SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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in mineral prices. 26 See Southern African Legal Information Institute . 27 United Kingdom upstream production profits are taxed at a higher rate from exploration to decommissioning. This is an entity-based tax combining all fields and excludes midstream, downstream, investment, and oil trading. See the North Sea Transition Authority for a useful summary of the UK Continental Shelf taxation regime. 28 Although the law refers to contractors, we used subcontractors for the sake of clarity to avoid confusion with oil companies, which are commonly called contractors in the United Kingdom. 29 For details, see OT50000 - Oil contractors ring fence: contents - HMRC internal manual - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) . The oil contractors ring-fence in the United Kingdom was introduced in 2014 as a part of the anti-BEPS package, alongside measures that restrict the deduction available for certain intragroup lease payments. The concern was that certain offshore drilling and accommodation contractors legally own their main asset (e.g., the mobile drilling rigs or accommodation vessels) in lowtax jurisdictions while they commercially exploit it in the United Kingdom. United Kingdom entities exploiting such valuable assets by providing high-value services to oil companies were able to make deductible intragroup lease payments for the use of that asset, which meant that a significant proportion of the operating profits moved overseas. Since April 1, 2014, tax deductions for certain lease payments have been capped at 7.5% of the asset's cost. At the same time, the oil contractors ringfence was introduced to protect the additional profits resulting from the measure to prevent them from being shifted abroad or eroded through other means. Profits inside this new ring-fence are only taxed at standard CIT rates (as opposed to the higher rates for oil and gas producers), but they cannot be reduced by other deductions or tax reliefs derived from activity outside the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. Determining whether specific activities qualify as 'oil contractor activities' can be challenging. See Wilhunter (UK) LTD v HRMC (2021) . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? Some resource-rich countries have chosen to provide exceptions to ring-fencing rules in specific cases. Table 5 summarizes five cases where ring-fencing rules in place contain specific exemptions. These exemptions may be motivated	[ "in", "mineral", "prices", ".", "\n\n", "26", " ", "See", "Southern", "African", "Legal", "Information", "Institute", ".", "\n\n", "27", " ", "United", "Kingdom", "upstream", "production", "profits", "are", "taxed", "at", "a", "higher", "rate", "from", "exploration", "to", "decommissioning", ".", "This", "is", "an", "entity", "-", "based", "tax", "combining", "all", "fields", "and", "excludes", "midstream", ",", "downstream", ",", "investment", ",", "and", "oil", "trading", ".", "See", "the", "North", "Sea", "Transition", "Authority", "for", "a", "useful", "summary", "of", "the", "UK", "Continental", "Shelf", "taxation", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "28", " ", "Although", "the", "law", "refers", "to", "contractors", ",", "we", "used", "subcontractors", "for", "the", "sake", "of", "clarity", "to", "avoid", "confusion", "with", "oil", "companies", ",", "which", "are", "commonly", "called", "contractors", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ".", "\n\n", "29", " ", "For", "details", ",", "see", "OT50000", "-", "Oil", "contractors", "ring", "fence", ":", "contents", "-", "HMRC", "internal", "manual", "-", "GOV.UK", "(", "www.gov.uk", ")", ".", "The", "oil", "contractors", "ring", "-", "fence", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "was", "introduced", "in", "2014", "as", "a", "part", "of", "the", "anti", "-", "BEPS", "package", ",", "alongside", "measures", "that", "restrict", "the", "deduction", "available", "for", "certain", "intragroup", "lease", "payments", ".", "The", "concern", "was", "that", "certain", "offshore", "drilling", "and", "accommodation", "contractors", "legally", "own", "their", "main", "asset", "(", "e.g.", ",", "the", "mobile", "drilling", "rigs", "or", "accommodation", "vessels", ")", "in", "lowtax", "jurisdictions", "while", "they", "commercially", "exploit", "it", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ".", "United", "Kingdom", "entities", "exploiting", "such", "valuable", "assets", "by", "providing", "high", "-", "value", "services", "to", "oil", "companies", "were", "able", "to", "make", "deductible", "intragroup", "lease", "payments", "for", "the", "use", "of", "that", "asset", ",", "which", "meant", "that", "a", "significant", "proportion", "of", "the", "operating", "profits", "moved", "overseas", ".", "Since", "April", "1", ",", "2014", ",", "tax", "deductions", "for", "certain", "lease", "payments", "have", "been", "capped", "at", "7.5", "%", "of", "the", "asset", "'s", "cost", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "oil", "contractors", "ringfence", "was", "introduced", "to", "protect", "the", "additional", "profits", "resulting", "from", "the", "measure", "to", "prevent", "them", "from", "being", "shifted", "abroad", "or", "eroded", "through", "other", "means", ".", "Profits", "inside", "this", "new", "ring", "-", "fence", "are", "only", "taxed", "at", "standard", "CIT", "rates", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "the", "higher", "rates", "for", "oil", "and", "gas", "producers", ")", ",", "but", "they", "can", "not", "be", "reduced", "by", "other", "deductions", "or", "tax", "reliefs", "derived", "from", "activity", "outside", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "Continental", "Shelf", ".", "Determining", "whether", "specific", "activities", "qualify", "as", "'", "oil", "contractor", "activities", "'", "can", "be", "challenging", ".", "See", "Wilhunter", "(", "UK", ")", "LTD", "v", "HRMC", "(", "2021", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.6", "Is", "It", "Reasonable", "to", "Consider", "Some", "Exceptions", "to", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules", "?", "\n\n", "Some", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "have", "chosen", "to", "provide", "exceptions", "to", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "specific", "cases", ".", "Table", "5", "summarizes", "five", "cases", "where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "place", "contain", "specific", "exemptions", ".", "These", "exemptions", "may", "be", "motivated" ]	[ { "end": 2147, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2114 }, { "end": 2139, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 2114 }, { "end": 2145, "label": "YEAR", "start": 2141 } ]
When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W. Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.) 9 783034 346696ISBN 978-3-0343-4669-6Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W.	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“Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Copyright © 202 5 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 979-8-88708- 236-3 Cover design by Solé Nazaire Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization tha t works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Copenhagen, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JULY 2025 ISBN: 979- 8-88708- 236 -3 “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Glossary ................................................................................................................................ i Map ..................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 5 I. Background ....................................................................................................................... 9 Water Availability and Distribution Challenges ........................................................................ 9 Widespread Contamination and Inadequate Infrastructure .................................................... 12 Governance and Legal Framework ......................................................................................... 17 The Constitutional Duty to Pass a Water Law ................................................................... 17 Fragmented, Uncoordinated, and Inexpert Governance .................................................... 18 Structural Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples ........................................................... 22 Historical and Ongoing Discrimination ............................................................................ 22 Indigenous Self -Management and Stewardship of Water Resources ................................. 26 II. Inadequate Access to Safe Water and Sanitation ........................................................... 29 Inadequate Access to Water and its Disparate Impacts on Indigenous and Low -Income Communities ....................................................................................................................... 29 Infrastructure Gaps ........................................................................................................ 35 Intermittent Water Service Delivery ................................................................................. 44 Insufficient Quality and Monitoring of Water .......................................................................... 47 Irregular Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 47 Concerns about Quality .................................................................................................. 49 Limited Water Treatment Options ................................................................................... 51 Inadequate Oversight of Industrial and Agricultural Operations ....................................... 52 Lack of Accountability for Contamination and other Water -Related Crimes ........................ 54 Lack of Access to Sanitation Services .................................................................................... 56 Differentiated Impact on Women and Girls ............................................................................ 60 III. How the Water Crisis Threatens Other Rights ............................................................... 63 The Right to Health ............................................................................................................... 63 Water -Borne Disease and Limited Hygiene due to Water Scarcity ..................................... 63 Impact on the Delivery of Healthcare Services   ................................................................ 66 Vicious Cycle Between Water, Diarrhea and Malnutrition .................................................	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", "........................................................................", "9", "\n", "Widespread", "Contamination", "and", "Inadequate", "Infrastructure", " ", "....................................................", "12", "\n", "Governance", "and", "Legal", "Framework", " ", ".........................................................................................", "17", "\n", "The", "Constitutional", "Duty", "to", "Pass", "a", "Water", "Law", " ", "...................................................................", "17", "\n", "Fragmented", ",", "Uncoordinated", ",", "and", "Inexpert", "Governance", " ", "....................................................", "18", "\n", "Structural", "Discrimination", "against", "Indigenous", "Peoples", " ", "...........................................................", "22", "\n", "Historical", "and", "Ongoing", "Discrimination", " ", "............................................................................", "22", "\n", "Indigenous", "Self", "-Management", "and", "Stewardship", "of", "Water", "Resources", " ", ".................................", " ", "26", "\n", "II", ".", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Safe", "Water", "and", "Sanitation", " ", "...........................................................", "29", "\n", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Water", "and", "its", "Disparate", "Impacts", "on", "Indigenous", "and", "Low", "-Income", "\n", "Communities", " ", ".......................................................................................................................", "29", "\n", "Infrastructure", "Gaps", " ", "........................................................................................................", "35", "\n", "Intermittent", "Water", "Service", "Delivery", " ", ".................................................................................", "44", "\n", "Insufficient", "Quality", "and", "Monitoring", "of", "Water", " ", "..........................................................................", "47", "\n", "Irregular", "Monitoring", " ", ".......................................................................................................", "47", "\n", "Concerns", "about", "Quality", " ", "..................................................................................................", "49", "\n", "Limited", "Water", "Treatment", "Options", " ", "...................................................................................", "51", "\n", "Inadequate", "Oversight", "of", "Industrial", "and", "Agricultural", "Operations", " ", ".......................................", "52", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Accountability", "for", "Contamination", "and", "other", "Water", "-Related", "Crimes", " ", "........................", "54", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Access", "to", "Sanitation", "Services", " ", "....................................................................................", "56", "\n", "Differentiated", "Impact", "on", "Women", "and", "Girls", " ", "............................................................................", "60", "\n \n \n ", "III", ".", "How", "the", "Water", "Crisis", "Threatens", "Other", "Rights", " ", "...............................................................", "63", "\n", "The", "Right", "to", "Health", " ", "...............................................................................................................", "63", "\n", "Water", "-Borne", "Disease", "and", "Limited", "Hygiene", "due", "to", "Water", "Scarcity", " ", ".....................................", "63", "\n", "Impact", "on", "the", "Delivery", "of", "Healthcare", "Services", "  ", "................................................................", "66", "\n", "Vicious", "Cycle", "Between", "Water", ",", "Diarrhea", "and", "Malnutrition", " ", "................................................." ]	[]
we should strive to mainstream such 'footnotes' into the history of science through research, writing, teaching and public engagement - until that is achieved, our understanding of processes of knowledge- making in STEMM can only be incomplete at best. Indeed, as Maria Bucur emphasizes in a related context, 'writing histories that highlight the specific qualities, achievements, failures, and overall contributions' of women to science is a 'core element of how we understand our past'. 22 Studying the lives, collective and individual, of women in STEMM is an opportunity to reflect on how we have defined 'science', what has counted as 'scientific labour' and who has counted as a 'scientist' in different geographical and historical contexts. As the next section discusses, there is much to learn in this respect by bringing different geographies and strands of scholarly literature in conversation with each other, especially gender and feminist scholarship, histories of science and imperialism, and investigations of gender and power in (post- )socialist societies. ## Multisited histories of gender, science and power Any assessment of the present volume's contribution to the extant literature on women, gender and science must begin with the recognition that there are significant variations in how scholars have engaged with this topic in different regional and academic contexts. Since the early 1980s, a growing body of literature has been published in various parts of the world examining the lives and career trajectories of women scientists as well as the sociopolitical, economic and cultural circumstances that have circumscribed their access to STEMM. 23 Some of these publications follow a compensatory approach, seeking to uncover forgotten figures of science and searching for historical proof of women's participation in it. 24 Others move beyond recovering lost voices to examining the complex interplay of factors that contributed to the structural exclusion and marginalization of women, illuminating, for example, how gendered identities were constructed and how they came to structure interactions between men and women in science, as well as processes of knowledge- making. 25 Compensatory writing might go some way towards making women in STEMM more visible, but it is not, in and by itself, sufficient to challenge the epistemological assumptions underlying historical analyses that have long treated them as lesser actors of knowledge- making. In fact, as Devika cautions in a related context, this type of writing can end up reinforcing hegemonic conceptions of science and gender roles, for example, when	[ "we", " ", "should", "strive", " ", "to", " ", "mainstream", " ", "such", " ", "'", "footnotes", "'", " ", "into", " ", "the", " ", "history", " ", "of", " ", "science", " ", "through", "research", ",", "writing", ",", "teaching", "and", "public", "engagement", "-", "until", "that", "is", "achieved", ",", "our", "understanding", "of", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", "in", "STEMM", "can", "only", "be", "incomplete", "at", "best", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "as", "Maria", "Bucur", "emphasizes", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "'", "writing", "histories", "that", "highlight", "the", "specific", "qualities", ",", "achievements", ",", "failures", ",", "and", "overall", "contributions", "'", "of", "women", "to", "science", "is", "a", "'", "core", "element", "of", "how", "we", "understand", "our", "past", "'", ".", "22", "Studying", "the", "lives", ",", "collective", "and", "individual", ",", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", "is", " ", "an", " ", "opportunity", " ", "to", " ", "reflect", " ", "on", " ", "how", " ", "we", " ", "have", " ", "defined", " ", "'", "science", "'", ",", " ", "what", " ", "has", "counted", "as", "'", "scientific", "labour", "'", "and", "who", "has", "counted", "as", "a", "'", "scientist", "'", "in", "different", "\n\n", "geographical", "and", "historical", "contexts", ".", "As", "the", "next", "section", "discusses", ",", "there", "is", "much", "to", "learn", "in", "this", "respect", "by", "bringing", "different", "geographies", "and", "strands", "of", "scholarly", "literature", "in", "conversation", "with", "each", "other", ",", "especially", "gender", "and", "feminist", "scholarship", ",", "histories", "of", "science", "and", "imperialism", ",", "and", "investigations", "of", "gender", "and", "power", "in", "(", "post-", " ", ")", "socialist", "societies", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Multisited", "histories", "of", "gender", ",", "science", "and", "power", "\n\n", "Any", "assessment", "of", "the", "present", "volume", "'s", "contribution", "to", "the", "extant", "literature", "on", "women", ",", "gender", "and", "science", "must", "begin", "with", "the", "recognition", "that", "there", "are", "significant", "variations", "in", "how", "scholars", "have", "engaged", "with", "this", "topic", "in", "different", "regional", "and", "academic", "contexts", ".", "Since", "the", "early", "1980s", ",", "a", "growing", "body", "of", "literature", "has", "been", "published", "in", "various", "parts", "of", "the", "world", "examining", "the", "lives", "and", "career", "trajectories", "of", "women", "scientists", "as", "well", "as", "the", "sociopolitical", ",", " ", "economic", " ", "and", " ", "cultural", " ", "circumstances", " ", "that", " ", "have", " ", "circumscribed", "their", "access", "to", "STEMM", ".", "23", " ", "Some", "of", "these", "publications", "follow", "a", "compensatory", "approach", ",", "seeking", "to", "uncover", "forgotten", "figures", "of", "science", "and", "searching", "for", "historical", "proof", "of", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "it", ".", "24", " ", "Others", "move", "beyond", "recovering", "lost", "voices", "to", "examining", "the", "complex", "interplay", "of", "factors", "that", "contributed", "to", "the", "structural", "exclusion", "and", "marginalization", "of", "women", ",", "illuminating", ",", "for", "example", ",", "how", "gendered", "identities", "were", "constructed", "and", "how", "they", "came", "to", "structure", "interactions", "between", "men", "and", "women", "in", "science", ",", "as", "well", "as", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "25", "\n\n", "Compensatory", "writing", "might", "go", "some", "way", "towards", "making", "women", "in", "STEMM", "more", "visible", ",", "but", "it", "is", "not", ",", "in", "and", "by", "itself", ",", "sufficient", "to", "challenge", "the", " ", "epistemological", " ", "assumptions", " ", "underlying", " ", "historical", " ", "analyses", " ", "that", " ", "have", "long", "treated", "them", "as", "lesser", "actors", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "as", "Devika", "cautions", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "this", "type", "of", "writing", "can", "end", "up", "reinforcing", "hegemonic", "conceptions", "of", "science", "and", "gender", "roles", ",", "for", "example", ",", "when" ]	[ { "end": 2245, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2243 }, { "end": 1888, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1886 }, { "end": 504, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 502 }, { "end": 1710, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1708 } ]
Europe will require a high degree of trade openness towards countries that provide key technologies in which the EU is currently deficient. For example, maintaining low trade barriers in digital goods, services and infrastructures with the US will be key to guarantee access to the latest AI models and processors. By contrast, a joint plan for decar - bonisation and competitiveness could entail, in specific circumstances, defensive trade measures to level the playing field globally and offset state-sponsored competition abroad, in line with the new EU Economic Security Strategy. When it comes to increasing security and reducing dependencies, the EU must ensure access to critical resources and protect key value chains. This may require securing preferential trade agree - ments with key partners and guaranteeing critical supplies, including through offtake agreements and direct investment in production facilities abroad. To avoid the pitfalls of protectionism, trade policy should be governed by a clear set of principles . First, the use of trade measures should be pragmatic and aligned with the overarching goal of raising the EU’s productivity growth. Unless there is an overriding geopolitical imperative, defensive measures should therefore not be applied systematically. Measures should aim to distinguish genuine innovation and produc - tivity improvements abroad, which are beneficial for Europe, from state-sponsored competition and demand suppression, which lead to lower employment for Europeans. Second, the EU’s trade policy should be consis - tent. Tariffs should avoid creating perverse incentives that undermine European industry, and therefore need to be assessed consistently across all stages of production. For example, imposing tariffs on imports of raw materials or intermediate goods, but not on final goods that use those materials intensively, could lead to de-localisation. Finally, trade measures must be balanced against consumer interests. Even in cases when the EU is the victim of foreign subsidies, there may be some industries where domestic producers have fallen so far behind, that making imports more expensive would only impose excessive deadweight costs on the economy. In these circumstances, it would be preferable for the EU to fund higher investments in more advanced technologies while allowing foreign taxpayers to contribute to higher consumption by European consumers. There should be enhanced coordination in the EU’s foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions . The US administration has recently imposed wide-ranging tariffs on Chinese imports, coupled with progressive measures tightening inward FDI rules, to protect strategic sectors. As a result, the	[ "Europe", "will", "require", "a", "\n", "high", "degree", "of", "trade", "openness", "towards", "countries", "that", "provide", "key", "technologies", "in", "which", "the", "EU", "is", "currently", "\n", "deficient", ".", "For", "example", ",", "maintaining", "low", "trade", "barriers", "in", "digital", "goods", ",", "services", "and", "infrastructures", "with", "the", "\n", "US", "will", "be", "key", "to", "guarantee", "access", "to", "the", "latest", "AI", "models", "and", "processors", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "a", "joint", "plan", "for", "decar", "-", "\n", "bonisation", "and", "competitiveness", "could", "entail", ",", "in", "specific", "circumstances", ",", "defensive", "trade", "measures", "to", "level", "\n", "the", "playing", "field", "globally", "and", "offset", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "abroad", ",", "in", "line", "with", "the", "new", "EU", "Economic", "\n", "Security", "Strategy", ".", "When", "it", "comes", "to", "increasing", "security", "and", "reducing", "dependencies", ",", "the", "EU", "must", "ensure", "\n", "access", "to", "critical", "resources", "and", "protect", "key", "value", "chains", ".", "This", "may", "require", "securing", "preferential", "trade", "agree", "-", "\n", "ments", "with", "key", "partners", "and", "guaranteeing", "critical", "supplies", ",", "including", "through", "offtake", "agreements", "and", "direct", "\n", "investment", "in", "production", "facilities", "abroad", ".", "\n", "To", "avoid", "the", "pitfalls", "of", "protectionism", ",", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "governed", "by", "a", "clear", "set", "of", "principles", ".", "\n", "First", ",", "the", "use", "of", "trade", "measures", "should", "be", "pragmatic", "and", "aligned", "with", "the", "overarching", "goal", "of", "raising", "the", "\n", "EU", "’s", "productivity", "growth", ".", "Unless", "there", "is", "an", "overriding", "geopolitical", "imperative", ",", "defensive", "measures", "should", "\n", "therefore", "not", "be", "applied", "systematically", ".", "Measures", "should", "aim", "to", "distinguish", "genuine", "innovation", "and", "produc", "-", "\n", "tivity", "improvements", "abroad", ",", "which", "are", "beneficial", "for", "Europe", ",", "from", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "and", "demand", "\n", "suppression", ",", "which", "lead", "to", "lower", "employment", "for", "Europeans", ".", "Second", ",", "the", "EU", "’s", "trade", "policy", "should", "be", "consis", "-", "\n", "tent", ".", "Tariffs", "should", "avoid", "creating", "perverse", "incentives", "that", "undermine", "European", "industry", ",", "and", "therefore", "need", "\n", "to", "be", "assessed", "consistently", "across", "all", "stages", "of", "production", ".", "For", "example", ",", "imposing", "tariffs", "on", "imports", "of", "raw", "\n", "materials", "or", "intermediate", "goods", ",", "but", "not", "on", "final", "goods", "that", "use", "those", "materials", "intensively", ",", "could", "lead", "to", "\n", "de", "-", "localisation", ".", "Finally", ",", "trade", "measures", "must", "be", "balanced", "against", "consumer", "interests", ".", "Even", "in", "cases", "when", "\n", "the", "EU", "is", "the", "victim", "of", "foreign", "subsidies", ",", "there", "may", "be", "some", "industries", "where", "domestic", "producers", "have", "\n", "fallen", "so", "far", "behind", ",", "that", "making", "imports", "more", "expensive", "would", "only", "impose", "excessive", "deadweight", "costs", "on", "\n", "the", "economy", ".", "In", "these", "circumstances", ",", "it", "would", "be", "preferable", "for", "the", "EU", "to", "fund", "higher", "investments", "in", "more", "\n", "advanced", "technologies", "while", "allowing", "foreign", "taxpayers", "to", "contribute", "to", "higher", "consumption", "by", "European", "\n", "consumers", ".", "\n", "There", "should", "be", "enhanced", "coordination", "in", "the", "EU", "’s", "foreign", "direct", "investment", "(", "FDI", ")", "decisions", ".", "The", "\n", "US", "administration", "has", "recently", "imposed", "wide", "-", "ranging", "tariffs", "on", "Chinese", "imports", ",", "coupled", "with", "progressive", "\n", "measures", "tightening", "inward", "FDI", "rules", ",", "to", "protect", "strategic", "sectors", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the" ]	[]
through the Office of Research and Development at the University of Botswana for academic staff and co-researchers. CIPA, the office that oversees copyright issues in the country, also disburses funds to book publishers annually.Population 2.5 million (2023) Urban population 73% (2023) Mobile phone subscription (2022) 165% Internet users (2022) 77%Literacy rate (≥15 years old) 87% (2013) GDP per capita US$7 ,820 (2023) Book sector 2023 estimated data Publishing houses 49 Titles published 370 Bookstores 3 Public libraries 45 Public libraries per capita 1 per 55,500 inhabitants Jobs 1,800 68 THE AFRICAN BOOK INDUSTRY • Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth © University Of KwaZulu-Natal PressThe funds are collected through the Government Levy on Technical Devices Fund and used for the development of authors, publishers, and the copyright industries. 3 For the year 2022, approximately US$286,000 was disbursed to book and publishing professionals, while funds amounting to US$363,945 were disbursed in 2023. 4 Funds are distributed to support the literary ecosystem, including the purchase of materials such as printers, and payments to book illustrators, photographers and editors. 5 There are no tax exemptions, reduced rates or preferential tax treatments for the book and publishing sector. The same applies to the importation of paper or machinery to produce books. Public purchases of school textbooks for educational institutions are conducted through the Botswana Government’s public procurement process. According to the national authority’s survey response, a preferential scheme provision is adhered to for women and youth during the public procurement tendering system for purchasing library books. PUBLISHING The National Reference Library (NRL) in Gaborone is the country’s ISBN agency. This is an arm of the BNLS. Prior authorization is required for the use of copyrighted material. Publishers are bound by the BNLS Act to declare and deposit all book publications. It is mandatory to deposit one copy with the University of Botswana and two copies with the BNLS Board. 6 Botswana’s book publishing landscape is dominated by multinational and foreign publishing companies such as Macmillan, Cambridge University Press, and Collegium Publishers. According to the national authority, in 2023, a total of 49 book publishers were operating in the country. The national authority further indicates that between 2021 and 2023, most publications were in print format, with 406 published in 2021, 411 in 2022, and 370 in 2023.Based on the national authority’s survey response, the preferred format among readers is printed books, followed by digital	[ "through", "the", "Office", "of", "Research", "and", "Development", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "for", "academic", "staff", "and", "co", "-", "researchers", ".", "CIPA", ",", "the", "office", "that", "oversees", "copyright", "issues", "in", "the", "country", ",", "also", "disburses", "funds", "to", "book", "publishers", "annually", ".", "Population", "2.5", "million", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Urban", "population", "73", "%", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Mobile", "phone", " \n", "subscription", "(", "2022", ")", "165", "%", "\n", "Internet", "users", "(", "2022", ")", "77%Literacy", "rate", "(", "≥15", "years", "old", ")", "87", "%", "\n", "(", "2013", ")", "\n", "GDP", "per", "capita", "US$", "7", ",", "820", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Book", "sector", " \n", "2023", "estimated", "data", "\n", "Publishing", "houses", "49", "\n", "Titles", "published", "370", "\n", "Bookstores", "3", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "45", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "per", "capita", "\n", "1", "per", "55,500", " ", "inhabitants", "\n", "Jobs", "1,800", "\n", "68", "\n", "THE", "AFRICAN", "BOOK", "INDUSTRY", "•", "Trends", ",", "Challenges", "and", "Opportunities", "for", "Growth", "\n", "©", "University", "Of", "KwaZulu", "-", "Natal", "PressThe", "funds", "are", "collected", "through", "the", "\n", "Government", "Levy", "on", "Technical", "Devices", "Fund", "and", "used", "for", "the", "development", "of", "authors", ",", "publishers", ",", "and", "the", "copyright", "industries", ".", "\n", "3", "For", "the", "year", "\n", "2022", ",", "approximately", "US$", "286,000", "was", "disbursed", "to", "book", "and", "publishing", "professionals", ",", "while", "funds", "amounting", "to", "US$", "363,945", "were", "disbursed", "in", "2023", ".", "\n", "4", "Funds", "are", "distributed", "to", "support", "\n", "the", "literary", "ecosystem", ",", "including", "the", "purchase", "of", "materials", "such", "as", "printers", ",", "and", "payments", "to", "book", "illustrators", ",", "photographers", "and", "editors", ".", "\n", "5", "\n", "There", "are", "no", "tax", "exemptions", ",", "reduced", "rates", "or", "preferential", "tax", "treatments", "for", "the", "book", "and", "publishing", "sector", ".", "The", "same", "applies", "to", "the", "importation", "of", "paper", "or", "machinery", "to", "produce", "books", ".", "Public", "purchases", "of", "school", "textbooks", "for", "educational", "institutions", "are", "conducted", "through", "the", "Botswana", "Government", "’s", "public", "procurement", "process", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "survey", "response", ",", "a", "preferential", "scheme", "provision", "is", "adhered", "to", "for", "women", "and", "youth", "during", "the", "public", "procurement", "tendering", "system", "for", "purchasing", "library", " ", "books", ".", "\n", "PUBLISHING", "\n", "The", "National", "Reference", "Library", "(", "NRL", ")", "in", "Gaborone", "is", "the", "country", "’s", "ISBN", "agency", ".", "This", "is", "an", "arm", "of", "the", "BNLS", ".", "Prior", "authorization", "is", "required", "for", "the", "use", "of", "copyrighted", "material", ".", "Publishers", "are", "bound", "by", "the", "BNLS", "Act", "to", "declare", "and", "deposit", "all", "book", "publications", ".", "It", "is", "mandatory", "to", "deposit", "one", "copy", "with", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "and", "two", "copies", "with", "the", "BNLS", "Board", ".", "\n", "6", "\n", "Botswana", "’s", "book", "publishing", "landscape", "is", "dominated", "by", "multinational", "and", "foreign", "publishing", "companies", "such", "as", "Macmillan", ",", "Cambridge", "University", "Press", ",", "and", "Collegium", "Publishers", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", ",", "in", "2023", ",", "a", "total", "of", "49", "book", "publishers", "were", "operating", "in", "the", "country", ".", "The", "national", "authority", "further", "indicates", "that", "between", "2021", "and", "2023", ",", "most", "publications", "were", "in", "print", "format", ",", "with", "406", "published", "in", "2021", ",", "411", " ", "in", "2022", ",", "and", "370", "in", "2023.Based", "on", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "\n", "survey", "response", ",", "the", "preferred", "format", "among", "readers", "is", "printed", "books", ",", "followed", "by", "digital" ]	[]
goals. Education leadership: A process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of an education goal. Education management: A process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources to enable an education institution to achieve its goals while ensuring its functioning and development. Induction: A professional development process for individuals who are new to a position or institution, aimed at easing their transition, familiarizing them with institutional policies and promoting effectiveness. It includes, but goes beyond, coaching and mentoring. Instructional leadership: An approach to leadership which focuses on improving teaching and learning processes to enhance student achievement relative to standards. It includes teaching supervision, curriculum implementation coordination, student progress monitor, and administration of learning-related tasks (also: pedagogical leadership ). Licensing: A process that screens candidates to ensure they have a minimum set of qualifications so that they are permitted to practice an occupation. Mentoring: A directive and less structured professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It can last a long time and does not require specific qualifications of the mentor (see coaching ). Merit-based selection: A selection process which seeks to establish whether an individual applicant has the objective and clearly articulated expected qualities required for good performance in a particular position. Open competition: A selection process in which candidates compete through examinations, presentation of qualifications and other objective criteria. Preparation: A process to develop the knowledge, skills, and competencies that aspiring applicants need to possess prior to being appointed to a position in order to be effective. Principal: A school leader responsible for exercising administration, management and leadership to enable an institution to achieve its goals (which may include community engagement and a positive learning environment) (also: director, headmaster, headteacher, manager ). Professional learning community: A group of professionals who meet regularly to share expertise and works collaboratively to improve their skills. Professional standards: A set of guidelines and expectations outlining the knowledge, skills and practices required to ensure quality, accountability, and continuous improvement in a profession. Professionalization: A process of giving an occupation, activity, or group professional qualities by increasing training or raising required qualifications, which may aim at improving the quality of service but also the enhancement of status among group members. Recruitment: A process of seeking and attracting a pool of qualified applicants	[ "goals", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "leadership", ":", "A", "process", "of", "social", "influence", ",", "which", "maximizes", "the", "efforts", "of", "others", ",", "towards", "the", "achievement", "of", "an", "education", "goal", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "management", ":", "A", "process", "of", "planning", ",", "organizing", ",", "directing", "and", "controlling", "resources", "to", "enable", "an", "education", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "while", "ensuring", "its", "functioning", "and", "development", ".", "\n\n", "Induction", ":", "A", "professional", "development", "process", "for", "individuals", "who", "are", "new", "to", "a", "position", "or", "institution", ",", "aimed", "at", "easing", "their", "transition", ",", "familiarizing", "them", "with", "institutional", "policies", "and", "promoting", "effectiveness", ".", "It", "includes", ",", "but", "goes", "beyond", ",", "coaching", "and", "mentoring", ".", "\n\n", "Instructional", "leadership", ":", "An", "approach", "to", "leadership", "which", "focuses", "on", "improving", "teaching", "and", "learning", "processes", "to", "enhance", "student", "achievement", "relative", "to", "standards", ".", "It", "includes", "teaching", "supervision", ",", "curriculum", "implementation", "coordination", ",", "student", "progress", "monitor", ",", "and", "administration", "of", "learning", "-", "related", "tasks", "(", "also", ":", "pedagogical", "leadership", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Licensing", ":", "A", "process", "that", "screens", "candidates", "to", "ensure", "they", "have", "a", "minimum", "set", "of", "qualifications", "so", "that", "they", "are", "permitted", "to", "practice", "an", "occupation", ".", "\n\n", "Mentoring", ":", "A", "directive", "and", "less", "structured", "professional", "development", "process", "of", "personalized", "guidance", ",", "support", "and", "feedback", "from", "experienced", "to", "less", "experienced", "individuals", "to", "help", "them", "improve", "their", "practices", "and", "achieve", "their", "goals", ".", "It", "can", "last", "a", "long", "time", "and", "does", "not", "require", "specific", "qualifications", "of", "the", "mentor", "(", "see", "coaching", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Merit", "-", "based", "selection", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "which", "seeks", "to", "establish", "whether", "an", "individual", "applicant", "has", "the", "objective", "and", "clearly", "articulated", "expected", "qualities", "required", "for", "good", "performance", "in", "a", "particular", "position", ".", "\n\n", "Open", "competition", ":", "A", "selection", "process", "in", "which", "candidates", "compete", "through", "examinations", ",", "presentation", "of", "qualifications", "and", "other", "objective", "criteria", ".", "\n\n", "Preparation", ":", "A", "process", "to", "develop", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", ",", "and", "competencies", "that", "aspiring", "applicants", "need", "to", "possess", "prior", "to", "being", "appointed", "to", "a", "position", "in", "order", "to", "be", "effective", ".", "\n\n", "Principal", ":", "A", "school", "leader", "responsible", "for", "exercising", "administration", ",", "management", "and", "leadership", "to", "enable", "an", "institution", "to", "achieve", "its", "goals", "(", "which", "may", "include", "community", "engagement", "and", "a", "positive", "learning", "environment", ")", "(", "also", ":", "director", ",", "headmaster", ",", "headteacher", ",", "manager", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "learning", "community", ":", "A", "group", "of", "professionals", "who", "meet", "regularly", "to", "share", "expertise", "and", "works", "collaboratively", "to", "improve", "their", "skills", ".", "\n\n", "Professional", "standards", ":", "A", "set", "of", "guidelines", "and", "expectations", "outlining", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", "and", "practices", "required", "to", "ensure", "quality", ",", "accountability", ",", "and", "continuous", "improvement", "in", "a", "profession", ".", "\n\n", "Professionalization", ":", "A", "process", "of", "giving", "an", "occupation", ",", "activity", ",", "or", "group", "professional", "qualities", "by", "increasing", "training", "or", "raising", "required", "qualifications", ",", "which", "may", "aim", "at", "improving", "the", "quality", "of", "service", "but", "also", "the", "enhancement", "of", "status", "among", "group", "members", ".", "\n\n", "Recruitment", ":", "A", "process", "of", "seeking", "and", "attracting", "a", "pool", "of", "qualified", "applicants" ]	[]
to printing X 23.7Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X 21 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X NACE Innovation – Patents 24.1Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X SITC Goods exports C E 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 41.2Construction of residential and non-residential buildingsX 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 42.2 Construction of utility projects X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereofX 23.4 Man. of other porcelain and ceramic products 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects X 9 Miscellaneous edible products and preparations X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X 11 Beverages X X 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 43.2Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation act. X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 43.9Other specialised construction activities X 33Petroleum, petroleum products and related materialsX 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools, and general hardware 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X 35 Electric current X 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 47.1Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 41 Animal oils and fats X 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 47.5Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised storesX X 52 Inorganic chemicals X 31 Manufacture of furniture 47.6Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in spec. storesX 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X X 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, etc.X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 49.4Freight transport by road and removal services X 59 Chemical materials and products X 62, 63 Software Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential 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Spinoza, B. (1985). The Ethics , Princeton University Press. Thomson, G. (1987). Needs. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2014). A Framework for a Religious Life. In S. Gill & G. Thomson (Eds.), Redefining Religious Education. Palgrave Macmillan. Thomson, G. (2021). Healing: Towards a conceptual framework. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal , 15 (3). Thomson, G., & Gill, S. (2024). Beyond Instrumentalised Politics: Re-Conceptualising Public Governance. De Gruyter. Thomson, G., Gill, S., & Goodson, I. (2021). Happiness, Flourishing and the Good Life: A Transformative Vision for Human Well-Being. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2025). Beyond Instrumentalised Economics: Well-Being, Ecology and Alternative Economies , De Gruyter. Whitehead, A. N. (1929). Process and Reality. Cambridge University Press. Vam k D. Volkan, M. D. ı ## Massive Traumas, their Societal and Political Consequences, and Collective Healing Abstract: This chapter focuses on massive traumas at the hand of the Other and their societal/political consequences, which always include shared losses, from losing persons and physical properties to self-esteem and prestige. It describes complications in societal mourning and how they lead to transgenerational transmissions of the undigested images of massive trauma to the generations that follow, as well as how such images turn into ethnic, national, religious or political identity markers. The need to protect and maintain large-group identities contaminates political, economic, legal, military and other real-world issues in relationships and creates conflicts between large groups. Lastly, this chapter examines psychoanalytically informed interventions that support collective healing and peaceful co-existence between large enemy groups. Keywords: Mourning, biosocial regeneration, psychological border, minor differences, chosen trauma, entitlement ideology, Tree Model. This chapter describes the societal and political consequences of massive traumas for large groups. The term ' large group ' refers to thousands or millions of individuals who, from childhood, share the same historical sentiments and sense of belonging, even though most never cross paths personally. In our daily life we might reference these identities by using shared, large-group ethnic or idealistic terminology, such as when we say we are Apaches, Lithuanian Jews, Swedes, Sunni Muslims or communists. Because some shared images of ancestors ' traumas at the hand of enemies , when they remain undigested, are transmitted from generation to generation, such images may become significant identity markers for ethnic, national, religious or political large groups. 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stock in the country is 2.6 to 2.8 mln ha, out of which 1.65 mln ha are provided with irrigation water to some degree and 1.15 mln ha are intermittently irrigated lands, i.e., they have irrigation systems, but get water only during a flood period (Fig. 1). Engineering and semi-engineering irrigation systems are constructed on an area approximately 0.33 mln ha (Helmand, Arghandab, Jalalabad, Sarde, Parvan, Gavargan, Kelagai and others). About 1.3 mln ha of lands are irrigated by traditional local non-engineering systems which are characterized by multi-head water intakes, a great extension of idle sections, great meandering, lack of regulation structures, low efficacy, etc. As the rivers in the country are not regulated the greater part of the flood flow cannot be used for irrigation and runs out of the country destroying on its way hydraulic structures and flooding irrigated lands. There are 12 water reservoirs in Afghanistan, they are Kadjaki on the Helmand River capable to store 1.7 mln cu. m of water, Arghandab on the Arghandab River - 0.34, Naglu on the Kabul River 0.36, Darunta on the Kabul River - 0.04, Sarde on the Djelga River - 0.164 bill cu. m and some other reservoirs with a storage capacity from 1 to 19 mln cu. m built in the period from 1920 through 1940. Many of them need fundamental repair. In open valleys and low piedmont areas, especially in the south and southeast of the county, about 15% of irrigated lands are provided with underground waters from kyariz, pits and springs. Productivity of irrigated lands is much higher than that of rainfed lands. About 0.5 mln ha of irrigated lands in private ownership give two and in some places even three crops. The bulk of agricultural produce (99.9%) is grown in private low-commodity landholdings. The irrigated farming is still on a very low level. The share of agriculture and irrigation in the state capital investments in 1986 was only 7.0%. By this index Afghanistan takes one of the last places in the region among developing countries. The main reasons of such poor management of the available lands are inadequate development of irrigation and low efficacy of the existing irrigation systems. The greater part of irrigation systems is represented by primitive dams made of logs, fascines, bags with sand and pebble from which a network of simple aryks is constructed. In open valleys and low piedmont areas	[ "stock", "in", "the", "country", "is", "2.6", "to", "2.8", "mln", "ha", ",", "out", "of", "which", "1.65", "mln", "ha", "are", "provided", "with", "irrigation", "water", "to", "some", "degree", "and", "1.15", "mln", "ha", "are", "intermittently", "irrigated", "lands", ",", "i.e.", ",", "they", "have", "irrigation", "systems", ",", "but", "get", "water", "only", "during", "a", "flood", "period", "(", "Fig", ".", "1", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Engineering", "and", "semi", "-", "engineering", "irrigation", "systems", "are", "constructed", "on", "an", "area", "approximately", "0.33", "mln", "ha", "(", "Helmand", ",", "Arghandab", ",", "Jalalabad", ",", "Sarde", ",", "Parvan", ",", "Gavargan", ",", "Kelagai", "and", "others", ")", ".", "About", "1.3", "mln", "ha", "of", "lands", "are", "irrigated", "by", "traditional", "local", "non", "-", "engineering", "systems", "which", "are", "characterized", "by", "multi", "-", "head", "water", "intakes", ",", "a", "great", "extension", "of", "idle", "sections", ",", "great", "meandering", ",", "lack", "of", "regulation", "structures", ",", "low", "efficacy", ",", "etc", ".", "\n\n", "As", "the", "rivers", "in", "the", "country", "are", "not", "regulated", "the", "greater", "part", "of", "the", "flood", "flow", "can", "not", "be", "used", "for", "irrigation", "and", "runs", "out", "of", "the", "country", "destroying", "on", "its", "way", "hydraulic", "structures", "and", "flooding", "irrigated", "lands", ".", "\n\n", "There", "are", "12", "water", "reservoirs", "in", "Afghanistan", ",", "they", "are", "Kadjaki", "on", "the", "Helmand", "River", "capable", "to", "store", "1.7", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "of", "water", ",", "Arghandab", "on", "the", "Arghandab", "River", "-", "0.34", ",", "Naglu", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "0.36", ",", "Darunta", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "-", "0.04", ",", "Sarde", "on", "the", "Djelga", "River", "-", "0.164", "bill", "cu", ".", "m", "and", "some", "other", "reservoirs", "with", "a", "storage", "capacity", "from", "1", "to", "19", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "built", "in", "the", "period", "from", "1920", "through", "1940", ".", "Many", "of", "them", "need", "fundamental", "repair", ".", "\n\n", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "south", "and", "southeast", "of", "the", "county", ",", "about", "15", "%", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "are", "provided", "with", "underground", "waters", "from", "kyariz", ",", "pits", "and", "springs", ".", "\n\n", "Productivity", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "is", "much", "higher", "than", "that", "of", "rainfed", "lands", ".", "About", "0.5", "mln", "ha", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "in", "private", "ownership", "give", "two", "and", "in", "some", "places", "even", "three", "crops", ".", "The", "bulk", "of", "agricultural", "produce", "(", "99.9", "%", ")", "is", "grown", "in", "private", "low", "-", "commodity", "landholdings", ".", "\n\n", "The", "irrigated", "farming", "is", "still", "on", "a", "very", "low", "level", ".", "The", "share", "of", "agriculture", "and", "irrigation", "in", "the", "state", "capital", "investments", "in", "1986", "was", "only", "7.0", "%", ".", "By", "this", "index", "Afghanistan", "takes", "one", "of", "the", "last", "places", "in", "the", "region", "among", "developing", "countries", ".", "\n\n", "The", "main", "reasons", "of", "such", "poor", "management", "of", "the", "available", "lands", "are", "inadequate", "development", "of", "irrigation", "and", "low", "efficacy", "of", "the", "existing", "irrigation", "systems", ".", "The", "greater", "part", "of", "irrigation", "systems", "is", "represented", "by", "primitive", "dams", "made", "of", "logs", ",", "fascines", ",", "bags", "with", "sand", "and", "pebble", "from", "which", "a", "network", "of", "simple", "aryks", "is", "constructed", ".", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas" ]	[]
for EU Eastern Partnership countries (EaP), aimed to strengthen evidence-informed research and innovation policymaking and the development of Smart Specialisation Strategies. The study pre- sents and tests various analytical approaches, methods and tools, some of which are new and experimental, with the purpose of better under- standing national and EaP-wide, place-based in- novation capacities, emerging specialisations and supporting ongoing national analytical exercises. As this report is based on available international data, it is important that the countries analysed continue the development of Smart Specialisation through their own efforts, discussing the results of this study and adding the relevant national data sources and other useful information. Economic and innovation (E&I) specialisation do- mains have been identified for each EaP country by using the multidimensional analysis and in- dicators based on: economic and manufacturing strengths, innovativeness and IP intensity, ex- ports and the presence of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies as well as cluster or- ganisations. In this respect, Part 2 of this report offers a wealth of information addressing differ- ent questions that can emerge at different stages for priority-setting, the identification of topics and niches within priorities, actor identification and mobilisation and for the identification of areas of potential knowledge-based cooperation through- out EaP countries. Similarly, scientific and technological specialisa- tion domains, emerging from the text contained in S&T records (namely, scientific publications, patents and research and innovation projects funded by the European Commission), have been identified for the whole EaP, providing a general overview of the key areas of activity in the re- gion – as reported in Part 3. These domains have been characterised at national level, and a set of critical mass, specialisation and excellence indica- tors have been computed for each country, which can be utilised in priority-setting and to organ- ise the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP). In this sense, the report is complemented by an interactive digital tool facilitating the exploration of national and EaP S&T networks and the iden- tification of key actors in the knowledge, public and private sectors. Furthermore, patterns of in- tra-EaP and extra-EaP international collaborations are also analysed, both globally and for each S&T domain. Again, the analysis has been carried out by exploiting international data sources, whereof the local actors fostering the knowledge econo- my in the 6 EaP countries can have relatively low visibility. The S&T results presented in the current work should be considered as an educated	[ "for", "EU", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "(", "EaP", ")", ",", "aimed", "\n", "to", "strengthen", "evidence", "-", "informed", "research", "and", "\n", "innovation", "policymaking", "and", "the", "development", "of", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "Strategies", ".", "The", "study", "pre-", "\n", "sents", "and", "tests", "various", "analytical", "approaches", ",", "\n", "methods", "and", "tools", ",", "some", "of", "which", "are", "new", "and", "\n", "experimental", ",", "with", "the", "purpose", "of", "better", "under-", "\n", "standing", "national", "and", "EaP", "-", "wide", ",", "place", "-", "based", "in-", "\n", "novation", "capacities", ",", "emerging", "specialisations", "and", "\n", "supporting", "ongoing", "national", "analytical", "exercises", ".", "\n", "As", "this", "report", "is", "based", "on", "available", "international", "\n", "data", ",", "it", "is", "important", "that", "the", "countries", "analysed", "\n", "continue", "the", "development", "of", "Smart", "Specialisation", "\n", "through", "their", "own", "efforts", ",", "discussing", "the", "results", "of", "\n", "this", "study", "and", "adding", "the", "relevant", "national", "data", "\n", "sources", "and", "other", "useful", "information", ".", "\n", "Economic", "and", "innovation", "(", "E&I", ")", "specialisation", "do-", "\n", "mains", "have", "been", "identified", "for", "each", "EaP", "country", "\n", "by", "using", "the", "multidimensional", "analysis", "and", "in-", "\n", "dicators", "based", "on", ":", "economic", "and", "manufacturing", "\n", "strengths", ",", "innovativeness", "and", "IP", "intensity", ",", "ex-", "\n", "ports", "and", "the", "presence", "of", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "venture", "\n", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "as", "well", "as", "cluster", "or-", "\n", "ganisations", ".", "In", "this", "respect", ",", "Part", "2", "of", "this", "report", "\n", "offers", "a", "wealth", "of", "information", "addressing", "differ-", "\n", "ent", "questions", "that", "can", "emerge", "at", "different", "stages", "\n", "for", "priority", "-", "setting", ",", "the", "identification", "of", "topics", "and", "\n", "niches", "within", "priorities", ",", "actor", "identification", "and", "\n", "mobilisation", "and", "for", "the", "identification", "of", "areas", "of", "\n", "potential", "knowledge", "-", "based", "cooperation", "through-", "\n", "out", "EaP", "countries", ".", "\n", "Similarly", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", "domains", ",", "emerging", "from", "the", "text", "contained", "\n", "in", "S&T", "records", "(", "namely", ",", "scientific", "publications", ",", "\n", "patents", "and", "research", "and", "innovation", "projects", "\n", "funded", "by", "the", "European", "Commission", ")", ",", "have", "been", "\n", "identified", "for", "the", "whole", "EaP", ",", "providing", "a", "general", "\n", "overview", "of", "the", "key", "areas", "of", "activity", "in", "the", "re-", "\n", "gion", "–", "as", "reported", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "These", "domains", "have", "\n", "been", "characterised", "at", "national", "level", ",", "and", "a", "set", "of", "\n", "critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "and", "excellence", "indica-", "\n", "tors", "have", "been", "computed", "for", "each", "country", ",", "which", "\n", "can", "be", "utilised", "in", "priority", "-", "setting", "and", "to", "organ-", "\n", "ise", "the", "entrepreneurial", "discovery", "process", "(", "EDP", ")", ".", "\n", "In", "this", "sense", ",", "the", "report", "is", "complemented", "by", "an", "\n", "interactive", "digital", "tool", "facilitating", "the", "exploration", "of", "national", "and", "EaP", "S&T", "networks", "and", "the", "iden-", "\n", "tification", "of", "key", "actors", "in", "the", "knowledge", ",", "public", "\n", "and", "private", "sectors", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "patterns", "of", "in-", "\n", "tra", "-", "EaP", "and", "extra", "-", "EaP", "international", "collaborations", "\n", "are", "also", "analysed", ",", "both", "globally", "and", "for", "each", "S&T", "\n", "domain", ".", "Again", ",", "the", "analysis", "has", "been", "carried", "out", "\n", "by", "exploiting", "international", "data", "sources", ",", "whereof", "\n", "the", "local", "actors", "fostering", "the", "knowledge", "econo-", "\n", "my", "in", "the", "6", "EaP", "countries", "can", "have", "relatively", "low", "\n", "visibility", ".", "The", "S&T", "results", "presented", "in", "the", "current", "\n", "work", "should", "be", "considered", "as", "an", "educated" ]	[]
enclosures was alternated and counterbalanced for each trial to avoid any location bias. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min, and was considered to be exploring the empty enclosure or the one containing the conspecific when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm away. We divided the test into two 5 min bins (Bariselli et al., 2016). For one set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interaction periods with the enclosure containing the interactor mouse during the last 5 min of the test, while for the second set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interactions within the first 5 min of the test. Similar to previous reports (Carta et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020), the closed-loop optogenetic manipulation protocol during the social preference test led to bouts of laser stimulation that lasted on average 8.3 s, and ranged between 4.3 s and 14.8 s. Real-time tracking, to enable closed-loop optogenetic manipulations, was performed using an overhead camera and the AnyMaze ## Article <!-- image --> software. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity (in s) to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object). To determine the preference score for the social stimulus, we computed the social preference index based on interaction time (s) as follows: (mouse - object)/(mouse + object) *100. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Real-time object place preference This test was performed in a similar fashion as the social preference test described above. Briefly, each mouse was individually placed in a rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. Following a 10 min habituation period, the test mouse was guided to the center of the arena, and two unfamiliar objects (lego blocks) were placed in opposite corners of the arena. Mice were considered to be exploring the objects when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm. Similar to the social preference test, the experiment was divided into two 5 min bins, and the laser was allowed to turn on only during the last 5 min of the test with one randomly assigned object. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity to both objects.	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other words, the term “ML model” or “model” may describe the output of an ML algorithm that is trained with training data. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Additionally, separately trained AI/ML models can be chained together in a AI/ML pipeline during inference or prediction generation. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. Any of the ML techniques discussed herein may be utilized, in whole or in part, and variants and/or combinations thereof, for any of the example implementations discussed herein. ML may require, among other things, obtaining and cleaning a dataset, performing feature selection, selecting an ML algorithm, dividing the dataset into training data and testing data, training a model (e.g., using the selected ML algorithm), testing the model, optimizing or tuning the model, and determining metrics for the model. Some of these tasks may be optional or omitted depending on the use case and/or the implementation used. ML algorithms accept model parameters (or simply “parameters”) and/or hyperparameters that can be used to control certain properties of the training process and the resulting model. Model parameters are parameters, values, characteristics, configuration variables, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. Hyperparameters at least in some examples are characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. ML techniques generally fall into the following main types of learning problem categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. Unsupervised learning is an ML task that aims to learn a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. Unsupervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains only inputs and no desired output labels. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a goal-oriented learning technique where an RL agent aims to optimize a long-term objective by interacting with an environment. Some implementations of AI and ML use data and neural networks (NNs) in a way	[ "other", "words", ",", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "or", "“", "model", "”", "may", "describe", "the", "output", "of", "an", "ML", "algorithm", "that", "is", "trained", "with", "training", "data", ".", "After", "training", ",", "an", "ML", "model", "may", "be", "used", "to", "make", "predictions", "on", "new", "datasets", ".", "Additionally", ",", "separately", "trained", "AI", "/", "ML", "models", "can", "be", "chained", "together", "in", "a", "AI", "/", "ML", "pipeline", "during", "inference", "or", "prediction", "generation", ".", "Although", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "refers", "to", "different", "concepts", "than", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", ",", "”", "these", "terms", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ".", "Any", "of", "the", "ML", "techniques", "discussed", "herein", "may", "be", "utilized", ",", "in", "whole", "or", "in", "part", ",", "and", "variants", "and/or", "combinations", "thereof", ",", "for", "any", "of", "the", "example", "implementations", "discussed", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "may", "require", ",", "among", "other", "things", ",", "obtaining", "and", "cleaning", "a", "dataset", ",", "performing", "feature", "selection", ",", "selecting", "an", "ML", "algorithm", ",", "dividing", "the", "dataset", "into", "training", "data", "and", "testing", "data", ",", "training", "a", "model", "(", "e.g.", ",", "using", "the", "selected", "ML", "algorithm", ")", ",", "testing", "the", "model", ",", "optimizing", "or", "tuning", "the", "model", ",", "and", "determining", "metrics", "for", "the", "model", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "tasks", "may", "be", "optional", "or", "omitted", "depending", "on", "the", "use", "case", "and/or", "the", "implementation", "used", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "algorithms", "accept", "model", "parameters", "(", "or", "simply", "“", "parameters", "”", ")", "and/or", "hyperparameters", "that", "can", "be", "used", "to", "control", "certain", "properties", "of", "the", "training", "process", "and", "the", "resulting", "model", ".", "Model", "parameters", "are", "parameters", ",", "values", ",", "characteristics", ",", "configuration", "variables", ",", "and/or", "properties", "that", "are", "learnt", "during", "training", ".", "Model", "parameters", "are", "usually", "required", "by", "a", "model", "when", "making", "predictions", ",", "and", "their", "values", "define", "the", "skill", "of", "the", "model", "on", "a", "particular", "problem", ".", "Hyperparameters", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "are", "characteristics", ",", "properties", ",", "and/or", "parameters", "for", "an", "ML", "process", "that", "can", "not", "be", "learnt", "during", "a", "training", "process", ".", "Hyperparameter", "are", "usually", "set", "before", "training", "takes", "place", ",", "and", "may", "be", "used", "in", "processes", "to", "help", "estimate", "model", "parameters", ".", "\n\n", "ML", "techniques", "generally", "fall", "into", "the", "following", "main", "types", "of", "learning", "problem", "categories", ":", "supervised", "learning", ",", "unsupervised", "learning", ",", "and", "reinforcement", "learning", ".", "Supervised", "learning", "involves", "building", "models", "from", "a", "set", "of", "data", "that", "contains", "both", "the", "inputs", "and", "the", "desired", "outputs", ".", "Unsupervised", "learning", "is", "an", "ML", "task", "that", "aims", "to", "learn", "a", "function", "to", "describe", "a", "hidden", "structure", "from", "unlabeled", "data", ".", "Unsupervised", "learning", "involves", "building", "models", "from", "a", "set", "of", "data", "that", "contains", "only", "inputs", "and", "no", "desired", "output", "labels", ".", "Reinforcement", "learning", "(", "RL", ")", "is", "a", "goal", "-", "oriented", "learning", "technique", "where", "an", "RL", "agent", "aims", "to", "optimize", "a", "long", "-", "term", "objective", "by", "interacting", "with", "an", "environment", ".", "Some", "implementations", "of", "AI", "and", "ML", "use", "data", "and", "neural", "networks", "(", "NNs", ")", "in", "a", "way" ]	[]
“Being able to observe the poles is vital for understanding how the Sun’s magnetic field operates on a global scale, leading to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s activity. “We’ll see previously unobserved high-latitude flows that carry magnetic elements to the polar regions. These flows sow the fundamental seeds for the next solar cycle.” Solar Orbiter carries ten science instruments, all working together to investigate how our local star “works”. UCL scientists have played a leading role in two of them – the EUI, which images the Sun in ultraviolet light, and the Solar Wind Analyser. Professor Chris Owen (Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL), Principal Investigator on the Solar Wind Analyser, said: “Solar Orbiter’s new vantage point will give us a fuller view of how solar wind expands to form a vast bubble around the Sun and its planets (known as the heliosphere). We will now see this happen in three dimensions, enhancing the single slice we get from observing only in the ecliptic plane.” All eyes on the Sun’s south pole <!-- image --> The images shown above were taken by three of Solar Orbiter’s instruments: the EUI, Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI), and the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument. The instruments each observe the Sun in a different way. PHI images the Sun in visible light (top left) and maps the Sun’s surface magnetic field (top centre). EUI images the Sun in ultraviolet light (top right), revealing the million-degree charged gas in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona. The SPICE instrument (bottom row) captures light coming from charged gas at various temperatures above the Sun’s surface, thereby revealing different layers of the Sun's atmosphere. Comparing and analysing the complementary observations made by these three imaging instruments shows how material moves in the Sun’s outer layers. This may reveal unexpected patterns, such as polar vortices (swirling gas) similar to those seen around the poles of Venus and Saturn. These new observations are also key to understanding the Sun’s magnetic field and why it flips north and south poles roughly every 11 years, coinciding with a peak in solar activity. Current models and predictions of the 11-year solar cycle fall short of being able to predict exactly when and how powerfully the Sun will reach its most active state. Messy magnetism at solar maximum <!-- image --> This happens only for a short time during each	[ "“", "Being", "able", "to", "observe", "the", "poles", "is", "vital", "for", "understanding", "how", "the", "Sun", "’s", "magnetic", "field", "operates", "on", "a", "global", "scale", ",", "leading", "to", "an", "11", "-", "year", "cycle", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "activity", ".", "\n\n", "“", "We", "’ll", "see", "previously", "unobserved", "high", "-", "latitude", "flows", "that", "carry", "magnetic", "elements", "to", "the", "polar", "regions", ".", " ", "These", "flows", "sow", "the", "fundamental", "seeds", "for", "the", "next", "solar", "cycle", ".", "”", "\n\n", "Solar", "Orbiter", "carries", "ten", "science", "instruments", ",", "all", "working", "together", "to", "investigate", "how", "our", "local", "star", "“", "works", "”", ".", "UCL", "scientists", "have", "played", "a", "leading", "role", "in", "two", "of", "them", "–", "the", "EUI", ",", "which", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "ultraviolet", "light", ",", "and", "the", "Solar", "Wind", "Analyser", ".", "\n\n", "Professor", "Chris", "Owen", "(", "Mullard", "Space", "Science", "Laboratory", "at", "UCL", ")", ",", "Principal", "Investigator", "on", "the", "Solar", "Wind", "Analyser", ",", "said", ":", "“", "Solar", "Orbiter", "’s", "new", "vantage", "point", "will", "give", "us", "a", "fuller", "view", "of", "how", "solar", "wind", "expands", "to", "form", "a", "vast", "bubble", "around", "the", "Sun", "and", "its", "planets", "(", "known", "as", "the", "heliosphere", ")", ".", "We", "will", "now", "see", "this", "happen", "in", "three", "dimensions", ",", "enhancing", "the", "single", "slice", "we", "get", "from", "observing", "only", "in", "the", "ecliptic", "plane", ".", "”", "\n\n", "All", "eyes", "on", "the", "Sun", "’s", "south", "pole", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "The", "images", "shown", "above", "were", "taken", "by", "three", "of", "Solar", "Orbiter", "’s", "instruments", ":", "the", "EUI", ",", "Polarimetric", "and", "Helioseismic", "Imager", "(", "PHI", ")", ",", "and", "the", "Spectral", "Imaging", "of", "the", "Coronal", "Environment", "(", "SPICE", ")", "instrument", ".", "\n\n", "The", "instruments", "each", "observe", "the", "Sun", "in", "a", "different", "way", ".", "PHI", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "visible", "light", "(", "top", "left", ")", "and", "maps", "the", "Sun", "’s", "surface", "magnetic", "field", "(", "top", "centre", ")", ".", "EUI", "images", "the", "Sun", "in", "ultraviolet", "light", "(", "top", "right", ")", ",", "revealing", "the", "million", "-", "degree", "charged", "gas", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "outer", "atmosphere", ",", "the", "corona", ".", "The", "SPICE", "instrument", "(", "bottom", "row", ")", "captures", "light", "coming", "from", "charged", "gas", "at", "various", "temperatures", "above", "the", "Sun", "’s", "surface", ",", "thereby", "revealing", "different", "layers", "of", "the", "Sun", "'s", "atmosphere", ".", "\n\n", "Comparing", "and", "analysing", "the", "complementary", "observations", "made", "by", "these", "three", "imaging", "instruments", "shows", "how", "material", "moves", "in", "the", "Sun", "’s", "outer", "layers", ".", "This", "may", "reveal", "unexpected", "patterns", ",", "such", "as", "polar", "vortices", "(", "swirling", "gas", ")", "similar", "to", "those", "seen", "around", "the", "poles", "of", "Venus", "and", "Saturn", ".", "\n\n", "These", "new", "observations", "are", "also", "key", "to", "understanding", "the", "Sun", "’s", "magnetic", "field", "and", "why", "it", "flips", "north", "and", "south", "poles", "roughly", "every", "11", "years", ",", "coinciding", "with", "a", "peak", "in", "solar", "activity", ".", "Current", "models", "and", "predictions", "of", "the", "11", "-", "year", "solar", "cycle", "fall", "short", "of", "being", "able", "to", "predict", "exactly", "when", "and", "how", "powerfully", "the", "Sun", "will", "reach", "its", "most", "active", "state", ".", "\n\n", "Messy", "magnetism", "at", "solar", "maximum", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "This", "happens", "only", "for", "a", "short", "time", "during", "each" ]	[]
a conveyor, a mechanical sorter, a robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler sorter, and an automated quality control (AQC) sorter. Example [0248] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0247] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, an IR spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, an accelerometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, a temperature sensor, and a flow meter. Example [0249] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0248] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller includes one or more of a multi-core processor, microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuit, field-programmable gate array, digital signal processor, digital signal controller, electronic control units, programmable logic device, crypto processor, hardware accelerator, and graphics processor. Example [0250] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0249] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller is implemented by an individual computer node or is distributed across a plurality of compute nodes. Example [0251] includes the method of example [0250] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the individual compute node or the pluarlity of compute nodes include(s) any combination of a set of programmable logic device, a set of application servers, a set of cloud compute nodes, a set of edge compute nodes, a set of network functions in a cellular core network, a set of network access nodes, a set of gateway devices, a set of network appliances, a set of smart appliances, a subset of MHUs of the set of MHUs, and/or a subset of sensors of the set of sensors. Example [0252] includes one or more computer readable media comprising instructions, wherein execution of the instructions by processor circuitry is to cause the processor circuitry to perform the method of examples [0176]-[0251] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0253] includes a computer program comprising the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0254] includes an Application Programming Interface defining functions, methods, variables, data structures, and/or protocols for the computer program of example [0253] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0255] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry loaded with the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0256] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry operable to	[ "a", "conveyor", ",", "a", "mechanical", "sorter", ",", "a", "robotic", "sorter", ",", "an", "optical", "sorter", ",", "an", "air", "sorter", ",", "a", "baler", "sorter", ",", "and", "an", "automated", "quality", "control", "(", "AQC", ")", "sorter", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0248", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0247", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", "include", "one", "or", "more", "of", "an", "infrared", "(", "IR", ")", "light", "sensor", ",", "an", "IR", "spectrometer", ",", "an", "ultraviolet", "(", "UV", ")", "light", "sensor", ",", "an", "x", "-", "ray", "sensor", ",", "a", "visible", "light", "sensor", ",", "a", "magnetometer", ",", "a", "chemical", "sensor", ",", "an", "inductive", "sensor", ",", "a", "load", "cell", ",", "a", "density", "sensor", ",", "a", "speed", "sensor", ",", "an", "inclinometer", ",", "an", "accelerometer", ",", "a", "moisture", "sensor", ",", "a", "laser", "measurement", "device", ",", "a", "current", "sensor", ",", "a", "pressure", "transducer", ",", "a", "temperature", "sensor", ",", "and", "a", "flow", "meter", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0249", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0248", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "controller", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "of", "a", "multi", "-", "core", "processor", ",", "microcontroller", ",", "application", "-", "specific", "integrated", "circuit", ",", "field", "-", "programmable", "gate", "array", ",", "digital", "signal", "processor", ",", "digital", "signal", "controller", ",", "electronic", "control", "units", ",", "programmable", "logic", "device", ",", "crypto", "processor", ",", "hardware", "accelerator", ",", "and", "graphics", "processor", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0250", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0228]-[0249", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "controller", "is", "implemented", "by", "an", "individual", "computer", "node", "or", "is", "distributed", "across", "a", "plurality", "of", "compute", "nodes", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0251", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0250", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "individual", "compute", "node", "or", "the", "pluarlity", "of", "compute", "nodes", "include(s", ")", "any", "combination", "of", "a", "set", "of", "programmable", "logic", "device", ",", "a", "set", "of", "application", "servers", ",", "a", "set", "of", "cloud", "compute", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "edge", "compute", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "functions", "in", "a", "cellular", "core", "network", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "access", "nodes", ",", "a", "set", "of", "gateway", "devices", ",", "a", "set", "of", "network", "appliances", ",", "a", "set", "of", "smart", "appliances", ",", "a", "subset", "of", "MHUs", "of", "the", "set", "of", "MHUs", ",", "and/or", "a", "subset", "of", "sensors", "of", "the", "set", "of", "sensors", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0252", "]", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "readable", "media", "comprising", "instructions", ",", "wherein", "execution", "of", "the", "instructions", "by", "processor", "circuitry", "is", "to", "cause", "the", "processor", "circuitry", "to", "perform", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0251", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0253", "]", "includes", "a", "computer", "program", "comprising", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0254", "]", "includes", "an", "Application", "Programming", "Interface", "defining", "functions", ",", "methods", ",", "variables", ",", "data", "structures", ",", "and/or", "protocols", "for", "the", "computer", "program", "of", "example", "[", "0253", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0255", "]", "includes", "an", "apparatus", "comprising", "circuitry", "loaded", "with", "the", "instructions", "of", "example", "[", "0252", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0256", "]", "includes", "an", "apparatus", "comprising", "circuitry", "operable", "to" ]	[]
of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. - machine learning at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. - ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. - ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). - machine learning model or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. - the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - machine learning algorithm or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. - the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may be used interchangeably. Additionally, although the term “ML algorithm” may refer to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. - machine learning application or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that contains some AI/ML model(s) and application-level descriptions. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning application” or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to a complete and deployable application and/or package that includes at least	[ "of", "statistical", "assumptions", "concerning", "the", "generation", "of", "sample", "data", "and/or", "similar", "data", "from", "a", "population", ";", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "a", "“", "statistical", "model", "”", "represents", "a", "data", "-", "generating", "process", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "the", "use", "of", "computer", "systems", "to", "optimize", "a", "performance", "criterion", "using", "example", "(", "training", ")", "data", "and/or", "past", "experience", ".", "\n", "-", "ML", "\n", "involves", "using", "algorithms", "to", "perform", "specific", "task(s", ")", "without", "using", "explicit", "instructions", "to", "perform", "the", "specific", "task(s", ")", ",", "and/or", "relying", "on", "patterns", ",", "predictions", ",", "and/or", "inferences", ".", "\n", "-", "ML", "\n", "uses", "statistics", "to", "build", "ML", "model(s", ")", "(", "also", "referred", "to", "as", "“", "models", "”", ")", "in", "order", "to", "make", "predictions", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "(", "e.g.", ",", "training", "data", ")", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "model", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "is", "capable", "of", "making", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", "and/or", "is", "capable", "of", "detecting", "patterns", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "\n", "is", "trained", "on", "a", "training", "data", "to", "detect", "patterns", "and/or", "make", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "and/or", "decisions", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "\n", "is", "based", "on", "a", "mathematical", "and/or", "statistical", "model", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "\n", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "builds", "or", "estimates", "an", "ML", "model", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "or", "training", "data", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "learns", "from", "experience", "w.r.t", "some", "task(s", ")", "and", "some", "performance", "measure(s)/metric(s", ")", ",", "and", "an", "ML", "model", "is", "an", "object", "or", "data", "structure", "created", "after", "an", "ML", "algorithm", "is", "trained", "with", "training", "data", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "\n", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", ".", "Additionally", ",", "although", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "may", "refer", "to", "different", "concepts", "than", "the", "term", "“", "ML", "model", ",", "”", "these", "terms", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ".", "\n", "-", "machine", "learning", "application", "\n", "or", "“", "ML", "application", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "contains", "some", "AI", "/", "ML", "model(s", ")", "and", "application", "-", "level", "descriptions", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "application", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "application", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "complete", "and", "deployable", "application", "and/or", "package", "that", "includes", "at", "least" ]	[]
with school leaders. Parent-teacher associations offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives • transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders.	[ "with", "school", "leaders", ".", "Parent", "-", "teacher", "associations", "offer", "other", "channels", "of", "communication", "with", "the", "school", "community", ".", "These", "bodies", "have", "varying", "formal", "responsibilities", "enshrined", "in", "legislation", "and", "regulations", ".", "Member", "selection", "processes", "aim", "to", "ensure", "representation", ",", "although", "the", "actual", "selection", "is", "the", "result", "of", "social", "dynamics", "and", "may", "lead", "to", "exclusions", ".", "Even", "when", "they", "convene", ",", "these", "management", "bodies", "tend", "to", "be", "consumed", "with", "day", "-", "to", "-", "day", "affairs", "instead", "of", "leadership", ",", "and", "operate", "with", "caution", ",", "focusing", "on", "legal", "responsibilities", ".", "Yet", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "they", "have", "played", "a", "leadership", "role", ",", "helping", "shape", "school", "priorities", "and", "steer", "school", "directors", ".", "\n\n", "Students", "participate", "in", "school", "councils", ",", "although", "rarely", "with", "a", "leadership", "element", ".", "Such", "instances", "are", "more", "common", "in", "university", "governance", "and", "management", ",", "especially", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "where", "student", "participation", "is", "considered", "a", "measure", "of", "institutional", "excellence", ".", "The", "ability", "of", "the", "student", "body", "to", "select", "its", "representatives", "\n\n", "•", "\n\n", "transparently", ";", "agree", "on", "clear", "positions", "on", "issues", "related", "to", "student", "outcomes", ",", "inclusion", "and", "welfare", ";", "and", "demonstrate", "leadership", "varies", "not", "only", "in", "terms", "of", "legal", "frameworks", "but", "also", "by", "the", "political", "culture", ".", "Certain", "conditions", "enable", "the", "meaningful", "participation", "of", "student", "leaders", "." ]	[]
TOPICS - Health & Medicine - Today's Healthcare - Diseases and Conditions - Pharmacology - Earth & Climate - Wildfires - Natural Disasters - Exotic Species - Science & Society - Public Health - Environmental Policies - Educational Policy - RELATED TERMS - Controlled burn - Smoke - Social inequality - Fire fighting - Bushfire - Fire ant - Wildfire - Water scarcity Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 25). Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Wildfires are becoming more intense and dangerous, but a new Stanford-led study offers hope: prescribed burns—intentionally set, controlled fires—can significantly lessen their impact. By ... Climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in many regions of the world. This is due partly to specific weather conditions -- known as fire weather -- that facilitate the spread of wildfires. ... Marine biologists are providing a glimpse into coral 'bleaching' responses to stress, using imaging technology to pinpoint coral survival rates following multiple bleaching events off the ... A new study provides the first concrete data showing that many of these excess deaths were indeed uncounted COVID-19 deaths. The study compared reported COVID-19 deaths to excess deaths due to ... It’s long been understood that human settlement contributes to conditions that make Pacific Islands more susceptible to wildfires, such as the devastating Aug. 8 event that destroyed the Maui ... As wildfire season in the West grows in length and severity, it is taking a toll on the wine industry through the effects of wildfire smoke on the quality of wine grapes. Volatile compounds in the ... TRENDING AT After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia ## Breaking this hour - Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming - Worm Turns Ocean	[ "TOPICS", "\n ", "-", "Health", "&", "amp", ";", "Medicine", "\n ", "-", "Today", "'s", "Healthcare", "\n ", "-", "Diseases", "and", "Conditions", "\n ", "-", "Pharmacology", "\n ", "-", "Earth", "&", "amp", ";", "Climate", "\n ", "-", "Wildfires", "\n ", "-", "Natural", "Disasters", "\n ", "-", "Exotic", "Species", "\n ", "-", "Science", "&", "amp", ";", "Society", "\n ", "-", "Public", "Health", "\n ", "-", "Environmental", "Policies", "\n ", "-", "Educational", "Policy", "\n\n", "-", "RELATED", "TERMS", "\n ", "-", "Controlled", "burn", "\n ", "-", "Smoke", "\n ", "-", "Social", "inequality", "\n ", "-", "Fire", "fighting", "\n ", "-", "Bushfire", "\n ", "-", "Fire", "ant", "\n ", "-", "Wildfire", "\n ", "-", "Water", "scarcity", "\n\n", "Story", "Source", ":", "\n\n", "Materials", "provided", "by", "Frontiers", ".", "Note", ":", "Content", "may", "be", "edited", "for", "style", "and", "length", ".", "\n\n", "Cite", "This", "Page", ":", "\n\n", "-", "MLA", "\n", "-", "APA", "\n", "-", "Chicago", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "\"", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", "\"", "ScienceDaily", ".", "ScienceDaily", ",", "25", "August", "2025", ".", "&", "lt;www.sciencedaily.com", "/", "releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm&gt", ";", ".", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "(", "2025", ",", "August", "25", ")", ".", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", ".", "Retrieved", "August", "27", ",", "2025", "from", "www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm", "\n\n", "Frontiers", ".", "\"", "Maui", "’s", "fires", "drove", "a", "67", "%", "jump", "in", "deaths", ".", "Most", "went", "uncounted", ".", "\"", "ScienceDaily", ".", "www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm", "(", "accessed", "August", "27", ",", "2025", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Explore", "More", "\n\n", "from", "ScienceDaily", "\n\n", "RELATED", "STORIES", "\n\n", "Wildfires", "are", "becoming", "more", "intense", "and", "dangerous", ",", "but", "a", "new", "Stanford", "-", "led", "study", "offers", "hope", ":", "prescribed", "burns", "—", "intentionally", "set", ",", "controlled", "fires", "—", "can", "significantly", "lessen", "their", "impact", ".", "By", "...", "\n\n", "Climate", "change", "is", "increasing", "the", "risk", "of", "wildfires", "in", "many", "regions", "of", "the", "world", ".", "This", "is", "due", "partly", "to", "specific", "weather", "conditions", "--", "known", "as", "fire", "weather", "--", "that", "facilitate", "the", "spread", "of", "wildfires", ".", "...", "\n\n", "Marine", "biologists", "are", "providing", "a", "glimpse", "into", "coral", "'", "bleaching", "'", "responses", "to", "stress", ",", "using", "imaging", "technology", "to", "pinpoint", "coral", "survival", "rates", "following", "multiple", "bleaching", "events", "off", "the", "...", "\n\n", "A", "new", "study", "provides", "the", "first", "concrete", "data", "showing", "that", "many", "of", "these", "excess", "deaths", "were", "indeed", "uncounted", "COVID-19", "deaths", ".", "The", "study", "compared", "reported", "COVID-19", "deaths", "to", "excess", "deaths", "due", "to", "...", "\n\n", "It", "’s", "long", "been", "understood", "that", "human", "settlement", "contributes", "to", "conditions", "that", "make", "Pacific", "Islands", "more", "susceptible", "to", "wildfires", ",", "such", "as", "the", "devastating", "Aug.", "8", "event", "that", "destroyed", "the", "Maui", "...", "\n\n", "As", "wildfire", "season", "in", "the", "West", "grows", "in", "length", "and", "severity", ",", "it", "is", "taking", "a", "toll", "on", "the", "wine", "industry", "through", "the", "effects", "of", "wildfire", "smoke", "on", "the", "quality", "of", "wine", "grapes", ".", "Volatile", "compounds", "in", "the", "...", "\n\n", "TRENDING", "AT", "\n\n", "After", "60", "Years", ",", "Scientists", "Uncover", "Hidden", "Brain", "Pathway", "Behind", "Diabetes", "Drug", "Metformin", "\n\n", "Common", "Pesticide", "Linked", "to", "“", "Remarkably", "Widespread", "”", "Brain", "Abnormalities", "in", "Children", "\n\n", "Revolutionary", "Cortisol", "Test", "Lets", "You", "“", "See", "”", "Stress", "With", "a", "Smartphone", "Camera", "\n\n", "How", "B", "Vitamins", "Could", "Slow", "Cognitive", "Decline", "and", "Protect", "Against", "Dementia", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Breaking", "\n\n", "this", "hour", "\n\n", "-", "Rare", "Glimpse", "of", "a", "World", "Still", "Forming", "\n", "-", "Worm", "Turns", "Ocean" ]	[]
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Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly , 29 (1), 2-43. ## CAPÍTULO 12 Almasri, F., Hewapathirana, G. I., Alhashem, F., Daniel, C. E., and Lee, N. (2023). The effect of gender composition and pedagogical approach on major and non-major undergraduates biology students' achievement. Interactive Learning Environments , 31 (10), 7287-7319. Barrios-Fernandez, A. (2023). Peer effects in education. In A. Banerjee (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.894 Bennett, M. and Bergman, P. (2021). Better together? Social networks in truancy and the targeting of treatment. Journal of Labor Economics , 39 (1), 1-36. Booij, A. S., Leuven, E., and Oosterbeek, H. (2017). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Review of Economic Studies , 84 (2), 547-578. Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., and Jensen, R. (2019). Cool to be smart or smart to be cool? Understanding peer pressure in education. Review of Economic Studies , 86 (4), 1487-1526. Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., and Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength Through Diversity's Spotlight Report for Sweden . OECD. (Education Working Paper 194.) https://doi.org/10.1787/059ce467-en Dinarte, L. (2024). Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador . Institute of Labor Economics. (IZA Discussion Paper 16830.) https://docs.iza.org/dp16830.pdf Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review 101 , (5), 1739-1774. Eren, O., Lovenheim, M. F., and Mocan, N. H. (2022). The effect of grade retention on adult crime: Evidence from a test-based promotion policy. Journal of Labor Economics , 40 (2), 361-395. Genakos, C. and Kyrkopoulou, E. (2023). Social Policy Gone Bad Educationally Unintended Peer Effects from Transferred Students . 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growth in Europe will stall. If the EU were to maintain its average labour productivity growth rate since 2015 of 0.7%, it would only be enough to keep GDP constant until 2050. In an environment of historically high public debt-to-GDP ratios, potentially higher real interest rates than seen in the last decade and rising spending needs for the decarbonisation, digitalisation and defence, stagnant GDP growth could eventually lead to public debt levels becoming unsustainable and Europe being forced to give up one or more of these goals. FIGURE 1 EU versus US labour productivity 1890-2022 Index (US=100) Note: The EU is proxied by backdating national accounting data from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Finland and Greece. To build the labour productivity data, five different series were used: GDP, capital stock, employment, average hours worked, and population. Capital stock is built using two series of investment – construction and equipment. Investment and GDP are taken in volume and in national currency of 2010, they are then turned into $2010 using a ppp conversion rate. Source: Bergeaud, A., Cette, G., & Lecat, R., Productivity Trends in Advanced Countries between 1890 and 2012, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2016, pp. 420-444 01. Measured in 2010 constant PPP prices. 23THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2The key driver of the rising productivity gap between the EU and the US has been digital technology (“tech”) – and Europe currently looks set to fall further behind . The main reason EU productivity diverged from the US in the mid-1990s was Europe’s failure to capitalise on the first digital revolution led by the internet – both in terms of generating new tech companies and diffusing digital tech into the economy. In fact, if we exclude the tech sector, EU productivity growth over the past twenty years would be broadly at par with the US [see Figure 2 and Box 2] . Europe is lagging in the breakthrough digital technologies that will drive growth in the future. Around 70% of foundational AI models have been developed in the US since 2017 and just three US “hyperscalers” account for over 65% of the global as well as of the European cloud market. The largest European cloud operator accounts for just 2% of the EU market. 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applied to an object's surface), contigutive tools (e.g., adhesives, glue, surface tension, freezing, and/or other mechanisms requiring direct contact for adhesion to take place), projectile tools (e.g., mechanisms that shoot or propel objects or elements), and/or fabrication means (e.g., machine tools, drills, milling cutters, and/or the like), and/or the like. As examples, the robotic sorters can be or include the , discussed infra w.r.t . Additionally or alternatively, the end effector and/or other aspects/elements of the robotic sorters can include one or more actuators (see e.g., of ). The robotic sorters can communicate with the to provide to the . For example, a may report the number and type of picks in different streams within the MRF to the , and the can use this information to coordinate activities of in the MRF and/or at other plant locations, track the operating status and time of the robotic sorter to determine whether maintenance should be scheduled, and otherwise assess the current status of the waste stream that is passing by the . The can send instructions/commands to instruct to activate or deactivate, depending upon feedback and data from and/or within the MRF and/or feedback/data related to operational conditions of the MRF. The can also signal the instructions/commands to reconfigure individual robotic sorters to sort out different materials or materials of varying shapes or sizes, depending upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. Some of the include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. The optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. Different light sources (e.g., possibly with different wavelengths) and/or cameras or other visible light sensors may be employed where different types of contaminants are to be detected, wherein the particular light/radiation and sensor types can be selected according to implementation and/or specific use cases. 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of ring-fence in its legislation (see Box 10). Countries with a highly integrated mining sector and differential tax rates may wish to consider this variation. ## BOX 10. TANZANIA - · losses from the separate mining operations may be deducted only in calculating future income from that operation and not income from any other activity whethera mining operation under a different mineral right, processing, smelting, refining or a non-mining activity; - · income from the separate mining operations may not be reduced by a loss from any other activity whether a mining operation under a different mineral rights, processing smelting refining , , or a non-mining activity.' Source: Section 65F (1)a, and 1(b) of Chapter 332, Income Tax Act (rev. 2019). Italics are authors' emphasis. If resource-rich developing countries are seeking to encourage downstream activities, the existence of ring-fencing rules might be a relevant consideration for an investor in considering the economic viability and attractiveness of doing so. The fact that the profits from the downstream activities often result in lower rates of profitability is also reflected in the lower rate of CIT that is applicable to those profits. The investors may want to benefit from the deferral of tax on the upstream activities if they undertake such additional investment into downstream activities; this is why it may be more attractive for investors if there is no ring-fencing regime. Careful consideration should be given to what the costs are (e.g., timing difference of tax collection) and what the benefits are (e.g., attracting investment for downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ghana,	[ "of", "ring", "-", "fence", "in", "its", "legislation", "(", "see", "Box", "10", ")", ".", "Countries", "with", "a", "highly", "integrated", "mining", "sector", "and", "differential", "tax", "rates", "may", "wish", "to", "consider", "this", "variation", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "10", ".", "TANZANIA", "\n\n", "-", "·", "losses", "from", "the", "separate", "mining", "operations", "may", "be", "deducted", "only", "in", "calculating", "future", "income", "from", "that", "operation", "and", "not", "income", "from", "any", "other", "activity", "whethera", "mining", "operation", "under", "a", "different", "mineral", "right", ",", "processing", ",", "smelting", ",", "refining", "or", "a", "non", "-", "mining", "activity", ";", "\n", "-", "·", "income", "from", "the", "separate", "mining", "operations", "may", "not", "be", "reduced", "by", "a", "loss", "from", "any", "other", "activity", "whether", "a", "mining", "operation", "under", "a", "different", "mineral", "rights", ",", "processing", "smelting", "refining", ",", ",", "or", "a", "non", "-", "mining", "activity", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "65F", "(", "1)a", ",", "and", "1(b", ")", "of", "Chapter", "332", ",", "Income", "Tax", "Act", "(", "rev", ".", "2019", ")", ".", "Italics", "are", "authors", "'", "emphasis", ".", "\n\n", "If", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", "are", "seeking", "to", "encourage", "downstream", "activities", ",", "the", "existence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "might", "be", "a", "relevant", "consideration", "for", "an", "investor", "in", "considering", "the", "economic", "viability", "and", "attractiveness", "of", "doing", "so", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "the", "profits", "from", "the", "downstream", "activities", "often", "result", "in", "lower", "rates", "of", "profitability", "is", "also", "reflected", "in", "the", "lower", "rate", "of", "CIT", "that", "is", "applicable", "to", "those", "profits", ".", "The", "investors", "may", "want", "to", "benefit", "from", "the", "deferral", "of", "tax", "on", "the", "upstream", "activities", "if", "they", "undertake", "such", "additional", "investment", "into", "downstream", "activities", ";", "this", "is", "why", "it", "may", "be", "more", "attractive", "for", "investors", "if", "there", "is", "no", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", ".", "Careful", "consideration", "should", "be", "given", "to", "what", "the", "costs", "are", "(", "e.g.", ",", "timing", "difference", "of", "tax", "collection", ")", "and", "what", "the", "benefits", "are", "(", "e.g.", ",", "attracting", "investment", "for", "downstream", "activities", ")", "for", "governments", "considering", "introducing", "this", "type", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.3.3.2", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Versus", "Non", "-", "Mining", "Activities", "\n\n", "Companies", "with", "mining", "operations", "may", "have", "other", "business", "activities", "that", "do", "not", "relate", "to", "mining", "(", "e.g.", ",", "speculative", "investment", "activities", ",", "renting", "equipment", "to", "other", "mining", "or", "construction", "companies", ")", ".", "In", "the", "absence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "the", "licence", "holder", "may", "seek", "to", "offset", "expenses", "or", "losses", "incurred", "in", "these", "other", "business", "activities", "against", "mining", "income", ".", "If", "costs", "or", "losses", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "are", "offset", "against", "mining", "income", ",", "they", "reduce", "the", "latter", ".", "For", "these", "reasons", ",", "some", "countries", "expressly", "ring", "-", "fence", "mining", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "and", "even", "treat", "a", "hedging", "operation", "as", "a", "separate", "category", "of", "activities", "subject", "to", "ring", "-", "fencing", ".", "These", "countries", "include", "Kenya", ",", "Zambia", ",", "Zimbabwe", ",", "Tanzania", ",", "Ghana", "," ]	[]
the data analysis for this case study (See Figure 6 Below) 42 Figure 6 Coding Steps Adapted from Saldaña (2021) Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are principles and guidelines that keep us accountable for our actions and decisions (Johnson & Christensen, 2020). In this mixed method case study, the perceptions of elementary classroom teachers regarding school and family partnerships with parents of ELL students were examined. The protocols for this study were approved by the Marymount University Institutional Review Board, including an invitation to participate and a statement of informed consent. This research obtained data from participants who were informed of the following: the purpose of study, the benefits and risks of the study, that their participation was voluntary, the process for de-identification of the data, and that their anonymity would be protected. Role of the Researcher Individuals' beliefs and values are shaped by their assumptions about how they interact with and relate to their environment (Darwin Holmes, 2020). My decision to pursue a mixed methods case study on elementary school teachers' perceptions of school and family partnerships is based on having raised my two daughters in Title I	[ "the", "data", "analysis", "for", "this", "case", "study", "(", "See", "Figure", "6", "Below", ")", " \n", "42", "\n ", "Figure", "6", "Coding", "Steps", "\n", "Adapted", "from", "Saldaña", "(", "2021", ")", " ", "Ethical", "Considerations", " ", "Ethical", "considerations", "are", "principles", "and", "guidelines", "that", "keep", "us", "accountable", "for", "our", "actions", "and", "decisions", "(", "Johnson", "&", "Christensen", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "In", "this", "mixed", "method", "case", "study", ",", "the", "perceptions", "of", "elementary", "classroom", "teachers", "regarding", "school", "and", "family", "partnerships", "with", "parents", "of", "ELL", "students", "were", "examined", ".", "The", "protocols", "for", "this", "study", "were", "approved", "by", "the", "Marymount", "University", "Institutional", "Review", "Board", ",", "including", "an", "invitation", "to", "participate", "and", "a", "statement", "of", "informed", "consent", ".", "This", "research", "obtained", "data", "from", "participants", "who", "were", "informed", "of", "the", "following", ":", "the", "purpose", "of", "study", ",", "the", "benefits", "and", "risks", "of", "the", "study", ",", "that", "their", "participation", "was", "voluntary", ",", "the", "process", "for", "de", "-", "identification", "of", "the", "data", ",", "and", "that", "their", "anonymity", "would", "be", "protected", ".", " ", "Role", "of", "the", "Researcher", "Individuals", "'", "beliefs", "and", "values", "are", "shaped", "by", "their", "assumptions", "about", "how", "they", "interact", "with", "and", "relate", "to", "their", "environment", "(", "Darwin", "Holmes", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "My", "decision", "to", "pursue", "a", "mixed", "methods", "case", "study", "on", "elementary", "school", "teachers", "'", "perceptions", "of", "school", "and", "family", "partnerships", "is", "based", "on", "having", "raised", "my", "two", "daughters", "in", "Title", "I" ]	[ { "end": 116, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 102 }, { "end": 109, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 102 }, { "end": 115, "label": "YEAR", "start": 111 }, { "end": 278, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 251 }, { "end": 272, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 251 }, { "end": 278, "label": "YEAR", "start": 274 }, { "end": 1065, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1046 }, { "end": 1059, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1046 }, { "end": 1065, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1061 } ]
the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ is missing from the Hejazi Arabic inventory which implies that this sound is marked (Note 3). The use of its counterpart, which is a legitimate sound in the learners' phonemic inventory, seems to be a case of interference from Arabic, based on Wode's (1980) assumption that only certain L1 elements are replaced by L2 elements. That is, elements that satisfy similarity requirement. The error made by the learners can also be ascribed to developmental factors. Stated differently, their response with the voiceless counterpart of the stimulus indicates that they are aware of the nature of the sound in question. In other words, they realize that the target sound is a labio-dental fricative with the feature [+continuant] as a characteristic. Another demonstration of the developmental aspect of our learners' performance regarding the acquisition of this phoneme is the variation of /v/ with [f] which indicates, perhaps, that the voiced-voiceless contrast is developing (Albright & Albright, 1958; Ferguson & Farwell, 1975). Therefore, we assume that more exposure to the target sound will enable them to produce it more authentically. Hecht & Mulford (1987) argue that, in second language learning, if the developmental hypothesis best accounts for L2 acquisition of phonology, then learners should have the most difficulty producing those fricatives known to be acquired last by the L1 learners. Indeed, /f/ is mastered at the age of three, and /v/ at six (Winitz, 1969). On the other hand, a number of advanced learners faced almost no difficulty perceiving and producing the fricative under investigation. Their better performance may be ascribed to either one of the two following factors or both. It could be due to more exposure to this fricative through formal instructions or contact with native speakers of English, or it could be the consequence of borrowing. A number of words in the Arabic lexicon which have been borrowed form English and which contain the voiced fricative /v/ are still pronounced with the same fricative by many Arabs, although some would pronounce them with [f]. For instance, 'television', 'van', 'villa', or the equivalent of 'he got me on my nerve' would be produced as [t l v zj õ õ õ ɔ :n], [væn], [vill ∂ ], and [narv ∂ zn ], respectively. There are so many cases in which õ borrowing is taken to be of great support in mastery of foreign language aspects. 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We start by discussing an adaptation of the IAD framework to inform the construc -tion of our own model. The framework sets out a theoretical model illustrating how a diverse polycentric system can be analysed. The Ostrom's constructed the framework to allow the exploration of human interactions ' within markets, private firms, families, community organisations, legislatures and government agencies' ( Ostrom and Ostrom, 2014, p.173). The IAD provides a structure to investigate, through empirical studies, the workings of polycentric systems. As a springboard, we use our interpretation of this theoretical model (Figure 3.1) to explore our own empirical data. We investigate how community social capital [Attributes of community] is connected to working with different partners [Action Situations] in order to contribute to the involvement in community projects [Interaction] and the effect this has on residents' subjective well-being [Outcome]. Each aspect of the model is now discussed in turn. Attributes of the community [social capital] According to Putnam ( 1995, p.67), social capital refers to 'features of social organ -isation such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit' In our model, we are using social capital synony . -mously with the Attributes of Community. Figure 3.1 A Framework for Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) <!-- image --> Source: Adapted from Ostrom (1975; 1986 ; 2005) Using the seven-item scale devised by Auerbach (2020), we compare residents' responses in the three neighbourhood types. This is followed by the construction of a single latent factor through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using the seven item scale. Auerbach developed his scale using as a springboard the World Bank's Measuring Social Capital scale (World Bank, 2004) and Krishna's (2002) active social capital scale. We use this scale owing to Auerbach's extensive research work in India's slums. His area of research is similar to ours, looking at public goods and services in poor areas. He undertook two years of fieldwork in the north Indian cities of Bhopal and Jaipur to ascertain the extent of slum leaders' contributions to development and how this is related to brokers and politics. The seven items that make-up Auerbach's social capital scale (SC1 to SC7) and their coding are provided in Table 3.2 . The percentages for each community type show the number of households agreeing with each of the statements. 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X 63.9 Other information service activities X X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation287 288 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding 64.1 Monetary intermediation X X X X X X X 64.2 Activities of holding companies 64.3 Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 64.9Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingX X X X X X X X X 65Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 65.1 Insurance X X X 65.2 Reinsurance 65.3 Pension funding 66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities 66.1Activities auxiliary to financial services, except insurance and pension funding X X X X 66.2 Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding X X X 66.3 Fund management activities L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES 68 Real estate activities 68.1 Buying and selling of own real estate X X X X X X X 68.2 Rental and operating of own or leased real estate X X X X X X X 68.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis X X X X X X M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 69 Legal and accounting activities 69.1 Legal activities X X X X X 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy X X X X X X 70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities 70.1 Activities of head offices X X X X 70.2 Management consultancy activities X X X X X 71Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis 71.1Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy X X X X X 71.2 Technical testing and analysis X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation289 290 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment	[ "X", " \n", "63.9", "Other", "information", "service", "activities", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "K", "FINANCIAL", "AND", "INSURANCE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation287", "288", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "NACE", "Industry", "name", "Current", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingCurrent", "Current", "CurrentEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ingEmerg-", "\n", "ing", "\n", "34", "52", "28", "61", "64", "40", "31", "29", "15", "50", "47", "21", "55", "40", "35", "83", "57", "34", "\n", "64", "Financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "pension", "funding", " \n", "64.1", "Monetary", "intermediation", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "64.2", "Activities", "of", "holding", "companies", " \n", "64.3", "Trusts", ",", "funds", "and", "similar", "financial", "entities", " \n", "64.9Other", "financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "pension", "\n", "fundingX", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", "\n", "65Insurance", ",", "reinsurance", "and", "pension", "funding", ",", "except", "compulsory", "\n", "social", "security", " \n", "65.1", "Insurance", " ", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "65.2", "Reinsurance", " \n", "65.3", "Pension", "funding", " \n", "66", "Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "financial", "services", "and", "insurance", "activities", " \n", "66.1Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "financial", "services", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "funding", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "66.2", "Activities", "auxiliary", "to", "insurance", "and", "pension", "funding", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "66.3", "Fund", "management", "activities", " \n", "L", "REAL", "ESTATE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "68", "Real", "estate", "activities", " \n", "68.1", "Buying", "and", "selling", "of", "own", "real", "estate", " ", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "68.2", "Rental", "and", "operating", "of", "own", "or", "leased", "real", "estate", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "68.3", "Real", "estate", "activities", "on", "a", "fee", "or", "contract", "basis", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "M", "PROFESSIONAL", ",", "SCIENTIFIC", "AND", "TECHNICAL", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "69", "Legal", "and", "accounting", "activities", " \n", "69.1", "Legal", "activities", "X", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "69.2", "Accounting", ",", "bookkeeping", "and", "auditing", "activities", ";", "tax", "consultancy", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", "X", " \n", "70", "Activities", "of", "head", "offices", ";", "management", "consultancy", "activities", " \n", "70.1", "Activities", "of", "head", "offices", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "70.2", "Management", "consultancy", "activities", " ", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "71Architectural", "and", "engineering", "activities", ";", "technical", "testing", "and", "\n", "analysis", " \n", "71.1Architectural", "and", "engineering", "activities", "and", "related", "technical", "\n", "consultancy", "X", " ", "X", "X", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "71.2", "Technical", "testing", "and", "analysis", " ", "X", " ", "X", " \n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation289", "290", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "GEORGIA", "MOLDOVA", "UKRAINEEmploy-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "&", "\n", "turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment", "\n", "Turnover", "\n", "Employ-", "\n", "ment" ]	[]
2. The present state of affairs appears to be that the scientific and academic face of forensic medicine is often well in advance of the legal and administrative arrangements. In manycountries, it’s full potential cannot be realized,due to frustrations in government machineryfor applying the technical advances. Thecoroner is either a lawyer or a doctor employed by city or country administrator. In some city a practicing solicitor on a part time basis, Afew large cities fulltime coroners, who are bothmedical practitioners and barristers. In formerdays many coroners were doctors only.Broderick’s report (1971) made recommen- dation in favor of lawyers only 2,3. Medical examiners are certified eligible forensic pathologist; they visit the primaryscene of accident or crime, take evidence ofthe people when necessary. Performing autopsyand correlate the autopsy with the evidence ARTICLE OF SPECIAL INTEREST and determine the cause and manner of death and submit the report to the district attorneyfor further action. Medical examiner’s system is superior to coroner’s system, where non medical person conduct the inquest 4. The death cases are reported to coroner by the police, public, doctors are sudden death,industrial accident death, death due toindustrial disease, due to drugs and poisons, operation death, due to allegation of negligence of doctor and nurses, infant death, alcoholism,homicide, suicide, abortion, death in custody/jail and by local death registrar when he is notsatisfied with the death certificate issued bythe doctor in attendance in last illness. After receiving a report of a death, the coroner either (1) request the doctor to issue a deathcertificate. (2) direct forensic pathologist toconduct an autopsy to find out the cause ofdeath or (3) hold a public inquiry called aninquest in to circumstance of death. So that it will be possible to confirm the cause of death 3-4. The present medico legal system of Bangladesh was inherited from the British and continuedup until today. We have adopted and follow thecontinental system with some modificationsin performing medico legal autopsy. Importance: Forensic medicine includes medical jurisprudence, the legal aspect of medicalpractice and many ethical matters. Allbranches of medical science can be called intoplay to assist in medico legal problems. Truthor the nearest reasonable approach to it that is possible from what is observed in sudden, unexplained, suspicious, unnatural and violentdeaths and to determine the causes andmanner of death is the sole aim. Every specialtyof medicine can have forensic aspects at sometime or another, while most branches of medicine can themselves	[ "2", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "state", "of", "affairs", "appears", "to", "be", "that", "\n", "the", "scientific", "and", "academic", "face", "of", "forensic", "\n", "medicine", "is", "often", "well", "in", "advance", "of", "the", "legal", "\n", "and", "administrative", "arrangements", ".", "In", "manycountries", ",", "it", "’s", "full", "potential", "can", "not", "be", "realized", ",", "due", "to", "frustrations", "in", "government", "machineryfor", "applying", "the", "technical", "advances", ".", "Thecoroner", "is", "either", "a", "lawyer", "or", "a", "doctor", "employed", "\n", "by", "city", "or", "country", "administrator", ".", "In", "some", "city", "\n", "a", "practicing", "solicitor", "on", "a", "part", "time", "basis", ",", "Afew", "large", "cities", "fulltime", "coroners", ",", "who", "are", "bothmedical", "practitioners", "and", "barristers", ".", "In", "formerdays", "many", "coroners", "were", "doctors", "only", ".", "Broderick", "’s", "report", "(", "1971", ")", "made", "recommen-", "\n", "dation", "in", "favor", "of", "lawyers", "only", "\n", "2,3", ".", "\n", "Medical", "examiners", "are", "certified", "eligible", "\n", "forensic", "pathologist", ";", "they", "visit", "the", "primaryscene", "of", "accident", "or", "crime", ",", "take", "evidence", "ofthe", "people", "when", "necessary", ".", "Performing", "autopsyand", "correlate", "the", "autopsy", "with", "the", "evidence", "ARTICLE", "OF", "SPECIAL", "INTEREST", "\n", "and", "determine", "the", "cause", "and", "manner", "of", "death", "\n", "and", "submit", "the", "report", "to", "the", "district", "attorneyfor", "further", "action", ".", "Medical", "examiner", "’s", "system", "\n", "is", "superior", "to", "coroner", "’s", "system", ",", "where", "non", "\n", "medical", "person", "conduct", "the", "inquest", "\n", "4", ".", "\n", "The", "death", "cases", "are", "reported", "to", "coroner", "by", "the", "\n", "police", ",", "public", ",", "doctors", "are", "sudden", "death", ",", "industrial", "accident", "death", ",", "death", "due", "toindustrial", "disease", ",", "due", "to", "drugs", "and", "poisons", ",", "\n", "operation", "death", ",", "due", "to", "allegation", "of", "negligence", "\n", "of", "doctor", "and", "nurses", ",", "infant", "death", ",", "alcoholism", ",", "homicide", ",", "suicide", ",", "abortion", ",", "death", "in", "custody", "/", "jail", "and", "by", "local", "death", "registrar", "when", "he", "is", "notsatisfied", "with", "the", "death", "certificate", "issued", "bythe", "doctor", "in", "attendance", "in", "last", "illness", ".", "After", "\n", "receiving", "a", "report", "of", "a", "death", ",", "the", "coroner", "either", "\n", "(", "1", ")", "request", "the", "doctor", "to", "issue", "a", "deathcertificate", ".", "(", "2", ")", "direct", "forensic", "pathologist", "toconduct", "an", "autopsy", "to", "find", "out", "the", "cause", "ofdeath", "or", "(", "3", ")", "hold", "a", "public", "inquiry", "called", "aninquest", "in", "to", "circumstance", "of", "death", ".", "So", "that", "it", "\n", "will", "be", "possible", "to", "confirm", "the", "cause", "of", "death", "\n", "3", "-", "4", ".", "\n", "The", "present", "medico", "legal", "system", "of", "Bangladesh", "\n", "was", "inherited", "from", "the", "British", "and", "continuedup", "until", "today", ".", "We", "have", "adopted", "and", "follow", "thecontinental", "system", "with", "some", "modificationsin", "performing", "medico", "legal", "autopsy", ".", "\n", "Importance", ":", "\n", "Forensic", "medicine", "includes", "medical", "\n", "jurisprudence", ",", "the", "legal", "aspect", "of", "medicalpractice", "and", "many", "ethical", "matters", ".", "Allbranches", "of", "medical", "science", "can", "be", "called", "intoplay", "to", "assist", "in", "medico", "legal", "problems", ".", "Truthor", "the", "nearest", "reasonable", "approach", "to", "it", "that", "\n", "is", "possible", "from", "what", "is", "observed", "in", "sudden", ",", "\n", "unexplained", ",", "suspicious", ",", "unnatural", "and", "violentdeaths", "and", "to", "determine", "the", "causes", "andmanner", "of", "death", "is", "the", "sole", "aim", ".", "Every", "specialtyof", "medicine", "can", "have", "forensic", "aspects", "at", "sometime", "or", "another", ",", "while", "most", "branches", "of", "\n", "medicine", "can", "themselves" ]	[ { "end": 1128, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1127 }, { "end": 663, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 662 }, { "end": 665, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 664 }, { "end": 1, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 0 } ]
these objects by material type or composition. The identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. shows a perspective view of an example autonomous , which includes . Operation of the begins with material being conveyed by passing under the . The removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. Next, the inbound material passes under a to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker -. Bunker - is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system (including , , , and ) to the . The is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the . This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. The commodity is ejected from the and passes under a second , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers , ultimately to be baled. The default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker -. Once bunker - is full, bunker - closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker -, removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. Once all targeted commodities have been depleted from bunker -, the purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker -, which continued to fill while the material from bunker - were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system returns to idle, awaiting additional material availability. In a first example implementation, the is a SpydIR®-R optical sorter provided by National Recovery Technologies (NRT)®, the metal detector is an NRT® MetalDirector™ sorting system, and the AI/ML high speed object identification system is a Max-AI® system provided by Bulk Handling Systems®. In a second example implementation, which is combinable with the first example implementation, the , are	[ "these", "objects", "by", "material", "type", "or", "composition", ".", "The", "identification", "equipment", "on", "the", "system", "presort", "would", "be", "able", "to", "identify", "metals", ",", "compound", "plastics", ",", "large", "objects", ",", "and", "includes", "volatile", "compounds", "such", "as", "batteries", ",", "propane", "tanks", "and", "fuel", "cells", ".", "\n\n", "shows", "a", "perspective", "view", "of", "an", "example", "autonomous", " ", ",", "which", "includes", " ", ".", "Operation", "of", "the", " ", "begins", "with", "material", "being", "conveyed", "by", " ", "passing", "under", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "removes", "relatively", "large", "residue", "materials", "prior", "to", "entering", "the", " ", ".", "At", "this", "stage", "the", "first", "material", "composition", "is", "created", ".", "The", "resulting", "composition", "data", "is", "utilized", "by", "the", " ", "to", "determine", "the", "priority", "that", "materials", "will", "be", "sorted", "for", "subsequent", "processing", "loop", "cycles", ".", "\n\n", "Next", ",", "the", "inbound", "material", "passes", "under", "a", " ", "to", "remove", "ferrous", "metals", ",", "with", "the", "remaining", "material", "being", "conveyed", "to", "bunker", "-", ".", "Bunker", "-", "is", "then", "opened", "and", "live", "feeds", "material", "via", "conveyor", "system", " ", "(", "including", " ", ",", " ", ",", " ", ",", "and", " ", ")", "to", "the", " ", ".", "The", " ", "is", "equipped", "with", "an", "AI", "/", "ML", "high", "speed", "object", "identification", "system", "and", "a", "metal", "detector", "to", "further", "sort", "the", "initial", "prioritized", "material", "as", "it", "is", "fed", "through", "the", " ", ".", "This", "combined", "sensing", "technology", "can", "sort", "material", "based", "on", "shape", ",", "color", ",", "molecular", "composition", ",", "and/or", "based", "on", "other", "parameters", ".", "This", "allows", "for", "sorting", "complex", "materials", "throughout", "a", "variety", "of", "stream", "scenarios", ".", "\n\n", "The", "commodity", "is", "ejected", "from", "the", " ", "and", "passes", "under", "a", "second", " ", ",", "which", "conducts", "a", "final", "quality", "control", "(", "QC", ")", "check", "/", "sort", "of", "the", "sorted", "fraction", "prior", "to", "the", "material", "entering", "its", "respective", "commodity", "bunkers", ",", "ultimately", "to", "be", "baled", ".", "The", "default", "non", "ejected", "material", "is", "conveyed", "into", "bunker", "-", ".", "Once", "bunker", "-", "is", "full", ",", "bunker", "-", "closes", "and", "the", "system", "processes", "at", "full", "capacity", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "removing", "each", "targeted", "commodity", ",", "respectively", ",", "based", "on", "the", "initial", "material", "composition", "until", "desired", "recovery", "values", "have", "been", "achieved", ".", "Once", "all", "targeted", "commodities", "have", "been", "depleted", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "the", " ", "purges", "any", "remaining", "residue", "material", "and", "resumes", "processing", "material", "from", "bunker", "-", ",", "which", "continued", "to", "fill", "while", "the", "material", "from", "bunker", "-", "were", "being", "processed", ".", "After", "all", "available", "materials", "have", "been", "processed", ",", "the", "autonomous", "processing", "system", "returns", "to", "idle", ",", "awaiting", "additional", "material", "availability", ".", "\n\n", "In", "a", "first", "example", "implementation", ",", "the", " ", "is", "a", "SpydIR", "®", "-R", "optical", "sorter", "provided", "by", "National", "Recovery", "Technologies", "(", "NRT", ")", "®", ",", "the", "metal", "detector", "is", "an", "NRT", "®", "MetalDirector", "™", "sorting", "system", ",", "and", "the", "AI", "/", "ML", "high", "speed", "object", "identification", "system", "is", "a", "Max", "-", "AI", "®", "system", "provided", "by", "Bulk", "Handling", "Systems", "®", ".", "In", "a", "second", "example", "implementation", ",", "which", "is", "combinable", "with", "the", "first", "example", "implementation", ",", "the", " ", ",", " ", "are" ]	[]
was a science student, there was no need for me to love literature like that. ## 9. Can you describe how a teacher connected some lessons to your Hispanic culture? Miss Gracia was mindful of connecting lessons to my cultures and experiences. She was really, really careful. But let's see. As a Hispanic student, I rarely saw my culture reflected in the curriculum, as I said earlier, but Mrs. Gracia helped me to feel seen and heard. She invited a speaker one time to talk to our class about the historical context of a particular experience of Dominican immigrants in the United States. So, the lesson was actually a turning point. It's made me connect with my own heritage and culture in a deeper way and showed me that my experiences and perspectives were valuable and worthy of exploration. So yeah, she helped me to feel proud of my cultural heritage, and it inspired me really, really well to learn more about the diverse experiences of Hispanic communities. ## 10. How did the curriculum influence your decision to continue in school and earn a diploma or GED? And to be honest, I didn't feel like the traditional high school curriculum was preparing me for success. The curriculum was largely Eurocentric, as I said before. And I didn't see myself or my experiences reflected in the material. I felt like I was going through the motions, trying to memorize dates and formulas, without any real understanding of how they apply to my life, you know. So, when I decided to leave traditional high school and pursue a GED, it was partly because I felt the curriculum was not serving me. I wanted to take control of my own education and focus on learning skills and knowledge that would actually benefit me in the long run, in the future, you know. I'd say I think the curriculum played a role in my decision. You're supposed to have a diploma, but it also taught me the importance of self-directed learning and advocating for myself. It kind of gave me the flexibility to learn at my own pace and focus on areas that interested me. It also provided a sense of accomplishment and pride when I finally earned my diploma. ## Did you earn a traditional diploma or a GED? A diploma. 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in mineral prices. 26 See Southern African Legal Information Institute . 27 United Kingdom upstream production profits are taxed at a higher rate from exploration to decommissioning. This is an entity-based tax combining all fields and excludes midstream, downstream, investment, and oil trading. See the North Sea Transition Authority for a useful summary of the UK Continental Shelf taxation regime. 28 Although the law refers to contractors, we used subcontractors for the sake of clarity to avoid confusion with oil companies, which are commonly called contractors in the United Kingdom. 29 For details, see OT50000 - Oil contractors ring fence: contents - HMRC internal manual - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) . The oil contractors ring-fence in the United Kingdom was introduced in 2014 as a part of the anti-BEPS package, alongside measures that restrict the deduction available for certain intragroup lease payments. The concern was that certain offshore drilling and accommodation contractors legally own their main asset (e.g., the mobile drilling rigs or accommodation vessels) in lowtax jurisdictions while they commercially exploit it in the United Kingdom. United Kingdom entities exploiting such valuable assets by providing high-value services to oil companies were able to make deductible intragroup lease payments for the use of that asset, which meant that a significant proportion of the operating profits moved overseas. Since April 1, 2014, tax deductions for certain lease payments have been capped at 7.5% of the asset's cost. At the same time, the oil contractors ringfence was introduced to protect the additional profits resulting from the measure to prevent them from being shifted abroad or eroded through other means. Profits inside this new ring-fence are only taxed at standard CIT rates (as opposed to the higher rates for oil and gas producers), but they cannot be reduced by other deductions or tax reliefs derived from activity outside the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. Determining whether specific activities qualify as 'oil contractor activities' can be challenging. See Wilhunter (UK) LTD v HRMC (2021) . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.6 Is It Reasonable to Consider Some Exceptions to Ring-Fencing Rules? Some resource-rich countries have chosen to provide exceptions to ring-fencing rules in specific cases. Table 5 summarizes five cases where ring-fencing rules in place contain specific exemptions. These exemptions may be motivated

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When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W. Hazlitt, and Mary Shelley). They were all members of the so-called “Pisan circle”, an Anglo-Italian community of liberal writers aspiring to cultural and social reform. Even though The Liberal was addressed to an English public, it was entirely con-ceived in Italy, a country which had become a symbolic as well as a geographical space, playing a crucial role in defining the journal’s aims and themes. This col-lection of essays examines the short and difficult life of the periodical, reassessing its cultural politics, its relationship to Italy, the controversial British reception, and its relevance to Romantic (and indeed contemporary) debates on Liberalism. www.peterlang.com Imprinting Anglo-Italian Relations in The Liberal L. M. Crisafulli / S. Baiesi / C. Farese (eds.) 9 783034 346696ISBN 978-3-0343-4669-6Lilla Maria Crisafulli is Alma Mater Professor at the University of Bologna. She is Honorary President of the Interuniversity Centre for Romantic Studies (CISR) and General Editor of La Questione Romantica. She has written extensively on British Romanticism and on the Cultural Relations between Italy and Great Britain. She is the author of monographic studies on P . B. Shelley. Serena Baiesi is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna, where she teaches British Romanticism. Her research interests and publications are related to Romantic poetry, Leigh Hunt and political writings, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Romantic theatre and drama, Jane Austen, slavery literature. Carlotta Farese is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Bologna. She has written on the woman reader in nineteenth-century fiction, on Anglo-German cultural relations (Inchbald, Kotzebue, Wieland), on Jane Austen and the New Woman. Her current research interests focus on Austen’s Mansfield Park, and the literary representation of disability in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.LILLA MARIA CRISAFULLI / SERENA BAIESI / CARLOTTA FARESE (EDS.) IMPRINTING ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS IN THE LIBERAL03 0303 Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices Romantic Studies. Theories and Practices 9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages9783034346696_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 08-May-24 12:51:5508-May-24 12:51:55 When the first issue of The Liberal was published on 10 October 1822, the periodi- cal was largely dismissed by the British press as a political project conceived by well-known and controversial figures (L. Hunt, P .B. Shelley, Lord Byron, W.

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[]

“Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Copyright © 202 5 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 979-8-88708- 236-3 Cover design by Solé Nazaire Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization tha t works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amman, Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Copenhagen, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JULY 2025 ISBN: 979- 8-88708- 236 -3 “Without Water, We Are Nothing” The Urgent Need for a Water Law in Guatemala Glossary ................................................................................................................................ i Map ..................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 5 I. Background ....................................................................................................................... 9 Water Availability and Distribution Challenges ........................................................................ 9 Widespread Contamination and Inadequate Infrastructure .................................................... 12 Governance and Legal Framework ......................................................................................... 17 The Constitutional Duty to Pass a Water Law ................................................................... 17 Fragmented, Uncoordinated, and Inexpert Governance .................................................... 18 Structural Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples ........................................................... 22 Historical and Ongoing Discrimination ............................................................................ 22 Indigenous Self -Management and Stewardship of Water Resources ................................. 26 II. Inadequate Access to Safe Water and Sanitation ........................................................... 29 Inadequate Access to Water and its Disparate Impacts on Indigenous and Low -Income Communities ....................................................................................................................... 29 Infrastructure Gaps ........................................................................................................ 35 Intermittent Water Service Delivery ................................................................................. 44 Insufficient Quality and Monitoring of Water .......................................................................... 47 Irregular Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 47 Concerns about Quality .................................................................................................. 49 Limited Water Treatment Options ................................................................................... 51 Inadequate Oversight of Industrial and Agricultural Operations ....................................... 52 Lack of Accountability for Contamination and other Water -Related Crimes ........................ 54 Lack of Access to Sanitation Services .................................................................................... 56 Differentiated Impact on Women and Girls ............................................................................ 60 III. How the Water Crisis Threatens Other Rights ............................................................... 63 The Right to Health ............................................................................................................... 63 Water -Borne Disease and Limited Hygiene due to Water Scarcity ..................................... 63 Impact on the Delivery of Healthcare Services   ................................................................ 66 Vicious Cycle Between Water, Diarrhea and Malnutrition .................................................

[ "“", "Without", "Water", ",", "We", "Are", "Nothing", "”", "\n ", "The", "Urgent", "Need", "for", "a", "Water", "Law", "in", "Guatemala", "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n", "“", "Without", "Water", ",", "We", "Are", "Nothing", "”", " \n", "The", "Urgent", "Need", "for", "a", "Water", "Law", "in", "Guatemala", " \n \n", "Copyright", "©", "202", "5", "Human", "Rights", "Watch", " \n", "All", "rights", "reserved", ".", " \n", "Printed", "in", "the", "United", "States", "of", "America", " \n", "ISBN", ":", "979", "-", "8", "-", "88708-", "236", "-", "3", "\n", "Cover", "design", "by", "Solé", "Nazaire", " \n \n \n \n", "Human", "Rights", "Watch", "defends", "the", "rights", "of", "people", "worldwide", ".", "We", "scrupulously", "investigate", "\n", "abuses", ",", "expose", "the", "facts", "widely", ",", "and", "pressure", "those", "with", "power", "to", "respect", "rights", "and", "\n", "secure", "justice", ".", "Human", "Rights", "Watch", "is", "an", "independent", ",", 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", "........................................................................", "9", "\n", "Widespread", "Contamination", "and", "Inadequate", "Infrastructure", " ", "....................................................", "12", "\n", "Governance", "and", "Legal", "Framework", " ", ".........................................................................................", "17", "\n", "The", "Constitutional", "Duty", "to", "Pass", "a", "Water", "Law", " ", "...................................................................", "17", "\n", "Fragmented", ",", "Uncoordinated", ",", "and", "Inexpert", "Governance", " ", "....................................................", "18", "\n", "Structural", "Discrimination", "against", "Indigenous", "Peoples", " ", "...........................................................", "22", "\n", "Historical", "and", "Ongoing", "Discrimination", " ", "............................................................................", "22", "\n", "Indigenous", "Self", "-Management", "and", "Stewardship", "of", "Water", "Resources", " ", ".................................", " ", "26", "\n", "II", ".", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Safe", "Water", "and", "Sanitation", " ", "...........................................................", "29", "\n", "Inadequate", "Access", "to", "Water", "and", "its", "Disparate", "Impacts", "on", "Indigenous", "and", "Low", "-Income", "\n", "Communities", " ", ".......................................................................................................................", "29", "\n", "Infrastructure", "Gaps", " ", "........................................................................................................", "35", "\n", "Intermittent", "Water", "Service", "Delivery", " ", ".................................................................................", "44", "\n", "Insufficient", "Quality", "and", "Monitoring", "of", "Water", " ", "..........................................................................", "47", "\n", "Irregular", "Monitoring", " ", ".......................................................................................................", "47", "\n", "Concerns", "about", "Quality", " ", "..................................................................................................", "49", "\n", "Limited", "Water", "Treatment", "Options", " ", "...................................................................................", "51", "\n", "Inadequate", "Oversight", "of", "Industrial", "and", "Agricultural", "Operations", " ", ".......................................", "52", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Accountability", "for", "Contamination", "and", "other", "Water", "-Related", "Crimes", " ", "........................", "54", "\n", "Lack", "of", "Access", "to", "Sanitation", "Services", " ", "....................................................................................", "56", "\n", "Differentiated", "Impact", "on", "Women", "and", "Girls", " ", "............................................................................", "60", "\n \n \n ", "III", ".", "How", "the", "Water", "Crisis", "Threatens", "Other", "Rights", " ", "...............................................................", "63", "\n", "The", "Right", "to", "Health", " ", "...............................................................................................................", "63", "\n", "Water", "-Borne", "Disease", "and", "Limited", "Hygiene", "due", "to", "Water", "Scarcity", " ", ".....................................", "63", "\n", "Impact", "on", "the", "Delivery", "of", "Healthcare", "Services", "  ", "................................................................", "66", "\n", "Vicious", "Cycle", "Between", "Water", ",", "Diarrhea", "and", "Malnutrition", " ", "................................................." ]

[]

we should strive to mainstream such 'footnotes' into the history of science through research, writing, teaching and public engagement - until that is achieved, our understanding of processes of knowledge- making in STEMM can only be incomplete at best. Indeed, as Maria Bucur emphasizes in a related context, 'writing histories that highlight the specific qualities, achievements, failures, and overall contributions' of women to science is a 'core element of how we understand our past'. 22 Studying the lives, collective and individual, of women in STEMM is an opportunity to reflect on how we have defined 'science', what has counted as 'scientific labour' and who has counted as a 'scientist' in different geographical and historical contexts. As the next section discusses, there is much to learn in this respect by bringing different geographies and strands of scholarly literature in conversation with each other, especially gender and feminist scholarship, histories of science and imperialism, and investigations of gender and power in (post- )socialist societies. ## Multisited histories of gender, science and power Any assessment of the present volume's contribution to the extant literature on women, gender and science must begin with the recognition that there are significant variations in how scholars have engaged with this topic in different regional and academic contexts. Since the early 1980s, a growing body of literature has been published in various parts of the world examining the lives and career trajectories of women scientists as well as the sociopolitical, economic and cultural circumstances that have circumscribed their access to STEMM. 23 Some of these publications follow a compensatory approach, seeking to uncover forgotten figures of science and searching for historical proof of women's participation in it. 24 Others move beyond recovering lost voices to examining the complex interplay of factors that contributed to the structural exclusion and marginalization of women, illuminating, for example, how gendered identities were constructed and how they came to structure interactions between men and women in science, as well as processes of knowledge- making. 25 Compensatory writing might go some way towards making women in STEMM more visible, but it is not, in and by itself, sufficient to challenge the epistemological assumptions underlying historical analyses that have long treated them as lesser actors of knowledge- making. In fact, as Devika cautions in a related context, this type of writing can end up reinforcing hegemonic conceptions of science and gender roles, for example, when

[ "we", " ", "should", "strive", " ", "to", " ", "mainstream", " ", "such", " ", "'", "footnotes", "'", " ", "into", " ", "the", " ", "history", " ", "of", " ", "science", " ", "through", "research", ",", "writing", ",", "teaching", "and", "public", "engagement", "-", "until", "that", "is", "achieved", ",", "our", "understanding", "of", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", "in", "STEMM", "can", "only", "be", "incomplete", "at", "best", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "as", "Maria", "Bucur", "emphasizes", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "'", "writing", "histories", "that", "highlight", "the", "specific", "qualities", ",", "achievements", ",", "failures", ",", "and", "overall", "contributions", "'", "of", "women", "to", "science", "is", "a", "'", "core", "element", "of", "how", "we", "understand", "our", "past", "'", ".", "22", "Studying", "the", "lives", ",", "collective", "and", "individual", ",", "of", "women", "in", "STEMM", "is", " ", "an", " ", "opportunity", " ", "to", " ", "reflect", " ", "on", " ", "how", " ", "we", " ", "have", " ", "defined", " ", "'", "science", "'", ",", " ", "what", " ", "has", "counted", "as", "'", "scientific", "labour", "'", "and", "who", "has", "counted", "as", "a", "'", "scientist", "'", "in", "different", "\n\n", "geographical", "and", "historical", "contexts", ".", "As", "the", "next", "section", "discusses", ",", "there", "is", "much", "to", "learn", "in", "this", "respect", "by", "bringing", "different", "geographies", "and", "strands", "of", "scholarly", "literature", "in", "conversation", "with", "each", "other", ",", "especially", "gender", "and", "feminist", "scholarship", ",", "histories", "of", "science", "and", "imperialism", ",", "and", "investigations", "of", "gender", "and", "power", "in", "(", "post-", " ", ")", "socialist", "societies", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Multisited", "histories", "of", "gender", ",", "science", "and", "power", "\n\n", "Any", "assessment", "of", "the", "present", "volume", "'s", "contribution", "to", "the", "extant", "literature", "on", "women", ",", "gender", "and", "science", "must", "begin", "with", "the", "recognition", "that", "there", "are", "significant", "variations", "in", "how", "scholars", "have", "engaged", "with", "this", "topic", "in", "different", "regional", "and", "academic", "contexts", ".", "Since", "the", "early", "1980s", ",", "a", "growing", "body", "of", "literature", "has", "been", "published", "in", "various", "parts", "of", "the", "world", "examining", "the", "lives", "and", "career", "trajectories", "of", "women", "scientists", "as", "well", "as", "the", "sociopolitical", ",", " ", "economic", " ", "and", " ", "cultural", " ", "circumstances", " ", "that", " ", "have", " ", "circumscribed", "their", "access", "to", "STEMM", ".", "23", " ", "Some", "of", "these", "publications", "follow", "a", "compensatory", "approach", ",", "seeking", "to", "uncover", "forgotten", "figures", "of", "science", "and", "searching", "for", "historical", "proof", "of", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "it", ".", "24", " ", "Others", "move", "beyond", "recovering", "lost", "voices", "to", "examining", "the", "complex", "interplay", "of", "factors", "that", "contributed", "to", "the", "structural", "exclusion", "and", "marginalization", "of", "women", ",", "illuminating", ",", "for", "example", ",", "how", "gendered", "identities", "were", "constructed", "and", "how", "they", "came", "to", "structure", "interactions", "between", "men", "and", "women", "in", "science", ",", "as", "well", "as", "processes", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "25", "\n\n", "Compensatory", "writing", "might", "go", "some", "way", "towards", "making", "women", "in", "STEMM", "more", "visible", ",", "but", "it", "is", "not", ",", "in", "and", "by", "itself", ",", "sufficient", "to", "challenge", "the", " ", "epistemological", " ", "assumptions", " ", "underlying", " ", "historical", " ", "analyses", " ", "that", " ", "have", "long", "treated", "them", "as", "lesser", "actors", "of", "knowledge-", " ", "making", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "as", "Devika", "cautions", "in", "a", "related", "context", ",", "this", "type", "of", "writing", "can", "end", "up", "reinforcing", "hegemonic", "conceptions", "of", "science", "and", "gender", "roles", ",", "for", "example", ",", "when" ]

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Europe will require a high degree of trade openness towards countries that provide key technologies in which the EU is currently deficient. For example, maintaining low trade barriers in digital goods, services and infrastructures with the US will be key to guarantee access to the latest AI models and processors. By contrast, a joint plan for decar - bonisation and competitiveness could entail, in specific circumstances, defensive trade measures to level the playing field globally and offset state-sponsored competition abroad, in line with the new EU Economic Security Strategy. When it comes to increasing security and reducing dependencies, the EU must ensure access to critical resources and protect key value chains. This may require securing preferential trade agree - ments with key partners and guaranteeing critical supplies, including through offtake agreements and direct investment in production facilities abroad. To avoid the pitfalls of protectionism, trade policy should be governed by a clear set of principles . First, the use of trade measures should be pragmatic and aligned with the overarching goal of raising the EU’s productivity growth. Unless there is an overriding geopolitical imperative, defensive measures should therefore not be applied systematically. Measures should aim to distinguish genuine innovation and produc - tivity improvements abroad, which are beneficial for Europe, from state-sponsored competition and demand suppression, which lead to lower employment for Europeans. Second, the EU’s trade policy should be consis - tent. Tariffs should avoid creating perverse incentives that undermine European industry, and therefore need to be assessed consistently across all stages of production. For example, imposing tariffs on imports of raw materials or intermediate goods, but not on final goods that use those materials intensively, could lead to de-localisation. Finally, trade measures must be balanced against consumer interests. Even in cases when the EU is the victim of foreign subsidies, there may be some industries where domestic producers have fallen so far behind, that making imports more expensive would only impose excessive deadweight costs on the economy. In these circumstances, it would be preferable for the EU to fund higher investments in more advanced technologies while allowing foreign taxpayers to contribute to higher consumption by European consumers. There should be enhanced coordination in the EU’s foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions . The US administration has recently imposed wide-ranging tariffs on Chinese imports, coupled with progressive measures tightening inward FDI rules, to protect strategic sectors. As a result, the

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through the Office of Research and Development at the University of Botswana for academic staff and co-researchers. CIPA, the office that oversees copyright issues in the country, also disburses funds to book publishers annually.Population 2.5 million (2023) Urban population 73% (2023) Mobile phone subscription (2022) 165% Internet users (2022) 77%Literacy rate (≥15 years old) 87% (2013) GDP per capita US$7 ,820 (2023) Book sector 2023 estimated data Publishing houses 49 Titles published 370 Bookstores 3 Public libraries 45 Public libraries per capita 1 per 55,500 inhabitants Jobs 1,800 68 THE AFRICAN BOOK INDUSTRY • Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth © University Of KwaZulu-Natal PressThe funds are collected through the Government Levy on Technical Devices Fund and used for the development of authors, publishers, and the copyright industries. 3 For the year 2022, approximately US$286,000 was disbursed to book and publishing professionals, while funds amounting to US$363,945 were disbursed in 2023. 4 Funds are distributed to support the literary ecosystem, including the purchase of materials such as printers, and payments to book illustrators, photographers and editors. 5 There are no tax exemptions, reduced rates or preferential tax treatments for the book and publishing sector. The same applies to the importation of paper or machinery to produce books. Public purchases of school textbooks for educational institutions are conducted through the Botswana Government’s public procurement process. According to the national authority’s survey response, a preferential scheme provision is adhered to for women and youth during the public procurement tendering system for purchasing library books. PUBLISHING The National Reference Library (NRL) in Gaborone is the country’s ISBN agency. This is an arm of the BNLS. Prior authorization is required for the use of copyrighted material. Publishers are bound by the BNLS Act to declare and deposit all book publications. It is mandatory to deposit one copy with the University of Botswana and two copies with the BNLS Board. 6 Botswana’s book publishing landscape is dominated by multinational and foreign publishing companies such as Macmillan, Cambridge University Press, and Collegium Publishers. According to the national authority, in 2023, a total of 49 book publishers were operating in the country. The national authority further indicates that between 2021 and 2023, most publications were in print format, with 406 published in 2021, 411 in 2022, and 370 in 2023.Based on the national authority’s survey response, the preferred format among readers is printed books, followed by digital

[ "through", "the", "Office", "of", "Research", "and", "Development", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "for", "academic", "staff", "and", "co", "-", "researchers", ".", "CIPA", ",", "the", "office", "that", "oversees", "copyright", "issues", "in", "the", "country", ",", "also", "disburses", "funds", "to", "book", "publishers", "annually", ".", "Population", "2.5", "million", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Urban", "population", "73", "%", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Mobile", "phone", " \n", "subscription", "(", "2022", ")", "165", "%", "\n", "Internet", "users", "(", "2022", ")", "77%Literacy", "rate", "(", "≥15", "years", "old", ")", "87", "%", "\n", "(", "2013", ")", "\n", "GDP", "per", "capita", "US$", "7", ",", "820", "\n", "(", "2023", ")", "\n", "Book", "sector", " \n", "2023", "estimated", "data", "\n", "Publishing", "houses", "49", "\n", "Titles", "published", "370", "\n", "Bookstores", "3", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "45", "\n", "Public", "libraries", "per", "capita", "\n", "1", "per", "55,500", " ", "inhabitants", "\n", "Jobs", "1,800", "\n", "68", "\n", "THE", "AFRICAN", "BOOK", "INDUSTRY", "•", "Trends", ",", "Challenges", "and", "Opportunities", "for", "Growth", "\n", "©", "University", "Of", "KwaZulu", "-", "Natal", "PressThe", "funds", "are", "collected", "through", "the", "\n", "Government", "Levy", "on", "Technical", "Devices", "Fund", "and", "used", "for", "the", "development", "of", "authors", ",", "publishers", ",", "and", "the", "copyright", "industries", ".", "\n", "3", "For", "the", "year", "\n", "2022", ",", "approximately", "US$", "286,000", "was", "disbursed", "to", "book", "and", "publishing", "professionals", ",", "while", "funds", "amounting", "to", "US$", "363,945", "were", "disbursed", "in", "2023", ".", "\n", "4", "Funds", "are", "distributed", "to", "support", "\n", "the", "literary", "ecosystem", ",", "including", "the", "purchase", "of", "materials", "such", "as", "printers", ",", "and", "payments", "to", "book", "illustrators", ",", "photographers", "and", "editors", ".", "\n", "5", "\n", "There", "are", "no", "tax", "exemptions", ",", "reduced", "rates", "or", "preferential", "tax", "treatments", "for", "the", "book", "and", "publishing", "sector", ".", "The", "same", "applies", "to", "the", "importation", "of", "paper", "or", "machinery", "to", "produce", "books", ".", "Public", "purchases", "of", "school", "textbooks", "for", "educational", "institutions", "are", "conducted", "through", "the", "Botswana", "Government", "’s", "public", "procurement", "process", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "survey", "response", ",", "a", "preferential", "scheme", "provision", "is", "adhered", "to", "for", "women", "and", "youth", "during", "the", "public", "procurement", "tendering", "system", "for", "purchasing", "library", " ", "books", ".", "\n", "PUBLISHING", "\n", "The", "National", "Reference", "Library", "(", "NRL", ")", "in", "Gaborone", "is", "the", "country", "’s", "ISBN", "agency", ".", "This", "is", "an", "arm", "of", "the", "BNLS", ".", "Prior", "authorization", "is", "required", "for", "the", "use", "of", "copyrighted", "material", ".", "Publishers", "are", "bound", "by", "the", "BNLS", "Act", "to", "declare", "and", "deposit", "all", "book", "publications", ".", "It", "is", "mandatory", "to", "deposit", "one", "copy", "with", "the", "University", "of", "Botswana", "and", "two", "copies", "with", "the", "BNLS", "Board", ".", "\n", "6", "\n", "Botswana", "’s", "book", "publishing", "landscape", "is", "dominated", "by", "multinational", "and", "foreign", "publishing", "companies", "such", "as", "Macmillan", ",", "Cambridge", "University", "Press", ",", "and", "Collegium", "Publishers", ".", "According", "to", "the", "national", "authority", ",", "in", "2023", ",", "a", "total", "of", "49", "book", "publishers", "were", "operating", "in", "the", "country", ".", "The", "national", "authority", "further", "indicates", "that", "between", "2021", "and", "2023", ",", "most", "publications", "were", "in", "print", "format", ",", "with", "406", "published", "in", "2021", ",", "411", " ", "in", "2022", ",", "and", "370", "in", "2023.Based", "on", "the", "national", "authority", "’s", "\n", "survey", "response", ",", "the", "preferred", "format", "among", "readers", "is", "printed", "books", ",", "followed", "by", "digital" ]

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goals. Education leadership: A process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of an education goal. Education management: A process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources to enable an education institution to achieve its goals while ensuring its functioning and development. Induction: A professional development process for individuals who are new to a position or institution, aimed at easing their transition, familiarizing them with institutional policies and promoting effectiveness. It includes, but goes beyond, coaching and mentoring. Instructional leadership: An approach to leadership which focuses on improving teaching and learning processes to enhance student achievement relative to standards. It includes teaching supervision, curriculum implementation coordination, student progress monitor, and administration of learning-related tasks (also: pedagogical leadership ). Licensing: A process that screens candidates to ensure they have a minimum set of qualifications so that they are permitted to practice an occupation. Mentoring: A directive and less structured professional development process of personalized guidance, support and feedback from experienced to less experienced individuals to help them improve their practices and achieve their goals. It can last a long time and does not require specific qualifications of the mentor (see coaching ). Merit-based selection: A selection process which seeks to establish whether an individual applicant has the objective and clearly articulated expected qualities required for good performance in a particular position. Open competition: A selection process in which candidates compete through examinations, presentation of qualifications and other objective criteria. Preparation: A process to develop the knowledge, skills, and competencies that aspiring applicants need to possess prior to being appointed to a position in order to be effective. Principal: A school leader responsible for exercising administration, management and leadership to enable an institution to achieve its goals (which may include community engagement and a positive learning environment) (also: director, headmaster, headteacher, manager ). Professional learning community: A group of professionals who meet regularly to share expertise and works collaboratively to improve their skills. Professional standards: A set of guidelines and expectations outlining the knowledge, skills and practices required to ensure quality, accountability, and continuous improvement in a profession. Professionalization: A process of giving an occupation, activity, or group professional qualities by increasing training or raising required qualifications, which may aim at improving the quality of service but also the enhancement of status among group members. Recruitment: A process of seeking and attracting a pool of qualified applicants

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to printing X 23.7Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X 21 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X NACE Innovation – Patents 24.1Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products X 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 35.1Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X SITC Goods exports C E 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 41.2Construction of residential and non-residential buildingsX 0 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 42.2 Construction of utility projects X 7Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereofX 23.4 Man. of other porcelain and ceramic products 42.9Construction of other civil engineering projects X 9 Miscellaneous edible products and preparations X 24 Manufacture of basic metals 43.1 Demolition and site preparation X 11 Beverages X X 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 43.2Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation act. X 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap X X 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 43.9Other specialised construction activities X 33Petroleum, petroleum products and related materialsX 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools, and general hardware 45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X 35 Electric current X 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 47.1Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 41 Animal oils and fats X 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 47.5Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised storesX X 52 Inorganic chemicals X 31 Manufacture of furniture 47.6Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in spec. storesX 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products X X 49.3 Other passenger land transport X 55Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, etc.X NACE Innovation – VC & start-ups 49.4Freight transport by road and removal services X 59 Chemical materials and products X 62, 63 Software Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation129 130 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 53.2 Other postal and courier activities X 62 Rubber manufactures X X 62, 64 Financial services 55.1 Hotels and similar accommodation X X 64Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboardX 64 Lending and investments 56.1Restaurants and mobile food service activitiesX 66 Non-metallic mineral manufactures X 53, 55, 79 Travel and tourism 56.3 Beverage serving activities X 67 Iron and steel X 61, 63 Internet services 58.1Publishing of books, periodicals and

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Spinoza, B. (1985). The Ethics , Princeton University Press. Thomson, G. (1987). Needs. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2014). A Framework for a Religious Life. In S. Gill & G. Thomson (Eds.), Redefining Religious Education. Palgrave Macmillan. Thomson, G. (2021). Healing: Towards a conceptual framework. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal , 15 (3). Thomson, G., & Gill, S. (2024). Beyond Instrumentalised Politics: Re-Conceptualising Public Governance. De Gruyter. Thomson, G., Gill, S., & Goodson, I. (2021). Happiness, Flourishing and the Good Life: A Transformative Vision for Human Well-Being. Routledge. Thomson, G. (2025). Beyond Instrumentalised Economics: Well-Being, Ecology and Alternative Economies , De Gruyter. Whitehead, A. N. (1929). Process and Reality. Cambridge University Press. Vam k D. Volkan, M. D. ı ## Massive Traumas, their Societal and Political Consequences, and Collective Healing Abstract: This chapter focuses on massive traumas at the hand of the Other and their societal/political consequences, which always include shared losses, from losing persons and physical properties to self-esteem and prestige. It describes complications in societal mourning and how they lead to transgenerational transmissions of the undigested images of massive trauma to the generations that follow, as well as how such images turn into ethnic, national, religious or political identity markers. The need to protect and maintain large-group identities contaminates political, economic, legal, military and other real-world issues in relationships and creates conflicts between large groups. Lastly, this chapter examines psychoanalytically informed interventions that support collective healing and peaceful co-existence between large enemy groups. Keywords: Mourning, biosocial regeneration, psychological border, minor differences, chosen trauma, entitlement ideology, Tree Model. This chapter describes the societal and political consequences of massive traumas for large groups. The term ' large group ' refers to thousands or millions of individuals who, from childhood, share the same historical sentiments and sense of belonging, even though most never cross paths personally. In our daily life we might reference these identities by using shared, large-group ethnic or idealistic terminology, such as when we say we are Apaches, Lithuanian Jews, Swedes, Sunni Muslims or communists. Because some shared images of ancestors ' traumas at the hand of enemies , when they remain undigested, are transmitted from generation to generation, such images may become significant identity markers for ethnic, national, religious or political large groups. Preoccupations with such identity markers create present-day obstacles to finding peaceful solutions for co-existence with an opposing social or political large group, or for

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stock in the country is 2.6 to 2.8 mln ha, out of which 1.65 mln ha are provided with irrigation water to some degree and 1.15 mln ha are intermittently irrigated lands, i.e., they have irrigation systems, but get water only during a flood period (Fig. 1). Engineering and semi-engineering irrigation systems are constructed on an area approximately 0.33 mln ha (Helmand, Arghandab, Jalalabad, Sarde, Parvan, Gavargan, Kelagai and others). About 1.3 mln ha of lands are irrigated by traditional local non-engineering systems which are characterized by multi-head water intakes, a great extension of idle sections, great meandering, lack of regulation structures, low efficacy, etc. As the rivers in the country are not regulated the greater part of the flood flow cannot be used for irrigation and runs out of the country destroying on its way hydraulic structures and flooding irrigated lands. There are 12 water reservoirs in Afghanistan, they are Kadjaki on the Helmand River capable to store 1.7 mln cu. m of water, Arghandab on the Arghandab River - 0.34, Naglu on the Kabul River 0.36, Darunta on the Kabul River - 0.04, Sarde on the Djelga River - 0.164 bill cu. m and some other reservoirs with a storage capacity from 1 to 19 mln cu. m built in the period from 1920 through 1940. Many of them need fundamental repair. In open valleys and low piedmont areas, especially in the south and southeast of the county, about 15% of irrigated lands are provided with underground waters from kyariz, pits and springs. Productivity of irrigated lands is much higher than that of rainfed lands. About 0.5 mln ha of irrigated lands in private ownership give two and in some places even three crops. The bulk of agricultural produce (99.9%) is grown in private low-commodity landholdings. The irrigated farming is still on a very low level. The share of agriculture and irrigation in the state capital investments in 1986 was only 7.0%. By this index Afghanistan takes one of the last places in the region among developing countries. The main reasons of such poor management of the available lands are inadequate development of irrigation and low efficacy of the existing irrigation systems. The greater part of irrigation systems is represented by primitive dams made of logs, fascines, bags with sand and pebble from which a network of simple aryks is constructed. In open valleys and low piedmont areas

[ "stock", "in", "the", "country", "is", "2.6", "to", "2.8", "mln", "ha", ",", "out", "of", "which", "1.65", "mln", "ha", "are", "provided", "with", "irrigation", "water", "to", "some", "degree", "and", "1.15", "mln", "ha", "are", "intermittently", "irrigated", "lands", ",", "i.e.", ",", "they", "have", "irrigation", "systems", ",", "but", "get", "water", "only", "during", "a", "flood", "period", "(", "Fig", ".", "1", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Engineering", "and", "semi", "-", "engineering", "irrigation", "systems", "are", "constructed", "on", "an", "area", "approximately", "0.33", "mln", "ha", "(", "Helmand", ",", "Arghandab", ",", "Jalalabad", ",", "Sarde", ",", "Parvan", ",", "Gavargan", ",", "Kelagai", "and", "others", ")", ".", "About", "1.3", "mln", "ha", "of", "lands", "are", "irrigated", "by", "traditional", "local", "non", "-", "engineering", "systems", "which", "are", "characterized", "by", "multi", "-", "head", "water", "intakes", ",", "a", "great", "extension", "of", "idle", "sections", ",", "great", "meandering", ",", "lack", "of", "regulation", "structures", ",", "low", "efficacy", ",", "etc", ".", "\n\n", "As", "the", "rivers", "in", "the", "country", "are", "not", "regulated", "the", "greater", "part", "of", "the", "flood", "flow", "can", "not", "be", "used", "for", "irrigation", "and", "runs", "out", "of", "the", "country", "destroying", "on", "its", "way", "hydraulic", "structures", "and", "flooding", "irrigated", "lands", ".", "\n\n", "There", "are", "12", "water", "reservoirs", "in", "Afghanistan", ",", "they", "are", "Kadjaki", "on", "the", "Helmand", "River", "capable", "to", "store", "1.7", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "of", "water", ",", "Arghandab", "on", "the", "Arghandab", "River", "-", "0.34", ",", "Naglu", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "0.36", ",", "Darunta", "on", "the", "Kabul", "River", "-", "0.04", ",", "Sarde", "on", "the", "Djelga", "River", "-", "0.164", "bill", "cu", ".", "m", "and", "some", "other", "reservoirs", "with", "a", "storage", "capacity", "from", "1", "to", "19", "mln", "cu", ".", "m", "built", "in", "the", "period", "from", "1920", "through", "1940", ".", "Many", "of", "them", "need", "fundamental", "repair", ".", "\n\n", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "south", "and", "southeast", "of", "the", "county", ",", "about", "15", "%", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "are", "provided", "with", "underground", "waters", "from", "kyariz", ",", "pits", "and", "springs", ".", "\n\n", "Productivity", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "is", "much", "higher", "than", "that", "of", "rainfed", "lands", ".", "About", "0.5", "mln", "ha", "of", "irrigated", "lands", "in", "private", "ownership", "give", "two", "and", "in", "some", "places", "even", "three", "crops", ".", "The", "bulk", "of", "agricultural", "produce", "(", "99.9", "%", ")", "is", "grown", "in", "private", "low", "-", "commodity", "landholdings", ".", "\n\n", "The", "irrigated", "farming", "is", "still", "on", "a", "very", "low", "level", ".", "The", "share", "of", "agriculture", "and", "irrigation", "in", "the", "state", "capital", "investments", "in", "1986", "was", "only", "7.0", "%", ".", "By", "this", "index", "Afghanistan", "takes", "one", "of", "the", "last", "places", "in", "the", "region", "among", "developing", "countries", ".", "\n\n", "The", "main", "reasons", "of", "such", "poor", "management", "of", "the", "available", "lands", "are", "inadequate", "development", "of", "irrigation", "and", "low", "efficacy", "of", "the", "existing", "irrigation", "systems", ".", "The", "greater", "part", "of", "irrigation", "systems", "is", "represented", "by", "primitive", "dams", "made", "of", "logs", ",", "fascines", ",", "bags", "with", "sand", "and", "pebble", "from", "which", "a", "network", "of", "simple", "aryks", "is", "constructed", ".", "In", "open", "valleys", "and", "low", "piedmont", "areas" ]

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for EU Eastern Partnership countries (EaP), aimed to strengthen evidence-informed research and innovation policymaking and the development of Smart Specialisation Strategies. The study pre- sents and tests various analytical approaches, methods and tools, some of which are new and experimental, with the purpose of better under- standing national and EaP-wide, place-based in- novation capacities, emerging specialisations and supporting ongoing national analytical exercises. As this report is based on available international data, it is important that the countries analysed continue the development of Smart Specialisation through their own efforts, discussing the results of this study and adding the relevant national data sources and other useful information. Economic and innovation (E&I) specialisation do- mains have been identified for each EaP country by using the multidimensional analysis and in- dicators based on: economic and manufacturing strengths, innovativeness and IP intensity, ex- ports and the presence of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies as well as cluster or- ganisations. In this respect, Part 2 of this report offers a wealth of information addressing differ- ent questions that can emerge at different stages for priority-setting, the identification of topics and niches within priorities, actor identification and mobilisation and for the identification of areas of potential knowledge-based cooperation through- out EaP countries. Similarly, scientific and technological specialisa- tion domains, emerging from the text contained in S&T records (namely, scientific publications, patents and research and innovation projects funded by the European Commission), have been identified for the whole EaP, providing a general overview of the key areas of activity in the re- gion – as reported in Part 3. These domains have been characterised at national level, and a set of critical mass, specialisation and excellence indica- tors have been computed for each country, which can be utilised in priority-setting and to organ- ise the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP). In this sense, the report is complemented by an interactive digital tool facilitating the exploration of national and EaP S&T networks and the iden- tification of key actors in the knowledge, public and private sectors. Furthermore, patterns of in- tra-EaP and extra-EaP international collaborations are also analysed, both globally and for each S&T domain. Again, the analysis has been carried out by exploiting international data sources, whereof the local actors fostering the knowledge econo- my in the 6 EaP countries can have relatively low visibility. The S&T results presented in the current work should be considered as an educated

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enclosures was alternated and counterbalanced for each trial to avoid any location bias. The test mouse was then allowed to explore the chamber for 10 min, and was considered to be exploring the empty enclosure or the one containing the conspecific when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm away. We divided the test into two 5 min bins (Bariselli et al., 2016). For one set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interaction periods with the enclosure containing the interactor mouse during the last 5 min of the test, while for the second set of experiments, the laser was turned on only during interactions within the first 5 min of the test. Similar to previous reports (Carta et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020), the closed-loop optogenetic manipulation protocol during the social preference test led to bouts of laser stimulation that lasted on average 8.3 s, and ranged between 4.3 s and 14.8 s. Real-time tracking, to enable closed-loop optogenetic manipulations, was performed using an overhead camera and the AnyMaze ## Article  software. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity (in s) to the conspecific mouse or empty enclosure (object). To determine the preference score for the social stimulus, we computed the social preference index based on interaction time (s) as follows: (mouse - object)/(mouse + object) *100. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Real-time object place preference This test was performed in a similar fashion as the social preference test described above. Briefly, each mouse was individually placed in a rectangular arena (75 cm long 3 30 cm wide 3 35 cm tall) placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber under infrared illumination. Following a 10 min habituation period, the test mouse was guided to the center of the arena, and two unfamiliar objects (lego blocks) were placed in opposite corners of the arena. Mice were considered to be exploring the objects when the distance of the center of body mass was less than 10 cm. Similar to the social preference test, the experiment was divided into two 5 min bins, and the laser was allowed to turn on only during the last 5 min of the test with one randomly assigned object. Measurements during this test phase included overall time spent in proximity to both objects.

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other words, the term “ML model” or “model” may describe the output of an ML algorithm that is trained with training data. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Additionally, separately trained AI/ML models can be chained together in a AI/ML pipeline during inference or prediction generation. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. Any of the ML techniques discussed herein may be utilized, in whole or in part, and variants and/or combinations thereof, for any of the example implementations discussed herein. ML may require, among other things, obtaining and cleaning a dataset, performing feature selection, selecting an ML algorithm, dividing the dataset into training data and testing data, training a model (e.g., using the selected ML algorithm), testing the model, optimizing or tuning the model, and determining metrics for the model. Some of these tasks may be optional or omitted depending on the use case and/or the implementation used. ML algorithms accept model parameters (or simply “parameters”) and/or hyperparameters that can be used to control certain properties of the training process and the resulting model. Model parameters are parameters, values, characteristics, configuration variables, and/or properties that are learnt during training. Model parameters are usually required by a model when making predictions, and their values define the skill of the model on a particular problem. Hyperparameters at least in some examples are characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. ML techniques generally fall into the following main types of learning problem categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. Unsupervised learning is an ML task that aims to learn a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. Unsupervised learning involves building models from a set of data that contains only inputs and no desired output labels. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a goal-oriented learning technique where an RL agent aims to optimize a long-term objective by interacting with an environment. Some implementations of AI and ML use data and neural networks (NNs) in a way

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“Being able to observe the poles is vital for understanding how the Sun’s magnetic field operates on a global scale, leading to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s activity. “We’ll see previously unobserved high-latitude flows that carry magnetic elements to the polar regions. These flows sow the fundamental seeds for the next solar cycle.” Solar Orbiter carries ten science instruments, all working together to investigate how our local star “works”. UCL scientists have played a leading role in two of them – the EUI, which images the Sun in ultraviolet light, and the Solar Wind Analyser. Professor Chris Owen (Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL), Principal Investigator on the Solar Wind Analyser, said: “Solar Orbiter’s new vantage point will give us a fuller view of how solar wind expands to form a vast bubble around the Sun and its planets (known as the heliosphere). We will now see this happen in three dimensions, enhancing the single slice we get from observing only in the ecliptic plane.” All eyes on the Sun’s south pole  The images shown above were taken by three of Solar Orbiter’s instruments: the EUI, Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI), and the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument. The instruments each observe the Sun in a different way. PHI images the Sun in visible light (top left) and maps the Sun’s surface magnetic field (top centre). EUI images the Sun in ultraviolet light (top right), revealing the million-degree charged gas in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona. The SPICE instrument (bottom row) captures light coming from charged gas at various temperatures above the Sun’s surface, thereby revealing different layers of the Sun's atmosphere. Comparing and analysing the complementary observations made by these three imaging instruments shows how material moves in the Sun’s outer layers. This may reveal unexpected patterns, such as polar vortices (swirling gas) similar to those seen around the poles of Venus and Saturn. These new observations are also key to understanding the Sun’s magnetic field and why it flips north and south poles roughly every 11 years, coinciding with a peak in solar activity. Current models and predictions of the 11-year solar cycle fall short of being able to predict exactly when and how powerfully the Sun will reach its most active state. Messy magnetism at solar maximum  This happens only for a short time during each

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a conveyor, a mechanical sorter, a robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler sorter, and an automated quality control (AQC) sorter. Example [0248] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0247] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, an IR spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, an accelerometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, a temperature sensor, and a flow meter. Example [0249] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0248] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller includes one or more of a multi-core processor, microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuit, field-programmable gate array, digital signal processor, digital signal controller, electronic control units, programmable logic device, crypto processor, hardware accelerator, and graphics processor. Example [0250] includes the method of examples [0228]-[0249] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controller is implemented by an individual computer node or is distributed across a plurality of compute nodes. Example [0251] includes the method of example [0250] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the individual compute node or the pluarlity of compute nodes include(s) any combination of a set of programmable logic device, a set of application servers, a set of cloud compute nodes, a set of edge compute nodes, a set of network functions in a cellular core network, a set of network access nodes, a set of gateway devices, a set of network appliances, a set of smart appliances, a subset of MHUs of the set of MHUs, and/or a subset of sensors of the set of sensors. Example [0252] includes one or more computer readable media comprising instructions, wherein execution of the instructions by processor circuitry is to cause the processor circuitry to perform the method of examples [0176]-[0251] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0253] includes a computer program comprising the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0254] includes an Application Programming Interface defining functions, methods, variables, data structures, and/or protocols for the computer program of example [0253] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0255] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry loaded with the instructions of example [0252] and/or some other example(s) herein. Example [0256] includes an apparatus comprising circuitry operable to

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of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. - machine learning at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. - ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. - ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). - machine learning model or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. - a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. - the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. - machine learning algorithm or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. - the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may be used interchangeably. Additionally, although the term “ML algorithm” may refer to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure. - machine learning application or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that contains some AI/ML model(s) and application-level descriptions. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning application” or “ML application” at least in some examples refers to a complete and deployable application and/or package that includes at least

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with school leaders. Parent-teacher associations offer other channels of communication with the school community. These bodies have varying formal responsibilities enshrined in legislation and regulations. Member selection processes aim to ensure representation, although the actual selection is the result of social dynamics and may lead to exclusions. Even when they convene, these management bodies tend to be consumed with day-to-day affairs instead of leadership, and operate with caution, focusing on legal responsibilities. Yet, in some cases, they have played a leadership role, helping shape school priorities and steer school directors. Students participate in school councils, although rarely with a leadership element. Such instances are more common in university governance and management, especially in richer countries, where student participation is considered a measure of institutional excellence. The ability of the student body to select its representatives • transparently; agree on clear positions on issues related to student outcomes, inclusion and welfare; and demonstrate leadership varies not only in terms of legal frameworks but also by the political culture. Certain conditions enable the meaningful participation of student leaders.

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TOPICS - Health & Medicine - Today's Healthcare - Diseases and Conditions - Pharmacology - Earth & Climate - Wildfires - Natural Disasters - Exotic Species - Science & Society - Public Health - Environmental Policies - Educational Policy - RELATED TERMS - Controlled burn - Smoke - Social inequality - Fire fighting - Bushfire - Fire ant - Wildfire - Water scarcity Story Source: Materials provided by Frontiers. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm>. Frontiers. (2025, August 25). Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm Frontiers. "Maui’s fires drove a 67% jump in deaths. Most went uncounted." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250825234019.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Wildfires are becoming more intense and dangerous, but a new Stanford-led study offers hope: prescribed burns—intentionally set, controlled fires—can significantly lessen their impact. By ... Climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in many regions of the world. This is due partly to specific weather conditions -- known as fire weather -- that facilitate the spread of wildfires. ... Marine biologists are providing a glimpse into coral 'bleaching' responses to stress, using imaging technology to pinpoint coral survival rates following multiple bleaching events off the ... A new study provides the first concrete data showing that many of these excess deaths were indeed uncounted COVID-19 deaths. The study compared reported COVID-19 deaths to excess deaths due to ... It’s long been understood that human settlement contributes to conditions that make Pacific Islands more susceptible to wildfires, such as the devastating Aug. 8 event that destroyed the Maui ... As wildfire season in the West grows in length and severity, it is taking a toll on the wine industry through the effects of wildfire smoke on the quality of wine grapes. Volatile compounds in the ... TRENDING AT After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia ## Breaking this hour - Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming - Worm Turns Ocean

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[]

OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During - and From - Disruption . https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en OECD. (2024). Social and Emotional Skills for Better Lives: Findings from the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills 2023 . https://doi.org/10.1787/35ca7b7c-en UIS. (2018). A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.2 . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (Information Paper 51.) https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip51-global-frameworkreference-digital-literacy-skills-2018-en.pdf von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., and Weber, R. (2010). The effects of entrepreneurship education. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 76 (1), 90-112. Wright, E., Lee, M., Walker, A., Bryant, D., Choi, S., and Hassan, K. (2023). Developing the next generation of leaders: A global study of student leadership. Educational Studies , 1-21. Zaccaro, S. J., Green, J. P., Dubrow, S., and Kolze, M. (2018). Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly , 29 (1), 2-43. ## CAPÍTULO 12 Almasri, F., Hewapathirana, G. I., Alhashem, F., Daniel, C. E., and Lee, N. (2023). The effect of gender composition and pedagogical approach on major and non-major undergraduates biology students' achievement. Interactive Learning Environments , 31 (10), 7287-7319. Barrios-Fernandez, A. (2023). Peer effects in education. In A. Banerjee (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.894 Bennett, M. and Bergman, P. (2021). Better together? Social networks in truancy and the targeting of treatment. Journal of Labor Economics , 39 (1), 1-36. Booij, A. S., Leuven, E., and Oosterbeek, H. (2017). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Review of Economic Studies , 84 (2), 547-578. Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., and Jensen, R. (2019). Cool to be smart or smart to be cool? Understanding peer pressure in education. Review of Economic Studies , 86 (4), 1487-1526. Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., and Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength Through Diversity's Spotlight Report for Sweden . OECD. (Education Working Paper 194.) https://doi.org/10.1787/059ce467-en Dinarte, L. (2024). Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador . Institute of Labor Economics. (IZA Discussion Paper 16830.) https://docs.iza.org/dp16830.pdf Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review 101 , (5), 1739-1774. Eren, O., Lovenheim, M. F., and Mocan, N. H. (2022). The effect of grade retention on adult crime: Evidence from a test-based promotion policy. Journal of Labor Economics , 40 (2), 361-395. Genakos, C. and Kyrkopoulou, E. (2023). Social Policy Gone Bad Educationally Unintended Peer Effects from Transferred Students . Athens University of Economics and Business. https://www2.aueb.gr/users/cgenakos/Research.files/ GK\_trans%20gone%20bad\_vApril2022.pdf

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growth in Europe will stall. If the EU were to maintain its average labour productivity growth rate since 2015 of 0.7%, it would only be enough to keep GDP constant until 2050. In an environment of historically high public debt-to-GDP ratios, potentially higher real interest rates than seen in the last decade and rising spending needs for the decarbonisation, digitalisation and defence, stagnant GDP growth could eventually lead to public debt levels becoming unsustainable and Europe being forced to give up one or more of these goals. FIGURE 1 EU versus US labour productivity 1890-2022 Index (US=100) Note: The EU is proxied by backdating national accounting data from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Finland and Greece. To build the labour productivity data, five different series were used: GDP, capital stock, employment, average hours worked, and population. Capital stock is built using two series of investment – construction and equipment. Investment and GDP are taken in volume and in national currency of 2010, they are then turned into $2010 using a ppp conversion rate. Source: Bergeaud, A., Cette, G., & Lecat, R., Productivity Trends in Advanced Countries between 1890 and 2012, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2016, pp. 420-444 01. Measured in 2010 constant PPP prices. 23THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2The key driver of the rising productivity gap between the EU and the US has been digital technology (“tech”) – and Europe currently looks set to fall further behind . The main reason EU productivity diverged from the US in the mid-1990s was Europe’s failure to capitalise on the first digital revolution led by the internet – both in terms of generating new tech companies and diffusing digital tech into the economy. In fact, if we exclude the tech sector, EU productivity growth over the past twenty years would be broadly at par with the US [see Figure 2 and Box 2] . Europe is lagging in the breakthrough digital technologies that will drive growth in the future. Around 70% of foundational AI models have been developed in the US since 2017 and just three US “hyperscalers” account for over 65% of the global as well as of the European cloud market. The largest European cloud operator accounts for just 2% of the EU market. Quantum computing is poised to be the next major innovation, but

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applied to an object's surface), contigutive tools (e.g., adhesives, glue, surface tension, freezing, and/or other mechanisms requiring direct contact for adhesion to take place), projectile tools (e.g., mechanisms that shoot or propel objects or elements), and/or fabrication means (e.g., machine tools, drills, milling cutters, and/or the like), and/or the like. As examples, the robotic sorters can be or include the , discussed infra w.r.t . Additionally or alternatively, the end effector and/or other aspects/elements of the robotic sorters can include one or more actuators (see e.g., of ). The robotic sorters can communicate with the to provide to the . For example, a may report the number and type of picks in different streams within the MRF to the , and the can use this information to coordinate activities of in the MRF and/or at other plant locations, track the operating status and time of the robotic sorter to determine whether maintenance should be scheduled, and otherwise assess the current status of the waste stream that is passing by the . The can send instructions/commands to instruct to activate or deactivate, depending upon feedback and data from and/or within the MRF and/or feedback/data related to operational conditions of the MRF. The can also signal the instructions/commands to reconfigure individual robotic sorters to sort out different materials or materials of varying shapes or sizes, depending upon the nature of the waste stream presented to those robotic sorters. Some of the include optical sorters, which are sorting machines that utilize optical recognition techniques on a waste stream to detect the presence of desirable objects/materials and/or undesirable objects or contaminants in a waste stream. The optical sorters may employ a suitable light source or x-ray radiation to aid in recognition of contaminants. For example, where desirable materials reflect or absorb various infrared wavelengths differently from contaminants, an optical sorter may use an infrared light source in conjunction with an infrared sensitive camera or optical detector to distinguish undesirable contaminants from desirable (e.g., recyclable) material. Different light sources (e.g., possibly with different wavelengths) and/or cameras or other visible light sensors may be employed where different types of contaminants are to be detected, wherein the particular light/radiation and sensor types can be selected according to implementation and/or specific use cases. The recognized contaminants may then be mechanically removed at the direction of optical sorter, such as by mechanically grabbing (such as with a robotic sorter)

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[]

of ring-fence in its legislation (see Box 10). Countries with a highly integrated mining sector and differential tax rates may wish to consider this variation. ## BOX 10. TANZANIA - · losses from the separate mining operations may be deducted only in calculating future income from that operation and not income from any other activity whethera mining operation under a different mineral right, processing, smelting, refining or a non-mining activity; - · income from the separate mining operations may not be reduced by a loss from any other activity whether a mining operation under a different mineral rights, processing smelting refining , , or a non-mining activity.' Source: Section 65F (1)a, and 1(b) of Chapter 332, Income Tax Act (rev. 2019). Italics are authors' emphasis. If resource-rich developing countries are seeking to encourage downstream activities, the existence of ring-fencing rules might be a relevant consideration for an investor in considering the economic viability and attractiveness of doing so. The fact that the profits from the downstream activities often result in lower rates of profitability is also reflected in the lower rate of CIT that is applicable to those profits. The investors may want to benefit from the deferral of tax on the upstream activities if they undertake such additional investment into downstream activities; this is why it may be more attractive for investors if there is no ring-fencing regime. Careful consideration should be given to what the costs are (e.g., timing difference of tax collection) and what the benefits are (e.g., attracting investment for downstream activities) for governments considering introducing this type of ring-fencing regime. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.3.3.2 Ring-Fencing Mining Versus Non-Mining Activities Companies with mining operations may have other business activities that do not relate to mining (e.g., speculative investment activities, renting equipment to other mining or construction companies). In the absence of ring-fencing, the licence holder may seek to offset expenses or losses incurred in these other business activities against mining income. If costs or losses from non-mining are offset against mining income, they reduce the latter. For these reasons, some countries expressly ring-fence mining from non-mining activities and even treat a hedging operation as a separate category of activities subject to ring-fencing. These countries include Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ghana,

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[]

the data analysis for this case study (See Figure 6 Below) 42 Figure 6 Coding Steps Adapted from Saldaña (2021) Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are principles and guidelines that keep us accountable for our actions and decisions (Johnson & Christensen, 2020). In this mixed method case study, the perceptions of elementary classroom teachers regarding school and family partnerships with parents of ELL students were examined. The protocols for this study were approved by the Marymount University Institutional Review Board, including an invitation to participate and a statement of informed consent. This research obtained data from participants who were informed of the following: the purpose of study, the benefits and risks of the study, that their participation was voluntary, the process for de-identification of the data, and that their anonymity would be protected. Role of the Researcher Individuals' beliefs and values are shaped by their assumptions about how they interact with and relate to their environment (Darwin Holmes, 2020). My decision to pursue a mixed methods case study on elementary school teachers' perceptions of school and family partnerships is based on having raised my two daughters in Title I

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the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ is missing from the Hejazi Arabic inventory which implies that this sound is marked (Note 3). The use of its counterpart, which is a legitimate sound in the learners' phonemic inventory, seems to be a case of interference from Arabic, based on Wode's (1980) assumption that only certain L1 elements are replaced by L2 elements. That is, elements that satisfy similarity requirement. The error made by the learners can also be ascribed to developmental factors. Stated differently, their response with the voiceless counterpart of the stimulus indicates that they are aware of the nature of the sound in question. In other words, they realize that the target sound is a labio-dental fricative with the feature [+continuant] as a characteristic. Another demonstration of the developmental aspect of our learners' performance regarding the acquisition of this phoneme is the variation of /v/ with [f] which indicates, perhaps, that the voiced-voiceless contrast is developing (Albright & Albright, 1958; Ferguson & Farwell, 1975). Therefore, we assume that more exposure to the target sound will enable them to produce it more authentically. Hecht & Mulford (1987) argue that, in second language learning, if the developmental hypothesis best accounts for L2 acquisition of phonology, then learners should have the most difficulty producing those fricatives known to be acquired last by the L1 learners. Indeed, /f/ is mastered at the age of three, and /v/ at six (Winitz, 1969). On the other hand, a number of advanced learners faced almost no difficulty perceiving and producing the fricative under investigation. Their better performance may be ascribed to either one of the two following factors or both. It could be due to more exposure to this fricative through formal instructions or contact with native speakers of English, or it could be the consequence of borrowing. A number of words in the Arabic lexicon which have been borrowed form English and which contain the voiced fricative /v/ are still pronounced with the same fricative by many Arabs, although some would pronounce them with [f]. For instance, 'television', 'van', 'villa', or the equivalent of 'he got me on my nerve' would be produced as [t l v zj õ õ õ ɔ :n], [væn], [vill ∂ ], and [narv ∂ zn ], respectively. There are so many cases in which õ borrowing is taken to be of great support in mastery of foreign language aspects. For

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We start by discussing an adaptation of the IAD framework to inform the construc -tion of our own model. The framework sets out a theoretical model illustrating how a diverse polycentric system can be analysed. The Ostrom's constructed the framework to allow the exploration of human interactions ' within markets, private firms, families, community organisations, legislatures and government agencies' ( Ostrom and Ostrom, 2014, p.173). The IAD provides a structure to investigate, through empirical studies, the workings of polycentric systems. As a springboard, we use our interpretation of this theoretical model (Figure 3.1) to explore our own empirical data. We investigate how community social capital [Attributes of community] is connected to working with different partners [Action Situations] in order to contribute to the involvement in community projects [Interaction] and the effect this has on residents' subjective well-being [Outcome]. Each aspect of the model is now discussed in turn. Attributes of the community [social capital] According to Putnam ( 1995, p.67), social capital refers to 'features of social organ -isation such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit' In our model, we are using social capital synony . -mously with the Attributes of Community. Figure 3.1 A Framework for Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD)  Source: Adapted from Ostrom (1975; 1986 ; 2005) Using the seven-item scale devised by Auerbach (2020), we compare residents' responses in the three neighbourhood types. This is followed by the construction of a single latent factor through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using the seven item scale. Auerbach developed his scale using as a springboard the World Bank's Measuring Social Capital scale (World Bank, 2004) and Krishna's (2002) active social capital scale. We use this scale owing to Auerbach's extensive research work in India's slums. His area of research is similar to ours, looking at public goods and services in poor areas. He undertook two years of fieldwork in the north Indian cities of Bhopal and Jaipur to ascertain the extent of slum leaders' contributions to development and how this is related to brokers and politics. The seven items that make-up Auerbach's social capital scale (SC1 to SC7) and their coding are provided in Table 3.2 . The percentages for each community type show the number of households agreeing with each of the statements. Looking at SC1 and SC4 that consider helping neighbours and uniting to solve problems,

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X 63.9 Other information service activities X X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation287 288 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover NACE Industry name Current Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ingCurrent Current CurrentEmerg- ingEmerg- ingEmerg- ing 34 52 28 61 64 40 31 29 15 50 47 21 55 40 35 83 57 34 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding 64.1 Monetary intermediation X X X X X X X 64.2 Activities of holding companies 64.3 Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 64.9Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingX X X X X X X X X 65Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 65.1 Insurance X X X 65.2 Reinsurance 65.3 Pension funding 66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities 66.1Activities auxiliary to financial services, except insurance and pension funding X X X X 66.2 Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding X X X 66.3 Fund management activities L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES 68 Real estate activities 68.1 Buying and selling of own real estate X X X X X X X 68.2 Rental and operating of own or leased real estate X X X X X X X 68.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis X X X X X X M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 69 Legal and accounting activities 69.1 Legal activities X X X X X 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy X X X X X X 70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities 70.1 Activities of head offices X X X X 70.2 Management consultancy activities X X X X X 71Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis 71.1Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy X X X X X 71.2 Technical testing and analysis X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation289 290 Annexes GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINEEmploy- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment & turnover Employ- ment Turnover Employ- ment

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[]

2. The present state of affairs appears to be that the scientific and academic face of forensic medicine is often well in advance of the legal and administrative arrangements. In manycountries, it’s full potential cannot be realized,due to frustrations in government machineryfor applying the technical advances. Thecoroner is either a lawyer or a doctor employed by city or country administrator. In some city a practicing solicitor on a part time basis, Afew large cities fulltime coroners, who are bothmedical practitioners and barristers. In formerdays many coroners were doctors only.Broderick’s report (1971) made recommen- dation in favor of lawyers only 2,3. Medical examiners are certified eligible forensic pathologist; they visit the primaryscene of accident or crime, take evidence ofthe people when necessary. Performing autopsyand correlate the autopsy with the evidence ARTICLE OF SPECIAL INTEREST and determine the cause and manner of death and submit the report to the district attorneyfor further action. Medical examiner’s system is superior to coroner’s system, where non medical person conduct the inquest 4. The death cases are reported to coroner by the police, public, doctors are sudden death,industrial accident death, death due toindustrial disease, due to drugs and poisons, operation death, due to allegation of negligence of doctor and nurses, infant death, alcoholism,homicide, suicide, abortion, death in custody/jail and by local death registrar when he is notsatisfied with the death certificate issued bythe doctor in attendance in last illness. After receiving a report of a death, the coroner either (1) request the doctor to issue a deathcertificate. (2) direct forensic pathologist toconduct an autopsy to find out the cause ofdeath or (3) hold a public inquiry called aninquest in to circumstance of death. So that it will be possible to confirm the cause of death 3-4. The present medico legal system of Bangladesh was inherited from the British and continuedup until today. We have adopted and follow thecontinental system with some modificationsin performing medico legal autopsy. Importance: Forensic medicine includes medical jurisprudence, the legal aspect of medicalpractice and many ethical matters. Allbranches of medical science can be called intoplay to assist in medico legal problems. Truthor the nearest reasonable approach to it that is possible from what is observed in sudden, unexplained, suspicious, unnatural and violentdeaths and to determine the causes andmanner of death is the sole aim. Every specialtyof medicine can have forensic aspects at sometime or another, while most branches of medicine can themselves

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these objects by material type or composition. The identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. shows a perspective view of an example autonomous , which includes . Operation of the begins with material being conveyed by passing under the . The removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. Next, the inbound material passes under a to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker -. Bunker - is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system (including , , , and ) to the . The is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the . This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. The commodity is ejected from the and passes under a second , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers , ultimately to be baled. The default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker -. Once bunker - is full, bunker - closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker -, removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. Once all targeted commodities have been depleted from bunker -, the purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker -, which continued to fill while the material from bunker - were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system returns to idle, awaiting additional material availability. In a first example implementation, the is a SpydIR®-R optical sorter provided by National Recovery Technologies (NRT)®, the metal detector is an NRT® MetalDirector™ sorting system, and the AI/ML high speed object identification system is a Max-AI® system provided by Bulk Handling Systems®. In a second example implementation, which is combinable with the first example implementation, the , are

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was a science student, there was no need for me to love literature like that. ## 9. Can you describe how a teacher connected some lessons to your Hispanic culture? Miss Gracia was mindful of connecting lessons to my cultures and experiences. She was really, really careful. But let's see. As a Hispanic student, I rarely saw my culture reflected in the curriculum, as I said earlier, but Mrs. Gracia helped me to feel seen and heard. She invited a speaker one time to talk to our class about the historical context of a particular experience of Dominican immigrants in the United States. So, the lesson was actually a turning point. It's made me connect with my own heritage and culture in a deeper way and showed me that my experiences and perspectives were valuable and worthy of exploration. So yeah, she helped me to feel proud of my cultural heritage, and it inspired me really, really well to learn more about the diverse experiences of Hispanic communities. ## 10. How did the curriculum influence your decision to continue in school and earn a diploma or GED? And to be honest, I didn't feel like the traditional high school curriculum was preparing me for success. The curriculum was largely Eurocentric, as I said before. And I didn't see myself or my experiences reflected in the material. I felt like I was going through the motions, trying to memorize dates and formulas, without any real understanding of how they apply to my life, you know. So, when I decided to leave traditional high school and pursue a GED, it was partly because I felt the curriculum was not serving me. I wanted to take control of my own education and focus on learning skills and knowledge that would actually benefit me in the long run, in the future, you know. I'd say I think the curriculum played a role in my decision. You're supposed to have a diploma, but it also taught me the importance of self-directed learning and advocating for myself. It kind of gave me the flexibility to learn at my own pace and focus on areas that interested me. It also provided a sense of accomplishment and pride when I finally earned my diploma. ## Did you earn a traditional diploma or a GED? A diploma. I went back to earn a traditional diploma. ## How long did

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