … | … | 52 ₋₄ | 100 … | 60 ₋₁ | 3 1 ₋₁ | 2 ₋₁ ᵢ 3 | 18 ₋₁ | 21 ₋₁ ᵢ … | … | CHL | | | | 53 ₋₄ | … | … | 88 ₋₁ | 47 ₋₁ | 78 ₋₁ | … | 59 ₋₁ | 92 | ₋₁ ₋₁ | 5 ₋₁ | 62 ₋₁ ᵢ 7 | 43 | COL | | | | | 76 ₋₃ | 96 ₋₃ | 99 ₋₃ | 86 ₋₃ | 97 ₋₃ 72 | ₋₃ 58 | ₋₁ … | 0.2 1 ₋₄ | ᵢ 2 ₋₄ ᵢ | 3 ₋₃ 5 ₋₁ ᵢ 4 ₋₁ | 1 | 3 | CRI | | | | 93 ₋₃ | … | 100 | 100 | 36 | 100 | … | … | … | 2 1 ₋₂ ᵢ | 7 | ᵢ 2 | 2 | CUB | | | | 100 ₋₁ … | … | … | … | … | … | … | | … | … | 0.2 ₋₁ ᵢ 1 ₋₁ ᵢ | … | … | CUW | | | | 100 | | 100 | | | | … 100 ₋₁ | … | … | … … | … … | 0.2 | 0.4 | DMA | | | | | 100 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 23 | - | … | 11 ₋₁ | 1 ₋₁ ᵢ | 55 ₋₁ | 5 ₋₁ 1 | 1 | DOM | | | | - 41 | - | | 90 | 53 | 76 | 59 ₋₁ | 3 ₋₁ | 1 ₋₁ | |

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[]

- Parliament, E., 2017. Dual quality of branded food products Addressing a possible EastWest divide. Briefing, European Parliament., 607265\_EN.pdf. https://www.europarl. europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/607265/EPRS\_BRI(2017. European Parliament (2018), Resolution of 13 September on dual quality of products in the single market. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0357\_EN.html. European Parliament (2019), Directive (EU) 2019/2161 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/2161/oj. - Penn, Jerrod M., and Wuyang Hu (2018), ' Understanding Hypothetical Bias: An Enhanced Meta-Analysis, ' American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 100, 1186 206.Pepsico (2024). https://www.info.pepsico.eu/. - PepsiCo (2024). Pepsico Composition. https://www.info.pepsico.eu/en\_ie. - Poppe, E., Linssen, H., 1999. In-Group Favoritism and the Reflection of Realistic Dimensions of Difference between National States in Central and Eastern European Nationality Stereotypes. British Journal of Social Psychology 1, 85 -102. - Rahinel, R., Otto, A.S., Grossman, D.M., Clarkson, J.J., 2021. Exposure to Brands Makes Preferential Decisions Easier. Journal of Consumer Research 48, 541 -561. - Reed, A., Forehand, M., Puntoni, S., Warlop, L., 2012. Identity-Based Consumer Behavior. International Journal of Research in Marketing 29 (4), 310 -341. Russo, Carlo, Luisa Menapace, Marcello Sansone, Edward Kyei Twum, Negin Fathinejad, Annarita Colamatteo, and Maria Anna Pagnanelli (2020), ' Economic rationale behind differences in the composition of seemingly identical branded food products in the Single Market, ' JRC Research Reports JRC117796.

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UK universities 23 Jul 2025 Nigeria takes up case of its Teesside University students ordered out of UK 30 May 2024 Nigerian students at Teesside University ordered to leave UK after currency crash 22 May 2024 UK universities report drop in international students amid visa doubts 13 May 2024 Sunak backs police action as Jewish students condemn ‘toxic’ protests 2 May 2024 Capita undercuts British Council to run Turing student exchange scheme 8 Dec 2021 Third of non-EU university students in UK come from China 16 Jan 2020 More from News More from News Ukraine ‘Massive’ Russian missile and drone attack on Kyiv kills at least eight people 40m ago Trump administration Top US health agency erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign 6h ago China Putin and Kim to join Xi at Chinese military parade in show of defiance to the west 3h ago Gaza Tony Blair attends White House meeting with Trump on postwar Gaza 9h ago France Macron backs Bayrou and calls on budget critics to show responsibility 15h ago Greenland Denmark issues first apology over forced contraception of Greenlandic women 14h ago Iran Iran faces return of sweeping sanctions from UK, France and Germany 1h ago Argentina Argentina’s president Milei pelted with rocks on campaign trail amid corruption scandal linked to sister 6h ago Japan Japanese town wants residents to limit smartphone use to two hours a day 8h ago Most viewed Most viewed Education Schools Teachers Universities Students News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning Sign up for our email Help Complaints & corrections SecureDrop Work for us Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms & conditions Contact us All topics All writers Digital newspaper archive Tax strategy Facebook YouTube Instagram LinkedIn Newsletters Advertise with us Search UK jobs Tips Accessibility settings Back to top © 2025 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. (dcr) The Guardian Under pressure, undeterred The urgent threats facing the free press today would have been unimaginable for most of the Guardian’s 204-year history. With big tech, billionaires, and authoritarians seizing more control of the world’s news and information, our independent journalism needs your support. We value whatever you can spare, but a monthly subscription makes the most impact, enabling greater investment in our most crucial, fearless journalism. Thank you.

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[]

permits issued for onshore wind since the entry into force of the Article 122 Emergency Regulation. The report recommends extending acceleration measures and emergency regulation to heat networks, heat generators, and hydrogen and carbon capture and storage infrastructure. Greater focus is also needed on digitalising national permitting processes across the EU and addressing permitting authorities’ lack of resources. For instance, administrative fees for procedures could be increased to ensure authorities have adequate capabilities to deliver prompt approvals. Another potential avenue would be for the EU to make renewable acceleration areas and strategic environmental assessments the rule for renewables expansion, replacing individual assessments per project. Targeted updates to relevant EU Environmental legislation could be used to provide limited (in time and perimeter) exemptions in EU environmental directives until climate neutrality is achieved. This revised legislation should appoint last-resort national authorities to ensure the permitting of projects in the event that there is no answer from local authorities after a predetermined time (e.g. 45 days). A central element in accelerating decarbonisation will be unlocking the potential of clean energy through a collective EU focus on grids . If there is one horizontal area in the energy sector whose importance cannot be 50THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3overstated, it is the EU’s energy grids. Delivering a step-change in grid deployment will require a new approach to planning at the EU and Member State levels, including the ability to effectively reach decisions and accelerate permitting, to mobilise adequate public and private financing and to innovate grid assets and processes. From a European perspective, rapidly increasing the installation of interconnectors should be the focus. The report recom - mends, first, to establish a “28th regime” – i.e. a special legal framework outside of the 27 different national legal frameworks – for interconnectors deemed to be Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs). This regime should shorten the length of national procedures and integrate them into a single process, avoiding the possibility of projects being blocked by individual national interests. Some very large renewable energy projects, such as large offshore wind in the North Sea, could also apply via this procedure, bypassing permitting delays at the local level. Second, the next Multiannual Financial Framework should reinforce the EU instrument dedicated to financing interconnectors (the Connecting Europe Facility). Third, a permanent European coordinator should be created in charge of assisting in obtaining

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| 12.2 ₋₁ | GEO | GEO | GEO | GEO | GEO | GEO | | … … | … | … | … | … | … | … | | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … 6.5 | … 18.1 | … | IRQ | IRQ | IRQ | IRQ | IRQ | IRQ | | 91 ₊₁ | 88 ₋₂ | … | … | 73 | 70 ₋₁ | 68 | 63 ₋₁ | 85 ₊₁ | 99 ₋₃ | … | … | … | … | … | … | 5.8 | | 12.2 ₊₁ | 17.5 ₋₁ | ISR JOR | ISR JOR | ISR JOR | ISR JOR | ISR JOR | ISR JOR | | … | 47 ₋₂ | … | … | 54 | 20 ₋₁ | 32 | 17 ₋₁ | … | 100 | 100 ₋₁ | 100 100 ₋₂ | 100 ₋₁ … | 100 | 100 ₋₁ | 100 100 ₋₂ | 3.5 ₊₁ | 3.2 ₋₁ | 11.3 ₊₁ | 9.7 ₋₁ | KWT | KWT | KWT | KWT | KWT | KWT | | … | … | 12 … | … | … | … | 18 | … | … | 100 ₋₂ | 79 | 41 | | 100 ₋₂ | … | | 6.0 ₊₁ | 5.0 | 7.1 ₊₁ | 12.6 | | | | | | | | … | … | | … | 30 | … | 35 | … | … | 96 | … | | … | 40 | … | | 2.1 ₊₁ | 1.7 ₋₃ | … | 9.9 ₋₃ | LBN | LBN | LBN | LBN | LBN | LBN | | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 45 … | … | … | | … | LBY | LBY | LBY | LBY | LBY | LBY | | 33 ₊₁ | | | … | … | 19 ₋₁ | … | 18 ₋₁ | … | 77 | 100 | 100 | … | 100 | … | 100 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 22.2

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[]

circuits described in the above embodiment are provided on one die. The has a stacked-layer structure as described in the above embodiment, and is broadly divided into a , a , and an . Since the can be provided to be stacked over the , the size of the can be easily reduced. Although a QFP (Quad Flat Package) is used as a package of the in , the embodiment of the package is not limited thereto. The digital processing circuit such as a CPU, the analog arithmetic circuit using OS transistors, the OS-FPGA, and the OS memory such as a DOSRAM or a NOSRAM can all be formed in the , the , and the . In other words, the elements included in the AI system can be formed through the same manufacturing process. Consequently, the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the IC described in this embodiment does not need to be increased even when the number of elements is increased, and accordingly the AI system can be incorporated into the IC at low cost. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. <Electronic Device> The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for processors such as CPUs and GPUs or computers. to illustrate specific examples of electronic devices including a processor such as a CPU or a GPU or a computer of one embodiment of the present invention. <Electronic Device and System> The processor such as a CPU or a GPU or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention can be incorporated into a variety of electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices include a digital camera, a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone, a portable game machine, a portable information terminal, and an audio reproducing device in addition to electronic devices provided with a relatively large screen, such as a television device, a desktop or laptop personal computer, a monitor for a computer and the like, digital signage, and a large game machine like a pachinko machine. When the integrated circuit or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention is provided in an electronic device, the electronic device can include artificial intelligence. The electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention may include an antenna. When a signal is

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and nuclear energy from higher and more volatile fossil fuel prices, preventing end users from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills [see Figure 5] . In 2022 at the peak of the energy crisis, natural gas was the price- setter 63% of the time, despite making up only 20% share of the EU’s electricity mix. The use of long-term contract solutions – like Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) markets or Contracts for Difference (CfDs) – can help attenuate the link between the marginal price setter and the cost of energy for end users, but such solutions are underdeveloped in Europe, in turn limiting the benefits from accelerating the roll-out of renewables. In the absence of action, this decoupling problem will remain acute at least for the remainder of this decade. Even if renewable installation targets are met, it is not forecast to significantly reduce the share of hours during which fossil fuels set energy prices by 2030. FIGURE 5 Price-setting technology per Member State and their generation mix %, 2022 Source: European Commission (JRC), 2023 Note: Market share of natural gas by venue in % of reported notionals, excluding central counterparties and clearing members. The figure shows that the top-5 and top-10 EU counterparties (in terms of gross notionals) accounted for more than 50% and 60% respectively of reported notionals by EU entities on each of the two EU gas regulated markets. Data as of November 2022. OI: Open Interest. TV: Trading Venue. OTC: Over-the-counter. Sources: Trade repositories (TRs), Bank of England, ESMA.Note: Absolute value of net positions in EUR billion for the top five long and short non-financial corporate counterparties and positions in % of average daily trading volume, in % rhs. The high concentration of positions indicates that if several firms with similar directional positions were to reduce their exposures, they could amplify market moves. Sources: EMIR, ESMA. 44THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3FIGURE 6 Electricity wholesale and retail prices across Member States for industry EUR/MWh, 2023 Source: European Commission, 2024. Based on Eurostat, S&P Global, and ENTSO-E, 2024. A lengthy and uncertain permitting process for new power supply and grids is a major obstacle to faster installation of new capacity . Investments in both power generation and grids require several years between feasi - bility studies and project completion. However, there is a large variation in permitting times between

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[]

example is that of Victoria Vasiliu, born on 21 April 1896, in Botoșani, who graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Bucharest in 1924. 65 After graduation, she passed the exam to become an intern at the Public Hospitals in Bucharest, being appointed school doctor at the Despina Doamna Normal School for Girls in Botoșani in 1928. To retain her position as a physician and a teacher, in May 1929 she graduated from the School Hygiene course of the Faculty of Medicine in Iași. However, it was not until 1934 that Victoria Vasiliu requested to be evaluated for tenure at the boarding school where she had been serving since 1928. According to the principal's recommendation, she had shown genuine interest in students' health and well- being over the years, examining them individually each year, keeping their sanitary leaflets up to date and monitoring the boarding school's hygiene and housing conditions. Since Victoria Vasiliu had served for six years as school doctor, but only five as a hygiene teacher, the principal, Olga Savinescu, pleaded with the Ministry of Instruction to grant her tenure. Still, for reasons that were not disclosed in the file, the evaluation did not take place until the last week of November 1936, when the designated inspector attended a seventh- grade medicine class on 'Bleeding and ways to stop it'. He evaluated the students as well prepared and appreciated the doctor's ability to use their answers to start the new lesson; she explained the procedure necessary to stop bleeding to the girls and showed them how to tie the knot, making them practise on each other's arms. The second class the inspector attended was a fifth- grade course on 'Eruptive fevers: Scarlet fever and measles'. Once again, the inspector appreciated her pedagogical skills and the clear and methodical approach of the lesson. Her teaching was not the only target of evaluation. The inspector referred to the way she served as a doctor, taking care of the students and making sure contagious diseases were contained. He also added that she was highly regarded, in school and beyond, as she had served the high school with great dedication. 66 Twelve years later, according to the doctor's yearbook in 1948, 67 Victoria Vasiliu was still a school doctor, proving that such professional paths opened the possibility of a successful teaching career for female physicians. ## Conclusions Female professionals have been invisible

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Stata SEM software calculates solutions using matrix algebra methods. In order to help give an understanding of how the SEM technique computation is undertaken, we will demonstrate the calculation using Wright’s three tracing rules. Wright’s method states that the correlation between any two variables can be expressed as the sum of the compound paths connecting these two points. The three rules that need to be followed are (1) no loops, (2) no going forward then backward (3) a maximum of one curved arrow per path. The first rule means that a path must not pass through the same variable more than once. The second rule implies that once you have traversed forward along the direction of a path arrow, you cannot proceed backwards against the direction of another arrow (Loehlin and Beaujen, 2017; Kenny, 1979 ). The following example set out in Figure A.1 includes four measured observed variables, A, B, C and D. The lower-case letters represent the causal param - eters or path coefficients. In most models, the measured variables do not usually account for all possible causes, and so other variables are introduced to capture these unexplained influences. These are referred to as error terms, or unspecified causes, or disturbance terms. In this example, the disturbance terms are denoted by U and V. The model includes a set of direct causal relationships. For example, variables A and B have direct effects on both C and D. There are also indirect effects, such as A influencing D through C, and B influencing D through C. In a model like this, we could, for example, be exploring how personal views on social capital (A) and perception of neighbourhood cohesion (B) affect private benefits (C), and how these, in turn, have both direct and indirect effects on individuals’ subjective well-being (D). The first step in analysing this model is to identify the system of equations cor - responding to each correlation (r) using Wright’s tracing rules. The curved arrow path from A to B represents the correlation rhAB=. If we next look at the cor - relation between A and C, we can see that it is made up of a direct path (a) and an indirect path (hb), resulting in the equation ra hbAC/g32/g14 . If we next look at the correlation rBD, we see that it is comprised of a direct path (d) and three compound indirect paths

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[]

single central securities depository (CSD) for all securities trades. As for smaller clearing houses the benefits of consolidation may not be large, a practical pathway towards consolidation could start with consolidating the largest CCPs and CSDs, and then counting on their gravitational pull to attract smaller ones. The EU must also better channel households’ savings to productive investments. The easiest and most efficient way to do so is via long-term saving products (pensions). To increase the flow of funds into capital markets, the EU should encourage retail investors through the offer of second pillar pension schemes, replicating the successful examples of some EU Member States. To increase the financing capacity of the banking sector, the EU should aim to revive securitisation and complete the Banking Union . This report recommends that the Commission makes a proposal to adjust pruden - tial requirements for securitised assets. Capital charges must be reduced for certain simple, transparent and stan - dardised categories for which charges do not reflect actual risks. In parallel, the EU should review transparency and due diligence rules for securitised assets, which are relatively high compared to other asset classes and reduce their attractiveness. Setting up a dedicated securitisation platform, as other economies have done, would help to deepen the securitisation market, especially if backed by targeted public support (for example, well-designed public guar - antees for the first-loss tranche). The EU should also assess whether current prudential regulation, also in light of the possible upcoming implementation of Basel III, is adequate to have a strong and international competitive banking system in the EU. A minimal step towards completing the Banking Union would be to create a separate jurisdiction for European banks with substantial cross-border operations that would be “country blind” from the regulatory, supervisory and crisis management viewpoints. The EU budget should be reformed to increase its focus and efficiency, as well as being better leveraged to support private investment . The EU’s financial resources should be refocused on jointly agreed strategic projects and objectives, where the EU brings the most added value. Under the next EU budget, the report recommends establishing a “Competitiveness Pillar” to direct EU funding towards priority projects identified under the Competi - tiveness Coordination Framework [see the chapter on governance] . As part of this process, the EU should streamline 65THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 5its budget structure to

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[]

one doctor. ‘Mustashfa’,48 the hospital, had to have at least two doctors, twenty beds and its own pharmacy. In January 1927, when the small clinic had already been receiving Iraqi patients for a year, Vlasta Kálalová sent the first comprehensive report to Masaryk, detailing her time in Baghdad and containing information about the country in which she lived, including climate, natural resources, indus - try, trade, agriculture, population, religious groups, education and politics. The report was carefully divided into headings and the text was accompa - nied by illustrative photographs.49 111 111 Vlasta Kálalová Di-Lotti in Iraq In explaining her practice, Vlasta wrote in great detail about the Iraqi health system, which had been the responsibility of the Health Secretariat since 1919, followed by the Ministry of Health and, after its abolition, the Ministry of the Interior. For example, during this time a water supply sys - tem had been established in Baghdad, river water was disinfected, a decree was issued on the reporting of infectious diseases and vaccination became compulsory during epidemic outbreaks. In 1927, the whole of Iraq had only twenty- six hospitals and 200 doctors, half of whom were based in Baghdad. The leading posts were, of course, held by British doctors.50 Although Vlasta Kálalová always stressed the importance of her small clinic as the basis for the establishment of a large scientific institute for trop - ical disease research, her medical work enabled many Muslim women to undergo examinations and operations that a male doctor was not allowed to perform. The importance of the small Czech clinic in Baghdad can also be gauged by the statistics that Vlasta Kálalová kept: Of the surgeries performed last year, 70 percent were women and 30 percent were men. From the beginning of my stay in Baghdad, from April 1925 to the end of 1926, I treated 1522 patients, of whom 690 in 1925 and 823 in 1926. Since the opening of the dispensary (1 January 1926) 36 patients have been admitted, with 345 days of treatment and 98 operations (15 laparotomies) have been performed.51 Other surviving correspondence between Kálalová and Masaryk, which testifies to the operation of the Czech hospital, dates from the year 1929 and suggests that some letters might have been lost. The emerging economic crisis caused Kálalová to fear that all her efforts would be destroyed by the lack of funds to build an institute for

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the news report, 'Some DDA employees decided to sell off the remaining inventory for a hefty profit. If you're willing to pay Rs. 6.5 laks (£5,968), the flat is yours' ( India Today , 2024). There are also reports of scams, illegal transfer of deeds and falsifying documents to make a quick yield in the future. - 2 https://missingbasti .com /posts /judgements -resources -- 'jhuggi dweller should not be treated as 'secondary citizens''if the jhuggi dweller is forcibly evicted and relocated, such jhuggi dweller is not worse off'. 'no jhuggi dweller is forcibly evicted and relocated and that (those to be evicted) have a right to a meaningful engagement .' - 3 Gainda Ram vs. Municipal Corporation of Delhi (2010) MANU/SC/0862/2010 - 4 https://www .youtube .com /watch ?v =zFCLPV7L -48 ## References D'Souza, R. (2019). Housing Poverty in Urban India: The Failures of Past and Current Strategies and the Need for a New Blueprint. Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper, 187. https://www .orfonline .org /wp -content /uploads /2019 /03 /ORF \_Occasional \_Paper \_187 \_HousingPoverty .pdf Dupont, V., and Shankare Gowda, M. M. (2020). Slum-Free City Planning Versus Durable Slums. Insights from Delhi, India, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development , 12 (1), 34-51. Heller, P. (2016). Making Slums Livable, Sociological Insights for Development Policy , 1 (5). Heller, P. , Mukhopadhyay, P., Sheikh, S., and Banda, S. (2021). Housing and Settlements Invisible Planning, Visible Exclusions, in S. Chakravorty and N. Sircar (eds.) Colossus: The Anatomy of Delhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88-119. Jacobs, J. (1955). Philadelphia's Redevelopment: A Progress Report, Architectural Forum, in S. Zipp, and N. Storring (eds.) Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Penguin Random House, p. 101. Jacobs, J. (1961). Death and Life in Great American Cities. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Kamath, L. (2012) New Policy Paradigms and Actual Practices in Slum Housing: The Case of Housing Projects in Bengaluru, Economic and Political Weekly , 47 (47/48), 76-86. Kanigel, R. (2016). Eyes on the Street: The Life of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf (Penguin Random House). Mathur, A. , and Mane, M. (2024). Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Critiquing India's Housing Poverty Policies, Law School Policy Review, Economic Affairs and Policy . Available at: https://law scho olpo licy review .com /2024 /04 /02 /out -of -sight -out -of -mind -critiquing -indias -housing -poverty -policies (Accessed February 2025).

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| 0.023 (0.033) | | I feel like I belong to this neighbourhood (NCI 2) | -0.048 (0.037) | | Given the opportunity, I would like to move out of this neighbourhood (R) (NCI 5) | -0.041 ** (0.015) | | I plan to remain a resident of this neighbourhood for a number of years (NCI 13) | 0.024 (0.023) | | Constant | 0.182 (0.152) P[F(18, 657)=7.28] <0.001 R 2 = 0.166 | Note: Analysis includes 676 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, p<0.05. * NCI 16) with their neighbours. In the subscale 'neighbouring' (NEI), Ajit Vihar residents are less likely to visit neighbours' homes (10.3 pp, p<0.001, NCI 3), take neighbours advice (6.6 pp, p<0.01, NCI 7) or borrow and exchange favours with their neighbours (17.6 pp, p<0.001, NCI 11). Yet, they are more likely to invite neighbours into their homes (4.4 pp, p<0.01, NCI 15). Given the opportunity, there is less likelihood Ajit Vihar residents would move out of their neighbourhood com -pared to those in Sanjay (4.1 pp, p<0.01, NCI 5) (Table 2.8). ## Element of trust and the importance to the neighbourhood In this part we consider our third hypothesis: Hypothesis 3: There is a causal link between trust, social capital and neigh -bourhood cohesion irrespective of neighbourhood type - A comparison of Sanjay, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar. We investigate if there are any causal links between trust, social capital and neighbourhood cohesion. Looking at our household data, our findings show that in the three communities there is a strong positive correlation between trust and neighbourhood cohesion (Ajit Vihar (r=0.678, p<0.01); Sanjay (r=0.618, p<0.01); Bhalswa (r=0.533, p<0.01)). We also see strong significant correlations in all three settlements with (i) social capital and NCI (ii) social capital and trust (Ajit Vihar (r=0.743, p<0.01; r=0.723, p<0.01); Sanjay (r=0.274, p<0.01; r=0.264, p<0.01); Bhalswa (r=0.300, p<0.01; r=0.386, p<0.01)). The correlations between these three themes of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital and trust suggest a strong latent structure. We explore these relationships and see clear connections between trust, community neighbourhood cohesion (NCI) and social capital (SC). The path models (Figure 2.5) illustrate how strongly these three measures are related. A path model is a statistical technique that specifies a model of the relation -ship between variables and statistically tests the fit of the model to the data. Path analysis

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[]

Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 14.3 Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel X X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 15.1Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness; dressing and dyeing of fur X X 15.2 Manufacture of footwear X X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials 16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood X X X X 16.2 Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials X X X X X X X 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products 17.1 Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard X 17.2 Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard X X X 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing X X X 18.2 Reproduction of recorded media 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 19.1 Manufacture of coke oven products X X X 19.2 Manufacture of refined petroleum products X X X X 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 20.1Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilisers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms X X X X X 20.2 Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 20.3Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics X X X 20.4Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations X X X X 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products X X 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 21.1 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products X 21.2 Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations X X 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation275 276 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28

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coming out at a difficult time for our continent. We should abandon the illusion that only procrastination can preserve consensus. In fact, procrastination has only produced slower growth, and it has certainly achieved no more consensus. We have reached the point where, without action, we will have to either compromise our welfare, our environment or our freedom. For the strategy outlined in this report to succeed, we must begin with a common assessment of where we stand, the goals we want to prioritise, the risks we want to avoid and the trade-offs we are prepared to make. We must ensure that our democratically elected institutions are at the centre of these debates. Reforms can only be truly ambitious and sustainable if they enjoy democratic backing. And we must take a new stance towards cooperation: in removing obstacles, harmonising rules and laws, and coor - dinating policies. There are different constellations in which we can move forward. But what we cannot do is fail to move forward at all. Our confidence that we will succeed in moving forward should be strong. Never in the past has the scale of our coun - tries appeared so small and inadequate relative to the size of the challenges. And it is long since self-preservation has been such a common concern. The reasons for a unified response have never been so compelling – and in our unity we will find the strength to reform. 09 THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | FOREWORD1. The starting point: a new landscape for Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Three transformations ahead for Europe . . . . . . . 10 Towards a European response . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Preserving social inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Closing the innovation gap . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Europe’s productivity challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Key barriers to innovation in Europe . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. A joint decarbonisation and competitiveness plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The root cause of high

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[]

services X 2.8% 10.1 Audiovisual and related services X 0.3% X 0.3% 10.2 Other personal, cultural, and recreational services X 0.9% X 0.9% 11 Government services, n.e.c. X 1.9%Table 2.22. Services export specialisation for Armenia 82 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Azerbaijan Results of the export mapping for Azerbaijan are shown in Table 2.23. The 2 services catego- ries with current strength represent 28% of the total exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Business travel account for almost 17% of the total exports, and those in Other business services for 11%. The 3 services categories with emerging strength represent, at 65%, a much higher share of the total exports due to large export shares for Transportation and Personal travel.Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Georgia Results of the export mapping for Georgia are shown in Table 2.24. The 2 services categories with current strength represent 24% of the to- tal exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Business travel account for 21% of the total exports. The 6 services categories with emerging strength represent almost 69% of the total ex- ports, with high export shares for Business travel and Personal travel. Current strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 2 24.2% 6 68.7% 1.1 Sea transport X 4.9% 2.1 Business travel X 21.0% X 21.0% 2.2 Personal travel X 39.3% 3.1 Postal and courier services X 0.1% 10.1 Audiovisual and related services X 0.2% 11 Government services, n.e.c. X 3.2% X 3.2%Table 2.24. Services export specialisation for GeorgiaCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 2 28.0% 3 65.3% 1 Transportation X 24.6% 2.1 Business travel X 16.9% 2.2 Personal travel X 40.3% 5 Insurance services X 0.4% 9 Other business services X 11.1% Table 2.23. Services export specialisation for Azerbaijan Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation83 Mapping of services export specialisa- tions – results for Moldova Results of the export mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.25. The 6 services categories with current strength represent 74.5% of the total exports for 2011-2018. Specialised exports in Per- sonal travel account for almost 13% of the total exports, and those in Telecommunication services for 10%. The 7 services categories with emerging strength represent 36% of the total exports, with Air transport and Other business services account- ing

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[]

Smith, Mark M. Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Sörlin, Sverker. 'Environmental Times: Synchronizing Human-Earth Temporalities from Annales to Anthropocene, 1920s-2020s.' In Times of History, Times of Nature , edited by Anders Ekström and Staffan Bergwik, 64-101. New York: Columbia University Press, 2022. Sorokin, Pitirim, and Robert Merton. 'Social-Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis.' In The Sociology of Time , edited by John Hassard, 56-66. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Steffen, Will, et al. 'The Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration.' The Anthropocene Review 2, no. 1 (2015): 81-98. Stein, Jeremy. 'Reflections on Time, Time-Space Compression and Technology in the Nineteenth Century.' In Timespace , edited by Jon May and Nigel Thrift, 106-119. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Tamm, Marek, and Laurent Olivier. Introduction to Rethinking Historical Time: New Approaches to Presentism , edited by Marek Tamm and Laurent Olivier. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. Accessed Obtober 27, 2024. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24543058. Tanaka, Stefan. History Without Chronology . Lever Press, 2019. Accessed November 11, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11418981. Tanaka, Stefan. New Times in Modern Japan , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Taylor, McComas. 'Time is Born of His Eyelashes: Puranic Measurement and Conceptions of Time.' In Retelling Time : Alternative Temporalties from Premodern South Asia , edited by Shonaleeka Kaul. London and New York: Routledge India, 2022. Thapar, Romila. 'Cyclical and Linear Time in Early India.' Museum International 57, no. 3 (2005): 19-31. Thapar, Romila. Time as a Metaphor of History: Early India . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. 'The History of Time.' Cardiff Times and South Wales Weekly News , June 25, 1892. Thompson, Edward P. 'Eighteenth Century English Society: Class-Struggle without Class?.' Social History 3, no. 2 (1978): 133-165. Thompson, Edward P. 'Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.' Past & Present 38 (1967): 56-97. Thrift, Nigel. 'The Making of a Capitalism Time Consciousness.' In The Sociology of Time , edited by John Hassard, 105-129. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. 'Timepieces.' The Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald , November 15, 1902. Torres, Felipe. Temporal Regimes: Materiality, Politics, Technology . Oxon: Routledge, 2022. van Schendel, Wilhem, and H. Schulte Nordholt, eds. Time Matters: Global and Local Time in Asian Societies . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000. Varma, Nitin. Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour . Oldenburg: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2017. Whitrow, G. J. Time in History: Views on Time from Prehistory to the Present Day . Oxford: Barnes and Noble, 2004.

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despite facing prejudice and many other barriers.3 Furthermore, women’s scientific career opportunities received a boost during World War I because of the realignment of science and military activities. Patricia Fara has dem - onstrated that British women scientists gained a foundation in academia as well as in industry and government research activities after World War I.4 Similarly, Jordynn Jack has documented the opportunities that existed for women scientists in the US during World War II.5 Examining gender in rela - tion to war and STEMM is an extremely important and wide- ranging area that will require further research. It is encouraging to see that some of the chapters in this volume engage with the topic in contexts that go beyond Western Europe and the US, such as Hungary, offering fresh insights into the relationship between war, science and gender. Higher education, especially PhD programmes Higher education in the US and Europe In Europe and the US, women gained access to undergraduate higher edu - cation in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. At that time, there were no opportunities for women to continue their studies after graduat - ing from university. Thus, the next goal was to gain entrance to graduate schools. In the early 1890s, some American graduate schools decided to admit women and award them PhD degrees. Based on women’s access to PhD programmes, we can identify three distinct university groups in the US.6 The first group, which included Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania, was so conservative that it continued to refuse women’s entry into its undergraduate colleges. The second group, which included xxiv Negotiating in/visibility Columbia and Brown Universities, based its decision to admit women into its graduate schools on the formation of a coordinated college for women undergraduates. The third group, which included Stanford University and the University of Chicago, was the most liberal of all and, in 1891, insti - tuted full coeducation. As Margaret Rossiter concludes, by the early twen - tieth century, academic feminists could rejoice that their efforts had played some role in opening the highest degrees for women.7 However, postdoc - toral opportunities, which were necessary for successful careers in science, remained far from equal among men and women scientists. The next goal, therefore, was to increase equal opportunities for employment and research after completing doctoral studies. The situation in British universities was similar in some regards.8 The

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[]

an A/D converter circuit are unnecessary. Therefore, the area of a peripheral circuit for the can be reduced. In this specification, analog data refers to data having a resolution of 3 bits ( levels) or more. The above-described multilevel data is included in the analog data in some cases. Data and parameters used in neural network calculation can be once stored in the . The data and parameters may be stored in a memory provided outside the via the ; however, the provided inside the can store the data and parameters more quickly with lower power consumption. Furthermore, the enables a longer bit line than the and thus can have an increased storage capacity. The is an FPGA using an OS transistor. With the use of the , the can establish a connection of a neural network such as a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), an autoencoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), or a deep belief network (DBN) described later, with hardware. Establishing the connection of the neural network with hardware enables higher speed performance. The is an FPGA including an OS transistor. An OS-FPGA can have a smaller memory area than an FPGA including an SRAM. Thus, addition of a context switching function only causes a small increase in area. Moreover, an OS-FPGA can transmit data and parameters at high speed by boosting. In the , the , the , the , and the can be provided on one die (chip). Thus, the can execute neural network calculation at high speed with low power consumption. In addition, the , the , the , and the can be fabricated through the same manufacturing process. Therefore, the can be fabricated at low cost. Note that the does not necessarily include all of the , the , and the . One or more memories selected from the , the , and the are provided in accordance with a problem that is desired to be solved by the . The can execute a method such as a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), an autoencoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), or a deep belief network (DBN) in accordance with a problem that is desired to be solved. The can store a program for executing at least one of these methods. Furthermore, part or the whole of

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[]

… 14 173 ₋₂ | 876 ₋₂ | 5260 ₋₂ | … 23 ₋₂ | ₋₂ | 8 ₋₂ | | | 3,2 ₋₁ | | | 13 | | | 22 | 21 ₋₂ | 24 ₋₁ | SMR | | | 7,4 ₋₁ | … | | … | 5681 ₋₁ | … … | … 24 ₋₂ | | SRB | | 4,8 ₋₂ | 9,4 ₋₂ | 6979 ₋₂ | … 9203 | | 13 18 | ₋₂ | 24 ₋₂ | 36 ₋₂ | SVK | | 5,4 ₋₂ 4,3 ₋₁ | 11,5 ₋₂ 9,2 ₋₁ | 8990 ₋₂ 11 ₋₂ | ₋₂ 678 ₋₂ 11 | 8910 ₋₂ 290 ₋₂ 12 | 538 ₋₂ 746 ₋₂ 19 | ₋₂ 25 ₋₂ | 24 ₋₂ 22 ₋₂ | 27 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ | SVN | | 7,6 ₋₂ | | 7944 15 | 8357 ₋₂ | 9446 ₋₂ | 9968 ₋₂ 18 | ₋₂ 19 ₋₂ | | | ESP | | | 13,5 ₋₂ | 086 ₋₂ 16 | ₋₂ 14 295 | 21 | 792 ₋₂ 24 | ₋₂ 22 ₋₂ | 23 ₋₂ 23 ₋₂ | 34 ₋₂ | SWE | | 4,9 ₋₁ | 15,4 ₋₁ | 14 869 ₋₂ 20 | 064 450 ₋₂ 18 | ₋₂ 814 ₋₂ | 639 ₋₂ | 25 ₋₂ | 26 ₋₂ | 34 ₋₂ | CHE UKR | | 5,9 ₋₁ | 8,5 ₋₁ | 6669 ₋₂ 4531 | 4883 ₋₂ 4663 | 6534 | 21 ₋₂ 37 ₋₂ | 27 ₋₂ | | 36 ₋₂ | | | 5,0 ₋₁ | 10,6 ₋₁ | ₋₂ | ₋₂ 12 | 129 ₋₂ | 666 ₋₂ 9 | ₋₂ 26 ₋₂ | ₋₂ | 39 ₋₂ | | | | | 12 387 14 274 ₋₂ | | | | | 25 | | | | | | ₋₂ | 15 | ₋₂ 19 | 039 ₋₂ | 22 ₋₂ | 23 ₋₂ | | | | | | | 044 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 ₋₂ | | | | 12,7 ₋₃ | 9169 | | | | | | | | | 5,4 | | | | | | | | | | | ₋₂ | | | | | | | | | USA | | | | |

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[]

potential pivot for reconciliation between the E&I and the S&T results. As a consequence, in this analysis, NACE sectors are used as much as possi- ble to bridge the information stemming from Part 2 and Part 3, respectively. Evidently, some dis- tinctive S&T domains identified in Part 3 may not fit in a given NACE sector and, conversely, some E&I domains will not find an S&T counterpart: all of these niches of either economic or knowledge specialisation will be duly taken into account and preserved for the final mapping results. Addition- ally, more deeply, the concordances identified in the following analysis are all based on quantita- tive alignments that rely on established concord- ance tables. There could be (and there probably are) further synergies between the E&I and S&T potential of the EaP region that escape the ration- ale of the current analysis and that could only be captured through further analysis using national data sources and the EDP to be carried out in the EaP countries. Bearing in mind the above caveats, to achieve the desired reconciliation, three main resources were employed in this exercise: 1. official correspondence tables produced by Eu- rostat (for IPC classification to NACE sectors)69 and the JRC (for NABS to NACE)70. In the first case, this allows for direct linkage of the tech- nological analysis with the results of Part 2. In the second, a two-step correspondence be- tween scientific production (classified in bibli- ometric categories) and the results of Part 2; 2. information on sectoral clusters, or ‘concentra- tions of economic activities in related indus- tries’ provided by the report Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Re- 69 Stancik, J., A methodology for estimating public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU, JRC, 2012. 70 Van Looy, V. et al., Patent statistics: Concordance IPC v8 - NACE Rev.2, Eurostat, 2015. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation231 lated Sectors (commissioned by the European Cluster Observatory)71, will allow the integra- tion of several interconnected lower-digit E&I specialisation domains in order to better align them with the S&T specialisation domains; 3. expert knowledge for making sense of the information coming from different sources, for selecting mapped concordances between EI&ST and eventually grouping sectors to- gether to arrive at an appropriate granularity for priority-setting by national stakeholders. These choices have been documented and are presented further on. This

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The EU has put in place binding legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The US, by contrast, has set a non-binding target of a 50-52% reduction below (higher) 2005 levels by 2030, while China only aims for its carbon emissions to peak by the end of the decade. These differences create massive near-term investment needs for EU companies that their competitors do not face. For the four largest EIIs (chemicals, basic metals, non-metallic minerals and paper), decarbonisation is projected to cost EUR 500 billion overall over the next 15 years, while for the “hardest-to-abate” parts of the transport sector (maritime and aviation) investment needs stand at around EUR 100 billion each year from 2031 to 2050. The EU is also the only major region worldwide to have introduced a significant CO2 price. This cost factor is of limited importance so far as heavy industrial production has been largely covered by free allowances under the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). However, these allowances will be progressively phased out with the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Decarbonisation offers an opportunity for Europe to lower energy prices and take the lead in clean technol - ogies (“clean tech”), while also becoming more energy secure . The decarbonisation of Europe’s energy system 39THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3implies the massive deployment of clean energy sources with low marginal generation costs, such as renewables and nuclear. Specific EU regions are endowed with high potential for cost-competitive renewable energy sources: for instance, solar in Southern Europe and wind in the North and Southeast. Renewable energy deployment in Europe is already rising, reaching around 22% of the EU’s gross final energy consumption in 2023, compared with 14% in China and 9% in the US. At the same time, Europe has strong innovative potential to meet rising domestic and global demand for clean energy solutions. Although Europe is weak in digital innovation, it is a leader in clean tech innovation [see Figure 2] . This presents opportunities: according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), more than one-third of the required CO2 emission reductions globally in 2050 rely on technologies currently at the demonstra - tion or prototype phaseiii. The electrification of the European energy system will also be an enabler of growth for the EU’s sustainable transport sector. EU companies are

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the SUIT keyword in the EPX input. In each sub-test, we prescribe a dierent initial horizontal displacement of the projectile with respect to the target, to simulate sliding. A displacement increment of 0 :1 m per sub- test is used so that with 10 sub-tests we reach a conguration where the two pinballs are no longer in contact at step 0. Figure 110 shows the result of each sub-case and the .PIN le is listed below, from which one can read the measured penetration. Actually, this is the maximum penetration but in this case this is irrelevant since there is just one contact. (a) Step 0 (b) Step 1 (c) Step 2 (d) Step 3 (e) Step 4 (f) Step 5 (g) Step 6 (h) Step 7 (i) Step 8 (j) Step 9 (k) Step 10 Figure 110: Results of test MEPE41. 96 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.142E-01 4.142E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.092E-01 4.092E-01 9.950E-01 9.950E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.944E-01 3.944E-01 9.806E-01 9.806E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.702E-01 3.702E-01 9.578E-01 9.578E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.372E-01 3.372E-01 9.285E-01 9.285E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.962E-01 2.962E-01 8.944E-01 8.944E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.480E-01 2.480E-01 8.575E-01 8.575E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.936E-01 1.936E-01 8.192E-01 8.192E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.336E-01 1.336E-01 7.809E-01 7.809E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX PDOTMX PDOTMAX 0 0.00000E+00 1 1 1 1 1 1 6.885E-02 6.885E-02 7.433E-01 7.433E-01 STEP T N_RAW N_NCOL N_RCEL N_REDP N_REDU N_REBO PENEMX PENEMAX

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[]

by an array of tiny emitters with tailored phase and polarization, all driven at two close colors. The lattice naturally divides into subcells with opposite local topology, yet preserves a clean, alternating pattern across the whole structure. The authors sketch practical layouts using dipole arrays, grating couplers, or microwave antennas to realize the source arrangement. Unlike earlier optical hopfions that relied on beam diffraction along the propagation axis, this design works in the joint spacetime domain at a fixed plane, with periodic beating doing the heavy lifting. The team also discusses when the structures can "fly" some distance while maintaining their topology, and when diffraction undermines their integrity. Why it matters: topological textures like skyrmions have already reshaped ideas for dense, low-error data storage and signal routing. Extending that toolkit to hopfion crystals in light could unlock high-dimensional encoding schemes, resilient communications, atom trapping strategies, and new light-matter interactions. "The birth of spacetime hopfion crystals," the authors write, opens a path to condensed, robust topological information processing across optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. RELATED TOPICS Matter & Energy Spintronics Telecommunications Graphene Physics Inorganic Chemistry Nanotechnology Materials Science Civil Engineering RELATED TERMS Knot theory General relativity Robot Solar power Quantum computer Scientific method Chemical bond Renewable energy Story Source: Materials provided by Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference : Wenbo Lin, Nilo Mata-Cervera, Yasutomo Ota, Yijie Shen, Satoshi Iwamoto. Space-Time Optical Hopfion Crystals . Physical Review Letters , 2025; 135 (8) DOI: 10.1103/hh5s-cprt Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm>. Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. (2025, August 27). Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light. ScienceDaily . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2025 / 08 / 250827010722.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Scientists Twist DNA Into Self-Building Nanostructures That Could Transform Technology July 20, 2025 — Scientists have used

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or ejecting the contents, or via air separation, where precise blasts of air can be used to eject contaminants. Other means for removing or expelling contaminants detected by optical sorter may be used, depending upon the specific needs of a given implementation. As examples, the optical sorters can be or include the discussed infra w.r.t . The optical sorters can be in communication with , where the optical sorters can provide indicating various contaminants, materials, or objects that were detected and/or ejected by the optical sorters. As with the from robotic sorters, the may use from optical sorters to determine the status and quality of the waste stream moving past optical sorters, and take appropriate actions as to ensure optimal operation of the MRF. For example, from an optical sorter may be passed downstream to a robotic sorter by the , and the may be able to dynamically reconfigure robotic sorter and/or the optical sorter based on the status information from the optical sorter and/or the robotic sorter. Likewise, the optical sorters may be in communication with the , and can receive from . For example, the can activate, deactivate, or otherwise reconfigured one or more optical sorters to monitor for and/or sort/remove different types of contaminants (e.g., within the limits/capabilities of the optical sorter hardware). Some of the include electromagnetic sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize magnetism and/or electromagnetic mechanisms on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials (e.g., recyclable metals and/or rare earth elements) and/or sort such materials from undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. For example, the electromagnetic sorters can include electromagnets (e.g., coils and/or solenoids in various shapes, designs, and/or arrangements), which when supplied with electric current, produce magnetic field poles to attract or repel ferromagnetic materials, permanent magnet materials rare-earth materials, composite magnet materials, and/or the like. Here, the can control the amounts of current (or varying pulses of current) to the electromagnets in order to control the strength and direction of the magnetic fields. Different magnetic field strengths can provide different oscillation/vibration frequencies for the electromagnets, which may provide various ways in which to separate out desirable materials from waste streams. Various oscillation frequencies can be achieved using various combinations of current pulses, for example, using phase offset modulation, pulse-width modulation, and/or other like modulation schemes. Some of the include pneumatic and/or air systems, which may include an

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[]

of school or do not attend school regularly are highly unlikely to achieve minimum proficiency levels ................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 8.10 By the end of primary school, only about 1 in 10 children read with comprehension in poorer African countries ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Figure 8.11 Students’ mathematics anxiety levels have risen ......................................................................................................................... 166 Figure 9.1 Education participation has increased for younger but not for older children ..................................................................... 172 Figure 9.2 Many children are enrolled in primary education one year before the official entry age ................................................. 173 Figure 9.3 Countries show different patterns in early entry to primary education ................................................................................ 174 Figure 9.4 Increased education participation of children one year before primary entry age can be due to an increase in pre-primary or in primary enrolment ........................................................................................................................... 175 Figure 9.5 Children attending pre-primary education are more likely to be developmentally on track ........................................... 176 Figure 9.6 Inadequate supervision is associated with a lower prevalence of positive and stimulating home environments ................................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Figure 9.7 Early childhood care and education leaders devote more time to administration than pedagogy ............................... 178 Figure 10.1 Adult formal and non-formal education participation rates exceed 10% in very few countries ..................................... 184 Figure 10.2 More than half of countries have seen a decline in formal and non-formal education participation rates in the last 10 years ........................................................................................................................................................................ 186 Figure 10.3 There is a large gender disparity in adult education and training participation ................................................................... 188 Figure 10.4 Vocational education participation rates have seen only marginal growth in the past 10 years .................................. 189 Figure 10.5 Gender disparity in tertiary education enrolment has continued unabated ......................................................................... 191 Figure 10.6 Gender gaps favour women in tertiary education but men in TVET ........................................................................................ 191 Figure 11.1 In high-income countries, adults have much higher levels of ICT skills than in middle-income countries ................. 198 Figure 11.2 No more than 1 in 20 Bangladeshi, Iranian and Vietnamese youth and adults can verify the reliability of online information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Figure 11.3 Men are even more likely than women to have ICT skills as the skill level rises .................................................................. 200 Figure 11.4 Secondary school teachers’ skills in using devices increased rapidly during COVID-19 .................................................... 202 Figure 11.5 The share of the population with at least secondary education increased by 5 percentage points in 10 years ...... 203 Figure 11.6 Disadvantaged students are less assertive than their more privileged peers .................................................................... 204 Figure 12.1 Globally, gender disparity in

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[]

Smith, A., Johnson, M., & Roberts, L. (2022). Effects of early intervention in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review of cognitive outcomes. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(2), 112-124. Nguyen, H., & Lee, S. K. (2021). Genetic markers for Alzheimer's disease risk: A meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 80(4), 815-829. Barker, J., & Turner, R. D. (2020). Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 17(1), 9-22. Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Li, H., & Zhao, W. (2019). The role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 147, 1-12. Martinez, J. L., & Williams, G. A. (2021). The impact of exercise on mitochondrial function in aging: A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Ageing Research Reviews, 71, 10-23. Davis, M., & Evans, A. (2022). The microbiome and its role in autoimmune diseases: A review of recent findings. Clinical Immunology, 227, 53-62. Greenwood, J., & Patel, T. (2020). Advances in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: A critical review of current strategies. Journal of Gene Medicine, 22(7), e3147. Lee, M., & Wang, Z. (2019). Targeting the mTOR pathway in cancer therapy: An overview of current clinical trials. Oncology Reports, 42(1), 107-118. Harrison, J., & Young, R. (2021). Personalized medicine in oncology: Implications for the future of cancer treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39(6), 495-506. Singh, P., Kumar, N., & Shah, R. (2019). The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: A review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 148, 63-75.

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leadership as one of three key school-level factors within its broad framework of education quality (UNESCO, 2005, 2016), which captures inputs, processes and individual- and societal-level outcomes of education ( Figure 1.1 ). Within the framework, learners and systems influence school and classroom settings, resulting in education outcomes, within a context of economic, social and political conditions. Various aspects of the framework relate to school leaders. Learners bring their home backgrounds, including parental attitudes towards school leaders, into schools. Education systems determine the context in which school principals work, for example standards and accountability mechanisms, rules that determine the scope for school-level decisions such as teacher hiring, and the presence of initial training and professional development opportunities for school leaders. At the school level, conditions related to teachers and their professional interactions, teaching and learning practices, resources, and facilities form the environment in which school leaders work. The context for leadership affects the types of hierarchical relationships, cultural responses to individual initiative and levels of social trust.  ## Outcomes ## For learners in pre-primary education e.g. school readiness, executive function, social-emotional and motor development, and pre-academic skills in primary, secondary and tertiary education e.g. learning achievement, critical thinking skills, collaborative skills, and values and attitudes (including a better understanding of the world). ## For society e.g. behaviours linked with sustainable economic, social and environmental development; a culture of peace and non-violence; global citizenship; and cultural diversity. ## TABLE 1.2: ## Four school leadership dimensions describe principals' core practices | Dimensions | Indicative practices | |----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Set expectations | Develop, communicate and explain a shared vision, mission and goals, including a focus on student achievement Hold high performance expectations, for staff and students Provide inspirational motivation, exerting influence by setting a personal example and representing the community Stay current and use data for decision making | | Focus on learning | Focus on instructional development, e.g. through pedagogical supervision Provide instructional resources and materials and align them to instructional goals Plan, coordinate and evaluate the curriculum Protect staff from work distractions Monitor student progress | | Foster collaboration | Develop a school culture and positive climate Maintain a safe, healthy school environment Raise resources strategically, build networks and manage risk Nurture collaboration, especially between teachers, and enable action Build relations and consult with families and community | | Develop people | Keep track of teacher professional development

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Ring-fencing rules create de facto 'separate taxpayers' for tax liability determination purposes and sometimes also for tax reporting purposes. There are different ways that tax administrations deal with this phenomenon from a tax reporting perspective. The countries can request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ring-fenced area, either as a part of their tax return or as a special annex to their tax return. The other possibility is to require filing a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. This means that the same taxpayer may file multiple tax returns for the same taxable period with respect to each ring-fenced activity and an additional one or more tax returns for non-mining activities. To support the filings, the licence holder will have to maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. The tax return or a special annex should include information needed for preliminary risk analysis, such as revenues and expenditures per ring-fenced item. A licence holder must usually submit the tax returns (either electronically or in physical form) to the tax authority on a template specifically designed and authorized for this purpose. Special templates for tax returns or their annexes can be designed to simplify the filing process while ensuring the key information needed for risk assessment and high-level review is included. ## 5.4.2 Maintaining All the Necessary Supporting Documents and Records In case of necessity or tax audit, the tax authority may require primary and other relevant documents when it receives the tax return(s). In that case, the mining taxpayer should be in a position to establish and prove how the relevant revenues and expenditures have been determined and correctly allocated to the specific licences or other ring-fenced business activities, ideally based on apportionment methods established in a guidance published by the tax authority for taxpayers. A proper application of an apportionment method relies on having clear data across mines/projects/ licence areas. In doing so, the taxpayer should maintain all the necessary documents and records to support its arguments in case the tax authority requests that it do so. There should be periodic reviews undertaken by the tax authority. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0

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up of successful ventures . The EU should become as attractive for inventors as other leading regions for innovation. The report recommends a number of measures to support the transition from invention to commercialisation in Europe. First, to overcome bureaucratic barriers in universities and research institutions to managing intellectual property rights with their researchers, a new blueprint for fair and transparent royalty sharing is recommended. Second, to lower application costs for young companies and to offer uniform protection of intellectual property, it is proposed to adopt the Unitary Patent in all EU Member States. Third, the EU should carry out a thorough impact assessment of the effect of digital and other regulation on small companies, with the aim of excluding SMEs from regulations that only large companies are able to comply with. Finally, the EU should support rapid growth within the European market by giving innovative start-ups the opportunity to adopt a new EU-wide legal statute (the “Innovative European Company”). This status would provide companies with a single digital identity valid throughout the EU and recognised by all Member States. These companies would have access to harmonised legislation concerning corporate law and insol - vency, as well as a few key aspects of labour law and taxation, to be made progressively more ambitious, and they would be entitled to establish subsidiaries across the EU without incorporating separately in each Member State. A better financing environment for disruptive innovation, start-ups and scale-ups is needed as barriers to growth within the European markets are removed [see the chapters on innovation, and investment] . While high-growth companies can typically obtain finance from international investors, there are good reasons to further develop the financing ecosystem within Europe. Very early-stage innovation would benefit from a deeper pool of angel investors. Ensuring sufficient local capital to fund scale-ups would concentrate the spillovers of innovation within Europe. Increasing the appeal of European stock markets for IPOs would improve funding options for founders, encouraging more start-up activity in the EU. To generate a significant increase in equity and debt funding available to start-ups and scale-up, the report proposes the following measures. First, expanding incentives for business 33THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2“angels” and seed capital investors. Second, assessing whether further changes to capital requirements under Solvency II are warranted, which establishes capital adequacy rules for insurance companies, and issuing guide - lines for

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applied in the automotive sector. The ambitious target of zero tailpipe emissions by 2035 will lead to a de facto phasing out of new registrations of vehicles with internal combustion engines and the rapid market penetration of EVs. Yet, the EU has not followed up these ambitions with a synchronised push to convert the supply chain. For example, the Commission only launched the European Battery Alliance to build a battery value chain in Europe in 2017, while Europe as a whole is far behind on installing charging infrastructure. China, by contrast, has been focusing on the full EV supply chain since 2012 and, as a result, it has moved faster and at a larger scale and is now one generation ahead in EV technology in virtually all domains, while also producing at lower cost. European companies are already losing market share and this trend may accelerate as shipping bottlenecks are overcome [see Figure 9] . Chinese carmakers’ market share for EVs in Europe rose from 5% in 2015 to almost 15% in 2023, while the share of European carmakers in the European EV market fell from 80% to 60%. FIGURE 9 Electric car imports to Europe by country of production and manufacturer headquarters Thousand vehicles, 2021-2022 Source: IEA, 2023 49THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3A joint plan for decarbonisation and competitiveness The first key goal for the energy sector is to lower the cost of energy for end users by transferring the benefits of the decarbonisation [see the chapter on energy] . Natural gas will remain part of the energy mix in Europe over the medium term – scenarios suggest that EU gas demand will fall by 8%-25% by 2030 – and so this goal requires reducing the volatility of natural gas prices. The report recommends reinforcing joint procurement – at least for LNG – to leverage Europe’s market power and establishing long-term partnerships with reliable and diversified trade partners as part of a genuine EU gas strategy. Europe also needs to reduce its exposure to spot market by encouraging a progressive move away from spot-linked sourcing and to reduce volatility in EU gas markets by limiting the possibility of speculative behaviour. Following the US example, regulators should be able to apply financial position limits as well as dynamic caps in circumstances when EU energy spot or derivatives prices diverge markedly from global energy prices.

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products, machinery and equipment X X X X X 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery and equipment X D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY 35 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 35.1 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X X X X X X X X X 35.2 Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains X X X X 35.3 Steam and air conditioning supply X X X X X X EWATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES 36 Water collection, treatment and supply X X X X 37 Sewerage X X 38Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery 38.1 Waste collection X 38.2 Waste treatment and disposal 38.3 Materials recovery X X X 39 Remediation activities and other waste management services F CONSTRUCTION 41 Construction of buildings 41.1 Development of building projects X X X X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation281 282 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 41.2 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings X X X X X X 42 Civil engineering 42.1 Construction of roads and railways X X X X X X X 42.2 Construction of utility projects X X X X X X X 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects X X X X X X X 43 Specialised construction activities 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X X X 43.2 Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities X X X X X X 43.3 Building completion and finishing X X X 43.9 Other specialised construction activities X X X X X X X GWHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES 45Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X X X X X 45.2 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles X X X 45.3 Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories X X X X 45.4Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 sc3d631.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 sc3d731.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 166 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 sc3d731.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 sc3d831.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 sc3d831.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 T tube01.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 tube01 cmp.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 tube01 seq.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 167 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 168 Getting in touch with the EU In person All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you online ( european -union.europa.eu/contact -eu/meet -us_en ). On the phone or in writing Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service: — by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls), —

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large government-led initiatives, polycentric solutions can provide levels of flex - ibility and robustness that may not normally be possible. If a part of a proposed solution has issues, there are multiple routes that allow for adaptation and support (Ostrom, 2010b ). So, what do we mean by polycentricity? According to Stephan et al. ( 2019 ) At the core of almost every definition of polycentric governance (or polycen - tricity, polycentric systems or polycentric arrangements) is the idea of multi - ple centres of decision-making, or multiple authorities, no one of which has ultimate authority for making all collective decision …. How many centres of how many different sizes exist is less important than the basic idea that multiple centres exist and operate concurrently, within a system in which no single centre has final ultimate authority. (Stephan, Marshall, and McGinnis, 2019 ) Plan of the book The book is divided into four parts: • Part 1 : Neighbourhood cohesion (Chapters 1 and 2). • Part 2 : Collective action and polycentricity (Chapters 3 and 4). • Part 3 : Entrepreneurship (Chapters 5 and 6). • Part 4 : Reflections (Chapter 7). Part 1: Neighbourhood cohesion Chapter 1 , “The draw of the city”, provides an introduction that sets the scene for the rest of the book. The research undertaken in Delhi over the three years of the project focuses on three different neighbourhood types – slum/JJ, resettlement and unauthorised colonies. Delhi’s community live in a mixture of planned, unplanned, illegal and informal settlements owing to the detailed land use categories set out by urban planners. What follows are six chapters that explore, through data, dif - ferent parts of the lives of those living in three neighbourhoods – Sanjay (slum/ JJ), Bhalswa (resettlement) and Ajit Vihar (unauthorised). We will discover stories of community solutions and resilience, where people become their own agents of change to provide their lives with dignity, purpose and meaning. The chapters may be read independently, although there are themes and threads running throughout that bind the book together. Chapter 2 , “Resilient cities – why does slum type matter?”, sets out to under - stand the different levels of trust, community cohesion, well-being and social capital in the different neighbourhood types. That is “is your life affected by the community in which you live and if so how and why”? The chapter considers three hypotheses,

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expenditure CIT corporate income tax EPZ export processing zone IGF Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development IMF International Monetary Fund IRR internal rate of return MNE multinational enterprise OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OPEX operating expenditure PNG Papua New Guinea PSA production-sharing agreement RRT resource rent tax SCA Supreme Court of Appeal v Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 About This Practice Note ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Who Is This Practice Note For? ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 What Gap Does This Practice Note Fill? ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 The Fundamentals of Ring-Fencing ................................................................................................ 5 2.1 The Source of Ring-Fencing Rules ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 The Prevalence of Ring-Fencing Rules in the Extractive Sectors .................................................................. 8 3.0 The Benefits and Risks of Ring-Fencing .................................................................................... 12 3.1 The Benefits .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 The Risks ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.0 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules ......................................................................................................... 23 4.1 When Ring-Fencing Is an Appropriate Policy Response ....................................................................................... 24 4.2 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules .............................................................................................................................................................. 26 4.3 What Aspects of Mining Operations Should Be Ring-Fenced? ................................................................. 28 4.4 Which T axes Should Be Ring-Fenced? ....................................................................................................................................... 39 4.5 Who Ring-Fencing Rules Should Apply T o ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? ......................................... 43 4.7 How to Deal With Permanent Losses Where Ring-Fencing Rules Exist ............................................ 46 5.0 The Implementation of Ring-Fencing Rules .............................................................................. 51 5.1 Introducing Ring-Fencing Rules Into the Applicable Legal Framework .............................................. 52 5.2 How Should the Apportionment of Revenues and Expenditures Work? ............................................ 56 5.3 How to Mitigate the Risk of Domestic Transfer Pricing Abuse in the Context of Ring-Fencing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.4 How to Design T axpayers’ Compliance Obligations ................................................................................................... 63 6.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Financial Support for the OECD Comes From the Following Donors: ............................................................ 70 Support for the IGF Comes From the Following: ........................................................................................................................ 71 References ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 72 1.0 Introduction 2 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION For most economic sectors, corporate income tax (CIT) is levied at the business entity level. This means that the income derived from various projects or commercial activities undertaken by a single business entity is merged or consolidated into a single tax base. This approach is commonly

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education institutions, education systems and societies to change for the better. Leaders do not act on their own – they respond to other actors who help shift the political system: members of parliament, researchers, international organizations, civil society, trade unions, media and many others. All of them exercise leadership, helping influence countries towards specific education and broader societal goals. Some politicians, for example, have made inclusive and equitable education of good quality a priority in their countries through forward-looking reforms and adequate resource allocation. But before delving into the ‘how’ of leadership – and risk it becoming an end in itself – it is therefore important not to lose sight of ‘what’ leadership is meant to achieve. Leadership is exercised in many ways and multiple forms, given differences in contexts, values, personalities and organizations. And the range of outcomes to which leaders contribute is so wide that focusing on any single one for analytical convenience underestimates their full impact. Stories of good leaders inspire but can only offer direct lessons to those who may find themselves in similar situations. The challenge is to draw from these individual BOX 1.2: Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership It is impossible to do justice to such a broad range of topics in a single publication. For this reason, throughout 2025, four regional editions will explore selected issues in more detail that resonate in different parts of the world. The third edition of the Spotlight series on universal basic education completion and foundational learning in Africa will focus on instructional leadership, drawing on research focusing on five countries. A regional edition on Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia will focus on leadership for inclusive education, drawing on eight country case studies. A regional edition on East Asia will focus on leadership and digital transformation, drawing on four country case studies. A regional edition on Latin America will examine distributed and shared leadership, drawing on seven country case studies. 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 17 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION 1 stories and focus on institutional mechanisms that nurture rather than stifle talented leaders of all styles and backgrounds, in all contexts. In many countries, education leaders are often thought of only as administrators or managers. Yet in recent years some countries have recognized the full scope of their roles and built foundations for their

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[]

| | Afghanistan Unspecified by region | 345 | 28 | Unspecified by region | 60 | | | EU Institutions | | | | Türkiye | 55 | 27.2 | | | Türkiye | 217 | 17 | | | 25.1 | | | Morocco | 63 | 5 28 | Morocco Dominica | 22 0 | 9.9 0.1 | | Inter-American Development Bank | Honduras | 12 | 25 | Argentina | 0 | 0.1 | | | Nicaragua | 11 | 16 | Belize | 0 | | | Special Fund | Guatemala | 7 13 | 37 | State of Palestine | 1 | 0.2 28.4 | | Islamic Development Bank | State of Palestine Nigeria | 3 | 8 | Burkina Faso | 1 | 23.5 | | | Niger | 3 | 8 | Djibouti | 0 | 15.2 | | | China | 21 | 61 | Zimbabwe | 2 | 51.4 | | OPEC Fund for International | Burkina Faso | 5 | 13 | Côte d'Ivoire | 1 | 25.4 | | Development | | | | | 1 | 23.2 | | | Malawi | 2 296 | 6 | Gambia | | | | UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine | State of Palestine | | 63 21 | State of Palestine | 296 | 62.6 21.4 | | Refugees | Jordan | 101 | | Jordan | 101 50 | 10.6 | | | Lebanon | 50 | 11 | Lebanon | 3 | 11.9 | | UNICEF | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 7 | 10 | India | 1 | | | | India Pakistan | 5 5 | 8 7 | Ethiopia Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 | 6.3 4.5 | | World Bank | Nigeria | | 10 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 117 | 23.4 | | (International Development | United Republic of Tanzania | 202 186 | 9 | Nigeria | 60 | 12.1 | | Association) | Pakistan | 168 | 8 | Ethiopia | 51 | 10.2 | Source: OECD-DAC, CRS database (2024). ## Glossary Attainment rate. Number of persons in a particular age group by the highest level of education attained, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group (see Completion rate ). Age-specific enrolment ratio. Enrolment of a

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books. Other formats, such as audiobooks, are the least preferred. The National Bibliography of Botswana (NABOB), published by the Botswana National Public Library, is a comprehensive record of new books, dissertation and abstracts of annual publications in the country. It also provides a list of publishers and printers. However, the collection does not indicate how many books were written or published by women. This critical document specifies the language of book publications, which are predominantly in English, the country’s official language. It also includes publications in the national languages of Setswana and Ikalanga. The sector’s output at the University of Botswana is managed through the University Library, the Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the University of Botswana Research Innovation and Scholarship Archive (UBRISA). For 2023, the University of Botswana’s Annual Research Report, produced by the ORD, indicates that there were 549 outputs, including books, journal articles and book chapters. The report does not provide detailed disaggregation. 7 As for educational books, the Ministry of Education secures books for schools through a public procurement and tendering system. With 821 primary schools and 293 secondary schools, the target market for publishing professionals in the country is the educational publishing sector. The book sector in Botswana is predominantly led by women. Based on consultations with multiple stakeholders, it appears that women occupy managerial roles but not executive positions in the distribution sector. Information gathered through these consultations indicates an employment trend by gender of 70% women, 25% men, and 5% unspecified.DISTRIBUTION, SALES AND PROMOTION CHANNELS According to the national authority’s survey response, the most important distribution channels are physical bookstores. Data from the same survey response also show that there are two physical bookstores dedicated mainly to books in the country, likely referring to the Botswana Book Centre (BBC) established in 1965, and Exclusive Books, which has been operating in the country since 2002. There is, however, a third bookstore based at the University of Botswana, called Van Schaik Bookstore, which sells mainly academic books to staff and students at the university. 8 All three bookstores are located in Gaborone. Both Exclusive Books and Van Schaik Bookstore also have online bookstores. Procurement at the BBC is 70% local acquisitions, 9 while Exclusive Books procures 95% imported books from South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. 10 This applies to library acquisitions as well as bookstores. In terms

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[]

of the S&T specialisa- tions Moldova presents a rather diversified S&T pan- orama. Its most highlighted S&T specialisation domains are the following: ■Health and wellbeing presents a nota- ble critical mass, specialisation and citation impact in publications, as well as a relevant number of patents and EC projects. The ‘Nico- lae Testemitanu’ State University of Medicine and Pharmacy is the leading academic institu- tion in the domain, accounting for more than one third of the country’s total produced re- cords on this topic; ■Nanotechnology and materials presents a notable critical mass, specialisation and cita- tion impact in publications, as well as a rel- MOLDOVA Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCI*EC projects*Total Agrifood 2 Biotechnology 2 Chemistry and chemical engineering2 Electric and electronic technologies4 Energy 1 Environmental sciences and industries2 Fundamental physics and mathematics1 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 5 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery3 Nanotechnology and materials 4 Optics and photonics 0 *NCI = Normalised citation impact *EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable 3.32. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Moldovaevant number of EC projects. In this country, the domain correlates highly with Optics and photonics, although produced records in both domains have been declining significantly in recent years; ■Electric and electronic technologies pre- sents a notable critical mass in patents, as well as a high specialisation in both publica- tions and patents. Its publication citation im- pact is one of the highest in the country, but still below 1.0; ■Mechanical engineering and heavy ma- chinery presents a notable critical mass in patents, as well as a high specialisation in both publications and patents. In Moldova, this do- main presents a very high co-occurrence with Energy. The following clouds present the most relevant keywords for these highlighted S&T domains. Figure 3.74. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Moldova Figure 3.76. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies in Moldova Figure 3.75. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova Figure 3.77. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Moldova 226 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation227 UKRAINE Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCI*EC projects*Total Agrifood 0 Biotechnology 3 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 4 Environmental sciences and industries1

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laboratory that can serve forensicpurpose, in any medical college and districthospitals of our country, where routinely postmortem examination and medico legal works performed. The only chemical examiner’s office situated in Dhaka is always overburdened. There are numerous problems involved with the preparation, delivery and use of chemicalreports. Forensic science laboratory is yet tobe established in each medical college anddistrict hospital. Under graduate education: Undergraduate education in forensic medicineis given for two academic years in the third and fourth year of the MBBS course with a finalexamination at the end of fourth year. Muchemphasis is to be placed on teaching forensicmedicine to undergraduates because inForensic Medicine: Bangladesh Perspective Rahman KGM et al 63 Bangladesh doctors posted to remote areas are required to do post mortem and medico legalworks in a routine basis, so teaching staffs should be increased. There are a good number of private medical institutions offeringundergraduate course without post mortemfacilities and there is no teachers of forensicmedicine except a few with part time basis andwith some retired professors, this is also due to scarcity of forensic specialist. Post graduate education: Teaching and training facilities at the university level, is lacking in the subject. Mostexperts in the profession are not expert bytraining but are expert by position. There aretwo post graduate degrees in Bangladesh: one is membership of BCPS another is diploma, conducted by forensic medicine department offew medical colleges. We propose to introduceMD and PhD courses in medical university, andFCPS in BCPS. The forensic specialist shouldperform medico legal work as opposed to untrained medical graduates, as medico legal work is a highly technical and specialized job.Postgraduate study and research should beencouraged and every effort should be takenfor the departmental doctors to visitinternationally reputed forensic centers.Co-ordination: There is no co-ordination among ministries of home, health; law and justice as far asautopsies are concerned. There should be a co-ordination among police, judges, magistrate, lawyers and forensic medicine department. There should be a provision of six monthsintensive training for newly recruited policeoffers, judges and lawyers to be registered inbar council, because during performing postmortem examination we get some dissimilarities between dead body and inquest report and during giving evidence in court weface some questions from the judges andlawyers those are not only irrelevent but alsoembarassing. References: 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Division. Ministry of Planning. Government ofPeople’s Republic of Bangladesh, 1997. Statisticalyearbook of Bangladesh, 18th ed. 1998. 2. Mant AK. Tailor’s principles and practice of medical jurisprudence. 13 th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1984: p.215.

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like - market conditions e.g., data composition of different MHUs 322 and/or based on data streams 331 from different sensors 321 . - the MRF system can allow for mixing bale purities on a shipment to achieve and target value. - this example can include certification of commodity bales based on data from processing system and sorting activities. - a unique identifier can be attached to or otherwise associated with a bale attached to bale allowing material composition data of the bale to be made available at the next point of commerce. - the UID may be stored in association with relevant data about the bale (e.g., material type, bale creation date, purity levels/percentages, and/or the like). - the UID may be in the form of, or otherwise included in, a machine readable element (MRE). - MRE is any element that contains information about a bale or other package of commodity. - the control system 302 or an MHU 322 generates an MRE for each bale, for example, by encoding the UID in the MRE when the MRE is a quick response (QR) code (e.g., model 1 QR code, a micro QR code, a secure QR code (SQR), a Swiss QR code, an IQR code, a frame QR code, a High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (CC2D) code, a Just Another Barcode (JAB) code, and/or other QR code variants), a linear barcode (e.g., Codablock F, PDF417, a code 3 of 9 (code 3/9), Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, CodaBar, and/or the like), data matrix code, DotCode, Han Xin code - QR - the scanner device may automatically be directed to a database location, uniform resource locator (URL), and/or other resource that stores the bale data for consumption (e.g., downloading the bale data to the scanner device and/or another device, sending the bale data to another/remote device, and/or the like). Additionally or alternatively, the scanner device may also collect information when scanning the MRE (e.g., location information of the scanner when performing the scan of the MRE, additional bale information, and/or the like). - a suitable scanner device e.g., an RFID tag reader, a barcode scanning application on a mobile device, an NFC reader, and/or the like - URL uniform resource locator - the scanner device may also collect information when scanning the MRE (e.g., location information of the scanner when performing the scan of the MRE, additional bale information, and/or the

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region, showcasing the alignment between the country’s economic clusters (representing the E&I specialisation domains) and the S&T specialisation domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation7 Information technology and analytical instruments26 Manufacture of computer, electonic and optical products 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment Electric and electronical technologies Energy Fundamental physics and mathematics ICT and computer science Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Production technology and heavy machinery28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Agrifood Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Automotive29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Transportation Repair and installation of machinery and equipment33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Nanotechnology and materials Wholesale trade46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles Postal and courier activities53 Postal and courier activities Hospitality and tourism55 Accomodation 56 Food and beverage service activities Communication equipment and services61 Telecommunications ICT and computer science 8 Executive summary Computer, programming, information services and financial services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding AM AZ BY GE MD UA Most relevant S&T domains Countries with high specialisation in the domain Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Transportation Figure IIb. The most relevant S&T specialisation domains by EaP countries Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation9 As noted in the ‘final remarks’ section, with regard to policymaking, a diverse policy mix may best support the different specialisation domains. No- tably, E&I specialisation domains – where corre- sponding S&T domains are lacking – would benefit the most from the development of new research and innovation capabilities, and from ‘market-pull’ instruments with an international outlook, facili- tating collaborations with experts abroad and the purchasing of frontier technology and advanced services. Conversely, S&T specialisation domains – where corresponding E&I domains are lacking – would benefit the most from ‘technology-push’ instru- ments targeting universities and research centres and fostering intellectual property commercial- isation as well as entrepreneurship, along with internationalisation support to access private companies and other potential partners abroad. These domains are also phenomenal talent pools with outstanding transferable skills which could be mobilised

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[]

| |-----------------|----------|-----------|--------------|---------| | MBBS | 3.4% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.9% | | BAMS | 13.8% | 18.8% | 13.6% | 15.2% | | Masters | 3.4% | 3.1% | 0.0% | 1.9% | | B Pharm | 6.9% | 6.3% | 9.1% | 7.6% | | Degree | 27.6% | 9.4% | 11.4% | 15.2% | | Diploma or less | 44.8% | 59.4% | 63.6% | 57.1% | | Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | Note: B Pharm: Bachelor of Pharmacy is a four-year undergraduate degree in pharmacy. The BAMS is a five-and-a-half year, Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery. It is an undergraduate degree in the field of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. MBBS is a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree in India. ## Type of medical conditions What are the most prevalent ailments in the slums of Delhi that are treated by private healthcare providers? 'Skin allergy, common infections and fever. These are the most common problems in this area. Health issues are a very common thing owing to the lack of clean water and pollution. We see lots of our patients around these things - breathing problems, dehydration, diarrhoea, bad throats. That's the reason we opted for this place. We can do a good job here as there are many needing our help.' Dr Dwivedi ## And 'I give general treatment like diarrhoea, fever and cough. People do come for these minor illnesses at clinics like mine. If they have severe medical illness, like cancer or needing operations, and I am unable to treat them, I recommend they go to one of the big hospitals in Delhi. The patients who come to me, I diagnose them and give them medicines or advice where needed.' Dr Verma In slums globally, it is estimated that poor water, drainage systems and sanita -tion (including open defecation and latrines that discharge into the community's environment) contribute to disability adjusted life years (DALYS) in LMICs (lower- and middle-income countries), causing 60 million DALYS globally (gas -trointestinal disease (diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and dysentery), malaria, hepatitis, dengue and typhoid) (Elsey et al., 2016 ; Gupta and Guin, 2015 ; Krishna and Raj, 2022 ; Banerjee et al., 2021 ; Cairncross et al., 2010). The use of solid fuels for cooking and heating ranks fifth highest with over 40 million DALYS and 3.5 million

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covering 17 million square kilometres, 4 times the EUs land surface01. FIGURE 1 Share of World GDP GDP at current prices, 2023 Source: IMF, 2024 01. The Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are sea zones prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, extending up to 200 nautical miles from the coast of a country, within which the state has the rights to explore and exploit maritime resources. Leveraging this vast maritime area will contribute to competitiveness, security and sustainability. 11THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 1FIGURE 2 Income and wage inequality in world regions Source: World Inequality Database (WID), 2024 Yet growth in the EU has been slowing, driven by weakening productivity growth, calling into question Europe’s ability to meet its ambitions . The EU has set out a range of ambitions – such as achieving high levels of social inclusion, delivering carbon neutrality and increasing geopolitical relevance – which depend on maintaining solid rates of economic growth. However, EU economic growth has been persistently slower than in the US over the past two decades, while China has been rapidly catching up. The EU-US gap in the level of GDP at 2015 prices02 has gradually widened from slightly more than 15% in 2002 to 30% in 2023, while on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis a gap of 12% has emerged [see Figure 3] . The gap has widened less on per capita basis as the US has seen faster population growth, but it is still significant: in PPP terms, it has risen from 31% in 2002 to 34% today. The main driver of these diverging developments has been productivity. Around 70% of the gap in per capita GDP with US at PPP is explained by lower productivity in the EU [see Figure 4] . Slower productivity growth has in turn been asso - ciated with slower income growth and weaker domestic demand in Europe: on a per capita basis, real disposable income has grown almost twice as much in the US as in the EU since 2000. FIGURE 3 GDP evolution 2015 reference levels, in EUR trillion Source: OECD, 2024. 02. The value of the gap in GDP in any given year is only indicative. It should not be viewed as an exact estimate as price deflators and purchasing power adjustments are imperfect. When comparing GDP developments across countries, the price

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X 676 Iron and steel bars, rods, angles, shapes and sections (including sheet piling) X X 677 Rails or railway track construction material, of iron or steel 678 Wire of iron or steel X X 679 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel X X X X 681 Silver, platinum and other metals of the platinum group Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation313 314 Annexes ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BELARUS GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE SITC Goods name Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging 19 12 3 8 65 64 18 26 41 23 51 52 682 Copper X X X 683 Nickel 684 Aluminium X X X X X 685 Lead 686 Zinc 687 Tin 689 Miscellaneous non-ferrous base metals employed in metallurgy, and cermets X 691 Structures and parts of structures, n.e.s., of iron, steel or aluminium X X 692 Metal containers for storage or transport 693 Wire products (excluding insulated electrical wiring) and fencing grills X 694 Nails, screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and the like, of iron, steel, copper or aluminium X X 695 Tools for use in the hand or in machines X X 696 Cutlery 697 Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. X X X 699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. X X X X X X 7 Machinery and transport equipment 700 Complete industrial plant appropriate to section 7 711Steam or other vapour-generating boilers, superheated water boilers, and auxiliary plant for use therewith; parts thereof 712 Steam turbines and other vapour turbines and parts thereof, n.e.s. 713 Internal combustion piston engines and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 714Engines and motors, non-electric (other than those of groups 712, 713 and 718); parts, n.e.s., of these engines and motors X 716 Rotating electric plant and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 718 Power-generating machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. X 721 Agricultural machinery (excluding tractors) and parts thereof X X 722 Tractors (other than those of headings 744.14 and 744.15) X 723 Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereof X X X X X 724 Textile and leather machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. 725Paper mill and pulp mill machinery, paper-cutting machines and other machinery for the manufacture of paper articles; parts thereof 726 Printing and bookbinding machinery and parts thereof 727 Food-processing machines (excluding domestic); parts thereof 728 Other machinery

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[]

impact on output. However, if the strategy and reforms outlined in this report are implemented in parallel, the investment push should be accompanied by a significant increase in EU total factor productivity (TFP). A sizable increase in TFP will improve the government budget surplus, significantly reducing the transitional costs of imple - menting the plan, provided that the additional revenue is not fully spent on other purposes. For example, a 2% increase in the level of TFP within ten years could already be sufficient to cover up to one third of the fiscal spending (investment subsidies and government investment) required to implement the plan. The 2% TFP increase can be considered modest given the current 20% gap TFP levels between the EU and the US. THE ROOT CAUSES OF LOW INVESTMENT FINANCING IN EUROPE A key reason for less efficient financial intermediation in Europe is that capital markets remain fragmented and flows of savings into capital markets are lower . While the Commission has introduced several measures to build a Capital Markets Union (CMU), three main fault lines remain. First, the EU lacks a single securities market regulator and a single rulebook for all aspects of trading and there is still high variation in supervisory practices and interpretations of regulations. Second, the post-trade environment for clearing and settlement in Europe is far less 01. Productive investment is defined as gross fixed capital formation minus residential investment. 63THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 5unified than in the US. Third, despite the recent progress made on withholding tax, tax and insolvency regimes across Member States remain substantially unaligned. EU capital markets are also undersupplied with long-term capital relative to other major economies, owing largely to the underdevelopment of pension funds. In 2022, the level of pension assets in the EU was only 32% of GDP while in the US total assets amounted to 142% of GDP and in the UK to 100%. This difference reflects the fact that most European households’ pension wealth takes the form of claims on public pay-as-you-go social security systems. EU pension assets are highly concentrated in a handful of Member States with more developed private pension systems. The combined share of the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden in EU pension assets amounts to 62% of the EU total. The mirror image is that the EU relies excessively on bank financing, which is less well-suited

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disparidad de género en las tasas de no escolarización ha disminuido significativamente en los últimos años................................................................................................................................................................................................................................208 | | | Figura 12.2 | Los países de Asia Central y Meridional han avanzado másrápido en la consecución de la paridad de género en la tasa de finalización de la enseñanza secundaria que los de África subsahariana.................................................................................................... | 210 | | Figura 12.3 | Las poblaciones vulnerables han alcanzado a sus iguales en la finalización de cada uno de los distintos niveles educativos.... | 211 | | Figura 12.4 | Las diferencias de género en lectura, que perjudican a los niños varones, son máspronunciadas en los países de ingresos medios que en los países de altos ingresos ................................................................................................................................................................... | 212 213 | | Figura 12.5 | En los últimos años, se ha producido un ligero descenso en la proporción de alumnos de los primeros grados que reciben enseñanza en su lengua materna....................................................................................................................................................................................... | | | Figura 12.6 | El origen socioeconómico influye másenaquellos centros en los que existe una alta concentración de alumnos de bajo rendimiento................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. | 215 | | Figura 13.1 Figura 13.2 | Las tasas de alfabetización han aumentado en dos generaciones...................................................................................................................... Las disparidades de género desaparecen en los niveles altos de | 221 alfabetización........................................................................................... 222 | | Figura 13.3 | En Perú, sigue habiendo grandes disparidades a pesar de los altos niveles generales de alfabetización........................................... | 223 | | Figura 14.1 | Es másprobable que los planes de estudios incluyan contenidos ecológicos en el primer ciclo de educación secundaria que en educación primaria | 231 | | Figura 14.2 | .................................................................................................................................................................................................... Una gran mayoría del alumnado alcanza el nivel mínimo de competencias en ciencias de la Tierra...................................................... | 233 | | Figura 14.3 | Las chicas tienen menos probabilidades que los chicos de participar activamente en política, pero más probabilidades de votar e informarse sobre los candidatos.................................................................................................................................... | 235 | |---------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------| | Figura 14.4 | La participación electoral prevista es significativamente mayor entre los estudiantes másricos......................................................... | 236 | | Figura 15.1 | Es posible avanzar rápidamente en el acceso a los servicios de suministro de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH, por sus siglas en inglés) desde todos los puntos de partida.................................................................................................................................................... | 240 | | Figura 15.2 | Los avances en cuanto a conectividad a Internet en los centros educativos han sido rápidos pero desiguales................................ | 241 | | Figura 15.3 | La prevalencia del acoso escolar ha aumentado

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[]

| 6 | 3 | 91 | 34 | 2 | 10 7 | 118 49 5 | 33 3 | | 2 | 80 1 | | | 1 | 17 | 12 | 62 | 56 24 | 42 | | 34 24 | | | Tome/Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia | 143 95 87 | 10 130 87 81 | 74 53 52 | 60 45 47 | 46 26 20 | 2 49 28 20 | 2 23 16 15 | 22 13 14 | 129 128 76 87 81 77 | 56 43 25 23 36 30 | | 37 12 | 40 17 11 12 | 13 7 | 3 | 0 15 2 6 | 10 14 8 | 52 55 | 9 46 17 52 7 | 32 28 60 | 58 | 32 28 60 | 32 28 60 | 23 | 32 28 60 | ## TABLE 3: Continued ## TABLE 3: Continued Source: OECD-DAC, CRS database (2024).

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[ { "end": 1184, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 1155 } ]

the circulation of medical knowledge and the management of birth control (as appeared in the published articles) was limited to the experts' territory, establishing a specific boundary between science and society. Concerning the medical community's public sphere, I have shown experts' efforts to legitimize themselves as the ones responsible for circulating knowledge related to birth control, choosing based on their own criteria which contraceptive method might be the most appropriate for each woman and defining the criteria by which an abortion could be medical, artificial, criminal and so on. Interestingly, and in line with the regulations, 2 9 3 abortion here (except for the criminal abortion) was not correlated with an unwanted pregnancy, but only to a pregnancy that should be terminated for medical reasons. Additionally, the historical study of related regulation, up to their decriminalization, has demonstrated the state's efforts to discipline the female body, devalue women's demand for decriminalization and the importance of controlling knowledge and managing, alongside the experts, birth control. Last, the study of the religious (and religion- friendly) sphere has shown how the moralization of science can be a practice of science communication even without reproducing scientific content. By contrast, exploring women's counterpublics has shown a multileveled body of science communication practices through which women reclaimed their bodies and knowledge. More specifically, women promoted their needs, desires and experiences both by demanding their cooperation with the experts and the state and by infusing medical knowledge with their own experiences, a situation that brought a female gaze to science. Indeed, while birth control was presented in the dominant discourses as a political and moral issue whose management should be male- centred, women struggled to reveal its scientific character to circulate relevant scientific knowledge. However, they approached science as a social activity that embodies ideological narratives and gendered power relationships. To that end, women's polymorphous involvement in science and active engagement with the production and circulation of knowledge related to birth control operated as a mechanism that shifted the boundaries between science and society. Their practices of science communication were an act of resistance and an act against the given biopolitical order, which was correlated to hegemonic ways of knowing. Indeed, women ruptured the dominant public spheres to democratize knowledge, science and society. The counterpractices, counterdiscourses and countermeanings that women developed in their counterpublics were aimed at epistemic, social and reproductive justice. Thus, the feminist and queer

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[]

| 27 | 27 | 27 | | Finland | 93 | 57 | 61 | 37 | 20 | 12 | 12 | | 93 | 57 | 42 | 27 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 13 | 66 | 65 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | | France | 719 | 758 | 243 | 239 | 217 | 258 | 260 | 8 | 697 | 732 | 261 159 | 145 | 174 | 210 | 218 | 214 | | 7 | 34 | 8 32 | 30 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | | Germany | 1328 | 1344 | 521 | 424 | 539 | 652 | 268 | 268 | 1328 | 1344 | 255 | 231 | 406 | 555 | 135 | 171 | 7 | 6 | 39 | 32 | 41 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | | Greece | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 6 8 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Hungary* | 119 | 143 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 108 | 141 | 119 | 143 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106 | 140 | 53 | 60 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Iceland | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 16 | 56 | 13 57 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | | Ireland Italy | 42 188 | 43 407 | 27 81 | 27 153

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[]

for VIP were used to assess the number of VIP + INs (n = 4 mice) by an experienced experimenter using the Neurolucida software (MBF Bioscience). Borders of the IC were outlined with the help of consecutive Nissl stained sections and according to a mouse brain atlas (Franklin, 2008). While counting neurons, sections were focused throughout their whole thickness to obtain the most accurate quantification. ## Immunofluorescence

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At the same time, transferring the benefits of decarbonisation requires policies to better decouple the price of natural gas from clean energy . The EU should decouple the remuneration of renewable energy and nuclear from fossil-fuel generation by building on the tools introduced under the new Electricity Market Design – such as PPAs and two-way CfDs – and progressively extending PPAs and CFDs to all renewable and nuclear assets in a harmonised way. The marginal pricing system should be used to ensure efficient balance in the energy system. To increase the uptake of PPAs into the industrial sector, the report recommends developing market platforms to contract resources and pool demand between generators and offtakers. This initiative can be combined with schemes to provide guarantees to mitigate the financial counterparty risks engendered by using such platforms, thereby enlarging market access to SMEs. For example, the EIB and National Promotional Banks could provide counter guarantees and specific financial products for small consumers or suppliers that lack a proper credit rating. In parallel, a fundamental component of lowering energy costs for end users is reducing energy taxation, which can be achieved by adopting a common maximum level of surcharges across the EU (including taxes, levies and network charges). Legislative reform in this area is subject to unanimity, but cooperation among a subset of Member States or guidance on energy taxation can be considered. The second key goal is to accelerate decarbonisation in a cost-efficient way, leveraging all available solu - tions through a technology-neutral approach . This approach should include renewables, nuclear, hydrogen, bioenergy and carbon capture, utilisation and storage, and should be backed by massive mobilisation of both public and private finance (based on the proposals laid out in the chapter on investment. However, increasing the supply of finance for clean energy deployment will not yield the desired results without increasing the pace of permitting for installation. Different options are available to reduce permitting delays for new energy projects. Systematically implementing existing legislation can make a major difference: for example, several Member States have experienced double-digit increases in the volume of permits issued for onshore wind since the entry into force of the Article 122 Emergency Regulation. The report recommends extending acceleration measures and emergency regulation to heat networks, heat generators, and hydrogen and carbon capture and storage infrastructure. Greater focus is also needed on digitalising national permitting processes across the EU

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[]

(1.4) and Me- chanical engineering and heavy machinery (1.3) have an NCI above or around 1.3, that is a 30% higher citation rate per publication than the aver- age EaP paper. In terms of patents, Transportation also has the highest specialisation (2.1), followed by Energy Publications (critical mass | CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Nanotechnology and materials 21 222 3.7% 5 886 44 27 152 Health and wellbeing 11 229 18.5% 10 940 41 22 210 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery4 700 10.6% 16 351 7 21 058 Fundamental physics and mathematics 17 474 2.8% 2 070 12 19 556 Biotechnology 8 935 6.1% 5 517 20 14 472 ICT and computer science 10 514 16.5% 3 659 34 14 207 Governance, culture, education and the economy11 830 27.5% 355 119 12 304 Electric and electronic technologies 5 352 5.2% 6 515 16 11 883 Environmental sciences and industries 8 023 11.2% 3 052 45 11 120 Energy 4 800 9.2% 5 647 43 10 490 Optics and photonics 5 387 -0.5% 1 754 9 7 150 Agrifood 1 783 18.3% 5 353 11 7 147 Chemistry and chemical engineering 4 695 0.3% 1 815 9 6 519 Transportation 2 157 21.6% 1 958 20 4 135Table 3.17. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Ukraine 192 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.36. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Ukraine 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 Number of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Fundamental physics and mathematics Biotechnology ICT and computer science Governance, culture, education and the economy Electric and electronic technologies Environmental sciences and industries Energy Optics and photonics Agrifood Chemistry and chemical engineering Transportation patents EC projects(1.7), Health and wellbeing (1.3), Optics and pho- tonics (1.3) and Biotechnology (1.3). Given the richness of the patent data source for Ukraine, these domains are deemed relevant technological specialisations for the country. It must be noted that Transportation has not emerged as a specialisation domain in all coun- tries and Ukraine’s relative specialisation in trans- portation is relevant in science and technology. Finally, Table 3.18 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period67. 67 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further methodological information. Smart

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10 scenarios for education in 2035 Close the accessibility toolbar Accessibility Bar visibility_off Disable flashes title Mark headings settings Background Color zoom_out Zoom out zoom_in Zoom in remove_circle_outline Decrease font add_circle_outline Increase font spellcheck Readable font brightness_high Bright contrast brightness_low Dark contrast format_underlined Underline links font_download Mark links Reset all options cached Skip to Content HOME ABOUT US WHAT WE DO WHERE WE WORK OUR TEAM STRATEGIC ADVISORY BOARD & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SPECIALIST NETWORK TOOLS EVIDENCE ABOUT EVIDENCE IN EDTECH EVIDENCE LIBRARY COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT TOPIC AREAS RESEARCH PORTFOLIO SANDBOXES HELPDESK BLOG CONNECT WITH US NEWSLETTER EVENTS CONTACT US Search Search Search Menu HOME ABOUT US WHAT WE DO WHERE WE WORK OUR TEAM STRATEGIC ADVISORY BOARD & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SPECIALIST NETWORK TOOLS EVIDENCE ABOUT EVIDENCE IN EDTECH EVIDENCE LIBRARY COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT TOPIC AREAS RESEARCH PORTFOLIO SANDBOXES HELPDESK BLOG CONNECT WITH US NEWSLETTER EVENTS CONTACT US Search 10 scenarios for education in 2035 Join us on a journey to reimagine our research agenda through strategic foresight The future is arriving fast, and education systems must keep pace. That’s why EdTech Hub has partnered with IDRC ’s EmpowerED programme to help education systems respond to two drivers of change over the next 10 years. Developments in artificial intelligence: Generative AI tools like ChatGPT already have billions of visits per month, from hundreds of millions of users. Increase in conflict and crisis: Increased civil and inter-state conflict, the climate crisis, and natural disasters are increasing disruptions in education, and the number of displaced and out-of-school learners. These two things will likely have a transformative impact on how learners learn, and how teachers teach. Every day we see the ramifications and opportunities of rapid technological advancement and the need for resilience in the face of growing instability. The need for bold and collaborative action is essential, and the time for action is now. Recognising that meaningful capacity building support must begin with a clear view of what lies ahead, we started our collaboration with a strategic foresight process. This work explored the key trends, developed from interviews with experts, that are likely to shape education systems in ten years time, and outlined a set of future scenarios that reflect the varied challenges that education systems may face. What is strategic foresight? Strategic foresight is a process for thinking systematically about the future ( Save the Children & SOIF, 2019 ). By envisioning and preparing

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Sanjay in comparison to those in the resettlement community of Bhalswa. That Sanjay residents reported higher subjective wellbeing than in Bhalswa, despite such factors, may also indicate the independent and overriding value they place on having chosen where to live and not having been subject to forced relocation. In Bhalswa, there was a greater feeling of neighbourliness, and the longer the resident had lived in the community, the greater level of trust in their neighbours, even though residents did not express the sense of community belonging expressed in Sanjay. One explanation for this result could be that the shared feelings associ -ated with the trauma of compulsory relocation allowed the development of strong bonds with immediate neighbours coping with the original sense of helplessness and with longer terms of residency, their trust in neighbours increased independent of their perception of the neighbourhood as a whole.

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which has been adopted by several Ministries of Education in LMIC contexts. The framework includes crisis curricula, systematic hybrid learning approaches, trauma informed teacher training, and full inclusion for learners with disabilities. This scenario was voted 4th most likely by experts. Borderless accreditation More systematic learning for children on the move. A global accreditation system gives displaced learners the chance to earn certificates that work across borders. With a certification, a learner can join the education system or enter a workforce in their host country. High-income countries, with aging workforces, welcome this trend. As to global tech companies, who can hire validated talent anywhere in the world. This scenario was voted 5th most likely by experts. By imagining these different future scenarios, we can better prepare for them. Our hope is that these scenarios can help policymakers, funders, and education leaders anticipate risks, spot opportunities, and make more strategic decisions in the present. They are also informing the next phase of our partnership. What’s next: translating foresight into action Now we know what might be around the corner, EdTech Hub and IDRC are developing an action-oriented research programme to further investigate how governments and their supporters can strengthen capacity and prepare given these potential scenarios. We are excited to share more about this research later this year! If you’d like to learn more or be a part of our journey, get in touch with us at [email protected] . And some thanks Our strategic foresight study would not have been possible without the support of many experts. Special thanks to representatives from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Gates Foundation, World Bank, UNHCR, UNICEF, Fundación Ceibal, Angaza Elimu, Taleemabad, ACER, Can’t Wait to Learn, IT for Change, as well as officials from governments, EdTech Hub and IDRC team members. The images used in this blog were generated using AI (Adobe Firefly). Connect with Us Get a regular round-up of the latest in clear evidence, better decisions, and more learning in EdTech. SUBSCRIBE Leave this field empty if you're human: Connect with Us Get a regular round-up of the latest in clear evidence, better decisions, and more learning in EdTech. SUBSCRIBE Leave this field empty if you're human: About What We Do Connect With Us Team Careers Events Partners Annual Report Our work Evidence Library Helpdesk Blog Newsletter Covid-19 Resources Site Cookie Policy Privacy Policy Website Terms of Use Website Acceptable

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out-of-school rates has significantly decreased in recent years ...................................... 208 Figure 12.2 Central and Southern Asia has made faster progress in achieving gender parity secondary completion compared to sub-Saharan Africa ......................................................................................................................................................... 210 Figure 12.3 Disadvantaged populations have been catching up with their peers in completing each education level ................. 211 Figure 12.4 Gender differences in reading, which disadvantage boys, are more pronounced in middle-income countries than in higher-income countries ...................................................................................................................................... 212 Figure 12.5 In recent years, there has been a slight decline in the proportion of early-grade students receiving instruction in their home language ..................................................................................................................................................... 213 Figure 12.6 Socioeconomic background has a higher influence in schools with high concentrations of low-achieving students .......................................................................................................................................................................... 215 Figure 13.1 Literacy rates have increased in two generations ......................................................................................................................... 221 Figure 13.2 Gender disparities disappear at high literacy rate levels ............................................................................................................. 222 Figure 13.3 In Peru, wide disparities remain despite overall high levels of literacy .................................................................................. 223 Figure 14.1 Syllabi are more likely to include green content in lower secondary than in primary education ................................... 231 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT xvii Figure 14.2 A large majority of students achieve the minimum proficiency level in earth science ...................................................... 233 Figure 14.3 Girls are less likely than boys to expect to actively participate in politics, but more likely to expect to vote and get informed about candidates .......................................................................................................................................... 235 Figure 14.4 Intended electoral participation is significantly higher among richer students .................................................................. 236 Figure 15.1 Fast progress on access to WASH services is possible from all starting points .................................................................. 240 Figure 15.2 Progress on school internet connectivity has been fast but uneven ...................................................................................... 241 Figure 15.3 The prevalence of bullying has increased more for girls than for boys ................................................................................... 242 Figure 15.4 More countries are suffering attacks on education, though most attacks remain concentrated in a few countries ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 244 Figure 15.5 Coverage of school meals varies widely between countries ...................................................................................................... 246 Figure 15.6 The actual coverage of school meals programmes is higher if private school students are excluded ......................... 248 Figure 15.7 In Brazil, schools in hotter regions are less likely to have green spaces ................................................................................ 249 Figure 15.8 Disasters have caused significant damage to critical infrastructure in Pacific Island countries ................................... 250 Figure 16.1 COVID-19 affected scholarship spending ......................................................................................................................................... 255 Figure 16.2 France and Germany stand out among the country donors ....................................................................................................... 255 Figure 16.3 In Germany, the number of students from low- and

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one or more external devices. The external devices include , , , and other I/ , but may also include other devices or subsystems not shown by . Access to various such devices/components may be implementation specific, and may vary from implementation to implementation. As examples, the can be embodied as, or otherwise include, one or more hardware interfaces such as, for example, buses (e.g., including an expansion buses, IXs, and/or the like), input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces (e.g., peripheral cards and/or the like), network interface cards, host bus adapters, and/or mezzanines, and/or the like. In some implementations, the includes one or more interface controllers and connectors that interconnect one or more of the , , , , and the other components of and/or to one or more external (peripheral) components, devices, and/or subsystems. Additionally or alternatively, the includes a sensor hub or other like elements to obtain and process collected sensor data and/or actuator data before being passed to other components of the .

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as 58.0 % of the total impacts (respectively, 113.0 Mt CO2eq. and 33.2 Mt CO2eq.). Out of the remaining 42.0 % the most significant contribution resulted from the greenhouse gases emissions related to incineration activities (15.6 Mt CO2eq.). The Climate Change results of the present study could be translated to around 564.3 kgCO2eq./person with about 4.0 kgCO2eq. emitted per kg of plastic consumed ( 139.4 kg per person). Overall, the Packaging sector alone contributed on average to 29. 0% of the total impacts across the various impact categories assessed, resulting in the most impactful sector among all. In the case of the Climate Change impact category, results indicated that savings were achieved only via recycling activities ( -5.9 kgCO2eq. net savings; mostly consequently to recycling of plastics of the Packaging sector), although both savings from recycling and incineration with energy recovery were visible in other impact categories. Despite environmental savings for Climate Change would be achievable solely through recycling activities, results indicated that the benefits associated to energy recovery during incineration (capturing a total of 23.0 Mt of plastics) might be higher than those of recycling for some other impact categories (e.g. impacts related to the ‘Human toxicity, non -cancer ’ impact category, or impacts due to Ionizing Radiations). The findings related to the end -of-life performance of plastics underlined how the results' interpretation could be influenced by the choice 37 of impact category. In fact, depending on the category under scrutiny the relative performance of different life cycle stages/technologies may vary. Plastic trade also plays a pivotal role in the EU plastic value chain impacts, with total impacts amounting to 86.6 Mt CO2eq. (34.3 % of the whole value chain impacts for this impact category). The majority of the impacts from trade are attributed to plastics production and manufacturing occurring outside the EU and imported. The life cycle impacts of plastic losses to the environment were not accounted due to a lack of standardised or recognised methodology for assessing these. Moreover, the methodology developed in this study ensured that all life cycle impacts connected with the consumption occurring within a given geography are capt ured. Such approach ensures a fair comparison among studies implementing the same methodological approach, as it would avoid double counting and ensure comparability. Further, the proposed methodology could be replicated even beyond packaging, representing a potentially relevant asset also for other studies supporting mass and

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highest number of records in Armenia were attributed to the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia and A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, highly specialised in fundamental physics and mathematics. In Ukraine – National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Taras Shevchenko Nation- al University of Kyiv had major shares of scientif- ic production. In Azerbaijan and Georgia, it was leading universities – Baku State University and Tbilisi State University. In Moldova, this was the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. The bilateral collaboration relationships between EaP countries in terms of the co-authorship of scientific publications are the most intensive and strong in ICT and computer science, Biotechnology, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Nano- technology and materials. The least collaboration has been recorded in the Transportation domain, while Optics and photonics, Health and wellbeing, Environmental sciences and industries, Electric and electronic technologies and Energy has inter- mediate collaboration. The most relevant S&T specialisation domains were identified based on critical mass, speciali- sation and excellence. For Armenia, they are as follows: Fundamental physics and mathemat- ics, Agrifood, Nanotechnology and materials and Health and wellbeing. Azerbaijan has the follow- ing: Chemistry and chemical engineering, Energy, Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery and Health and wellbeing. Georgia has the following: Environmental sciences and industries, Agrifood, Health and wellbeing and ICT and computer sci- ence. For Moldova, this is as follows: Health and wellbeing, Nanotechnology and materials, Electric and electronic technologies and Mechanical en- gineering and heavy machinery. Ukraine, having the largest numbers of publication and patents, has the following: Health and wellbeing, Energy, Biotechnology, Transportation, Mechanical engi- neering and Nanotechnology and materials.The final part of identifying concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technolog- ical potentials was to establish a list of clusters of economic activities, with matching E&I domains (expressed as NACE codes) and their correspond- ing S&T domains. For Armenia, the following three concordances were identified: in the ‘Communications Equipment and Services’ cluster, the S&T domain ICT Comput- er Science could be aligned with the E&I domain Telecommunications exclusively via publications. In the ‘Information Technology and Analytical In- struments’ cluster, the S&T domains Electric and electronic technologies and Nanotechnology and materials could be mapped with the E&I domain Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products via both patents and publications. In the ‘Food Processing and Manufacturing’ cluster, the Agrifood S&T domain could be aligned with the food and beverages manufacturing E&I domains exclusively via

[ "highest", "\n", "number", "of", "records", "in", "Armenia", "were", "attributed", "\n", "to", "the", "National", "Academy", "of", "Sciences", "of", "Armenia", "\n", "and", "A.I.", "Alikhanyan", "National", "Science", "Laboratory", ",", "\n", "highly", "specialised", "in", "fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", ".", "In", "Ukraine", "–", "National", "Academy", "of", "\n", "Sciences", "of", "Ukraine", "and", "Taras", "Shevchenko", "Nation-", "\n", "al", "University", "of", "Kyiv", "had", "major", "shares", "of", "scientif-", "\n", "ic", "production", ".", "In", "Azerbaijan", "and", "Georgia", ",", "it", "was", "\n", "leading", "universities", "–", "Baku", "State", "University", "and", "\n", "Tbilisi", "State", "University", ".", "In", "Moldova", ",", "this", "was", "the", "\n", "Academy", "of", "Sciences", "of", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "The", "bilateral", "collaboration", "relationships", "between", "\n", "EaP", "countries", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "co", "-", "authorship", "of", "\n", "scientific", "publications", "are", "the", "most", "intensive", "and", "\n", "strong", "in", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", ",", "Biotechnology", ",", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "and", "Nano-", "\n", "technology", "and", "materials", ".", "The", "least", "collaboration", "\n", "has", "been", "recorded", "in", "the", "Transportation", "domain", ",", "\n", "while", "Optics", "and", "photonics", ",", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ",", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", ",", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Energy", "has", "inter-", "\n", "mediate", "collaboration", ".", "\n", "The", "most", "relevant", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "were", "identified", "based", "on", "critical", "mass", ",", "speciali-", "\n", "sation", "and", "excellence", ".", "For", "Armenia", ",", "they", "are", "as", "\n", "follows", ":", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathemat-", "\n", "ics", ",", "Agrifood", ",", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "and", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ".", "Azerbaijan", "has", "the", "follow-", "\n", "ing", ":", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", ",", "Energy", ",", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "and", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ".", "Georgia", "has", "the", "following", ":", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", ",", "Agrifood", ",", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "and", "ICT", "and", "computer", "sci-", "\n", "ence", ".", "For", "Moldova", ",", "this", "is", "as", "follows", ":", "Health", "and", "\n", "wellbeing", ",", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ",", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Mechanical", "en-", "\n", "gineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ".", "Ukraine", ",", "having", "\n", "the", "largest", "numbers", "of", "publication", "and", "patents", ",", "\n", "has", "the", "following", ":", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", ",", "Energy", ",", "\n", "Biotechnology", ",", "Transportation", ",", "Mechanical", "engi-", "\n", "neering", "and", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ".", "The", "final", "part", "of", "identifying", "concordances", "between", "\n", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technolog-", "\n", "ical", "potentials", "was", "to", "establish", "a", "list", "of", "clusters", "\n", "of", "economic", "activities", ",", "with", "matching", "E&I", "domains", "\n", "(", "expressed", "as", "NACE", "codes", ")", "and", "their", "correspond-", "\n", "ing", "S&T", "domains", ".", "\n", "For", "Armenia", ",", "the", "following", "three", "concordances", "\n", "were", "identified", ":", "in", "the", "‘", "Communications", "Equipment", "\n", "and", "Services", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domain", "ICT", "Comput-", "\n", "er", "Science", "could", "be", "aligned", "with", "the", "E&I", "domain", "\n", "Telecommunications", "exclusively", "via", "publications", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "‘", "Information", "Technology", "and", "Analytical", "In-", "\n", "struments", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domains", "Electric", "and", "\n", "electronic", "technologies", "and", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "could", "be", "mapped", "with", "the", "E&I", "domain", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "products", "via", "both", "patents", "and", "publications", ".", "In", "the", "\n", "‘", "Food", "Processing", "and", "Manufacturing", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "\n", "Agrifood", "S&T", "domain", "could", "be", "aligned", "with", "the", "\n", "food", "and", "beverages", "manufacturing", "E&I", "domains", "\n", "exclusively", "via" ]

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de estudios». Aunque en un principio se consideraba a estas personas como responsables de las operaciones cotidianas, sus funciones se han ampliado y diversificado con el tiempo, lo cual hace que sea necesario que dichas personas tengan toda una serie de competencias. Los directores de centros preescolares, institutos técnicos y de formación profesional, colegios, universidades y centros de educación de adultos necesitan capacidades similares, pero también muy diferentes, para hacer bien su trabajo. - Dentro de la escuela: además del director del centro, cada vez se reconoce más la contribución de los subdirectores y del personal docente al que se asigna la responsabilidad, de manera formal o informal, de determinados cursos o asignaturas. Sin embargo,el personal no docente también puede ser influyente. El papel de los consejos escolares o comités de administración es crucial, aunque su existencia y poder de decisión varían. Los estudiantes, los padres y madres de alumnos, y los miembros de la comunidad también tienen potencial de liderazgo. - Fuera de la escuela: en los niveles locales de la administración educativa, existen estructuras de apoyo a las escuelas en cuestiones académicas y operativas. A nivel central, se espera - que el personal de los ministerios y organismos de educación ejerza el liderazgo a nivel de sistema en aspectos como el diseño y la aplicación de leyes, políticas y reformas nacionales. - Fuera del sistema educativo: los líderes políticos formulan una visión, unas orientaciones y unas prioridades en materia de educación, que suelen formar parte de sus programas electorales. Dado que la supervisión de la labor gubernamental y la aprobación de los proyectos de ley relacionados con la educación es responsabilidad del poder legislativo, este puede contribuir a definir el rumbo del debate. Sin embargo, el debate sobre el futuro de la educación está abierto a todos. Investigadores, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, organizaciones patronales, sindicatos de profesores y estudiantes, intelectuales y medios de comunicación: todos ellos vigilan, influyen y presionan a los responsables de los sistemas educativos nacionales para que cumplan o modifiquen sus compromisos, a menudo tirando en direcciones distintas. Las organizaciones internacionales son otro grupo de actores con una influencia considerable sobre los gobiernos. ## LAS EXPECTATIVAS DE LOS LÍDERES A NIVEL ESCOLAR Y DE SISTEMA HAN IDO CAMBIANDO En las últimas décadas, se ha observado un cambio a nivel mundial en el concepto de liderazgo escolar y las percepciones de las

[ "de", "estudios", "»", ".", "Aunque", "en", "un", "principio", "se", "consideraba", "a", "estas", "personas", "como", "responsables", "de", "las", "operaciones", "cotidianas", ",", "sus", "funciones", "se", "han", "ampliado", "y", "diversificado", "con", "el", "tiempo", ",", "lo", "cual", "hace", "que", "sea", "necesario", "que", "dichas", "personas", "tengan", "toda", "una", "serie", "de", "competencias", ".", "Los", "directores", "de", "centros", "preescolares", ",", "institutos", "técnicos", "y", "de", "formación", "profesional", ",", "colegios", ",", "universidades", "y", "centros", "de", "educación", "de", "adultos", "necesitan", "capacidades", "similares", ",", "pero", "también", "muy", "diferentes", ",", "para", "hacer", "bien", "su", "trabajo", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Dentro", "de", "la", "escuela", ":", "además", "del", "director", "del", "centro", ",", "cada", "vez", "se", "reconoce", "más", "la", "contribución", "de", "los", "subdirectores", "y", "del", "personal", "docente", "al", "que", "se", "asigna", "la", "responsabilidad", ",", "de", "manera", "formal", "o", "informal", ",", "de", "determinados", "cursos", "o", "asignaturas", ".", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "el", "personal", "no", "docente", "también", "puede", "ser", "influyente", ".", "El", "papel", "de", "los", "consejos", "escolares", "o", "comités", "de", "administración", "es", "crucial", ",", "aunque", "su", "existencia", "y", "poder", "de", "decisión", "varían", ".", "Los", "estudiantes", ",", "los", "padres", "y", "madres", "de", "alumnos", ",", "y", "los", "miembros", "de", "la", "comunidad", "también", "tienen", "potencial", "de", "liderazgo", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Fuera", "de", "la", "escuela", ":", "en", "los", "niveles", "locales", "de", "la", "administración", "educativa", ",", "existen", "estructuras", "de", "apoyo", "a", "las", "escuelas", "en", "cuestiones", "académicas", "y", "operativas", ".", "A", "nivel", "central", ",", "se", "espera", "\n", "-", "que", "el", "personal", "de", "los", "ministerios", "y", "organismos", "de", "educación", "ejerza", "el", "liderazgo", "a", "nivel", "de", "sistema", "en", "aspectos", "como", "el", "diseño", "y", "la", "aplicación", "de", "leyes", ",", "políticas", "y", "reformas", "nacionales", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Fuera", "del", "sistema", "educativo", ":", "los", "líderes", "políticos", "formulan", "una", "visión", ",", "unas", "orientaciones", "y", "unas", "prioridades", "en", "materia", "de", "educación", ",", "que", "suelen", "formar", "parte", "de", "sus", "programas", "electorales", ".", "Dado", "que", "la", "supervisión", "de", "la", "labor", "gubernamental", "y", "la", "aprobación", "de", "los", "proyectos", "de", "ley", "relacionados", "con", "la", "educación", "es", "responsabilidad", "del", "poder", "legislativo", ",", "este", "puede", "contribuir", "a", "definir", "el", "rumbo", "del", "debate", ".", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "el", "debate", "sobre", "el", "futuro", "de", "la", "educación", "está", "abierto", "a", "todos", ".", "Investigadores", ",", "organizaciones", "de", "la", "sociedad", "civil", ",", "organizaciones", "patronales", ",", "sindicatos", "de", "profesores", "y", "estudiantes", ",", "intelectuales", "y", "medios", "de", "comunicación", ":", "todos", "ellos", "vigilan", ",", "influyen", "y", "presionan", "a", "los", "responsables", "de", "los", "sistemas", "educativos", "nacionales", "para", "que", "cumplan", "o", "modifiquen", "sus", "compromisos", ",", "a", "menudo", "tirando", "en", "direcciones", "distintas", ".", "Las", "organizaciones", "internacionales", "son", "otro", "grupo", "de", "actores", "con", "una", "influencia", "considerable", "sobre", "los", "gobiernos", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "LAS", "EXPECTATIVAS", "DE", "LOS", "LÍDERES", "A", "NIVEL", "ESCOLAR", "Y", "DE", "SISTEMA", "HAN", "IDO", "CAMBIANDO", "\n\n", "En", "las", "últimas", "décadas", ",", "se", "ha", "observado", "un", "cambio", "a", "nivel", "mundial", "en", "el", "concepto", "de", "liderazgo", "escolar", "y", "las", "percepciones", "de", "las" ]

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