SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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tropical disease research: Yet, in spite of my own dissatisfaction, in many ways, I have the impression in my conscience that my stay here was not in vain, even though the pur - pose for which I came – the establishment of an Oriental exponent for the Czechoslovak Chair of Tropical Diseases – is uncertain as a result of the pre - sent political situation.52 Kálalová tried to further develop her small clinic; her practice expanded and patients, especially women, found their way to her. The information contained in the report indicates both an increase in the number of patients and surgeries: ‘In the thirty- two working months from the beginning of 1927 to the end of 1929, 1700 new outpatients were treated and 172 opera - tions were performed. Of these, sixty- five inpatients were admitted (690 treatment days).’53 In the autumn of 1929, the Czechoslovak clinic moved once more, this time to the so- called Ant Street, and again to a larger house located in a 112 Negotiating in/visibility more affluent neighbourhood. The reason for this was the ever- increasing rent and deteriorating condition of the building: In the autumn of 1929, the Czechoslovak dispensary moved to another location in the central district of Baghdad. For Mr. Burazanli was raising the rent by ten percent annually from the original three thousand rupees, and at the same time denying any building repairs. So, it came to pass that we exchanged the ancient house for a neat new building in nearby Darbúnet- en- Nemle, Ant Street. A quiet link between the noisy arteries of the capital.54 Vlasta’s patients included Muslims, Jews and Christians from all social circles. She also treated the family of King Faisal I of Iraq. In addition to the British Royal Hospital, where she assisted in operations, she had one of the best- equipped small hospitals in Baghdad and one of the best- equipped operating theatres. She also used electrotherapy, high- frequency electromagnetic currents in surgical procedures, to cauterize blood vessels and to destroy neoplasms (tumours). Other examples of her work, doc - umented in her notes, manuscript and letters, included operating a cleft palate on a three- day- old baby girl, the spindle- cell sarcoma on the head of a forty- year- old woman, reconstructing the nose of a boy injured by a horse, performing hymenoplasties (a procedure undertaken to reconstruct the hymen) and complicated deliveries	[ "tropical", "disease", "research", ":", "\n", "Yet", ",", "in", "spite", "of", "my", "own", "dissatisfaction", ",", "in", "many", "ways", ",", "I", "have", "the", "impression", "\n", "in", "my", "conscience", "that", "my", "stay", "here", "was", "not", "in", "vain", ",", "even", "though", "the", "pur", "-", "\n", "pose", "for", "which", "I", "came", "–", " ", "the", "establishment", "of", "an", "Oriental", "exponent", "for", "the", "\n", "Czechoslovak", "Chair", "of", "Tropical", "Diseases", "–", " ", "is", "uncertain", "as", "a", "result", "of", "the", "pre", "-", "\n", "sent", "political", "situation.52", "\n", "Kálalová", "tried", "to", "further", "develop", "her", "small", "clinic", ";", "her", "practice", "expanded", "\n", "and", "patients", ",", "especially", "women", ",", "found", "their", "way", "to", "her", ".", "The", "information", "\n", "contained", "in", "the", "report", "indicates", "both", "an", "increase", "in", "the", "number", "of", "patients", "\n", "and", "surgeries", ":", "‘", "In", "the", "thirty-", " ", "two", "working", "months", "from", "the", "beginning", "of", "\n", "1927", "to", "the", "end", "of", "1929", ",", "1700", "new", "outpatients", "were", "treated", "and", "172", "opera", "-", "\n", "tions", "were", "performed", ".", "Of", "these", ",", "sixty-", " ", "five", "inpatients", "were", "admitted", "(", "690", "\n", "treatment", "days).’53", "\n", "In", "the", "autumn", "of", "1929", ",", "the", "Czechoslovak", "clinic", "moved", "once", "more", ",", "this", "\n", "time", "to", "the", "so-", " ", "called", "Ant", "Street", ",", "and", "again", "to", "a", "larger", "house", "located", "in", "a", " \n \n \n \n", "112", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "more", "affluent", "neighbourhood", ".", "The", "reason", "for", "this", "was", "the", "ever-", " ", "increasing", "\n", "rent", "and", "deteriorating", "condition", "of", "the", "building", ":", "\n", "In", "the", "autumn", "of", "1929", ",", "the", "Czechoslovak", "dispensary", "moved", "to", "another", "\n", "location", "in", "the", "central", "district", "of", "Baghdad", ".", "For", "Mr.", "Burazanli", "was", "raising", "\n", "the", "rent", "by", "ten", "percent", "annually", "from", "the", "original", "three", "thousand", "rupees", ",", " \n", "and", "at", "the", "same", "time", "denying", "any", "building", "repairs", ".", "So", ",", "it", "came", "to", "pass", "\n", "that", "we", "exchanged", "the", "ancient", "house", "for", "a", "neat", "new", "building", "in", "nearby", "\n", "Darbúnet-", " ", "en-", " ", "Nemle", ",", "Ant", "Street", ".", "A", "quiet", "link", "between", "the", "noisy", "arteries", "of", "\n", "the", "capital.54", "\n", "Vlasta", "’s", "patients", "included", "Muslims", ",", "Jews", "and", "Christians", "from", "all", "social", "\n", "circles", ".", "She", "also", "treated", "the", "family", "of", "King", "Faisal", "I", "of", "Iraq", ".", "In", "addition", "\n", "to", "the", "British", "Royal", "Hospital", ",", "where", "she", "assisted", "in", "operations", ",", "she", "had", "\n", "one", "of", "the", "best-", " ", "equipped", "small", "hospitals", "in", "Baghdad", "and", "one", "of", "the", "best-", " \n", "equipped", "operating", "theatres", ".", "She", "also", "used", "electrotherapy", ",", "high-", " ", "frequency", "\n", "electromagnetic", "currents", "in", "surgical", "procedures", ",", "to", "cauterize", "blood", "vessels", "\n", "and", "to", "destroy", "neoplasms", "(", "tumours", ")", ".", "Other", "examples", "of", "her", "work", ",", "doc", "-", "\n", "umented", "in", "her", "notes", ",", "manuscript", "and", "letters", ",", "included", "operating", "a", "cleft", "\n", "palate", "on", "a", "three-", " ", "day-", " ", "old", "baby", "girl", ",", "the", "spindle-", " ", "cell", "sarcoma", "on", "the", "head", "\n", "of", "a", "forty-", " ", "year-", " ", "old", "woman", ",", "reconstructing", "the", "nose", "of", "a", "boy", "injured", "by", "a", "\n", "horse", ",", "performing", "hymenoplasties", "(", "a", "procedure", "undertaken", "to", "reconstruct", "\n", "the", "hymen", ")", "and", "complicated", "deliveries" ]	[ { "end": 365, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 363 }, { "end": 836, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 834 }, { "end": 1606, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1604 } ]
asking for the same position at the town's girls' school. Since the authorities were reluctant to appoint a male doctor at a girls' school, the resolution clearly stating that he could not get tenure in such an institution, he asked the mayor of the town to issue a certificate testifying that no female doctors resided in the small urban community. The head doctor in this rural region happened to be a woman, married to the Commissioner of Argeș County, but lived in the town of Pitești. As the Ministry of Instruction was about to find out, Ivancianu had already been a doctor in the girls' middle school since January 1929, having been hired by the School Committee without its approval. 41 Apparently, the doctor wanted to cumulate as many school positions as possible to get better pay; however, in doing so he willingly denied female doctors their right to work in girls' schools, even though by law they were entitled to such positions. 1 5 7 What seems to have been an isolated case turned out to be a frequent dilemma that school authorities had to find a solution for. Even though the law stated that female physicians were to be assigned to the available positions in girls' schools if there were no suitable candidates, the principal of the institution could have accepted male doctors as a temporary solution. A similar case to the one in Curtea de Argeș is documented for another small town, this time from the province of Oltenia, Caracal. In November 1929, Petre Ioanițoiu wrote to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed doctor to the town's high school for girls. The head of the Elementary Schools Department ( Direcțiunea Învățământului Primar ) cautiously allowed him to fill the position, since the doctor formerly working there had resigned, but pointed out that this was a temporary measure. A few days later, the position was also requested by Xenia Ralef, a female doctor; interestingly enough, the reviser who received the document wrote that the same position had been requested first by Dr Ioanițoiu. His comment seems to imply that the order of the requests mattered when the Ministry assigned such positions, only because this criterion was clearly advantageous to the male doctor. In the end, school authorities in Bucharest followed the law, assigning the position to Dr Ralef. 42 This case reveals a common misconception among	[ "asking", "for", "the", "same", "position", "at", "the", "town", "'s", "girls", "'", "school", ".", "Since", "the", "authorities", "were", "reluctant", "to", "appoint", "a", "male", "doctor", "at", "a", "girls", "'", "school", ",", "the", "resolution", "clearly", "stating", "that", "he", "could", "not", "get", "tenure", "in", "such", "an", "institution", ",", "he", "asked", "the", "mayor", "of", "the", "town", "to", "issue", "a", "certificate", "testifying", "that", "no", "female", "doctors", "resided", "in", "the", "small", "urban", "community", ".", "The", "head", "doctor", "in", "this", "rural", "region", "happened", "to", "be", "a", "woman", ",", "married", "to", "the", "Commissioner", "of", "Argeș", "County", ",", "but", "lived", "in", "the", "town", "of", "Pitești", ".", "As", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "was", "about", "to", "find", "out", ",", "Ivancianu", "had", "already", "been", "a", "doctor", "in", "the", "girls", "'", "middle", "school", "since", "January", "1929", ",", "having", "been", "hired", "by", "the", "School", "Committee", "without", "its", "approval", ".", "41", " ", "Apparently", ",", "the", "doctor", "wanted", "to", "cumulate", "as", "many", "school", "positions", "as", "possible", "to", "get", "better", "pay", ";", "however", ",", "in", "doing", "so", "he", "willingly", "denied", "female", "doctors", "their", "right", "to", "work", "in", "girls", "'", "schools", ",", "even", "though", "by", "law", "they", "were", "entitled", "to", "such", "positions", ".", "\n\n", "1", "\n\n", "5", "\n\n", "7", "\n\n", "What", "seems", "to", "have", "been", "an", "isolated", "case", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "a", "frequent", "dilemma", "that", " ", "school", " ", "authorities", " ", "had", " ", "to", " ", "find", " ", "a", " ", "solution", " ", "for", ".", " ", "Even", " ", "though", "the", "law", "stated", "that", "female", "physicians", "were", "to", "be", "assigned", "to", "the", "available", "positions", " ", "in", " ", "girls", "'", " ", "schools", " ", "if", " ", "there", " ", "were", " ", "no", " ", "suitable", " ", "candidates", ",", " ", "the", " ", "principal", "of", "the", "institution", "could", "have", "accepted", "male", "doctors", "as", "a", "temporary", "solution", ".", "A", "similar", "case", "to", "the", "one", "in", "Curtea", "de", "Argeș", "is", "documented", "for", "another", " ", "small", " ", "town", ",", " ", "this", " ", "time", " ", "from", " ", "the", " ", "province", " ", "of", " ", "Oltenia", ",", " ", "Caracal", ".", " ", "In", "November", "1929", ",", "Petre", "Ioanițoiu", "wrote", "to", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "asking", "to", "be", "appointed", "doctor", "to", "the", "town", "'s", "high", "school", "for", "girls", ".", "The", "head", "of", "the", "Elementary", "Schools", "Department", "(", "Direcțiunea", "Învățământului", "Primar", ")", "cautiously", "allowed", "him", "to", "fill", "the", "position", ",", "since", "the", "doctor", "formerly", "working", "there", "had", "resigned", ",", "but", "pointed", "out", "that", "this", "was", "a", "temporary", "measure", ".", " ", "A", " ", "few", " ", "days", " ", "later", ",", " ", "the", " ", "position", " ", "was", " ", "also", " ", "requested", " ", "by", " ", "Xenia", " ", "Ralef", ",", " ", "a", "female", "doctor", ";", "interestingly", "enough", ",", "the", "reviser", "who", "received", "the", "document", "wrote", "that", "the", "same", "position", "had", "been", "requested", "first", "by", "Dr", "Ioanițoiu", ".", "His", "comment", "seems", "to", "imply", "that", "the", "order", "of", "the", "requests", "mattered", "when", "the", "Ministry", " ", "assigned", " ", "such", " ", "positions", ",", " ", "only", " ", "because", " ", "this", " ", "criterion", " ", "was", " ", "clearly", "advantageous", "to", "the", "male", "doctor", ".", "In", "the", "end", ",", "school", "authorities", "in", "Bucharest", "followed", "the", "law", ",", "assigning", "the", "position", "to", "Dr", "Ralef", ".", "42", "\n\n", "This", "case", "reveals", "a", "common", "misconception", "among" ]	[ { "end": 694, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 692 }, { "end": 2385, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2383 } ]
to Section 6 611 Leather X 612 Manufactures of leather or of composition leather, n.e.s.; saddlery and harness 613Furskins, tanned or dressed (including heads, tails, paws and other pieces or cuttings), unassembled, or assembled (without the addition of other materials), other than those of heading 848.31 621 Materials of rubber (e.g., pastes, plates, sheets, rods, thread, tubes, of rubber) X X 625 Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds X X X 629 Articles of rubber, n.e.s. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation311 312 Annexes ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BELARUS GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE SITC Goods name Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging 19 12 3 8 65 64 18 26 41 23 51 52 633 Cork manufactures 634 Veneers, plywood, particle board, and other wood, worked, n.e.s. X X X X 635 Wood manufactures, n.e.s. 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on average at least 20 percentage points lower than the average share of female teachers. This must change. In addition to challenging gender norms in education leadership, we must also challenge the assumptions of hierarchy that exist in education worldwide. This report gives clear recommendations to shift from hierarchical and centralized education systems to more inclusive leadership in education that engages principals, teachers, parents, student representatives, and community members. In order to build a shared vision of education that takes into account all of these stakeholders, school leaders must be given space and training. Many leaders in education are passionate about their work and dedicated to making a difference on the ground, but rigid systems prevent them from striving for excellence. By enabling them to fulfil their potential, we can bring new energy into educational systems and inspire younger generations whose schooling experience can shape their views of leadership. <!-- image --> Audrey Azoulay Director-General of UNESCO ## Foreword From the classroom to the boardroom, from offices to the global stage, leaders shape education. I am honoured to introduce the 2024/5 GEM Report, which this year focuses on the critical role of leadership in education. As Chair of the Advisory Board for this Report and a member of the SDG 4-Education 2030 High-level Steering Committee, I believe that fostering cooperation in education leadership is the most powerful tool for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In recent years, during my mandate as European Commissioner for International Partnerships, I have dedicated myself to advocating for education as a catalyst for social and economic change. Education is transformative but the need for political leaders to step up advocacy and drive education in the right direction remains as vital as ever. Education spending in many countries cannot compete with the calls for debt servicing; a USD 100 billion annual education finance gap in the poorest 80 countries remains to be filled. Without the necessary resources, education quality suffers. Teachers are frequently hired without meeting national qualification standards or training, and the promise of a quality education is left unfulfilled. But achieving inclusive, quality education for all is still within our grasp - leaders at all levels just need to be united behind a shared agenda. While we often celebrate heroic figures in education, the report highlights the invaluable contributions of unsung leaders district officials, education officers, inspectors and supervisors. As a former teacher, I	[ "on", "average", "at", "least", "20", "percentage", "points", "lower", "than", "the", "average", "share", "of", "female", "teachers", ".", "This", "must", "change", ".", "\n\n", "In", "addition", "to", "challenging", "gender", "norms", "in", "education", "leadership", ",", "we", "must", "also", "challenge", "the", "assumptions", "of", "hierarchy", "that", "exist", "in", "education", "worldwide", ".", "This", "report", "gives", "clear", "recommendations", "to", "shift", "from", "hierarchical", "and", "centralized", "education", "systems", "to", "more", "inclusive", "leadership", "in", "education", "that", "engages", "principals", ",", "teachers", ",", "parents", ",", "student", "representatives", ",", "and", "community", "members", ".", "In", "order", "to", "build", "a", "shared", "vision", "of", "education", "that", "takes", "into", "account", "all", "of", "these", "stakeholders", ",", "school", "leaders", "must", "be", "given", "space", "and", "training", ".", "\n\n", "Many", "leaders", "in", "education", "are", "passionate", "about", "their", "work", "and", "dedicated", "to", "making", "a", "difference", "on", "the", "ground", ",", "but", "rigid", "systems", "prevent", "them", "from", "striving", "for", "excellence", ".", "By", "enabling", "them", "to", "fulfil", "their", "potential", ",", "we", "can", "bring", "new", "energy", "into", "educational", "systems", "and", "inspire", "younger", "generations", "whose", "schooling", "experience", "can", "shape", "their", "views", "of", "leadership", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Audrey", "Azoulay", "Director", "-", "General", "of", "UNESCO", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Foreword", "\n\n", "From", "the", "classroom", "to", "the", "boardroom", ",", "from", "offices", "to", "the", "global", "stage", ",", "leaders", "shape", "education", ".", " ", "I", "am", "honoured", "to", "introduce", "the", "2024/5", "GEM", "Report", ",", "which", "this", "year", "focuses", "on", "the", "critical", "role", "of", "leadership", "in", "education", ".", "As", "Chair", "of", "the", "Advisory", "Board", "for", "this", "Report", "and", "a", "member", "of", "the", "SDG", "4", "-", "Education", "2030", "High", "-", "level", "Steering", "Committee", ",", "I", "believe", "that", "fostering", "cooperation", "in", "education", "leadership", "is", "the", "most", "powerful", "tool", "for", "achieving", "the", "Sustainable", "Development", "Goals", ".", "\n\n", "In", "recent", "years", ",", "during", "my", "mandate", "as", "European", "Commissioner", "for", "International", "Partnerships", ",", "I", "have", "dedicated", "myself", "to", "advocating", "for", "education", "as", "a", "catalyst", "for", "social", "and", "economic", "change", ".", "Education", "is", "transformative", "but", "the", "need", "for", "political", "leaders", "to", "step", "up", "advocacy", "and", "drive", "education", "in", "the", "right", "direction", "remains", "as", "vital", "as", "ever", ".", "\n\n", "Education", "spending", "in", "many", "countries", "can", "not", "compete", "with", "the", "calls", "for", "debt", "servicing", ";", "a", "USD", "100", "billion", "annual", "education", "finance", "gap", "in", "the", "poorest", "80", "countries", "remains", "to", "be", "filled", ".", "Without", "the", "necessary", "resources", ",", "education", "quality", "suffers", ".", "Teachers", "are", "frequently", "hired", "without", "meeting", "national", "qualification", "standards", "or", "training", ",", "and", "the", "promise", "of", "a", "quality", "education", "is", "left", "unfulfilled", ".", "But", "achieving", "inclusive", ",", "quality", "education", "for", "all", "is", "still", "within", "our", "grasp", "-", " ", "leaders", "at", "all", "levels", "just", "need", "to", "be", "united", "behind", "a", "shared", "agenda", ".", "\n\n", "While", "we", "often", "celebrate", "heroic", "figures", "in", "education", ",", "the", "report", "highlights", "the", "invaluable", "contributions", "of", "unsung", "leaders", "district", "officials", ",", "education", "officers", ",", "inspectors", "and", "supervisors", ".", "As", "a", "former", "teacher", ",", "I" ]	[]
computer science (in areas such as automatic control and UAVs) as well as Me- chanical engineering, presents the highest specialisation index in publications and pat- ents, and a high scientific citation impact. Its research is geared towards road, rail, sea and air transport, while patents cluster in Vehicles in general, Combustion engines and Ships; ■Mechanical engineering presents a high critical mass in patents and specialisation and citation impact in publications. It co-occurs with a large number of domains, particularly Transportation, Energy and Electric and elec- tronic technologies; ■Nanotechnology and materials presents a high critical mass in patents and publica- tions and a relevant number of EC projects. This rather transversal domain co-occurs frequently with a large number of domains in the hard and applied sciences, particular- ly Biotechnology, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation21 UKRAINE Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCIEC projectsTotal Agrifood 0 Biotechnology 3 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 4 Environmental sciences and industries1 Fundamental physics and mathematics1 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 4 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery3 Nanotechnology and materials 3 Optics and photonics 2 Transportation 3 NCI = Normalised citation impact EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable VIII. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Ukraine 22 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Identification of the main actors and col- laboration patterns within the S&T spe- cialisation domains Actors and S&T ecosystems The main actors per EaP country and the nation- al collaborations within the EaP, as well as inter- national collaboration with external partners, are presented in detail in Part 3. This information is complemented by the interactive networks9, which are produced in the context of this project as a tool to complement this written document. The net- works provide a complete exploratory depiction of all actors for a country, filterable by domain. The National Academies of Science play a cen- tral role in Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine. In all countries, one or very few comprehensive univer- sities, usually located in the capital city (or some other main cities for Ukraine), also have a back- bone role in the national ecosystem. After these, specialised research institutions and universities 9 Available on the Smart Specialisation platform webpage.present relevant roles	[ "computer", "science", "(", "in", "areas", "such", "as", "\n", "automatic", "control", "and", "UAVs", ")", "as", "well", "as", "Me-", "\n", "chanical", "engineering", ",", "presents", "the", "highest", "\n", "specialisation", "index", "in", "publications", "and", "pat-", "\n", "ents", ",", "and", "a", "high", "scientific", "citation", "impact", ".", "Its", "\n", "research", "is", "geared", "towards", "road", ",", "rail", ",", "sea", "and", "\n", "air", "transport", ",", "while", "patents", "cluster", "in", "Vehicles", "\n", "in", "general", ",", "Combustion", "engines", "and", "Ships", ";", "\n ", "■", "Mechanical", "engineering", "presents", "a", "high", "\n", "critical", "mass", "in", "patents", "and", "specialisation", "and", "\n", "citation", "impact", "in", "publications", ".", "It", "co", "-", "occurs", "\n", "with", "a", "large", "number", "of", "domains", ",", "particularly", "Transportation", ",", "Energy", "and", "Electric", "and", "elec-", "\n", "tronic", "technologies", ";", "\n ", "■", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "presents", "\n", "a", "high", "critical", "mass", "in", "patents", "and", "publica-", "\n", "tions", "and", "a", "relevant", "number", "of", "EC", "projects", ".", "\n", "This", "rather", "transversal", "domain", "co", "-", "occurs", "\n", "frequently", "with", "a", "large", "number", "of", "domains", "\n", "in", "the", "hard", "and", "applied", "sciences", ",", "particular-", "\n", "ly", "Biotechnology", ",", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics", "and", "Mechanical", "engineering", "\n", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation21", "\n ", "UKRAINE", "Critical", "mass", "Specialisation", "Excellence", "Summary", "\n", "S&T", "domain", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "Pubs", ".", "Pat", ".", "NCIEC", "\n", "projectsTotal", "\n", "Agrifood", "0", "\n", "Biotechnology", "3", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineering0", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "\n", "technologies2", "\n", "Energy", "4", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "\n", "industries1", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "\n", "mathematics1", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "\n", "and", "the", "economy3", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "4", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "1", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery3", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "3", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "2", "\n", "Transportation", "3", "\n", "", "NCI", "=", "Normalised", "citation", "impact", "", "EC", "projects", "=", "EU", "-", "funded", "R&I", "projectsTable", "VIII", ".", "Selected", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "Ukraine", "\n", "22", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "\n", "Identification", "of", "the", "main", "actors", "and", "col-", "\n", "laboration", "patterns", "within", "the", "S&T", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", "domains", "\n", "Actors", "and", "S&T", "ecosystems", "\n", "The", "main", "actors", "per", "EaP", "country", "and", "the", "nation-", "\n", "al", "collaborations", "within", "the", "EaP", ",", "as", "well", "as", "inter-", "\n", "national", "collaboration", "with", "external", "partners", ",", "are", "\n", "presented", "in", "detail", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "This", "information", "is", "\n", "complemented", "by", "the", "interactive", "networks9", ",", "which", "\n", "are", "produced", "in", "the", "context", "of", "this", "project", "as", "a", "tool", "\n", "to", "complement", "this", "written", "document", ".", "The", "net-", "\n", "works", "provide", "a", "complete", "exploratory", "depiction", "of", "\n", "all", "actors", "for", "a", "country", ",", "filterable", "by", "domain", ".", "\n", "The", "National", "Academies", "of", "Science", "play", "a", "cen-", "\n", "tral", "role", "in", "Armenia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "In", "all", "\n", "countries", ",", "one", "or", "very", "few", "comprehensive", "univer-", "\n", "sities", ",", "usually", "located", "in", "the", "capital", "city", "(", "or", "some", "\n", "other", "main", "cities", "for", "Ukraine", ")", ",", "also", "have", "a", "back-", "\n", "bone", "role", "in", "the", "national", "ecosystem", ".", "After", "these", ",", "\n", "specialised", "research", "institutions", "and", "universities", "\n", "9", "Available", "on", "the", "Smart", "Specialisation", "platform", "webpage.present", "relevant", "roles" ]	[ { "end": 2755, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2754 }, { "end": 2192, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2191 } ]
scientists have become increasingly popular. The feminist movement that fol - lowed further encouraged many Japanese female researchers. The second wave of feminism led to the establishment of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979. In Japan, the ratification of the Convention in 1985, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, resulted in a slight increase in the number of students in science and engineering. Japan has produced more than two- dozen male Nobel Prize winners, yet there have been no female lau - reates to date. Japan’s ranking on the gender gap index is notoriously poor, standing at 120 on a list of 156 countries. The gender gap in Japan is worse in politics and the STEMM fields. As women scientists remain a minority in their own countries, such international exchanges are espe - cially beneficial. In conclusion, I propose we keep in mind the following four messages, to foreground the detailed analysis of women’s experiences of in/ visibility in science in the twentieth century. • The two tragic world wars provided women scientists with the opportu - nity to realize their potential in ways previously unimaginable. However, the work was sometimes dangerous and the working conditions were not comparable to those of men. • The twentieth century also brought graduate education and PhD pro - grammes to women, enabling them to acquire an education on the same footing as their male peers. This, however, did not necessarily bring equal opportunities for employment in research institutions. • The feminist movements for suffrage and equal opportunities promoted the emancipation of women scientists from the old gender roles of ‘good wives’ and ‘wise mothers’, while also drawing attention to the many unseen forms of scientific labour women performed in the confines of their homes. • The twentieth century accelerated international exchanges among women scientists, helping them to forge collaborations across regional and disciplinary boundaries and support each other in their attempts xxxii Negotiating in/visibility to overcome the many barriers they faced in their pursuit of scientific careers. Taken together, these developments became the runway for the flight of the twenty- first century, with its equal – in principle, if not necessarily in prac - tice – opportunities for women to work in various scientific fields. 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Williams, Mark R. F. 'Experiencing Time in the Early English East India Company.' The Historical Journal 65 (2022) 1175-1196. Wishnitzer, Avner. 'In the Dark: Power, Light, and Nocturnal Life in 18th-Century Istanbul.' International Journal of Middle east Studies 46 (2014) 513-531. Wishnitzer, Avner. As Night Falls: Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Cities after Dark . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Wishnitzer, Avner. Reading Clocks, Alla Turca: Time and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire . Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2015. Wright, Samuel. 'The Moment of Marriage: Toward a History of Temporality in South Asia, 1650-1820.' Modern Asian Studies (forthcoming). Yildiz, Hatice. 'The Politics of Time in Colonial Bombay: Labor Patterns and Protest in Cotton Mills.' Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 260-285. Zalasiewicz, Jan, et al. 'Introduction: The Anthropocene: A New Epoch of Geological Time.' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 369 (2011): 835-841.	[ "Williams", ",", "Mark", "R.", "F.", "'", "Experiencing", "Time", "in", "the", "Early", "English", "East", "India", "Company", ".", "'", "The", "Historical", "Journal", "65", "(", "2022", ")", "1175", "-", "1196", ".", "\n\n", "Wishnitzer", ",", "Avner", ".", "'", "In", "the", "Dark", ":", "Power", ",", "Light", ",", "and", "Nocturnal", "Life", "in", "18th", "-", "Century", "Istanbul", ".", "'", "\n\n", "International", "Journal", "of", "Middle", "east", "Studies", "46", "(", "2014", ")", "513", "-", "531", ".", "\n\n", "Wishnitzer", ",", "Avner", ".", "As", "Night", "Falls", ":", "Eighteenth", "-", "Century", "Ottoman", "Cities", "after", "Dark", ".", "New", "York", ":", "Cambridge", "University", "Press", ",", "2021", ".", "\n\n", "Wishnitzer", ",", "Avner", ".", "Reading", "Clocks", ",", "Alla", "Turca", ":", "Time", "and", "Society", "in", "the", "Late", "Ottoman", "Empire", ".", "Chicago", "and", "London", ":", "The", "University", "of", "Chicago", "Press", ",", "2015", ".", "\n\n", "Wright", ",", "Samuel", ".", "'", "The", "Moment", "of", "Marriage", ":", "Toward", "a", "History", "of", "Temporality", "in", "South", "Asia", ",", "\n\n", "1650", "-", "1820", ".", "'", "Modern", "Asian", "Studies", "(", "forthcoming", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Yildiz", ",", "Hatice", ".", "'", "The", "Politics", "of", "Time", "in", "Colonial", "Bombay", ":", "Labor", "Patterns", "and", "Protest", "in", "Cotton", "Mills", ".", "'", "Journal", "of", "Social", "History", "54", ",", "no", ".", "1", "(", "2020", "):", "260", "-", "285", ".", "\n\n", "Zalasiewicz", ",", "Jan", ",", "et", "al", ".", "'", "Introduction", ":", "The", "Anthropocene", ":", "A", "New", "Epoch", "of", "Geological", "Time", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Philosophical", "Transactions", "of", "the", "Royal", "Society", "369", "(", "2011", "):", "835", "-", "841", "." ]	[ { "end": 125, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 }, { "end": 284, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 127 }, { "end": 411, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 286 }, { "end": 564, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 413 }, { "end": 702, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 566 }, { "end": 859, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 704 }, { "end": 1021, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 861 } ]
depicts an example 3D material that allows the solid waste system to create a clean 3D container stream from the resulting streams of , utilizing mechanical and robotic sorting on the container line presort, that may be carried out by the of . depicts the operations for , which may be carried out in whole or in part by one or more components of . Various operations may be added, omitted, repeated, or carried out in a different sequence depending upon the requirements of a given MRF and implementation. Process starts with obtaining the 3D material stream from operation of . At operation , an autonomous container presort is carried out by a sorting MHU (e.g., one or more robotic sorters, one or more optical sorters, one or more air systems, and/or the like). This presort results in a and a high-purity including 3D containers, which are subject to further sorting at . The includes materials, such as fiber materials, OCC, and/or other residues. These residues may have been mis-sorted earlier, and so may be routed back into the MRF at an appropriate stage for further processing and redirection to a recyclable waste stream. Additionally or alternatively, the residues may be too highly contaminated (e.g., saturated with moisture, oil, or another contaminant) to allow for recovery, and so may be combined with other non-recoverable waste streams for eventual shipment to a landfill, to a waste energy facility, or another suitable handling facility. depicts an example heavies that occurs prior to the 2D-3D separation, wherein plastics and metals can be recovered using robotic sorting, which may be carried out at least in part by the system of . , the operations for an , which may be carried out in whole or in part by one or more components of the of . Various operations may be added, omitted, repeated, or carried out in a different sequence depending upon the requirements of a given MRF and implementation. begins where a is obtained. In some examples, the includes objects of 0-24″. Additionally or alternatively, the may be the same or similar as the small from . Different implementations may presort for different material sizes. Additionally or alternatively, the operations of may be carried out in parallel to the operations of . At , a density separation is performed on the . 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activities, the transfer pricing rules should also apply to such internal transactions (better referred to as 'dealings') between separate parts of the same legal entity. By doing so, mining jurisdictions can ensure that the relevant profits recognized at the level of each licence/activity represent the true economic value generated by the specific licence/activity, which is de facto treated as a separate taxpayer, often even filing a separate tax return. The challenge with this approach is that transfer pricing rules are complex and time consuming to apply. If they are applied to all the internal dealings inside of the same legal entity, this can increase the tax compliance costs and create challenges for tax administration and taxpayers. Tanzania and Mozambique, ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION however, apply transfer pricing rules for such internal 'arrangements' and 'dealings' of mining companies. The United Kingdom does it with a focus on oil transactions (see Box 19). As demonstrated in these examples, where there is a policy intent that the transfer pricing rules shall apply to such internal dealings, it must be clearly stipulated in the legislation, and the compliance implications should be carefully considered. ## BOX 19. THE CASES OF TANZANIA, MOZAMBIQUE, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM ## Tanzania In T anzania, transfer pricing rules apply to arrangements between separate mining or oil and gas operations and any other activities of the person conducting those operations, including operations they carry out under different mineral rights or their own processing, smelting, or refining operations. Source: Tanzania ITA s33 read with s65B(5), Tanzania Income Tax Act. ## Mozambique In Mozambique, transactions between different concessions or licences owned by the taxpayer, transactions between projects developed by the same taxpayer, or transactions between related parties are considered transactions conducted by independent parties, so transfer pricing rules will be applicable. Source: Mozambique Law No. 23/2014, s25. ## United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, any cross-ring-fence transactions within a single company are treated as if they are transactions between associates and so are subject to domestic transfer pricing rules. Where oil is transferred or sold between ring-fenced upstream and downstream entities, a statutory price is applied to the transaction. 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UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Technical Cooperation Group for SDG 4 Indicators. https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/ sites/4/2023/03/TCG9\_Consultation-Results\_Report\_2023.03\_FINAL.pdf UN Women. (2019). Investing in Early Childhood Education and Care in Kyrgyz Republic : An Assessment of Care Deficits, Costs and Impact on Employment, Gender Equality and Fiscal Returns . https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/ Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2019/Investing-in-early-childhood-education-andcare-in-Kyrgyz-Republic-en.pdf UNESCO. (2015). Investing Against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education . https://doi.org/10.54675/ IBQA9325 UNESCO. (2020). Global Education Monitoring Report 2020: Inclusion and Education: All Means All . UNESCO. (2021a). Global Education Monitoring Report 2021/2: Non-state Actors in Education: Who Chooses? Who Loses? UNESCO. (2021b). Right From the Start: Build Inclusive Societies Through Inclusive Early Childhood Education . ( Global Education Monitoring Report Policy Paper 46.) https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378078 UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology and Education: A Tool on Whose Terms? UNICEF. (2022). Thailand: Survey Findings Report: Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys . https://mics-surveys-prod. s3.amazonaws.com/MICS6/East%20Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific/Thailand/2022/Survey%20findings/ MICS2022\_National%20%28English%29.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Education Requirements for Head Start Directors . https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/publication/education-requirements-head-start-directors Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Vera-Hernández, M., and Grantham-McGregor, S. (2011). Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior. Pediatrics , 127 (5), 849-857. 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(Eds.), Higher Education's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Building a Sustainable and Democratic Future (pp. 67-78). Council of Europe. 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other example(s) herein, wherein the unique identifier is a machine-readable element including a reference to the stored material composition data. Example [0223] includes the method of example [0222] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the machine-readable element is one of: QR code, a barcode, or an RFID tag. Example [0224] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0223] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: operating a machine vision system to perform the identification and classification of the objects. Example [0225] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0224] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of MHUs include one or more of conveyors, material loaders, mechanical sorters, a robotic sorters, optical sorters, air sorters, baler sorters, and automated quality control (AQC) sorters. Example [0226] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0225] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, a near IR (NIR) spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray light sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, and a flow meter. Example [0227] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0226] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method is performed by a computing device comprising one or more of a multi-core processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a hardware accelerator, a digital signal processor, a crypto-processor, or a graphics processor. Example [0228] includes a method of operating a controller of a material recovery facility (MRF), the method comprising: receiving data streams from respective MRF components of a plurality of MRF components deployed at various locations in the MRF, wherein the plurality of MRF components includes a set of sensors and a set of material handling units (MHUs); processing the data streams to determine an MRF status of the MRF, wherein the MRF status is based on a composition of a material stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of at least one MRF component of the plurality of MRF components, and wherein the composition of the material stream is based on identification and classification of objects within the material streams; determining an MRF arrangement of the plurality of MRF components based on the MRF status, wherein the	[ "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "unique", "identifier", "is", "a", "machine", "-", "readable", 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Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products \| \| \| \| X \| X \| X \| \| 22 \| Manufacture of rubber and plastic products \| \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| 25 \| Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment \| \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| 26 \| Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products \| \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| 27 \| Manufacture of electrical equipment \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 28 \| Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \| 29 \| Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers \| X \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 310 \| Furniture \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| ## Mapping the economic potential in Manufacturing - results for Ukraine Results of the economic mapping for Ukraine are shown in Table 2.13 . In total, 5 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a current strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two columns with an 'X' in a green-coloured cell). Industries with current strength include Vegetable and animal oils and fats (104); Manufacture Part of basic metals (24); Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29); and Manufacture of other transport equipment (30). Industries with emerging strength include Processing/ preserving of meat (101); Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16). ## Table 2.13. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Ukraine \| \| \| Employ- ment \| Turnover \| Employ- ment & turnover \| Employ- ment \| Turnover \| Employ- ment & turnover \| \|-----\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------\|------------\|---------------------------\|----------------\|------------\|---------------------------\| \| \| \| Current \| Current \| Current \| Emerging \| Emerging \| Emerging \| \| \| \| 7 \| 9 \| 5 \| 11 \| 9 \| 4 \| \| 101 \| Processing/preserving of meat \| \| \| \| X \| X \| X \| \| 104 \| Vegetable and animal oils and fats \| X \| X \| X \| X \| \| \| \| 105 \| Dairy products \| \| \| \| \| X \| \| \|	[ "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "chemical", "products", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "X", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "and", "plastic", "products", " ", 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- 11 National Archives and Records Administration, Morrill Act (1862), www. archi ves.gov/ milest one- docume nts/ morr ill- act (accessed 25 May 2022). - 12 The University of Illinois Archives' first archivist conducted a comprehensive survey of the University of Illinois' scientific activities in seeking to create a set of guidelines for other college and university archives likewise documenting science and technology. See M. J. Brichford, Scientific and Technological Documentation: Archival Evaluation and Processing of University Records Relating to Science and Technology (Urbana: University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 1969), https:// archi ves.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ work pap/ Sci- TechDocume ntat ion.pdf (accessed 25 May 2022). - 13 One only has to look at the University of Illinois Engineering's Hall of Fame to see the ways that mostly white men have dominated the narrative about who is important in the University's history of engineering: https:// grain ger.illin ois.edu/ alu mni/ hall- of- fame (accessed 25 August 2019). These portraits, which are also displayed in the Grainger Engineering Library Information Center, illustrate the all- too- pervasive phenomenon of the 'dude wall' in science. See N. Greenfieldboyce, 'Academic science rethinks all- too- white 'dude walls' of honor', NPR (25 August 2019), www.npr.org/ secti ons/ hea lth- shots/ 2019/ 08/ 25/ 749886 989/ acade mic- scie nce- rethi nks- all- too- white- dude- walls- of- honor . - 14 Women in Science Lectures, Field Museum, www.fiel dmus eum.org/ our- eve nts/ women- scie nce- lectu res (accessed 9 September 2021). - 15 Association for Women in Science, Speaker's Bureau, https:// awis.org/ speak ersbur eau/ (accessed 24 May 2024); Cranbrook Institute of Science, Women in Science Speaker Series, https:// scie nce.cranbr ook.edu/ women- rock- scie nce/ spea ker- ser ies (accessed 24 May 2024). - 16 Lady Science , www.lady scie nce.com/ (accessed 26 May 2023); Lost Women of Science , www.los twom enof scie nce.org/ (accessed 26 May 2024). - 17 'Women in Science Lecture Series (Born Digital Records)', University of Illinois Library, University of Illinois Archives, https:// digi tal.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ coll ecti ons/ 4fe01 460- e960- 0138- 74c9- 02d0d 7bfd 6e4- 0 (accessed 31 May 2022). - 18 One persistent issue in the history of women in science is the lack of credit and recognition they have received, thus making it all the more important to capture and preserve an archival record created by women who can specifically talk about their work.	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phase is observed at 10 h during which the voltage rises quickly followed by a voltage plateau at 1.5 V with very little increase until 16 h (see Figure 3f).Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 6 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 21 charge voltage proﬁle shows a start charging voltage of ~1.2 V rising for 8 h until a voltage of ~1.4 V, then a change phase is observed at 10 h during which the voltage rises quickly followed by a voltage plateau at 1.5 V with very little increase until 16 h (see Figure 3f). Figure 2. AA Energizer 2.5 Ah NiMH battery charge at 0.1 C and discharge at 0.2 C for diﬀerent charging durations. AS = ascending charging duration; DS = descending charging duration with (a) charge capacity, (b) discharge capacity, (c) columbic eﬃciency, and (d) energy eﬃciency. Figure 2. AA Energizer 2.5 Ah NiMH battery charge at 0.1 C and discharge at 0.2 C for different charging durations. AS = ascending charging duration; DS = descending charging duration with (a) charge capacity, ( b) discharge capacity, ( c) columbic efficiency, and ( d) energy efficiency. The selected portable NiMH batteries exhibit different internal resistances ranging from 2 m Ωup to 130 m Ω(see Figure 4). Increasing the size of the batteries tends to correlate with lower internal resistance. A “D” NiMH battery has a larger cell construction than a “AAA” battery (diameter of “AAA” 10 mm and “D” 33 mm); thus, the D battery has a greater electrode contact area with the electrolyte, reducing the internal resistance [ 33]. While the internal resistance is lower in bigger NiMH batteries (C and D designations), the specific energy density of the NiMH batteries is larger in AA and AAA batteries (see Figure 4). In all cases, there are differences between the rated capacity (Wh/kg declared label) and the tested capacity (Wh/kg JRC test). In most cases, the capacity declared by the manufacturer is larger than the capacity measured in this study. These differences could be related to the manufacturer’s date of production, testing equipment, changes in the cell during transportation and distribution, to name a few.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 7 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 21 Figure 3. 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and a teacher, in May 1929 she graduated from the School Hygiene course of the Faculty of Medicine in Iași. However, it was not until 1934 that Victoria Vasiliu requested to be evaluated for tenure at the boarding school where she had been serving since 1928. According to the principal’s recommendation, she had shown genuine interest in students’ health and well- being over the years, examin - ing them individually each year, keeping their sanitary leaflets up to date and monitoring the boarding school’s hygiene and housing conditions. Since Victoria Vasiliu had served for six years as school doctor, but only five as a hygiene teacher, the principal, Olga Savinescu, pleaded with the Ministry of Instruction to grant her tenure. Still, for reasons that were not disclosed in the file, the evaluation did not take place until the last week of November 1936, when the designated inspector attended a seventh- grade medicine class on ‘Bleeding and ways to stop it’. He evaluated the students as well prepared and appreciated the doctor’s ability to use their answers to start the new lesson; she explained 164 Negotiating in/visibility the procedure necessary to stop bleeding to the girls and showed them how to tie the knot, making them practise on each other’s arms. The second class the inspector attended was a fifth- grade course on ‘Eruptive fevers: Scarlet fever and measles’. Once again, the inspector appreciated her pedagogical skills and the clear and methodical approach of the lesson. Her teaching was not the only target of evaluation. The inspector referred to the way she served as a doctor, taking care of the students and making sure contagious diseases were contained. He also added that she was highly regarded, in school and beyond, as she had served the high school with great dedication.66 Twelve years later, according to the doctor’s yearbook in 1948,67 Victoria Vasiliu was still a school doctor, proving that such profes - sional paths opened the possibility of a successful teaching career for female physicians. Conclusions Female professionals have been invisible in Romanian historiography. Despite the different dictionaries and encyclopaedias highlighting important women’s trajectories, their presence in public sectors and their contributions have been generally overlooked. This study has tried to remedy this situ - ation by focusing on female doctors working in schools during the 1920s and 1930s and their impact on the Romanian society. 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on the combination/integration of chemical recycling facilities with mechanical ones could also prove to be fundamental. Data indicated the share of chemical recycling facilities in the EU to be negligible compared to mechanical recycling: che mical recycling facilities are currently less developed than mechanical counterparts, as not only in the EU but also globally few large -scale plants exist to date. Scaling -up chemical recycling facilities could significantly influence the circularity of th e value chain, especially if such technologies are applied to less -recycled polyolefins, boosting 38 the management of alternative/complementary waste feedstocks that would not be converted into secondary materials otherwise. The feedback gathered during the stakeholder consultation and the information retrieved through the performed literature review, also revealed that rather than quantifying plastic flows by economic sectors or polymers, most data are commonly presented in an aggregated way . This level of aggregation is especially challenging not only for less -explored sectors (such as Healthcare and Fishing) but also for the more explores ones (such as Packaging and Construction) as it could cause potential discrepancies in results, especially when top -down approaches are combined/compared with bottom -up ones. Further, some key aspects of the plastic value chain are ne glected ( such as plastic losses and waste mismanagement, on top of trade flows). A harmonization of plastic data collection could enhance the generation of monitoring frameworks to assess the implementation of current policy efforts in the EU value chain and more realistically assess future plastic flows. This could have a strategical role to boost the EU competitiveness and assess the untapped potential for additional and better recycling in the plastic value chain. Although Packaging plays a pivotal role in the whole plastic value chain flows and impacts , the analysis of less -explored sectors should be refined and supported in the next years and should not be underestimated , due to their potential contribution to increase total recycled plastics volumes . This study represents a key milestone in improving granularity and details of complete overviews of plastic flows in the EU , especially considering that to date, few -to-none studies have combined MFA with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide a complete overview of flows and impacts of the plastic value chain in the whole EU . Findings of the present analysis are especially valuable as several interactions with stakeholders represented pivotal sources of information to refine	[ "on", "the", "combination", "/", "integration", "of", "chemical", "recycling", "facilities", "with", "mechanical", "ones", "\n", "could", "also", "prove", "to", "be", "fundamental", ".", "Data", "indicated", "the", "share", "of", "chemical", "recycling", "facilities", "in", "the", "EU", "\n", "to", "be", "negligible", "compared", "to", "mechanical", "recycling", ":", "che", "mical", "recycling", "facilities", "are", "currently", "less", "\n", "developed", "than", "mechanical", "counterparts", ",", "as", "not", "only", "in", "the", "EU", "but", "also", "globally", "few", "large", "-scale", "\n", "plants", "exist", "to", "date", ".", "Scaling", "-up", "chemical", "recycling", "facilities", "could", "significantly", "influence", "the", "circularity", "\n", "of", "th", "e", "value", "chain", ",", "especially", "if", "such", "technologies", "are", "applied", "to", "less", "-recycled", "polyolefins", ",", "boosting", "\n \n", "38", "the", "management", "of", "alternative", "/", "complementary", "waste", "feedstocks", "that", "would", "not", "be", "converted", "into", "\n", "secondary", "materials", "otherwise", ".", " \n", "The", "feedback", " ", "gathered", "during", "the", "stakeholder", "consultation", "and", "the", "information", " ", "retrieved", "through", " \n", "the", "performed", " ", "literature", "review", ",", " ", "also", "revealed", "that", " ", "rather", "than", "quantifying", "plastic", "flows", "by", "economic", "\n", "sectors", "or", "polymers", ",", " ", "most", "data", "are", "commonly", "presented", "in", "an", "aggregated", "way", ".", "This", "level", "of", "\n", "aggregation", "is", "especially", " ", "challenging", "not", "only", "for", "less", "-explored", "sectors", "(", "such", "as", "Healthcare", "and", "\n", "Fishing", ")", "but", "also", "for", "the", "more", "explores", "ones", "(", "such", "as", "Packaging", "and", "Construction", ")", "as", "it", "could", "cause", "\n", "potential", "discrepancies", "in", " ", "results", ",", "especially", "when", "top", "-down", "approaches", "are", "combined", "/", "compared", "\n", "with", "bottom", "-up", "ones", ".", "Further", ",", "some", "key", "aspects", "of", "the", "plastic", "value", "chain", "are", "ne", "glected", "(", "such", "as", " \n", "plastic", "losses", "and", "waste", "mismanagement", ",", "on", "top", "of", "trade", "flows", ")", ".", "A", "harmonization", "of", "plastic", "data", "\n", "collection", "could", "enhance", "the", "generation", " ", "of", "monitoring", "frameworks", "to", "assess", "the", "implementation", "of", "\n", "current", "policy", "efforts", "in", "the", "EU", "value", "chain", "and", "more", "realistically", "assess", "future", "plastic", "flows", ".", "This", "\n", "could", "have", "a", "strategical", "role", "to", " ", "boost", "the", "EU", "competitiveness", "and", " ", "assess", "the", "untapped", "potential", "for", "\n", "additional", "and", "better", "recycling", "in", "the", "plastic", "value", "chain", ".", "Although", "Packaging", "plays", "a", "pivotal", "role", "in", "\n", "the", "whole", "plastic", "value", "chain", "flows", " ", "and", "impacts", ",", "the", "analysis", "of", "less", "-explored", "sectors", "should", "be", "\n", "refined", "and", "supported", "in", "the", "next", "years", "and", "should", "not", "be", "underestimated", ",", "due", "to", "their", "potential", "\n", "contribution", "to", " ", "increase", "total", " ", "recycled", "plastics", "volumes", ".", " \n", "This", "study", "represents", " ", "a", "key", "milestone", "in", "improving", "granularity", "and", "details", "of", "complete", "overviews", "of", "\n", "plastic", "flows", "in", "the", "EU", ",", "especially", "considering", "that", "to", "date", ",", "few", "-to", "-", "none", "studies", "have", "combined", "MFA", "\n", "with", "Life", "Cycle", "Assessment", "(", "LCA", ")", "to", "provide", "a", "complete", "overview", "of", "flows", "and", "impacts", "of", "the", "plastic", "\n", "value", "chain", "in", "the", "whole", "EU", ".", "Findings", "of", "the", "present", "analysis", "are", "especially", "valuable", "as", "several", "\n", "interactions", "with", "stakeholders", "represented", "pivotal", "sources", "of", "information", "to", "refine" ]	[]
undoubtedly achieved some degree of success. 3 In 1941, the University of Budapest supported her application for a private teaching post. At the time, debates centred on the question of whether women were suitable for university study at all. If so, what subjects should they study? Did women have aptitudes for study at all? If a woman's purpose and duty was to raise a family, was it not inconsistent to attend university? Could a degree and a family be reconciled? These questions may sound familiar to today's female students. My point is not 'how much would have to change here for nothing to change', as a well- known saying goes, but rather, that the questions that remain unanswered are still with us today.	[ "undoubtedly", "achieved", "some", "degree", "of", "success", ".", "3", " ", "In", "1941", ",", "the", "University", "of", "Budapest", "supported", "her", "application", "for", "a", "private", "teaching", "post", ".", "At", "the", "time", ",", "debates", "centred", "on", "the", "question", "of", "whether", "women", "were", "suitable", "for", "university", "study", "at", "all", ".", "If", "so", ",", "what", "subjects", "should", "they", "study", "?", "Did", "women", "have", "aptitudes", "for", "study", "at", "all", "?", "If", "a", "woman", "'s", "purpose", "and", "duty", "was", "to", "raise", "a", "family", ",", "was", "it", "not", "inconsistent", "to", "attend", "university", "?", "Could", "a", "degree", "and", "a", "family", "be", "reconciled", "?", "These", "questions", "may", "sound", "familiar", "to", "today", "'s", "female", "students", ".", "My", "point", "is", "not", "'", "how", "much", "would", "have", "to", "change", "here", "for", "nothing", "to", "change", "'", ",", "as", "a", "well-", " ", "known", "saying", "goes", ",", "but", "rather", ",", "that", "the", "questions", "that", "remain", "unanswered", "are", "still", "with", "us", "today", "." ]	[]
applicable legal framework. ## 5.1.1 Introducing Ring-Fencing Rules Into the General Tax Legislation or Contracts As mentioned in Section 2, ring-fencing rules could be introduced through laws or contracts. It is preferable to introduce ring-fencing rules for mining into the law, which is public and subject to legislative review, rather than through contracts, which are often discretionary and confidential, with negotiations that are vulnerable to corruption. The main disadvantage of doing so is the relatively long legislative process to pass a law. Therefore, resource-rich countries might wish to use contracts to secure ring-fencing rules for a specific project-for example, where there is a lack of ring-fencing rules in the law or where the rules in the law are not sufficient, and a special approach is needed to address the specifics of a particular project, where the fiscal terms are regulated by a contract. ## 5.1.2 De Facto Ring-Fencing Due to Licencing Requirements	[ "applicable", "legal", "framework", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.1.1", "Introducing", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules", "Into", "the", "General", "Tax", "Legislation", "or", "Contracts", "\n\n", "As", "mentioned", "in", "Section", "2", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "could", "be", "introduced", "through", "laws", "or", "contracts", ".", "It", "is", "preferable", "to", "introduce", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", "into", "the", "law", ",", "which", "is", "public", "and", "subject", "to", "legislative", "review", ",", "rather", "than", "through", "contracts", ",", "which", "are", "often", "discretionary", "and", "confidential", ",", "with", "negotiations", "that", "are", "vulnerable", "to", "corruption", ".", "The", "main", "disadvantage", "of", "doing", "so", "is", "the", "relatively", "long", "legislative", "process", "to", "pass", "a", "law", ".", "Therefore", ",", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "might", "wish", "to", "use", "contracts", "to", "secure", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "a", "specific", "project", "-", "for", "example", ",", "where", "there", "is", "a", "lack", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "the", "law", "or", "where", "the", "rules", "in", "the", "law", "are", "not", "sufficient", ",", "and", "a", "special", "approach", "is", "needed", "to", "address", "the", "specifics", "of", "a", "particular", "project", ",", "where", "the", "fiscal", "terms", "are", "regulated", "by", "a", "contract", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.1.2", "De", "Facto", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Due", "to", "Licencing", "Requirements" ]	[]
35 G. Kubica, trans. B. Koschalka, Maria Czaplicka: Gender, Shamanism, Race: An Anthropological Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020). - 36 Y. Furukawa, Tsuda Umeko: Kagaku he no michi, daigaku no yume [ Umeko Tsuda: The Road to Science and the Dream of Founding a University ] (Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, 2022). - 37 E.g., three of the four papers featured in the 'Historical context' section in Kumar (ed.), Women and Science in India are on medicine. See also G. Forbes, Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography (New Delhi: Chronicle Books, 2005); S. Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care in North India: Gender, State, and Society, c.1830- 1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); H. Fujimoto, 'Women, missionaries, and medical professions: The history of overseas female students in Meiji Japan', Japan Forum , 32: 2 (2020), 185- 208. While gender, medicine and European imperialism have attracted a considerable degree of attention, more recent research has also started engaging with the topic in the context of the Japanese Empire. E.g., S. M. Kim, Imperatives of Care: Women and Medicine in Colonial Korea (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2019); H. Fujimoto, A. Homei and E. Nakamura (eds), Medical Women in the Japanese Empire: Sources and Critique (London: Routledge, forth. 2025). - 38 S. P . Nair, Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist: E. K. Janaki Ammal, A Life 1897- 1984 (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2023), p. 537. - 39 We are grateful to Jaehwan Hyun for emphasizing this point in relation to the scientific education of women in colonial Korea. See, e.g., A. Burton, 'Contesting the zenana: The Mission to 'Make Lady Doctors' for India, 18741885', Journal of British Studies , 35: 3 (1996), 368- 97; Y.- J. Sun, 'The emergence of a pioneering female scientist in Korea: Biographical research on Sam Soon Kim', Asian Women , 35 (2019), 69- 89. - 40 G. Y. Shen, 'Women and the transnational dynamics of science education in early twentieth century China: A quiet revolution', Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology , 3: 2 (2019), 89. - 41 G. Nazarska, 'An (un)established academic and scientific network: Branches of the International Federation of University Women on the Balkans (19201950s)', Balkanistic Forum , 31: 1 (2022), 32- 58; G. Nazarska, 'Opportunities for an academic career of women scientists at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mid- 1940s- 1980s)', Balkanistic Forum , 30: 1 (2021), 120- 37.	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Biotechnology in Azerbaijan ............... 239 Figure 4.8. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 239 Figure 4.9. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Azerbaijan .............................. 239 Figure 4.10. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 239 Figure 4.11. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Georgia ............................. 240 Figure 4.12. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Georgia ........................................................................................................................................................... 240 Figure 4.13. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Moldova ............................ 242 Figure 4.14. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Moldova ................ 242 Figure 4.15. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 242 Figure 4.16. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Moldova .................................................................................................................................................. 242 Figure 4.17. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 242 Figure 4.18. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Ukraine .............................. 244 Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation263 Figure 4.19. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 244 Figure 4.20. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Ukraine ................................. 245 Figure 4.21. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Environmental sciences and industries in Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.22. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Fundamental physics and mathematics in Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.23. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................. 245 Figure 4.24. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.25. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 245 Figure 4.26. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Optics and photonics in Ukraine ....245 Figure 4.27. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Transportation in Ukraine ................. 245 264 List of figures and tables LIST OF TABLES Table I. The scientific and technological specialisation domains in the Eastern Partnership identified via topic modelling ........................................................................................ 13 Table II. Number of records per labelled topic group (i.e. ‘domain’) in the Eastern Partnership region ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Table III. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources .................................................................................................................................... 15 Table IV. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Armenia ...................................................... 16 Table V. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Azerbaijan ................................................... 17 Table VI. Selected S&T	[ "Biotechnology", "in", "Azerbaijan", "...............", "239", "\n", "Figure", "4.8", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", ".....................................................................................................................................................", "239", "\n", "Figure", "4.9", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Energy", "in", "Azerbaijan", "..............................", "239", "\n", "Figure", "4.10", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", ".....................................................................................................................................................", "239", "\n", "Figure", "4.11", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "Georgia", ".............................", "240", "\n", "Figure", "4.12", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "in", "\n", "Georgia", "...........................................................................................................................................................", "240", "\n", "Figure", "4.13", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "Moldova", "............................", "242", "\n", "Figure", "4.14", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Biotechnology", "in", "Moldova", "................", "242", "\n", "Figure", "4.15", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "in", "\n", "Moldova", "..........................................................................................................................................................", "242", "\n", "Figure", "4.16", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "in", "\n", "Moldova", "..................................................................................................................................................", "242", "\n", "Figure", "4.17", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "in", "\n", "Moldova", "..........................................................................................................................................................", "242", "\n", "Figure", "4.18", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "Ukraine", "..............................", "244", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation263", "\n", "Figure", "4.19", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "in", "\n", "Ukraine", 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worldwide patent offices, although with a varying frequency of updates. Here, the same patent data will be used after first transforming them into NACE in- dustries using the IPC to NACE concordance from Eurostat (cf. Annex 4)42. For the analysis, aggregate IPC data at four-digit level will be used for the years 2011 to 2018. Ta - ble 2.30 summarises the number of patent docu- ments and patent families for each of the Eastern Partnership countries. Ukraine has by far the larg- est number of patents, followed by Moldova. Num- bers are small in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. 41 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/data/bulk- data-sets/docdb.html 42 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/documents/IPC_ NACE2_Version2_0_20150630.pdfThe IPC data at four-digit level are aggregated to a mix of two-digit and three-digit NACE industries using the concordance table in Annex 2. For each country, the relative percentage share is calculat- ed if the aggregate number of patents throughout 2011-2018 is at least 5 for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova and at least 10 for Ukraine. For each country, the degree of specialisation is calculated for each industry as the ratio between this relative percentage share and the unweight- ed relative share of all six Eastern Partnership countries combined. Results for patent documents are shown in Table 2.32 and results for patent families are shown in Table 2.33. Those indus- tries where the degrees of specialisation is 1.5 or above are highlighted in green. Combining these results, the manufacturing industries shown in Ta - ble 2.31 have innovation potential based on their relative patent performance, including 7 industries each for Armenia and Azerbaijan, 12 industries for Georgia, 8 industries for Moldova and 11 indus- tries for Ukraine. Patent docs Patent families Armenia 1 643 1 136 Azerbaijan 1 236 1 137 Georgia 1 833 1 689 Moldova 5 866 5 614 Ukraine 101 863 97 810Table 2.30. Number of patents for 2011-2018 Sources: WIPO Global Brand Database. 92 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators Azerbaijan19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 20.1 Manufacture of basic chemicals 20.4 Manufacture of soap and detergents 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 43 Specialised construction activities 62 Computer programming. consultancy and	[ "worldwide", "\n", "patent", "offices", ",", "although", "with", "a", "varying", "frequency", "\n", "of", "updates", ".", "Here", ",", "the", "same", "patent", "data", "will", "be", "\n", "used", "after", "first", "transforming", "them", "into", "NACE", "in-", "\n", 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Mehta, D. (2024). Jhuggi Better Than Vertical Slums: Residents Regret Moving into Delhi's In-Situ Rehab Towers, The Times of India. Available at: https://timesofindia .indiatimes .com /city /delhi /hopes -fall -flat -journey -from -slums -to -own -house -fails -to -meet -expectations /articleshow /112612086 .cms (Accessed January 2024). Nabi, M. (2024). From Slums to Modern Homes: Unfulfilled Promises of Delhi's Master Plan 2041: Slum Dwellers Regret Relocating to Modern Rehabilitation Towers, Society: Media India Group. Available at: https://mediaindia .eu /society /from -slums -to -modern -homes -unfulfilled -promises -of -delhis -master -plan -2041 (Accessed January 2025) Ram, B. , and Sharma, D. (2022). An Evaluation of 'Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin' in the State of Himachal Pradesh: Some Insights, in Ed Gaurav Gaur (ed.) Human Rights and Social Responsibility: A Reflection . Chandigarh: Indian Society of Professional Social Work, pp. 193-205. Rao, P. S. N. (2020). A Review of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Urban: Housing for All, Journal of the Institute of Town Planners, India, 17 (1), 86-95. RoyChowdhury, S. (2021). City of Shadows: Slums and Informal Work In Bangalore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Surendra, S. (2020). Spatial Analytics for Urban and Regional Planning, Journal of the Institute of Town Planners, India , 17 (1), 96-102. Weinstein, L. (2014). The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Press. Zipp, S. , and Storring, N. (2017). Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Penguin Random House. <!-- image --> If all had to wait for better things until they could be provided for all, that day would in many instances never come ( Hayek, 1960, p. 44) Order generated without design can far outstrip plans men consciously contrive ( Hayek, 1988 , p. 8) ## Introduction Dr Ansari's clinic is tucked away deep in the heart of the colony. His one-room 1 office is directly on the alleyway, a storefront clinic squeezed between a beauty parlour and a corn grinding store, with security metal shutters on either side of the entrance. The office houses the reception area and the surgery alongside a fridge, stacked medical provisions, medical apparatus, computer and a consulting desk. Dr Ansari's clinic provides a real-world example of Hayek's thoughts set out in the quotes above around the demand for healthcare and the spontaneous order of the market to provide that care within the community.	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determining their chemical or physical properties502 127.46% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryB02CCrushing, pulverising, or disintegrating in general; milling grain431 156.44% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryA01BSoil working in agriculture or forestry; parts, details, or accessories of agricultural machines or implements, in general398 216.30% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryE21BEarth or rock drilling; obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of materials from wells390 458.22% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation165 Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Nanotechnology and materialsC04BLime; magnesia; slag; cements; compositions thereof, e.g. mortars, concrete or like building materials; artificial stone; ceramics; refractories; treatment of natural stone428 595.63% Nanotechnology and materialsG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties408 103.59% Nanotechnology and materialsC22C Alloys 389 293.22% Nanotechnology and materialsB23KSoldering or unsoldering; welding; cladding or plating by soldering or welding; cutting by applying heat locally, e.g. flame cutting; working by laser beam309 175.07% Nanotechnology and materialsH01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for304 301.32% Optics and photonicsG01SRadio direction-finding; radio navigation; determining distance or velocity by use of radio waves; locating or presence-detecting by use of the reflection or reradiation of radio waves; analogous arrangements using other waves292 93.79% Optics and photonicsG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties269 68.30% Optics and photonicsA61B Diagnosis; surgery; identification 145 25.07% Optics and photonicsG02B Optical elements, systems or apparatus 110 358.70% Optics and photonicsH01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for100 99.12% Transportation B64C Aeroplanes; helicopters 108 195.48% Transportation B63BShips or other waterborne vessels; equipment for shipping106 100.00% Transportation F02BInternal-combustion piston engines; combustion engines in general92 315.07% Transportation B64G Cosmonautics; vehicles or equipment therefor 72 100.00% Transportation B62D Motor vehicles; trailers 67 124.07% 166 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential 3.4 Overview of the distribution of domains in the EaP countries The previous sections offered the identification and characterisation of the EaP-level S&T of spe- cialisation domains. In this section, three graphics (called ‘parallel charts’) offer a transversal view of the relevance of the identified S&T domains in the EaP and the six countries (Figure 3.20 to 3.22) for the three types of sources analysed (publications, patents and EC projects). They present the abso- lute and relative number of records classified in each S&T domain, as well as a comparison of their rank between the countries. It must be noted that during the	[ "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties502", "127.46", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "\n", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machineryB02CCrushing", ",", "pulverising", ",", "or", "disintegrating", "in", "general", ";", "milling", "\n", "grain431", "156.44", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "\n", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machineryA01BSoil", "working", "in", "agriculture", "or", "forestry", ";", "parts", ",", "details", ",", "or", "\n", "accessories", "of", "agricultural", "machines", "or", "implements", ",", "in", "\n", "general398", "216.30", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "\n", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machineryE21BEarth", "or", "rock", "drilling", ";", "obtaining", "oil", ",", "gas", ",", "water", ",", "soluble", "or", "\n", "meltable", "materials", "or", "a", "slurry", "of", "materials", "from", "wells390", "458.22", "%", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation165", "\n", "Domain", "IPC", "Description", "No", "recordsRelative", "\n", "freq", ".", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsC04BLime", ";", "magnesia", ";", "slag", ";", "cements", ";", "compositions", "thereof", ",", "\n", "e.g.", "mortars", ",", "concrete", "or", "like", "building", "materials", ";", "artificial", "\n", "stone", ";", "ceramics", ";", "refractories", ";", "treatment", "of", "natural", "stone428", "595.63", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsG01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties408", "103.59", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsC22C", "Alloys", "389", "293.22", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsB23KSoldering", "or", "unsoldering", ";", "welding", ";", "cladding", "or", "plating", "by", "\n", "soldering", "or", "welding", ";", "cutting", "by", "applying", "heat", "locally", ",", "e.g.", "\n", "flame", "cutting", ";", "working", "by", "laser", "beam309", "175.07", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsH01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for304", "301.32", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG01SRadio", "direction", "-", "finding", ";", "radio", "navigation", ";", "determining", "\n", "distance", "or", "velocity", "by", "use", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "locating", "or", "\n", "presence", "-", "detecting", "by", "use", "of", "the", "reflection", "or", "reradiation", "\n", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "analogous", "arrangements", "using", "other", "\n", "waves292", "93.79", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties269", "68.30", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsA61B", "Diagnosis", ";", "surgery", ";", "identification", "145", "25.07", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG02B", "Optical", "elements", ",", "systems", "or", "apparatus", "110", "358.70", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsH01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for100", "99.12", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B64C", "Aeroplanes", ";", "helicopters", "108", "195.48", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B63BShips", "or", "other", "waterborne", "vessels", ";", "equipment", "for", "\n", "shipping106", "100.00", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "F02BInternal", "-", "combustion", "piston", "engines", ";", "combustion", "engines", "\n", "in", "general92", "315.07", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B64", "G", "Cosmonautics", ";", "vehicles", "or", "equipment", "therefor", "72", "100.00", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B62D", "Motor", "vehicles", ";", "trailers", "67", "124.07", "%", "\n", "166", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "3.4", "Overview", "of", "the", "distribution", "of", "\n", "domains", "in", "the", "EaP", "countries", "\n", "The", "previous", "sections", "offered", "the", "identification", "\n", "and", "characterisation", "of", "the", "EaP", "-", "level", "S&T", "of", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", "domains", ".", "In", "this", "section", ",", "three", "graphics", "\n", "(", "called", "‘", "parallel", "charts", "’", ")", "offer", "a", "transversal", "view", "of", "\n", "the", "relevance", "of", "the", "identified", "S&T", "domains", "in", "the", "\n", "EaP", "and", "the", "six", "countries", "(", "Figure", "3.20", "to", "3.22", ")", "for", "\n", "the", "three", "types", "of", "sources", "analysed", "(", "publications", ",", "\n", "patents", "and", "EC", "projects", ")", ".", "They", "present", "the", "abso-", "\n", "lute", "and", "relative", "number", "of", "records", "classified", "in", "\n", "each", "S&T", "domain", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "comparison", "of", "their", "\n", "rank", "between", "the", "countries", ".", "\n", "It", "must", "be", "noted", "that", "during", "the" ]	[]
revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation109 Georgia # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Payments 5.60 Payments 12.22 Payments 24.44 Travel and Tourism 5.42Lending and Investments6.06Lending and Investments22.11 Lending and Investments3.46 Financial Services 4.23 Financial Services 20.08 Financial Services 3.23 Apps 2.74 Other 8.68 Food and Beverage 3.12 Advertising 2.16 Consumer Electronics 3.54 Sports 2.64 Mobile 2.15Agriculture and Farming2.23 Artificial Intelligence 2.55 Software 1.51 Software 1.86 Agriculture and Farming2.01 Travel and Tourism 1.29 Privacy and Security 1.51 Government and Military1.79 Internet Services 1.24 Travel and Tourism 1.40 Transportation 1.52 Food and Beverage 1.10Government and Military1.38Table 2.46. Specialised industry groups – Georgia For Georgia, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Moldova # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Food and Beverage 2.98 Food and Beverage 7.68 Sustainability 224.20 Government and Military2.73 Sustainability 3.71Government and Military13.73 Gaming 2.40Government and Military1.88Lending and Investments9.41 Privacy and Security 2.30 Energy 1.73 Financial Services 8.51 Sustainability 2.28Lending and Investments1.49 Privacy and Security 4.61 Lending and Investments2.12 Apps 1.40 Energy 3.91 Travel and Tourism 1.91 Software 1.37 Other 3.68 Payments 1.90 Content and Publishing 1.30 Information Technology 3.11 Financial Services 1.78 Information Technology 1.18 Software 2.46 Music and Audio 1.73 Financial Services 1.16 Travel and Tourism 1.85Table 2.47. Specialised industry groups – Moldova For Moldova, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. 110 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Ukraine Ukraine accounts for the vast majority of compa- nies, employees and estimated revenues in the EaP region. This causes the sectoral specialisation index to be very close to 1 (whether lower or high- er) for all industry groups. The calculated indices are shown in the table below. However, a more informative specialisation analy- sis shall be performed differently to the other EaP countries: additional insights must be provided by qualitatively inspecting the distribution of industry groups and by suggesting pertinent sectors to be considered. For instance, we can define Ukraine’s specialised sectors, compared to the rest of the EaP region, as those industry groups in which the sectoral	[ "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation109", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "#", "firms", "SI", "Firms", "#", "employees", "SI", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "SI", "Revenue", "\n", "Payments", "5.60", "Payments", "12.22", "Payments", "24.44", "\n", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "5.42Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments6.06Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments22.11", "\n", "Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments3.46", "Financial", "Services", "4.23", "Financial", "Services", "20.08", "\n", "Financial", "Services", "3.23", "Apps", "2.74", "Other", "8.68", "\n", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "3.12", "Advertising", "2.16", "Consumer", "Electronics", "3.54", "\n", "Sports", "2.64", "Mobile", "2.15Agriculture", "and", "\n", "Farming2.23", "\n", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "2.55", "Software", "1.51", "Software", "1.86", "\n", "Agriculture", "and", "\n", "Farming2.01", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.29", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "1.51", "\n", "Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.79", "Internet", "Services", "1.24", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.40", "\n", "Transportation", "1.52", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "1.10Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.38Table", "2.46", ".", "Specialised", "industry", "groups", "–", "Georgia", "\n", "For", "Georgia", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "relative", "specialisation", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "\n", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "#", "firms", "SI", "Firms", "#", "employees", "SI", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "SI", "Revenue", "\n", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "2.98", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "7.68", "Sustainability", "224.20", "\n", "Government", "and", "\n", "Military2.73", "Sustainability", "3.71Government", "and", "\n", "Military13.73", "\n", "Gaming", "2.40Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.88Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments9.41", "\n", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "2.30", "Energy", "1.73", "Financial", "Services", "8.51", "\n", "Sustainability", "2.28Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments1.49", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "4.61", "\n", "Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments2.12", "Apps", "1.40", "Energy", "3.91", "\n", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.91", "Software", "1.37", "Other", "3.68", "\n", "Payments", "1.90", "Content", "and", "Publishing", "1.30", "Information", "Technology", "3.11", "\n", "Financial", "Services", "1.78", "Information", "Technology", "1.18", "Software", "2.46", "\n", "Music", "and", "Audio", "1.73", "Financial", "Services", "1.16", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.85Table", "2.47", ".", "Specialised", "industry", "groups", "–", "Moldova", "\n", "For", "Moldova", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "relative", "specialisation", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "\n", "estimated", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "110", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Ukraine", "accounts", "for", "the", "vast", "majority", "of", "compa-", "\n", "nies", ",", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenues", "in", "the", "\n", "EaP", "region", ".", "This", "causes", "the", "sectoral", "specialisation", "\n", "index", "to", "be", "very", "close", "to", "1", "(", "whether", "lower", "or", "high-", "\n", "er", ")", "for", "all", "industry", "groups", ".", "The", "calculated", "indices", "\n", "are", "shown", "in", "the", "table", "below", ".", "\n", "However", ",", "a", "more", "informative", "specialisation", "analy-", "\n", "sis", "shall", "be", "performed", "differently", "to", "the", "other", "EaP", "\n", "countries", ":", "additional", "insights", "must", "be", "provided", "by", "\n", "qualitatively", "inspecting", "the", "distribution", "of", "industry", "\n", "groups", "and", "by", "suggesting", "pertinent", "sectors", "to", "be", "\n", "considered", ".", "\n", "For", "instance", ",", "we", "can", "define", "Ukraine", "’s", "specialised", "\n", "sectors", ",", "compared", "to", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "EaP", "region", ",", "as", "\n", "those", "industry", "groups", "in", "which", "the", "sectoral" ]	[]
equipment and supplies X 48 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry nameCurrent strengthEmerging strength 46.9 Non-specialised wholesale trade X 47.1 Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 47.2 Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores X 47.7 Retail sale of other goods in specialised stores X H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 49.2 Freight rail transport X X 49.4 Freight transport by road and removal services X 49.5 Transport via pipeline X 51.1 Passenger air transport X 52.1 Warehousing and storage X I ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES 56.1 Restaurants and mobile food service activities X J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 59.1 Motion picture, video and television programme activities X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES 64.1 Monetary intermediation X 64.9 Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding X L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 70.1 Activities of head offices X 72.1 Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering X 73.1 Advertising X N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES 77.3 Rental and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods X 81.1 Combined facilities support activities X O PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE; COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY P EDUCATION Q HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES 86.2 Medical and dental practice activities X R ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION S OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation49 2.2. Manufacturing analysis for five EaP countries Full economic mapping of the economic potential is not possible for three Eastern Partnership coun- tries due to a lack of available Orbis data. Partial mapping for the Manufacturing sector is feasible by using official data collected by UNIDO. This section uses data from the UNIDO Industrial Statistics Database at NACE four-digit level (INDSTAT4)31, which contains highly disaggregat- ed data on the manufacturing sector for the peri- od 1990 onwards. 31 UNIDO, INDSTAT 4 Industrial Statistics Database at the 3- and 4-digit level of ISIC Revision 3 and ISIC Revision 4, Vienna, 2020. Available from http://stat.unido.org.Data availability Data availability is not perfect for several coun- tries, not even at NACE three-digit level, as shown in Table 2.6. However, even in this situation, some sort of comparison between countries is still pos- sible and has thus been carried out. Each row of Table 2.6 represents a NACE three-dig- it Manufacturing industry. For those cases high- lighted	[ "equipment", "and", "supplies", " ", "X", "\n", "48", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "NACE", "Industry", "nameCurrent", "\n", "strengthEmerging", "\n", "strength", "\n", "46.9", "Non", "-", "specialised", "wholesale", "trade", " ", "X", "\n", "47.1", "Retail", "sale", "in", "non", "-", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", "\n", "47.2", "Retail", "sale", "of", "food", ",", "beverages", "and", "tobacco", "in", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", "\n", "47.7", "Retail", "sale", "of", "other", "goods", "in", "specialised", "stores", " ", "X", "\n", "H", "TRANSPORTATION", "AND", "STORAGE", " \n", "49.2", "Freight", "rail", "transport", "X", "X", "\n", "49.4", "Freight", "transport", "by", "road", "and", "removal", "services", " ", "X", "\n", "49.5", "Transport", "via", "pipeline", "X", " \n", "51.1", "Passenger", "air", "transport", "X", " \n", "52.1", "Warehousing", "and", "storage", "X", " \n", "I", "ACCOMMODATION", "AND", "FOOD", "SERVICE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "56.1", "Restaurants", "and", "mobile", "food", "service", "activities", " ", "X", "\n", "J", "INFORMATION", "AND", "COMMUNICATION", " \n", "59.1", "Motion", "picture", ",", "video", "and", "television", "programme", "activities", " ", "X", "\n", "K", "FINANCIAL", "AND", "INSURANCE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "64.1", "Monetary", "intermediation", " ", "X", "\n", "64.9", "Other", "financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "pension", "funding", " ", "X", "\n", "L", "REAL", "ESTATE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "M", "PROFESSIONAL", ",", "SCIENTIFIC", "AND", "TECHNICAL", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "70.1", "Activities", "of", "head", "offices", "X", " \n", "72.1", "Research", "and", "experimental", "development", "on", "natural", "sciences", "and", "engineering", "X", " \n", "73.1", "Advertising", " ", "X", "\n", "N", "ADMINISTRATIVE", "AND", "SUPPORT", "SERVICE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "77.3", "Rental", "and", "leasing", "of", "other", "machinery", ",", "equipment", "and", "tangible", "goods", " ", "X", "\n", "81.1", "Combined", "facilities", "support", "activities", "X", " \n", "O", "PUBLIC", "ADMINISTRATION", "AND", "DEFENCE", ";", "COMPULSORY", "SOCIAL", "SECURITY", " \n", "P", "EDUCATION", " \n", "Q", "HUMAN", "HEALTH", "AND", "SOCIAL", "WORK", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "86.2", "Medical", "and", "dental", "practice", "activities", " ", "X", "\n", "R", "ARTS", ",", "ENTERTAINMENT", "AND", "RECREATION", " \n", "S", "OTHER", "SERVICE", "ACTIVITIES", " \n", "n.e.c", ".", "=", "not", "elsewhere", "classified", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation49", "\n", "2.2", ".", "Manufacturing", "analysis", "for", "\n", "five", "EaP", "countries", "\n", "Full", "economic", "mapping", "of", "the", "economic", "potential", "\n", "is", "not", "possible", "for", "three", "Eastern", "Partnership", "coun-", "\n", "tries", "due", "to", "a", "lack", "of", "available", "Orbis", "data", ".", "Partial", "\n", "mapping", "for", "the", "Manufacturing", "sector", "is", "feasible", "\n", "by", "using", "official", "data", "collected", "by", "UNIDO", ".", "This", "\n", "section", "uses", "data", "from", "the", "UNIDO", "Industrial", "\n", "Statistics", "Database", "at", "NACE", "four", "-", "digit", "level", "\n", "(", "INDSTAT4)31", ",", "which", "contains", "highly", "disaggregat-", "\n", "ed", "data", "on", "the", "manufacturing", "sector", "for", "the", "peri-", "\n", "od", "1990", "onwards", ".", "\n", "31", "UNIDO", ",", "INDSTAT", "4", "Industrial", "Statistics", "Database", "at", "the", "\n", "3-", "and", "4", "-", "digit", "level", "of", "ISIC", "Revision", "3", "and", "ISIC", "Revision", "4", ",", "\n", "Vienna", ",", "2020", ".", "Available", "from", "http://stat.unido.org", ".", "Data", "availability", "\n", "Data", "availability", "is", "not", "perfect", "for", "several", "coun-", "\n", "tries", ",", "not", "even", "at", "NACE", "three", "-", "digit", "level", ",", "as", "shown", "\n", "in", "Table", "2.6", ".", "However", ",", "even", "in", "this", "situation", ",", "some", "\n", "sort", "of", "comparison", "between", "countries", "is", "still", "pos-", "\n", "sible", "and", "has", "thus", "been", "carried", "out", ".", "\n", "Each", "row", "of", "Table", "2.6", "represents", "a", "NACE", "three", "-", "dig-", "\n", "it", "Manufacturing", "industry", ".", "For", "those", "cases", "high-", "\n", "lighted" ]	[ { "end": 2229, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2227 }, { "end": 2123, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2121 }, { "end": 2399, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 2230 } ]
# Most of Earth’s species came from explosive bursts of evolution ## Majority of living species concentrated among few disproportionately rich groups with high rates of diversification, shows first-of-its-kind study. FULL STORY Biodiversity isn’t evenly spread—most species belong to a few groups that rapidly expanded, often sparked by innovations like flowers or flight. Credit: Shutterstock <!-- image --> The British evolutionary biologist JBS Haldane is said to have quipped that any divine being evidently had 'an ordinate fondness for beetles'. This bon mot conveyed an important truth: the 'tree of life' - the family tree of all species, living or extinct - is very uneven. In places, it resembles a dense thicket of short twigs; elsewhere it has only sparse but long branches. A few groups tend to predominate: as Haldane pointed out, more than 40% of extant insects are beetles, while 60% of birds are passerines, and more than 85% of plants are flowering plants. But is such a concentration of species within a few exceptionally large groups a universal phenomenon of life on Earth? This question, important for our understanding of evolution and ecology, has long been the subject of controversy among biologists. But until recently, it was difficult to answer due to our poor knowledge of the number of species in existence, their evolutionary relationships, and the age of each group. But now, scientists in the US finally have provided an answer, published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad "Here we show for the first time that most living species do indeed belong to a limited number of rapid radiations: that is, they form groups with many species which evolved in a relatively short period of time," said Dr John J. Wiens, a professor at the University of Arizona. "Specifically, if we look among the kingdoms of life, among animal phyla, and among plant phyla, we find in each case that more than 80% of known species belong to the minority of groups with exceptionally high rates of species diversification." Wiens and his coauthor Dr Daniel Moen, an assistant professor at the University of California Riverside, here analyzed the distribution of species richness and diversification rates across 'clades' - groups of species that each evolved from a single ancestor, such as phyla, classes, or families. Out on a limb They did this for land plants, insects, vertebrates, for all	[ "#", "Most", "of", "Earth", "’s", "species", "came", "from", "explosive", "bursts", "of", "evolution", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Majority", "of", "living", "species", "concentrated", "among", "few", "disproportionately", "rich", "groups", "with", "high", "rates", "of", "diversification", ",", "shows", "first", "-", "of", "-", "its", "-", "kind", "study", ".", "\n\n", "FULL", "STORY", "\n\n", "Biodiversity", "is", "n’t", "evenly", "spread", "—", "most", "species", "belong", "to", "a", "few", "groups", "that", "rapidly", "expanded", ",", "often", "sparked", "by", "innovations", "like", "flowers", "or", "flight", ".", "Credit", ":", "Shutterstock", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "The", "British", "evolutionary", "biologist", "JBS", "Haldane", "is", "said", "to", "have", "quipped", "that", "any", "divine", "being", "evidently", "had", "'", "an", "ordinate", "fondness", "for", "beetles", "'", ".", "This", "bon", "mot", "conveyed", "an", "important", "truth", ":", "the", "'", "tree", "of", "life", "'", "-", "the", "family", "tree", "of", "all", "species", ",", "living", "or", "extinct", "-", "is", "very", "uneven", ".", "In", "places", ",", "it", "resembles", "a", "dense", "thicket", "of", "short", "twigs", ";", "elsewhere", "it", "has", "only", "sparse", "but", "long", "branches", ".", "A", "few", "groups", "tend", "to", "predominate", ":", "as", "Haldane", "pointed", "out", ",", "more", "than", "40", "%", "of", "extant", "insects", "are", "beetles", ",", "while", "60", "%", "of", "birds", "are", "passerines", ",", "and", "more", "than", "85", "%", "of", "plants", "are", "flowering", "plants", ".", "\n\n", "But", "is", "such", "a", "concentration", "of", "species", "within", "a", "few", "exceptionally", "large", "groups", "a", "universal", "phenomenon", "of", "life", "on", "Earth", "?", "This", "question", ",", "important", "for", "our", "understanding", "of", "evolution", "and", "ecology", ",", "has", "long", "been", "the", "subject", "of", "controversy", "among", "biologists", ".", "But", "until", "recently", ",", "it", "was", "difficult", "to", "answer", "due", "to", "our", "poor", "knowledge", "of", "the", "number", "of", "species", "in", "existence", ",", "their", "evolutionary", "relationships", ",", "and", "the", "age", "of", "each", "group", ".", "But", "now", ",", "scientists", "in", "the", "US", "finally", "have", "provided", "an", "answer", ",", "published", "in", "Frontiers", "in", "Ecology", "and", "Evolution", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Report", "Ad", "\n\n", "\"", "Here", "we", "show", "for", "the", "first", "time", "that", "most", "living", "species", "do", "indeed", "belong", "to", "a", "limited", "number", "of", "rapid", "radiations", ":", "that", "is", ",", "they", "form", "groups", "with", "many", "species", "which", "evolved", "in", "a", "relatively", "short", "period", "of", "time", ",", "\"", "said", "Dr", "John", "J.", "Wiens", ",", "a", "professor", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Arizona", ".", "\n\n", "\"", "Specifically", ",", "if", "we", "look", "among", "the", "kingdoms", "of", "life", ",", "among", "animal", "phyla", ",", "and", "among", "plant", "phyla", ",", "we", "find", "in", "each", "case", "that", "more", "than", "80", "%", "of", "known", "species", "belong", "to", "the", "minority", "of", "groups", "with", "exceptionally", "high", "rates", "of", "species", "diversification", ".", "\"", "\n\n", "Wiens", "and", "his", "coauthor", "Dr", "Daniel", "Moen", ",", "an", "assistant", "professor", "at", "the", "University", "of", "California", "Riverside", ",", "here", "analyzed", "the", "distribution", "of", "species", "richness", "and", "diversification", "rates", "across", "'", "clades", "'", "-", "groups", "of", "species", "that", "each", "evolved", "from", "a", "single", "ancestor", ",", "such", "as", "phyla", ",", "classes", ",", "or", "families", ".", "\n\n", "Out", "on", "a", "limb", "\n\n", "They", "did", "this", "for", "land", "plants", ",", "insects", ",", "vertebrates", ",", "for", "all" ]	[]
such peripheral positions in the annals of twentieth- century sci - ence, engineering and medicine, and understand how they negotiated their circumstances in regional contexts that transcend the usual focus on the US and Western Europe. 3 3 Introduction The invisibility of women in twentieth- century science, engineering and medicine was context- specific and layered. Put differently, it was shaped by a host of intersecting factors like gender, race, ethnicity, class, caste, religion, marital status, sexuality, age, urban– rural divides and so on7 that played out differently in different geographical and temporal contexts.	[ "such", "peripheral", "positions", "in", "the", "annals", "of", "twentieth-", " ", "century", "sci", "-", "\n", "ence", ",", "engineering", "and", "medicine", ",", "and", "understand", "how", "they", "negotiated", "their", "\n", "circumstances", "in", "regional", "contexts", "that", "transcend", "the", "usual", "focus", "on", "the", "US", "\n", "and", "Western", "Europe", ".", "\n \n \n \n", "3", "\n", "3", "\n", "Introduction", "\n", "The", "invisibility", "of", "women", "in", "twentieth-", " ", "century", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "\n", "medicine", "was", "context-", " ", "specific", "and", "layered", ".", "Put", "differently", ",", "it", "was", "shaped", "\n", "by", "a", "host", "of", "intersecting", "factors", "like", "gender", ",", "race", ",", "ethnicity", ",", "class", ",", "caste", ",", "\n", "religion", ",", "marital", "status", ",", "sexuality", ",", "age", ",", "urban", "–", " ", "rural", "divides", "and", "so", "on7", "that", "\n", "played", "out", "differently", "in", "different", "geographical", "and", "temporal", "contexts", "." ]	[]
government revenues and BEPS practices, as well as those that are looking to enhance and improve existing ring-fencing rules by improving their effectiveness and minimize any negative spillovers due to design, implementation, and application. Ring-fencing may not be an appropriate policy option for all resource-rich countries, and each jurisdiction will have to consider the suitability of this approach for their existing tax system in the context of development of the mining sector, capacities of the tax administration, and positive and negative aspects of a potential ringfencing regime prior to implementation. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 1.1 About This Practice Note This practice note aims to clarify what ring-fencing means in mining, the advantages of adopting ring-fencing rules where certain conditions are in place, and how to mitigate potential challenges through good tax policy design and effective tax administration practices. It describes and evaluates the different options for designing ring-fencing rules based on the experience of resource-rich countries and highlights key implementation issues that have emerged. ## 1.2 Who Is This Practice Note For? This practice note is primarily intended for government policy-makers of resource-rich developing countries that are considering introducing ringfencing rules for their mining sector or governments that are seeking to improve the design and implementation of existing ring-fencing rules. It aims to generate informed, well-grounded decisions, particularly with respect to decisions on introducing ring-fencing rules into mining tax regimes (and on their design), by identifying the benefits and risks and how to address them. It may also be used by tax administration officials to improve the implementation and administration of ring-fencing rules. Finally, the practice note may help international organizations advise resource-rich developing countries on the design and implementation of ring-fencing rules and enable civil society groups to examine existing rules to strengthen government and industry accountability. ## 1.3 What Gap Does This Practice Note Fill? This practice note seeks to bridge two gaps. The first is a lack of comprehensive guidance for government officials in resource-rich developing countries about designing and implementing ring-fencing rules in the mining sector. The second is a lack of insights into the implementation challenges faced by resource-rich countries with ring-fencing rules in mining-insights that could help other governments avoid similar occurrences. 2 This practice note analyzes mining fiscal regimes	[ "government", "revenues", "and", "BEPS", "practices", ",", "as", "well", "as", "those", "that", "are", "looking", "to", "enhance", "and", "improve", "existing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "by", "improving", "their", "effectiveness", "and", "minimize", "any", "negative", "spillovers", "due", "to", "design", ",", "implementation", ",", "and", "application", ".", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "may", "not", "be", "an", "appropriate", "policy", "option", "for", "all", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", ",", "and", "each", "jurisdiction", "will", "have", "to", "consider", "the", "suitability", "of", "this", "approach", "for", "their", "existing", "tax", "system", "in", "the", "context", "of", "development", "of", "the", "mining", "sector", ",", "capacities", "of", "the", "tax", "administration", ",", "and", "positive", "and", "negative", "aspects", "of", "a", "potential", "ringfencing", "regime", "prior", "to", "implementation", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.1", "About", "This", "Practice", "Note", "\n\n", "This", "practice", "note", "aims", "to", "clarify", "what", "ring", "-", "fencing", "means", "in", "mining", ",", "the", "advantages", "of", "adopting", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "where", "certain", "conditions", "are", "in", "place", ",", "and", "how", "to", "mitigate", "potential", "challenges", "through", "good", "tax", "policy", "design", "and", "effective", "tax", "administration", "practices", ".", "It", "describes", "and", "evaluates", "the", "different", "options", "for", "designing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "based", "on", "the", "experience", "of", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "and", "highlights", "key", "implementation", "issues", "that", "have", "emerged", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.2", "Who", "Is", "This", "Practice", "Note", "For", "?", "\n\n", "This", "practice", "note", "is", "primarily", "intended", "for", "government", "policy", "-", "makers", "of", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", "that", "are", "considering", "introducing", "ringfencing", "rules", "for", "their", "mining", "sector", "or", "governments", "that", "are", "seeking", "to", "improve", "the", "design", "and", "implementation", "of", "existing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "It", "aims", "to", "generate", "informed", ",", "well", "-", "grounded", "decisions", ",", "particularly", "with", "respect", "to", "decisions", "on", "introducing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "into", "mining", "tax", "regimes", "(", "and", "on", "their", "design", ")", ",", "by", "identifying", "the", "benefits", "and", "risks", "and", "how", "to", "address", "them", ".", "It", "may", "also", "be", "used", "by", "tax", "administration", "officials", "to", "improve", "the", "implementation", "and", "administration", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "practice", "note", "may", "help", "international", "organizations", "advise", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", "on", "the", "design", "and", "implementation", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "and", "enable", "civil", "society", "groups", "to", "examine", "existing", "rules", "to", "strengthen", "government", "and", "industry", "accountability", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.3", "What", "Gap", "Does", "This", "Practice", "Note", "Fill", "?", "\n\n", "This", "practice", "note", "seeks", "to", "bridge", "two", "gaps", ".", "The", "first", "is", "a", "lack", "of", "comprehensive", "guidance", "for", "government", "officials", "in", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", "about", "designing", "and", "implementing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "the", "mining", "sector", ".", "The", "second", "is", "a", "lack", "of", "insights", "into", "the", "implementation", "challenges", "faced", "by", "resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "mining", "-", "insights", "that", "could", "help", "other", "governments", "avoid", "similar", "occurrences", ".", "2", "\n\n", "This", "practice", "note", "analyzes", "mining", "fiscal", "regimes" ]	[]
- filters functions that operate on a stream, which may produce another stream, are referred to as “filters,” and can be connected in pipelines, analogously to function composition; filters may operate on one item of a stream at a time, or may base an item of output on multiple input items, such as a moving average or the like. - service at least in some examples refers to the provision of a discrete function within a system and/or environment. Additionally or alternatively, the term “service” at least in some examples refers to a functionality or a set of functionalities that can be reused. - microservice at least in some examples refers to one or more processes that communicate over a network to fulfil a goal using technology-agnostic protocols (e.g., HTTP or the like). Additionally or alternatively, the term “microservice” at least in some examples refers to services that are relatively small in size, messaging-enabled, bounded by contexts, autonomously developed, independently deployable, decentralized, and/or built and released with automated processes. - microservice at least in some examples refers to a self-contained piece of functionality with clear interfaces, and may implement a layered architecture through its own internal components. - microservice architecture at least in some examples refers to a variant of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) structural style wherein applications are arranged as a collection of loosely-coupled services (e.g., fine-grained services) and may use lightweight protocols. - SOA service-oriented architecture - network address at least in some examples refers to an identifier for a node or host in a computer network, and may be a unique identifier across a network and/or may be unique to a locally administered portion of the network. - universalally unique identifier or “UUID” at least in some examples refers to a number used to identify information in computer systems. - a UUID includes 128-bit numbers and/or are represented as 32 hexadecimal digits displayed in five groups separated by hyphens in the following format: “xxxxxxxx-xx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx” where the four-bit M and the 1 to 3 bit N fields code the format of the UUID itself. - the term “universally unique identifier” or “UUID” at least in some examples refers to a “globally unique identifier” and/or a “GUID”. - the term “endpoint address” at least in some examples refers to an address used to determine the host/authority part of a target URI, where the target URI is used to access	[ "-", "filters", "\n", "functions", "that", "operate", "on", "a", "stream", ",", "which", "may", "produce", "another", "stream", ",", "are", "referred", "to", "as", "“", "filters", ",", "”", "and", "can", "be", "connected", "in", "pipelines", ",", "analogously", "to", "function", "composition", ";", "filters", "may", "operate", "on", "one", "item", "of", "a", "stream", "at", "a", "time", ",", "or", "may", "base", "an", "item", "of", "output", "on", "multiple", "input", "items", ",", "such", "as", "a", "moving", "average", "or", "the", "like", ".", "\n", "-", "service", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "the", "provision", "of", "a", "discrete", "function", "within", "a", "system", "and/or", "environment", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "service", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "functionality", "or", "a", "set", "of", "functionalities", "that", "can", "be", "reused", ".", "\n", "-", "microservice", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "one", "or", "more", "processes", "that", "communicate", "over", "a", "network", "to", "fulfil", "a", "goal", "using", "technology", "-", "agnostic", "protocols", "(", "e.g.", ",", "HTTP", "or", "the", "like", ")", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "microservice", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "services", "that", "are", "relatively", "small", "in", "size", ",", "messaging", "-", "enabled", ",", "bounded", "by", "contexts", ",", "autonomously", "developed", ",", "independently", "deployable", ",", "decentralized", ",", "and/or", "built", "and", "released", "with", "automated", "processes", ".", "\n", "-", "microservice", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "self", "-", "contained", "piece", "of", "functionality", "with", "clear", "interfaces", ",", "and", "may", "implement", "a", "layered", "architecture", "through", "its", "own", "internal", "components", ".", "\n", "-", "microservice", "architecture", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "variant", "of", "the", "service", "-", "oriented", "architecture", "(", "SOA", ")", "structural", "style", "wherein", "applications", "are", "arranged", "as", "a", "collection", "of", "loosely", "-", "coupled", "services", "(", "e.g.", ",", "fine", "-", "grained", "services", ")", "and", "may", "use", "lightweight", "protocols", ".", "\n", "-", "SOA", "\n", "service", "-", "oriented", "architecture", "\n", "-", "network", "address", "\n", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "identifier", "for", "a", "node", "or", "host", "in", "a", "computer", "network", ",", "and", "may", "be", "a", "unique", "identifier", "across", "a", "network", "and/or", "may", "be", "unique", "to", "a", "locally", "administered", "portion", "of", "the", "network", ".", "\n", "-", "universalally", "unique", "identifier", "\n", "or", "“", "UUID", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "number", "used", "to", "identify", "information", "in", "computer", "systems", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "UUID", "\n", "includes", "128", "-", "bit", "numbers", "and/or", "are", "represented", "as", "32", "hexadecimal", "digits", "displayed", "in", "five", "groups", "separated", "by", "hyphens", "in", "the", "following", "format", ":", "“", "xxxxxxxx", "-", "xx", "-", "Mxxx", "-", "Nxxx", "-", "xxxxxxxxxxxx", "”", "where", "the", "four", "-", "bit", "M", "and", "the", "1", "to", "3", "bit", "N", "fields", "code", "the", "format", "of", "the", "UUID", "itself", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "term", "“", "universally", "unique", "identifier", "”", "or", "“", "UUID", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "\n", "refers", "to", "a", "“", "globally", "unique", "identifier", "”", "and/or", "a", "“", "GUID", "”", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "term", "“", "endpoint", "address", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "\n", "refers", "to", "an", "address", "used", "to", "determine", "the", "host", "/", "authority", "part", "of", "a", "target", "URI", ",", "where", "the", "target", "URI", "is", "used", "to", "access" ]	[]
contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply chain (from exploration to recycling) and, unlike its competitors, the mining and trading of commodities is largely left to private actors and the market. Strategic dependencies also extend to critical technologies for the digitalisation of Europe’s economy [see the chapter on digitalisation and advanced technologies] . The EU relies on foreign countries for over 80% of digital products, services, infrastructure and intellectual propertyvi. Dependencies are particularly acute, however, for semi - conductors owing to the structure of the industry, which is dominated by a small number of large players. The US has specialised in chips design, Korea, Taiwan and China in chips manufacturing, and Japan and some EU Member States in key materials and equipment – optics, chemistry and machinery [see Figure 3] . Europe has little domestic capacity in many parts of the supply chain. For example, the EU currently has no foundry producing below 22 nm process nodes and relies on Asia for 75% to 90% of wafer fabrication capacity (as does the US). Europe has become dependent on non-EU countries for chips design, packaging and assembly as well. Dependencies are also acute for other advanced tech. The EU’s AI industry relies on hardware produced largely by one US-based company for the most advanced processors. Similarly, Europe’s dependence on cloud services developed and run by US companies is massive. For quantum computing platforms, the EU suffers from six critical dependencies across 17 key technolo - gies, components and materials. China and the US hold technological leadership in most of these critical elements. In the telecoms sector, Europe is less dependent on foreign technology: top EU vendors are well positioned in the global supply of telecoms equipment. However, it will be important that dependencies do not increase, especially on high-risk suppliers that could compromise the security of EU networks and citizens’ data. Currently, 14 Member States have no restrictions on high-risk suppliers in place. FIGURE 3 Share in semiconductor value chain by country % of worldwide total, 2019 Source: SIA, 2021. To reduce its vulnerabilities, the EU needs to develop a genuine “foreign economic policy” based on securing critical resources [see the chapter on critical	[ "contrast", ",", "has", "\n", "a", "comparable", "level", "of", "dependencies", ",", "being", "highly", "dependent", "on", "one", "or", "two", "countries", "for", "most", "of", "its", "critical", "mineral", "\n", "imports", ".", "However", ",", "it", "is", "not", "following", "a", "similarly", "coordinated", "approach", ".", "The", "EU", "is", "lacking", "a", "comprehensive", "strategy", "\n", "covering", "all", "stages", "of", "the", "supply", "chain", "(", "from", "exploration", "to", "recycling", ")", "and", ",", "unlike", "its", "competitors", ",", "the", "mining", "and", "\n", "trading", "of", "commodities", "is", "largely", "left", "to", "private", "actors", "and", "the", "market", ".", "\n", "Strategic", "dependencies", "also", "extend", "to", "critical", "technologies", "for", "the", "digitalisation", "of", "Europe", "’s", "economy", " ", "[", "see", "\n", "the", "chapter", "on", "digitalisation", "and", "advanced", "technologies", "]", ".", "The", "EU", "relies", "on", "foreign", "countries", "for", "over", "80", "%", "of", "digital", "\n", "products", ",", "services", ",", "infrastructure", "and", "intellectual", "propertyvi", ".", "Dependencies", "are", "particularly", "acute", ",", "however", ",", "for", "semi", "-", "\n", "conductors", "owing", "to", "the", "structure", "of", "the", "industry", ",", "which", "is", "dominated", "by", "a", "small", "number", "of", "large", "players", ".", "The", "US", "\n", "has", "specialised", "in", "chips", "design", ",", "Korea", ",", "Taiwan", "and", "China", "in", "chips", "manufacturing", ",", "and", "Japan", "and", "some", "EU", "Member", "\n", "States", "in", "key", "materials", "and", "equipment", "–", "optics", ",", "chemistry", "and", "machinery", "[", "see", "Figure", "3", "]", ".", "Europe", "has", "little", "domestic", "\n", "capacity", "in", "many", "parts", "of", "the", "supply", "chain", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "EU", "currently", "has", "no", "foundry", "producing", "below", "22", "nm", "\n", "process", "nodes", "and", "relies", "on", "Asia", "for", "75", "%", "to", "90", "%", "of", "wafer", "fabrication", "capacity", "(", "as", "does", "the", "US", ")", ".", "Europe", "has", "become", "\n", "dependent", "on", "non", "-", "EU", "countries", "for", "chips", "design", ",", "packaging", "and", "assembly", "as", "well", ".", "Dependencies", "are", "also", "acute", "for", "\n", "other", "advanced", "tech", ".", "The", "EU", "’s", "AI", "industry", "relies", "on", "hardware", "produced", "largely", "by", "one", "US", "-", "based", "company", "for", "the", "\n", "most", "advanced", "processors", ".", "Similarly", ",", "Europe", "’s", "dependence", "on", "cloud", "services", "developed", "and", "run", "by", "US", "companies", "\n", "is", "massive", ".", "For", "quantum", "computing", "platforms", ",", "the", "EU", "suffers", "from", "six", "critical", "dependencies", "across", "17", "key", "technolo", "-", "\n", "gies", ",", "components", "and", "materials", ".", "China", "and", "the", "US", "hold", "technological", "leadership", "in", "most", "of", "these", "critical", "elements", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "telecoms", "sector", ",", "Europe", "is", "less", "dependent", "on", "foreign", "technology", ":", "top", "EU", "vendors", "are", "well", "positioned", "in", "the", "\n", "global", "supply", "of", "telecoms", "equipment", ".", "However", ",", "it", "will", "be", "important", "that", "dependencies", "do", "not", "increase", ",", "especially", "\n", "on", "high", "-", "risk", "suppliers", "that", "could", "compromise", "the", "security", "of", "EU", "networks", "and", "citizens", "’", "data", ".", "Currently", ",", "14", "Member", "\n", "States", "have", "no", "restrictions", "on", "high", "-", "risk", "suppliers", "in", "place", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "3", "\n", "Share", "in", "semiconductor", "value", "chain", "by", "country", " \n", "%", "of", "worldwide", "total", ",", "2019", "\n", "Source", ":", "SIA", ",", "2021", ".", "\n", "To", "reduce", "its", "vulnerabilities", ",", "the", "EU", "needs", "to", "develop", "a", "genuine", "“", "foreign", "economic", "policy", "”", "based", "on", "\n", "securing", "critical", "resources", " ", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "critical" ]	[]
programming instructions) or data to create the program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code or data to create the program may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the program code (or data to create the program code) described herein may be stored in one or more of a compressed format, an encrypted format, a fragmented format, a packaged format, and/or the like. Program code (e.g., programming instructions) or data to create the program code as described herein may require one or more of installation, modification, adaptation, updating, combining, supplementing, configuring, decryption, decompression, unpacking, distribution, reassignment, and the like in order to make them directly readable and/or executable by a computing device and/or other machine. For example, the program code or data to create the program code may be stored in multiple parts, which are individually compressed, encrypted, and stored on separate computing devices, wherein the parts when decrypted, decompressed, and combined form a set of executable instructions that implement the program code or the data to create the program code, such as those described herein. In another example, the program code or data to create the program code may be stored in a state in which they may be read by a computer, but require addition of a library (e.g., a dynamic link library), a software development kit (SDK), an API, and the like in order to execute the instructions on a particular computing device or other device. In another example, the program code or data to create the program code may need to be configured (e.g., settings stored, data input, network addresses recorded, and the like) before the program code or data to create the program code can be executed/used in whole or in part. In this example, the program code (or data to create the program code) may be unpacked, configured for proper execution, and stored in a first location with the configuration instructions located in a second location distinct from the first location. The configuration instructions can be initiated by an action, trigger, or instruction that is not co-located in storage or execution location with the instructions enabling the disclosed techniques. Accordingly, the disclosed program code or data to create the program code are intended to encompass such	[ "programming", "instructions", ")", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "embodied", "therewith", ",", "either", "in", "baseband", "or", "as", "part", "of", "a", "carrier", "wave", ".", "The", "computer", "usable", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "may", "be", "transmitted", "using", "any", "appropriate", "medium", ",", "including", "but", "not", "limited", "to", "wireless", ",", "wireline", ",", "optical", "fiber", "cable", ",", "RF", ",", "and", "the", "like", ".", "\n\n", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "program", "code", "(", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", ")", "described", "herein", "may", "be", "stored", "in", "one", "or", "more", "of", "a", "compressed", "format", ",", "an", "encrypted", "format", ",", "a", "fragmented", "format", ",", "a", "packaged", "format", ",", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "Program", "code", "(", "e.g.", ",", "programming", "instructions", ")", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "as", "described", "herein", "may", "require", "one", "or", "more", "of", "installation", ",", "modification", ",", "adaptation", ",", "updating", ",", "combining", ",", "supplementing", ",", "configuring", ",", "decryption", ",", "decompression", ",", "unpacking", ",", "distribution", ",", "reassignment", ",", "and", "the", "like", "in", "order", "to", "make", "them", "directly", "readable", "and/or", "executable", "by", "a", "computing", "device", "and/or", "other", "machine", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "may", "be", "stored", "in", "multiple", "parts", ",", "which", "are", "individually", "compressed", ",", "encrypted", ",", "and", "stored", "on", "separate", "computing", "devices", ",", "wherein", "the", "parts", "when", "decrypted", ",", "decompressed", ",", "and", "combined", "form", "a", "set", "of", "executable", "instructions", "that", "implement", "the", "program", "code", "or", "the", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", ",", "such", "as", "those", "described", "herein", ".", "In", "another", "example", ",", "the", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "may", "be", "stored", "in", "a", "state", "in", "which", "they", "may", "be", "read", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "but", "require", "addition", "of", "a", "library", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "dynamic", "link", "library", ")", ",", "a", "software", "development", "kit", "(", "SDK", ")", ",", "an", "API", ",", "and", "the", "like", "in", "order", "to", "execute", "the", "instructions", "on", "a", "particular", "computing", "device", "or", "other", "device", ".", "In", "another", "example", ",", "the", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "may", "need", "to", "be", "configured", "(", "e.g.", ",", "settings", "stored", ",", "data", "input", ",", "network", "addresses", "recorded", ",", "and", "the", "like", ")", "before", "the", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "can", "be", "executed", "/", "used", "in", "whole", "or", "in", "part", ".", "In", "this", "example", ",", "the", "program", "code", "(", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", ")", "may", "be", "unpacked", ",", "configured", "for", "proper", "execution", ",", "and", "stored", "in", "a", "first", "location", "with", "the", "configuration", "instructions", "located", "in", "a", "second", "location", "distinct", "from", "the", "first", "location", ".", "The", "configuration", "instructions", "can", "be", "initiated", "by", "an", "action", ",", "trigger", ",", "or", "instruction", "that", "is", "not", "co", "-", "located", "in", "storage", "or", "execution", "location", "with", "the", "instructions", "enabling", "the", "disclosed", "techniques", ".", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "disclosed", "program", "code", "or", "data", "to", "create", "the", "program", "code", "are", "intended", "to", "encompass", "such" ]	[]
of each S&T specialisation domain, for each EaP country Based on the evidence presented throughout Part 3 for critical mass, specialisation and excellence per domain, the following tables present synthet- ic indicators supporting the selection of the S&T specialisation domains for each Eastern Partner- ship country. For each country, each domain is characterised by its critical mass, specialisation EaP S&T specialisation domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources Science-oriented S&T domains domains where scientific publications are most relevantBalanced S&T domains domains where publications and patents have a similar relative weightTechnology-oriented S&T domains domains where patents are most relevant Fundamental physics and mathematicsHealth and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materialsBiotechnologyElectric and electronic technologies Optics and photonicsICT and computer scienceAgrifood Environmental sciences and industriesEnergy Chemistry and chemical engineeringTransportation Governance, culture, education and the economy is mainly composed of EC R&I projectsTable III. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources and excellence8. Below, these S&T indicators are presented in a summary table for each country. Highlighted domains are qualitatively reflected on for each country. 8 Further detail on the choice and definition of indicators can be found in Part 3. 16 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Armenia – Summary of the strengths of the S&T specialisations Armenia is very specialised in the hard sciences. Beyond those, it presents a rather diversified S&T panorama; its most highlighted S&T domains are the following: ■Fundamental physics and mathematics presents a notable critical mass, specialisation and excellence, both in scientific publications and patents. The presence of the A. I. Alikhani- an Yerevan Institute of Physics, which houses a particle accelerator amongst other advanced experimental equipment, leaves a strong im- print on the Armenian science and technology ecosystem, and structures an important share of the country’s international collaborations; ■Agrifood presents a notable specialisation in publications and patents, critical mass in pat- ents and an above-average scientific impact. ARMENIA Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCIEC projectsTotal Agrifood 4 Biotechnology 1 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 1 Environmental sciences and industries1 Fundamental physics and mathematics5 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 3 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery2 Nanotechnology and materials 3 Optics and photonics 2 NCI = Normalised citation impact EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable	[ "of", "each", "S&T", "\n", "specialisation", "domain", ",", "for", "each", "EaP", "\n", "country", "\n", "Based", "on", "the", "evidence", "presented", "throughout", "Part", "\n", "3", "for", "critical", "mass", ",", "specialisation", "and", "excellence", "\n", "per", "domain", ",", "the", "following", "tables", "present", "synthet-", "\n", "ic", "indicators", "supporting", "the", "selection", "of", "the", "S&T", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", "for", "each", "Eastern", "Partner-", "\n", "ship", "country", ".", 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"scienceAgrifood", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "\n", "and", "industriesEnergy", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "\n", "engineeringTransportation", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", "is", "mainly", "composed", "of", "EC", "R&I", "projectsTable", "III", ".", "Characterisation", "of", "the", "EaP", "S&T", "domains", "according", "to", "the", "internal", "distribution", "of", "S&T", "data", "sources", "\n", "and", "excellence8", ".", "Below", ",", "these", "S&T", "indicators", "are", "\n", "presented", "in", "a", "summary", "table", "for", "each", "country", ".", "\n", "Highlighted", "domains", "are", "qualitatively", "reflected", "on", "\n", "for", "each", "country", ".", "\n", "8", "Further", "detail", "on", "the", "choice", "and", "definition", "of", "indicators", "\n", "can", "be", "found", "in", "Part", "3", ".", "\n", "16", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", 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sci - ence educators, members of scientific organizations, and voluntary, unpaid scientific workers, is essential to recovering hidden historical figures like Maasdorp. This must, however, be coupled with a recognition of the fact that, as a member of the white colonial elite in South Africa and Rhodesia, Maasdorp was nevertheless able to acquire a certain degree of visibility that was systematically denied to Black women. Nuala Proinnseas Caomhánach’s discussion of Lynn Margulis’ scientific career as a ‘rebel’ evolutionary biologist further illuminates the struggles women faced inside and outside the laboratory and testifies to their will - ingness to challenge disciplinary and patriarchal boundaries. Combining insights from cell biology, ecology and geoscience, Margulis’ much- maligned theory of evolution was as synthetic in its origin as the idea it propagated, namely that evolution had begun with microbes, not animals, and that sym - biosis, not competition, had been its driving force. Although Margulis did manage to forge a relatively successful career in academia, her visibility was predicated on her ability to leverage the power of media and navigate all the risks such a process of exposure involved. As Caomhánach cogently points out, ‘without the making of a persona, the scientist remains obscure and invisible’. In the case of women scientists – Rosalind Franklin being another example – that invisibility was not only ‘ascribed’ by men, but it was also sometimes ‘curated’ by them. The construction of a scientific persona in Margulis’ case must also be seen against the background of American media’s growing concern 16 Negotiating in/visibility with science reporting in the 1960s– 1970s. As Caomhánach discusses, the process of becoming visible involved several layers of ‘de- gendering’ and ‘re- gendering’. Media reporting on Margulis replicated entrenched gender biases by attaching non- scientific attributes to her. Dismissed as a theorist because she was a woman, she eventually ‘gain[ed] acceptance and … inclusion in the field’ because of her image as a masculinized scien - tific rebel. The point then is that Margulis was able to control her image as an ‘outsider’ and ‘scientific rebel’ only to a certain extent; the visibil - ity afforded her did not shelter her from insidious forms of sexism and discrimination. In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and contestations Keeble ’s chapter also draws attention to the importance of mobility in wom - en’s engagement with science in the twentieth century. The three chapters in this section	[ "sci", "-", "\n", "ence", "educators", ",", "members", "of", "scientific", "organizations", ",", "and", "voluntary", ",", "unpaid", "\n", "scientific", "workers", ",", "is", "essential", "to", "recovering", "hidden", "historical", "figures", "like", "\n", "Maasdorp", ".", "This", "must", ",", "however", ",", "be", "coupled", "with", "a", "recognition", "of", "the", "fact", "\n", "that", ",", "as", "a", "member", "of", "the", "white", "colonial", "elite", "in", "South", "Africa", "and", "Rhodesia", ",", "\n", "Maasdorp", "was", "nevertheless", "able", "to", "acquire", "a", "certain", "degree", "of", "visibility", "that", "\n", "was", "systematically", "denied", "to", "Black", "women", ".", "\n", "Nuala", "Proinnseas", "Caomhánach", "’s", "discussion", "of", "Lynn", "Margulis", "’", "scientific", "\n", "career", "as", "a", "‘", "rebel", "’", "evolutionary", "biologist", "further", "illuminates", "the", "struggles", "\n", "women", "faced", "inside", "and", "outside", "the", "laboratory", "and", "testifies", "to", "their", "will", "-", "\n", "ingness", "to", "challenge", "disciplinary", "and", "patriarchal", "boundaries", ".", "Combining", "\n", "insights", "from", "cell", "biology", ",", "ecology", "and", "geoscience", ",", "Margulis", "’", "much-", "maligned", "\n", "theory", "of", "evolution", "was", "as", "synthetic", "in", "its", "origin", "as", "the", "idea", "it", "propagated", ",", "\n", "namely", "that", "evolution", "had", "begun", "with", "microbes", ",", "not", "animals", ",", "and", "that", "sym", "-", "\n", "biosis", ",", "not", "competition", ",", "had", "been", "its", "driving", "force", ".", "Although", "Margulis", "did", "\n", "manage", "to", "forge", "a", "relatively", "successful", "career", "in", "academia", ",", "her", "visibility", "was", "\n", "predicated", "on", "her", "ability", "to", "leverage", "the", "power", "of", "media", "and", "navigate", "all", "the", "\n", "risks", "such", "a", "process", "of", "exposure", "involved", ".", "As", "Caomhánach", "cogently", "points", "\n", "out", ",", "‘", "without", "the", "making", "of", "a", "persona", ",", "the", "scientist", "remains", "obscure", "and", "\n", "invisible", "’", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "women", "scientists", "–", " ", "Rosalind", "Franklin", "being", "another", "\n ", "example", "–", " ", "that", "invisibility", "was", "not", "only", "‘", "ascribed", "’", "by", "men", ",", "but", "it", "was", "also", "\n", "sometimes", "‘", "curated", "’", "by", "them", ".", "\n", "The", "construction", "of", "a", "scientific", "persona", "in", "Margulis", "’", "case", "must", "also", "\n", "be", "seen", "against", "the", "background", "of", "American", "media", "’s", "growing", "concern", "\n", "16", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "with", "science", "reporting", "in", "the", "1960s", "–", " ", "1970s", ".", "As", "Caomhánach", "discusses", ",", "\n", "the", "process", "of", "becoming", "visible", "involved", "several", "layers", "of", "‘", "de-", " ", "gendering", "’", "\n", "and", "‘", "re-", " ", "gendering", "’", ".", "Media", "reporting", "on", "Margulis", "replicated", "entrenched", "\n", "gender", "biases", "by", "attaching", "non-", " ", "scientific", "attributes", "to", "her", ".", "Dismissed", "as", "\n", "a", "theorist", "because", "she", "was", "a", "woman", ",", "she", "eventually", "‘", "gain[ed", "]", "acceptance", " \n", "and", "…", "inclusion", "in", "the", "field", "’", "because", "of", "her", "image", "as", "a", "masculinized", "scien", "-", "\n", "tific", "rebel", ".", "The", "point", "then", "is", "that", "Margulis", "was", "able", "to", "control", "her", "image", "\n", "as", "an", "‘", "outsider", "’", "and", "‘", "scientific", "rebel", "’", "only", "to", "a", "certain", "extent", ";", "the", "visibil", "-", "\n", "ity", "afforded", "her", "did", "not", "shelter", "her", "from", "insidious", "forms", "of", "sexism", "and", "\n", "discrimination", ".", "\n", "In/", "visibilities", "across", "borders", ":", "Scientific", "collaborations", " \n", "and", "contestations", "\n", "Keeble", "’s", "chapter", "also", "draws", " ", "attention", "to", "the", "importance", "of", "mobility", "in", "wom", "-", "\n", "en", "’s", "engagement", "with", "science", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "The", "three", "chapters", "\n", "in", "this", "section" ]	[]
ta- bles, adapted according to an ex post quality con- trol of the alignment results.Since the objective is to find how S&T specialisa- tion domains and excellence can be mobilised to support knowledge-based economic transforma- tion, the E&I classification, expressed in the form of NACE codes, is the touchstone of the alignment. As could be expected, some of the domains ex- tracted from S&T sources directly align with E&I specialisations, supporting knowledge-based eco- nomic transformation, while others are discon- nected from E&I domains as they either feature basic science or may potentially contribute to the emergence of new niches if science-business links are established. Step 3 offers direct evidence to answer re- search Question 5 ‘Are there possible synergies/ concordances between the countries’ economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisa- tions?’ and provides the results addressing the key ambition of this report: ‘a list of potential Smart Specialisation priority domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international partners’. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation33 Topic modelling (TM) is a domain of machine learning which aims at identifying the topics handled by collections of texts. TM is a very useful tool for conducting an emerg- ing analysis of research, technology and innovation ecosystems. The topics identified by TM are sets of words frequently co-occurring, i.e. which reg- ularly appear together in the analysed textual records (such as publication abstracts or R&I project descriptions). TM is automated, but, because it is an unsupervised ma- chine-learning technique, still requires partial human assessment (for instance, to link intelligible labels to each extracted topic). Some solutions exist to fully automate the process, but these solutions do not yet provide sufficiently clear results to label the topics autonomously and transparently. The advantages of TM over taxonomic classifications and keyword extraction are that: ■the subjects come from the terms actually used by specialists (scientists, engi- neers, technicians, policymakers, project managers, etc.); ■this procedure makes it possible to identify transverse concepts contributing to several subjects; ■topics are related to one another through diverse strengths, allowing for partial overlapping, vertical and horizontal relationships as well as the existence of core or fundamental topics. The usefulness of TM is clearer when used in parallel with the metadata associated with the analysed documents, such as geographic or institutional information. 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funciones de los líderes (Gurr, 2023). En general, se ha pasado de considerar que los directores de los centros escolares desempeñan una función meramente administrativa y burocrática a esperar de ellos una mayor implicación en la colaboración con el profesorado y el resto del personal para contribuir a mejorar los «resultados» del centro (Pont, 2020). Las expectativas sobre la forma de estos resultados vienen determinadas por las preferencias sociales y las creencias de las autoridades y comunidad educativas, incluidas aquellas de los propios líderes. <!-- image --> En las últimas décadas, se ha observado un cambio en el concepto de liderazgo escolar y las percepciones de las funciones de los líderes <!-- image --> ## CUADRO 1.1: Existen diversas funciones de liderazgo en la educación Los líderes escolares gestionan los recursos humanos y financieros, pero también pueden dar forma a los objetivos de los centros (desde la inclusión hasta el bienestar), dirigir la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, contribuir al desarrollo del personal y fomentar la colaboración.	[ "funciones", "de", "los", "líderes", "(", "Gurr", ",", "2023", ")", ".", "En", "general", ",", "se", "ha", "pasado", "de", "considerar", "que", "los", "directores", "de", "los", "centros", "escolares", "desempeñan", "una", "función", "meramente", "administrativa", "y", "burocrática", "a", "esperar", "de", "ellos", "una", "mayor", "implicación", "en", "la", "colaboración", "con", "el", "profesorado", "y", "el", "resto", "del", "personal", "para", "contribuir", "a", "mejorar", "los", "«", "resultados", "»", "del", "centro", "(", "Pont", ",", "2020", ")", ".", "Las", "expectativas", "sobre", "la", "forma", "de", "estos", "resultados", "vienen", "determinadas", "por", "las", "preferencias", "sociales", "y", "las", "creencias", "de", "las", "autoridades", "y", "comunidad", "educativas", ",", "incluidas", "aquellas", "de", "los", "propios", "líderes", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "En", "las", "últimas", "décadas", ",", "se", "ha", "observado", "un", "cambio", "en", "el", "concepto", "de", "liderazgo", "escolar", "y", "las", "percepciones", "de", "las", "funciones", "de", "los", "líderes", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "CUADRO", "1.1", ":", "\n\n", "Existen", "diversas", "funciones", "de", "liderazgo", "en", "la", "educación", "\n\n", "Los", "líderes", "escolares", "gestionan", "los", "recursos", "humanos", "y", "financieros", ",", "pero", "también", "pueden", "dar", "forma", "a", "los", "objetivos", "de", "los", "centros", "(", "desde", "la", "inclusión", "hasta", "el", "bienestar", ")", ",", "dirigir", "la", "enseñanza", "y", "el", "aprendizaje", ",", "contribuir", "al", "desarrollo", "del", "personal", "y", "fomentar", "la", "colaboración", "." ]	[ { "end": 36, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 26 }, { "end": 30, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 26 }, { "end": 36, "label": "YEAR", "start": 32 }, { "end": 352, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 342 }, { "end": 346, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 342 }, { "end": 352, "label": "YEAR", "start": 348 } ]
objects fall from the air stream to . Additionally or alternatively, an or load cell in a can be used to provide sorting via mass and/or density. For example, a may detect higher density (and thus more massive) objects, which can use to redirect the detected materials to an appropriate processing stage in the MRF. A result of the density separation at is a of heavy contaminants (e.g., aggregates, textiles, construction debris, and/or other similarly dense materials). This can be passed through an AQC station at operation , where the directs one or more MHUs to further extract any possibly recyclable/recoverable materials. As an example, the AQC station is the same or similar as the AQC-2 , discussed infra w.r.t . The result of the AQC at operation , as well as earlier , is a light recyclable materials stream and an , which may be subject to organic recovery methods (e.g., packaging, waste energy generation, and/or the like). This waste stream may rejoin the final product of in , if of sufficient purity, or may be returned to an earlier block of for reprocessing. Finally, a heavy remains. This may be sent to a landfill, a waste energy generation plant, another suitable disposal facility, or may be returned back to an earlier stage in the MRF for reprocessing as appropriate. In other implementations, the performs or causes further quality control processes and/or sorting to be performed on the , either automatically via one or more MHUs and/or via human processing, to ensure that any recyclable materials that remain are extracted prior to final disposal of the residue. Additionally or alternatively, a system for separating lightweight material that is configured to receive a mixture of 2D and 3D recyclable materials is also included, wherein the 2D and 3D objects are separated by shape. These 3D objects are then sorted according to material. The objects removed can include, but are not limited to: paper, cardboard, film plastic and other general residual components. The remaining stream includes the lightweight recyclable containers. The automated system may include any form of robotic sorting such as but not limited to a six axis robot, parallel robot, or delta robot. Additionally or alternatively, a multiple component solid waste facility that requires un-processable material to be removed prior to the size, density and shape sorting components. 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AA NiMH batteries after 8 months of storage. The AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage profiles. However, as expected, the current values are different. This results in different capacity values of 912 mAh for AAA and 2095 mAh for AA. Furthermore, the corresponding current curves for C and D batteries are presented in Figure 9c,d. In this case, the C battery reaches a capacity of 3249 mAh and the D battery a capacity of 7117 mAh. In the case of the 9V NiMH (Figure 9e), the battery shows a discharge capacity of 260 mAh after the storage period of 8 months.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 13 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 21 3. Finally, the batteries are discharged again at a 0.2 C rate, and the duration of this discharge was measured. A battery is considered to pass the test if the discharge is longer than 4 h before reach- ing the cut-oﬀ voltage, i.e., if they have at least 80% of their initial capacity left after stor- age. Figure 9a,b show the discharge proﬁles of AAA and AA NiMH batteries after 8 months of storage. The AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage proﬁles. However, as expected, the current values are diﬀerent. This results in diﬀerent capacity values of 912 mAh for AAA and 2095 mAh for AA. Furthermore, the corresponding current curves for C and D batteries are presented in Figure 9c,d. In this case, the C battery reaches a capacity of 3249 mAh and the D battery a capacity of 7117 mAh. In the case of the 9V NiMH (Figure 9e), the battery shows a discharge capacity of 260 mAh after the storage period of 8 months. Figure 9. NiMH charge (capacity) recovery analysis according to IEC 61951-2 of (a) AAA Agfaphoto, (b) AA GP, (c) C Varta, (d) D GP, and (e) 9V Duracell batteries. Figure 9. NiMH charge (capacity) recovery analysis according to IEC 61951-2 of ( a) AAA Agfaphoto, (b) AA GP , ( c) C Varta, ( d) D GP , and ( e) 9V Duracell batteries. Furthermore, all portable NiMH batteries tested during the recovery experiment show a discharge duration longer than 4 h, and in terms of columbic efficiency, the highest observed value is 78% for the D size and the smallest value is 62% for the 9V battery. 6. 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Computer-Generated Text Detection Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review Daria Beresneva(&) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Anti-Plagiat Research, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Abstract. Computer-generated text or arti ﬁcial text nowadays is in abundance on the web, ranging from basic random word salads to web scraping. In thispaper, we present a short version of systematic review of some existing auto- mated methods aimed at distinguishing natural texts from arti ﬁcially generated ones. The methods were chosen by certain criteria. We further provide a sum-mary of the methods considered. Comparisons, whenever possible, use common evaluation measures, and control for differences in experimental set-up. Keywords: Artiﬁcial content /C1Generated text /C1Fake content detection 1 Introduction The biggest part of arti ﬁcial content is generated for nourishing fake web sites designed to offset search engine indexes: at the scale of a search engine, usage of automaticallygenerated texts render such sites harder to detect than using copies of existing pages.Artiﬁcial content can contain text (word salad) as well as data plots, ﬂow charts, and citations. The examples of automatically generated content include text translated by anautomated tool without human review or curation before publishing; text generatedthrough automated processes, such as Markov chains; text generated using automatedsynonymizing or obfuscation techniques. The aim of this paper is to review existing methods of arti ﬁcial text detection. We survey these efforts, their results and their limitations. In spite of recent advances inevaluation methodology, many uncertainties remain as to the effectiveness oftext-generating ﬁltering techniques and as to the validity of arti ﬁcial text discovering methods. This is a short version of review according to poster publication rules. The rest of this paper is organized following systematic review guidelines. Section 2 presents the methods selected and their short description. A comparison of the methodsis available in Sect. 3. Section 4recaps our main ﬁndings and discusses various possible extensions of this work. ©Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 E. Métais et al. (Eds.): NLDB 2016, LNCS 9612, pp. 421 –426, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41754-7_432 The Methods of Arti ﬁcial Text Detection As said before, the way of arti ﬁcial content detection depends on the method by which it was generated. Let us consider various existing features, that authors use for clas-siﬁcation. The information about results and datasets used for each method is given in the summary table. 2.1 Frequency Counting Method To discover whether a text	[ "Computer", "-", "Generated", "Text", "Detection", "Using", "\n", "Machine", "Learning", ":", "A", "Systematic", "Review", "\n", "Daria", "Beresneva", "(", "&", ")", "\n", "Moscow", "Institute", "of", "Physics", "and", "Technology", ",", "\n", "Russian", "Academy", "of", "National", "Economy", "and", "Public", "Administration", ",", "\n", "Anti", "-", "Plagiat", "Research", ",", "Moscow", ",", "Russia", "\n", "[email protected]", "\n", "Abstract", ".", "Computer", "-", "generated", "text", "or", "arti", "ﬁcial", "text", "nowadays", "is", "in", "abundance", "\n", "on", "the", "web", ",", "ranging", "from", "basic", "random", "word", "salads", "to", "web", "scraping", ".", "In", "thispaper", ",", "we", "present", "a", "short", "version", "of", "systematic", "review", "of", "some", "existing", "auto-", "\n", "mated", "methods", "aimed", "at", "distinguishing", "natural", "texts", "from", "arti", "ﬁcially", "generated", "\n", "ones", ".", "The", "methods", "were", "chosen", "by", "certain", "criteria", ".", "We", "further", "provide", "a", "sum", "-", "mary", "of", "the", "methods", "considered", ".", "Comparisons", ",", "whenever", "possible", ",", "use", "common", "\n", "evaluation", "measures", ",", "and", "control", "for", "differences", "in", "experimental", "set", "-", "up", ".", "\n", "Keywords", ":", "Artiﬁcial", "content", "\n", "/C1Generated", "text", "/C1Fake", "content", "detection", "\n", "1", "Introduction", "\n", "The", "biggest", "part", "of", "arti", "ﬁcial", "content", "is", "generated", "for", "nourishing", "fake", "web", "sites", "designed", "\n", "to", "offset", "search", "engine", "indexes", ":", "at", "the", "scale", "of", "a", "search", "engine", ",", "usage", "of", "automaticallygenerated", "texts", "render", "such", "sites", "harder", "to", "detect", "than", "using", "copies", "of", "existing", "pages", ".", "Artiﬁcial", "content", "can", "contain", "text", "(", "word", "salad", ")", "as", "well", "as", "data", "plots", ",", "ﬂow", "charts", ",", "and", "\n", "citations", ".", "The", "examples", "of", "automatically", "generated", "content", "include", "text", "translated", "by", "anautomated", "tool", "without", "human", "review", "or", "curation", "before", "publishing", ";", "text", "generatedthrough", "automated", "processes", ",", "such", "as", "Markov", "chains", ";", "text", "generated", "using", "automatedsynonymizing", "or", "obfuscation", "techniques", ".", "\n", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "paper", "is", "to", "review", "existing", "methods", "of", "arti", "ﬁcial", "text", "detection", ".", "We", "\n", "survey", "these", "efforts", ",", "their", "results", "and", "their", "limitations", ".", "In", "spite", "of", "recent", "advances", "inevaluation", "methodology", ",", "many", "uncertainties", "remain", "as", "to", "the", "effectiveness", "oftext", "-", "generating", "ﬁltering", "techniques", "and", "as", "to", "the", "validity", "of", "arti", "ﬁcial", "text", "discovering", "\n", "methods", ".", "This", "is", "a", "short", "version", "of", "review", "according", "to", "poster", "publication", "rules", ".", "\n", "The", "rest", "of", "this", "paper", "is", "organized", "following", "systematic", "review", "guidelines", ".", "Section", "2", "\n", "presents", "the", "methods", "selected", "and", "their", "short", "description", ".", "A", "comparison", "of", "the", "methodsis", "available", "in", "Sect", ".", "3", ".", "Section", "4recaps", "our", "main", "ﬁndings", "and", "discusses", "various", "possible", "\n", "extensions", "of", "this", "work", ".", "\n", "©", "Springer", "International", "Publishing", "Switzerland", "2016", "\n", "E.", "Métais", "et", "al", ".", "(", "Eds", ".", "):", "NLDB", "2016", ",", "LNCS", "9612", ",", "pp", ".", "421", "–", "426", ",", "2016", ".", "\n", "DOI", ":", "10.1007/978", "-", "3", "-", "319", "-", "41754", "-", "7_432", "The", "Methods", "of", "Arti", "ﬁcial", "Text", "Detection", "\n", "As", "said", "before", ",", "the", "way", "of", "arti", "ﬁcial", "content", "detection", "depends", "on", "the", "method", "by", "which", "\n", "it", "was", "generated", ".", "Let", "us", "consider", "various", "existing", "features", ",", "that", "authors", "use", "for", "clas", "-", "siﬁcation", ".", "The", "information", "about", "results", "and", "datasets", "used", "for", "each", "method", "is", "given", "in", "\n", "the", "summary", "table", ".", "\n", "2.1", "Frequency", "Counting", "Method", "\n", "To", "discover", "whether", "a", "text" ]	[]
been engaging as part of this lecture series. As a part of the preservation of the lectures themselves, we will also preserve records related to the management of the lecture series itself, including the digital flyer advertisements, presentations we have given on the lecture series, reports and the survey questionnaires. A longer- term goal is to reach out to teachers of students in K- 12 classes and local schools. This is especially important for girls around the age of twelve, which is when girls start to feel they would not be successful in STEMM fields. 41 We have developed a primary- source toolkit for students to engage with the lectures and digital exhibits to learn more about women in science. The toolkit includes lesson plans and questions to answer while watching the video, investigating digitized primary- source documents from our holdings and hands- on activities where students can be creative and try to understand our speakers' research processes more. We were able to implement these lesson plans in a workshop focused on exploring the natural sciences at Expanding Your Horizons Chicago 2023, an event geared towards middle school girls interested in STEMM. 42 We are also exploring creating 'teacher trunks' that will be available for instructors to check out from the U of I Archives so that they are able to have all the materials they need for these activities. We will continue our relationships with our speakers, with the goal of being able to share their stories through these recorded lectures, as well as to remind them to think of the U of I Archives as a place to donate their papers so that their materials and stories are not lost. The lecture series is a useful 3 1 5 tool to help engage with the community whose work and history we aim to preserve, but an hour- long lecture is not enough to capture the whole story. Papers related to their research and personal journeys are incredibly valuable and we want to make sure that our speakers recognize this and remember to donate their own materials in the future. While we have received donations of other women scientists since launching the lecture series, 43 we hope that this initiative continues to be impactful and to lead to a re- imaging of the U of I Archives as a place where women scientists' papers are welcomed and stewarded. 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U.S. states that the chances of war are serious 1 The draw of the city This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342-210.4324/9781003467342-2 4 Urban life in Delhi slums and unbelievably real. Cross-border terrorism in Kashmir is the precursor to this military conflict. I’m standing at the airport in a queue to leave. The pain in my heart and concerns in my head make for a sorry situation. I’ve just left Mr Khurram who dropped me off. My friend of three years whilst carrying out my doctorate in India. “Don’t worry”, he says, “You cannot stay, you have been ordered to leave now”. I’m looking around an airport that’s in chaos – pushing, shoving, queue jumping, shouting, hassling. Why am I privileged to leave? I want to stay and face what my dearest friends are facing in a country I’ve come to love. The flight home is going to be an emotional one. Diary entry: 30th August 2013 It seems like the most efficient and convenient way to travel. Let’s go with the driver in a hired 4x4 jeep from Bhawanigarh, Punjab to New Delhi – 242 km of expressways and major roads. Five hours or so. Sit back, relax and take in the view. The jeep has strangely covered seats with what look like tablecloths. We are sitting in the back. The driver has a friend with him up front. It doesn’t take long for it to dawn on us the driver might be under the influence of something. His raucous laughter every time we have a near miss is becoming more concern - ing. Trying to look out of the window only reveals what looks like a narrow road where every vehicle wants to overtake the other irrespective of which side of the road they should be travelling on. Bullock carts, bikes, the occasional car tipped up on one side on the curb, buses, lorries – it’s total pandemonium. We stop onthe Patiala Road; I need something to drink. Back in the jeep. We decide to take some photos and video to get us to focus on the task in hand. “Oh, look at that bus overtaking the cart coming straight towards us”, thank goodness we have space, but no, wait a third vehicle – a car – is now straining to overtake the bus, overtaking the cart. A horn breaks the silence from	[ "U.S.", "states", "that", "the", "chances", "of", "war", "are", "serious", "1", "\n", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", "\n", "This", "chapter", "has", "been", "made", "available", "under", "a", "CC", "-", "BY", "-", "NC", "-", "ND", "4.0", "license", ".", "DOI", ":", "10.4324/9781003467342", "-", "210.4324/9781003467342", "-", "2", "\n", "4", "Urban", "life", "in", "Delhi", "slums", "\n", "and", "unbelievably", "real", ".", "Cross", "-", "border", "terrorism", "in", "Kashmir", "is", "the", "precursor", "to", "\n", "this", "military", "conflict", ".", "I", "’m", "standing", "at", "the", "airport", "in", "a", "queue", "to", "leave", ".", "The", "pain", "in", "\n", "my", "heart", "and", "concerns", "in", "my", "head", "make", "for", "a", "sorry", "situation", ".", "I", "’ve", "just", "left", "Mr", "\n", "Khurram", "who", "dropped", "me", "off", ".", "My", "friend", "of", "three", "years", "whilst", "carrying", "out", "my", "\n", "doctorate", "in", "India", ".", "“", "Do", "n’t", "worry", "”", ",", "he", "says", ",", "“", "You", "can", "not", "stay", ",", "you", "have", "been", "\n", "ordered", "to", "leave", "now", "”", ".", "I", "’m", "looking", "around", "an", "airport", "that", "’s", "in", "chaos", "–", "pushing", ",", "\n", "shoving", ",", "queue", "jumping", ",", "shouting", ",", "hassling", ".", "Why", "am", "I", "privileged", "to", "leave", "?", "I", "\n", "want", "to", "stay", "and", "face", "what", "my", "dearest", "friends", "are", "facing", "in", "a", "country", "I", "’ve", "come", "\n", "to", "love", ".", "The", "flight", "home", "is", "going", "to", "be", "an", "emotional", "one", ".", "\n", "Diary", "entry", ":", "30th", "August", "2013", "\n", "It", "seems", "like", "the", "most", "efficient", "and", "convenient", "way", "to", "travel", ".", "Let", "’s", "go", "with", "the", "\n", "driver", "in", "a", "hired", "4x4", "jeep", "from", "Bhawanigarh", ",", "Punjab", "to", "New", "Delhi", "–", "242", "km", "of", "\n", "expressways", "and", "major", "roads", ".", "Five", "hours", "or", "so", ".", "Sit", "back", ",", "relax", "and", "take", "in", "the", "\n", "view", ".", "The", "jeep", "has", "strangely", "covered", "seats", "with", "what", "look", "like", "tablecloths", ".", "We", "\n", "are", "sitting", "in", "the", "back", ".", "The", "driver", "has", "a", "friend", "with", "him", "up", "front", ".", "It", "does", "n’t", "take", "\n", "long", "for", "it", "to", "dawn", "on", "us", "the", "driver", "might", "be", "under", "the", "influence", "of", "something", ".", "\n", "His", "raucous", "laughter", "every", "time", "we", "have", "a", "near", "miss", "is", "becoming", "more", "concern", "-", "\n", "ing", ".", "Trying", "to", "look", "out", "of", "the", "window", "only", "reveals", "what", "looks", "like", "a", "narrow", "road", "\n", "where", "every", "vehicle", "wants", "to", "overtake", "the", "other", "irrespective", "of", "which", "side", "of", "\n", "the", "road", "they", "should", "be", "travelling", "on", ".", "Bullock", "carts", ",", "bikes", ",", "the", "occasional", "car", "\n", "tipped", "up", "on", "one", "side", "on", "the", "curb", ",", "buses", ",", "lorries", "–", "it", "’s", "total", "pandemonium", ".", "We", "\n", "stop", "onthe", "Patiala", "Road", ";", "I", "need", "something", "to", "drink", ".", "Back", "in", "the", "jeep", ".", "We", "decide", "\n", "to", "take", "some", "photos", "and", "video", "to", "get", "us", "to", "focus", "on", "the", "task", "in", "hand", ".", "“", "Oh", ",", "look", "\n", "at", "that", "bus", "overtaking", "the", "cart", "coming", "straight", "towards", "us", "”", ",", "thank", "goodness", "we", "\n", "have", "space", ",", "but", "no", ",", "wait", "a", "third", "vehicle", "–", "a", "car", "–", "is", "now", "straining", "to", "overtake", "\n", "the", "bus", ",", "overtaking", "the", "cart", ".", "A", "horn", "breaks", "the", "silence", "from" ]	[ { "end": 944, "label": "YEAR", "start": 940 } ]
S&T domains. For all S&T domains except Agrifood, the concordances are produced by both patents and publications. When checking the semantic content of the Agrifood S&T do-main in Azerbaijan, it is possible to see that the respective research carried out is mostly about genotyping plant species; ■for the ‘Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment’ cluster, the S&T domain ‘Na- notechnology and materials’ was matched with the respective E&I domain via publica- tions exclusively. By inspecting the semantic content of the ‘Nanotechnology and materials domain’, it is however evident that this S&T domain does not belong to the ‘Repair and In- stallation of Machinery and Equipment’ cluster because it is clearly focused on the character- isation of the physical properties of materials and not on the application of those materials for machinery. For this reason, we decided to remove the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T domain from this cluster, despite the emergence of the observed matching biblio- metric fields. The most relevant keywords for these Azeri S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. AZERBAIJAN Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Oil and Gas Production and Transportation19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products• Chemistry and chemical engineering • Energy • Nanotechnology and materials Chemical Products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products• Chemistry and chemical engineering • Nanotechnology and materials • Agrifood • Biotechnology Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Computer Programming and Financial Services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 4.3. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Azerbaijan Figure 4.6. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Azerbaijan Figure 4.8. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan Figure 4.10. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Azerbaijan Figure 4.7. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Azerbaijan Figure 4.9. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Azerbaijan Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 239 240 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials Figure 4.11. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Georgia Figure 4.12. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain	[ "S&T", "domains", ".", "For", "all", "S&T", "domains", "except", "\n", "Agrifood", ",", "the", "concordances", "are", "produced", "by", "\n", "both", "patents", "and", "publications", ".", "When", "checking", "\n", "the", "semantic", "content", "of", "the", "Agrifood", "S&T", "do", "-", "main", "in", "Azerbaijan", ",", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "see", "that", "\n", "the", "respective", "research", "carried", "out", "is", "mostly", "\n", "about", "genotyping", "plant", "species", ";", "\n ", "■", "for", "the", "‘", "Repair", "and", "Installation", "of", "Machinery", "\n", "and", "Equipment", "’", "cluster", ",", "the", "S&T", "domain", "‘", "Na-", "\n", "notechnology", "and", "materials", "’", "was", "matched", "\n", "with", "the", "respective", "E&I", "domain", "via", "publica-", "\n", "tions", "exclusively", ".", "By", "inspecting", "the", "semantic", "\n", "content", "of", "the", "‘", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "domain", "’", ",", "it", "is", "however", "evident", "that", "this", "S&T", "\n", "domain", "does", "not", "belong", "to", "the", "‘", "Repair", "and", "In-", "\n", "stallation", "of", "Machinery", "and", "Equipment", "’", "cluster", "\n", "because", "it", "is", "clearly", "focused", "on", "the", "character-", "\n", "isation", "of", "the", "physical", "properties", "of", "materials", "\n", "and", "not", "on", "the", "application", "of", "those", "materials", "\n", "for", "machinery", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "we", "decided", "to", "\n", "remove", "the", "‘", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "’", "\n", "S&T", "domain", "from", "this", "cluster", ",", "despite", "the", "\n", "emergence", "of", "the", "observed", "matching", "biblio-", "\n", "metric", "fields", ".", "\n", "The", "most", "relevant", "keywords", "for", "these", "Azeri", "S&T", "\n", "domains", "that", "match", "E&I", "domains", "can", "be", "found", "in", "\n", "the", "figures", "below", ";", "similar", "figures", "were", "also", "shown", "\n", "in", "Part", "3", "when", "characterising", "the", "S&T", "for", "the", "\n", "whole", "EaP", "region", ".", "\n", "AZERBAIJAN", "\n", "Concordance", "between", "E&I", "analysis", "and", "S&T", "analysis", "\n", "Economic", "clusterE&I", "domains", " \n", "(", "NACE", "sectors)S&T", "domains", "\n", "Oil", "and", "Gas", "Production", "and", "\n", "Transportation19", "Manufacture", "of", "coke", "and", "refined", "\n", "petroleum", "products•", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "•", "Energy", "\n", "•", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Chemical", "Products20", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "\n", "chemical", "products•", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "•", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "•", "Agrifood", "\n", "•", "Biotechnology", "\n", "Repair", "and", "Installation", "of", "\n", "Machinery", "and", "Equipment33", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "\n", "Computer", "Programming", "and", "\n", "Financial", "Services62", "Computer", "programming", ",", "\n", "consultancy", "and", "related", "activities", "\n", "64", "Financial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "\n", "insurance", "and", "pension", "fundingTable", "4.3", ".", "Combined", "EIST", "specialisation", "domains", "in", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Figure", "4.6", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Figure", "4.8", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Chemistry", "and", "\n", "chemical", "engineering", "in", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Figure", "4.10", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materials", "in", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Figure", "4.7", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Biotechnology", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Figure", "4.9", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Energy", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation", "239", "\n", "240", "\n ", "Part", "4", "Identification", "of", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potentials", "\n", "Figure", "4.11", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Figure", "4.12", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain" ]	[]
$36 m Professional Services 12 Mobile 3 200 Manufacturing $31 m Other 11 Apps 3 105 Consumer Goods $30 mTable 2.41. Largest industry groups – Georgia For Georgia, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. 106 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Moldova # firms CM Firms # employees CM Employees # est. revenue CM Revenue Software 35 Software 980 Software $105 m Information Technology 20 Information Technology 780 Information Technology $100 m Internet Services 15 Food and Beverage 755Lending and Investments$77 m Professional Services 13 Financial Services 530 Sustainability $77 m Commerce and Shopping12Lending and Investments460 Financial Services $77 m Hardware 12 Sustainability 390 Energy $76 m Mobile 10 Energy 380 Other $13 m Media and Entertainment9Commerce and Shopping315 Hardware $12 m Financial Services 9 Hardware 205 Professional Services $8 m Apps 8 Professional Services 205 Sales and Marketing $6 mTable 2.42. Largest industry groups – Moldova For Moldova, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Ukraine # firms CM Firms # employees CM Employees # est. revenue CM Revenue Software 1 404 Information Technology 102 855Media and Entertainment$12 366 m Sales and Marketing 1 002 Software 97 245 Software $10 667 m Commerce and Shopping844 Hardware 81 745 Video $10 391 m Information Technology 813Commerce and Shopping77 760 Information Technology $8 660 m Internet Services 711 Manufacturing 73 485 Sales and Marketing $7 543 m Professional Services 672 Professional Services 66 715 Design $7 354 m Media and Entertainment629Science and Engineering58 975Commerce and Shopping$6 510 m Hardware 594 Financial Services 55 910 Manufacturing $5 943 m Design 585 Sales and Marketing 44 425 Food and Beverage $5 832 m Advertising 574 Transportation 41 260 Data and Analytics $5 825 mTable 2.43. Largest industry groups – Ukraine For Ukraine, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation107 Specialisation with respect to the East- ern Partnership The relative sectoral specialisation sij of the Country i in the Industrial Group j is the ratio be- tween the share of variable n (number of compa- nies, number of employees, estimated revenue) in a	[ "$", "36", "m", "\n", "Professional", "Services", "12", "Mobile", "3", "200", "Manufacturing", "$", "31", "m", "\n", "Other", "11", "Apps", "3", "105", "Consumer", "Goods", "$", "30", "mTable", "2.41", ".", "Largest", "industry", "groups", "–", "Georgia", "\n", "For", "Georgia", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "raw", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "\n", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "106", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "#", "firms", "CM", "Firms", "#", "employees", "CM", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "CM", "Revenue", "\n", "Software", "35", "Software", "980", "Software", "$", "105", "m", "\n", "Information", "Technology", "20", "Information", "Technology", "780", "Information", "Technology", "$", "100", "m", "\n", "Internet", "Services", "15", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "755Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments$77", "m", "\n", "Professional", "Services", "13", "Financial", "Services", "530", "Sustainability", "$", "77", "m", "\n", "Commerce", "and", "\n", "Shopping12Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments460", "Financial", "Services", "$", "77", "m", "\n", "Hardware", "12", "Sustainability", "390", "Energy", "$", "76", "m", "\n", "Mobile", "10", "Energy", "380", "Other", "$", "13", "m", "\n", "Media", "and", "\n", "Entertainment9Commerce", "and", "\n", "Shopping315", "Hardware", "$", "12", "m", "\n", "Financial", "Services", "9", "Hardware", "205", "Professional", "Services", "$", "8", "m", "\n", "Apps", "8", "Professional", "Services", "205", "Sales", "and", "Marketing", "$", "6", "mTable", "2.42", ".", "Largest", "industry", "groups", "–", "Moldova", "\n", "For", "Moldova", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "raw", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "\n", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "#", "firms", "CM", "Firms", "#", "employees", "CM", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "CM", "Revenue", "\n", "Software", "1", "404", "Information", "Technology", "102", "855Media", "and", "\n", "Entertainment$12", "366", "m", "\n", "Sales", "and", "Marketing", "1", "002", "Software", "97", "245", "Software", "$", "10", "667", "m", "\n", "Commerce", "and", "\n", "Shopping844", "Hardware", "81", "745", "Video", "$", "10", "391", "m", "\n", "Information", "Technology", "813Commerce", "and", "\n", "Shopping77", "760", "Information", "Technology", "$", "8", "660", "m", "\n", "Internet", "Services", "711", "Manufacturing", "73", "485", "Sales", "and", "Marketing", "$", "7", "543", "m", "\n", "Professional", "Services", "672", "Professional", "Services", "66", "715", "Design", "$", "7", "354", "m", "\n", "Media", "and", "\n", "Entertainment629Science", "and", "\n", "Engineering58", "975Commerce", "and", "\n", "Shopping$6", "510", "m", "\n", "Hardware", "594", "Financial", "Services", "55", "910", "Manufacturing", "$", "5", "943", "m", "\n", "Design", "585", "Sales", "and", "Marketing", "44", "425", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "$", "5", "832", "m", "\n", "Advertising", "574", "Transportation", "41", "260", "Data", "and", "Analytics", "$", "5", "825", "mTable", "2.43", ".", "Largest", "industry", "groups", "–", "Ukraine", "\n", "For", "Ukraine", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "raw", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "\n", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation107", "\n", "Specialisation", "with", "respect", "to", "the", "East-", "\n", "ern", "Partnership", "\n", "The", "relative", "sectoral", "specialisation", "sij", "of", "the", "\n", "Country", "i", "in", "the", "Industrial", "Group", "j", "is", "the", "ratio", "be-", "\n", "tween", "the", "share", "of", "variable", "n", "(", "number", "of", "compa-", "\n", "nies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", ",", "estimated", "revenue", ")", "in", "\n", "a" ]	[]
Ring-fencing rules create de facto 'separate taxpayers' for tax liability determination purposes and sometimes also for tax reporting purposes. There are different ways that tax administrations deal with this phenomenon from a tax reporting perspective. The countries can request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ring-fenced area, either as a part of their tax return or as a special annex to their tax return. The other possibility is to require filing a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. This means that the same taxpayer may file multiple tax returns for the same taxable period with respect to each ring-fenced activity and an additional one or more tax returns for non-mining activities. To support the filings, the licence holder will have to maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. The tax return or a special annex should include information needed for preliminary risk analysis, such as revenues and expenditures per ring-fenced item. A licence holder must usually submit the tax returns (either electronically or in physical form) to the tax authority on a template specifically designed and authorized for this purpose. Special templates for tax returns or their annexes can be designed to simplify the filing process while ensuring the key information needed for risk assessment and high-level review is included. ## 5.4.2 Maintaining All the Necessary Supporting Documents and Records In case of necessity or tax audit, the tax authority may require primary and other relevant documents when it receives the tax return(s). In that case, the mining taxpayer should be in a position to establish and prove how the relevant revenues and expenditures have been determined and correctly allocated to the specific licences or other ring-fenced business activities, ideally based on apportionment methods established in a guidance published by the tax authority for taxpayers. A proper application of an apportionment method relies on having clear data across mines/projects/ licence areas. In doing so, the taxpayer should maintain all the necessary documents and records to support its arguments in case the tax authority requests that it do so. There should be periodic reviews undertaken by the tax authority. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0	[ "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "create", "de", "facto", "'", "separate", "taxpayers", "'", "for", "tax", "liability", "determination", "purposes", "and", "sometimes", "also", "for", "tax", "reporting", "purposes", ".", "There", "are", "different", "ways", "that", "tax", "administrations", "deal", "with", "this", "phenomenon", "from", "a", "tax", "reporting", "perspective", ".", "The", "countries", "can", "request", "one", "single", "tax", "return", "filed", "by", "the", "taxpayer", "that", "includes", "separate", "tax", "base", "calculations", "for", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "area", ",", "either", "as", "a", "part", "of", "their", "tax", "return", "or", "as", "a", "special", "annex", "to", "their", "tax", "return", ".", "The", "other", "possibility", "is", "to", "require", "filing", "a", "separate", "tax", "return", "for", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "area", "or", "activity", ".", "This", "means", "that", "the", "same", "taxpayer", "may", "file", "multiple", "tax", "returns", "for", "the", "same", "taxable", "period", "with", "respect", "to", "each", "ring", "-", "fenced", "activity", "and", "an", "additional", "one", "or", "more", "tax", "returns", "for", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ".", "\n\n", "To", "support", "the", "filings", ",", "the", "licence", "holder", "will", "have", "to", "maintain", "all", "the", "necessary", "accounting", "documents", "and", "records", "to", "provide", "justifications", "for", "the", "completion", "of", "the", "relevant", "tax", "returns", ".", "\n\n", "The", "tax", "return", "or", "a", "special", "annex", "should", "include", "information", "needed", "for", "preliminary", "risk", "analysis", ",", "such", "as", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "per", "ring", "-", "fenced", "item", ".", "A", "licence", "holder", "must", "usually", "submit", "the", "tax", "returns", "(", "either", "electronically", "or", "in", "physical", "form", ")", "to", "the", "tax", "authority", "on", "a", "template", "specifically", "designed", "and", "authorized", "for", "this", "purpose", ".", "Special", "templates", "for", "tax", "returns", "or", "their", "annexes", "can", "be", "designed", "to", "simplify", "the", "filing", "process", "while", "ensuring", "the", "key", "information", "needed", "for", "risk", "assessment", "and", "high", "-", "level", "review", "is", "included", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.4.2", "Maintaining", "All", "the", "Necessary", "Supporting", "Documents", "and", "Records", "\n\n", "In", "case", "of", "necessity", "or", "tax", "audit", ",", "the", "tax", "authority", "may", "require", "primary", "and", "other", "relevant", "documents", "when", "it", "receives", "the", "tax", "return(s", ")", ".", "In", "that", "case", ",", "the", "mining", "taxpayer", "should", "be", "in", "a", "position", "to", "establish", "and", "prove", "how", "the", "relevant", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "have", "been", "determined", "and", "correctly", "allocated", "to", "the", "specific", "licences", "or", "other", "ring", "-", "fenced", "business", "activities", ",", "ideally", "based", "on", "apportionment", "methods", "established", "in", "a", "guidance", "published", "by", "the", "tax", "authority", "for", "taxpayers", ".", "A", "proper", "application", "of", "an", "apportionment", "method", "relies", "on", "having", "clear", "data", "across", "mines", "/", "projects/", "licence", "areas", ".", "In", "doing", "so", ",", "the", "taxpayer", "should", "maintain", "all", "the", "necessary", "documents", "and", "records", "to", "support", "its", "arguments", "in", "case", "the", "tax", "authority", "requests", "that", "it", "do", "so", ".", "There", "should", "be", "periodic", "reviews", "undertaken", "by", "the", "tax", "authority", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0" ]	[]
Nineteenth- Century Britain , was co- authored with Melissa Dickson, Sally Shuttleworth and Jennifer Wallis, as part of the ERC- funded project ‘Diseases of Modern Life’ (2014– 2019) at the University of Oxford. Her current work examines the global entanglements of Earth and environmental sciences in South and East Asia in the twentieth century and the role of women therein. Nuala Proinnseas Caomh á nach is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at New York University and Research Associate in the Invertebrate Department at the American Museum of Natural History. Her research xii Negotiating in/visibility examines the relationship between scientific knowledge, climate change and conservation law in Madagascar, illuminating how changes in botani - cal science have affected international conservation ideology, policy and practice. Nuala is a contributing editor at the Journal of the History of Ideas blog and Broadly Speaking series. She co- curated the Black Botany: The Nature of Black Experience exhibition as a Mellon Fellow at the New York Botanical Garden and co- produces the Not That Kind of Doctor podcast, which invites PhD students to discuss their research in an informal manner. Evangelia Chordaki is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Seeger Center for Hellenic Studies at Princeton University. She is a historian of science with a PhD in Science Communication and Gender Studies (2022), funded by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation. Her research interests include feminist epistemologies and the intertwinement of gender, technosci - ence and digitality, with an emphasis on cyberfeminism and xenofeminism. Her work also focuses on the communication of the Covid- 19 pandemic, especially the impact of epistemic uncertainty, scientific expertise and boundary work on the performativities and practices of science communi - cation. Since 2023, Evangelia is a research associate at the National Hellenic Research Foundation. Jean Corbi is a PhD student in History at Sciences Po Paris, where he also teaches contemporary history. His research interests focus on the rela - tionship between the state and the emerging medical profession in late Republican China, with an emphasis on Sichuan Province between 1928 and 1949. Kathryn Edgerton- Tarpley is Professor of Late Imperial and Modern Chinese History at San Diego State University. She is the author of Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth- Century China (University of California Press, 2008) and multiple articles on fam - ines and floods. 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Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan. Oxford Development Studies, 29 (2), 145 -154. https://doi.org/10.1080/136008101239 26 Juan, W., & Liangjing, F. (2011). A study on the influence factors of location choice of China’s outward FDI—Based on the perspective of national differences. Social Scientists, 9 , 79-82, 87. Kojima, K. (1987). Foreign Trade Theory (Zhou Baolian transla tion, pp. 10 -120). Nankai University Press. Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2012). What determines Chinese outward FDI? Journal of World Business, 47 (1), 26 -34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.10.017 Lan, W. (2014). The influence of global value chain on the i nternational division of labor in Chinese manufacturing industry. Statistical Research, 5, 17-23. Lan, W., & Hongyan, L. (2015). A study on the integration of China’s manufacturing industry into the global value chain —From the perspective of embedded position and value added capability. Chinese Industrial Economy, 2 , 76-88. Lei, Z. (2012). Outward FDI and the upgrading of industrial structure: An analysis based on China’s direct investment in ASEAN. Economic Problem, 2 , 47-50. Liu, S., & Jie, Z. (2013). Study on the correlation between foreign direct investment and industrial hollowing out in Guangdong Province —Based on Grey Relational Analysis. International Business (Journal of University of International Business and Economics), 2 , 52-64. Markusen, J. R., & Keith, E. M. (2002). Discriminating Among Alternative Theories of the Multinational Enterprise . Review of International Economics, 10 (4), 694 -707. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467 -9396.00359 Min, L., Jinshan, L., & Yupe i, L. (2016). Home country investment motivation, host country system and location choice of foreign direct investment. Explore the Economic Problems, 8 , 100 -112. Minglan, Y . (2008). Research on the influence of foreign direct investment on industrial stru cture adjustment in China . Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Neven, D., & Siotis, G. (1996). Technology Sourcing and FDI in the EC: An Empirical Evaluation. International Journal of Industrial Organization . https://doi.org/10.1016/0167 -7187( 95)00510 -2 Nisha, J.,Yonghui, H., & Jianhua, Z. (2014). The effect of upgrading the industrial structure of bidirectional FDI in China: Theoretical mechanism and empirical test. International Trade Issues, 11 , 109 -120. Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M., & Laforet, S . (2012). China’s outward foreign direct investment: Location choice and firm ownership. Journal of World Business, 47 (1), 17 -25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.10.016 Sheng, W., & Tao, T. (2013). Study on the factors influencing the location choice of China’s outward FDI—Based on the perspective of national differences. World Economic Research, 12 , 60-66, 86.	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last few years (especially in Ukraine) and this would render the CAGR results misleading, nor for EC projects due to the small number of records. Afterwards, a specialisation analysis has been carried out for each country’s domains against the EaP region as a whole. The specialisation index (SI)60 has been computed. The specialisation index indicates the relative intensity of activity of a geography of interest (country, region, etc.) in each domain in relation to the activity within a specific perimeter of compar- 60 Schubert, A., Braun, T., ‘Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact’, Metrics, Vol. 9, 1986, pp. 281–291.ison (in the case of this study, the average for the EaP region) – in this case, the relative publishing and patenting volume and EU project participation activity. Within the framework of Smart Speciali- sation, this indicator provides a comparison of the relative weight of each domain of knowledge in EaP countries, in relation to the reference region (the EaP region), to understand whether or not EaP countries are specialised in each domain of knowl- edge (in this case, the S&T domains, i.e. groups of labelled topics). Concretely, the specialisation index within a spe- cific S&T domain – for a given EaP country with respect to the reference perimeter (i.e. the EaP average) – is the result of the following ratio: ■numerator – number of records in the domain of knowledge produced by the country, nor- malised by the total amount of records within the country when counting multiple domain assignations; ■denominator – the average of the number of records in the domain of knowledge across the EaP produced by each EaP country, nor- malised by the total amount of records within the same EaP country when counting multiple domain assignations. Thus, a specialisation index greater than 1 implies a relative specialisation of the geography of inter- est in this domain of knowledge. For example, an SI of 2 means that the country’s share of publica- tions or patents in a domain is double that of the EaP average. The normalised citation impact (NCI)61 has also been computed for scientific publications. The NCI measures the number of citations per publication, normalised over a reference citation per publication figure. 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Neighbourhoods are districts of an urban city where neighbours live and come together through social and cultural networks. As the above quote by Jane Jacobs illustrates, for some, a 'neighbourhood' defines who they are in terms of social position, dignity and identity, offering a community with humility and empathy. Neighbourhoods can form boundaries as well as promote rich cultural diversity and pluralism. A neighbourhood with strong social cohesion can empower communities to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and networks for a collective good. By contrast, low levels of neighbourhood social cohesion and trust are associated with stress, depression and anxiety (Forrest and Kearns, 2001 ; Prezza et al., 2001 ; Barnes, 2003). Those living in slums are not a homogeneous population, but a diverse group of people with different interests, means and backgrounds. Slums are a significant economic force. In some cities, it has been estimated that as much as 60% of employment is carried out within the informal sector. What is vital for a city to continue to flourish is diversity, which is a source of economic and cultural dyna -mism ( Jacobs, 1961 , 1968 ; Glaeser, 2011). This chapter examines the relationship between subjective well-being, neighbourhood cohesion and social capital, taking into consideration the socio-economic backgrounds of the households as well as levels of trust in our three different settlements - slum/JJ colony (Sanjay), reset -tlement colony (Bhalswa) and unauthorised colony (Ajit Vihar). What is being investigated are the different levels of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital, trust, resilience, and subjective well-being that affect residents' behaviours and how they play a part in an individual's life's purpose and meaning. The data in this chapter were gathered through a survey carried out with 1,004 households (311 in Sanjay; 365 in Ajit Vihar; 328 in Bhalswa). We look at neighbourhood networks, happiness, sense of purpose, life satisfaction and control. We follow an intra-community focus using Auerbach's social capital scale ( Auerbach, 2019). Bouncing back from a variety of challenges that arise in life is measured through household resilience. Structural equation modelling is employed to assess direct and indirect associations. In this chapter, we explore three hypotheses: - 1. Being able to choose your neighbourhood is beneficial to your well-being and contributes positively to attitudes around neighbourhood cohesion - A com -parison of Sanjay (slum/JJ) and Bhalswa (resettlement). - 2. 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the requirements of EU directives. Finally, implementation and enforcement authorities in the Member States should be streamlined and merged. The EU should fully implement the announced cut by 25% of reporting obligations and commit to achieving a further reduction for SMEs up to 50%, upholding proportionality for SMEs in EU law and extending it to small mid-caps . The report recommends that all new proposals up for adoption should be subject to a revamped competitiveness test, with a clear, strong methodology to measure the cumulative impact, including both compliance costs and administrative burden. These checks should be performed by involving committees of industrial operators supporting the Commission in assessing the impact of all draft autonomous acts. On this basis, the Commission should choose to postpone initiatives which are particularly problematic from an innovation standpoint or with a disproportionate impact on SMEs. In addition, the Commission should extend mitigation measures to small mid-caps. The EU should also enable the use of AI-powered software and machine-processed data to lower compliance and administrative costs for SMEs. Measures should include requiring harmonised reporting templates, de minimis reporting thresholds, and centralised reporting requirements using one multilingual interface.	[ "the", "requirements", "of", "EU", "directives", ".", "Finally", ",", "implementation", "\n", "and", "enforcement", "authorities", "in", "the", "Member", "States", "should", "be", "streamlined", "and", "merged", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "should", "fully", "implement", "the", "announced", "cut", "by", "25", "%", "of", "reporting", "obligations", "and", "commit", "to", "achieving", "\n", "a", "further", "reduction", "for", "SMEs", "up", "to", "50", "%", ",", "upholding", "proportionality", "for", "SMEs", "in", "EU", "law", "and", "extending", "it", "to", "\n", "small", "mid", "-", "caps", ".", "The", "report", "recommends", "that", "all", "new", "proposals", "up", "for", "adoption", "should", "be", "subject", "to", "a", "revamped", "\n", "competitiveness", "test", ",", "with", "a", "clear", ",", "strong", "methodology", "to", "measure", "the", "cumulative", "impact", ",", "including", "both", "compliance", "\n", "costs", "and", "administrative", "burden", ".", "These", "checks", "should", "be", "performed", "by", "involving", "committees", "of", "industrial", "operators", "\n", "supporting", "the", "Commission", "in", "assessing", "the", "impact", "of", "all", "draft", "autonomous", "acts", ".", "On", "this", "basis", ",", "the", "Commission", "\n", "should", "choose", "to", "postpone", "initiatives", "which", "are", "particularly", "problematic", "from", "an", "innovation", "standpoint", "or", "with", "a", "\n", "disproportionate", "impact", "on", "SMEs", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "Commission", "should", "extend", "mitigation", "measures", "to", "small", "mid", "-", "caps", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "should", "also", "enable", "the", "use", "of", "AI", "-", "powered", "software", "and", "machine", "-", "processed", "data", "to", "lower", "compliance", "\n", "and", "administrative", "costs", "for", "SMEs", ".", "Measures", "should", "include", "requiring", "harmonised", "reporting", "templates", ",", "de", "minimis", "\n", "reporting", "thresholds", ",", "and", "centralised", "reporting", "requirements", "using", "one", "multilingual", "interface", "." ]	[]
Modise, M. R., Fonsén, E., Heikka, J., Phatudi, N., Bøe, M., and Phala, T. (Eds.). (2023a). Global Perspectives on Leadership in Early Childhood Education . Helsinki University Press. https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-20 Modise, M. R., Mampane, S., and Phatudi, N. (2023b). Early childhood leaders' conceptualisation and understanding of leadership in community centres: The Case of South Africa. In M. Modise et al. (Eds.), Global Perspectives on Leadership in Early Childhood Education (pp. 27-46). Helsinki University Press. https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-20-3 Muijs, D., Harris, A., Briggs, M., and Aubray, C. (2004). How do they manage? A review of the research on leadership in early childhood. Journal of Early Childhood Research , 2 (2). National Center for Parent, Family and Community Engagement. (2015). Compendium of Parenting Interventions . Office of Head Start, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ecd/ compendium\_of\_parenting\_interventions\_911\_508.pdf Number of educational institutions - Open data - Statistics National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2022). of the Kyrgyz Republic [Data set]. https://www.stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/279 New Zealand Ministry of Education. (2024). Te Whāriki Early Childhood Curriculum . https://tewhariki.tahurangi.education. govt.nz/early-childhood-curriculum-home OECD. (2020). Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce. https://doi.org/10.1787/b90bba3d-en Oloo, L., Elsey, H., Abboah-Offei, M., Kiyeng, M., Amboka, P., Okelo, K., Kitsao-Wekulo, P., Kimani-Murage, E., Langa't, N., and Nampijja, M. (2023). Developing an intervention to improve the quality of childcare centers in resource-poor urban settings: A mixed methods study in Nairobi, Kenya. Frontiers in Public Health , 11 . Petrowski, N., Cappa, C., and Dia, E. (2022). Two years on: Progress and country uptake of the ECDI2030 . UNICEF. https://data. unicef.org/data-for-action/two-years-on-progress-and-country-uptake-of-the-ecdi2030 Rashid, R. and Akkari, A. (2020). A review of early childhood education (ECE) in Bangladesh: Status and impact. International Journal of Education , 12 . Ratner, H. H., Bocknek, E. L., Miller, A. G., Elliott, S. L., and Weathington, B. (2018). Creating communities: A consortium model for early childhood leaders. Teacher Development , 22 (3), 427-446. Rodd, J. (2020). Leadership in Early Childhood: The Pathway to Professionalism . Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116295 Ruiz-Casares, M., Nazif-Muñoz, J., Iwo, R., and Oulhote, Y. (2018). Nonadult supervision of children in low- and middle-income countries: Results from 61 national population-based surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 15 , 1564. Simweleba, N. H. and Serpell, R. (2020). Parental involvement and learners' performance in rural basic schools of Zambia. South African Journal of Childhood Education , 10 (1), 13. Singapore Ministry of Education. (2024). 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The good, the bad, and the average: Evidence on ability peer effects in schools. Journal of Labor Economics , 30 (2), 367-414. - Nag, S., Vagh, S. B., Dulay, K. M., and Snowling, M. J. (2019). Home language, school language and children's literacy attainments: A systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Review of Education , 7 (1), 91-150. OECD. (2023a). PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During - and From - Disruption . https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en OECD. (2023b). PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education . https://doi.org/10.1787/ 53f23881-en Paloyo, A. R. (2020). Peer effects in education: Recent empirical evidence. In S. Bradley and C. Green (Eds.), The Economics of Education (pp. 291-305). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815391-8.00021-5 Patacchini, E., Rainone, E., and Zenou, Y. (2017). Heterogeneous peer effects in education. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 134 , 190-227. 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once again that women also tended to perceive such positions as a side- occupation. According to the documents she attached to her petition, she had attended the School Hygiene courses in Bucharest while working at the Social Security House because she wanted to teach and work in secondary schools. 44 The person who processed the case wrote that the position had been filled by a male doctor, appointed 'years ago, when there were no female competitors'. He also explained that since the doctor did not have tenure, he was being paid at the end of each year, with a modest amount, implying that his main job was elsewhere. The way he insisted on the procedure of acquiring the position by publishing it as vacant in the Official Monitor must have triggered the suspicion of the Ministry of Instruction, since its resolution clearly stated that women doctors had to be appointed in girls' schools provided they met all the criteria of the law. 45 This type of attitude displayed by male inspectors shows that the job transfers from male to female school doctors created frictions between the two. In the end, despite the obvious support from the Minister of Instruction, Dr Gudlea Gelbruch s petition led to the appointment of another colleague ʼ for the position available at the Carmen Sylva High School in Timișoara. Maria Cupcea Popovici was preferred because she was not an early career doctor and had a broader experience as a physician, teacher and school doctor. 46 However, it is not entirely clear if what mattered most was the ethnic origin, as Maria Cupcea was a Romanian born in Orhei County, Bessarabia, while Gudlea Gelbruch was a doctor of Jewish descent. ## Female professionals at a crossroads: Masculinity, femininity and language barriers Based on the cases discussed above, one might think that the substitution process for the positions of school doctor had only one direction: from male to female. In fact, documents show that the strict segregation of boys and 1 5 9 girls into separate education institutions did not exclude the presence of female doctors in boys' schools. Even though such situations were exceptional, they present a more nuanced image of a complex social process. 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compared to the other two bastis (74.6%; 50.3%; 79.2%). When comparing the different set -tlements statistically, we see a difference in the trust question (SC7) 'generally speaking, how much do you (mainly) trust people in this settlement?' Only 29.1% of households in Bhalswa indicated that they were trusting of their neighbours in the settlement (p<0.05). Using these data, we carry out confirmatory factor analysis in Stata to create a latent 1 factor for social capital (Attributes of the Community). This starts the pro -cess of constructing our theoretical model based on the IAD to consider polycen -tricity within the neighbourhoods to solve problems through collective action. We postulate that levels of social capital have an influence on community's collective action behaviours and use the Institutional Analysis and Development framework (V. Ostrom, 1975; E. Ostrom, 1986 , 2005) created by the Ostroms to understand the causal relationships at work here. Looking at Figure 3.2 the oval shape is used in confirmatory factor analysis , models to indicate a latent variable. The observed variables are given by the rectangles. The smaller circles are the error terms made up of the unique error to that variable and the associated random error ( Humble, 2020). Interpreting the model, a one standard deviation increase in the social capital latent factor is associated with a 0.6 standardised score increase in the observed variable SC1 (helping a family in need). This factor loading can be interpreted as a correlation between the latent factor and the item. Similarly, for the other observed variables, a one standard deviation increase in the social capital latent factor is associated with the standardised score increase in the observed variable (SC2, 0.66; SC3, 0.6; SC4, 0.57; SC5, 0.44; SC6, 0.6; SC7, 0.67). The factor loadings, which range from 0.44 to 0.67, illustrate the reliability of the model where the items relate well to the social capital latent variable. Loadings greater than or equal to 0.4 are said to be salient, relating meaningfully to a latent variable ( Brown, 2006). The social capital latent variable (Attributes of the Community) will be used in our theoretical model. ## Action situations [RWA/brokers/government officials/neighbours and family] In all neighbourhoods, households indicated that they work with a combination of different partners to facilitate community action activities. 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partners Economic and Innovation (E&I) specialisations EIST specialisation domains E&I preliminary prioritiesEIST preliminary prioritiesS&T preliminary prioritiesSTEP 1 STEP 3STEP 2 Science and Technology (S&T) specialisations identified E&I specialisations – grouped here in economic clusters5. The EaP region and the six country summary sche- mas presented in the following pages provide syn- thetic evidence for the identification of synergies or concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations of the EaP countries, as well as a complete overview of all highlighted E&I and S&T specialisation domains. In this sense, it is possible to find the following: ■E&I specialisation domains that do not con- nect with any S&T domain; ■E&I specialisation domains that do connect with S&T domains (EIST domains); ■S&T specialisation domains that do not con- nect with any E&I domain. 5 Economic clusters are, in fact, aggregations of NACE codes and are introduced in Part 4 of this document.As will be noted in the final remarks, beyond S3 priority-setting, the diverse nature of these spe- cialisation domains may require targeted policy instruments within a varied Smart Specialisation policy mix. Globally, this report provides complementary evi- dence for these and many more potential E&I, S&T and EIST domains, which can be reinterpreted, com- plemented and further elaborated by experts and stakeholders during the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP) to extend, replace or better specify the economic, innovation, scientific and technolog- ical specialisations and their concordances. 6 Executive summary Economic cluster (i.e. E&I domain) Corresponding NACE code(s) Alignment with S&T domain(s) Food processing and manifacturing10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages Agrifood Tobacco12 Manufacture of tobacco products Leather, apparel, & footwear13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products Nanotechnology and materials Wood products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, exept furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Chemistry and chemical engineering Nanotechnology and materials Media production and distribution18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media Oil and gas production and trasportation19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Chemistry and chemical engineering Energy Nanotechnology and materials Chemical products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Nanotechnology and materials Vulcanized and fired materials23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Nanotechnology and materials Metalworking technology25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Nanotechnology and materials Figure IIa. Summary table for the EaP	[ "partners", "\n", "Economic", "and", "Innovation", "(", "E&I", ")", "\n", "specialisations", "\n", "EIST", "specialisation", "domains", "\n", "E&I", "\n", "preliminary", "\n", "prioritiesEIST", "\n", "preliminary", "\n", "prioritiesS&T", "\n", "preliminary", "\n", "prioritiesSTEP", "1", "\n", "STEP", "3STEP", "2", "\n", "Science", "and", "Technology", "(", "S&T", ")", "\n", "specialisations", "\n", "identified", "E&I", "specialisations", "–", "grouped", "here", "in", "\n", "economic", "clusters5", ".", "\n", "The", "EaP", "region", "and", "the", "six", "country", "summary", "sche-", "\n", "mas", "presented", "in", "the", "following", "pages", "provide", "syn-", "\n", "thetic", "evidence", "for", "the", "identification", "of", "synergies", "\n", "or", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "\n", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "of", "the", "\n", "EaP", "countries", ",", "as", "well", "as", "a", "complete", "overview", "of", "\n", "all", "highlighted", "E&I", "and", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", ".", "\n", "In", "this", "sense", ",", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "find", "the", "following", ":", "\n ", "■", "E&I", "specialisation", "domains", "that", "do", "not", "con-", "\n", "nect", "with", "any", "S&T", "domain", ";", "\n ", "■", "E&I", "specialisation", "domains", "that", "do", "connect", "\n", "with", "S&T", "domains", "(", "EIST", "domains", ")", ";", "\n ", "■", "S&T", "specialisation", "domains", "that", "do", "not", "con-", "\n", "nect", "with", "any", "E&I", "domain", ".", "\n", "5", "Economic", "clusters", "are", ",", "in", "fact", ",", "aggregations", "of", "NACE", "\n", "codes", "and", "are", "introduced", "in", "Part", "4", "of", "this", "document", ".", "As", "will", "be", "noted", "in", "the", "final", "remarks", ",", "beyond", "S3", "\n", "priority", "-", "setting", ",", "the", "diverse", "nature", "of", "these", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", "domains", "may", "require", "targeted", "policy", "\n", "instruments", "within", "a", "varied", "Smart", "Specialisation", "\n", "policy", "mix", ".", "\n", "Globally", ",", "this", "report", "provides", "complementary", "evi-", "\n", "dence", "for", "these", "and", "many", "more", "potential", "E&I", ",", "S&T", "\n", "and", "EIST", "domains", ",", "which", "can", "be", "reinterpreted", ",", "com-", "\n", "plemented", "and", "further", "elaborated", "by", "experts", "and", "\n", "stakeholders", "during", "the", "entrepreneurial", "discovery", "\n", "process", "(", "EDP", ")", "to", "extend", ",", "replace", "or", "better", "specify", "\n", "the", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technolog-", "\n", "ical", "specialisations", "and", "their", "concordances", ".", "\n", "6", "\n", "Executive", "summary", "\n", "Economic", "cluster", "(", "i.e.", "E&I", "domain", ")", "Corresponding", "NACE", "code(s", ")", "Alignment", "with", "S&T", "domain(s", ")", "\n", "Food", "processing", "and", "\n", "manifacturing10", "Manufacture", "of", "food", "products", "\n", "11", "Manufacture", "of", "beverages", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "Tobacco12", "Manufacture", "of", "tobacco", "products", "\n", "Leather", ",", "apparel", ",", "&", "footwear13", "Manufacture", "of", "textiles", "\n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparel", "\n", "15", "Manufacture", "of", "leather", "and", "related", "\n", "products", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Wood", "products16", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "\n", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "cork", ",", "exept", "\n", "furniture", ";", "manufacture", "of", "articles", "of", "\n", "straw", "and", "plaiting", "materials", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Media", "production", "and", "distribution18", "Printing", "and", "reproduction", "of", "\n", "recorded", "media", "\n", "Oil", "and", "gas", "production", "and", "\n", "trasportation19", "Manufacture", "of", "coke", "and", "refined", "\n", "petroleum", "products", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Chemical", "products20", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "\n", "chemical", "products", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "Biotechnology", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Vulcanized", "and", "fired", "materials23", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "non", "-", "metallic", "\n", "mineral", "products", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Metalworking", "technology25", "Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "\n", "products", ",", "except", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Figure", "IIa", ".", "Summary", "table", "for", "the", "EaP" ]	[ { "end": 940, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 939 }, { "end": 303, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 302 } ]
\| 86 \| 9.7 \| 9.3 \| 9.3 \| \| Liechtenstein \| 98 ᵢ \| 98 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 1 \| 0.2 \| 6 \| 1 \| 11 \| 5 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … 90 \| … 91 \| … \| … \| … \| \| Lithuania Luxembourg \| 100 ᵢ \| 100 ₋₁ ᵢ \| - \| - \| 3 \| 0.1 \| 6 \| 1 \| 100 \| 100 \| 99 86 \| 99 89 \| 78 \| 81 \| 5.3 6.5 \| 5.2 \| 5.2 \| \| \| 99 ᵢ \| 99 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 2 \| 16 \| 13 \| 99 \| 99 \| \| \| \| \| \| 7.4 \| 7.4 \| \| Malta \| 99 ᵢ \| 89 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 1 \| 7 \| 1 \| 2 \| 13 \| 10 \| 98 \| 98 \| 98 \| 98 \| 74 \| 82 \| 10.6 \| 11.3 \| 11.3 \| \| Monaco \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … 84 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| \| Montenegro \| 65 ᵢ \| 84 ᵢ \| 0.1 \| 0.1 \| 0.2 \| 0.1 \| 3 \| 1 \| 99 \| 99 \| 97 \| 98 \| 77 \| 88 \| 4.2 \| 5.3 \| 5.3 \| \| Netherlands (Kingdom of the) \| 99 ᵢ \| 99 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 0.2 \| 0.1 \| 0.3 \| 0.3 \| 1 \| 2 \| 100 \| 100 \| 89 \| 89 \| \| 79 \| 9.3 \| 9.2 \| 9.2 \| \| North Macedonia \| 42 ᵢ \| 50 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 4 \| 3 \| 8 \| 7 \| 30 \| 12 \| 99 \| 99 \| 96 \| 98 \| 77 \| 85 \| 0.6 \| 2.5 \| 2.5 \| \| Norway \| 98 ᵢ \| 98 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 0.3 \| 0.3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 7 \| 5 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 78 91 \| 81 91 \| 7.3 4.8 \| 7.6 4.6 \| 7.6 4.6 \| \| Poland \| 96 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 100 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 4 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 2 \| 100 \| 100	[ "\|", "86", " ", "\|", "9.7", " ", "\|", "9.3", " ", "\|", "9.3", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Liechtenstein", " ", "\|", "98", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "98", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "90", " ", "\|", "…", "91", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", " ", "\|", "100", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "-", " ", "\|", "-", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "99", "86", " ", "\|", "99", "89", " ", "\|", "78", " ", "\|", "81", " ", "\|", "5.3", "6.5", " ", "\|", "5.2", " ", "\|", "5.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "99", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "99", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "7.4", " ", "\|", "7.4", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Malta", " ", "\|", "99", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "89", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "74", " ", "\|", "82", " ", "\|", "10.6", " ", "\|", "11.3", " ", "\|", "11.3", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Monaco", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "84", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Montenegro", " ", "\|", "65", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "84", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "97", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "77", " ", "\|", "88", " ", "\|", "4.2", " ", "\|", "5.3", " ", "\|", "5.3", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Netherlands", "(", "Kingdom", "of", "the", ")", "\|", "99", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "99", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "0.3", " ", "\|", "0.3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "89", " ", "\|", "89", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "79", " ", "\|", "9.3", " ", "\|", "9.2", " ", "\|", "9.2", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "North", "Macedonia", " ", "\|", "42", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "50", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "30", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "96", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "77", " ", "\|", "85", " ", "\|", "0.6", " ", "\|", "2.5", " ", "\|", "2.5", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Norway", " ", "\|", "98", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "98", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "0.3", " ", "\|", "0.3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "5", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "78", "91", " ", "\|", "81", "91", " ", "\|", "7.3", "4.8", " ", "\|", "7.6", "4.6", " ", "\|", "7.6", "4.6", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Poland", " ", "\|", "96", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " " ]	[]
13, 2023 — Fish, the most biodiverse vertebrates in the animal kingdom, present evolutionary biologists a conundrum: The greatest species richness is found in the world's tropical waters, yet the fish ... Yellowstone's History of Hydrothermal Explosions Over the Past 14,000 Years June 9, 2022 — While much of public attention on Yellowstone focuses on its potential to produce large supereruptions, the hazards that are much more likely to occur are smaller, violent hydrothermal explosions. ... More Diversity Needed in Oil Palm Plantations Oct. 14, 2020 — Growing global demand for palm oil has led to a rapid spread of oil palm monoculture plantations in South East Asia, often associated with the loss of habitats and biodiversity. Plantations are ... 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implementation. The EUDR lays down rules and obligations for seven commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, wood) and derived products. Operators need to ensure due diligence, including geographic coordinates about the sourcing location, and assessment of the risk of deforestation or forest degradation after the cut-off date (31 D ecember 2020). However, data and information provided on the EUFO do not assure compliance or imply non -compliance with EU Regulations, other legal frameworks or commitments, or international agreements. 3.1 Global Forest maps for year 2020 An important produc t for the EUDR implementation is the Global Forest Cover map for the year 2020 (GFC2020, COM 2023b; Bourgoin et al. , 2024, Bourgoin et al. , 2025 ). This global map indicates at 10 m spatial resolution forest cover presence or absence for the year 2020 follo wing the definition of forest as set out in the EUDR. GFC2020 is produced from a large set of global layers that indicate the potential presence or the absence of forest. There are three distinct steps: 1) mapping the maximum potential extent of forest cov er for year 2020 globally, 2) apply rules to reduce the maximum potential forest cover extent according to the EUDR forest definition, and 3) post processing with minor corrections and applying a minimum mapping unit of 0.5 ha (Bourgoin et al., 2025). The map has an overall accuracy of 91% with an error of 8% for omission and a commission error of 18% ( Colditz et al. , 2025 ). The GFC2020 is displayed o n the EUFO Web Platform . The platform al so includes an interactive web map of Global Forest Attributes , which provides the forest cover and three additional indices derived from forest pattern analysis (Vogt et al., 2022) - poros ity, network coherence, and connectivity - for every country (reporting unit). These four indicators are normalized within the range of 0 -100%, providing an intuitive and neutral reporting summary for status and trend assessments, as well as allowing for d irect comparison between individual reporting units. 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mo- bilised to support knowledge-based economic transformation? 4. How are international and national STI collab- oration networks structured and who are the main stakeholders? 5. Are there possible synergies/concordances between the countries’ economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations?The detailed methodological approach used to an- swer the research questions is presented in Part 1 of the report. To address the research questions, a varied list of international data sources is exploit- ed within the methodological approach specified in the Figure I. As a result of Steps 1 and 2 of the methodology, a series of economic and in- novation (E&I) specialisation domains and, in parallel, a series of scientific and technological (S&T) specialisation domains are identified for each EaP country. These results are presented in Part 2 and Part 3 of the report, respectively. Step 3 then aims at finding concordances between these complementary specialisation dimensions, leading to the identification of a subset of combined EIST specialisation domains – as presented be- low and described in Part 4 of the report. Indicators and insight aimed at each individual EaP country are complemented by an EaP-wide analysis, leading to the identification of some spe- cialisations and collaboration areas that can facili- tate regional cooperation. In line with the S3 Framework, further analytical and participatory work, complementary to the in- sights reported in this study, is necessary to an- alyse, propose and characterise specialisation priorities by: 1. enriching the quantitative and semantic analy- sis by adding additional local data sources and repositories (complementary economic and in- novation statistics, R&D projects financed by local policy instruments, publications in local repositories, patents and other intellectual property filed with local IPR agencies, etc.) to the international sources used in this exercise; 2. including profuse contributions by local ex- perts and stakeholders within the entrepre- neurial discovery processes. Part 4 of this report presents the process in which synergies or concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological special- isations have been identified, by means of con- cordance tables. These have been identified at EaP-region level and at country level, crossing indicators related to the S&T domains with the Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation5 Figure I. Summary scheme of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international	[ "mo-", "\n", "bilised", "to", "support", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "\n", "transformation", "?", "\n", "4", ".", "How", "are", "international", "and", "national", "STI", "collab-", "\n", "oration", "networks", "structured", "and", "who", "are", "the", "\n", "main", "stakeholders", "?", "\n", "5", ".", "Are", "there", "possible", "synergies", "/", "concordances", "\n", "between", "the", "countries", "’", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "\n", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations?The", "detailed", "methodological", "approach", "used", "to", "an-", "\n", "swer", "the", "research", "questions", "is", "presented", "in", "Part", "1", "\n", "of", "the", "report", ".", "To", "address", "the", "research", "questions", ",", "a", "\n", "varied", "list", "of", "international", "data", "sources", "is", "exploit-", "\n", "ed", "within", "the", "methodological", "approach", "specified", "\n", "in", "the", "Figure", "I.", "As", "a", "result", "of", "Steps", "1", "and", "2", "of", "\n", "the", "methodology", ",", "a", "series", "of", "economic", "and", "in-", "\n", "novation", "(", "E&I", ")", "specialisation", "domains", "and", ",", "in", "\n", "parallel", ",", "a", "series", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "\n", "(", "S&T", ")", "specialisation", "domains", "are", "identified", "for", "\n", "each", "EaP", "country", ".", "These", "results", "are", "presented", "in", "\n", "Part", "2", "and", "Part", "3", "of", "the", "report", ",", "respectively", ".", "Step", "3", "\n", "then", "aims", "at", "finding", "concordances", "between", "these", "\n", "complementary", "specialisation", "dimensions", ",", "leading", "\n", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "a", "subset", "of", "combined", "\n", "EIST", "specialisation", "domains", "–", "as", "presented", "be-", "\n", "low", "and", "described", "in", "Part", "4", "of", "the", "report", ".", "\n", "Indicators", "and", "insight", "aimed", "at", "each", "individual", "\n", "EaP", "country", "are", "complemented", "by", "an", "EaP", "-", "wide", "\n", "analysis", ",", "leading", "to", "the", "identification", "of", "some", "spe-", "\n", "cialisations", "and", "collaboration", "areas", "that", "can", "facili-", "\n", "tate", "regional", "cooperation", ".", "\n", "In", "line", "with", "the", "S3", "Framework", ",", "further", "analytical", "\n", "and", "participatory", "work", ",", "complementary", "to", "the", "in-", "\n", "sights", "reported", "in", "this", "study", ",", "is", "necessary", "to", "an-", "\n", "alyse", ",", "propose", "and", "characterise", "specialisation", "\n", "priorities", "by", ":", "\n", "1", ".", "enriching", "the", "quantitative", "and", "semantic", "analy-", "\n", "sis", "by", "adding", "additional", "local", "data", "sources", "and", "\n", "repositories", "(", "complementary", "economic", "and", "in-", "\n", "novation", "statistics", ",", "R&D", "projects", "financed", "by", "\n", "local", "policy", "instruments", ",", "publications", "in", "local", "\n", "repositories", ",", "patents", "and", "other", "intellectual", "\n", "property", "filed", "with", "local", "IPR", "agencies", ",", "etc", ".", ")", "to", "\n", "the", "international", "sources", "used", "in", "this", "exercise", ";", "\n", "2", ".", "including", "profuse", "contributions", "by", "local", "ex-", "\n", "perts", "and", "stakeholders", "within", "the", "entrepre-", "\n", "neurial", "discovery", "processes", ".", "\n", "Part", "4", "of", "this", "report", "presents", "the", "process", "in", "which", "\n", "synergies", "or", "concordances", "between", "the", "economic", ",", "\n", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "special-", "\n", "isations", "have", "been", "identified", ",", "by", "means", "of", "con-", "\n", "cordance", "tables", ".", "These", "have", "been", "identified", "at", "\n", "EaP", "-", "region", "level", "and", "at", "country", "level", ",", "crossing", "\n", "indicators", "related", "to", "the", "S&T", "domains", "with", "the", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation5", "\n", "Figure", "I.", "Summary", "scheme", "of", "the", "methodological", "steps", "leading", "to", "the", "selection", "and", "definition", "of", "a", "list", "of", "\n", "specialisation", "domains", "for", "each", "country", "and", "the", "potential", "cooperation", "areas", "for", "the", "whole", "region", "and", "with", "\n", "international" ]	[]
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G´ abor Melis, Chris Dyer, and Phil Blunsom. 2017. On the state of the art of evaluation in neural language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.05589 . Tomas Mikolov and Geoffrey Zweig. 2012. Context dependent recurrent neural network language model. In Proceedings of the fourth IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT) , pages 234-239. Sebastian Nagel. http://web.archive.org/ save/http://commoncrawl.org/2016/ 10/news-dataset-available/ [online]. 2016. Accessed: 2019-11-08. Piotr Niewinski, Maria Pszona, and Maria Janicka. 2019. Tmlab: Generative enhanced model (gem) for adversarial attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.00337 . Jekaterina Novikova, Ondˇ rej Duˇ sek, Amanda Cercas Curry, and Verena Rieser. 2017. Why we need new evaluation metrics for nlg. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06875 . Myle Ott, Sergey Edunov, Alexei Baevski, Angela Fan, Sam Gross, Nathan Ng, David Grangier, and Michael Auli. 2019. fairseq: A fast, extensible toolkit for sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.01038 .	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10 development projects, 1 of which becomes a profitable mine' (Eggert, 2010). The existence of ring-fencing might discourage investors from undertaking risky exploration projects, as they will not be able to recover these losses for tax purposes unless special design features make it possible. Resource-rich countries could consider incorporating specific design features into their mining tax regimes to address the challenge of these permanent losses for exploration activities. This is explained in Section 5 of this practice note. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING ## 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 3.2.4 Ring-Fencing Creates Increases in Compliance Costs Ring-fencing rules can impact the compliance costs for taxpayers. Taxpayers will have to dedicate additional efforts to matching the relevant costs to the relevant mining projects and/or separate the results of nonmining activities from the mining tax base (Calder, 2014, p. 84). Ring-fencing rules might demand computations and reporting for operations in a manner that is inconsistent with internal management accounting and regulatory reporting. The complexity increases where mines operate based on separate licences, while they constitute one cohesive operating project, under which it is less likely to have separate management accounting on a per-licence basis. Weak grounding of the ring-fencing rules in commercial or accounting reality might result in disputes over the segregation of expenses or utilization of losses across an artificial line inconsistent with how the company makes decisions and reports. Where regulatory or commercial reality already requires the taxpayer to maintain segregated management or financial accounts of the different activities and the ring-fencing rules are designed in a similar manner (such as obligation to report to mining authorities on a mine or per-licence basis), there is less tax compliance burden. On the other hand, artificial segregation of incomes and expenditures, which is not relevant and needed for other commercial or regulatory purposes, might create an additional compliance burden. ## 3.2.5 Ring-Fencing Increases Administrative Costs The additional burden placed on tax administrations, which are often significantly resource-constrained in resource-rich developing countries, must also be considered. Ring-fencing per mine or mining licence area will increase the number of returns or separate calculations of tax base received by the tax authority, as opposed to a scenario where one single return or calculation is received per company. 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(1.2) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.2). Georgia presents high normalised citation impacts across the board, in comparison to the EaP aver- age. Fundamental physics and mathematics (1.3), ICT and computer science (1.3), Health and well- being (1.2) and Environmental sciences and indus- tries (1.2) appear highest, followed by Agrifood (1.1), Optics and photonics (1.1) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.1). Publications (critical mass \| CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Fundamental physics and mathematics 3 317 -1.4% 30 0 3 347 Health and wellbeing 1 496 5.4% 40 4 1 540 Environmental sciences and industries 957 10.5% 103 8 1 068 Governance, culture, education and the economy928 10.4% 32 51 1 011 Nanotechnology and materials 727 0.4% 79 4 810 Optics and photonics 478 3.3% 18 0 496 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery51 1.7% 443 0 494 Agrifood 297 3.3% 177 5 479 ICT and computer science 412 5.5% 33 18 463 Chemistry and chemical engineering 307 6.3% 110 0 417 Electric and electronic technologies 92 12.3% 67 0 159 Biotechnology 94 6.7% 7 3 104Table 3.13. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Georgia 184 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.30. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Georgia 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 Number of records publicationsFundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeing Environmental sciences and industries Governance, culture, education and the economy Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Agrifood ICT and computer science Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Biotechnology patents EC projectsSeveral of these domains with a high citation im- pact also present a high specialisation and crit- ical mass, notably Environmental sciences and industries, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Health and wellbeing, representing pockets of both excellence and specialisation. In patents, Environmental sciences and industries (2.1), Governance, culture, education and the econ- omy (2.1), Agrifood (1.8), Chemistry and chemical engineering (1.4) and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (1.4) have a high specialisa- tion. Given patent count numbers, Environmental sciences and industries, Agrifood, Chemistry and chemical engineering and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery can all be considered rele- vant technological specialisations for Georgia. Finally, Table 3.14 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period65. 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mining and refining assets around the world, manages strategic stockpiling and, since the introduction of the recent economic security law, has powers to develop processing and refining facilities within Japan. Europe, by contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply chain (from exploration to recycling) and, unlike its competitors, the mining and trading of commodities is largely left to private actors and the market. Strategic dependencies also extend to critical technologies for the digitalisation of Europe's economy [see the chapter on digitalisation and advanced technologies]. The EU relies on foreign countries for over 80% of digital products, services, infrastructure and intellectual property vi . Dependencies are particularly acute, however, for semiconductors owing to the structure of the industry, which is dominated by a small number of large players. The US has specialised in chips design, Korea, Taiwan and China in chips manufacturing, and Japan and some EU Member States in key materials and equipment - optics, chemistry and machinery [see Figure 3]. Europe has little domestic capacity in many parts of the supply chain. For example, the EU currently has no foundry producing below 22 nm process nodes and relies on Asia for 75% to 90% of wafer fabrication capacity (as does the US). Europe has become dependent on non-EU countries for chips design, packaging and assembly as well. Dependencies are also acute for other advanced tech. The EU's AI industry relies on hardware produced largely by one US-based company for the most advanced processors. Similarly, Europe's dependence on cloud services developed and run by US companies is massive. For quantum computing platforms, the EU suff.ligaers from six critical dependencies across 17 key technologies, components and materials. China and the US hold technological leadership in most of these critical elements. In the telecoms sector, Europe is less dependent on foreign technology: top EU vendors are well positioned in the global supply of telecoms equipment. However, it will be important that dependencies do not increase, especially on high-risk suppliers that could compromise the security of EU networks and citizens' data. Currently, 14 Member States have no restrictions on high-risk suppliers in place. FIGURE 3 ## Share in semiconductor value chain by country % of worldwide	[ "mining", "and", "refining", "assets", "around", "the", "world", ",", "manages", "strategic", "stockpiling", "and", ",", "since", "the", "introduction", "of", "the", "recent", "\n\n", "economic", "security", "law", ",", "has", "powers", "to", "develop", "processing", "and", "refining", "facilities", "within", "Japan", ".", "Europe", ",", "by", "contrast", ",", "has", "a", "comparable", "level", "of", "dependencies", ",", "being", "highly", "dependent", "on", "one", "or", "two", "countries", "for", "most", "of", "its", "critical", "mineral", "imports", ".", "However", ",", "it", "is", "not", "following", "a", "similarly", "coordinated", "approach", ".", "The", "EU", "is", "lacking", "a", "comprehensive", "strategy", "covering", "all", "stages", "of", "the", "supply", "chain", "(", "from", "exploration", "to", "recycling", ")", "and", ",", "unlike", "its", "competitors", ",", "the", "mining", "and", "trading", "of", "commodities", "is", "largely", "left", "to", "private", "actors", "and", "the", "market", ".", "\n\n", "Strategic", "dependencies", "also", "extend", "to", "critical", "technologies", "for", "the", "digitalisation", "of", "Europe", "'s", "economy", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "digitalisation", "and", "advanced", "technologies", "]", ".", "The", "EU", "relies", "on", "foreign", "countries", "for", "over", "80", "%", "of", "digital", "products", ",", "services", ",", "infrastructure", "and", "intellectual", "property", "vi", ".", "Dependencies", "are", "particularly", "acute", ",", "however", ",", "for", "semiconductors", "owing", "to", "the", "structure", "of", "the", "industry", ",", "which", "is", "dominated", "by", "a", "small", "number", "of", "large", "players", ".", "The", "US", "has", "specialised", "in", "chips", "design", ",", "Korea", ",", "Taiwan", "and", "China", "in", "chips", "manufacturing", ",", "and", "Japan", "and", "some", "EU", "Member", "States", "in", "key", "materials", "and", "equipment", "-", "optics", ",", "chemistry", "and", "machinery", "[", "see", "Figure", "3", "]", ".", "Europe", "has", "little", "domestic", "capacity", "in", "many", "parts", "of", "the", "supply", "chain", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", "EU", "currently", "has", "no", "foundry", "producing", "below", "22", "nm", "process", "nodes", "and", "relies", "on", "Asia", "for", "75", "%", "to", "90", "%", "of", "wafer", "fabrication", "capacity", "(", "as", "does", "the", "US", ")", ".", "Europe", "has", "become", "dependent", "on", "non", "-", "EU", "countries", "for", "chips", "design", ",", "packaging", "and", "assembly", "as", "well", ".", "Dependencies", "are", "also", "acute", "for", "other", "advanced", "tech", ".", "The", "EU", "'s", "AI", "industry", "relies", "on", "hardware", "produced", "largely", "by", "one", "US", "-", "based", "company", "for", "the", "most", "advanced", "processors", ".", "Similarly", ",", "Europe", "'s", "dependence", "on", "cloud", "services", "developed", "and", "run", "by", "US", "companies", "is", "massive", ".", "For", "quantum", "computing", "platforms", ",", "the", "EU", "suff.ligaers", "from", "six", "critical", "dependencies", "across", "17", "key", "technologies", ",", "components", "and", "materials", ".", "China", "and", "the", "US", "hold", "technological", "leadership", "in", "most", "of", "these", "critical", "elements", ".", "In", "the", "telecoms", "sector", ",", "Europe", "is", "less", "dependent", "on", "foreign", "technology", ":", "top", "EU", "vendors", "are", "well", "positioned", "in", "the", "global", "supply", "of", "telecoms", "equipment", ".", "However", ",", "it", "will", "be", "important", "that", "dependencies", "do", "not", "increase", ",", "especially", "on", "high", "-", "risk", "suppliers", "that", "could", "compromise", "the", "security", "of", "EU", "networks", "and", "citizens", "'", "data", ".", "Currently", ",", "14", "Member", "States", "have", "no", "restrictions", "on", "high", "-", "risk", "suppliers", "in", "place", ".", "\n\n", "FIGURE", "3", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Share", "in", "semiconductor", "value", "chain", "by", "country", "\n\n", "%", "of", "worldwide" ]	[ { "end": 946, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 944 } ]
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Din istoria feminismului românesc. Studiu și antologie de texte (1929- 1948) [ From the History of Romanian Feminism: Study and Anthology of Texts (1929- 1948) ]. Iași: Polirom, 2006. Miller, A. H. and J. E. Adams, eds. Sexualities in Victorian Britain . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Minden, K. Bamboo Stone: The Evolution of a Chinese Medical Elite . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. Modgil, S., R. Gill, V. L. Sharma, S. Velassery and A. Anand. 'Nobel nominations in science: Constraints of the fairer sex.' Annals of Neurosciences , 25 (2018), 63- 78. Mukharji, P. B. 'From serosocial to sanguinary identities: Caste, trans- national race science and the shifting metonymies of blood group B, India c.1918- 1960.' The Indian Economic and Social History Review , 51: 2 (2014), 143- 76. Mukherjee, S. Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018. Murgia, A. and B. Poggio, eds. Gender and Precarious Research Careers: A Comparative Analysis . London: Routledge, 2020. Nagy, B. and V. Paksi. 'A munka- magánélet összehangolásának kérdései a magasan képzett nők körében' [Issues of work- life balance among highly educated women]. In Z. Spéder (ed.), A család vonzásában: Tanulmányok Pongrácz Tiborné tiszteletére [ In the Gravitational Pull of the Family: Studies in Honour of Tiborné Pongrácz ], pp. 159- 75. Budapest: KSH Population Studies Research Institute, 2014. Nahimas, N. 'Making science popular: Readers, nation, and the universe in Chinese popular science periodicals, 1933- 1952.' PhD dissertation, York University, 2022.	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alongside each other, it seeks to expand the geography of research and destabilize the conventional focus on North America and Western Europe characteristic of much scholarly research on the topic. What do we learn about the experiences of women in STEMM in the twentieth century when we ponder examples from East Asia and South Asia alongside those from Eastern, Central and Southern Europe and the Anglo- American world? How can we rethink gender and science in the twentieth century when we move away from a monolingual archive dominated by the English language? To answer these questions, the chapters bring together a wide range of material - official archives, personal collections, oral history interviews, correspondence, press articles, memoirs, statistics, legislation, lecture series - in languages as diverse as Chinese, Czech, English, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Japanese and Romanian. This multilingual archive is examined against the background of changing local and global contexts that shaped the extent and ways in which women became in/ visible in STEMM. The essays thus make important qualifications to the widespread narrative that the twentieth century was a 'century for women' in science by showing what exactly that meant in different geographical and sociopolitical contexts and identifying, as J. Devika aptly proposed, 'points of contact' between this kaleidoscope of experiences, rather than trying to fit them into 'a single unified history'. 9 ## Numbers and the politics of in/ visibility In a volume concerned with the experiences of women in STEMM, it seems appropriate to discuss, albeit briefly, the paradoxical relationship between numbers and in/ visibility. As many of us can attest, it is not uncommon for scholars investigating the gendered histories of science to be asked to explain the relevance of their research by reference to the historically low number of 5 women who have pursued professional careers in STEMM. In her book on African American women mathematicians at NASA, Margot Lee Shetterly reveals that the 'magnitude of the story' she wanted to write was questioned, especially in the early stages of research: 'How many women are we talking about? Five or six?' 10 Since the proportion of women was often limited to begin with, the argument usually goes, their contributions to STEMM and the topic itself must also be of little historical consequence. 'Real' science, we are told, happened elsewhere, in the laboratory of an Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and, occasionally, Marie Curie. 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'VELO (m)' COLO NOIR NOIR NOIR ROUG ROUG ROUG * COUR 7 'ns3-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 8 'ns4-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 9 'ns5-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM RCOU 107 'ns3-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns3-A-8pr' RCOU 108 'ns4-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns4-A-8pr' RCOU 109 'ns5-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns5-A-8pr' TRAC 7 8 9 107 108	[ "'", "VELO", "(", "m", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "4", "5", "6", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "VELO", "(", "m", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "7", "'", "ns3", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_3", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "8", "'", "ns4", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_4", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "9", "'", "ns5", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_5", "TERM", "\n", "TRAC", "7", "8", "9", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ACCE", "(", "m", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "7", "8", "9", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ACCE", "(", "m", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "14", "'", "WTOT", "'", "WTOT", "\n", "COUR", "15", "'", "WCIN", "'", "WCIN", "\n", "COUR", "16", "'", "WINT", "'", "WINT", "\n", "COUR", "17", "'", "WIMP", "'", "WIMP", "\n", "TRAC", "14", "15", "16", "17", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ENER", "(", "J", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "14", "15", "16", "17", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ENER", "(", "J", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "18", "'", "vehi", "EEXT", "'", "EEXT", "REGION", "1", "\n", "COUR", "19", "'", "vehi", "ECIN", "'", "ECIN", "REGION", "1", "\n", "COUR", "10", "'", "vehi", "EINT", "'", "EINT", "REGION", "1", "\n", "TRAC", "18", "19", "10", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ENER", "(", "J", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "18", "19", "10", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "ENER", "(", "J", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "20", "'", "vehi", "IMPU1", "'", "IMPU", "COMP", "1", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "21", "'", "vehi", "IMPU2", "'", "IMPU", "COMP", "2", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "22", "'", "vehi", "IMPU3", "'", "IMPU", "COMP", "3", "REGI", "1", "\n", "TRAC", "20", "21", "22", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "momentum", "(", "kg", "m", "/", "s", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "20", "21", "22", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "momentum", "(", "kg", "m", "/", "s", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "32", "'", "vehi", "RESU1", "'", "RESU", "COMP", "1", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "33", "'", "vehi", "RESU2", "'", "RESU", "COMP", "2", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "34", "'", "vehi", "RESU3", "'", "RESU", "COMP", "3", "REGI", "1", "\n", "TRAC", "32", "33", "34", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "force", "(", "N", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "32", "33", "34", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "force", "(", "N", ")", "'", "\n", "COUR", "44", "'", "vehi", "IRES1", "'", "IRES", "COMP", "1", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "45", "'", "vehi", "IRES2", "'", "IRES", "COMP", "2", "REGI", "1", "\n", "COUR", "46", "'", "vehi", "IRES3", "'", "IRES", "COMP", "3", "REGI", "1", "\n", "TRAC", "44", "45", "46", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "impulse(N", "s", ")", "'", "\n", "LIST", "44", "45", "46", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "impulse(N", "s", ")", "'", "\n", "FIN", "\n", "tube01", "cmp.epx", "\n", "TUBE01_CMP", "\n", "ECHO", "\n", "RESU", "ALIC", "TEMP", "'", "tube01.alt", "'", "\n", "SORT", "GRAP", "AXTE", "1", ".", "'", "t", "[", "s", "]", "'", "\n", "", "\n", "COUR", "4", "'", "ns3", "-", "V", "'", "VITE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_3", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "5", "'", "ns4", "-", "V", "'", "VITE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_4", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "6", "'", "ns5", "-", "V", "'", "VITE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_5", "TERM", "\n", "RCOU", "104", "'", "ns3", "-", "V", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns3", "-", "V-8pr", "'", "\n", "RCOU", "105", "'", "ns3", "-", "V", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns3", "-", "V-8pr", "'", "\n", "RCOU", "106", "'", "ns3", "-", "V", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns3", "-", "V-8pr'TRAC", "4", "5", "6", "104", "105", "106", "AXES", "1", ".", "'", "VELO", "(", "m", ")", "'", "\n", "COLO", "NOIR", "NOIR", "NOIR", "ROUG", "ROUG", "ROUG", "\n", "", "\n", "COUR", "7", "'", "ns3", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_3", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "8", "'", "ns4", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_4", "TERM", "\n", "COUR", "9", "'", "ns5", "-", "A", "'", "ACCE", "COMP", "3", "NOEU", "LECT", "nset_5", "TERM", "\n", "RCOU", "107", "'", "ns3", "-", "A", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns3", "-", "A-8pr", "'", "\n", "RCOU", "108", "'", "ns4", "-", "A", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns4", "-", "A-8pr", "'", "\n", "RCOU", "109", "'", "ns5", "-", "A", "'", "FICH", "'", "tube01_MPI.pun", "'", "RENA", "'", "ns5", "-", "A-8pr", "'", "\n", "TRAC", "7", "8", "9", "107", "108" ]	[]
data streams , ) from some or all components of the MRF and provides autonomous control of the MRF based on those inputs. The is embodied as one or more computer devices and/or software that runs on the one or more computer devices to carry out, operate, or execute the techniques disclosed herein. As examples, the can be implemented or embodied as a programmable logic controller (PLC), a distributed control system (DCS), a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, some other computerized control system, and/or any computing device discussed. In some examples, the may include, in whole or in part, custom or purpose-built hardware, such as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal controllers (DSCs), electronic control units (ECUs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), discrete circuits, and/or other electronic and/or software implements suitable to a given implementation, or a combination of any of the foregoing. Additionally or alternatively, the includes one or more interfaces that connect or communicatively couple the to the , , for information/data collection, and for providing instructions/commands and/or configurations to the , , . In some examples, the can provide collected data/information to a remote service provider and/or may receive instructions and/or configurations from the remote service provider to carry out the functions of . The various components/nodes of the can communicate with one another using any suitable wireless or wired communication protocol, such as any of those discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the may have the same or similar components as the discussed infra w.r.t . In some implementations, the is local to the MRF (e.g., on or near the MRF premises), in a remote location, or a combination thereof. may execute on one or more computer devices that are under the control of the MRF owner/operator (e.g., compute and/or of ), and/or one or that are under the control of a third party. Additionally or alternatively, is implemented in whole or in part by software that executes on a remote service provider (e.g., of ), which can include or be part of, for example, a cloud computing service, an edge computing service, a cellular communications service, and/or other service provider that can communicate with a front end or client (e.g., of ) under the control of the MRF operator. For example, the can be implemented as one or more distributed applications operating within one	[ "data", "streams", ",", ")", "from", "some", "or", "all", "components", "of", "the", "MRF", "and", "provides", "autonomous", "control", "of", "the", "MRF", "based", "on", "those", "inputs", ".", "The", " ", "is", "embodied", "as", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "devices", "and/or", "software", "that", "runs", "on", "the", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "devices", "to", "carry", "out", ",", "operate", ",", "or", "execute", "the", "techniques", "disclosed", "herein", ".", "As", "examples", ",", "the", " ", "can", "be", "implemented", "or", "embodied", "as", "a", "programmable", "logic", "controller", "(", "PLC", ")", ",", "a", "distributed", "control", "system", "(", "DCS", ")", ",", "a", "supervisory", "control", "and", "data", "acquisition", "(", "SCADA", ")", "system", ",", "some", "other", "computerized", "control", "system", ",", "and/or", "any", "computing", "device", "discussed", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "the", " ", "may", "include", ",", "in", "whole", "or", "in", "part", ",", "custom", "or", "purpose", "-", "built", "hardware", ",", "such", "as", "one", "or", "more", "application", "-", "specific", "integrated", "circuits", "(", "ASICs", ")", ",", "field", "-", "programmable", "gate", "arrays", "(", "FPGAs", ")", ",", "digital", "signal", "processors", "(", "DSPs", ")", ",", "digital", "signal", "controllers", "(", "DSCs", ")", ",", "electronic", "control", "units", "(", "ECUs", ")", ",", "programmable", "logic", "devices", "(", "PLDs", ")", ",", "discrete", "circuits", ",", "and/or", "other", "electronic", "and/or", "software", "implements", "suitable", "to", "a", "given", "implementation", ",", "or", "a", "combination", "of", "any", "of", "the", "foregoing", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", " ", "includes", "one", "or", "more", "interfaces", "that", "connect", "or", "communicatively", "couple", "the", " ", "to", "the", " ", ",", ",", " ", "for", "information", "/", "data", "collection", ",", "and", "for", "providing", "instructions", "/", "commands", "and/or", "configurations", "to", "the", " ", ",", ",", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "the", " ", "can", "provide", "collected", "data", "/", "information", "to", "a", "remote", "service", "provider", "and/or", "may", "receive", "instructions", "and/or", "configurations", "from", "the", "remote", "service", "provider", "to", "carry", "out", "the", "functions", "of", " ", ".", "The", "various", "components", "/", "nodes", "of", "the", " ", "can", "communicate", "with", "one", "another", "using", "any", "suitable", "wireless", "or", "wired", "communication", "protocol", ",", "such", "as", "any", "of", "those", "discussed", "herein", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", " ", "may", "have", "the", "same", "or", "similar", "components", "as", "the", " ", "discussed", "infra", "w.r.t", ".", "\n\n", "In", "some", "implementations", ",", "the", " ", "is", "local", "to", "the", "MRF", "(", "e.g.", ",", "on", "or", "near", "the", "MRF", "premises", ")", ",", "in", "a", "remote", "location", ",", "or", "a", "combination", "thereof", ".", " ", "may", "execute", "on", "one", "or", "more", "computer", "devices", "that", "are", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "MRF", "owner", "/", "operator", "(", "e.g.", ",", "compute", " ", "and/or", " ", "of", ")", ",", "and/or", "one", "or", " ", "that", "are", "under", "the", "control", "of", "a", "third", "party", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", " ", "is", "implemented", "in", "whole", "or", "in", "part", "by", "software", "that", "executes", "on", "a", "remote", "service", "provider", "(", "e.g.", ",", " ", "of", ")", ",", "which", "can", "include", "or", "be", "part", "of", ",", "for", "example", ",", "a", "cloud", "computing", "service", ",", "an", "edge", "computing", "service", ",", "a", "cellular", "communications", "service", ",", "and/or", "other", "service", "provider", "that", "can", "communicate", "with", "a", "front", "end", "or", "client", "(", "e.g.", ",", " ", "of", ")", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "MRF", "operator", ".", "For", "example", ",", "the", " ", "can", "be", "implemented", "as", "one", "or", "more", "distributed", "applications", "operating", "within", "one" ]	[]
by her status as a wife and mother, as Macková discusses, eventually prompting her return to Czechoslovakia. Women also had diverging views of marriage and its impact on their careers: some, like Janaki Ammal or the Japanese scientists discussed in Ogawa's Foreword, chose celibacy, while others, like Eileen Erlanson, contracted several marriages in their quest for a fulfilled personal and professional life. When celibacy was not an option, as in the case of physician Tada Urata and botanist Hiro Ōhashi, women either disappeared on their wedding day or were trapped in unhappy marriages. The three chapters in this section examine the intersections of domesticity and science especially in relation to medicine and education. Saurav Rai's contribution focuses on Yashoda Devi, a woman Ayurvedic practitioner in colonial and post- colonial India, who navigated the social and gender biases of this field to promote a reformist agenda of healthcare and domestic education for women, eventually becoming a prominent and influential health practitioner. Devi's remarkable public visibility as an Ayurvedic practitioner was made possible by media of communication like the post and the exploding print market in India in the first half of the twentieth century. Her medical practice was so successful that correspondence addressed to her only by name, by women seeking medical advice, usually found its way to the addressee. Her success as a best- selling author is even more remarkable in a context of low literacy levels, especially among female readers. Public popularity notwithstanding, Devi was and continues to be regarded as a marginal figure in the Ayurvedic movement. As Rai explains, Ayurvedic practice reinforced patriarchy and regarded women as preservers of the family's health with responsibility for the 'scientific' management of the household. This was a view that Devi herself propagated, even as she simultaneously criticized gender hierarchies and violence against women, for example, in her writings on women's sexual consent or sexual pleasure. Devi's case demonstrates how women struggled to have their voices heard in an Ayurvedic practice dominated by a patriarchal discourse. It also shows that, even within this patriarchal framework, her status as a woman was instrumental in challenging ideas about women's social roles and making Indian women in general more visible, for example, by editing an encyclopaedia of 100 Indian female historical figures. Anne Hardgrove uses historical analysis and interviews with three graduates of Lady Irwin College in New Delhi - Shyamala Gopalan, 'Ritu' and	[ "by", "her", "status", "as", "a", "wife", "and", "mother", ",", "as", "Macková", "discusses", ",", "eventually", "prompting", "her", "return", "to", "Czechoslovakia", ".", "Women", "also", "had", "diverging", "views", "of", "marriage", "and", "its", "impact", "on", "their", "careers", ":", "some", ",", "like", "Janaki", "Ammal", "or", "the", "Japanese", "scientists", "discussed", "in", "Ogawa", "'s", "Foreword", ",", "chose", "celibacy", ",", "while", "others", ",", "like", "Eileen", "Erlanson", ",", "contracted", "several", "marriages", " ", "in", " ", "their", " ", "quest", " ", "for", " ", "a", " ", "fulfilled", " ", "personal", " ", "and", " ", "professional", " ", "life", ".", " ", "When", "celibacy", " ", "was", " ", "not", " ", "an", " ", "option", ",", " ", "as", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "case", " ", "of", " ", "physician", " ", "Tada", " ", "Urata", " ", "and", "botanist", "Hiro", "Ōhashi", ",", "women", "either", "disappeared", "on", "their", "wedding", "day", "or", "were", "trapped", "in", "unhappy", "marriages", ".", "\n\n", "The", "three", "chapters", "in", "this", "section", "examine", "the", "intersections", "of", "domesticity", "and", "science", "especially", "in", "relation", "to", "medicine", "and", "education", ".", "Saurav", "Rai", "'s", "contribution", "focuses", "on", "Yashoda", "Devi", ",", "a", "woman", "Ayurvedic", "practitioner", "in", "colonial", "and", "post-", " ", "colonial", "India", ",", "who", "navigated", "the", "social", "and", "gender", "biases", "of", "this", "field", "to", "promote", "a", "reformist", "agenda", "of", "healthcare", "and", "domestic", "education", "for", "women", ",", "eventually", "becoming", "a", "prominent", "and", "influential", "health", "practitioner", ".", "Devi", "'s", "remarkable", "public", "visibility", "as", "an", "Ayurvedic", "practitioner", "was", "made", "possible", "by", "media", "of", "communication", "like", "the", "post", "and", "the", "exploding", "print", "market", "in", "India", "in", "the", "first", "half", "of", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "Her", "medical", " ", "practice", " ", "was", " ", "so", " ", "successful", " ", "that", " ", "correspondence", " ", "addressed", " ", "to", " ", "her", " ", "only", "by", "name", ",", "by", "women", "seeking", "medical", "advice", ",", "usually", "found", "its", "way", "to", "the", "\n\n", "addressee", ".", "Her", "success", "as", "a", "best-", " ", "selling", "author", "is", "even", "more", "remarkable", "in", "a", "context", "of", "low", "literacy", "levels", ",", "especially", "among", "female", "readers", ".", "\n\n", "Public", " ", "popularity", " ", "notwithstanding", ",", " ", "Devi", " ", "was", " ", "and", " ", "continues", " ", "to", " ", "be", "regarded", "as", "a", "marginal", "figure", "in", "the", "Ayurvedic", "movement", ".", "As", "Rai", "explains", ",", "Ayurvedic", "practice", "reinforced", "patriarchy", "and", "regarded", "women", "as", "preservers", "of", "the", "family", "'s", "health", "with", "responsibility", "for", "the", "'", "scientific", "'", "management", "of", "the", "household", ".", "This", "was", "a", "view", "that", "Devi", "herself", "propagated", ",", "even", "as", "she", "simultaneously", "criticized", "gender", "hierarchies", "and", "violence", "against", "women", ",", "for", "example", ",", "in", "her", "writings", "on", "women", "'s", "sexual", "consent", "or", "sexual", "pleasure", ".", "Devi", "'s", "case", "demonstrates", "how", "women", "struggled", "to", "have", "their", "voices", "heard", "in", "an", "Ayurvedic", "practice", "dominated", "by", "a", "patriarchal", "discourse", ".", "It", "also", "shows", "that", ",", "even", "within", "this", "patriarchal", "framework", ",", "her", "status", "as", "a", "woman", "was", "instrumental", "in", "challenging", "ideas", "about", "women", "'s", "social", "roles", "and", "making", "Indian", "women", "in", "general", "more", "visible", ",", "for", "example", ",", "by", "editing", "an", "encyclopaedia", "of", "100", "Indian", "female", "historical", "figures", ".", "\n\n", "Anne", "Hardgrove", "uses", "historical", "analysis", "and", "interviews", "with", "three", "graduates", "of", "Lady", "Irwin", "College", "in", "New", "Delhi", "-", "Shyamala", "Gopalan", ",", "'", "Ritu", "'", "and" ]	[]
fault detection algorithm, a Dempster-Shafer (D-S) argumentation-based algorithm, a Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm, a triangulation based fusion algorithm, and/or any other like data fusion algorithm. Additional examples of the presently described implementations and/or implementation include the following, non-limiting examples. Each of the non-limiting examples may stand on its own, or may be combined in any permutation or combination with any one or more of the other examples provided below or throughout the present disclosure. Example [0176] includes a method of operating a central control unit for a material recovery facility (MRF), the method comprising: receiving a data stream from each of one or more environmental sensors; processing the one or more data streams to determine a status of the MRF; and controlling at least one material handling unit in the MRF on the basis of the one or more data streams to alter its handling of a material waste stream, wherein the status of the MRF includes a composition of the material waste stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of the at least one material handling unit, and wherein the at least one material handling unit is controlled to optimize the purity and/or recovery of at least one recyclable material stream extracted from the material waste stream. Example [0177] includes the method of example [0176] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control or otherwise alert a servicing mechanism to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0178] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0177] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to signal an operator of the MRF to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0179] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0178] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the at least one material handling unit is one of a mechanical sorter, robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler, and/or some other type of handling unit/device. Example [0180] includes the method of examples [0179] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control the at least one material handling unit to extract contaminants	[ "fault", "detection", "algorithm", ",", "a", "Dempster", "-", "Shafer", "(", "D", "-", "S", ")", "argumentation", "-", "based", "algorithm", ",", "a", "Gaussian", "Mixture", "Model", "algorithm", ",", "a", "triangulation", "based", "fusion", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "any", "other", "like", "data", "fusion", "algorithm", ".", "\n\n", "Additional", "examples", "of", "the", "presently", "described", "implementations", "and/or", "implementation", "include", "the", "following", ",", "non", "-", "limiting", "examples", ".", "Each", "of", "the", "non", "-", "limiting", "examples", "may", "stand", "on", "its", "own", ",", "or", "may", "be", "combined", "in", "any", "permutation", "or", "combination", "with", "any", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "other", "examples", "provided", "below", "or", "throughout", "the", "present", "disclosure", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0176", "]", "includes", "a", "method", "of", "operating", "a", "central", "control", "unit", "for", "a", "material", "recovery", "facility", "(", "MRF", ")", ",", "the", "method", "comprising", ":", "receiving", "a", "data", "stream", "from", "each", "of", "one", "or", "more", "environmental", "sensors", ";", "processing", "the", "one", "or", "more", "data", "streams", "to", "determine", "a", "status", "of", "the", "MRF", ";", "and", "controlling", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "in", "the", "MRF", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "one", "or", "more", "data", "streams", "to", "alter", "its", "handling", "of", "a", "material", "waste", "stream", ",", "wherein", "the", "status", "of", "the", "MRF", "includes", "a", "composition", "of", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", "at", "one", "or", "more", "locations", "within", "the", "MRF", "and", "an", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", ",", "and", "wherein", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "is", "controlled", "to", "optimize", "the", "purity", "and/or", "recovery", "of", "at", "least", "one", "recyclable", "material", "stream", "extracted", "from", "the", "material", "waste", "stream", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0177", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "example", "[", "0176", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "control", "unit", "to", "control", "or", "otherwise", "alert", "a", "servicing", "mechanism", "to", "service", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "when", "the", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "indicates", "that", "service", "is", "needed", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0178", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0177", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "control", "unit", "to", "signal", "an", "operator", "of", "the", "MRF", "to", "service", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "when", "the", "operating", "condition", "of", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "indicates", "that", "service", "is", "needed", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0179", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0176]-[0178", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "is", "one", "of", "a", "mechanical", "sorter", ",", "robotic", "sorter", ",", "an", "optical", "sorter", ",", "an", "air", "sorter", ",", "a", "baler", ",", "and/or", "some", "other", "type", "of", "handling", "unit", "/", "device", ".", "\n\n", "Example", "[", "0180", "]", "includes", "the", "method", "of", "examples", "[", "0179", "]", "and/or", "some", "other", "example(s", ")", "herein", ",", "wherein", "the", "method", "includes", ":", "causing", "the", "control", "unit", "to", "control", "the", "at", "least", "one", "material", "handling", "unit", "to", "extract", "contaminants" ]	[]
edge, such as electrolysers and carbon capture and storage. But many EU players still prefer to produce at scale in China owing to higher construction costs in Europe, permitting delays and more restricted access to critical raw materials. For example, electrolyser production requires at least 40 raw materials and the EU currently produces just 1-5% of these domestically. Overall, despite the EU’s ambition to maintain and develop clean tech manufacturing capacity, there are multiple signs of an evolution in the opposite direction, with EU companies announcing production cuts, shutdowns and partial or full relocation. FIGURE 7 Clean technology manufacturing capacity by region %, 2021 Source: European Commission, 2024. Based on IEA, Bruegel. 46THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3 The threat to Europe’s position in clean tech owes mainly to a lack of an industrial strategy equivalent to other major regions . EU manufacturers are suffering primarily from a lack of stability of demand and from produc - tion cost gaps, reinforced by an unlevel playing field with other major economies providing significant subsidies and erecting trade barriers. The European Commission estimates that Chinese subsidies for clean tech manufacturing have long been twice as high as those in the EU as a share of GDP, while the country has protected its home market for solar PV, wind power-generation equipment and EV batteries. The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is estimated to provide USD 40 billion to USD 250 billion in support for manufacturing of clean tech and is projected to help to bridge the US cost gap vis-à-vis producers in China. These policies have left the EU with a significant cost disad - vantage: for example, solar PV manufacturing costs in China are around 35%-65% lower than in Europe and costs for manufacturing battery cells are 20%-35% lowerx. The EU announced a comprehensive response in 2023 with the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA). However, EU financial support remains fragmented among different programmes, characterised by higher complexity and lead times, and generally excludes operating costs where cost gaps are greatest. Overall, financing for manufacturing at the EU level is five to ten times less generous than under the IRA. Finally, while the NZIA specifies EU manufacturing targets, they are not backed by explicit minimum quotas for local products and components – quotas which other regions regularly apply – meaning EU demand is not predictably channelled towards EU	[ "edge", ",", "such", "as", "electrolysers", "and", "carbon", "capture", "and", "storage", ".", "But", "many", "EU", "\n", "players", "still", "prefer", "to", "produce", "at", "scale", "in", "China", "owing", "to", "higher", "construction", "costs", "in", "Europe", ",", "permitting", "delays", "and", "\n", "more", "restricted", "access", "to", "critical", "raw", "materials", ".", "For", "example", ",", "electrolyser", "production", "requires", "at", "least", "40", "raw", "materials", "\n", "and", "the", "EU", "currently", "produces", "just", "1", "-", "5", "%", "of", "these", "domestically", ".", "Overall", ",", "despite", "the", "EU", "’s", "ambition", "to", "maintain", "and", "\n", "develop", "clean", "tech", "manufacturing", "capacity", ",", "there", "are", "multiple", "signs", "of", "an", "evolution", "in", "the", "opposite", "direction", ",", "with", "\n", "EU", "companies", "announcing", "production", "cuts", ",", "shutdowns", "and", "partial", "or", "full", "relocation", ".", "\n", "FIGURE", "7", "\n", "Clean", "technology", "manufacturing", "capacity", "by", "region", " \n", "%", ",", "2021", "\n", "Source", ":", "European", "Commission", ",", "2024", ".", "Based", "on", "IEA", ",", "Bruegel", ".", "\n", "46THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3", "\n", "The", "threat", "to", "Europe", "’s", "position", "in", "clean", "tech", "owes", "mainly", "to", "a", "lack", "of", "an", "industrial", "strategy", "equivalent", "to", "\n", "other", "major", "regions", ".", "EU", "manufacturers", "are", "suffering", "primarily", "from", "a", "lack", "of", "stability", "of", "demand", "and", "from", "produc", "-", "\n", "tion", "cost", "gaps", ",", "reinforced", "by", "an", "unlevel", "playing", "field", "with", "other", "major", "economies", "providing", "significant", "subsidies", "and", "\n", "erecting", "trade", "barriers", ".", "The", "European", "Commission", "estimates", "that", "Chinese", "subsidies", "for", "clean", "tech", "manufacturing", "\n", "have", "long", "been", "twice", "as", "high", "as", "those", "in", "the", "EU", "as", "a", "share", "of", "GDP", ",", "while", "the", "country", "has", "protected", "its", "home", "market", "\n", "for", "solar", "PV", ",", "wind", "power", "-", "generation", "equipment", "and", "EV", "batteries", ".", "The", "US", "Inflation", "Reduction", "Act", "(", "IRA", ")", "is", "estimated", "\n", "to", "provide", "USD", "40", "billion", "to", "USD", "250", "billion", "in", "support", "for", "manufacturing", "of", "clean", "tech", "and", "is", "projected", "to", "help", "to", "\n", "bridge", "the", "US", "cost", "gap", "vis", "-", "à", "-", "vis", "producers", "in", "China", ".", "These", "policies", "have", "left", "the", "EU", "with", "a", "significant", "cost", "disad", "-", "\n", "vantage", ":", "for", "example", ",", "solar", "PV", "manufacturing", "costs", "in", "China", "are", "around", "35%-65", "%", "lower", "than", "in", "Europe", "and", "costs", "\n", "for", "manufacturing", "battery", "cells", "are", "20%-35", "%", "lowerx", ".", "The", "EU", "announced", "a", "comprehensive", "response", "in", "2023", "with", "\n", "the", "Net", "Zero", "Industry", "Act", "(", "NZIA", ")", ".", "However", ",", "EU", "financial", "support", "remains", "fragmented", "among", "different", "programmes", ",", "\n", "characterised", "by", "higher", "complexity", "and", "lead", "times", ",", "and", "generally", "excludes", "operating", "costs", "where", "cost", "gaps", "are", "\n", "greatest", ".", "Overall", ",", "financing", "for", "manufacturing", "at", "the", "EU", "level", "is", "five", "to", "ten", "times", "less", "generous", "than", "under", "the", "IRA", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "while", "the", "NZIA", "specifies", "EU", "manufacturing", "targets", ",", "they", "are", "not", "backed", "by", "explicit", "minimum", "quotas", "for", "local", "\n", "products", "and", "components", "–", "quotas", "which", "other", "regions", "regularly", "apply", "–", "meaning", "EU", "demand", "is", "not", "predictably", "\n", "channelled", "towards", "EU" ]	[ { "end": 1902, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1901 }, { "end": 732, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 707 } ]
these objects by material type or composition. - the identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. - FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an example autonomous material processing system 1100 , which includes various MHUs 322 . Operation of the MRF system 1100 begins with material being conveyed by conveyor 1101 passing under the robotic sorter 1102 . The robotic sorter 1102 removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the system 1100 . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the system 1100 to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. - the inbound material passes under a magnet 1103 to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker 1110 - 1 . - Bunker 1110 - 1 is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system 1104 (including conveyors 1104 a , 1104 b , 1104 c , and 1104 d ) to the optical sorter 1105 . - the optical sorter 1105 is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the optical sorter 1105 . - This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. - the commodity is ejected from the optical sorter 1105 and passes under a second robotic sorter 1106 , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers 1110 , ultimately to be baled. - the default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker 1110 - 2 . - bunker 1110 - 1 closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker 1110 - 2 , removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. - the system 1100 purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker 1110 - 1 , which continued to fill while the material from bunker 1110 - 2 were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system	[ "these", "objects", "by", "material", "type", "or", "composition", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "identification", "equipment", "on", "the", "system", "presort", "\n", "would", "be", "able", "to", "identify", "metals", ",", "compound", "plastics", ",", "large", "objects", ",", "and", "includes", "volatile", "compounds", "such", "as", "batteries", ",", "propane", "tanks", "and", "fuel", "cells", ".", "\n", "-", "FIG", ".", "11", "\n", "shows", "a", "perspective", "view", "of", "an", "example", "autonomous", "material", "processing", "system", "1100", ",", "which", "includes", "various", "MHUs", "322", ".", "Operation", "of", "the", "MRF", "system", "1100", "begins", "with", "material", "being", "conveyed", "by", "conveyor", "1101", "passing", "under", "the", "robotic", "sorter", "1102", ".", "The", "robotic", "sorter", "1102", "removes", "relatively", "large", "residue", "materials", "prior", "to", "entering", "the", "system", "1100", ".", "At", "this", "stage", "the", "first", "material", "composition", "is", "created", ".", "The", "resulting", "composition", "data", "is", "utilized", "by", "the", "system", "1100", "to", "determine", "the", "priority", "that", "materials", "will", "be", "sorted", "for", "subsequent", "processing", "loop", "cycles", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "inbound", "material", "\n", "passes", "under", "a", "magnet", "1103", "to", "remove", "ferrous", "metals", ",", "with", "the", "remaining", "material", "being", "conveyed", "to", "bunker", "1110", "-", "1", ".", "\n", "-", "Bunker", "1110", "-", "1", "\n", "is", "then", "opened", "and", "live", "feeds", "material", "via", "conveyor", "system", "1104", "(", "including", "conveyors", "1104", "a", ",", "1104", "b", ",", "1104", "c", ",", "and", "1104", "d", ")", "to", "the", "optical", "sorter", "1105", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "optical", "sorter", "1105", "\n", "is", "equipped", "with", "an", "AI", "/", "ML", "high", "speed", "object", "identification", "system", "and", "a", "metal", "detector", "to", "further", "sort", "the", "initial", "prioritized", "material", "as", "it", "is", "fed", "through", "the", "optical", "sorter", "1105", ".", "\n", "-", "This", "combined", "sensing", "technology", "\n", "can", "sort", "material", "based", "on", "shape", ",", "color", ",", "molecular", "composition", ",", "and/or", "based", "on", "other", "parameters", ".", "This", "allows", "for", "sorting", "complex", "materials", "throughout", "a", "variety", "of", "stream", "scenarios", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "commodity", "\n", "is", "ejected", "from", "the", "optical", "sorter", "1105", "and", "passes", "under", "a", "second", "robotic", "sorter", "1106", ",", "which", "conducts", "a", "final", "quality", "control", "(", "QC", ")", "check", "/", "sort", "of", "the", "sorted", "fraction", "prior", "to", "the", "material", "entering", "its", "respective", "commodity", "bunkers", "1110", ",", "ultimately", "to", "be", "baled", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "default", "non", "ejected", "material", "\n", "is", "conveyed", "into", "bunker", "1110", "-", "2", ".", "\n", "-", "bunker", "1110", "-", "1", "\n", "closes", "and", "the", "system", "processes", "at", "full", "capacity", "from", "bunker", "1110", "-", "2", ",", "removing", "each", "targeted", "commodity", ",", "respectively", ",", "based", "on", "the", "initial", "material", "composition", "until", "desired", "recovery", "values", "have", "been", "achieved", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "system", "1100", "\n", "purges", "any", "remaining", "residue", "material", "and", "resumes", "processing", "material", "from", "bunker", "1110", "-", "1", ",", "which", "continued", "to", "fill", "while", "the", "material", "from", "bunker", "1110", "-", "2", "were", "being", "processed", ".", "After", "all", "available", "materials", "have", "been", "processed", ",", "the", "autonomous", "processing", "system" ]	[]
## A Circular Approach to the Four Pillars of the CHC methodology In this section, we will explore how the four principles of CHC are approached within Common Ground, looking first at the CHC weekend, and then more broadly at the program as a whole. ## Common Ground Collective Healing Circle Weekend The Common Ground program s in-person stage began with a two-day series of art ' and healing activities informed by UNESCO s CHC methodology, which we will be ' focusing on in the rest of this chapter. Through creative exercises, open dialogue and activities designed to engage the body, mind and spirit, this gathering fostered a sense of co-responsibility, co-creation and co-dependency as bases of healing dialogues that permeated the following parts of the program. The Collective Healing Circle took the following shape and form. Seated in a circle, and having grounded themselves through embodied exercises, the participants began the day s session with short workshops led by UNESCO-trained CHC ' facilitators around two of the four pillars. These aimed at introducing the key concepts relevant to approaching these pillars to the participants. In the second stage, the floor was left to the participants to appropriate the proposed concepts by engaging their personal biography. In this way, the first day of activities focused on the first two pillars of CHC: the recognition of the harms of inhumanity and their after effects, and the restoration of a sense of integrity and human dignity. The workshop of the day introduced the notion of structural injustice, as well as race, class and gender identities, highlighting the intersectional nature of oppressive structures, but also the multidisciplinary nature of the identities that make us up and define us in the eyes of society. On the basis of these reflections, the participants were invited to share their personal experiences. One after the other, the participants present began to tell stories linked to their intimate and family biographies, in a spontaneous and organic way. As the stories unfolded, they echoed each other, and the participants picked up on elements shared by another person, creating links between personal biographies across geographies, cultures, ages and, more generally, differences. But also, as each person spoke, certain themes became more and more evident and shared by the participants, notably the interconnected traumas linked to gender inequalities, the systemic discrimination linked to forced migration and experiences of displacement, as well	[ "#", "#", "A", "Circular", "Approach", "to", "the", "Four", "Pillars", "of", "the", "CHC", "methodology", "\n\n", "In", "this", "section", ",", "we", "will", "explore", "how", "the", "four", "principles", "of", "CHC", "are", "approached", "within", "Common", "Ground", ",", "looking", "first", "at", "the", "CHC", "weekend", ",", "and", "then", "more", "broadly", "at", "the", "program", "as", "a", "whole", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Common", "Ground", "Collective", "Healing", "Circle", "Weekend", "\n\n", "The", "Common", "Ground", "program", "s", "in", "-", "person", "stage", "began", "with", "a", "two", "-", "day", "series", "of", "art", "'", "and", "healing", "activities", "informed", "by", "UNESCO", "s", "CHC", "methodology", ",", "which", "we", "will", "be", "'", "focusing", "on", "in", "the", "rest", "of", "this", "chapter", ".", "Through", "creative", "exercises", ",", "open", "dialogue", "and", "activities", "designed", "to", "engage", "the", "body", ",", "mind", "and", "spirit", ",", "this", "gathering", "fostered", "a", "sense", "of", "co", "-", "responsibility", ",", "co", "-", "creation", "and", "co", "-", "dependency", "as", "bases", "of", "healing", "dialogues", "that", "permeated", "the", "following", "parts", "of", "the", "program", ".", "\n\n", "The", "Collective", "Healing", "Circle", "took", "the", "following", "shape", "and", "form", ".", "Seated", "in", "a", "circle", ",", "and", "having", "grounded", "themselves", "through", "embodied", "exercises", ",", "the", "participants", "began", "the", "day", "s", "session", "with", "short", "workshops", "led", "by", "UNESCO", "-", "trained", "CHC", "'", "facilitators", "around", "two", "of", "the", "four", "pillars", ".", "These", "aimed", "at", "introducing", "the", "key", "concepts", "relevant", "to", "approaching", "these", "pillars", "to", "the", "participants", ".", "In", "the", "second", "stage", ",", "the", "floor", "was", "left", "to", "the", "participants", "to", "appropriate", "the", "proposed", "concepts", "by", "engaging", "their", "personal", "biography", ".", "\n\n", "In", "this", "way", ",", "the", "first", "day", "of", "activities", "focused", "on", "the", "first", "two", "pillars", "of", "CHC", ":", "the", "recognition", "of", "the", "harms", "of", "inhumanity", "and", "their", "after", "effects", ",", "and", "the", "restoration", "of", "a", "sense", "of", "integrity", "and", "human", "dignity", ".", "The", "workshop", "of", "the", "day", "introduced", "the", "notion", "of", "structural", "injustice", ",", "as", "well", "as", "race", ",", "class", "and", "gender", "identities", ",", "highlighting", "the", "intersectional", "nature", "of", "oppressive", "structures", ",", "but", "also", "the", "multidisciplinary", "nature", "of", "the", "identities", "that", "make", "us", "up", "and", "define", "us", "in", "the", "eyes", "of", "society", ".", "On", "the", "basis", "of", "these", "reflections", ",", "the", "participants", "were", "invited", "to", "share", "their", "personal", "experiences", ".", "One", "after", "the", "other", ",", "the", "participants", "present", "began", "to", "tell", "stories", "linked", "to", "their", "intimate", "and", "family", "biographies", ",", "in", "a", "spontaneous", "and", "organic", "way", ".", "\n\n", "As", "the", "stories", "unfolded", ",", "they", "echoed", "each", "other", ",", "and", "the", "participants", "picked", "up", "on", "elements", "shared", "by", "another", "person", ",", "creating", "links", "between", "personal", "biographies", "across", "geographies", ",", "cultures", ",", "ages", "and", ",", "more", "generally", ",", "differences", ".", "But", "also", ",", "as", "each", "person", "spoke", ",", "certain", "themes", "became", "more", "and", "more", "evident", "and", "shared", "by", "the", "participants", ",", "notably", "the", "interconnected", "traumas", "linked", "to", "gender", "inequalities", ",", "the", "systemic", "discrimination", "linked", "to", "forced", "migration", "and", "experiences", "of", "displacement", ",", "as", "well" ]	[]
\| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| Finanzas I \| \|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| G \| H la \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| Gasto público en \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| % del PIB per \| % del PIB per \| \| \| \| en educación \| del gasto destinado (%) \| PPA a precios \| \| \| \| \| Secundaria \| \| \| \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 \| \| público del PIB) \| total \| Preprimaria \| Primaria \| Secundaria \| Terciaria \| Preprimaria \| Primaria \| Terciaria \| Código del país \| \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| 2023 \| \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| 4.5.4 \| \| 5,2 ₋₁ \| 13,9 ₋₁ \| \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| \| AUS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 19 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| 4,1 4,2 \| 6,8 ₊₁ 11,6 ₊₁ \| 7558 ₋₂ … … … … \| 11 216 ₋₂ 961 … \| ₋₂ … … \| 9902 ₋₂ 13 … … … \| ₋₂ 20 16 … … 22 ₋₁ \| ₋₂ 15 15 … … … 16 ₋₁ \| … … \| 17 ₋₂ … KIR \| \| 14,2 ₋₂ 7,5 ₋₁ \| 16,1 ₋₁ 11,3 ₋₁ \| … … 1887 ₋₁ \| 1459 ₋₁ … \| 1054 ₋₁ \| 884 ₋₁ 29 \| … ₋₁ … \| … \| 13 ₋₁ … \| MHL \| \| 10,5 ₋₃ 7,8 ₋₁ \| 18,6 ₋₃ … \| … … \| … \| … \| … … \| … \| … … \| … \|	[ "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "Finanzas", "I", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "G", " ", "\|", "H", 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broader scope to exercise leadership instead of just implementing protocols and procedures. This is because system leadership involves the ability to generate change through existing or new connections. System leaders must plan and budget for fiscal and human resources that will achieve education goals. Officials in education ministries and national education implementation agencies need to be able to process and analyse data, monitor and evaluate, develop policy recommendations, design programmes, prepare draft laws, and advise political leaders. System leaders could be leaders, part or products of system change. Seniority should not be the main selection criterion for them to have a positive influence on others. They need to have not only relevant knowledge but also skills to facilitate, advocate, mobilize and challenge – and build the professional capacity of others. They need to be thought leaders as well as practical leaders. They should have status, recognition and understanding of how change is led and managed. They also need to act as models for future practices instead of simply sharing existing best practice. Fulfilling these roles usually depends on a country’s public administration and civil service structures and traditions, with respect to selection, promotion, professionalism, internal and external motivation, empowerment, expertise, and capacity – and the extent to which these cultivate a leadership perspective in the exercise of public functions. Chapter 6 on political leadership returns to the issue of the purpose of education. Ultimately, it falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality that captures popular aspirations and is aligned with national development objectives. This vision may be expressed in political party agendas and be part of a political programme that is questioned by voters. Presidents, prime ministers, ministers and deputy ministers of education are responsible for providing a long-term education perspective, seeking consensus in formulating reforms, offering continuity where necessary, and ensuring that plans are credible and matched with the required resources. Not only the executive but also the legislative branch of government needs to demonstrate leadership: parliamentary committees of education can make major contributions through the passing of laws and scrutinizing the work of government. Political leaders have opportunities and constraints in fulfilling their responsibilities. They differ in how their political visions of education are formed, how they serve society, and how often they are sidetracked by short-term considerations and political calculations. 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- 19. Labb , C., Labb é é , D.: Duplicate and fake publications in the scienti /uniFB01 c literature: how many SCIgen papers in computer science? Scientometrics, Akad é miai Kiad ó , p.	[ "-", "19", ".", "Labb", ",", "C.", ",", "Labb", "é", "é", ",", "D.", ":", "Duplicate", "and", "fake", "publications", "in", "the", "scienti", "/uniFB01", "c", "literature", ":", "how", "many", "SCIgen", "papers", "in", "computer", "science", "?", "Scientometrics", ",", "Akad", "é", "miai", "Kiad", "ó", ",", "p." ]	[ { "end": 4, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2 }, { "end": 185, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 6 } ]
on a typical day (December 14) in 2020. NWP = numerical weather prediction; OSCAR = Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool. Notes 1. See United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals: Decade of Action ( dashboard), https://www.un.org /sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/ . 2. Hallegatte , Bangalore, and Vogt-Schilb (2016). 3. Charts Catalogue (we ather map repository), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, https://apps.ecmwf.int/webapps/opencharts/?. 4. ECMWF ( 2018). 5. Rimes (2020 ). 6. Zillman (2019 ). 7. ECMWF ( 2020). 8. See Deutscher W etterdienst, Open Data Server (dash- board), https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/opendata /opendata.html. References ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). 2018. “Extra Weather Station Data Improve ECMWF’s Forecasts.” News, June 18, 2018. https://www .ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2018/extra -weather-station-data-improve-ecmwfs-forecasts. ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). 2020. “ECMWF Moves towards a Policy of Open Data.” News, October 7, 2020. https://www.ecmwf .int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/ecmwf-moves -towards-policy-open-data. Hallegatte, Stéphane, Mook Bangalore, and Adrien Vogt- Schilb. 2016. “Socioeconomic Resilience: Multi-Hazard Estimates in 117 Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 7886, World Bank, Washington, DC. RIMES (Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia). 2020. “37 RIMES Countries Agree to Share Data and Focus on Impact Forecasting and Forecast-Based Action for 2021–2025.” RIMES, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Novem-ber 26, 2020. https://www.rimes.int/?q=node/630. Zillman, John W . 2019. “Origin, Impact, and Aftermath of WMO Resolution 40.” WMO Bulletin 68 (2): 69–71. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10077.IBRD WLD45650 \| MARCH 2021More than 100% Normal ≥ 80%Availability issues ≥ 30% Availability issues < 30% Not receiv ed in period OSCAR schedule issues No match in OSCAR/surface land observationAvaila bilit y of surface land observat ions (globa l NWP) a s of December 14, 2020 152 \| World Development Report 2021Developing spatially integrated datasets that leverage administrative, social media, private, and more traditional sources can help to pave the way for smart and socially beneficial investments and policies.Spotlight 4.2 Making roads safer by repurposing private intent traffic data Reducing road mortality by half (Sustainable Develop- ment Goal 3.6) could save 675,000 lives a year. Yet the countrywide investments in regulation, enforcement, education, and infrastructure needed to attain this ambitious target are often out of reach. Resource con-straints require countries to make smart choices on where and how to invest. Knowing where and when road traffic crashes happen can help to prioritize investments where they matter most. Unfortunately, many countries facing these difficult choices have little or no data on road traffic crashes and inadequate capacity to analyze the data they do have.	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Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation329 NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres [20.6] D01F 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations [21]A61K; C07D; C07H; C07J; C12P; C12Q; C07K; A61P; C12NA61K 8/* 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products [22]B29C; B29D; B60C; B67D 22.1 Manufacture of rubber products [22.1] C08C 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products [23]B32B 23.1Manufacture of glass and glass products [23.1]C03C; C03B 23.3Manufacture of clay building materials [23.3]B28B; B28C 23.4Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products [23.4]E03D 23.5Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster [23.5]C04B 24 Manufacture of basic metals [24]B21C; B22D; C21B; C22B; C22C; C22F; C21C; C25C; C21D; C25F 24.4Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals [24.4]G21H 25.1Manufacture of structural metal products [25.1]A44B; A47H; B21G; F27D 25.2Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal [25.2]F16T; F22B; F22G; F24J 25.3Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers [25.3]G21B; G21C; G21D 25.4Manufacture of weapons and ammunition [25.4]B63G; F41A; F41B; F41G; F41H; F41J; F41C; F42C; F41F; G21J 25.5Forging, pressing, stamping and roll- forming of metal; powder metallurgy [25.5]B22F 25.6Treatment and coating of metals; machining [25.6]C23D; C25D 25.7Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware [25.7]E05B; E05D; E05F; E06B 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products [25.9]A01L; E05C; F16B 26.1Manufacture of electronic components and boards [26.1]B81B; B81C; B82B; G11C; H01C; H01F; H01L; H05K; B82Y; H01G; C30B; H01J 26.2Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment [26.2]G02F; G06C; G06D; G06G; G06J; G06N; G06E; G06T; G06F; G09C 26.3Manufacture of communication equipment [26.3]G03H; G08B; H01Q; H01S; H03B; H03C; H03M; H04L; H04S; H03D; H04B; H04M; H04W; H03G; H04H; H04N; H03H; H04J; H04Q; H03J; H04K; H04R 330 Annexes NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 26.4Manufacture of consumer electronics [26.4]H03F; H03K; H03L 26.5Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation; watches and clocks [26.5]F15C; G01B; G01C; G01D; G01F; G01H; G01J; G01K; G01L; G01M; G01N; G01Q; G01R; G01S; G01V; G01W; G04B; G04C; G04D; G04F; G04G; G04R; G05B; G05F; G08C; G12B 26.6Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment [26.6]A61N; G21K; H05G; H05H 26.7Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment [26.7]G02B; G02C; G03B 26.8Manufacture of magnetic and optical media [26.8]G03C 27.1Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity distribution and control apparatus [27.1]H02B; H02S; H02J; H02K; H02N; H02P 27.2Manufacture of batteries and accumulators [27.2]H01M 27.3Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices [27.3]H01B; H01H; H01R; H02G 27.4Manufacture of electric lighting equipment [27.4]F21P; F21Q; H01K; F21H; F21S; F21K; F21V; F21L; F21W; F21M; F21Y 27.5Manufacture of domestic	[ "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation329", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "IPC", "class", "NOT", "matching", "\n", "20.6", "Manufacture", "of", "man", "-", "made", "fibres", "[", "20.6", "]", "D01F", "\n", "21Manufacture", "of", "basic", "pharmaceutical", "\n", "products", "and", "pharmaceutical", "preparations", "\n", "[", "21]A61", "K", ";", "C07D", ";", "C07H", ";", "C07J", ";", "C12P", ";", "C12Q", ";", "\n", "C07", "K", ";", "A61P", ";", "C12NA61", "K", "8/", "*", "\n", "22Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "and", "plastic", "\n", "products", "[", "22]B29C", ";", "B29D", ";", "B60C", ";", "B67D", "\n", "22.1", "Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "products", "[", "22.1", "]", "C08C", "\n", "23Manufacture", "of", "other", "non", "-", "metallic", "\n", "mineral", "products", "[", "23]B32B", "\n", "23.1Manufacture", "of", "glass", "and", "glass", "products", "\n", "[", "23.1]C03C", ";", "C03B", "\n", "23.3Manufacture", "of", "clay", "building", "materials", "\n", "[", "23.3]B28B", ";", "B28C", "\n", "23.4Manufacture", "of", "other", "porcelain", "and", "\n", "ceramic", "products", "[", "23.4]E03D", "\n", "23.5Manufacture", "of", "cement", ",", "lime", "and", "plaster", "\n", "[", "23.5]C04B", "\n", "24", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "metals", "[", "24]B21C", ";", "B22D", ";", "C21B", ";", "C22B", ";", "C22C", ";", "C22F", ";", "\n", "C21C", ";", "C25C", ";", "C21D", ";", "C25F", "\n", "24.4Manufacture", "of", "basic", "precious", "and", "other", "\n", "non", "-", "ferrous", "metals", "[", "24.4]G21H", "\n", "25.1Manufacture", "of", "structural", "metal", "products", "\n", "[", "25.1]A44B", ";", "A47H", ";", "B21", "G", ";", "F27D", "\n", "25.2Manufacture", "of", "tanks", ",", "reservoirs", "and", "\n", "containers", "of", "metal", "[", "25.2]F16", "T", ";", "F22B", ";", "F22", "G", ";", "F24J", "\n", "25.3Manufacture", "of", "steam", "generators", ",", "except", "\n", "central", "heating", "hot", "water", "boilers", "[", "25.3]G21B", ";", "G21C", ";", "G21D", "\n", "25.4Manufacture", "of", "weapons", "and", "ammunition", "\n", "[", "25.4]B63", "G", ";", "F41A", ";", "F41B", ";", "F41", "G", ";", "F41H", ";", "F41J", ";", "\n", "F41C", ";", "F42C", ";", "F41F", ";", "G21J", "\n", "25.5Forging", ",", "pressing", ",", "stamping", "and", "roll-", "\n", "forming", "of", "metal", ";", "powder", "metallurgy", "\n", "[", "25.5]B22F", "\n", "25.6Treatment", "and", "coating", "of", "metals", ";", "\n", "machining", "[", "25.6]C23D", ";", "C25D", "\n", "25.7Manufacture", "of", "cutlery", ",", "tools", "and", "general", "\n", "hardware", "[", "25.7]E05B", ";", "E05D", ";", "E05F", ";", "E06B", "\n", "25.9Manufacture", "of", "other", "fabricated", "metal", "\n", "products", "[", "25.9]A01L", ";", "E05C", ";", "F16B", "\n", "26.1Manufacture", "of", "electronic", "components", "\n", "and", "boards", "[", "26.1]B81B", ";", "B81C", ";", "B82B", ";", "G11C", ";", "H01C", ";", "H01F", ";", "\n", "H01L", ";", "H05", "K", ";", "B82Y", ";", "H01", "G", ";", "C30B", ";", "H01J", "\n", "26.2Manufacture", "of", "computers", "and", "peripheral", "\n", "equipment", "[", "26.2]G02F", ";", "G06C", ";", "G06D", ";", "G06", "G", ";", "G06J", ";", "G06N", ";", "\n", "G06E", ";", "G06", "T", ";", "G06F", ";", "G09C", "\n", "26.3Manufacture", "of", "communication", "\n", "equipment", "[", "26.3]G03H", ";", "G08B", ";", "H01Q", ";", "H01S", ";", "H03B", ";", "H03C", ";", "\n", "H03", "M", ";", "H04L", ";", "H04S", ";", "H03D", ";", "H04B", ";", "H04", "M", ";", "\n", "H04W", ";", "H03", "G", ";", "H04H", ";", "H04N", ";", "H03H", ";", "H04J", ";", "\n", "H04Q", ";", "H03J", ";", "H04", "K", ";", "H04R", "\n", "330", "\n", "Annexes", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "IPC", "class", "NOT", "matching", "\n", "26.4Manufacture", "of", "consumer", "electronics", "\n", "[", "26.4]H03F", ";", "H03", "K", ";", "H03L", "\n", "26.5Manufacture", "of", "instruments", "and", "\n", "appliances", "for", "measuring", ",", "testing", "and", "\n", "navigation", ";", "watches", "and", "clocks", "[", "26.5]F15C", ";", "G01B", ";", "G01C", ";", "G01D", ";", "G01F", ";", "G01H", ";", "\n", "G01J", ";", "G01", "K", ";", "G01L", ";", "G01", "M", ";", "G01N", ";", "G01Q", ";", "\n", "G01R", ";", "G01S", ";", "G01V", ";", "G01W", ";", "G04B", ";", "G04C", ";", "\n", "G04D", ";", "G04F", ";", "G04", "G", ";", "G04R", ";", "G05B", ";", "G05F", ";", "\n", "G08C", ";", "G12B", "\n", "26.6Manufacture", "of", "irradiation", ",", "electromedical", "\n", "and", "electrotherapeutic", "equipment", "[", "26.6]A61N", ";", "G21", "K", ";", "H05", "G", ";", "H05H", "\n", "26.7Manufacture", "of", "optical", "instruments", "and", "\n", "photographic", "equipment", "[", "26.7]G02B", ";", "G02C", ";", "G03B", "\n", "26.8Manufacture", "of", "magnetic", "and", "optical", "\n", "media", "[", "26.8]G03C", "\n", "27.1Manufacture", "of", "electric", "motors", ",", "\n", "generators", ",", "transformers", "and", "electricity", "\n", "distribution", "and", "control", "apparatus", "[", "27.1]H02B", ";", "H02S", ";", "H02J", ";", "H02", "K", ";", "H02N", ";", "H02P", "\n", "27.2Manufacture", "of", "batteries", "and", "\n", "accumulators", "[", "27.2]H01", "M", "\n", "27.3Manufacture", "of", "wiring", "and", "wiring", "devices", "\n", "[", "27.3]H01B", ";", "H01H", ";", "H01R", ";", "H02", "G", "\n", "27.4Manufacture", "of", "electric", "lighting", "\n", "equipment", "[", "27.4]F21P", ";", "F21Q", ";", "H01", "K", ";", "F21H", ";", "F21S", ";", "F21", "K", ";", "\n", "F21V", ";", "F21L", ";", "F21W", ";", "F21", "M", ";", "F21Y", "\n", "27.5Manufacture", "of", "domestic" ]	[]
1 437 Nanotechnology and materials 1 265 -1.6% 58 5 1 328 Governance, culture, education and the economy680 9.5% 14 33 727 Chemistry and chemical engineering 595 2.6% 35 1 631 Optics and photonics 603 -2.5% 9 1 613 Environmental sciences and industries 482 16.3% 27 1 510 Biotechnology 442 4.0% 5 3 450 Agrifood 331 8.6% 62 2 395 ICT and computer science 351 18.6% 29 15 395 Electric and electronic technologies 30 2.6% 102 0 132 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery56 -5.6% 64 0 120 Energy 98 3.8% 8 5 111Table 3.9. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Armenia 176 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential mental physics and mathematics (with an SI of 1.6), Optics and photonics (1.2), Agrifood (1.2) and Biotechnology (1.1). Overall, Armenian publications present a lower normalised citation impact than the EaP average. Four domains, however, stand out: Agrifood (with an NCI of 1.3), Environmental sciences and indus- tries (1.2), Fundamental physics and mathematics (1.1) and Governance and culture (1.1). Thus, in terms of scientific publications, Funda- mental physics and mathematics is a domain in which Armenia’s S&T ecosystem simultaneously presents a high critical mass, relative specialisa- tion and scientific impact. In patents, Fundamental physics and mathemat- ics (3.1), Electric and electronic technologies (2.4) have an SI higher than 2, signalling a very high specialisation, followed by Agrifood (1.5) and Na- notechnology and materials(1.3). It must be noted that patent specialisation indexes for Armenian domains may suffer from the low aggregate number of records, leading to vola- tile indicators for single domains – where patent counts can be in single units or low tens, especially for Optics and photonics, Biotechnology, Govern- ance, culture, education and the economy, Chem- istry and chemical engineering and Environmental sciences and industries. Given this issue with data richness, specialisation indexes for these do- mains will not be considered in the summary of the strengths of each S&T specialisation domain for each EaP country at the end of the document. Finally, Table 3.10 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period63. The small number of records, particularly patents, gathered for Arme- nia affects the temporal evolution indicators sig- nificantly, and thus some domains have not been considered. 63 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further	[ "1", "437", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "1", "265", "-1.6", "%", "58", "5", "1", "328", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy680", "9.5", "%", "14", "33", "727", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "595", "2.6", "%", "35", "1", "631", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "603", "-2.5", "%", "9", "1", "613", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "482", "16.3", "%", "27", "1", "510", "\n", "Biotechnology", "442", "4.0", "%", "5", "3", "450", "\n", "Agrifood", "331", "8.6", "%", "62", "2", "395", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "351", "18.6", "%", "29", "15", "395", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "30", "2.6", "%", "102", "0", "132", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery56", "-5.6", "%", "64", "0", "120", "\n", "Energy", "98", "3.8", "%", "8", "5", "111Table", "3.9", ".", "Number", "of", "records", "per", "S&T", "specialisation", "domain", "in", "Armenia", "\n", "176", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "mental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "(", "with", "an", "SI", "of", "\n", "1.6", ")", ",", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "(", "1.2", ")", ",", "Agrifood", "(", "1.2", ")", "and", "\n", "Biotechnology", "(", "1.1", ")", ".", "\n", "Overall", ",", "Armenian", "publications", "present", "a", "lower", "\n", "normalised", "citation", "impact", "than", "the", "EaP", "average", ".", "\n", "Four", "domains", ",", "however", ",", "stand", "out", ":", "Agrifood", "(", "with", "\n", "an", "NCI", "of", "1.3", ")", ",", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "indus-", "\n", "tries", "(", "1.2", ")", ",", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "\n", "(", "1.1", ")", "and", "Governance", "and", "culture", "(", "1.1", ")", ".", "\n", "Thus", ",", "in", "terms", "of", "scientific", "publications", ",", "Funda-", "\n", "mental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "is", "a", "domain", "in", "\n", "which", "Armenia", "’s", "S&T", "ecosystem", "simultaneously", "\n", "presents", "a", "high", "critical", "mass", ",", "relative", "specialisa-", "\n", "tion", "and", "scientific", "impact", ".", "\n", "In", "patents", ",", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathemat-", "\n", "ics", "(", "3.1", ")", ",", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "(", "2.4", ")", "\n", "have", "an", "SI", "higher", "than", "2", ",", "signalling", "a", "very", "high", "\n", "specialisation", ",", "followed", "by", "Agrifood", "(", "1.5", ")", "and", "Na-", "\n", "notechnology", "and", "materials(1.3", ")", ".", "\n", "It", "must", "be", "noted", "that", "patent", "specialisation", "indexes", "\n", "for", "Armenian", "domains", "may", "suffer", "from", "the", "low", "\n", "aggregate", "number", "of", "records", ",", "leading", "to", "vola-", "\n", "tile", "indicators", "for", "single", "domains", "–", "where", "patent", "counts", "can", "be", "in", "single", "units", "or", "low", "tens", ",", "especially", "\n", "for", "Optics", "and", "photonics", ",", "Biotechnology", ",", "Govern-", "\n", "ance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", ",", "Chem-", "\n", "istry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "and", "Environmental", "\n", "sciences", "and", "industries", ".", "Given", "this", "issue", "with", "data", "\n", "richness", ",", "specialisation", "indexes", "for", "these", "do-", "\n", "mains", "will", "not", "be", "considered", "in", "the", "summary", "\n", "of", "the", "strengths", "of", "each", "S&T", "specialisation", "\n", "domain", "for", "each", "EaP", "country", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "\n", "document", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "Table", "3.10", "presents", "the", "change", "in", "the", "\n", "share", "of", "each", "domain", "within", "the", "S&T", "data", "sourc-", "\n", "es", ",", "comparing", "the", "2011", "-", "2014", "period", "to", "the", "more", "\n", "recent", "2015", "-", "2018", "period63", ".", "The", "small", "number", "of", "\n", "records", ",", "particularly", "patents", ",", "gathered", "for", "Arme-", "\n", "nia", "affects", "the", "temporal", "evolution", "indicators", "sig-", "\n", "nificantly", ",", "and", "thus", "some", "domains", "have", "not", "been", "\n", "considered", ".", "\n", "63", "See", "section", "‘", "Temporal", "evolution", "of", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "\n", "domains", "’", "for", "further" ]	[ { "end": 2515, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2513 }, { "end": 2328, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2326 } ]
information from economic and innovation data sources and science and technology data sources. 2.3 Definition of EIST potential The original definition of Smart Specialisation is a knowledge-based economic transformation agenda. For evidence-informed policymaking, it is therefore important to understand the critical mass and specialisation in economic terms, but to also match scientific, innovation and technological outputs and activities that can bring more value added to existing activities but also identify new niches in global value chains. Economic, innovation, scientific and tech- nological potentials are intrinsically rela- tive concepts. In terms of domains, potentials may indeed be observed between sectors, nich- es, scientific disciplines and technological areas. In geo-political terms, they can be measured, conversely, within each EaP country, within the EaP and in relation to international partners and competitors. Whatever the dimension of interest, in this report, the whole EaP region is taken as a baseline and potentials are measured by looking at a series of quantitative indicators (which meas- ure, e.g. the share of turnover per industrial sector, or the share of scientific publications per scientif- ic domain) and by normalising it with respect to the EaP average. Potentials are therefore detected when large positive deviations are observed with respect to the EaP baseline. To achieve this, this report integrates data from different sources, transversally analysing it and extracting relevant information to support policy- making. In line with the availability of data (for the different dimensions of the analysis) and the cov- erage, quality and taxonomic or semantic gran- ularity of this data, different approaches are proposed to measure potential, providing di- verse evidence for S3 priority setting. This analysis relies on the computation of spe- cialisation indexes14 for the different E&I and S&T domains and taxonomies. The refer- ence baseline used throughout all EIST analyses is the whole EaP region: critical mass is measured by the share of specific activities in each economy, and the specialisation is obtained by normalising the critical mass of each country with respect to the EaP average. Therefore, in the following analy- ses, potential is synonymous of specialisation with respect to the EaP region. Finally, the evolution of the analysis over time and indicators discussed above is provided; this anal- ysis is performed systematically for E&I domains, identifying current and emerging strengths, and only when time series data is consistent, for S&T domains. 14 The specialisation index, also known as ‘location quotient’, measures	[ "information", "from", "economic", "and", "innovation", "data", "\n", "sources", "and", "science", "and", "technology", "data", "sources", ".", "\n", "2.3", "Definition", "of", "EIST", "potential", "\n", "The", "original", "definition", "of", "Smart", "Specialisation", "\n", "is", "a", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "transformation", "\n", "agenda", ".", "For", "evidence", "-", "informed", "policymaking", ",", "it", "\n", "is", "therefore", "important", "to", "understand", "the", "critical", "\n", "mass", "and", "specialisation", "in", "economic", "terms", ",", "but", "to", "\n", "also", "match", "scientific", ",", "innovation", "and", "technological", "\n", "outputs", "and", "activities", "that", "can", "bring", "more", "value", "\n", "added", "to", "existing", "activities", "but", "also", "identify", "new", "\n", "niches", "in", "global", "value", "chains", ".", "\n", "Economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "tech-", "\n", "nological", "potentials", "are", "intrinsically", "rela-", "\n", "tive", "concepts", ".", "In", "terms", "of", "domains", ",", "potentials", "\n", "may", "indeed", "be", "observed", "between", "sectors", ",", "nich-", "\n", "es", ",", "scientific", "disciplines", "and", "technological", "areas", ".", "\n", "In", "geo", "-", "political", "terms", ",", "they", "can", "be", "measured", ",", "\n", "conversely", ",", "within", "each", "EaP", "country", ",", "within", "the", "EaP", "and", "in", "relation", "to", "international", "partners", "and", "\n", "competitors", ".", "Whatever", "the", "dimension", "of", "interest", ",", "\n", "in", "this", "report", ",", "the", "whole", "EaP", "region", "is", "taken", "as", "a", "\n", "baseline", "and", "potentials", "are", "measured", "by", "looking", "\n", "at", "a", "series", "of", "quantitative", "indicators", "(", "which", "meas-", "\n", "ure", ",", "e.g.", "the", "share", "of", "turnover", "per", "industrial", "sector", ",", "\n", "or", "the", "share", "of", "scientific", "publications", "per", "scientif-", "\n", "ic", "domain", ")", "and", "by", "normalising", "it", "with", "respect", "to", "\n", "the", "EaP", "average", ".", "Potentials", "are", "therefore", "detected", "\n", "when", "large", "positive", "deviations", "are", "observed", "with", "\n", "respect", "to", "the", "EaP", "baseline", ".", "\n", "To", "achieve", "this", ",", "this", "report", "integrates", "data", "from", "\n", "different", "sources", ",", "transversally", "analysing", "it", "and", "\n", "extracting", "relevant", "information", "to", "support", "policy-", "\n", "making", ".", "In", "line", "with", "the", "availability", "of", "data", "(", "for", "the", "\n", "different", "dimensions", "of", "the", "analysis", ")", "and", "the", "cov-", "\n", "erage", ",", "quality", "and", "taxonomic", "or", "semantic", "gran-", "\n", "ularity", "of", "this", "data", ",", "different", "approaches", "are", "\n", "proposed", "to", "measure", "potential", ",", "providing", "di-", "\n", "verse", "evidence", "for", "S3", "priority", "setting", ".", "\n", "This", "analysis", "relies", "on", "the", "computation", "of", "spe-", "\n", "cialisation", "indexes14", "for", "the", "different", "E&I", "\n", "and", "S&T", "domains", "and", "taxonomies", ".", "The", "refer-", "\n", "ence", "baseline", "used", "throughout", "all", "EIST", "analyses", "is", "\n", "the", "whole", "EaP", "region", ":", "critical", "mass", "is", "measured", "by", "\n", "the", "share", "of", "specific", "activities", "in", "each", "economy", ",", "\n", "and", "the", "specialisation", "is", "obtained", "by", "normalising", "\n", "the", "critical", "mass", "of", "each", "country", "with", "respect", "to", "\n", "the", "EaP", "average", ".", "Therefore", ",", "in", "the", "following", "analy-", "\n", "ses", ",", "potential", "is", "synonymous", "of", "specialisation", "with", "\n", "respect", "to", "the", "EaP", "region", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "the", "evolution", "of", "the", "analysis", "over", "time", "and", "\n", "indicators", "discussed", "above", "is", "provided", ";", "this", "anal-", "\n", "ysis", "is", "performed", "systematically", "for", "E&I", "domains", ",", "\n", "identifying", "current", "and", "emerging", "strengths", ",", "and", "\n", "only", "when", "time", "series", "data", "is", "consistent", ",", "for", "S&T", "\n", "domains", ".", "\n", "14", "The", "specialisation", "index", ",", "also", "known", "as", "‘", "location", "quotient", "’", ",", "\n", "measures" ]	[ { "end": 2667, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2665 }, { "end": 1944, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1942 } ]
with a colour, the data for this three-digit industry are not available as results have been merged with those of other three-digit industries highlighted with the same colour. For example, for both Georgia and Moldova, data for industries 131 and 139 have been aggregated into one number. NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 10.1 Processing/preserving of meat 10.2 Processing/preserving of fish, etc. 10.3 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 10.4 Vegetable and animal oils and fats 10.5 Dairy products 10.6 Grain mill products, starches and starch products 10.7 Other food products 10.8 Prepared animal feeds 11.0 Beverages 12.0 Tobacco products 13.1 Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles 13.9 Other textiles 14.1 Wearing apparel, except fur apparel 14.2 Articles of fur 14.3 Knitted and crocheted apparel 15.1 Leather; luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness; furTable 2.6. INDSTAT data availability at NACE three-digit level 50 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 15.2 Footwear 16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood 16.2 Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 17.0 Paper and paper products 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 18.2 Reproduction of recorded media 19.1 Coke oven products 19.2 Refined petroleum products 20.1 Basic chemicals, fertilisers, etc. 20.2 Other chemical products 20.3 Man-made fibres 21.0 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 22.1 Rubber products 22.2 Plastics products 23.1 Glass and glass products 23.9 Non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. 24.1 Basic iron and steel 24.2 Basic precious and other non-ferrous metals 24.3 Casting of metals 25.1 Struct. metal products, tanks, reservoirs 25.2 Weapons and ammunition 25.9 Other metal products; metalworking services 26.1 Electronic components and boards 26.2 Computers and peripheral equipment 26.3 Communication equipment 26.4 Consumer electronics 26.5 Measuring, testing equipment; watches, etc. 26.6 Irradiation/electromedical equipment, etc. 26.7 Optical instruments and photographic equipment 26.8 Magnetic and optical media 27.1 Electric motors, generators, transformers, etc. 27.2 Batteries and accumulators Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation51 NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 27.3 Wiring and wiring devices 27.4 Electric lighting equipment 27.5 Domestic appliances 27.9 Other electrical equipment 28.1 General-purpose machinery 28.2 Special-purpose machinery 29.1 Motor vehicles 29.2 Automobile bodies, trailers and semi-trailers 29.3 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles 30.1 Building of ships and boats 30.2 Railway locomotives and rolling stock 30.3 Air and spacecraft and related machinery 30.4 Military fighting vehicles 30.9 Transport equipment n.e.c. 31.0	[ "with", "a", "colour", ",", "the", "data", "for", "this", "three", "-", "digit", "\n", "industry", "are", "not", "available", "as", "results", "have", "been", "\n", "merged", "with", "those", "of", "other", "three", "-", "digit", "industries", "\n", "highlighted", "with", "the", "same", "colour", ".", "For", "example", ",", "for", "\n", "both", "Georgia", "and", "Moldova", ",", "data", "for", "industries", "131", "\n", "and", "139", "have", "been", "aggregated", "into", "one", "number", ".", "\n ", "NACE", " ", "Industry", "name", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n ", "10.1", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "meat", "\n ", "10.2", " ", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fish", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "10.3", " ", "Processing", "/", "preserving", "of", "fruit", ",", "vegetables", "\n ", "10.4", " ", "Vegetable", "and", "animal", "oils", "and", "fats", "\n ", "10.5", " ", "Dairy", "products", "\n ", "10.6", " ", "Grain", "mill", "products", ",", "starches", "and", "starch", "products", "\n ", "10.7", " ", "Other", "food", "products", "\n ", "10.8", " ", "Prepared", "animal", "feeds", "\n ", "11.0", " ", "Beverages", "\n ", "12.0", " ", "Tobacco", "products", "\n ", "13.1", " ", "Spinning", ",", "weaving", "and", "finishing", "of", "textiles", "\n ", "13.9", " ", "Other", "textiles", "\n ", "14.1", " ", "Wearing", "apparel", ",", "except", "fur", "apparel", "\n ", "14.2", " ", "Articles", "of", "fur", "\n ", "14.3", " ", "Knitted", "and", "crocheted", "apparel", "\n ", "15.1", " ", "Leather", ";", "luggage", ",", "handbags", ",", "saddlery", ",", "harness", ";", "furTable", "2.6", ".", "INDSTAT", "data", "availability", "at", "NACE", "three", "-", "digit", "level", "\n", "50", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n ", "NACE", " ", "Industry", "name", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n ", "15.2", " ", "Footwear", "\n ", "16.1", " ", "Sawmilling", "and", "planing", "of", "wood", "\n ", "16.2", " ", "Wood", "products", ",", "cork", ",", "straw", ",", "plaiting", "materials", "\n ", "17.0", " ", "Paper", "and", "paper", "products", "\n ", "18.1", " ", "Printing", "and", "service", "activities", "related", "to", "printing", "\n ", "18.2", " ", "Reproduction", "of", "recorded", "media", "\n ", "19.1", " ", "Coke", "oven", "products", "\n ", "19.2", " ", "Refined", "petroleum", "products", "\n ", "20.1", " ", "Basic", "chemicals", ",", "fertilisers", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "20.2", " ", "Other", "chemical", "products", "\n ", "20.3", " ", "Man", "-", "made", "fibres", "\n ", "21.0", " ", "Pharmaceuticals", ",", "medicinal", "chemicals", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "22.1", " ", "Rubber", "products", "\n ", "22.2", " ", "Plastics", "products", "\n ", "23.1", " ", "Glass", "and", "glass", "products", "\n ", "23.9", " ", "Non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "n.e.c", ".", "\n ", "24.1", " ", "Basic", "iron", "and", "steel", "\n ", "24.2", " ", "Basic", "precious", "and", "other", "non", "-", "ferrous", "metals", "\n ", "24.3", " ", "Casting", "of", "metals", "\n ", "25.1", " ", "Struct", ".", "metal", "products", ",", "tanks", ",", "reservoirs", "\n ", "25.2", " ", "Weapons", "and", "ammunition", "\n ", "25.9", " ", "Other", "metal", "products", ";", "metalworking", "services", "\n ", "26.1", " ", "Electronic", "components", "and", "boards", "\n ", "26.2", " ", "Computers", "and", "peripheral", "equipment", "\n ", "26.3", " ", "Communication", "equipment", "\n ", "26.4", " ", "Consumer", "electronics", "\n ", "26.5", " ", "Measuring", ",", "testing", "equipment", ";", "watches", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "26.6", " ", "Irradiation", "/", "electromedical", "equipment", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "26.7", " ", "Optical", "instruments", "and", "photographic", "equipment", "\n ", "26.8", " ", "Magnetic", "and", "optical", "media", "\n ", "27.1", " ", "Electric", "motors", ",", "generators", ",", "transformers", ",", "etc", ".", "\n ", "27.2", " ", "Batteries", "and", "accumulators", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation51", "\n ", "NACE", " ", "Industry", "name", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n ", "27.3", " ", "Wiring", "and", "wiring", "devices", "\n ", "27.4", " ", "Electric", "lighting", "equipment", "\n ", "27.5", " ", "Domestic", "appliances", "\n ", "27.9", " ", "Other", "electrical", "equipment", "\n ", "28.1", " ", "General", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "\n ", "28.2", " ", "Special", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "\n ", "29.1", " ", "Motor", "vehicles", "\n ", "29.2", " ", "Automobile", "bodies", ",", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers", "\n ", "29.3", " ", "Parts", "and", "accessories", "for", "motor", "vehicles", "\n ", "30.1", " ", "Building", "of", "ships", "and", "boats", "\n ", "30.2", " ", "Railway", "locomotives", "and", "rolling", "stock", "\n ", "30.3", " ", "Air", "and", "spacecraft", "and", "related", "machinery", "\n ", "30.4", " ", "Military", "fighting", "vehicles", "\n ", "30.9", " ", "Transport", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "\n ", "31.0", " " ]	[]
\| -0.010 (0.025) \| \| I regularly stop to talk with people in my neighbourhood (NCI 17) \| 0.027 (0.031) \| \| Living in this neighbourhood gives me a sense of community (NCI 18) \| 0.102 * (0.028) \| \| Neighbouring (NEI) \| \| \| I visit with my neighbours in their homes (NCI 3) \| -0.018 (0.027) \| \| The friendships I have with people in my neighbourhood mean a lot (NCI 4) \| -0.097 * (0.028) \| \| If people in my neighbourhood were planning something, I'd think of it as something 'we' were doing rather than 'they' were doing (NCI 6) \| 0.001 (0.023) \| \| If I need advice, I could go to someone in my neighbourhood (NCI 7) \| -0.030 (0.024) \| \| I borrow things and exchange favours with my neighbours (NCI 11) \| 0.002 (0.028) \| \| I have never invited neighbours over to my house to visit (R) (NCI 15) \| -0.048 (0.016) \| \| Attraction to neighbourhood (ATTR) \| \| \| Overall, I am very attracted to living in this neighbourhood (NCI 1) \| -0.073 (0.030) \| \| I feel like I belong to this neighbourhood (NCI 2) \| 0.225 * (0.027) \| \| Given the opportunity, I would like to move out of this neighbourhood (R) (NCI 5) \| -0.003 (0.015) \| \| I plan to remain a resident of this neighbourhood for a number of years (NCI 13) \| -0.023 (0.021) \| \| Constant \| -0.157 (0.137) P[F(18, 620) = \| \| Constant \| 16.62] < 0.001 \| \| Constant \| R 2 = 0.325 \| Note: Analysis includes 639 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. * p<0.001, ** p<0.01, p<0.05. * Regarding 'attraction to the neighbourhood' (ATTR), respondents from Sanjay colony were 7.3 pp less likely to say they were attracted to living in the neighbour -hood (NCI 1, p<0.01). They were 22.5 pp more likely to have a feeling of belong -ing (NCI 2, p<0.001). Given that the base probability is 50 percent, the effect size of this result is the most significant of all these results as it increases the base prob -ability by 45 percent (medium Cohen's d effect size (0.45 = 0.225/0.5)). ## Subjective well-being (SWB) There were two statistically significant differences between the responses from residents in Sanjay colony and Bhalswa on the	[ " ", "\|", "-0.010", "(", "0.025", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "regularly", "stop", "to", "talk", "with", "people", "in", "my", "neighbourhood", "(", "NCI", "17", ")", " ", "\|", "0.027", "(", "0.031", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Living", "in", "this", "neighbourhood", "gives", "me", "a", "sense", "of", "community", "(", "NCI", "18", ")", " ", "\|", "0.102", "", "", "", "(", "0.028", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Neighbouring", "(", "NEI", ")", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "visit", "with", "my", "neighbours", "in", "their", "homes", "(", "NCI", "3", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.018", "(", "0.027", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "The", "friendships", "I", "have", "with", "people", "in", "my", "neighbourhood", "mean", "a", "lot", "(", "NCI", "4", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.097", "", "", "", "(", "0.028", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "If", "people", "in", "my", "neighbourhood", "were", "planning", "something", ",", "I", "'d", "think", "of", "it", "as", "something", "'", "we", "'", "were", "doing", "rather", "than", "'", "they", "'", "were", "doing", "(", "NCI", "6", ")", "\|", "0.001", "(", "0.023", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "If", "I", "need", "advice", ",", "I", "could", "go", "to", "someone", "in", "my", "neighbourhood", "(", "NCI", "7", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.030", "(", "0.024", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "borrow", "things", "and", "exchange", "favours", "with", "my", "neighbours", "(", "NCI", "11", ")", " ", "\|", "0.002", "(", "0.028", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "have", "never", "invited", "neighbours", "over", "to", "my", "house", "to", "visit", "(", "R", ")", "(", "NCI", "15", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.048", "", "", "(", "0.016", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Attraction", "to", "neighbourhood", "(", "ATTR", ")", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Overall", ",", "I", "am", "very", "attracted", "to", "living", "in", "this", "neighbourhood", "(", "NCI", "1", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.073", "", "", "(", "0.030", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "feel", "like", "I", "belong", "to", "this", "neighbourhood", "(", "NCI", "2", ")", " ", "\|", "0.225", "", "", "", "(", "0.027", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Given", "the", "opportunity", ",", "I", "would", "like", "to", "move", "out", "of", "this", "neighbourhood", "(", "R", ")", "(", "NCI", "5", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.003", "(", "0.015", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "I", "plan", "to", "remain", "a", "resident", "of", "this", "neighbourhood", "for", "a", "number", "of", "years", "(", "NCI", "13", ")", " ", "\|", "-0.023", "(", "0.021", ")", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Constant", " ", "\|", "-0.157", "(", "0.137", ")", "P[F(18", ",", "620", ")", "=", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Constant", " ", "\|", "16.62", "]", "<", "0.001", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Constant", " ", "\|", "R", "2", "=", "0.325", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "Note", ":", "Analysis", "includes", "639", "observations", ".", "Coefficient", "estimates", "of", "the", "average", "marginal", "component", "effects", "with", "standard", "errors", "in", "parenthesis", ".", "", "", "", "p<0.001", ",", "", "", "p<0.01", ",", "p<0.05", ".", "*", "\n\n", "Regarding", "'", "attraction", "to", "the", "neighbourhood", "'", "(", "ATTR", ")", ",", "respondents", "from", "Sanjay", "colony", "were", "7.3", "pp", "less", "likely", "to", "say", "they", "were", "attracted", "to", "living", "in", "the", "neighbour", "-hood", "(", "NCI", "1", ",", "p<0.01", ")", ".", "They", "were", "22.5", "pp", "more", "likely", "to", "have", "a", "feeling", "of", "belong", "-ing", "(", "NCI", "2", ",", "p<0.001", ")", ".", "Given", "that", "the", "base", "probability", "is", "50", "percent", ",", "the", "effect", "size", "of", "this", "result", "is", "the", "most", "significant", "of", "all", "these", "results", "as", "it", "increases", "the", "base", "prob", "-ability", "by", "45", "percent", "(", "medium", "Cohen", "'s", "d", "effect", "size", "(", "0.45", "=", "0.225/0.5", ")", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Subjective", "well", "-", "being", "(", "SWB", ")", "\n\n", "There", " ", "were", " ", "two", " ", "statistically", " ", "significant", " ", "differences", " ", "between", " ", "the", " ", "responses", " ", "from", "residents", "in", "Sanjay", "colony", "and", "Bhalswa", "on", "the" ]	[]
CONCLUSION ## 5.4.3 Recommendations ## How should ring-fencing rules be introduced into an applicable legal framework? - · It is preferable to introduce ring-fencing rules for mining into the law, which is public and subject to legislative review, rather than by contract, which is often discretionary, confidential, and vulnerable to corruption. - · Where the licensing law requires each legal entity to own only one mining licence, there is de facto ring-fencing. In those cases, countries should still consider ring-fencing per activity to separate mining activities from non-mining activities. - · Countries might consider requesting the mining investor to have separate accounting per project for non-tax reporting purposes; however, this obligation will not result in ring-fencing outcomes for tax purposes unless the accounting laws are the basis for the application of the tax laws or the tax law also mirrors these reporting requirements and it becomes the basis for application of ring-fencing rules. - · Where countries are considering a requirement for taxpayers to get separate tax identification numbers for each mining title for ring-fencing purposes, countries should factor in the administration challenges, such as managing one taxpayer with multiple identification numbers. - · Ring-fencing rules should preferably apply only for new licences/ projects granted after the year of entry into force of the ring-fencing laws, unless there are imperative policy reasons to the contrary due to the challenges related to implementation for ongoing/existing projects. - · Ring-fencing rules should be out of the scope of stabilization provisions. - · Special attention should be given to the design of the ring-fencing regime, where the tax system includes progressive tax rates or special expense limitations. ## How should the apportionment of revenues and expenditures work? - · Resource-rich countries should establish clear definitions of direct, indirect, and general revenues and expenditures. - · Direct revenues and expenditures should be attributed in full to the specific licence or the business activities to which they relate. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION - · Resource-rich countries should require the use of the most direct and appropriate allocation keys for significant expenses, which exceed a given materiality threshold. Such allocation keys should approximate the allocation approach most directly to the actual usage and benefit derived for each project. For less significant expenses,	[ "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.4.3", "Recommendations", "\n\n", "#", "#", "How", "should", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "be", "introduced", "into", "an", "applicable", "legal", "framework", "?", "\n\n", "-", "·", "It", "is", "preferable", "to", "introduce", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "for", "mining", "into", "the", "law", ",", "which", "is", "public", "and", "subject", "to", "legislative", "review", ",", "rather", "than", "by", "contract", ",", "which", "is", "often", "discretionary", ",", "confidential", ",", "and", "vulnerable", "to", "corruption", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Where", "the", "licensing", "law", "requires", "each", "legal", "entity", "to", "own", "only", "one", "mining", "licence", ",", "there", "is", "de", "facto", "ring", "-", "fencing", ".", "In", "those", "cases", ",", "countries", "should", "still", "consider", "ring", "-", "fencing", "per", "activity", "to", "separate", "mining", "activities", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Countries", "might", "consider", "requesting", "the", "mining", "investor", "to", "have", "separate", "accounting", "per", "project", "for", "non", "-", "tax", "reporting", "purposes", ";", "however", ",", "this", "obligation", "will", "not", "result", "in", "ring", "-", "fencing", "outcomes", "for", "tax", "purposes", "unless", "the", "accounting", "laws", "are", "the", "basis", "for", "the", "application", "of", "the", "tax", "laws", "or", "the", "tax", "law", "also", "mirrors", "these", "reporting", "requirements", "and", "it", "becomes", "the", "basis", "for", "application", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Where", "countries", "are", "considering", "a", "requirement", "for", "taxpayers", "to", "get", "separate", "tax", "identification", "numbers", "for", "each", "mining", "title", "for", "ring", "-", "fencing", "purposes", ",", "countries", "should", "factor", "in", "the", "administration", "challenges", ",", "such", "as", "managing", "one", "taxpayer", "with", "multiple", "identification", "numbers", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "should", "preferably", "apply", "only", "for", "new", "licences/", "projects", "granted", "after", "the", "year", "of", "entry", "into", "force", "of", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "laws", ",", "unless", "there", "are", "imperative", "policy", "reasons", "to", "the", "contrary", "due", "to", "the", "challenges", "related", "to", "implementation", "for", "ongoing", "/", "existing", "projects", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "should", "be", "out", "of", "the", "scope", "of", "stabilization", "provisions", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Special", "attention", "should", "be", "given", "to", "the", "design", "of", "the", "ring", "-", "fencing", "regime", ",", "where", "the", "tax", "system", "includes", "progressive", "tax", "rates", "or", "special", "expense", "limitations", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "How", "should", "the", "apportionment", "of", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "work", "?", "\n\n", "-", "·", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "establish", "clear", "definitions", "of", "direct", ",", "indirect", ",", "and", "general", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", ".", "\n", "-", "·", "Direct", "revenues", "and", "expenditures", "should", "be", "attributed", "in", "full", "to", "the", "specific", "licence", "or", "the", "business", "activities", "to", "which", "they", "relate", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "-", "·", "Resource", "-", "rich", "countries", "should", "require", "the", "use", "of", "the", "most", "direct", "and", "appropriate", "allocation", "keys", "for", "significant", "expenses", ",", "which", "exceed", "a", "given", "materiality", "threshold", ".", "Such", "allocation", "keys", "should", "approximate", "the", "allocation", "approach", "most", "directly", "to", "the", "actual", "usage", "and", "benefit", "derived", "for", "each", "project", ".", "For", "less", "significant", "expenses", "," ]	[]
took advantage of her conscientiousness. Maasdorp stated that while working on a project for Oliphant, the design of a new Van der Graaf electrostatic generator, an incident occurred whereby increasing the voltage to test the machine was immediately followed by 'a big spark, a loud crack, and glass and oil all over the floor'. Maasdorp and her fellow male researchers decided to take a lunch break before tackling the lab- cleaning. Maasdorp returned and began the clean- up; however, her colleagues did not return until the following morning, when the lab was clean. 33 This behaviour reflects cultural attitudes towards what was considered women's work. ## The Royal Society The first issue of the Royal Society's journal, Philosophical Transactions , the world's longest- running scientific journal, was published in 1665. Røstvik and Fyfe argue that from its inception, the journal was tightly linked with the masculine culture of the Royal Society, where to be elected a Fellow was 'seen as a significant accolade for scientists since the mid- 19th century'. 34 While women could submit papers, 'they were excluded from all editorial and evaluation roles: such gate- keeping roles were reserved for Fellows of the Society'. 35 The first woman to publish a paper in the journal was astronomer Caroline Herschel in 1787. From the 1900s onwards, women authors' names were marked by 'Miss'. 36 During the 1930s, approximately 4 per cent of all papers submitted to the Royal Society's journals had a woman scientist as an author or co- author. 37 Hertha Ayrton was the first woman nominated as a Fellow. In 1904, Ayrton was also the first woman to read her paper before the Royal Society; two years later, she even received the Royal Society's Hughes Medal. Although nominated and with such success recognized by the Society, Ayrton was ultimately denied the Fellowship. Maasdorp and her colleagues submitted two research papers to the Royal Society journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society . 38 Discrimination against women persisted and was still the norm when Maasdorp and her colleagues' papers were published in November 1936. Until 1990, authors could only submit papers to the Society with the support of a Fellow, known as a 'communicator'. Rutherford acted as a communicator for papers submitted by the Cavendish, and he did not distinguish women researchers by marking them as 'Miss', so Maasdorp's gender was not evident in the published papers. 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be connected to the through any type of . Although the , , are shown as code blocks included in the , , and/or , any of the code blocks may be replaced with hardwired circuits, for example, built into memory blocks/cells of an ASIC, FPGA, and/or some other suitable IC. In some examples, the is stores computational logic/modules configured to implement the techniques described herein. The may be employed to store working copies and/or permanent copies of programming instructions, or data to create the programming instructions, for the operation of various components of compute node (e.g., drivers, libraries, APIs, and/or the like), an OS of , one or more applications, and/or the like. The may be stored or loaded into as , or data to create the , which are then accessed for execution by the via the to carry out the various functions, processes, methods, algorithms, operations, tasks, actions, techniques, and/or other aspects described herein (see e.g., ). The various elements may be implemented by assembler instructions supported by or high-level languages that may be compiled into , or data to create the , to be executed by the . The permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into at the factory/OEM or in the field through, for example, a distribution medium (e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface) and a communication interface (e.g., communication circuitry ) from a distribution server (e.g., remote system ) and/or the like. Additionally or alternatively, the , , can include one or more operating systems (OS) and/or other software to control various aspects of the . The OS can include drivers and/or APIs to control particular devices or components that are embedded in the , attached to the , communicatively coupled with the , and/or otherwise accessible by the . The OSs may also include one or more libraries, drivers, APIs, firmware, middleware, software glue, and the like, which provide program code and/or software components for one or more apps to obtain and use the data from other apps operated by the , such as the various subsystems of the , AI/ML system(s) , , , , , , , , conveyors , , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. Example OSs include consumer-based OS, real-time OS (RTOS), and/or the like, but for purposes of the present disclosure, can also include hypervisors, container orchestrators and/or container engines.	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top surface of the insulator be substantially level with a top surface of the conductor 120 . - the present invention is not limited thereto; for example, in a state where an opening is formed inside the conductor 120 , the insulator 150 may be formed to fill the opening. - the insulator 150 is positioned over the capacitor 100 a and the capacitor 100 b . - An insulator that can be used as the insulator 281 is used as the insulator 150 . - the conductor 160 is positioned over the insulator 150 . - the conductor 160 functions as the above-described wiring BL. - the conductor 240 functions as a plug connecting the wiring BL (the conductor 160 ) and the drains of the transistor 300 a and the transistor 300 b . - the conductor 240 is placed to be embedded in an opening formed in the insulator 150 , the insulator 130 , the insulator 281 , the insulator 280 , the insulator 244 , the conductor 242 b , and the region 243 b of the oxide 230 . - the conductor 240 is in contact with a top surface of the insulator 273 , the other side surface of the insulator 273 , and a top surface of the conductor 209 . - the conductor 240 is in contact with a side surface of the conductor 242 b , a side surface of the oxide 230 b , and a side surface of the oxide 230 a . - a top surface of the conductor 240 is exposed from the insulator 150 and is in contact with the conductor 160 . - a first conductor of the conductor 240 is formed in contact with the inner wall of the opening in the insulator 150 , the insulator 130 , the insulator 281 , the insulator 280 , the insulator 244 , the conductor 242 b , the oxide 230 a , and the oxide 230 b . - the conductor 209 is positioned on at least part of a bottom portion of the opening, and the first conductor of the conductor 240 is in contact with the conductor 209 . - a second conductor of the conductor 240 is formed on the inner side of the first conductor of the conductor 240 . - conductors that can be used as the first conductor	[ "top", "surface", "of", "the", "insulator", "be", "substantially", "level", "with", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "120", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "present", "invention", "\n", "is", "not", "limited", "thereto", ";", "for", "example", ",", "in", "a", "state", "where", "an", "opening", "is", "formed", "inside", "the", "conductor", "120", ",", "the", "insulator", "150", "may", "be", "formed", "to", "fill", "the", "opening", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "insulator", "150", "\n", "is", "positioned", "over", "the", "capacitor", "100", "a", "and", "the", "capacitor", "100", "b", ".", "\n", "-", "An", "insulator", "that", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "insulator", "281", "\n", "is", "used", "as", "the", "insulator", "150", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "160", "\n", "is", "positioned", "over", "the", "insulator", "150", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "160", "\n", "functions", "as", "the", "above", "-", "described", "wiring", "BL", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "functions", "as", "a", "plug", "connecting", "the", "wiring", "BL", "(", "the", "conductor", "160", ")", "and", "the", "drains", "of", "the", "transistor", "300", "a", "and", "the", "transistor", "300", "b", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "placed", "to", "be", "embedded", "in", "an", "opening", "formed", "in", "the", "insulator", "150", ",", "the", "insulator", "130", ",", "the", "insulator", "281", ",", "the", "insulator", "280", ",", "the", "insulator", "244", ",", "the", "conductor", "242", "b", ",", "and", "the", "region", "243", "b", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "in", "contact", "with", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "insulator", "273", ",", "the", "other", "side", "surface", "of", "the", "insulator", "273", ",", "and", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "209", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "in", "contact", "with", "a", "side", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "242", "b", ",", "a", "side", "surface", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", "b", ",", "and", "a", "side", "surface", "of", "the", "oxide", "230", "a", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "top", "surface", "of", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "exposed", "from", "the", "insulator", "150", "and", "is", "in", "contact", "with", "the", "conductor", "160", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "first", "conductor", "of", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "formed", "in", "contact", "with", "the", "inner", "wall", "of", "the", "opening", "in", "the", "insulator", "150", ",", "the", "insulator", "130", ",", "the", "insulator", "281", ",", "the", "insulator", "280", ",", "the", "insulator", "244", ",", "the", "conductor", "242", "b", ",", "the", "oxide", "230", "a", ",", "and", "the", "oxide", "230", "b", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "conductor", "209", "\n", "is", "positioned", "on", "at", "least", "part", "of", "a", "bottom", "portion", "of", "the", "opening", ",", "and", "the", "first", "conductor", "of", "the", "conductor", "240", "is", "in", "contact", "with", "the", "conductor", "209", ".", "\n", "-", "a", "second", "conductor", "of", "the", "conductor", "240", "\n", "is", "formed", "on", "the", "inner", "side", "of", "the", "first", "conductor", "of", "the", "conductor", "240", ".", "\n", "-", "conductors", "that", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "first", "conductor" ]	[]
and mining contracts with ring-fencing rules to provide concrete examples that may be enlightening for resource-rich developing countries. The examples included in the practice note are for illustrative purposes only. They are not intended as a presentation of a recommended approach, which would require taking into account the specificity of the tax and regulatory framework of each country. The note is based on desk research combined with interviews that identified day-to-day challenges faced by government officials when implementing ring-fencing rules. 2 There is some guidance available on the purpose of ring-fencing rules in mining and its advantages and disadvantages. Readers should refer to the following texts: International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2010a, 2014, 2017); Otto (2000). 2.0 The Fundamentals of Ring-Fencing ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION In the mining sector, it is common for governments to ring-fence mining income. The IMF defines ring-fencing as 'a limitation on consolidation of income and deductions for tax purposes across different activities, or projects, undertaken by the same taxpayer' (IMF, 2010a). In other words, when ring-fencing rules are in place and applied, governments tax the mining sector with reference to a tax base determined at the level of an individual project or activity rather than on the level of a company or branch. All tax-deductible costs associated with a given project or activity must be deducted from revenues derived from that project or activity, not from other projects or activities undertaken by the same taxpayer. ## FIGURE 1. How ring-fencing works <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Note: Without ring-fencing (top), profits from a mining activity can be offset by losses from non-mining activity, reducing government revenue. With ring-fencing (bottom), profits from mining activity and tax payable on this operation cannot be offset in this way. Source: Author's elaboration. 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 2.1 The Source of Ring-Fencing Rules Ring-fencing rules are typically found in the general income tax code, which may include special provisions for taxation of mining activities, or in the mining law. Some countries that negotiate project-specific fiscal terms negotiated ring-fencing rules that go beyond the primary law (see the example from Sierra Leone in	[ "and", "mining", "contracts", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "to", "provide", "concrete", "examples", "that", "may", "be", "enlightening", "for", "resource", "-", "rich", "developing", "countries", ".", "The", "examples", "included", "in", "the", "practice", "note", "are", "for", "illustrative", "purposes", "only", ".", "They", "are", "not", "intended", "as", "a", "presentation", "of", "a", "recommended", "approach", ",", "which", "would", "require", "taking", "into", "account", "the", "specificity", "of", "the", "tax", "and", "regulatory", "framework", "of", "each", "country", ".", "The", "note", "is", "based", "on", "desk", "research", "combined", "with", "interviews", "that", "identified", "day", "-", "to", "-", "day", "challenges", "faced", "by", "government", "officials", "when", "implementing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ".", "\n\n", "2", " ", "There", "is", "some", "guidance", "available", "on", "the", "purpose", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "in", "mining", "and", "its", "advantages", "and", "disadvantages", ".", "Readers", "should", "refer", "to", "the", "following", "texts", ":", "International", "Monetary", "Fund", "(", "IMF", ")", "(", "2010a", ",", "2014", ",", "2017", ")", ";", "Otto", "(", "2000", ")", ".", "\n\n", "2.0", "The", "Fundamentals", "of", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "In", "the", "mining", "sector", ",", "it", "is", "common", "for", "governments", "to", "ring", "-", "fence", "mining", "income", ".", "The", "IMF", "defines", "ring", "-", "fencing", "as", "'", "a", "limitation", "on", "consolidation", "of", "income", "and", "deductions", "for", "tax", "purposes", "across", "different", "activities", ",", "or", "projects", ",", "undertaken", "by", "the", "same", "taxpayer", "'", "(", "IMF", ",", "2010a", ")", ".", "In", "other", "words", ",", "when", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "in", "place", "and", "applied", ",", "governments", "tax", "the", "mining", "sector", "with", "reference", "to", "a", "tax", "base", "determined", "at", "the", "level", "of", "an", "individual", "project", "or", "activity", "rather", "than", "on", "the", "level", "of", "a", "company", "or", "branch", ".", "All", "tax", "-", "deductible", "costs", "associated", "with", "a", "given", "project", "or", "activity", "must", "be", "deducted", "from", "revenues", "derived", "from", "that", "project", "or", "activity", ",", "not", "from", "other", "projects", "or", "activities", "undertaken", "by", "the", "same", "taxpayer", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "FIGURE", "1", ".", "How", "ring", "-", "fencing", "works", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Note", ":", "Without", "ring", "-", "fencing", "(", "top", ")", ",", "profits", "from", "a", "mining", "activity", "can", "be", "offset", "by", "losses", "from", "non", "-", "mining", "activity", ",", "reducing", "government", "revenue", ".", "With", "ring", "-", "fencing", "(", "bottom", ")", ",", "profits", "from", "mining", "activity", "and", "tax", "payable", "on", "this", "operation", "can", "not", "be", "offset", "in", "this", "way", ".", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Author", "'s", "elaboration", ".", "\n\n", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "2.1", "The", "Source", "of", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Rules", "\n\n", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "typically", "found", "in", "the", "general", "income", "tax", "code", ",", "which", "may", "include", "special", "provisions", "for", "taxation", "of", "mining", "activities", ",", "or", "in", "the", "mining", "law", ".", "Some", "countries", "that", "negotiate", "project", "-", "specific", "fiscal", "terms", "negotiated", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "that", "go", "beyond", "the", "primary", "law", "(", "see", "the", "example", "from", "Sierra", "Leone", "in" ]	[]
2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 from StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. ## References Auerbach, A. M. (2019). Demanding Development. The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India's Urban Slums . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Auerbach, A. M. (2017). Neighbourhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India's Slum Development Committees, World Development, 96 , 119-135. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2018). How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India's Slums, American Political Science Review , 112 (4), 775-791. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2023). Migrants and Machine Politics. How's India's Urban Poor Seek Representation and Responsiveness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Barnes, S. L. (2003). Determinants of Individual Neighbourhood Ties and social resources in poor urban neighbourhoods, Sociological Spectrum , 23, 463-97. Bavetta, S. , Navarra, P., and Maimone, D. (2014). 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Social Cohesion and Belonging Predict the WellBeing of Community-Dwelling Older People, BMC Geriatrics , 15 , 1-10. Cramm, J. M., van Dijk, H. M., and Nieboer, A. P. (2013). The Importance of Neighbourhood Social Cohesion and Social Capital for the Well-Being of Older Adults in the Community, Gerontologist , 53 , 142-152. Deaton, A. (2018). The Analysis of Household Surveys . Washington, DC: World Bank. Delhey, J., and Dragolov, G. (2016). Happier Together. Social Cohesion and Subjective Well-Being in Europe, International Journal of Psychologically , 51 , 163-176. Diener, E. (2009). Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta, in E. Diener (ed.) Culture and Well-Being. Social Indicators Research Series . Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 261-278.	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Because I use patented medicine, not generic medicine. I bring it from reputed companies only. Due to a good knowl -edge base, my diagnosis is also good. When diagnosis is good, medicine will automatically work. If the diagnosis is not good, medicine would not work. The patient is having another problem and you're giving medicine for some other diseases, definitely it will not work. That's the reason for my success.' India's post-independence health care system is based on a tax-funded system sim -ilar to that in the U.K. Joseph P. Bhore's committee's report in 1946 created the Indian National Health System, where medical care is delivered through salaried doctors. India created a three-tiered health care policy. In rural areas, this con -sists of Primary Health Care Clinics (PHCs) that are linked to Community Health Centres (CHCs) to deal with more complex cases. In urban districts, city hospitals have been built for tertiary care ( Patel et al., 2011 ; Acharya, 2013 ; Anand and Fan, 2016).	[ "Because", "I", "use", "patented", "medicine", ",", "not", "generic", "medicine", ".", "I", "bring", "it", "from", "reputed", "companies", "only", ".", "Due", "to", "a", "good", "knowl", "-edge", "base", ",", "my", "diagnosis", "is", "also", "good", ".", "When", "diagnosis", "is", "good", ",", "medicine", "will", "automatically", "work", ".", "If", "the", "diagnosis", "is", "not", "good", ",", "medicine", "would", "not", "work", ".", "The", "patient", "is", "having", "another", "problem", "and", "you", "'re", "giving", "medicine", "for", "some", "other", "diseases", ",", "definitely", "it", "will", "not", "work", ".", "That", "'s", "the", "reason", "for", "my", "success", ".", "'", "\n\n", "India", "'s", "post", "-", "independence", "health", "care", "system", "is", "based", "on", "a", "tax", "-", "funded", "system", "sim", "-ilar", "to", "that", "in", "the", "U.K.", "Joseph", "P.", "Bhore", "'s", "committee", "'s", "report", "in", "1946", "created", "the", "Indian", "National", "Health", "System", ",", "where", "medical", "care", "is", "delivered", "through", "salaried", "doctors", ".", " ", "India", " ", "created", " ", "a", " ", "three", "-", "tiered", " ", "health", " ", "care", " ", "policy", ".", " ", "In", " ", "rural", " ", "areas", ",", " ", "this", " ", "con", "-sists", "of", "Primary", "Health", "Care", "Clinics", "(", "PHCs", ")", "that", "are", "linked", "to", "Community", "Health", "Centres", "(", "CHCs", ")", "to", "deal", "with", "more", "complex", "cases", ".", "In", "urban", "districts", ",", "city", "hospitals", "have", "been", "built", "for", "tertiary", "care", "(", "Patel", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2011", ";", "Acharya", ",", "2013", ";", "Anand", "and", "Fan", ",", "2016", ")", "." ]	[ { "end": 979, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 961 }, { "end": 995, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 982 }, { "end": 1017, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 998 }, { "end": 1017, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1013 }, { "end": 1011, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 998 }, { "end": 995, "label": "YEAR", "start": 991 }, { "end": 989, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 982 }, { "end": 979, "label": "YEAR", "start": 975 }, { "end": 973, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 961 } ]
of scientific and technological potential Globally, the EaP science and technology system is most active in the experimental and fundamen- tal sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry) and their technical applications (materials, me- chanical engineering, ICT and computer science, biotechnology, chemical engineering), including emerging areas such as nanotechnology and op- tics and photonics. In any case, fundamental and applied fields do have direct and indirect impacts on the tech- nological development and the innovativeness of sectors, as will be further explored in Part 4. Furthermore, the identified S&T domains are not hermetic: since S&T records are analysed and classified individually, some can belong to two or more S&T domains, indicating multidisciplinarity, hybridisations and applications. In this sense, Fig - ure 3.17 presents the overlapping of records in the identified domains at EaP level. A strong co-occur- rence between the domains of Energy and Electric technologies can be observed, as well as between ICT and Transportation, and Mechanical engineer- ing and Transportation. Agrifood, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Environmental sciences and Health are also strongly related to varying degrees. Figure 3.18 shows the distribution of records from the three types of data sources in the domains in the form of a percentage. Publications account for the majority of records in almost all domains, going from 54% of the total records in Transpor- tation up to more than 90% in others (e.g. Funda- mental physics and mathematics and Governance, culture, education and the economy). The only ex- ceptions are four cases in which the number of patents is higher than the number of publications; the most significant of which is Mechanical en- gineering and heavy machinery (with 77% of the records being patents), but also Agrifood (67%), Electric and electronic technologies (54%) and En- ergy (51%). The percentage of EC projects against the total number of records is minimal, only ap- proaching 1% in the case of Governance. The different distribution of the data sources in the S&T domains is suggestive of their varied na- ture and orientation, instead based on scientific publications (thus science-oriented), patenting (thus technology-oriented) or where these two data sources are to some degree balanced. As such, S&T domains can be qualitatively catego- rised as58: ■science-oriented S&T domains – where publications account for more than 80% of the records; ■balanced S&T domains – where publications represent between 60% and 80% of the re- cords; ■technology-oriented S&T domains – where publications represent less than	[ "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "Globally", ",", "the", "EaP", "science", "and", "technology", "system", "\n", "is", "most", "active", "in", "the", "experimental", "and", "fundamen-", "\n", "tal", "sciences", "(", "physics", ",", "mathematics", ",", "chemistry", ")", "\n", "and", "their", "technical", "applications", "(", "materials", ",", "me-", "\n", "chanical", "engineering", ",", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", ",", "\n", "biotechnology", ",", "chemical", "engineering", ")", ",", "including", "\n", "emerging", "areas", "such", "as", "nanotechnology", "and", "op-", "\n", "tics", "and", "photonics", ".", "\n", "In", "any", "case", ",", "fundamental", "and", "applied", "fields", "do", "\n", "have", "direct", "and", "indirect", "impacts", "on", "the", "tech-", "\n", "nological", "development", "and", "the", "innovativeness", "\n", "of", "sectors", ",", "as", "will", "be", "further", "explored", "in", "Part", "4", ".", "\n", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "identified", "S&T", "domains", "are", "not", "\n", "hermetic", ":", "since", "S&T", "records", "are", "analysed", "and", "\n", "classified", "individually", ",", "some", "can", "belong", "to", "two", "or", "\n", "more", "S&T", "domains", ",", "indicating", "multidisciplinarity", ",", "\n", "hybridisations", "and", "applications", ".", "In", "this", "sense", ",", "Fig", "-", "\n", "ure", "3.17", "presents", "the", "overlapping", "of", "records", "in", "the", "\n", "identified", "domains", "at", "EaP", "level", ".", "A", "strong", "co", "-", "occur-", "\n", "rence", "between", "the", "domains", "of", "Energy", "and", "Electric", "\n", "technologies", "can", "be", "observed", ",", "as", "well", "as", "between", "\n", "ICT", "and", "Transportation", ",", "and", "Mechanical", "engineer-", "\n", "ing", "and", "Transportation", ".", "Agrifood", ",", "Biotechnology", ",", "\n", "Chemistry", ",", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "Health", "are", "\n", "also", "strongly", "related", "to", "varying", "degrees", ".", "\n", "Figure", "3.18", "shows", "the", "distribution", "of", "records", "from", "\n", "the", "three", "types", "of", "data", "sources", "in", "the", "domains", "\n", "in", "the", "form", "of", "a", "percentage", ".", "Publications", "account", "\n", "for", "the", "majority", "of", "records", "in", "almost", "all", "domains", ",", "\n", "going", "from", "54", "%", "of", "the", "total", "records", "in", "Transpor-", "\n", "tation", "up", "to", "more", "than", "90", "%", "in", "others", "(", "e.g.", "Funda-", "\n", "mental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "and", "Governance", ",", "\n", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", ")", ".", "The", "only", "ex-", "\n", "ceptions", "are", "four", "cases", "in", "which", "the", "number", "of", "\n", "patents", "is", "higher", "than", "the", "number", "of", "publications", ";", "\n", "the", "most", "significant", "of", "which", "is", "Mechanical", "en-", "\n", "gineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "(", "with", "77", "%", "of", "the", "\n", "records", "being", "patents", ")", ",", "but", "also", "Agrifood", "(", "67", "%", ")", ",", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "(", "54", "%", ")", "and", "En-", "\n", "ergy", "(", "51", "%", ")", ".", "The", "percentage", "of", "EC", "projects", "against", "\n", "the", "total", "number", "of", "records", "is", "minimal", ",", "only", "ap-", "\n", "proaching", "1", "%", "in", "the", "case", "of", "Governance", ".", "\n", "The", "different", "distribution", "of", "the", "data", "sources", "in", "\n", "the", "S&T", "domains", "is", "suggestive", "of", "their", "varied", "na-", "\n", "ture", "and", "orientation", ",", "instead", "based", "on", "scientific", "\n", "publications", "(", "thus", "science", "-", "oriented", ")", ",", "patenting", "(", "thus", "technology", "-", "oriented", ")", "or", "where", "these", "two", "\n", "data", "sources", "are", "to", "some", "degree", "balanced", ".", "As", "\n", "such", ",", "S&T", "domains", "can", "be", "qualitatively", "catego-", "\n", "rised", "as58", ":", "\n ", "■", "science", "-", "oriented", "S&T", "domains", "–", "where", "\n", "publications", "account", "for", "more", "than", "80", "%", "of", "\n", "the", "records", ";", "\n ", "■", "balanced", "S&T", "domains", "–", "where", "publications", "\n", "represent", "between", "60", "%", "and", "80", "%", "of", "the", "re-", "\n", "cords", ";", "\n ", "■", "technology", "-", "oriented", "S&T", "domains", "–", "where", "\n", "publications", "represent", "less", "than" ]	[ { "end": 2428, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2426 } ]
confidence in myself academically. I am kind of thinking of the right words to use. Actually, to be honest. I didn't have a lot of confidence in myself academically, especially during my freshman year. I struggled in some of my classes, and I felt like I was always playing catch up. I remember feeling like I wasn't smart enough like I was just pretending to be a student. I'd look around at my classmates and think, Wow! They are also much smarter than me. They are always going to succeed, and I'm just going to fall behind. I felt like I was just barely scraping by and that I was only passing my classes because of luck or because my teachers had been easy. They've been easy on me. Well, I didn't feel like I was earning my grades or understanding the material. It wasn't until I had some amazing teachers who believed in me that I think it helped me to see my own potential. Then, I started to feel more confident academically. Well, with her support and encouragement, I started to feel capable of achieving my goals, particularly my academic goals. I began to see myself as a learner and someone who was able or capable of growth and improvement. And that feeling of confidence and support has really stayed with me to this day. ## How do you feel about yourself academically now? Academically. Now, I would say it's like night and day. I feel like a completely different person now. I've gained so much confidence and self-assurance in my academic abilities. I realize now that I'm capable of learning and achieving anything I set my mind to. I've learned to appreciate my strengths and weaknesses and to use them to my advantage. I have also developed a good mindset. It just helped me to see challenges and opportunities for goods and improvements. Well, I would say I'm proud of myself for persevering and pushing through the tough times. I'm proud of the person I've become and the things I've accomplished. I feel like I'm finally living up to my potential. And that's an amazing feeling overall. I feel like I am in a really good place academically; I'm confident, capable, and motivated to continue learning and growing. ## Describe an event, if any, that changed how you saw yourself academically. 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permanent revenue loss could undermine government expenditure required to finance public needs. The pressure on governments to raise revenues increases further in mining-rich countries that offer generous industry-specific tax incentives— for example, the immediate deduction of exploration or development costs, irrespective of whether the given mining operations are completed and produce revenue. Officials of resource-rich governments sometimes respond to these risks and pressures by designing a tax system that limits such consolidation by operators in the mining sector—a practice known as ring-fencing. Ring- fencing does the opposite of consolidation—it limits the ability of the mining investor to offset expenditures and revenues between projects and activities, which accelerates government revenues from mining and protects the mining tax base against permanent revenue losses. In addition, it may level the playing field between new and existing investors. While not a response to all BEPS practices, ring-fencing can discourage investors from structuring base erosion arrangements, artificially inflating exploration or development expenditures, or abusing specific tax incentives. There are also downsides associated with ring-fencing. Ring-fencing slows down or postpones the potential tax savings that can result from consolidation, which can discourage mining investment, particularly in marginal ore bodies—projects near the lower limit of commercial workability. Depending on its design, ring-fencing can increase the administrative burden on tax authorities and raise the cost of tax compliance for taxpayers. The implementation of these rules can also be a challenge, for instance, where the apportionment of general and indirect expenditures and revenues must take place between different mines and/or activities. T ax uncertainty may occur, and disputes have arisen in applying and interpreting such rules, especially when the legislative guidance is unclear, which left room for varying interpretation. Ring-fencing is a common feature of most tax systems that use a schedular tax system—a system where separate taxes are imposed on different categories of income. This note reviews and analyzes this prevailing practice and highlights the benefits and risks of ring-fencing, as well as the conditions that need to be in place for the benefits to outweigh the downsides. This note also covers the design and administration considerations of such an approach. The note will benefit those who are considering whether and how to use ring-fencing as a tax policy response to deal with delayed government revenues and BEPS practices, as well as those that are looking to enhance and improve existing ring-fencing rules by improving their effectiveness and	[ "permanent", "revenue", "\n", "loss", "could", "undermine", "government", "expenditure", "required", "to", "finance", "public", "\n", "needs", ".", "The", "pressure", "on", "governments", "to", "raise", "revenues", "increases", "further", "in", "\n", "mining", "-", "rich", "countries", "that", "offer", "generous", "industry", "-", "specific", "tax", "incentives", "—", "\n", "for", "example", ",", "the", "immediate", "deduction", "of", "exploration", "or", "development", "costs", ",", "\n", "irrespective", "of", "whether", "the", "given", "mining", "operations", "are", "completed", "and", "\n", "produce", "revenue", ".", "\n", "Officials", "of", "resource", "-", "rich", "governments", "sometimes", "respond", "to", "these", "risks", "\n", "and", "pressures", "by", "designing", "a", "tax", "system", "that", "limits", "such", "consolidation", "by", "\n", "operators", "in", "the", "mining", "sector", "—", "a", "practice", "known", "as", "ring", "-", "fencing", ".", "Ring-", "\n", "fencing", "does", "the", "opposite", "of", "consolidation", "—", "it", "limits", "the", "ability", "of", "the", "mining", "\n", "investor", "to", "offset", "expenditures", "and", "revenues", "between", "projects", "and", "activities", ",", "\n", "which", "accelerates", "government", "revenues", "from", "mining", "and", "protects", "the", "mining", "\n", "tax", "base", "against", "permanent", "revenue", "losses", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "it", "may", "level", "the", "\n", "playing", "field", "between", "new", "and", "existing", "investors", ".", "While", "not", "a", "response", "to", "\n", "all", "BEPS", "practices", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "can", "discourage", "investors", "from", "structuring", "\n", "base", "erosion", "arrangements", ",", "artificially", "inflating", "exploration", "or", "development", "\n", "expenditures", ",", "or", "abusing", "specific", "tax", "incentives", ".", "\n", "There", "are", "also", "downsides", "associated", "with", "ring", "-", "fencing", ".", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "\n", "slows", "down", "or", "postpones", "the", "potential", "tax", "savings", "that", "can", "result", "from", "\n", "consolidation", ",", "which", "can", "discourage", "mining", "investment", ",", "particularly", "in", "\n", "marginal", "ore", "bodies", "—", "projects", "near", "the", "lower", "limit", "of", "commercial", "workability", ".", "\n", "Depending", "on", "its", "design", ",", "ring", "-", "fencing", "can", "increase", "the", "administrative", "burden", "\n", "on", "tax", "authorities", "and", "raise", "the", "cost", "of", "tax", "compliance", "for", "taxpayers", ".", "The", "\n", "implementation", "of", "these", "rules", "can", "also", "be", "a", "challenge", ",", "for", "instance", ",", "where", "\n", "the", "apportionment", "of", "general", "and", "indirect", "expenditures", "and", "revenues", "must", "\n", "take", "place", "between", "different", "mines", "and/or", "activities", ".", "T", "ax", "uncertainty", "may", "\n", "occur", ",", "and", "disputes", "have", "arisen", "in", "applying", "and", "interpreting", "such", "rules", ",", "\n", "especially", "when", "the", "legislative", "guidance", "is", "unclear", ",", "which", "left", "room", "for", "\n", "varying", "interpretation", ".", "\n", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "is", "a", "common", "feature", "of", "most", "tax", "systems", "that", "use", "a", "schedular", "\n", "tax", "system", "—", "a", "system", "where", "separate", "taxes", "are", "imposed", "on", "different", "\n", "categories", "of", "income", ".", "This", "note", "reviews", "and", "analyzes", "this", "prevailing", "\n", "practice", "and", "highlights", "the", "benefits", "and", "risks", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "as", "well", "\n", "as", "the", "conditions", "that", "need", "to", "be", "in", "place", "for", "the", "benefits", "to", "outweigh", "\n", "the", "downsides", ".", "This", "note", "also", "covers", "the", "design", "and", "administration", "\n", "considerations", "of", "such", "an", "approach", ".", "The", "note", "will", "benefit", "those", "who", "are", "\n", "considering", "whether", "and", "how", "to", "use", "ring", "-", "fencing", "as", "a", "tax", "policy", "response", "\n", "to", "deal", "with", "delayed", "government", "revenues", "and", "BEPS", "practices", ",", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "those", "that", "are", "looking", "to", "enhance", "and", "improve", "existing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "\n", "by", "improving", "their", "effectiveness", "and" ]	[]
FICH 'sc3d00.pun' RENA 'dx_p5_3d_00' RCOU 25 'dx_p5' FICH 'sc2d01.pun' RENA 'dx_p5_2d_01' TRAC 5 15 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' YZER COLO NOIR ROUG TRAC 5 25 15 AXES 1. 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identified as those goods categories for which the degree of specialisation and relative size for both export values are above the thresholds for at least 6 out of 8 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.15 . Emerging goods categories with increasing degrees of specialisation are identified as those goods categories for which the change in the degree of specialisation for export values are above the thresholds shown in the last column in Table 2.11 . To identify current strengths for each country, the same minimum relative size of 0.1% has been used, and for the degree of specialisation a minimum location quotient of 1.5. For changes over time, changes in the degree of specialisation have to be positive for at least 2 out of 3 time periods for all countries. Results for all countries combined are shown in Annex 3 . Next, we present the results for each individual country. ## Mapping of goods export specialisations - results for Armenia Results of the export mapping for Armenia are shown in Table 2.16 . The 19 goods categories with current strength represent 75.5% of the total exports for 2012-2019. Specialised exports in Beverages and tobacco (SITC 1) account for almost 20% of the total exports; those in Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (SITC 2) for almost 24%; those in Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6) for almost 15%. In addition, Gold, non-monetary (SITC 971) is a specialised Part export category accounting for almost 7% of the total exports. The 12 goods categories with emerging strength represent, at almost 16%, a much smaller share of the total exports. All specialised product categories are relatively small except for Gold, non-monetary (SITC 971). Armenia's export specialisation suggests an overall specialisation in low value-added activities like farming and mining. Specialised exports of high-value goods are largely missing. ## Table 2.16. Goods export specialisation for Armenia \| SITC \| Goods name \| Current strength \| %share of exports \| Emerging strength \| %share of exports \| \|--------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\| \| \| \| 19 \| 76.5% \| 12 \| 15.6% \| \| 0 \| Food and live animals \| \| \| \| \| \| 001 \| Live animals other than animals of division 03 \| \| \| X \| 0.2% \| \| 024 \| Cheese and curd \| \| \| X \| 0.5% \| \| 034 \| Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled	[ "identified", " ", "as", " ", "those", " ", "goods", "categories", "for", "which", "the", "degree", "of", "specialisation", "and", "relative", "size", "for", "both", "export", "values", "are", "above", " ", "the", " ", "thresholds", " ", "for", " ", "at", " ", "least", " ", "6", " ", "out", " ", "of", "8", "years", 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into the school run. A dad holding his little son’s hand makes his way through the streets; motorbikes laden with riders and multiple children; auto rickshaws with children eagerly discussing last night’s soap opera episode. The green and yellow soft-top rickshaw stops. The children get out and run off down the alleyway towards the school. The driver parks his rickshaw in need of a break. Leaning up against a static stall, decked out with Lay’s crisps, Uncle Chipps, Kurkure Masala Munch, Swad Mixed flavour sweets and an array of hanging strips of brightly coloured confec - tionery, he reaches into his pocket. He rolls some leaf into a cigarette shape but, searching again in his coat, he can’t find his matches. We happen to have a match - book from the hotel. We have been using them to light the mosquito coil. He is grateful and starts to smoke. His name is Rajkumar. We ask him how he came to live in this place and become a driver. Moving from Darbhanga District of Bihar to the city in 1990 and originally working as a house help in the Badarpur area of the city, earning Rs. 3,000 (£28.44) a month meant there were challenges. Determined to improve his financial situation and observing the constant busyness of autorick - shaw drivers, Rajkumar realised that learning to drive could be a route to a better future. To become his own boss. With a clear goal in mind, he began saving from his earnings while learning to drive. Hard work and perseverance paid off. In 2001, a purchase of an autorickshaw was secured. A significant turning point, seeing an increase in income and a way to a more prosperous life. After marrying Mamta, the goal was to become homeowners. Years of hard work and careful planning followed, and the dream became a reality in 2011 when a house was built. They achieved this with some help from loans from family and relatives, as well as savings Rajkumar had accumulated over a decade of running his auto rickshaw business. Rajkumar smiles, proud and fulfilled. Looking ahead, he is determined to continue to live in Delhi with his wife and children, believing that the village in Bihar offers limited opportunities. So why remain in Delhi? “Staying in the city ensures us a brighter future”, he says, “where my children can access the opportu - nities that	[ "into", "the", "school", "run", ".", "A", "dad", "\n", "holding", "his", "little", "son", "’s", "hand", "makes", "his", "way", "through", "the", "streets", ";", "motorbikes", "laden", "\n", "with", "riders", "and", "multiple", "children", ";", "auto", "rickshaws", "with", "children", "eagerly", "discussing", "\n", "last", "night", "’s", "soap", "opera", "episode", ".", "The", "green", "and", "yellow", "soft", "-", "top", "rickshaw", "stops", ".", "The", "\n", "children", "get", "out", "and", "run", "off", "down", "the", "alleyway", "towards", "the", "school", ".", "\n", "The", "driver", "parks", "his", "rickshaw", "in", "need", "of", "a", "break", ".", "Leaning", "up", "against", "a", "static", "\n", "stall", ",", "decked", "out", "with", "Lay", "’s", "crisps", ",", "Uncle", "Chipps", ",", "Kurkure", "Masala", "Munch", ",", "Swad", "\n", "Mixed", "flavour", "sweets", "and", "an", "array", "of", "hanging", "strips", "of", "brightly", "coloured", "confec", "-", "\n", "tionery", ",", "he", "reaches", "into", "his", "pocket", ".", "He", "rolls", "some", "leaf", "into", "a", "cigarette", "shape", "but", ",", "\n", "searching", "again", "in", "his", "coat", ",", "he", "ca", "n’t", "find", "his", "matches", ".", "We", "happen", "to", "have", "a", "match", "-", "\n", "book", "from", "the", "hotel", ".", "We", "have", "been", "using", "them", "to", "light", "the", "mosquito", "coil", ".", "He", "is", "\n", "grateful", "and", "starts", "to", "smoke", ".", "His", "name", "is", "Rajkumar", ".", "We", "ask", "him", "how", "he", "came", "to", "\n", "live", "in", "this", "place", "and", "become", "a", "driver", ".", "Moving", "from", "Darbhanga", "District", "of", "Bihar", "to", "\n", "the", "city", "in", "1990", "and", "originally", "working", "as", "a", "house", "help", "in", "the", "Badarpur", "area", "of", "the", "\n", "city", ",", "earning", "Rs", ".", "3,000", "(", "£", "28.44", ")", "a", "month", "meant", "there", "were", "challenges", ".", "Determined", "\n", "to", "improve", "his", "financial", "situation", "and", "observing", "the", "constant", "busyness", "of", "autorick", "-", "\n", "shaw", "drivers", ",", "Rajkumar", "realised", "that", "learning", "to", "drive", "could", "be", "a", "route", "to", "a", "better", "\n", "future", ".", "To", "become", "his", "own", "boss", ".", "With", "a", "clear", "goal", "in", "mind", ",", "he", "began", "saving", "from", "\n", "his", "earnings", "while", "learning", "to", "drive", ".", "Hard", "work", "and", "perseverance", "paid", "off", ".", "In", "2001", ",", "\n", "a", "purchase", "of", "an", "autorickshaw", "was", "secured", ".", "A", "significant", "turning", "point", ",", "seeing", "an", "\n", "increase", "in", "income", "and", "a", "way", "to", "a", "more", "prosperous", "life", ".", "After", "marrying", "Mamta", ",", "\n", "the", "goal", "was", "to", "become", "homeowners", ".", "Years", "of", "hard", "work", "and", "careful", "planning", "\n", "followed", ",", "and", "the", "dream", "became", "a", "reality", "in", "2011", "when", "a", "house", "was", "built", ".", "They", "\n", "achieved", "this", "with", "some", "help", "from", "loans", "from", "family", "and", "relatives", ",", "as", "well", "as", "\n", "savings", "Rajkumar", "had", "accumulated", "over", "a", "decade", "of", "running", "his", "auto", "rickshaw", "\n", "business", ".", "Rajkumar", "smiles", ",", "proud", "and", "fulfilled", ".", "Looking", "ahead", ",", "he", "is", "determined", "\n", "to", "continue", "to", "live", "in", "Delhi", "with", "his", "wife", "and", "children", ",", "believing", "that", "the", "village", "\n", "in", "Bihar", "offers", "limited", "opportunities", ".", "So", "why", "remain", "in", "Delhi", "?", "“", "Staying", "in", "the", "city", "\n", "ensures", "us", "a", "brighter", "future", "”", ",", "he", "says", ",", "“", "where", "my", "children", "can", "access", "the", "opportu", "-", "\n", "nities", "that" ]	[]
34 \| \| gaps remain. the \| \| \| 4.6. Innovations in resource mobilisation and management contributed to the efficiency of response. \| 34 \| \| 5 Conclusions and lessons from Kenya's COVID -19 experience \| 35 \| \| 5.1. Strong national leadership and co-ordination mechanisms are critical for effective pandemic response \| 35 \| \| 5.2. Investment in health infrastructure strengthens resilience \| 35 \| \| 5.3. Robust and adaptable social protection systems are essential for mitigating socio-economic impacts during crises \| 36 \| \| 5.4. Significant international support and the use of budget support enhanced national response capabilities \| 36 \| \| 5.5. Leveraging innovative and local resource mobilisation and management strategies is crucial for an effective pandemic response \| 36 \| \| References \| 38 \| \| Notes \| 44 \| \| FIGURES \| \| \| Figure 1.1. Daily cases of COVID-19 in Kenya and 7-day average (2020-2023) \| 13 \| \| Figure 1.2. Kenya's annual gross domestic product growth \| 13 \| \| Figure 2.1. Share of people who completed the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol in Kenya \| 18 \| \| Figure 3.1. Official development finance to Kenya, by component, 2016-2023 \| 21 \| \| Figure 3.2. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023 \| 22 \| \| Figure 3.3. COVID-19-related official development finance in Kenya, by component, 2020-2022 \| 23 \| \| Figure 3.4. COVID-19-related official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2020-2022 \| 24 \| \| TABLES \| \| \| Table 3.1. Primary providers of COVID-19-related assistance to Kenya, 2020-22 \| 25 \| ## Abbreviations and acronyms AFD French Development Agency ( Agence Française de Développement ) AfDB African Development Bank AVATT African Vaccine Acquisition Task Team CERSP Competitiveness and Economic Recovery Support Program CHERP COVID-19 Health Emergency Response Project CRS Creditor Reporting System DAC Development Assistance Committee EIB European Investment Bank ERSP Emergency Response Support Program EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGM Female genital mutilation GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information and communication technology ICU Intensive care unit IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund INSP National Institute of Public Health IOM International Organization for Migration MPR Monetary policy rate MSF Médecins Sans Frontières MSME Micro, small and medium enterprises NBCC National Business Compact on Coronavirus NSNP National Safety Net Programme ( Inua Jamii ) ODA Official	[ "34", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "gaps", "remain", ".", "the", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "4.6", ".", "Innovations", "in", "resource", "mobilisation", "and", "management", "contributed", "to", "the", "efficiency", "of", "response", ".", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5", "Conclusions", "and", "lessons", "from", "Kenya", "'s", "COVID", "-19", "experience", " ", "\|", "35", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5.1", ".", "Strong", "national", "leadership", "and", "co", "-", "ordination", "mechanisms", "are", "critical", "for", "effective", "pandemic", "response", " ", "\|", "35", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5.2", ".", "Investment", "in", "health", "infrastructure", "strengthens", "resilience", " ", "\|", "35", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5.3", ".", "Robust", "and", "adaptable", "social", "protection", "systems", "are", "essential", "for", "mitigating", "socio", "-", "economic", "impacts", "during", "crises", " ", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5.4", ".", "Significant", "international", "support", "and", "the", "use", "of", "budget", "support", "enhanced", "national", "response", "capabilities", " ", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "5.5", ".", "Leveraging", "innovative", "and", "local", "resource", "mobilisation", "and", "management", "strategies", "is", "crucial", "for", "an", "effective", "pandemic", "response", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "References", " ", "\|", "38", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Notes", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "FIGURES", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "1.1", ".", "Daily", "cases", "of", "COVID-19", "in", "Kenya", "and", "7", "-", "day", "average", "(", "2020", "-", "2023", ")", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "1.2", ".", "Kenya", "'s", "annual", "gross", "domestic", "product", "growth", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "2.1", ".", "Share", "of", "people", "who", "completed", "the", "initial", "COVID-19", "vaccination", "protocol", "in", "Kenya", " ", "\|", "18", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "3.1", ".", "Official", "development", "finance", "to", "Kenya", ",", "by", "component", ",", "2016", "-", "2023", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "3.2", ".", "Official", "development", "finance", "to", "Kenya", ",", "by", "sector", ",", "2016", "-", "2023", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "3.3", ".", "COVID-19", "-", "related", "official", "development", "finance", "in", "Kenya", ",", "by", "component", ",", "2020", "-", "2022", " ", "\|", "23", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Figure", "3.4", ".", "COVID-19", "-", "related", "official", "development", "finance", "to", "Kenya", ",", "by", "sector", ",", "2020", "-", "2022", " ", "\|", "24", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "TABLES", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Table", "3.1", ".", "Primary", "providers", "of", "COVID-19", "-", "related", "assistance", "to", "Kenya", ",", "2020", "-", "22", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Abbreviations", "and", "acronyms", "\n\n", "AFD", "\n\n", "French", "Development", "Agency", "(", "Agence", "Française", "de", "Développement", ")", "\n\n", "AfDB", "\n\n", "African", "Development", "Bank", "\n\n", "AVATT", "\n\n", "African", "Vaccine", "Acquisition", "Task", "Team", "\n\n", "CERSP", "\n\n", "Competitiveness", "and", "Economic", "Recovery", "Support", "Program", "\n\n", "CHERP", "\n\n", "COVID-19", "Health", "Emergency", "Response", "Project", "\n\n", "CRS", "\n\n", "Creditor", "Reporting", "System", "\n\n", "DAC", "\n\n", "Development", "Assistance", "Committee", "\n\n", "EIB", "\n\n", "European", "Investment", "Bank", "\n\n", "ERSP", "\n\n", "Emergency", "Response", "Support", "Program", "\n\n", "EU", "\n\n", "European", "Union", "\n\n", "FAO", "\n\n", "Food", "and", "Agriculture", "Organization", "\n\n", "FGM", "\n\n", "Female", "genital", "mutilation", "\n\n", "GBV", "\n\n", "Gender", "-", "based", "violence", "\n\n", "GDP", "\n\n", "Gross", "domestic", "product", "\n\n", "HIV", "\n\n", "Human", "Immunodeficiency", "Virus", "\n\n", "ICT", "\n\n", "Information", "and", "communication", "technology", "\n\n", "ICU", "\n\n", "Intensive", "care", "unit", "\n\n", "IDA", "\n\n", "International", "Development", "Association", "\n\n", "IFC", "\n\n", "International", "Finance", "Corporation", "\n\n", "IMF", "\n\n", "International", "Monetary", "Fund", "\n\n", "INSP", "\n\n", "National", "Institute", "of", "Public", "Health", "\n\n", "IOM", "\n\n", "International", "Organization", "for", "Migration", "\n\n", "MPR", "\n\n", "Monetary", "policy", "rate", "\n\n", "MSF", "\n\n", "Médecins", "Sans", "Frontières", "\n\n", "MSME", "\n\n", "Micro", ",", "small", "and", "medium", "enterprises", "\n\n", "NBCC", "\n\n", "National", "Business", "Compact", "on", "Coronavirus", "\n\n", "NSNP", "\n\n", "National", "Safety", "Net", "Programme", "(", "Inua", "Jamii", ")", "\n\n", "ODA", "\n\n", "Official" ]	[]
As we shall argue, this means that if one is stuck with characterizing colonization primarily in terms such as material benefits, right-claims and even emotional trauma, then one has missed something of vital importance. One has omitted the deeper harms which are inherent in the history and the structure of our economic system. The third reason spiritual harm is important is that the concept enables us to characterise the harms to all those involved: the descendants of the enslaved, the descendants of the enslavers and third parties. It is quite understandable that when one describes violence and its ongoing legacies, one tends to focus on the harms caused to victims and to their descendants. It is understandable because obviously these are the people who have been harmed by others. Nevertheless, it is insufficient. To comprehend a conflict we need to understand those who were and are perpetrators, as well as bystanders. As we have indicated, part of this understanding will involve reference to the political economic structures in place, but this is not the point at hand now. The issue at the moment is that the notion of spiritual harm can help us better conceptualize what may have happened to the perpetrators, their descendants and those who have benefited economically and socially from the wealth gained from colonization and enslavement. Clearly, those on the top are better off materially! Nevertheless, we may question their well-being from the point of view of the spiritual. For example, those who have benefited materially may feel superior in their wealth and in their social standing. As we have seen, such primary selfidentifications are forms of ill-being: one is not self-identifying primarily with what basically is. It would be like living in a self-illusion. Additionally, such selfidentifications are likely to cause ill-being to oneself because they condemn the person to live in identities that exclude and define others antagonistically. Furthermore, a person who feels superior to others will feel arrogant and entitled. This indicates that this person has not come to terms with the equality of us all as beings of non-instrumental value, and this is a form of self-absorption that renders it difficult to have relations with others that are not instrumentalized. In short, as we argued earlier, self-interest and well-being can come apart. What promotes the first is not necessarily good for the second. The notion of spiritual harm allows us to appreciate	[ "As", "we", "shall", "argue", ",", "this", "means", "that", "if", "one", "is", "stuck", "with", "characterizing", "colonization", "primarily", "in", "terms", "such", "as", "material", "benefits", ",", "right", "-", "claims", "and", "even", "emotional", "trauma", ",", "then", "one", "has", "missed", "something", "of", "vital", "importance", ".", "One", "has", "omitted", "the", "deeper", "harms", "which", "are", "inherent", "in", "the", "history", "and", "the", "structure", "of", "our", "economic", "system", ".", "\n\n", "The", "third", "reason", "spiritual", "harm", "is", "important", "is", "that", "the", "concept", "enables", "us", "to", "characterise", "the", "harms", "to", "all", "those", "involved", ":", "the", "descendants", "of", "the", "enslaved", ",", "the", "descendants", "of", "the", "enslavers", "and", "third", "parties", ".", "It", "is", "quite", "understandable", "that", "when", "one", "describes", "violence", "and", "its", "ongoing", "legacies", ",", "one", "tends", "to", "focus", "on", "the", "harms", "caused", "to", "victims", "and", "to", "their", "descendants", ".", "It", "is", "understandable", "because", "obviously", "these", "are", "the", "people", "who", "have", "been", "harmed", "by", "others", ".", "Nevertheless", ",", "it", "is", "insufficient", ".", "To", "comprehend", "a", "conflict", "we", "need", "to", "understand", "those", "who", "were", "and", "are", "perpetrators", ",", "as", "well", "as", "bystanders", ".", "As", "we", "have", "indicated", ",", "part", "of", "\n\n", "this", "understanding", "will", "involve", "reference", "to", "the", "political", "economic", "structures", "in", "place", ",", "but", "this", "is", "not", "the", "point", "at", "hand", "now", ".", "\n\n", "The", "issue", "at", "the", "moment", "is", "that", "the", "notion", "of", "spiritual", "harm", "can", "help", "us", "better", "conceptualize", "what", "may", "have", "happened", "to", "the", "perpetrators", ",", "their", "descendants", "and", "those", "who", "have", "benefited", "economically", "and", "socially", "from", "the", "wealth", "gained", "from", "colonization", "and", "enslavement", ".", "Clearly", ",", "those", "on", "the", "top", "are", "better", "off", "materially", "!", "Nevertheless", ",", "we", "may", "question", "their", "well", "-", "being", "from", "the", "point", "of", "view", "of", "the", "spiritual", ".", "For", "example", ",", "those", "who", "have", "benefited", "materially", "may", "feel", "superior", "in", "their", "wealth", "and", "in", "their", "social", "standing", ".", "As", "we", "have", "seen", ",", "such", "primary", "selfidentifications", "are", "forms", "of", "ill", "-", "being", ":", "one", "is", "not", "self", "-", "identifying", "primarily", "with", "what", "basically", "is", ".", "It", "would", "be", "like", "living", "in", "a", "self", "-", "illusion", ".", "Additionally", ",", "such", "selfidentifications", "are", "likely", "to", "cause", "ill", "-", "being", "to", "oneself", "because", "they", "condemn", "the", "person", "to", "live", "in", "identities", "that", "exclude", "and", "define", "others", "antagonistically", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "a", "person", "who", "feels", "superior", "to", "others", "will", "feel", "arrogant", "and", "entitled", ".", "This", "indicates", "that", "this", "person", "has", "not", "come", "to", "terms", "with", "the", "equality", "of", "us", "all", "as", "beings", "of", "non", "-", "instrumental", "value", ",", "and", "this", "is", "a", "form", "of", "self", "-", "absorption", "that", "renders", "it", "difficult", "to", "have", "relations", "with", "others", "that", "are", "not", "instrumentalized", ".", "In", "short", ",", "as", "we", "argued", "earlier", ",", "self", "-", "interest", "and", "well", "-", "being", "can", "come", "apart", ".", "What", "promotes", "the", "first", "is", "not", "necessarily", "good", "for", "the", "second", ".", "\n\n", "The", "notion", "of", "spiritual", "harm", "allows", "us", "to", "appreciate" ]	[]
for decarbonisation and competitiveness. If Europe’s ambitious climate targets are matched by a coherent plan to achieve them, decarbonisation will be an opportunity for Europe. But if we fail to coordinate our policies, there is a risk that decarbonisation could run contrary to competitiveness and growth. Even though energy prices have fallen considerably from their peaks, EU companies still face electricity prices that are 2-3 times those in the US. Natural gas prices paid are 4-5 times higher. This price gap is primarily driven by Europe’s lack of natural resources, but also by fundamental issues with our common energy market. Market rules prevent industries and households from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills. High taxes and rents captured by financial traders raise energy costs for our economy. Over the medium term, decarbonisation will help shift power generation towards secure, low-cost clean energy sources. But fossil fuels will continue to play a central role in energy pricing at least for the remainder of this decade. Without a plan to transfer the benefits of decarbonisation to end-users, energy prices will continue to weigh on growth. 06 THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| FOREWORDThe global decarbonisation drive is also a growth opportunity for EU industry. The EU is a world leader in clean technologies like wind turbines, electrolysers and low-carbon fuels, and more than one-fifth of clean and sustainable technologies worldwide are developed here. Yet it is not guaranteed that Europe will seize this opportunity. Chinese competition is becoming acute in industries like clean tech and electric vehicles, driven by a powerful combination of massive industrial policy and subsidises, rapid innovation, control of raw materials and ability to produce at continent-wide scale. The EU faces a possible trade-off. Increasing reliance on China may offer the cheapest and most efficient route to meeting our decarbonisation targets. But China’s state-sponsored competition also represents a threat to our productive clean tech and automotive industries. Decarbonisation must happen for the sake of our planet. But for it also to become a source of growth for Europe, we will need a joint plan spanning industries that produce energy and those that enable decarbonisation such as clean tech and automotives. The third area for action is increasing security and reducing dependencies. Security is a precondition for sustainable growth. Rising geopolitical risks can increase uncertainty and dampen investment, while major geopolitical shocks or	[ "for", "decarbonisation", "and", "competitiveness", ".", "\n", "If", "Europe", "’s", "ambitious", "climate", "targets", "are", "matched", "by", "a", "coherent", "plan", "to", "achieve", "them", ",", "decarbonisation", "will", "be", "an", "\n", "opportunity", "for", "Europe", ".", "But", "if", "we", "fail", "to", "coordinate", "our", "policies", ",", "there", "is", "a", "risk", "that", "decarbonisation", "could", "run", "contrary", "\n", "to", "competitiveness", "and", "growth", ".", "\n", "Even", "though", "energy", "prices", "have", "fallen", "considerably", "from", "their", "peaks", ",", "EU", "companies", "still", "face", "electricity", "prices", "\n", "that", "are", "2", "-", "3", "times", "those", "in", "the", "US", ".", "Natural", "gas", "prices", "paid", "are", "4", "-", "5", "times", "higher", ".", "This", "price", "gap", "is", "primarily", "driven", "by", "\n", "Europe", "’s", "lack", "of", "natural", "resources", ",", "but", "also", "by", "fundamental", "issues", "with", "our", "common", "energy", "market", ".", "Market", "rules", "\n", "prevent", "industries", "and", "households", "from", "capturing", "the", "full", "benefits", "of", "clean", "energy", "in", "their", "bills", ".", "High", "taxes", "and", "rents", "\n", "captured", "by", "financial", "traders", "raise", "energy", "costs", "for", "our", "economy", ".", "\n", "Over", "the", "medium", "term", ",", "decarbonisation", "will", "help", "shift", "power", "generation", "towards", "secure", ",", "low", "-", "cost", "clean", "energy", "\n", "sources", ".", "But", "fossil", "fuels", "will", "continue", "to", "play", "a", "central", "role", "in", "energy", "pricing", "at", "least", "for", "the", "remainder", "of", "this", "decade", ".", "\n", "Without", "a", "plan", "to", "transfer", "the", "benefits", "of", "decarbonisation", "to", "end", "-", "users", ",", "energy", "prices", "will", "continue", "to", "weigh", "on", "\n", "growth", ".", "\n", "06", "\n", "THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "FOREWORDThe", "global", "decarbonisation", "drive", "is", "also", "a", "growth", "opportunity", "for", "EU", "industry", ".", "The", "EU", "is", "a", "world", "leader", "in", "clean", "\n", "technologies", "like", "wind", "turbines", ",", "electrolysers", "and", "low", "-", "carbon", "fuels", ",", "and", "more", "than", "one", "-", "fifth", "of", "clean", "and", "sustainable", "\n", "technologies", "worldwide", "are", "developed", "here", ".", "\n", "Yet", "it", "is", "not", "guaranteed", "that", "Europe", "will", "seize", "this", "opportunity", ".", "Chinese", "competition", "is", "becoming", "acute", "in", "industries", "\n", "like", "clean", "tech", "and", "electric", "vehicles", ",", "driven", "by", "a", "powerful", "combination", "of", "massive", "industrial", "policy", "and", "subsidises", ",", "\n", "rapid", "innovation", ",", "control", "of", "raw", "materials", "and", "ability", "to", "produce", "at", "continent", "-", "wide", "scale", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "faces", "a", "possible", "trade", "-", "off", ".", "Increasing", "reliance", "on", "China", "may", "offer", "the", "cheapest", "and", "most", "efficient", "route", "\n", "to", "meeting", "our", "decarbonisation", "targets", ".", "But", "China", "’s", "state", "-", "sponsored", "competition", "also", "represents", "a", "threat", "to", "our", "\n", "productive", "clean", "tech", "and", "automotive", "industries", ".", "\n", "Decarbonisation", "must", "happen", "for", "the", "sake", "of", "our", "planet", ".", "But", "for", "it", "also", "to", "become", "a", "source", "of", "growth", "for", "Europe", ",", "\n", "we", "will", "need", "a", "joint", "plan", "spanning", "industries", "that", "produce", "energy", "and", "those", "that", "enable", "decarbonisation", "such", "as", "\n", "clean", "tech", "and", "automotives", ".", "\n", "The", "third", "area", "for", "action", "is", "increasing", "security", "and", "reducing", "dependencies", ".", "\n", "Security", "is", "a", "precondition", "for", "sustainable", "growth", ".", "Rising", "geopolitical", "risks", "can", "increase", "uncertainty", "and", "dampen", "\n", "investment", ",", "while", "major", "geopolitical", "shocks", "or" ]	[]
feature representations calculated by an unsupervised model or a pretrained model for use in another model as an input. Feature extraction is sometimes used as a synonym of “feature engineering.” The term “feature vector” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to a set of features and/or a list of feature values representing an example passed into a model. Additionally or alternatively, the term “feature vector” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to a vector that includes a tuple of one or more features. The term “forward propagation” or “forward pass” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to the calculation and storage of intermediate variables (including outputs) for a neural network in order from the input layer to the output layer. The term “hidden layer”, in the context of ML and NNs, at least in some examples refers to an internal layer of neurons in an ANN that is not dedicated to input or output. The term “hidden unit” refers to a neuron in a hidden layer in an ANN. The term “hyperparameter” at least in some examples refers to characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. Examples of hyperparameters include model size (e.g., in terms of memory space, bytes, number of layers, and the like); training data shuffling (e.g., whether to do so and by how much); number of evaluation instances, iterations, epochs (e.g., a number of iterations or passes over the training data), or episodes; number of passes over training data; regularization; learning rate (e.g., the speed at which the algorithm reaches (converges to) optimal weights); learning rate decay (or weight decay); momentum; number of hidden layers; size of individual hidden layers; weight initialization scheme; dropout and gradient clipping thresholds; the C value and sigma value for SVMs; the k in k-nearest neighbors; number of branches in a decision tree; number of clusters in a clustering algorithm; vector size; word vector size for NLP and NLU; and/or the like. The term “inference engine” at least in some examples refers to a component of a computing system that applies logical rules to a knowledge base to deduce new information. The term “intelligent agent” at least in some	[ "feature", "representations", "calculated", "by", "an", "unsupervised", "model", "or", "a", "pretrained", "model", "for", "use", "in", "another", "model", "as", "an", "input", ".", "Feature", "extraction", "is", "sometimes", "used", "as", "a", "synonym", "of", "“", "feature", "engineering", ".", "”", "The", "term", "“", "feature", "vector", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "in", "the", "context", "of", "ML", ",", "refers", "to", "a", "set", "of", "features", "and/or", "a", "list", "of", "feature", "values", "representing", "an", "example", "passed", "into", "a", "model", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "feature", "vector", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "in", "the", "context", "of", "ML", ",", "refers", "to", "a", "vector", "that", "includes", "a", "tuple", "of", "one", "or", "more", "features", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "forward", "propagation", "”", "or", "“", "forward", "pass", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "in", "the", "context", "of", "ML", ",", "refers", "to", "the", "calculation", "and", "storage", "of", "intermediate", "variables", "(", "including", "outputs", ")", "for", "a", "neural", "network", "in", "order", "from", "the", "input", "layer", "to", "the", "output", "layer", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "hidden", "layer", "”", ",", "in", "the", "context", "of", "ML", "and", "NNs", ",", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "internal", "layer", "of", "neurons", "in", "an", "ANN", "that", "is", "not", "dedicated", "to", "input", "or", "output", ".", "The", "term", "“", "hidden", "unit", "”", "refers", "to", "a", "neuron", "in", "a", "hidden", "layer", "in", "an", "ANN", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "hyperparameter", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "characteristics", ",", "properties", ",", "and/or", "parameters", "for", "an", "ML", "process", "that", "can", "not", "be", "learnt", "during", "a", "training", "process", ".", "Hyperparameter", "are", "usually", "set", "before", "training", "takes", "place", ",", "and", "may", "be", "used", "in", "processes", "to", "help", "estimate", "model", "parameters", ".", "Examples", "of", "hyperparameters", "include", "model", "size", "(", "e.g.", ",", "in", "terms", "of", "memory", "space", ",", "bytes", ",", "number", "of", "layers", ",", "and", "the", "like", ")", ";", "training", "data", "shuffling", "(", "e.g.", ",", "whether", "to", "do", "so", "and", "by", "how", "much", ")", ";", "number", "of", "evaluation", "instances", ",", "iterations", ",", "epochs", "(", "e.g.", ",", "a", "number", "of", "iterations", "or", "passes", "over", "the", "training", "data", ")", ",", "or", "episodes", ";", "number", "of", "passes", "over", "training", "data", ";", "regularization", ";", "learning", "rate", "(", "e.g.", ",", "the", "speed", "at", "which", "the", "algorithm", "reaches", "(", "converges", "to", ")", "optimal", "weights", ")", ";", "learning", "rate", "decay", "(", "or", "weight", "decay", ")", ";", "momentum", ";", "number", "of", "hidden", "layers", ";", "size", "of", "individual", "hidden", "layers", ";", "weight", "initialization", "scheme", ";", "dropout", "and", "gradient", "clipping", "thresholds", ";", "the", "C", "value", "and", "sigma", "value", "for", "SVMs", ";", "the", "k", "in", "k", "-", "nearest", "neighbors", ";", "number", "of", "branches", "in", "a", "decision", "tree", ";", "number", "of", "clusters", "in", "a", "clustering", "algorithm", ";", "vector", "size", ";", "word", "vector", "size", "for", "NLP", "and", "NLU", ";", "and/or", "the", "like", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "inference", "engine", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "component", "of", "a", "computing", "system", "that", "applies", "logical", "rules", "to", "a", "knowledge", "base", "to", "deduce", "new", "information", ".", "The", "term", "“", "intelligent", "agent", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some" ]	[]
Monitor must have triggered the suspicion of the Ministry of Instruction, since its resolution clearly stated that women doctors had to be appointed in girls’ schools pro - vided they met all the criteria of the law.45 This type of attitude displayed by male inspectors shows that the job transfers from male to female school doctors created frictions between the two. In the end, despite the obvious support from the Minister of Instruction, Dr Gudlea Gelbruch ʼs petition led to the appointment of another colleague for the position available at the Carmen Sylva High School in Timișoara. Maria Cupcea Popovici was preferred because she was not an early career doctor and had a broader experience as a physician, teacher and school doctor.46 However, it is not entirely clear if what mattered most was the ethnic origin, as Maria Cupcea was a Romanian born in Orhei County, Bessarabia, while Gudlea Gelbruch was a doctor of Jewish descent. Female professionals at a crossroads: Masculinity, femininity and language barriers Based on the cases discussed above, one might think that the substitution process for the positions of school doctor had only one direction: from male to female. In fact, documents show that the strict segregation of boys and 159 159 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania girls into separate education institutions did not exclude the presence of female doctors in boys’ schools. Even though such situations were excep - tional, they present a more nuanced image of a complex social process. During the spring of 1929, the principal of the boys’ middle school in Sulina, a small harbour town near the Danube Delta, faced a serious chal - lenge when the Ministry of Instruction asked for the female doctor working there to be replaced by a male colleague. Doctor Virginia Stănescu, who oversaw the rural sanitary administration at the time, had also been willing to work as school doctor, hygiene teacher and French teacher. However, the Ministry of Instruction did not want to pay two different persons, insist - ing that one professional should cover both jobs.47 The correspondence between the principal and the Ministry clearly shows that the authorities in Bucharest were increasingly concerned about their limited budget. On the other hand, it becomes obvious that the Ministry of Instruction paid attention to the interactions between female doctors and male stu - dents. In fact, their concern was not directed towards the	[ "Monitor", "must", "have", "\n", "triggered", "the", "suspicion", "of", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "since", "its", "resolution", "\n", "clearly", "stated", "that", "women", "doctors", "had", "to", "be", "appointed", "in", "girls", "’", "schools", "pro", "-", "\n", "vided", "they", "met", "all", "the", "criteria", "of", "the", "law.45", "This", "type", "of", "attitude", "displayed", "\n", "by", "male", "inspectors", "shows", "that", "the", "job", "transfers", "from", "male", "to", "female", "school", "\n", "doctors", "created", "frictions", "between", "the", "two", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "end", ",", "despite", "the", "obvious", "support", "from", "the", "Minister", "of", "Instruction", ",", "\n", "Dr", "Gudlea", "Gelbruch", "ʼs", "petition", "led", "to", "the", "appointment", "of", "another", "colleague", "\n", "for", "the", "position", "available", "at", "the", "Carmen", "Sylva", "High", "School", "in", "Timișoara", ".", "\n", "Maria", "Cupcea", "Popovici", "was", "preferred", "because", "she", "was", "not", "an", "early", "career", "\n", "doctor", "and", "had", "a", "broader", "experience", "as", "a", "physician", ",", "teacher", "and", "school", "\n", "doctor.46", "However", ",", "it", "is", "not", "entirely", "clear", "if", "what", "mattered", "most", "was", "the", "\n", "ethnic", "origin", ",", "as", "Maria", "Cupcea", "was", "a", "Romanian", "born", "in", "Orhei", "County", ",", "\n", "Bessarabia", ",", "while", "Gudlea", "Gelbruch", "was", "a", "doctor", "of", "Jewish", "descent", ".", "\n", "Female", "professionals", "at", "a", "crossroads", ":", "Masculinity", ",", " \n", "femininity", "and", "language", "barriers", "\n", "Based", "on", "the", "cases", "discussed", "above", ",", "one", "might", "think", "that", "the", "substitution", "\n", "process", "for", "the", "positions", "of", "school", "doctor", "had", "only", "one", "direction", ":", "from", "male", "\n", "to", "female", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "documents", "show", "that", "the", "strict", "segregation", "of", "boys", "and", " \n \n \n", "159", "\n", "159", "\n", "Female", "doctors", "in", "schools", "in", "interwar", "Romania", "\n", "girls", "into", "separate", "education", "institutions", "did", "not", "exclude", "the", "presence", "of", "\n", "female", "doctors", "in", "boys", "’", "schools", ".", "Even", "though", "such", "situations", "were", "excep", "-", "\n", "tional", ",", "they", "present", "a", "more", "nuanced", "image", "of", "a", "complex", "social", "process", ".", "\n", "During", "the", "spring", "of", "1929", ",", "the", "principal", "of", "the", "boys", "’", "middle", "school", "in", "\n", "Sulina", ",", "a", "small", "harbour", "town", "near", "the", "Danube", "Delta", ",", "faced", "a", "serious", "chal", "-", "\n", "lenge", "when", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "asked", "for", "the", "female", "doctor", "working", "\n", "there", "to", "be", "replaced", "by", "a", "male", "colleague", ".", "Doctor", "Virginia", "Stănescu", ",", "who", "\n", "oversaw", "the", "rural", "sanitary", "administration", "at", "the", "time", ",", "had", "also", "been", "willing", "\n", "to", "work", "as", "school", "doctor", ",", "hygiene", "teacher", "and", "French", "teacher", ".", "However", ",", "the", "\n", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "did", "not", "want", "to", "pay", "two", "different", "persons", ",", "insist", "-", "\n", "ing", "that", "one", "professional", "should", "cover", "both", "jobs.47", "The", "correspondence", "\n", "between", "the", "principal", "and", "the", "Ministry", "clearly", "shows", "that", "the", "authorities", "in", "\n", "Bucharest", "were", "increasingly", "concerned", "about", "their", "limited", "budget", ".", "\n", "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "it", "becomes", "obvious", "that", "the", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", "\n", "paid", "attention", "to", "the", "interactions", "between", "female", "doctors", "and", "male", "stu", "-", "\n", "dents", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "their", "concern", "was", "not", "directed", "towards", "the" ]	[ { "end": 220, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 218 }, { "end": 752, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 750 }, { "end": 2127, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2125 } ]

tropical disease research: Yet, in spite of my own dissatisfaction, in many ways, I have the impression in my conscience that my stay here was not in vain, even though the pur - pose for which I came – the establishment of an Oriental exponent for the Czechoslovak Chair of Tropical Diseases – is uncertain as a result of the pre - sent political situation.52 Kálalová tried to further develop her small clinic; her practice expanded and patients, especially women, found their way to her. The information contained in the report indicates both an increase in the number of patients and surgeries: ‘In the thirty- two working months from the beginning of 1927 to the end of 1929, 1700 new outpatients were treated and 172 opera - tions were performed. Of these, sixty- five inpatients were admitted (690 treatment days).’53 In the autumn of 1929, the Czechoslovak clinic moved once more, this time to the so- called Ant Street, and again to a larger house located in a 112 Negotiating in/visibility more affluent neighbourhood. The reason for this was the ever- increasing rent and deteriorating condition of the building: In the autumn of 1929, the Czechoslovak dispensary moved to another location in the central district of Baghdad. For Mr. Burazanli was raising the rent by ten percent annually from the original three thousand rupees, and at the same time denying any building repairs. So, it came to pass that we exchanged the ancient house for a neat new building in nearby Darbúnet- en- Nemle, Ant Street. A quiet link between the noisy arteries of the capital.54 Vlasta’s patients included Muslims, Jews and Christians from all social circles. She also treated the family of King Faisal I of Iraq. In addition to the British Royal Hospital, where she assisted in operations, she had one of the best- equipped small hospitals in Baghdad and one of the best- equipped operating theatres. She also used electrotherapy, high- frequency electromagnetic currents in surgical procedures, to cauterize blood vessels and to destroy neoplasms (tumours). Other examples of her work, doc - umented in her notes, manuscript and letters, included operating a cleft palate on a three- day- old baby girl, the spindle- cell sarcoma on the head of a forty- year- old woman, reconstructing the nose of a boy injured by a horse, performing hymenoplasties (a procedure undertaken to reconstruct the hymen) and complicated deliveries

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asking for the same position at the town's girls' school. Since the authorities were reluctant to appoint a male doctor at a girls' school, the resolution clearly stating that he could not get tenure in such an institution, he asked the mayor of the town to issue a certificate testifying that no female doctors resided in the small urban community. The head doctor in this rural region happened to be a woman, married to the Commissioner of Argeș County, but lived in the town of Pitești. As the Ministry of Instruction was about to find out, Ivancianu had already been a doctor in the girls' middle school since January 1929, having been hired by the School Committee without its approval. 41 Apparently, the doctor wanted to cumulate as many school positions as possible to get better pay; however, in doing so he willingly denied female doctors their right to work in girls' schools, even though by law they were entitled to such positions. 1 5 7 What seems to have been an isolated case turned out to be a frequent dilemma that school authorities had to find a solution for. Even though the law stated that female physicians were to be assigned to the available positions in girls' schools if there were no suitable candidates, the principal of the institution could have accepted male doctors as a temporary solution. A similar case to the one in Curtea de Argeș is documented for another small town, this time from the province of Oltenia, Caracal. In November 1929, Petre Ioanițoiu wrote to the Ministry of Instruction, asking to be appointed doctor to the town's high school for girls. The head of the Elementary Schools Department ( Direcțiunea Învățământului Primar ) cautiously allowed him to fill the position, since the doctor formerly working there had resigned, but pointed out that this was a temporary measure. A few days later, the position was also requested by Xenia Ralef, a female doctor; interestingly enough, the reviser who received the document wrote that the same position had been requested first by Dr Ioanițoiu. His comment seems to imply that the order of the requests mattered when the Ministry assigned such positions, only because this criterion was clearly advantageous to the male doctor. In the end, school authorities in Bucharest followed the law, assigning the position to Dr Ralef. 42 This case reveals a common misconception among

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to Section 6 611 Leather X 612 Manufactures of leather or of composition leather, n.e.s.; saddlery and harness 613Furskins, tanned or dressed (including heads, tails, paws and other pieces or cuttings), unassembled, or assembled (without the addition of other materials), other than those of heading 848.31 621 Materials of rubber (e.g., pastes, plates, sheets, rods, thread, tubes, of rubber) X X 625 Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds X X X 629 Articles of rubber, n.e.s. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation311 312 Annexes ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BELARUS GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE SITC Goods name Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging 19 12 3 8 65 64 18 26 41 23 51 52 633 Cork manufactures 634 Veneers, plywood, particle board, and other wood, worked, n.e.s. X X X X 635 Wood manufactures, n.e.s. X X 641 Paper and paperboard X X 642 Paper and paperboard, cut to size or shape, and articles of paper or paperboard X X X 651 Textile yarn X X 652 Cotton fabrics, woven (not including narrow or special fabrics) 653 Fabrics, woven, of man-made textile materials (not including narrow or special fabrics) X 654 Other textile fabrics, woven X X X 655 Knitted or crocheted fabrics (including tubular knit fabrics, n.e.s., pile fabrics and openwork fabrics), n.e.s. X 656 Tulles, lace, embroidery, ribbons, trimmings and other smallwares 657 Special yarns, special textile fabrics and related products X 658 Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. X X X 659 Floor coverings, etc. X X 660 Complete industrial plant appropriate to division 66 661 Lime, cement, and fabricated construction materials (except glass and clay materials) X X 662 Clay construction materials and refractory construction materials X X 663 Mineral manufactures, n.e.s. X X 664 Glass X X 665 Glassware X X 666 Pottery 667 Pearls and precious or semiprecious stones, unworked or worked X 671 Pig-iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and ferro-alloys X X X 672 Ingots and other primary forms, of iron or steel; semi-finished products of iron or steel X X 673 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, not clad, plated or coated X 674 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, clad, plated or coated X X 675 Flat-rolled products of alloy steel X

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[]

on average at least 20 percentage points lower than the average share of female teachers. This must change. In addition to challenging gender norms in education leadership, we must also challenge the assumptions of hierarchy that exist in education worldwide. This report gives clear recommendations to shift from hierarchical and centralized education systems to more inclusive leadership in education that engages principals, teachers, parents, student representatives, and community members. In order to build a shared vision of education that takes into account all of these stakeholders, school leaders must be given space and training. Many leaders in education are passionate about their work and dedicated to making a difference on the ground, but rigid systems prevent them from striving for excellence. By enabling them to fulfil their potential, we can bring new energy into educational systems and inspire younger generations whose schooling experience can shape their views of leadership.  Audrey Azoulay Director-General of UNESCO ## Foreword From the classroom to the boardroom, from offices to the global stage, leaders shape education. I am honoured to introduce the 2024/5 GEM Report, which this year focuses on the critical role of leadership in education. As Chair of the Advisory Board for this Report and a member of the SDG 4-Education 2030 High-level Steering Committee, I believe that fostering cooperation in education leadership is the most powerful tool for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In recent years, during my mandate as European Commissioner for International Partnerships, I have dedicated myself to advocating for education as a catalyst for social and economic change. Education is transformative but the need for political leaders to step up advocacy and drive education in the right direction remains as vital as ever. Education spending in many countries cannot compete with the calls for debt servicing; a USD 100 billion annual education finance gap in the poorest 80 countries remains to be filled. Without the necessary resources, education quality suffers. Teachers are frequently hired without meeting national qualification standards or training, and the promise of a quality education is left unfulfilled. But achieving inclusive, quality education for all is still within our grasp - leaders at all levels just need to be united behind a shared agenda. While we often celebrate heroic figures in education, the report highlights the invaluable contributions of unsung leaders district officials, education officers, inspectors and supervisors. As a former teacher, I

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[]

computer science (in areas such as automatic control and UAVs) as well as Me- chanical engineering, presents the highest specialisation index in publications and pat- ents, and a high scientific citation impact. Its research is geared towards road, rail, sea and air transport, while patents cluster in Vehicles in general, Combustion engines and Ships; ■Mechanical engineering presents a high critical mass in patents and specialisation and citation impact in publications. It co-occurs with a large number of domains, particularly Transportation, Energy and Electric and elec- tronic technologies; ■Nanotechnology and materials presents a high critical mass in patents and publica- tions and a relevant number of EC projects. This rather transversal domain co-occurs frequently with a large number of domains in the hard and applied sciences, particular- ly Biotechnology, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation21 UKRAINE Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCI*EC projects*Total Agrifood 0 Biotechnology 3 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 4 Environmental sciences and industries1 Fundamental physics and mathematics1 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 4 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery3 Nanotechnology and materials 3 Optics and photonics 2 Transportation 3 *NCI = Normalised citation impact *EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable VIII. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Ukraine 22 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Identification of the main actors and col- laboration patterns within the S&T spe- cialisation domains Actors and S&T ecosystems The main actors per EaP country and the nation- al collaborations within the EaP, as well as inter- national collaboration with external partners, are presented in detail in Part 3. This information is complemented by the interactive networks9, which are produced in the context of this project as a tool to complement this written document. The net- works provide a complete exploratory depiction of all actors for a country, filterable by domain. The National Academies of Science play a cen- tral role in Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine. In all countries, one or very few comprehensive univer- sities, usually located in the capital city (or some other main cities for Ukraine), also have a back- bone role in the national ecosystem. After these, specialised research institutions and universities 9 Available on the Smart Specialisation platform webpage.present relevant roles

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scientists have become increasingly popular. The feminist movement that fol - lowed further encouraged many Japanese female researchers. The second wave of feminism led to the establishment of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979. In Japan, the ratification of the Convention in 1985, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, resulted in a slight increase in the number of students in science and engineering. Japan has produced more than two- dozen male Nobel Prize winners, yet there have been no female lau - reates to date. Japan’s ranking on the gender gap index is notoriously poor, standing at 120 on a list of 156 countries. The gender gap in Japan is worse in politics and the STEMM fields. As women scientists remain a minority in their own countries, such international exchanges are espe - cially beneficial. In conclusion, I propose we keep in mind the following four messages, to foreground the detailed analysis of women’s experiences of in/ visibility in science in the twentieth century. • The two tragic world wars provided women scientists with the opportu - nity to realize their potential in ways previously unimaginable. However, the work was sometimes dangerous and the working conditions were not comparable to those of men. • The twentieth century also brought graduate education and PhD pro - grammes to women, enabling them to acquire an education on the same footing as their male peers. This, however, did not necessarily bring equal opportunities for employment in research institutions. • The feminist movements for suffrage and equal opportunities promoted the emancipation of women scientists from the old gender roles of ‘good wives’ and ‘wise mothers’, while also drawing attention to the many unseen forms of scientific labour women performed in the confines of their homes. • The twentieth century accelerated international exchanges among women scientists, helping them to forge collaborations across regional and disciplinary boundaries and support each other in their attempts xxxii Negotiating in/visibility to overcome the many barriers they faced in their pursuit of scientific careers. Taken together, these developments became the runway for the flight of the twenty- first century, with its equal – in principle, if not necessarily in prac - tice – opportunities for women to work in various scientific fields. To what extent the developments of the previous century made women more visible in science and how they experienced those instances

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[]

Williams, Mark R. F. 'Experiencing Time in the Early English East India Company.' The Historical Journal 65 (2022) 1175-1196. Wishnitzer, Avner. 'In the Dark: Power, Light, and Nocturnal Life in 18th-Century Istanbul.' International Journal of Middle east Studies 46 (2014) 513-531. Wishnitzer, Avner. As Night Falls: Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Cities after Dark . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Wishnitzer, Avner. Reading Clocks, Alla Turca: Time and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire . Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2015. Wright, Samuel. 'The Moment of Marriage: Toward a History of Temporality in South Asia, 1650-1820.' Modern Asian Studies (forthcoming). Yildiz, Hatice. 'The Politics of Time in Colonial Bombay: Labor Patterns and Protest in Cotton Mills.' Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 260-285. Zalasiewicz, Jan, et al. 'Introduction: The Anthropocene: A New Epoch of Geological Time.' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 369 (2011): 835-841.

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depicts an example 3D material that allows the solid waste system to create a clean 3D container stream from the resulting streams of , utilizing mechanical and robotic sorting on the container line presort, that may be carried out by the of . depicts the operations for , which may be carried out in whole or in part by one or more components of . Various operations may be added, omitted, repeated, or carried out in a different sequence depending upon the requirements of a given MRF and implementation. Process starts with obtaining the 3D material stream from operation of . At operation , an autonomous container presort is carried out by a sorting MHU (e.g., one or more robotic sorters, one or more optical sorters, one or more air systems, and/or the like). This presort results in a and a high-purity including 3D containers, which are subject to further sorting at . The includes materials, such as fiber materials, OCC, and/or other residues. These residues may have been mis-sorted earlier, and so may be routed back into the MRF at an appropriate stage for further processing and redirection to a recyclable waste stream. Additionally or alternatively, the residues may be too highly contaminated (e.g., saturated with moisture, oil, or another contaminant) to allow for recovery, and so may be combined with other non-recoverable waste streams for eventual shipment to a landfill, to a waste energy facility, or another suitable handling facility. depicts an example heavies that occurs prior to the 2D-3D separation, wherein plastics and metals can be recovered using robotic sorting, which may be carried out at least in part by the system of . , the operations for an , which may be carried out in whole or in part by one or more components of the of . Various operations may be added, omitted, repeated, or carried out in a different sequence depending upon the requirements of a given MRF and implementation. begins where a is obtained. In some examples, the includes objects of 0-24″. Additionally or alternatively, the may be the same or similar as the small from . Different implementations may presort for different material sizes. Additionally or alternatively, the operations of may be carried out in parallel to the operations of . At , a density separation is performed on the . This separation may occur via of , where heavier, more dense

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activities, the transfer pricing rules should also apply to such internal transactions (better referred to as 'dealings') between separate parts of the same legal entity. By doing so, mining jurisdictions can ensure that the relevant profits recognized at the level of each licence/activity represent the true economic value generated by the specific licence/activity, which is de facto treated as a separate taxpayer, often even filing a separate tax return. The challenge with this approach is that transfer pricing rules are complex and time consuming to apply. If they are applied to all the internal dealings inside of the same legal entity, this can increase the tax compliance costs and create challenges for tax administration and taxpayers. Tanzania and Mozambique, ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION however, apply transfer pricing rules for such internal 'arrangements' and 'dealings' of mining companies. The United Kingdom does it with a focus on oil transactions (see Box 19). As demonstrated in these examples, where there is a policy intent that the transfer pricing rules shall apply to such internal dealings, it must be clearly stipulated in the legislation, and the compliance implications should be carefully considered. ## BOX 19. THE CASES OF TANZANIA, MOZAMBIQUE, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM ## Tanzania In T anzania, transfer pricing rules apply to arrangements between separate mining or oil and gas operations and any other activities of the person conducting those operations, including operations they carry out under different mineral rights or their own processing, smelting, or refining operations. Source: Tanzania ITA s33 read with s65B(5), Tanzania Income Tax Act. ## Mozambique In Mozambique, transactions between different concessions or licences owned by the taxpayer, transactions between projects developed by the same taxpayer, or transactions between related parties are considered transactions conducted by independent parties, so transfer pricing rules will be applicable. Source: Mozambique Law No. 23/2014, s25. ## United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, any cross-ring-fence transactions within a single company are treated as if they are transactions between associates and so are subject to domestic transfer pricing rules. Where oil is transferred or sold between ring-fenced upstream and downstream entities, a statutory price is applied to the transaction. Source: Section 205 Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act, 2010. ## 5.4 How to Design Taxpayers' Compliance Obligations A

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other example(s) herein, wherein the unique identifier is a machine-readable element including a reference to the stored material composition data. Example [0223] includes the method of example [0222] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the machine-readable element is one of: QR code, a barcode, or an RFID tag. Example [0224] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0223] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: operating a machine vision system to perform the identification and classification of the objects. Example [0225] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0224] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of MHUs include one or more of conveyors, material loaders, mechanical sorters, a robotic sorters, optical sorters, air sorters, baler sorters, and automated quality control (AQC) sorters. Example [0226] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0225] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the set of sensors include one or more of an infrared (IR) light sensor, a near IR (NIR) spectrometer, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor, an x-ray light sensor, a visible light sensor, a magnetometer, a chemical sensor, an inductive sensor, a load cell, a density sensor, a speed sensor, an inclinometer, a moisture sensor, a laser measurement device, a current sensor, a pressure transducer, and a flow meter. Example [0227] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0226] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method is performed by a computing device comprising one or more of a multi-core processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a hardware accelerator, a digital signal processor, a crypto-processor, or a graphics processor. Example [0228] includes a method of operating a controller of a material recovery facility (MRF), the method comprising: receiving data streams from respective MRF components of a plurality of MRF components deployed at various locations in the MRF, wherein the plurality of MRF components includes a set of sensors and a set of material handling units (MHUs); processing the data streams to determine an MRF status of the MRF, wherein the MRF status is based on a composition of a material stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of at least one MRF component of the plurality of MRF components, and wherein the composition of the material stream is based on identification and classification of objects within the material streams; determining an MRF arrangement of the plurality of MRF components based on the MRF status, wherein the

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Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products | | | | X | X | X | | 22 | Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | | X | | | | | | 25 | Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment | | X | | | | | | 26 | Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products | | X | | | | | | 27 | Manufacture of electrical equipment | | | | | X | | | 28 | Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. | | | | | X | | | 29 | Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers | X | | | | | | | 310 | Furniture | X | X | X | | | | ## Mapping the economic potential in Manufacturing - results for Ukraine Results of the economic mapping for Ukraine are shown in Table 2.13 . In total, 5 manufacturing industries have been identified as having a current strength and 4 manufacturing industries have been identified as having an emerging strength (these industries are highlighted in the two columns with an 'X' in a green-coloured cell). Industries with current strength include Vegetable and animal oils and fats (104); Manufacture Part of basic metals (24); Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29); and Manufacture of other transport equipment (30). Industries with emerging strength include Processing/ preserving of meat (101); Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16). ## Table 2.13. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Ukraine | | | Employ- ment | Turnover | Employ- ment & turnover | Employ- ment | Turnover | Employ- ment & turnover | |-----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|------------|---------------------------|----------------|------------|---------------------------| | | | Current | Current | Current | Emerging | Emerging | Emerging | | | | 7 | 9 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 4 | | 101 | Processing/preserving of meat | | | | X | X | X | | 104 | Vegetable and animal oils and fats | X | X | X | X | | | | 105 | Dairy products | | | | | X | | |

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- 11 National Archives and Records Administration, Morrill Act (1862), www. archi ves.gov/ milest one- docume nts/ morr ill- act (accessed 25 May 2022). - 12 The University of Illinois Archives' first archivist conducted a comprehensive survey of the University of Illinois' scientific activities in seeking to create a set of guidelines for other college and university archives likewise documenting science and technology. See M. J. Brichford, Scientific and Technological Documentation: Archival Evaluation and Processing of University Records Relating to Science and Technology (Urbana: University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 1969), https:// archi ves.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ work pap/ Sci- TechDocume ntat ion.pdf (accessed 25 May 2022). - 13 One only has to look at the University of Illinois Engineering's Hall of Fame to see the ways that mostly white men have dominated the narrative about who is important in the University's history of engineering: https:// grain ger.illin ois.edu/ alu mni/ hall- of- fame (accessed 25 August 2019). These portraits, which are also displayed in the Grainger Engineering Library Information Center, illustrate the all- too- pervasive phenomenon of the 'dude wall' in science. See N. Greenfieldboyce, 'Academic science rethinks all- too- white 'dude walls' of honor', NPR (25 August 2019), www.npr.org/ secti ons/ hea lth- shots/ 2019/ 08/ 25/ 749886 989/ acade mic- scie nce- rethi nks- all- too- white- dude- walls- of- honor . - 14 Women in Science Lectures, Field Museum, www.fiel dmus eum.org/ our- eve nts/ women- scie nce- lectu res (accessed 9 September 2021). - 15 Association for Women in Science, Speaker's Bureau, https:// awis.org/ speak ersbur eau/ (accessed 24 May 2024); Cranbrook Institute of Science, Women in Science Speaker Series, https:// scie nce.cranbr ook.edu/ women- rock- scie nce/ spea ker- ser ies (accessed 24 May 2024). - 16 Lady Science , www.lady scie nce.com/ (accessed 26 May 2023); Lost Women of Science , www.los twom enof scie nce.org/ (accessed 26 May 2024). - 17 'Women in Science Lecture Series (Born Digital Records)', University of Illinois Library, University of Illinois Archives, https:// digi tal.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ coll ecti ons/ 4fe01 460- e960- 0138- 74c9- 02d0d 7bfd 6e4- 0 (accessed 31 May 2022). - 18 One persistent issue in the history of women in science is the lack of credit and recognition they have received, thus making it all the more important to capture and preserve an archival record created by women who can specifically talk about their work.

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phase is observed at 10 h during which the voltage rises quickly followed by a voltage plateau at 1.5 V with very little increase until 16 h (see Figure 3f).Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 6 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 21 charge voltage proﬁle shows a start charging voltage of ~1.2 V rising for 8 h until a voltage of ~1.4 V, then a change phase is observed at 10 h during which the voltage rises quickly followed by a voltage plateau at 1.5 V with very little increase until 16 h (see Figure 3f). Figure 2. AA Energizer 2.5 Ah NiMH battery charge at 0.1 C and discharge at 0.2 C for diﬀerent charging durations. AS = ascending charging duration; DS = descending charging duration with (a) charge capacity, (b) discharge capacity, (c) columbic eﬃciency, and (d) energy eﬃciency. Figure 2. AA Energizer 2.5 Ah NiMH battery charge at 0.1 C and discharge at 0.2 C for different charging durations. AS = ascending charging duration; DS = descending charging duration with (a) charge capacity, ( b) discharge capacity, ( c) columbic efficiency, and ( d) energy efficiency. The selected portable NiMH batteries exhibit different internal resistances ranging from 2 m Ωup to 130 m Ω(see Figure 4). Increasing the size of the batteries tends to correlate with lower internal resistance. A “D” NiMH battery has a larger cell construction than a “AAA” battery (diameter of “AAA” 10 mm and “D” 33 mm); thus, the D battery has a greater electrode contact area with the electrolyte, reducing the internal resistance [ 33]. While the internal resistance is lower in bigger NiMH batteries (C and D designations), the specific energy density of the NiMH batteries is larger in AA and AAA batteries (see Figure 4). In all cases, there are differences between the rated capacity (Wh/kg declared label) and the tested capacity (Wh/kg JRC test). In most cases, the capacity declared by the manufacturer is larger than the capacity measured in this study. These differences could be related to the manufacturer’s date of production, testing equipment, changes in the cell during transportation and distribution, to name a few.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 7 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 21 Figure 3. NiMH battery charge proﬁle at 0.1 C and 16 h of diﬀerent battery manufacturers of (a) AAA, (b) AA, (c)

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[]

and a teacher, in May 1929 she graduated from the School Hygiene course of the Faculty of Medicine in Iași. However, it was not until 1934 that Victoria Vasiliu requested to be evaluated for tenure at the boarding school where she had been serving since 1928. According to the principal’s recommendation, she had shown genuine interest in students’ health and well- being over the years, examin - ing them individually each year, keeping their sanitary leaflets up to date and monitoring the boarding school’s hygiene and housing conditions. Since Victoria Vasiliu had served for six years as school doctor, but only five as a hygiene teacher, the principal, Olga Savinescu, pleaded with the Ministry of Instruction to grant her tenure. Still, for reasons that were not disclosed in the file, the evaluation did not take place until the last week of November 1936, when the designated inspector attended a seventh- grade medicine class on ‘Bleeding and ways to stop it’. He evaluated the students as well prepared and appreciated the doctor’s ability to use their answers to start the new lesson; she explained 164 Negotiating in/visibility the procedure necessary to stop bleeding to the girls and showed them how to tie the knot, making them practise on each other’s arms. The second class the inspector attended was a fifth- grade course on ‘Eruptive fevers: Scarlet fever and measles’. Once again, the inspector appreciated her pedagogical skills and the clear and methodical approach of the lesson. Her teaching was not the only target of evaluation. The inspector referred to the way she served as a doctor, taking care of the students and making sure contagious diseases were contained. He also added that she was highly regarded, in school and beyond, as she had served the high school with great dedication.66 Twelve years later, according to the doctor’s yearbook in 1948,67 Victoria Vasiliu was still a school doctor, proving that such profes - sional paths opened the possibility of a successful teaching career for female physicians. Conclusions Female professionals have been invisible in Romanian historiography. Despite the different dictionaries and encyclopaedias highlighting important women’s trajectories, their presence in public sectors and their contributions have been generally overlooked. This study has tried to remedy this situ - ation by focusing on female doctors working in schools during the 1920s and 1930s and their impact on the Romanian society. By analysing the legis -

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on the combination/integration of chemical recycling facilities with mechanical ones could also prove to be fundamental. Data indicated the share of chemical recycling facilities in the EU to be negligible compared to mechanical recycling: che mical recycling facilities are currently less developed than mechanical counterparts, as not only in the EU but also globally few large -scale plants exist to date. Scaling -up chemical recycling facilities could significantly influence the circularity of th e value chain, especially if such technologies are applied to less -recycled polyolefins, boosting 38 the management of alternative/complementary waste feedstocks that would not be converted into secondary materials otherwise. The feedback gathered during the stakeholder consultation and the information retrieved through the performed literature review, also revealed that rather than quantifying plastic flows by economic sectors or polymers, most data are commonly presented in an aggregated way . This level of aggregation is especially challenging not only for less -explored sectors (such as Healthcare and Fishing) but also for the more explores ones (such as Packaging and Construction) as it could cause potential discrepancies in results, especially when top -down approaches are combined/compared with bottom -up ones. Further, some key aspects of the plastic value chain are ne glected ( such as plastic losses and waste mismanagement, on top of trade flows). A harmonization of plastic data collection could enhance the generation of monitoring frameworks to assess the implementation of current policy efforts in the EU value chain and more realistically assess future plastic flows. This could have a strategical role to boost the EU competitiveness and assess the untapped potential for additional and better recycling in the plastic value chain. Although Packaging plays a pivotal role in the whole plastic value chain flows and impacts , the analysis of less -explored sectors should be refined and supported in the next years and should not be underestimated , due to their potential contribution to increase total recycled plastics volumes . This study represents a key milestone in improving granularity and details of complete overviews of plastic flows in the EU , especially considering that to date, few -to-none studies have combined MFA with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide a complete overview of flows and impacts of the plastic value chain in the whole EU . Findings of the present analysis are especially valuable as several interactions with stakeholders represented pivotal sources of information to refine

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[]

undoubtedly achieved some degree of success. 3 In 1941, the University of Budapest supported her application for a private teaching post. At the time, debates centred on the question of whether women were suitable for university study at all. If so, what subjects should they study? Did women have aptitudes for study at all? If a woman's purpose and duty was to raise a family, was it not inconsistent to attend university? Could a degree and a family be reconciled? These questions may sound familiar to today's female students. My point is not 'how much would have to change here for nothing to change', as a well- known saying goes, but rather, that the questions that remain unanswered are still with us today.

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[]

applicable legal framework. ## 5.1.1 Introducing Ring-Fencing Rules Into the General Tax Legislation or Contracts As mentioned in Section 2, ring-fencing rules could be introduced through laws or contracts. It is preferable to introduce ring-fencing rules for mining into the law, which is public and subject to legislative review, rather than through contracts, which are often discretionary and confidential, with negotiations that are vulnerable to corruption. The main disadvantage of doing so is the relatively long legislative process to pass a law. Therefore, resource-rich countries might wish to use contracts to secure ring-fencing rules for a specific project-for example, where there is a lack of ring-fencing rules in the law or where the rules in the law are not sufficient, and a special approach is needed to address the specifics of a particular project, where the fiscal terms are regulated by a contract. ## 5.1.2 De Facto Ring-Fencing Due to Licencing Requirements

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[]

35 G. Kubica, trans. B. Koschalka, Maria Czaplicka: Gender, Shamanism, Race: An Anthropological Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020). - 36 Y. Furukawa, Tsuda Umeko: Kagaku he no michi, daigaku no yume [ Umeko Tsuda: The Road to Science and the Dream of Founding a University ] (Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, 2022). - 37 E.g., three of the four papers featured in the 'Historical context' section in Kumar (ed.), Women and Science in India are on medicine. See also G. Forbes, Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography (New Delhi: Chronicle Books, 2005); S. Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care in North India: Gender, State, and Society, c.1830- 1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); H. Fujimoto, 'Women, missionaries, and medical professions: The history of overseas female students in Meiji Japan', Japan Forum , 32: 2 (2020), 185- 208. While gender, medicine and European imperialism have attracted a considerable degree of attention, more recent research has also started engaging with the topic in the context of the Japanese Empire. E.g., S. M. Kim, Imperatives of Care: Women and Medicine in Colonial Korea (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2019); H. Fujimoto, A. Homei and E. Nakamura (eds), Medical Women in the Japanese Empire: Sources and Critique (London: Routledge, forth. 2025). - 38 S. P . Nair, Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist: E. K. Janaki Ammal, A Life 1897- 1984 (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2023), p. 537. - 39 We are grateful to Jaehwan Hyun for emphasizing this point in relation to the scientific education of women in colonial Korea. See, e.g., A. Burton, 'Contesting the zenana: The Mission to 'Make Lady Doctors' for India, 18741885', Journal of British Studies , 35: 3 (1996), 368- 97; Y.- J. Sun, 'The emergence of a pioneering female scientist in Korea: Biographical research on Sam Soon Kim', Asian Women , 35 (2019), 69- 89. - 40 G. Y. Shen, 'Women and the transnational dynamics of science education in early twentieth century China: A quiet revolution', Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology , 3: 2 (2019), 89. - 41 G. Nazarska, 'An (un)established academic and scientific network: Branches of the International Federation of University Women on the Balkans (19201950s)', Balkanistic Forum , 31: 1 (2022), 32- 58; G. Nazarska, 'Opportunities for an academic career of women scientists at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mid- 1940s- 1980s)', Balkanistic Forum , 30: 1 (2021), 120- 37.

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Biotechnology in Azerbaijan ............... 239 Figure 4.8. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 239 Figure 4.9. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Azerbaijan .............................. 239 Figure 4.10. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 239 Figure 4.11. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Georgia ............................. 240 Figure 4.12. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Georgia ........................................................................................................................................................... 240 Figure 4.13. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Moldova ............................ 242 Figure 4.14. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Moldova ................ 242 Figure 4.15. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 242 Figure 4.16. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Moldova .................................................................................................................................................. 242 Figure 4.17. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 242 Figure 4.18. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Ukraine .............................. 244 Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation263 Figure 4.19. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 244 Figure 4.20. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Ukraine ................................. 245 Figure 4.21. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Environmental sciences and industries in Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.22. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Fundamental physics and mathematics in Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.23. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................. 245 Figure 4.24. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................... 245 Figure 4.25. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 245 Figure 4.26. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Optics and photonics in Ukraine ....245 Figure 4.27. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Transportation in Ukraine ................. 245 264 List of figures and tables LIST OF TABLES Table I. The scientific and technological specialisation domains in the Eastern Partnership identified via topic modelling ........................................................................................ 13 Table II. Number of records per labelled topic group (i.e. ‘domain’) in the Eastern Partnership region ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Table III. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources .................................................................................................................................... 15 Table IV. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Armenia ...................................................... 16 Table V. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Azerbaijan ................................................... 17 Table VI. Selected S&T

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[]

worldwide patent offices, although with a varying frequency of updates. Here, the same patent data will be used after first transforming them into NACE in- dustries using the IPC to NACE concordance from Eurostat (cf. Annex 4)42. For the analysis, aggregate IPC data at four-digit level will be used for the years 2011 to 2018. Ta - ble 2.30 summarises the number of patent docu- ments and patent families for each of the Eastern Partnership countries. Ukraine has by far the larg- est number of patents, followed by Moldova. Num- bers are small in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. 41 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/data/bulk- data-sets/docdb.html 42 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/documents/IPC_ NACE2_Version2_0_20150630.pdfThe IPC data at four-digit level are aggregated to a mix of two-digit and three-digit NACE industries using the concordance table in Annex 2. For each country, the relative percentage share is calculat- ed if the aggregate number of patents throughout 2011-2018 is at least 5 for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova and at least 10 for Ukraine. For each country, the degree of specialisation is calculated for each industry as the ratio between this relative percentage share and the unweight- ed relative share of all six Eastern Partnership countries combined. Results for patent documents are shown in Table 2.32 and results for patent families are shown in Table 2.33. Those indus- tries where the degrees of specialisation is 1.5 or above are highlighted in green. Combining these results, the manufacturing industries shown in Ta - ble 2.31 have innovation potential based on their relative patent performance, including 7 industries each for Armenia and Azerbaijan, 12 industries for Georgia, 8 industries for Moldova and 11 indus- tries for Ukraine. Patent docs Patent families Armenia 1 643 1 136 Azerbaijan 1 236 1 137 Georgia 1 833 1 689 Moldova 5 866 5 614 Ukraine 101 863 97 810Table 2.30. Number of patents for 2011-2018 Sources: WIPO Global Brand Database. 92 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Armenia10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators Azerbaijan19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 20.1 Manufacture of basic chemicals 20.4 Manufacture of soap and detergents 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 43 Specialised construction activities 62 Computer programming. consultancy and

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Mehta, D. (2024). Jhuggi Better Than Vertical Slums: Residents Regret Moving into Delhi's In-Situ Rehab Towers, The Times of India. Available at: https://timesofindia .indiatimes .com /city /delhi /hopes -fall -flat -journey -from -slums -to -own -house -fails -to -meet -expectations /articleshow /112612086 .cms (Accessed January 2024). Nabi, M. (2024). From Slums to Modern Homes: Unfulfilled Promises of Delhi's Master Plan 2041: Slum Dwellers Regret Relocating to Modern Rehabilitation Towers, Society: Media India Group. Available at: https://mediaindia .eu /society /from -slums -to -modern -homes -unfulfilled -promises -of -delhis -master -plan -2041 (Accessed January 2025) Ram, B. , and Sharma, D. (2022). An Evaluation of 'Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin' in the State of Himachal Pradesh: Some Insights, in Ed Gaurav Gaur (ed.) Human Rights and Social Responsibility: A Reflection . Chandigarh: Indian Society of Professional Social Work, pp. 193-205. Rao, P. S. N. (2020). A Review of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Urban: Housing for All, Journal of the Institute of Town Planners, India, 17 (1), 86-95. RoyChowdhury, S. (2021). City of Shadows: Slums and Informal Work In Bangalore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Surendra, S. (2020). Spatial Analytics for Urban and Regional Planning, Journal of the Institute of Town Planners, India , 17 (1), 96-102. Weinstein, L. (2014). The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Press. Zipp, S. , and Storring, N. (2017). Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs. New York, NY: Penguin Random House.  If all had to wait for better things until they could be provided for all, that day would in many instances never come ( Hayek, 1960, p. 44) Order generated without design can far outstrip plans men consciously contrive ( Hayek, 1988 , p. 8) ## Introduction Dr Ansari's clinic is tucked away deep in the heart of the colony. His one-room 1 office is directly on the alleyway, a storefront clinic squeezed between a beauty parlour and a corn grinding store, with security metal shutters on either side of the entrance. The office houses the reception area and the surgery alongside a fridge, stacked medical provisions, medical apparatus, computer and a consulting desk. Dr Ansari's clinic provides a real-world example of Hayek's thoughts set out in the quotes above around the demand for healthcare and the spontaneous order of the market to provide that care within the community.

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determining their chemical or physical properties502 127.46% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryB02CCrushing, pulverising, or disintegrating in general; milling grain431 156.44% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryA01BSoil working in agriculture or forestry; parts, details, or accessories of agricultural machines or implements, in general398 216.30% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryE21BEarth or rock drilling; obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of materials from wells390 458.22% Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation165 Domain IPC Description No recordsRelative freq. Nanotechnology and materialsC04BLime; magnesia; slag; cements; compositions thereof, e.g. mortars, concrete or like building materials; artificial stone; ceramics; refractories; treatment of natural stone428 595.63% Nanotechnology and materialsG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties408 103.59% Nanotechnology and materialsC22C Alloys 389 293.22% Nanotechnology and materialsB23KSoldering or unsoldering; welding; cladding or plating by soldering or welding; cutting by applying heat locally, e.g. flame cutting; working by laser beam309 175.07% Nanotechnology and materialsH01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for304 301.32% Optics and photonicsG01SRadio direction-finding; radio navigation; determining distance or velocity by use of radio waves; locating or presence-detecting by use of the reflection or reradiation of radio waves; analogous arrangements using other waves292 93.79% Optics and photonicsG01NInvestigating or analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties269 68.30% Optics and photonicsA61B Diagnosis; surgery; identification 145 25.07% Optics and photonicsG02B Optical elements, systems or apparatus 110 358.70% Optics and photonicsH01LSemiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise provided for100 99.12% Transportation B64C Aeroplanes; helicopters 108 195.48% Transportation B63BShips or other waterborne vessels; equipment for shipping106 100.00% Transportation F02BInternal-combustion piston engines; combustion engines in general92 315.07% Transportation B64G Cosmonautics; vehicles or equipment therefor 72 100.00% Transportation B62D Motor vehicles; trailers 67 124.07% 166 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential 3.4 Overview of the distribution of domains in the EaP countries The previous sections offered the identification and characterisation of the EaP-level S&T of spe- cialisation domains. In this section, three graphics (called ‘parallel charts’) offer a transversal view of the relevance of the identified S&T domains in the EaP and the six countries (Figure 3.20 to 3.22) for the three types of sources analysed (publications, patents and EC projects). They present the abso- lute and relative number of records classified in each S&T domain, as well as a comparison of their rank between the countries. It must be noted that during the

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"locally", ",", "e.g.", "\n", "flame", "cutting", ";", "working", "by", "laser", "beam309", "175.07", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materialsH01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for304", "301.32", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG01SRadio", "direction", "-", "finding", ";", "radio", "navigation", ";", "determining", "\n", "distance", "or", "velocity", "by", "use", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "locating", "or", "\n", "presence", "-", "detecting", "by", "use", "of", "the", "reflection", "or", "reradiation", "\n", "of", "radio", "waves", ";", "analogous", "arrangements", "using", "other", "\n", "waves292", "93.79", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG01NInvestigating", "or", "analysing", "materials", "by", "determining", "their", "\n", "chemical", "or", "physical", "properties269", "68.30", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsA61B", "Diagnosis", ";", "surgery", ";", "identification", "145", "25.07", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsG02B", "Optical", "elements", ",", "systems", "or", "apparatus", "110", "358.70", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "\n", "photonicsH01LSemiconductor", "devices", ";", "electric", "solid", "state", "devices", "not", "\n", "otherwise", "provided", "for100", "99.12", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B64C", "Aeroplanes", ";", "helicopters", "108", "195.48", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B63BShips", "or", "other", "waterborne", "vessels", ";", "equipment", "for", "\n", "shipping106", "100.00", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "F02BInternal", "-", "combustion", "piston", "engines", ";", "combustion", "engines", "\n", "in", "general92", "315.07", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B64", "G", "Cosmonautics", ";", "vehicles", "or", "equipment", "therefor", "72", "100.00", "%", "\n", "Transportation", "B62D", "Motor", "vehicles", ";", "trailers", "67", "124.07", "%", "\n", "166", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", 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[]

revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation109 Georgia # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Payments 5.60 Payments 12.22 Payments 24.44 Travel and Tourism 5.42Lending and Investments6.06Lending and Investments22.11 Lending and Investments3.46 Financial Services 4.23 Financial Services 20.08 Financial Services 3.23 Apps 2.74 Other 8.68 Food and Beverage 3.12 Advertising 2.16 Consumer Electronics 3.54 Sports 2.64 Mobile 2.15Agriculture and Farming2.23 Artificial Intelligence 2.55 Software 1.51 Software 1.86 Agriculture and Farming2.01 Travel and Tourism 1.29 Privacy and Security 1.51 Government and Military1.79 Internet Services 1.24 Travel and Tourism 1.40 Transportation 1.52 Food and Beverage 1.10Government and Military1.38Table 2.46. Specialised industry groups – Georgia For Georgia, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Moldova # firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue Food and Beverage 2.98 Food and Beverage 7.68 Sustainability 224.20 Government and Military2.73 Sustainability 3.71Government and Military13.73 Gaming 2.40Government and Military1.88Lending and Investments9.41 Privacy and Security 2.30 Energy 1.73 Financial Services 8.51 Sustainability 2.28Lending and Investments1.49 Privacy and Security 4.61 Lending and Investments2.12 Apps 1.40 Energy 3.91 Travel and Tourism 1.91 Software 1.37 Other 3.68 Payments 1.90 Content and Publishing 1.30 Information Technology 3.11 Financial Services 1.78 Information Technology 1.18 Software 2.46 Music and Audio 1.73 Financial Services 1.16 Travel and Tourism 1.85Table 2.47. Specialised industry groups – Moldova For Moldova, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. 110 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Ukraine Ukraine accounts for the vast majority of compa- nies, employees and estimated revenues in the EaP region. This causes the sectoral specialisation index to be very close to 1 (whether lower or high- er) for all industry groups. The calculated indices are shown in the table below. However, a more informative specialisation analy- sis shall be performed differently to the other EaP countries: additional insights must be provided by qualitatively inspecting the distribution of industry groups and by suggesting pertinent sectors to be considered. For instance, we can define Ukraine’s specialised sectors, compared to the rest of the EaP region, as those industry groups in which the sectoral

[ "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation109", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "#", "firms", "SI", "Firms", "#", "employees", "SI", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "SI", "Revenue", "\n", "Payments", "5.60", "Payments", "12.22", "Payments", "24.44", "\n", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "5.42Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments6.06Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments22.11", "\n", "Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments3.46", "Financial", "Services", "4.23", "Financial", "Services", "20.08", "\n", "Financial", "Services", "3.23", "Apps", "2.74", "Other", "8.68", "\n", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "3.12", "Advertising", "2.16", "Consumer", "Electronics", "3.54", "\n", "Sports", "2.64", "Mobile", "2.15Agriculture", "and", "\n", "Farming2.23", "\n", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "2.55", "Software", "1.51", "Software", "1.86", "\n", "Agriculture", "and", "\n", "Farming2.01", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.29", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "1.51", "\n", "Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.79", "Internet", "Services", "1.24", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.40", "\n", "Transportation", "1.52", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "1.10Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.38Table", "2.46", ".", "Specialised", "industry", "groups", "–", "Georgia", "\n", "For", "Georgia", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "relative", "specialisation", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "estimated", "\n", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "#", "firms", "SI", "Firms", "#", "employees", "SI", "Employees", "#", "est", ".", "revenue", "SI", "Revenue", "\n", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "2.98", "Food", "and", "Beverage", "7.68", "Sustainability", "224.20", "\n", "Government", "and", "\n", "Military2.73", "Sustainability", "3.71Government", "and", "\n", "Military13.73", "\n", "Gaming", "2.40Government", "and", "\n", "Military1.88Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments9.41", "\n", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "2.30", "Energy", "1.73", "Financial", "Services", "8.51", "\n", "Sustainability", "2.28Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments1.49", "Privacy", "and", "Security", "4.61", "\n", "Lending", "and", "\n", "Investments2.12", "Apps", "1.40", "Energy", "3.91", "\n", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.91", "Software", "1.37", "Other", "3.68", "\n", "Payments", "1.90", "Content", "and", "Publishing", "1.30", "Information", "Technology", "3.11", "\n", "Financial", "Services", "1.78", "Information", "Technology", "1.18", "Software", "2.46", "\n", "Music", "and", "Audio", "1.73", "Financial", "Services", "1.16", "Travel", "and", "Tourism", "1.85Table", "2.47", ".", "Specialised", "industry", "groups", "–", "Moldova", "\n", "For", "Moldova", ",", "the", "table", "shows", "the", "relative", "specialisation", "in", "terms", "of", "number", "of", "companies", ",", "number", "of", "employees", "and", "\n", "estimated", "revenue", "featured", "in", "the", "Crunchbase", "database", "by", "Industry", "Group", ".", "\n", "110", "\n ", "Part", "2", "Analysis", "of", "economic", "and", "innovation", "potential", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "Ukraine", "accounts", "for", "the", "vast", "majority", "of", "compa-", "\n", "nies", ",", "employees", "and", "estimated", "revenues", "in", "the", "\n", "EaP", "region", ".", "This", "causes", "the", "sectoral", "specialisation", "\n", "index", "to", "be", "very", "close", "to", "1", "(", "whether", "lower", "or", "high-", "\n", "er", ")", "for", "all", "industry", "groups", ".", "The", "calculated", "indices", "\n", "are", "shown", "in", "the", "table", "below", ".", "\n", "However", ",", "a", "more", "informative", "specialisation", "analy-", "\n", "sis", "shall", "be", "performed", "differently", "to", "the", "other", "EaP", "\n", "countries", ":", "additional", "insights", "must", "be", "provided", "by", "\n", "qualitatively", "inspecting", "the", "distribution", "of", "industry", "\n", "groups", "and", "by", "suggesting", "pertinent", "sectors", "to", "be", "\n", "considered", ".", "\n", "For", "instance", ",", "we", "can", "define", "Ukraine", "’s", "specialised", "\n", "sectors", ",", "compared", "to", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "EaP", "region", ",", "as", "\n", "those", "industry", "groups", "in", "which", "the", "sectoral" ]

[]

equipment and supplies X 48 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry nameCurrent strengthEmerging strength 46.9 Non-specialised wholesale trade X 47.1 Retail sale in non-specialised stores X 47.2 Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores X 47.7 Retail sale of other goods in specialised stores X H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 49.2 Freight rail transport X X 49.4 Freight transport by road and removal services X 49.5 Transport via pipeline X 51.1 Passenger air transport X 52.1 Warehousing and storage X I ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES 56.1 Restaurants and mobile food service activities X J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 59.1 Motion picture, video and television programme activities X K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES 64.1 Monetary intermediation X 64.9 Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding X L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 70.1 Activities of head offices X 72.1 Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering X 73.1 Advertising X N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES 77.3 Rental and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods X 81.1 Combined facilities support activities X O PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE; COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY P EDUCATION Q HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES 86.2 Medical and dental practice activities X R ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION S OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation49 2.2. Manufacturing analysis for five EaP countries Full economic mapping of the economic potential is not possible for three Eastern Partnership coun- tries due to a lack of available Orbis data. Partial mapping for the Manufacturing sector is feasible by using official data collected by UNIDO. This section uses data from the UNIDO Industrial Statistics Database at NACE four-digit level (INDSTAT4)31, which contains highly disaggregat- ed data on the manufacturing sector for the peri- od 1990 onwards. 31 UNIDO, INDSTAT 4 Industrial Statistics Database at the 3- and 4-digit level of ISIC Revision 3 and ISIC Revision 4, Vienna, 2020. Available from http://stat.unido.org.Data availability Data availability is not perfect for several coun- tries, not even at NACE three-digit level, as shown in Table 2.6. However, even in this situation, some sort of comparison between countries is still pos- sible and has thus been carried out. Each row of Table 2.6 represents a NACE three-dig- it Manufacturing industry. For those cases high- lighted

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[ { "end": 2229, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2227 }, { "end": 2123, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2121 }, { "end": 2399, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 2230 } ]

# Most of Earth’s species came from explosive bursts of evolution ## Majority of living species concentrated among few disproportionately rich groups with high rates of diversification, shows first-of-its-kind study. FULL STORY Biodiversity isn’t evenly spread—most species belong to a few groups that rapidly expanded, often sparked by innovations like flowers or flight. Credit: Shutterstock  The British evolutionary biologist JBS Haldane is said to have quipped that any divine being evidently had 'an ordinate fondness for beetles'. This bon mot conveyed an important truth: the 'tree of life' - the family tree of all species, living or extinct - is very uneven. In places, it resembles a dense thicket of short twigs; elsewhere it has only sparse but long branches. A few groups tend to predominate: as Haldane pointed out, more than 40% of extant insects are beetles, while 60% of birds are passerines, and more than 85% of plants are flowering plants. But is such a concentration of species within a few exceptionally large groups a universal phenomenon of life on Earth? This question, important for our understanding of evolution and ecology, has long been the subject of controversy among biologists. But until recently, it was difficult to answer due to our poor knowledge of the number of species in existence, their evolutionary relationships, and the age of each group. But now, scientists in the US finally have provided an answer, published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.   Report Ad "Here we show for the first time that most living species do indeed belong to a limited number of rapid radiations: that is, they form groups with many species which evolved in a relatively short period of time," said Dr John J. Wiens, a professor at the University of Arizona. "Specifically, if we look among the kingdoms of life, among animal phyla, and among plant phyla, we find in each case that more than 80% of known species belong to the minority of groups with exceptionally high rates of species diversification." Wiens and his coauthor Dr Daniel Moen, an assistant professor at the University of California Riverside, here analyzed the distribution of species richness and diversification rates across 'clades' - groups of species that each evolved from a single ancestor, such as phyla, classes, or families. Out on a limb They did this for land plants, insects, vertebrates, for all

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such peripheral positions in the annals of twentieth- century sci - ence, engineering and medicine, and understand how they negotiated their circumstances in regional contexts that transcend the usual focus on the US and Western Europe. 3 3 Introduction The invisibility of women in twentieth- century science, engineering and medicine was context- specific and layered. Put differently, it was shaped by a host of intersecting factors like gender, race, ethnicity, class, caste, religion, marital status, sexuality, age, urban– rural divides and so on7 that played out differently in different geographical and temporal contexts.

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government revenues and BEPS practices, as well as those that are looking to enhance and improve existing ring-fencing rules by improving their effectiveness and minimize any negative spillovers due to design, implementation, and application. Ring-fencing may not be an appropriate policy option for all resource-rich countries, and each jurisdiction will have to consider the suitability of this approach for their existing tax system in the context of development of the mining sector, capacities of the tax administration, and positive and negative aspects of a potential ringfencing regime prior to implementation. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 1.1 About This Practice Note This practice note aims to clarify what ring-fencing means in mining, the advantages of adopting ring-fencing rules where certain conditions are in place, and how to mitigate potential challenges through good tax policy design and effective tax administration practices. It describes and evaluates the different options for designing ring-fencing rules based on the experience of resource-rich countries and highlights key implementation issues that have emerged. ## 1.2 Who Is This Practice Note For? This practice note is primarily intended for government policy-makers of resource-rich developing countries that are considering introducing ringfencing rules for their mining sector or governments that are seeking to improve the design and implementation of existing ring-fencing rules. It aims to generate informed, well-grounded decisions, particularly with respect to decisions on introducing ring-fencing rules into mining tax regimes (and on their design), by identifying the benefits and risks and how to address them. It may also be used by tax administration officials to improve the implementation and administration of ring-fencing rules. Finally, the practice note may help international organizations advise resource-rich developing countries on the design and implementation of ring-fencing rules and enable civil society groups to examine existing rules to strengthen government and industry accountability. ## 1.3 What Gap Does This Practice Note Fill? This practice note seeks to bridge two gaps. The first is a lack of comprehensive guidance for government officials in resource-rich developing countries about designing and implementing ring-fencing rules in the mining sector. The second is a lack of insights into the implementation challenges faced by resource-rich countries with ring-fencing rules in mining-insights that could help other governments avoid similar occurrences. 2 This practice note analyzes mining fiscal regimes

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- filters functions that operate on a stream, which may produce another stream, are referred to as “filters,” and can be connected in pipelines, analogously to function composition; filters may operate on one item of a stream at a time, or may base an item of output on multiple input items, such as a moving average or the like. - service at least in some examples refers to the provision of a discrete function within a system and/or environment. Additionally or alternatively, the term “service” at least in some examples refers to a functionality or a set of functionalities that can be reused. - microservice at least in some examples refers to one or more processes that communicate over a network to fulfil a goal using technology-agnostic protocols (e.g., HTTP or the like). Additionally or alternatively, the term “microservice” at least in some examples refers to services that are relatively small in size, messaging-enabled, bounded by contexts, autonomously developed, independently deployable, decentralized, and/or built and released with automated processes. - microservice at least in some examples refers to a self-contained piece of functionality with clear interfaces, and may implement a layered architecture through its own internal components. - microservice architecture at least in some examples refers to a variant of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) structural style wherein applications are arranged as a collection of loosely-coupled services (e.g., fine-grained services) and may use lightweight protocols. - SOA service-oriented architecture - network address at least in some examples refers to an identifier for a node or host in a computer network, and may be a unique identifier across a network and/or may be unique to a locally administered portion of the network. - universalally unique identifier or “UUID” at least in some examples refers to a number used to identify information in computer systems. - a UUID includes 128-bit numbers and/or are represented as 32 hexadecimal digits displayed in five groups separated by hyphens in the following format: “xxxxxxxx-xx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx” where the four-bit M and the 1 to 3 bit N fields code the format of the UUID itself. - the term “universally unique identifier” or “UUID” at least in some examples refers to a “globally unique identifier” and/or a “GUID”. - the term “endpoint address” at least in some examples refers to an address used to determine the host/authority part of a target URI, where the target URI is used to access

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contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply chain (from exploration to recycling) and, unlike its competitors, the mining and trading of commodities is largely left to private actors and the market. Strategic dependencies also extend to critical technologies for the digitalisation of Europe’s economy [see the chapter on digitalisation and advanced technologies] . The EU relies on foreign countries for over 80% of digital products, services, infrastructure and intellectual propertyvi. Dependencies are particularly acute, however, for semi - conductors owing to the structure of the industry, which is dominated by a small number of large players. The US has specialised in chips design, Korea, Taiwan and China in chips manufacturing, and Japan and some EU Member States in key materials and equipment – optics, chemistry and machinery [see Figure 3] . Europe has little domestic capacity in many parts of the supply chain. For example, the EU currently has no foundry producing below 22 nm process nodes and relies on Asia for 75% to 90% of wafer fabrication capacity (as does the US). Europe has become dependent on non-EU countries for chips design, packaging and assembly as well. Dependencies are also acute for other advanced tech. The EU’s AI industry relies on hardware produced largely by one US-based company for the most advanced processors. Similarly, Europe’s dependence on cloud services developed and run by US companies is massive. For quantum computing platforms, the EU suffers from six critical dependencies across 17 key technolo - gies, components and materials. China and the US hold technological leadership in most of these critical elements. In the telecoms sector, Europe is less dependent on foreign technology: top EU vendors are well positioned in the global supply of telecoms equipment. However, it will be important that dependencies do not increase, especially on high-risk suppliers that could compromise the security of EU networks and citizens’ data. Currently, 14 Member States have no restrictions on high-risk suppliers in place. FIGURE 3 Share in semiconductor value chain by country % of worldwide total, 2019 Source: SIA, 2021. To reduce its vulnerabilities, the EU needs to develop a genuine “foreign economic policy” based on securing critical resources [see the chapter on critical

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[]

programming instructions) or data to create the program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code or data to create the program may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the program code (or data to create the program code) described herein may be stored in one or more of a compressed format, an encrypted format, a fragmented format, a packaged format, and/or the like. Program code (e.g., programming instructions) or data to create the program code as described herein may require one or more of installation, modification, adaptation, updating, combining, supplementing, configuring, decryption, decompression, unpacking, distribution, reassignment, and the like in order to make them directly readable and/or executable by a computing device and/or other machine. For example, the program code or data to create the program code may be stored in multiple parts, which are individually compressed, encrypted, and stored on separate computing devices, wherein the parts when decrypted, decompressed, and combined form a set of executable instructions that implement the program code or the data to create the program code, such as those described herein. In another example, the program code or data to create the program code may be stored in a state in which they may be read by a computer, but require addition of a library (e.g., a dynamic link library), a software development kit (SDK), an API, and the like in order to execute the instructions on a particular computing device or other device. In another example, the program code or data to create the program code may need to be configured (e.g., settings stored, data input, network addresses recorded, and the like) before the program code or data to create the program code can be executed/used in whole or in part. In this example, the program code (or data to create the program code) may be unpacked, configured for proper execution, and stored in a first location with the configuration instructions located in a second location distinct from the first location. The configuration instructions can be initiated by an action, trigger, or instruction that is not co-located in storage or execution location with the instructions enabling the disclosed techniques. Accordingly, the disclosed program code or data to create the program code are intended to encompass such

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[]

of each S&T specialisation domain, for each EaP country Based on the evidence presented throughout Part 3 for critical mass, specialisation and excellence per domain, the following tables present synthet- ic indicators supporting the selection of the S&T specialisation domains for each Eastern Partner- ship country. For each country, each domain is characterised by its critical mass, specialisation EaP S&T specialisation domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources Science-oriented S&T domains domains where scientific publications are most relevantBalanced S&T domains domains where publications and patents have a similar relative weightTechnology-oriented S&T domains domains where patents are most relevant Fundamental physics and mathematicsHealth and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materialsBiotechnologyElectric and electronic technologies Optics and photonicsICT and computer scienceAgrifood Environmental sciences and industriesEnergy Chemistry and chemical engineeringTransportation Governance, culture, education and the economy is mainly composed of EC R&I projectsTable III. Characterisation of the EaP S&T domains according to the internal distribution of S&T data sources and excellence8. Below, these S&T indicators are presented in a summary table for each country. Highlighted domains are qualitatively reflected on for each country. 8 Further detail on the choice and definition of indicators can be found in Part 3. 16 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Armenia – Summary of the strengths of the S&T specialisations Armenia is very specialised in the hard sciences. Beyond those, it presents a rather diversified S&T panorama; its most highlighted S&T domains are the following: ■Fundamental physics and mathematics presents a notable critical mass, specialisation and excellence, both in scientific publications and patents. The presence of the A. I. Alikhani- an Yerevan Institute of Physics, which houses a particle accelerator amongst other advanced experimental equipment, leaves a strong im- print on the Armenian science and technology ecosystem, and structures an important share of the country’s international collaborations; ■Agrifood presents a notable specialisation in publications and patents, critical mass in pat- ents and an above-average scientific impact. ARMENIA Critical mass Specialisation Excellence Summary S&T domain Pubs. Pat. Pubs. Pat. NCI*EC projects*Total Agrifood 4 Biotechnology 1 Chemistry and chemical engineering0 Electric and electronic technologies2 Energy 1 Environmental sciences and industries1 Fundamental physics and mathematics5 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 3 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery2 Nanotechnology and materials 3 Optics and photonics 2 *NCI = Normalised citation impact *EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable

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sci - ence educators, members of scientific organizations, and voluntary, unpaid scientific workers, is essential to recovering hidden historical figures like Maasdorp. This must, however, be coupled with a recognition of the fact that, as a member of the white colonial elite in South Africa and Rhodesia, Maasdorp was nevertheless able to acquire a certain degree of visibility that was systematically denied to Black women. Nuala Proinnseas Caomhánach’s discussion of Lynn Margulis’ scientific career as a ‘rebel’ evolutionary biologist further illuminates the struggles women faced inside and outside the laboratory and testifies to their will - ingness to challenge disciplinary and patriarchal boundaries. Combining insights from cell biology, ecology and geoscience, Margulis’ much- maligned theory of evolution was as synthetic in its origin as the idea it propagated, namely that evolution had begun with microbes, not animals, and that sym - biosis, not competition, had been its driving force. Although Margulis did manage to forge a relatively successful career in academia, her visibility was predicated on her ability to leverage the power of media and navigate all the risks such a process of exposure involved. As Caomhánach cogently points out, ‘without the making of a persona, the scientist remains obscure and invisible’. In the case of women scientists – Rosalind Franklin being another example – that invisibility was not only ‘ascribed’ by men, but it was also sometimes ‘curated’ by them. The construction of a scientific persona in Margulis’ case must also be seen against the background of American media’s growing concern 16 Negotiating in/visibility with science reporting in the 1960s– 1970s. As Caomhánach discusses, the process of becoming visible involved several layers of ‘de- gendering’ and ‘re- gendering’. Media reporting on Margulis replicated entrenched gender biases by attaching non- scientific attributes to her. Dismissed as a theorist because she was a woman, she eventually ‘gain[ed] acceptance and … inclusion in the field’ because of her image as a masculinized scien - tific rebel. The point then is that Margulis was able to control her image as an ‘outsider’ and ‘scientific rebel’ only to a certain extent; the visibil - ity afforded her did not shelter her from insidious forms of sexism and discrimination. In/ visibilities across borders: Scientific collaborations and contestations Keeble ’s chapter also draws attention to the importance of mobility in wom - en’s engagement with science in the twentieth century. The three chapters in this section

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ta- bles, adapted according to an ex post quality con- trol of the alignment results.Since the objective is to find how S&T specialisa- tion domains and excellence can be mobilised to support knowledge-based economic transforma- tion, the E&I classification, expressed in the form of NACE codes, is the touchstone of the alignment. As could be expected, some of the domains ex- tracted from S&T sources directly align with E&I specialisations, supporting knowledge-based eco- nomic transformation, while others are discon- nected from E&I domains as they either feature basic science or may potentially contribute to the emergence of new niches if science-business links are established. Step 3 offers direct evidence to answer re- search Question 5 ‘Are there possible synergies/ concordances between the countries’ economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisa- tions?’ and provides the results addressing the key ambition of this report: ‘a list of potential Smart Specialisation priority domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international partners’. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation33 Topic modelling (TM) is a domain of machine learning which aims at identifying the topics handled by collections of texts. TM is a very useful tool for conducting an emerg- ing analysis of research, technology and innovation ecosystems. The topics identified by TM are sets of words frequently co-occurring, i.e. which reg- ularly appear together in the analysed textual records (such as publication abstracts or R&I project descriptions). TM is automated, but, because it is an unsupervised ma- chine-learning technique, still requires partial human assessment (for instance, to link intelligible labels to each extracted topic). Some solutions exist to fully automate the process, but these solutions do not yet provide sufficiently clear results to label the topics autonomously and transparently. The advantages of TM over taxonomic classifications and keyword extraction are that: ■the subjects come from the terms actually used by specialists (scientists, engi- neers, technicians, policymakers, project managers, etc.); ■this procedure makes it possible to identify transverse concepts contributing to several subjects; ■topics are related to one another through diverse strengths, allowing for partial overlapping, vertical and horizontal relationships as well as the existence of core or fundamental topics. The usefulness of TM is clearer when used in parallel with the metadata associated with the analysed documents, such as geographic or institutional information. It then becomes possible to observe the respective

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funciones de los líderes (Gurr, 2023). En general, se ha pasado de considerar que los directores de los centros escolares desempeñan una función meramente administrativa y burocrática a esperar de ellos una mayor implicación en la colaboración con el profesorado y el resto del personal para contribuir a mejorar los «resultados» del centro (Pont, 2020). Las expectativas sobre la forma de estos resultados vienen determinadas por las preferencias sociales y las creencias de las autoridades y comunidad educativas, incluidas aquellas de los propios líderes.  En las últimas décadas, se ha observado un cambio en el concepto de liderazgo escolar y las percepciones de las funciones de los líderes  ## CUADRO 1.1: Existen diversas funciones de liderazgo en la educación Los líderes escolares gestionan los recursos humanos y financieros, pero también pueden dar forma a los objetivos de los centros (desde la inclusión hasta el bienestar), dirigir la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, contribuir al desarrollo del personal y fomentar la colaboración.

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objects fall from the air stream to . Additionally or alternatively, an or load cell in a can be used to provide sorting via mass and/or density. For example, a may detect higher density (and thus more massive) objects, which can use to redirect the detected materials to an appropriate processing stage in the MRF. A result of the density separation at is a of heavy contaminants (e.g., aggregates, textiles, construction debris, and/or other similarly dense materials). This can be passed through an AQC station at operation , where the directs one or more MHUs to further extract any possibly recyclable/recoverable materials. As an example, the AQC station is the same or similar as the AQC-2 , discussed infra w.r.t . The result of the AQC at operation , as well as earlier , is a light recyclable materials stream and an , which may be subject to organic recovery methods (e.g., packaging, waste energy generation, and/or the like). This waste stream may rejoin the final product of in , if of sufficient purity, or may be returned to an earlier block of for reprocessing. Finally, a heavy remains. This may be sent to a landfill, a waste energy generation plant, another suitable disposal facility, or may be returned back to an earlier stage in the MRF for reprocessing as appropriate. In other implementations, the performs or causes further quality control processes and/or sorting to be performed on the , either automatically via one or more MHUs and/or via human processing, to ensure that any recyclable materials that remain are extracted prior to final disposal of the residue. Additionally or alternatively, a system for separating lightweight material that is configured to receive a mixture of 2D and 3D recyclable materials is also included, wherein the 2D and 3D objects are separated by shape. These 3D objects are then sorted according to material. The objects removed can include, but are not limited to: paper, cardboard, film plastic and other general residual components. The remaining stream includes the lightweight recyclable containers. The automated system may include any form of robotic sorting such as but not limited to a six axis robot, parallel robot, or delta robot. Additionally or alternatively, a multiple component solid waste facility that requires un-processable material to be removed prior to the size, density and shape sorting components. This presort is done using a large automated system to remove

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AA NiMH batteries after 8 months of storage. The AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage profiles. However, as expected, the current values are different. This results in different capacity values of 912 mAh for AAA and 2095 mAh for AA. Furthermore, the corresponding current curves for C and D batteries are presented in Figure 9c,d. In this case, the C battery reaches a capacity of 3249 mAh and the D battery a capacity of 7117 mAh. In the case of the 9V NiMH (Figure 9e), the battery shows a discharge capacity of 260 mAh after the storage period of 8 months.Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 13 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 21 3. Finally, the batteries are discharged again at a 0.2 C rate, and the duration of this discharge was measured. A battery is considered to pass the test if the discharge is longer than 4 h before reach- ing the cut-oﬀ voltage, i.e., if they have at least 80% of their initial capacity left after stor- age. Figure 9a,b show the discharge proﬁles of AAA and AA NiMH batteries after 8 months of storage. The AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage proﬁles. However, as expected, the current values are diﬀerent. This results in diﬀerent capacity values of 912 mAh for AAA and 2095 mAh for AA. Furthermore, the corresponding current curves for C and D batteries are presented in Figure 9c,d. In this case, the C battery reaches a capacity of 3249 mAh and the D battery a capacity of 7117 mAh. In the case of the 9V NiMH (Figure 9e), the battery shows a discharge capacity of 260 mAh after the storage period of 8 months. Figure 9. NiMH charge (capacity) recovery analysis according to IEC 61951-2 of (a) AAA Agfaphoto, (b) AA GP, (c) C Varta, (d) D GP, and (e) 9V Duracell batteries. Figure 9. NiMH charge (capacity) recovery analysis according to IEC 61951-2 of ( a) AAA Agfaphoto, (b) AA GP , ( c) C Varta, ( d) D GP , and ( e) 9V Duracell batteries. Furthermore, all portable NiMH batteries tested during the recovery experiment show a discharge duration longer than 4 h, and in terms of columbic efficiency, the highest observed value is 78% for the D size and the smallest value is 62% for the 9V battery. 6. Endurance of Portable NiMH Batteries

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Computer-Generated Text Detection Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review Daria Beresneva(&) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Anti-Plagiat Research, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Abstract. Computer-generated text or arti ﬁcial text nowadays is in abundance on the web, ranging from basic random word salads to web scraping. In thispaper, we present a short version of systematic review of some existing auto- mated methods aimed at distinguishing natural texts from arti ﬁcially generated ones. The methods were chosen by certain criteria. We further provide a sum-mary of the methods considered. Comparisons, whenever possible, use common evaluation measures, and control for differences in experimental set-up. Keywords: Artiﬁcial content /C1Generated text /C1Fake content detection 1 Introduction The biggest part of arti ﬁcial content is generated for nourishing fake web sites designed to offset search engine indexes: at the scale of a search engine, usage of automaticallygenerated texts render such sites harder to detect than using copies of existing pages.Artiﬁcial content can contain text (word salad) as well as data plots, ﬂow charts, and citations. The examples of automatically generated content include text translated by anautomated tool without human review or curation before publishing; text generatedthrough automated processes, such as Markov chains; text generated using automatedsynonymizing or obfuscation techniques. The aim of this paper is to review existing methods of arti ﬁcial text detection. We survey these efforts, their results and their limitations. In spite of recent advances inevaluation methodology, many uncertainties remain as to the effectiveness oftext-generating ﬁltering techniques and as to the validity of arti ﬁcial text discovering methods. This is a short version of review according to poster publication rules. The rest of this paper is organized following systematic review guidelines. Section 2 presents the methods selected and their short description. A comparison of the methodsis available in Sect. 3. Section 4recaps our main ﬁndings and discusses various possible extensions of this work. ©Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 E. Métais et al. (Eds.): NLDB 2016, LNCS 9612, pp. 421 –426, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41754-7_432 The Methods of Arti ﬁcial Text Detection As said before, the way of arti ﬁcial content detection depends on the method by which it was generated. Let us consider various existing features, that authors use for clas-siﬁcation. The information about results and datasets used for each method is given in the summary table. 2.1 Frequency Counting Method To discover whether a text

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been engaging as part of this lecture series. As a part of the preservation of the lectures themselves, we will also preserve records related to the management of the lecture series itself, including the digital flyer advertisements, presentations we have given on the lecture series, reports and the survey questionnaires. A longer- term goal is to reach out to teachers of students in K- 12 classes and local schools. This is especially important for girls around the age of twelve, which is when girls start to feel they would not be successful in STEMM fields. 41 We have developed a primary- source toolkit for students to engage with the lectures and digital exhibits to learn more about women in science. The toolkit includes lesson plans and questions to answer while watching the video, investigating digitized primary- source documents from our holdings and hands- on activities where students can be creative and try to understand our speakers' research processes more. We were able to implement these lesson plans in a workshop focused on exploring the natural sciences at Expanding Your Horizons Chicago 2023, an event geared towards middle school girls interested in STEMM. 42 We are also exploring creating 'teacher trunks' that will be available for instructors to check out from the U of I Archives so that they are able to have all the materials they need for these activities. We will continue our relationships with our speakers, with the goal of being able to share their stories through these recorded lectures, as well as to remind them to think of the U of I Archives as a place to donate their papers so that their materials and stories are not lost. The lecture series is a useful 3 1 5 tool to help engage with the community whose work and history we aim to preserve, but an hour- long lecture is not enough to capture the whole story. Papers related to their research and personal journeys are incredibly valuable and we want to make sure that our speakers recognize this and remember to donate their own materials in the future. While we have received donations of other women scientists since launching the lecture series, 43 we hope that this initiative continues to be impactful and to lead to a re- imaging of the U of I Archives as a place where women scientists' papers are welcomed and stewarded. Some

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U.S. states that the chances of war are serious 1 The draw of the city This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.DOI: 10.4324/9781003467342-210.4324/9781003467342-2 4 Urban life in Delhi slums and unbelievably real. Cross-border terrorism in Kashmir is the precursor to this military conflict. I’m standing at the airport in a queue to leave. The pain in my heart and concerns in my head make for a sorry situation. I’ve just left Mr Khurram who dropped me off. My friend of three years whilst carrying out my doctorate in India. “Don’t worry”, he says, “You cannot stay, you have been ordered to leave now”. I’m looking around an airport that’s in chaos – pushing, shoving, queue jumping, shouting, hassling. Why am I privileged to leave? I want to stay and face what my dearest friends are facing in a country I’ve come to love. The flight home is going to be an emotional one. Diary entry: 30th August 2013 It seems like the most efficient and convenient way to travel. Let’s go with the driver in a hired 4x4 jeep from Bhawanigarh, Punjab to New Delhi – 242 km of expressways and major roads. Five hours or so. Sit back, relax and take in the view. The jeep has strangely covered seats with what look like tablecloths. We are sitting in the back. The driver has a friend with him up front. It doesn’t take long for it to dawn on us the driver might be under the influence of something. His raucous laughter every time we have a near miss is becoming more concern - ing. Trying to look out of the window only reveals what looks like a narrow road where every vehicle wants to overtake the other irrespective of which side of the road they should be travelling on. Bullock carts, bikes, the occasional car tipped up on one side on the curb, buses, lorries – it’s total pandemonium. We stop onthe Patiala Road; I need something to drink. Back in the jeep. We decide to take some photos and video to get us to focus on the task in hand. “Oh, look at that bus overtaking the cart coming straight towards us”, thank goodness we have space, but no, wait a third vehicle – a car – is now straining to overtake the bus, overtaking the cart. A horn breaks the silence from

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S&T domains. For all S&T domains except Agrifood, the concordances are produced by both patents and publications. When checking the semantic content of the Agrifood S&T do-main in Azerbaijan, it is possible to see that the respective research carried out is mostly about genotyping plant species; ■for the ‘Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment’ cluster, the S&T domain ‘Na- notechnology and materials’ was matched with the respective E&I domain via publica- tions exclusively. By inspecting the semantic content of the ‘Nanotechnology and materials domain’, it is however evident that this S&T domain does not belong to the ‘Repair and In- stallation of Machinery and Equipment’ cluster because it is clearly focused on the character- isation of the physical properties of materials and not on the application of those materials for machinery. For this reason, we decided to remove the ‘Nanotechnology and materials’ S&T domain from this cluster, despite the emergence of the observed matching biblio- metric fields. The most relevant keywords for these Azeri S&T domains that match E&I domains can be found in the figures below; similar figures were also shown in Part 3 when characterising the S&T for the whole EaP region. AZERBAIJAN Concordance between E&I analysis and S&T analysis Economic clusterE&I domains (NACE sectors)S&T domains Oil and Gas Production and Transportation19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products• Chemistry and chemical engineering • Energy • Nanotechnology and materials Chemical Products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products• Chemistry and chemical engineering • Nanotechnology and materials • Agrifood • Biotechnology Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Computer Programming and Financial Services62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 4.3. Combined EIST specialisation domains in Azerbaijan Figure 4.6. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Azerbaijan Figure 4.8. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan Figure 4.10. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Azerbaijan Figure 4.7. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Biotechnology in Azerbaijan Figure 4.9. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Energy in Azerbaijan Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation 239 240 Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials Figure 4.11. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Georgia Figure 4.12. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain

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$36 m Professional Services 12 Mobile 3 200 Manufacturing $31 m Other 11 Apps 3 105 Consumer Goods $30 mTable 2.41. Largest industry groups – Georgia For Georgia, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. 106 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Moldova # firms CM Firms # employees CM Employees # est. revenue CM Revenue Software 35 Software 980 Software $105 m Information Technology 20 Information Technology 780 Information Technology $100 m Internet Services 15 Food and Beverage 755Lending and Investments$77 m Professional Services 13 Financial Services 530 Sustainability $77 m Commerce and Shopping12Lending and Investments460 Financial Services $77 m Hardware 12 Sustainability 390 Energy $76 m Mobile 10 Energy 380 Other $13 m Media and Entertainment9Commerce and Shopping315 Hardware $12 m Financial Services 9 Hardware 205 Professional Services $8 m Apps 8 Professional Services 205 Sales and Marketing $6 mTable 2.42. Largest industry groups – Moldova For Moldova, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Ukraine # firms CM Firms # employees CM Employees # est. revenue CM Revenue Software 1 404 Information Technology 102 855Media and Entertainment$12 366 m Sales and Marketing 1 002 Software 97 245 Software $10 667 m Commerce and Shopping844 Hardware 81 745 Video $10 391 m Information Technology 813Commerce and Shopping77 760 Information Technology $8 660 m Internet Services 711 Manufacturing 73 485 Sales and Marketing $7 543 m Professional Services 672 Professional Services 66 715 Design $7 354 m Media and Entertainment629Science and Engineering58 975Commerce and Shopping$6 510 m Hardware 594 Financial Services 55 910 Manufacturing $5 943 m Design 585 Sales and Marketing 44 425 Food and Beverage $5 832 m Advertising 574 Transportation 41 260 Data and Analytics $5 825 mTable 2.43. Largest industry groups – Ukraine For Ukraine, the table shows the raw number of companies, number of employees and estimated revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation107 Specialisation with respect to the East- ern Partnership The relative sectoral specialisation sij of the Country i in the Industrial Group j is the ratio be- tween the share of variable n (number of compa- nies, number of employees, estimated revenue) in a

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Ring-fencing rules create de facto 'separate taxpayers' for tax liability determination purposes and sometimes also for tax reporting purposes. There are different ways that tax administrations deal with this phenomenon from a tax reporting perspective. The countries can request one single tax return filed by the taxpayer that includes separate tax base calculations for each ring-fenced area, either as a part of their tax return or as a special annex to their tax return. The other possibility is to require filing a separate tax return for each ring-fenced area or activity. This means that the same taxpayer may file multiple tax returns for the same taxable period with respect to each ring-fenced activity and an additional one or more tax returns for non-mining activities. To support the filings, the licence holder will have to maintain all the necessary accounting documents and records to provide justifications for the completion of the relevant tax returns. The tax return or a special annex should include information needed for preliminary risk analysis, such as revenues and expenditures per ring-fenced item. A licence holder must usually submit the tax returns (either electronically or in physical form) to the tax authority on a template specifically designed and authorized for this purpose. Special templates for tax returns or their annexes can be designed to simplify the filing process while ensuring the key information needed for risk assessment and high-level review is included. ## 5.4.2 Maintaining All the Necessary Supporting Documents and Records In case of necessity or tax audit, the tax authority may require primary and other relevant documents when it receives the tax return(s). In that case, the mining taxpayer should be in a position to establish and prove how the relevant revenues and expenditures have been determined and correctly allocated to the specific licences or other ring-fenced business activities, ideally based on apportionment methods established in a guidance published by the tax authority for taxpayers. A proper application of an apportionment method relies on having clear data across mines/projects/ licence areas. In doing so, the taxpayer should maintain all the necessary documents and records to support its arguments in case the tax authority requests that it do so. There should be periodic reviews undertaken by the tax authority. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0

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Nineteenth- Century Britain , was co- authored with Melissa Dickson, Sally Shuttleworth and Jennifer Wallis, as part of the ERC- funded project ‘Diseases of Modern Life’ (2014– 2019) at the University of Oxford. Her current work examines the global entanglements of Earth and environmental sciences in South and East Asia in the twentieth century and the role of women therein. Nuala Proinnseas Caomh á nach is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at New York University and Research Associate in the Invertebrate Department at the American Museum of Natural History. Her research xii Negotiating in/visibility examines the relationship between scientific knowledge, climate change and conservation law in Madagascar, illuminating how changes in botani - cal science have affected international conservation ideology, policy and practice. Nuala is a contributing editor at the Journal of the History of Ideas blog and Broadly Speaking series. She co- curated the Black Botany: The Nature of Black Experience exhibition as a Mellon Fellow at the New York Botanical Garden and co- produces the Not That Kind of Doctor podcast, which invites PhD students to discuss their research in an informal manner. Evangelia Chordaki is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Seeger Center for Hellenic Studies at Princeton University. She is a historian of science with a PhD in Science Communication and Gender Studies (2022), funded by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation. Her research interests include feminist epistemologies and the intertwinement of gender, technosci - ence and digitality, with an emphasis on cyberfeminism and xenofeminism. Her work also focuses on the communication of the Covid- 19 pandemic, especially the impact of epistemic uncertainty, scientific expertise and boundary work on the performativities and practices of science communi - cation. Since 2023, Evangelia is a research associate at the National Hellenic Research Foundation. Jean Corbi is a PhD student in History at Sciences Po Paris, where he also teaches contemporary history. His research interests focus on the rela - tionship between the state and the emerging medical profession in late Republican China, with an emphasis on Sichuan Province between 1928 and 1949. Kathryn Edgerton- Tarpley is Professor of Late Imperial and Modern Chinese History at San Diego State University. She is the author of Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth- Century China (University of California Press, 2008) and multiple articles on fam - ines and floods. Her current book project analyses

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Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan. Oxford Development Studies, 29 (2), 145 -154. https://doi.org/10.1080/136008101239 26 Juan, W., & Liangjing, F. (2011). A study on the influence factors of location choice of China’s outward FDI—Based on the perspective of national differences. Social Scientists, 9 , 79-82, 87. Kojima, K. (1987). Foreign Trade Theory (Zhou Baolian transla tion, pp. 10 -120). Nankai University Press. Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2012). What determines Chinese outward FDI? Journal of World Business, 47 (1), 26 -34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.10.017 Lan, W. (2014). The influence of global value chain on the i nternational division of labor in Chinese manufacturing industry. Statistical Research, 5, 17-23. Lan, W., & Hongyan, L. (2015). A study on the integration of China’s manufacturing industry into the global value chain —From the perspective of embedded position and value added capability. Chinese Industrial Economy, 2 , 76-88. Lei, Z. (2012). Outward FDI and the upgrading of industrial structure: An analysis based on China’s direct investment in ASEAN. Economic Problem, 2 , 47-50. Liu, S., & Jie, Z. (2013). Study on the correlation between foreign direct investment and industrial hollowing out in Guangdong Province —Based on Grey Relational Analysis. International Business (Journal of University of International Business and Economics), 2 , 52-64. Markusen, J. R., & Keith, E. M. (2002). Discriminating Among Alternative Theories of the Multinational Enterprise . Review of International Economics, 10 (4), 694 -707. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467 -9396.00359 Min, L., Jinshan, L., & Yupe i, L. (2016). Home country investment motivation, host country system and location choice of foreign direct investment. Explore the Economic Problems, 8 , 100 -112. Minglan, Y . (2008). Research on the influence of foreign direct investment on industrial stru cture adjustment in China . Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Neven, D., & Siotis, G. (1996). Technology Sourcing and FDI in the EC: An Empirical Evaluation. International Journal of Industrial Organization . https://doi.org/10.1016/0167 -7187( 95)00510 -2 Nisha, J.,Yonghui, H., & Jianhua, Z. (2014). The effect of upgrading the industrial structure of bidirectional FDI in China: Theoretical mechanism and empirical test. International Trade Issues, 11 , 109 -120. Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M., & Laforet, S . (2012). China’s outward foreign direct investment: Location choice and firm ownership. Journal of World Business, 47 (1), 17 -25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.10.016 Sheng, W., & Tao, T. (2013). Study on the factors influencing the location choice of China’s outward FDI—Based on the perspective of national differences. World Economic Research, 12 , 60-66, 86.

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last few years (especially in Ukraine) and this would render the CAGR results misleading, nor for EC projects due to the small number of records. Afterwards, a specialisation analysis has been carried out for each country’s domains against the EaP region as a whole. The specialisation index (SI)60 has been computed. The specialisation index indicates the relative intensity of activity of a geography of interest (country, region, etc.) in each domain in relation to the activity within a specific perimeter of compar- 60 Schubert, A., Braun, T., ‘Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact’, Metrics, Vol. 9, 1986, pp. 281–291.ison (in the case of this study, the average for the EaP region) – in this case, the relative publishing and patenting volume and EU project participation activity. Within the framework of Smart Speciali- sation, this indicator provides a comparison of the relative weight of each domain of knowledge in EaP countries, in relation to the reference region (the EaP region), to understand whether or not EaP countries are specialised in each domain of knowl- edge (in this case, the S&T domains, i.e. groups of labelled topics). Concretely, the specialisation index within a spe- cific S&T domain – for a given EaP country with respect to the reference perimeter (i.e. the EaP average) – is the result of the following ratio: ■numerator – number of records in the domain of knowledge produced by the country, nor- malised by the total amount of records within the country when counting multiple domain assignations; ■denominator – the average of the number of records in the domain of knowledge across the EaP produced by each EaP country, nor- malised by the total amount of records within the same EaP country when counting multiple domain assignations. Thus, a specialisation index greater than 1 implies a relative specialisation of the geography of inter- est in this domain of knowledge. For example, an SI of 2 means that the country’s share of publica- tions or patents in a domain is double that of the EaP average. The normalised citation impact (NCI)61 has also been computed for scientific publications. The NCI measures the number of citations per publication, normalised over a reference citation per publication figure. Since citation patterns dif- fer between scientific fields, this ratio is computed for each bibliometric category that Scopus adopts to classify scientific publications and a weighted

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Neighbourhoods are districts of an urban city where neighbours live and come together through social and cultural networks. As the above quote by Jane Jacobs illustrates, for some, a 'neighbourhood' defines who they are in terms of social position, dignity and identity, offering a community with humility and empathy. Neighbourhoods can form boundaries as well as promote rich cultural diversity and pluralism. A neighbourhood with strong social cohesion can empower communities to support each other through residential bonds, create coordinated actions and networks for a collective good. By contrast, low levels of neighbourhood social cohesion and trust are associated with stress, depression and anxiety (Forrest and Kearns, 2001 ; Prezza et al., 2001 ; Barnes, 2003). Those living in slums are not a homogeneous population, but a diverse group of people with different interests, means and backgrounds. Slums are a significant economic force. In some cities, it has been estimated that as much as 60% of employment is carried out within the informal sector. What is vital for a city to continue to flourish is diversity, which is a source of economic and cultural dyna -mism ( Jacobs, 1961 , 1968 ; Glaeser, 2011). This chapter examines the relationship between subjective well-being, neighbourhood cohesion and social capital, taking into consideration the socio-economic backgrounds of the households as well as levels of trust in our three different settlements - slum/JJ colony (Sanjay), reset -tlement colony (Bhalswa) and unauthorised colony (Ajit Vihar). What is being investigated are the different levels of neighbourhood cohesion, social capital, trust, resilience, and subjective well-being that affect residents' behaviours and how they play a part in an individual's life's purpose and meaning. The data in this chapter were gathered through a survey carried out with 1,004 households (311 in Sanjay; 365 in Ajit Vihar; 328 in Bhalswa). We look at neighbourhood networks, happiness, sense of purpose, life satisfaction and control. We follow an intra-community focus using Auerbach's social capital scale ( Auerbach, 2019). Bouncing back from a variety of challenges that arise in life is measured through household resilience. Structural equation modelling is employed to assess direct and indirect associations. In this chapter, we explore three hypotheses: - 1. Being able to choose your neighbourhood is beneficial to your well-being and contributes positively to attitudes around neighbourhood cohesion - A com -parison of Sanjay (slum/JJ) and Bhalswa (resettlement). - 2. Residents' preferences on social capital and neighbourhood

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the requirements of EU directives. Finally, implementation and enforcement authorities in the Member States should be streamlined and merged. The EU should fully implement the announced cut by 25% of reporting obligations and commit to achieving a further reduction for SMEs up to 50%, upholding proportionality for SMEs in EU law and extending it to small mid-caps . The report recommends that all new proposals up for adoption should be subject to a revamped competitiveness test, with a clear, strong methodology to measure the cumulative impact, including both compliance costs and administrative burden. These checks should be performed by involving committees of industrial operators supporting the Commission in assessing the impact of all draft autonomous acts. On this basis, the Commission should choose to postpone initiatives which are particularly problematic from an innovation standpoint or with a disproportionate impact on SMEs. In addition, the Commission should extend mitigation measures to small mid-caps. The EU should also enable the use of AI-powered software and machine-processed data to lower compliance and administrative costs for SMEs. Measures should include requiring harmonised reporting templates, de minimis reporting thresholds, and centralised reporting requirements using one multilingual interface.

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[]

Modise, M. R., Fonsén, E., Heikka, J., Phatudi, N., Bøe, M., and Phala, T. (Eds.). (2023a). Global Perspectives on Leadership in Early Childhood Education . Helsinki University Press. https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-20 Modise, M. R., Mampane, S., and Phatudi, N. (2023b). Early childhood leaders' conceptualisation and understanding of leadership in community centres: The Case of South Africa. In M. Modise et al. (Eds.), Global Perspectives on Leadership in Early Childhood Education (pp. 27-46). Helsinki University Press. https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-20-3 Muijs, D., Harris, A., Briggs, M., and Aubray, C. (2004). How do they manage? A review of the research on leadership in early childhood. Journal of Early Childhood Research , 2 (2). National Center for Parent, Family and Community Engagement. (2015). Compendium of Parenting Interventions . Office of Head Start, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ecd/ compendium\_of\_parenting\_interventions\_911\_508.pdf Number of educational institutions - Open data - Statistics National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2022). of the Kyrgyz Republic [Data set]. https://www.stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/279 New Zealand Ministry of Education. (2024). Te Whāriki Early Childhood Curriculum . https://tewhariki.tahurangi.education. govt.nz/early-childhood-curriculum-home OECD. (2020). Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce. https://doi.org/10.1787/b90bba3d-en Oloo, L., Elsey, H., Abboah-Offei, M., Kiyeng, M., Amboka, P., Okelo, K., Kitsao-Wekulo, P., Kimani-Murage, E., Langa't, N., and Nampijja, M. (2023). Developing an intervention to improve the quality of childcare centers in resource-poor urban settings: A mixed methods study in Nairobi, Kenya. Frontiers in Public Health , 11 . Petrowski, N., Cappa, C., and Dia, E. (2022). Two years on: Progress and country uptake of the ECDI2030 . UNICEF. https://data. unicef.org/data-for-action/two-years-on-progress-and-country-uptake-of-the-ecdi2030 Rashid, R. and Akkari, A. (2020). A review of early childhood education (ECE) in Bangladesh: Status and impact. International Journal of Education , 12 . Ratner, H. H., Bocknek, E. L., Miller, A. G., Elliott, S. L., and Weathington, B. (2018). Creating communities: A consortium model for early childhood leaders. Teacher Development , 22 (3), 427-446. Rodd, J. (2020). Leadership in Early Childhood: The Pathway to Professionalism . Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116295 Ruiz-Casares, M., Nazif-Muñoz, J., Iwo, R., and Oulhote, Y. (2018). Nonadult supervision of children in low- and middle-income countries: Results from 61 national population-based surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 15 , 1564. Simweleba, N. H. and Serpell, R. (2020). Parental involvement and learners' performance in rural basic schools of Zambia. South African Journal of Childhood Education , 10 (1), 13. Singapore Ministry of Education. (2024). Centre head and deputy centre head: Overview . www.moe.gov.sg/careers/ become-teachers/mk/trained/centre-head-and-deputy-centre-head

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once again that women also tended to perceive such positions as a side- occupation. According to the documents she attached to her petition, she had attended the School Hygiene courses in Bucharest while working at the Social Security House because she wanted to teach and work in secondary schools. 44 The person who processed the case wrote that the position had been filled by a male doctor, appointed 'years ago, when there were no female competitors'. He also explained that since the doctor did not have tenure, he was being paid at the end of each year, with a modest amount, implying that his main job was elsewhere. The way he insisted on the procedure of acquiring the position by publishing it as vacant in the Official Monitor must have triggered the suspicion of the Ministry of Instruction, since its resolution clearly stated that women doctors had to be appointed in girls' schools provided they met all the criteria of the law. 45 This type of attitude displayed by male inspectors shows that the job transfers from male to female school doctors created frictions between the two. In the end, despite the obvious support from the Minister of Instruction, Dr Gudlea Gelbruch s petition led to the appointment of another colleague ʼ for the position available at the Carmen Sylva High School in Timișoara. Maria Cupcea Popovici was preferred because she was not an early career doctor and had a broader experience as a physician, teacher and school doctor. 46 However, it is not entirely clear if what mattered most was the ethnic origin, as Maria Cupcea was a Romanian born in Orhei County, Bessarabia, while Gudlea Gelbruch was a doctor of Jewish descent. ## Female professionals at a crossroads: Masculinity, femininity and language barriers Based on the cases discussed above, one might think that the substitution process for the positions of school doctor had only one direction: from male to female. In fact, documents show that the strict segregation of boys and 1 5 9 girls into separate education institutions did not exclude the presence of female doctors in boys' schools. Even though such situations were exceptional, they present a more nuanced image of a complex social process. During the spring of 1929, the principal of the boys' middle school in Sulina, a small harbour town near the Danube Delta, faced a serious challenge when the Ministry of Instruction

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= d p8 p5; cube = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; mesh = base et cube; trac qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc2d22.epx SC2D22 ECHO CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR CPLA GEOM Q42L base cube CL2D c7 c8 TERM COMP EPAI 1.0 LECT base cube TERM GROU 2 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT c3 TERM 'pcub' LECT cube TERM COND APPU LARG LECT c5 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM JAUN LECT c7 c8 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT c7 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 1.4E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 2 LECT c8 TERM FONC NUM 1 TABL 2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 NUM 2 TABL 4 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01001 1.0 1.0 1.0 OPTI PINS EQVD REDU ASN !OPTI PINS STAT ! LNKS STAT LINK COUP SPLT NONE BLOQ 12 LECT c1 TERM PINB BODY FROT MUST 0.3 MUDY 0.1 GAMM 0.5 MLEV 5 LECT pbas TERM BODY FROT MUST 0.3 MUDY 0.1 GAMM 0.5 MLEV 5 LECT pcub TERM OPTI NOTE CSTA 0.5 LOG 1 PINS GRID DPIN 1.0001 QUAS STAT 100. 1.0 UPTO 0.01 ECRI COOR DEPL VITE ACCE FLIA TFRE 0.01 NOEL POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERM FICH ALIT TFRE 1.E-5 POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERM FICH ALIC TFRE 1.E-3 CALC TINI 0 TEND 0.085 !fin *======================================================================= PLAY CAME 1 EYE 3.50000E+00 1.00000E+00 2.06602E+01 ! Q 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 VIEW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.00000E+00 RIGH 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 UP 0.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 FOV 2.48819E+01 !NAVIGATION MODE: ROTATING CAMERA !CENTER : 3.50000E+00 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 !RSPHERE: 3.75641E+00 !RADIUS : 2.06602E+01 147 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 !ASPECT : 1.00000E+00 !NEAR : 1.69038E+01 !FAR : 2.81731E+01 SCEN GEOM NAVI FREE SLER CAM1 1 NFRA 1 FREQ 0 TFRE 1.E-3 TRAC OFFS FICH AVI NOCL NFTO 86 FPS 10 KFRE 10 COMP -1 REND GOTR LOOP 84 OFFS FICH AVI CONT NOCL REND GO TRAC OFFS FICH AVI CONT REND ENDP *======================================================================= SUITE Post-treatment ECHO RESU ALIC TEMP GARD PSCR SORT GRAP AXTE 1. 't [s]' COUR 1 'dy_p5' DEPL COMP 2 NOEU LECT p5 TERM COUR 2 'dy_p6' DEPL COMP 2 NOEU LECT p6 TERM COUR 3 'dy_p7' DEPL COMP 2 NOEU LECT p7 TERM

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[]

compared to the other two bastis (74.6%; 50.3%; 79.2%). When comparing the different set -tlements statistically, we see a difference in the trust question (SC7) 'generally speaking, how much do you (mainly) trust people in this settlement?' Only 29.1% of households in Bhalswa indicated that they were trusting of their neighbours in the settlement (p<0.05). Using these data, we carry out confirmatory factor analysis in Stata to create a latent 1 factor for social capital (Attributes of the Community). This starts the pro -cess of constructing our theoretical model based on the IAD to consider polycen -tricity within the neighbourhoods to solve problems through collective action. We postulate that levels of social capital have an influence on community's collective action behaviours and use the Institutional Analysis and Development framework (V. Ostrom, 1975; E. Ostrom, 1986 , 2005) created by the Ostroms to understand the causal relationships at work here. Looking at Figure 3.2 the oval shape is used in confirmatory factor analysis , models to indicate a latent variable. The observed variables are given by the rectangles. The smaller circles are the error terms made up of the unique error to that variable and the associated random error ( Humble, 2020). Interpreting the model, a one standard deviation increase in the social capital latent factor is associated with a 0.6 standardised score increase in the observed variable SC1 (helping a family in need). This factor loading can be interpreted as a correlation between the latent factor and the item. Similarly, for the other observed variables, a one standard deviation increase in the social capital latent factor is associated with the standardised score increase in the observed variable (SC2, 0.66; SC3, 0.6; SC4, 0.57; SC5, 0.44; SC6, 0.6; SC7, 0.67). The factor loadings, which range from 0.44 to 0.67, illustrate the reliability of the model where the items relate well to the social capital latent variable. Loadings greater than or equal to 0.4 are said to be salient, relating meaningfully to a latent variable ( Brown, 2006). The social capital latent variable (Attributes of the Community) will be used in our theoretical model. ## Action situations [RWA/brokers/government officials/neighbours and family] In all neighbourhoods, households indicated that they work with a combination of different partners to facilitate community action activities. First, there are family and neighbours who work on different activities that have both public and private benefits as per the definitions

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partners Economic and Innovation (E&I) specialisations EIST specialisation domains E&I preliminary prioritiesEIST preliminary prioritiesS&T preliminary prioritiesSTEP 1 STEP 3STEP 2 Science and Technology (S&T) specialisations identified E&I specialisations – grouped here in economic clusters5. The EaP region and the six country summary sche- mas presented in the following pages provide syn- thetic evidence for the identification of synergies or concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations of the EaP countries, as well as a complete overview of all highlighted E&I and S&T specialisation domains. In this sense, it is possible to find the following: ■E&I specialisation domains that do not con- nect with any S&T domain; ■E&I specialisation domains that do connect with S&T domains (EIST domains); ■S&T specialisation domains that do not con- nect with any E&I domain. 5 Economic clusters are, in fact, aggregations of NACE codes and are introduced in Part 4 of this document.As will be noted in the final remarks, beyond S3 priority-setting, the diverse nature of these spe- cialisation domains may require targeted policy instruments within a varied Smart Specialisation policy mix. Globally, this report provides complementary evi- dence for these and many more potential E&I, S&T and EIST domains, which can be reinterpreted, com- plemented and further elaborated by experts and stakeholders during the entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP) to extend, replace or better specify the economic, innovation, scientific and technolog- ical specialisations and their concordances. 6 Executive summary Economic cluster (i.e. E&I domain) Corresponding NACE code(s) Alignment with S&T domain(s) Food processing and manifacturing10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages Agrifood Tobacco12 Manufacture of tobacco products Leather, apparel, & footwear13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products Nanotechnology and materials Wood products16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, exept furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Chemistry and chemical engineering Nanotechnology and materials Media production and distribution18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media Oil and gas production and trasportation19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Chemistry and chemical engineering Energy Nanotechnology and materials Chemical products20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Nanotechnology and materials Vulcanized and fired materials23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Nanotechnology and materials Metalworking technology25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Nanotechnology and materials Figure IIa. Summary table for the EaP

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| 86 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.3 | | Liechtenstein | 98 ᵢ | 98 ₋₂ ᵢ | 1 | 0.2 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 5 | … | … | … | … | … 90 | … 91 | … | … | … | | Lithuania Luxembourg | 100 ᵢ | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | - | - | 3 | 0.1 | 6 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 99 86 | 99 89 | 78 | 81 | 5.3 6.5 | 5.2 | 5.2 | | | 99 ᵢ | 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 13 | 99 | 99 | | | | | | 7.4 | 7.4 | | Malta | 99 ᵢ | 89 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 10 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 74 | 82 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 11.3 | | Monaco | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … 84 | … | … | … | … | | Montenegro | 65 ᵢ | 84 ᵢ | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 99 | 99 | 97 | 98 | 77 | 88 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | 99 ᵢ | 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 89 | | 79 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.2 | | North Macedonia | 42 ᵢ | 50 ₋₁ ᵢ | 4 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 30 | 12 | 99 | 99 | 96 | 98 | 77 | 85 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | | Norway | 98 ᵢ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 78 91 | 81 91 | 7.3 4.8 | 7.6 4.6 | 7.6 4.6 | | Poland | 96 ₋₁ ᵢ | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 100 | 100

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13, 2023 — Fish, the most biodiverse vertebrates in the animal kingdom, present evolutionary biologists a conundrum: The greatest species richness is found in the world's tropical waters, yet the fish ... Yellowstone's History of Hydrothermal Explosions Over the Past 14,000 Years June 9, 2022 — While much of public attention on Yellowstone focuses on its potential to produce large supereruptions, the hazards that are much more likely to occur are smaller, violent hydrothermal explosions. ... More Diversity Needed in Oil Palm Plantations Oct. 14, 2020 — Growing global demand for palm oil has led to a rapid spread of oil palm monoculture plantations in South East Asia, often associated with the loss of habitats and biodiversity. Plantations are ... TRENDING AT SCITECHDAILY.com After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia Print Email Share Breaking this hour Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming Worm Turns Ocean Poison Into Golden Crystals Ancient Oxygen Flood Changed Life Forever Bumble Bees Balance Their Diets With Precision Spacetime Crystals Made of Knotted Light Tiny Hologram for Ultraprecise Light Control High-Performance Iron Catalyst for Fuel Cells Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas “Molten Rock Raindrops” Reveal ... Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel Trending Topics this week PLANTS & ANIMALS Food Organic Birds EARTH & CLIMATE Air Quality Energy and the Environment Water FOSSILS & RUINS Human Evolution Ancient Civilizations Early Humans Strange & Offbeat PLANTS & ANIMALS Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas 500-Million-Year-Old “squid” Were Actually Ferocious Worms Why Tiny Bee Brains Could Hold the Key to Smarter AI EARTH & CLIMATE Scientists Found a New Way to Turn Sunlight Into Fuel Ancient Predators and Giant Amphibians Found in African Fossil Treasure Trove Scientists Warn Ocean Could Soon Reach Rapa Nui’s Sacred Moai FOSSILS & RUINS Ancient Fossil Discovery in Ethiopia Rewrites Human Origins 140,000-Year-Old Skeleton Shows Earliest Interbreeding Between Humans and Neanderthals Mysterious Denisovan Interbreeding Shaped the Humans We Are Today Toggle navigation Menu S D S D Home Page Top Science News Latest News Home Home Page Top Science News Latest News Health View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: Health &

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implementation. The EUDR lays down rules and obligations for seven commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, wood) and derived products. Operators need to ensure due diligence, including geographic coordinates about the sourcing location, and assessment of the risk of deforestation or forest degradation after the cut-off date (31 D ecember 2020). However, data and information provided on the EUFO do not assure compliance or imply non -compliance with EU Regulations, other legal frameworks or commitments, or international agreements. 3.1 Global Forest maps for year 2020 An important produc t for the EUDR implementation is the Global Forest Cover map for the year 2020 (GFC2020, COM 2023b; Bourgoin et al. , 2024, Bourgoin et al. , 2025 ). This global map indicates at 10 m spatial resolution forest cover presence or absence for the year 2020 follo wing the definition of forest as set out in the EUDR. GFC2020 is produced from a large set of global layers that indicate the potential presence or the absence of forest. There are three distinct steps: 1) mapping the maximum potential extent of forest cov er for year 2020 globally, 2) apply rules to reduce the maximum potential forest cover extent according to the EUDR forest definition, and 3) post processing with minor corrections and applying a minimum mapping unit of 0.5 ha (Bourgoin et al., 2025). The map has an overall accuracy of 91% with an error of 8% for omission and a commission error of 18% ( Colditz et al. , 2025 ). The GFC2020 is displayed o n the EUFO Web Platform . The platform al so includes an interactive web map of Global Forest Attributes , which provides the forest cover and three additional indices derived from forest pattern analysis (Vogt et al., 2022) - poros ity, network coherence, and connectivity - for every country (reporting unit). These four indicators are normalized within the range of 0 -100%, providing an intuitive and neutral reporting summary for status and trend assessments, as well as allowing for d irect comparison between individual reporting units. To define the countr ies used to compute the indices , and the associated country names and codes, the Global Forest Attributes analysis is based on the most up -to-date Eurostat ’s GISCO products, version 2024. 3.2 Modifying GISCO 2024 The extraction of forest indices aggregated by country from Remote Sensing (RS) -derived datasets with high

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QUAL COUR 1 REFE -5.24945E-03 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 2 REFE 5.24945E-03 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 11 REFE 0.00000E+00 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 12 REFE 0.00000E+00 TOLE 1.E-2 FIN repm03.epx REPM03 ECHO CONV WIN LAGR CPLA GEOM LIBR POIN 12 Q42L 4 TERM -2 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 -2 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 7 2 3 9 8 4 5 11 10 5 6 12 11 COMP EPAI 1.0 LECT TOUS TERM GROU 4 'b1' LECT 1 2 TERM 'b2' LECT 3 4 TERM 'c1' LECT 2 TERM 'c2' LECT 3 TERM COUL VERT LECT b1 TERM TURQ LECT b2 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000. YOUN 2.E11 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.E11 TRAC 1 2.E11 1.0 LECT b1 b2 TERM LINK COUP SPLT NONE PINB BODY MLEV 2 LECT c1 TERM BODY MLEV 2 LECT c2 TERM INIT VITE 1 10.0 LECT b1 TERM VITE 1 -10.0 LECT b2 TERM ECRI COOR DEPL VITE ACCE FLIA FREQ 1 FICH ALIC FREQ 1 OPTI NOTE CSTA 0.5 LOG 1 LNKS STAT PINS STAT EQVD REDU CALC TINI 0.0 TEND 0.01 NMAX 15 PLAY CAME 1 EYE 0.00000E+00 5.00000E-01 1.00623E+01 ! Q 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 VIEW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.00000E+00 RIGH 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 UP 0.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 FOV 2.48819E+01 !NAVIGATION MODE: ROTATING CAMERA !CENTER : 0.00000E+00 5.00000E-01 0.00000E+00 !RSPHERE: 2.23607E+00 !RADIUS : 1.00623E+01!ASPECT : 1.00000E+00 !NEAR : 7.82624E+00 !FAR : 1.45344E+01 SCEN GEOM NAVI FREE FACE HFRO PINB CDES NORM VECT SCCO FIEL FLIA SCAL USER PROG 3.5E7 PAS 3.5E7 4.9E8 SLER CAM1 1 NFRA 1 FREQ 1 TRAC OFFS FICH AVI NOCL NFTO 16 FPS 5 KFRE 10 COMP -1 REND GOTR LOOP 14 OFFS FICH AVI CONT NOCL REND GO TRAC OFFS FICH AVI CONT REND ENDPLAY SUIT Post ECHO OPTI PRIN RESU ALIC GARD PSCR SORT GRAP AXTE 1.0 'Time [s]' COUR 1 'x_3' COOR COMP 1 NOEU LECT 3 TERM COUR 2 'x_4' COOR COMP 1 NOEU LECT 4 TERM COUR 11 'rx_3' FLIA COMP 1 NOEU LECT 3 TERM COUR 12 'rx_4' FLIA COMP 1 NOEU LECT 4 TERM RCOU 101 'x_3' FICH 'repm01.pun' RENA 'x_3_01' RCOU 102 'x_4' FICH 'repm01.pun' RENA 'x_4_01' RCOU 111 'rx_3' FICH 'repm01.pun' RENA 'rx_3_01' RCOU 112 'rx_4' FICH 'repm01.pun' RENA 'rx_4_01' TRAC 1 2 101 102 AXES 1.0 'X-COOR [m]' COLO NOIR NOIR ROUG ROUG TRAC 11

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mo- bilised to support knowledge-based economic transformation? 4. How are international and national STI collab- oration networks structured and who are the main stakeholders? 5. Are there possible synergies/concordances between the countries’ economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations?The detailed methodological approach used to an- swer the research questions is presented in Part 1 of the report. To address the research questions, a varied list of international data sources is exploit- ed within the methodological approach specified in the Figure I. As a result of Steps 1 and 2 of the methodology, a series of economic and in- novation (E&I) specialisation domains and, in parallel, a series of scientific and technological (S&T) specialisation domains are identified for each EaP country. These results are presented in Part 2 and Part 3 of the report, respectively. Step 3 then aims at finding concordances between these complementary specialisation dimensions, leading to the identification of a subset of combined EIST specialisation domains – as presented be- low and described in Part 4 of the report. Indicators and insight aimed at each individual EaP country are complemented by an EaP-wide analysis, leading to the identification of some spe- cialisations and collaboration areas that can facili- tate regional cooperation. In line with the S3 Framework, further analytical and participatory work, complementary to the in- sights reported in this study, is necessary to an- alyse, propose and characterise specialisation priorities by: 1. enriching the quantitative and semantic analy- sis by adding additional local data sources and repositories (complementary economic and in- novation statistics, R&D projects financed by local policy instruments, publications in local repositories, patents and other intellectual property filed with local IPR agencies, etc.) to the international sources used in this exercise; 2. including profuse contributions by local ex- perts and stakeholders within the entrepre- neurial discovery processes. Part 4 of this report presents the process in which synergies or concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological special- isations have been identified, by means of con- cordance tables. These have been identified at EaP-region level and at country level, crossing indicators related to the S&T domains with the Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation5 Figure I. Summary scheme of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international

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[]

Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 . Angela Fan, Mike Lewis, and Yann N. Dauphin. 2018. Hierarchical neural story generation. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL , pages 889898. Andreas Hanselowski, Hao Zhang, Zile Li, Daniil Sorokin, Benjamin Schiller, Claudia Schulz, and Iryna Gurevych. 2018. Ukp-athene: Multi-sentence textual entailment for claim verification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.01479 . Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi. 2019. The curious case of neural text degeneration. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09751 . Nitish Shirish Keskar, Bryan McCann, Lav R Varshney, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. 2019. Ctrl: A conditional transformer language model for controllable generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05858 . Ryan Kiros, Yukun Zhu, Ruslan R Salakhutdinov, Richard Zemel, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. 2015. Skip-thought vectors. In Advances in neural information processing systems 28 , pages 3294-3302. Jiwei Li, Will Monroe, and Dan Jurafsky. 2016. A simple, fast diverse decoding algorithm for neural generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.08562 . Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019a. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 . Zihan Liu, Yan Xu, Genta Indra Winata, and Pascale Fung. 2019b. Incorporating word and subword units in unsupervised machine translation using language model rescoring. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.05925 . IV Logan, L Robert, F Nelson, E Matthew, et al. 2019. Barack's wife hillary: Using knowledgegraphs for fact-aware language modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.07241 . G´ abor Melis, Chris Dyer, and Phil Blunsom. 2017. On the state of the art of evaluation in neural language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.05589 . Tomas Mikolov and Geoffrey Zweig. 2012. Context dependent recurrent neural network language model. In Proceedings of the fourth IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT) , pages 234-239. Sebastian Nagel. http://web.archive.org/ save/http://commoncrawl.org/2016/ 10/news-dataset-available/ [online]. 2016. Accessed: 2019-11-08. Piotr Niewinski, Maria Pszona, and Maria Janicka. 2019. Tmlab: Generative enhanced model (gem) for adversarial attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.00337 . Jekaterina Novikova, Ondˇ rej Duˇ sek, Amanda Cercas Curry, and Verena Rieser. 2017. Why we need new evaluation metrics for nlg. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06875 . Myle Ott, Sergey Edunov, Alexei Baevski, Angela Fan, Sam Gross, Nathan Ng, David Grangier, and Michael Auli. 2019. fairseq: A fast, extensible toolkit for sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.01038 .

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10 development projects, 1 of which becomes a profitable mine' (Eggert, 2010). The existence of ring-fencing might discourage investors from undertaking risky exploration projects, as they will not be able to recover these losses for tax purposes unless special design features make it possible. Resource-rich countries could consider incorporating specific design features into their mining tax regimes to address the challenge of these permanent losses for exploration activities. This is explained in Section 5 of this practice note. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING ## 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 3.2.4 Ring-Fencing Creates Increases in Compliance Costs Ring-fencing rules can impact the compliance costs for taxpayers. Taxpayers will have to dedicate additional efforts to matching the relevant costs to the relevant mining projects and/or separate the results of nonmining activities from the mining tax base (Calder, 2014, p. 84). Ring-fencing rules might demand computations and reporting for operations in a manner that is inconsistent with internal management accounting and regulatory reporting. The complexity increases where mines operate based on separate licences, while they constitute one cohesive operating project, under which it is less likely to have separate management accounting on a per-licence basis. Weak grounding of the ring-fencing rules in commercial or accounting reality might result in disputes over the segregation of expenses or utilization of losses across an artificial line inconsistent with how the company makes decisions and reports. Where regulatory or commercial reality already requires the taxpayer to maintain segregated management or financial accounts of the different activities and the ring-fencing rules are designed in a similar manner (such as obligation to report to mining authorities on a mine or per-licence basis), there is less tax compliance burden. On the other hand, artificial segregation of incomes and expenditures, which is not relevant and needed for other commercial or regulatory purposes, might create an additional compliance burden. ## 3.2.5 Ring-Fencing Increases Administrative Costs The additional burden placed on tax administrations, which are often significantly resource-constrained in resource-rich developing countries, must also be considered. Ring-fencing per mine or mining licence area will increase the number of returns or separate calculations of tax base received by the tax authority, as opposed to a scenario where one single return or calculation is received per company. In addition, multiple returns or entries will need to be audited,

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(1.2) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.2). Georgia presents high normalised citation impacts across the board, in comparison to the EaP aver- age. Fundamental physics and mathematics (1.3), ICT and computer science (1.3), Health and well- being (1.2) and Environmental sciences and indus- tries (1.2) appear highest, followed by Agrifood (1.1), Optics and photonics (1.1) and Governance, culture, education and the economy (1.1). Publications (critical mass | CAGR)PatentsEC projectsTotal Fundamental physics and mathematics 3 317 -1.4% 30 0 3 347 Health and wellbeing 1 496 5.4% 40 4 1 540 Environmental sciences and industries 957 10.5% 103 8 1 068 Governance, culture, education and the economy928 10.4% 32 51 1 011 Nanotechnology and materials 727 0.4% 79 4 810 Optics and photonics 478 3.3% 18 0 496 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery51 1.7% 443 0 494 Agrifood 297 3.3% 177 5 479 ICT and computer science 412 5.5% 33 18 463 Chemistry and chemical engineering 307 6.3% 110 0 417 Electric and electronic technologies 92 12.3% 67 0 159 Biotechnology 94 6.7% 7 3 104Table 3.13. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Georgia 184 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.30. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Georgia 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 Number of records publicationsFundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeing Environmental sciences and industries Governance, culture, education and the economy Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Agrifood ICT and computer science Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Biotechnology patents EC projectsSeveral of these domains with a high citation im- pact also present a high specialisation and crit- ical mass, notably Environmental sciences and industries, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Health and wellbeing, representing pockets of both excellence and specialisation. In patents, Environmental sciences and industries (2.1), Governance, culture, education and the econ- omy (2.1), Agrifood (1.8), Chemistry and chemical engineering (1.4) and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (1.4) have a high specialisa- tion. Given patent count numbers, Environmental sciences and industries, Agrifood, Chemistry and chemical engineering and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery can all be considered rele- vant technological specialisations for Georgia. Finally, Table 3.14 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period65. The small

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TABL 4 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01001 1.0 1.0 1.0 OPTI PINS EQVD REDU ASN !OPTI PINS STAT ! LNKS STAT LINK COUP SPLT NONE BLOQ 123 LECT bas1 TERM PINB BODY MLEV 5 LECT pbas TERM BODY MLEV 5 LECT pcub TERM OPTI NOTE CSTA 0.5 LOG 1 PINS GRID DPIN 1.0001 QUAS STAT 100. 1.0 UPTO 0.01 ECRI COOR DEPL VITE ACCE FLIA TFRE 0.01 NOEL POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERM FICH ALIT TFRE 1.E-5 POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERMFICH ALIC TFRE 1.E-3 CALC TINI 0 TEND 0.085 !fin *======================================================================= PLAY CAME 1 EYE 9.67981E+00 -1.55461E+01 1.19133E+01 ! Q 8.47889E-01 4.83787E-01 5.59730E-02 2.09526E-01 VIEW -2.97649E-01 7.96940E-01 -5.25635E-01 RIGH 9.05932E-01 4.09467E-01 1.07814E-01 UP -3.01151E-01 4.44099E-01 8.43851E-01 FOV 2.48819E+01 !NAVIGATION MODE: ROTATING CAMERA !CENTER : 3.50000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 !RSPHERE: 3.77492E+00 !RADIUS : 2.07620E+01 !ASPECT : 1.00000E+00 !NEAR : 1.69871E+01 !FAR : 2.83119E+01 SCEN GEOM NAVI FREE LIMA ON SLER CAM1 1 NFRA 1 FREQ 0 TFRE 1.E-3 TRAC OFFS FICH AVI NOCL NFTO 86 FPS 10 KFRE 10 COMP -1 OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND GOTR LOOP 84 OFFS FICH AVI CONT NOCL OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND GO TRAC OFFS FICH AVI CONT OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND ENDP *======================================================================= SUITE Post-treatment ECHO RESU ALIC TEMP GARD PSCR SORT GRAP AXTE 1. 't [s]' COUR 1 'dz_p5' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p5 TERM COUR 2 'dz_p6' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p6 TERM COUR 3 'dz_p7' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p7 TERM COUR 4 'dz_p8' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p8 TERM COUR 5 'dx_p5' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p5 TERM COUR 6 'dx_p6' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p6 TERM COUR 7 'dx_p7' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p7 TERM COUR 8 'dx_p8' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p8 TERM TRAC 1 2 3 4 AXES 1. 'Z-DISP (m)' YZER TRAC 5 6 7 8 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' YZER LIST 1 2 3 4 AXES 1. 'Z-DISP (m)' LIST 5 6 7 8 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' RCOU 15 'dx_p5' FICH 'sc3d01.pun' RENA 'dx_p5_01' TRAC 5 15 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' YZER COLO NOIR ROUG FIN sc3d32.dgibi opti echo 0; * 'DEBPROC' pxextr3d m*'MAILLAGE' x1*'FLOTTANT' x2*'FLOTTANT' y1*'FLOTTANT' y2*'FLOTTANT' z1*'FLOTTANT' z2*'FLOTTANT'; * *-------------------------------------------------- * Extracts from the 3D mesh m the elements whose nodes are * located in the box [x1-x2,y1-y2,z1-z2]. * * Input : * ----- *

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[]

mining and refining assets around the world, manages strategic stockpiling and, since the introduction of the recent economic security law, has powers to develop processing and refining facilities within Japan. Europe, by contrast, has a comparable level of dependencies, being highly dependent on one or two countries for most of its critical mineral imports. However, it is not following a similarly coordinated approach. The EU is lacking a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the supply chain (from exploration to recycling) and, unlike its competitors, the mining and trading of commodities is largely left to private actors and the market. Strategic dependencies also extend to critical technologies for the digitalisation of Europe's economy [see the chapter on digitalisation and advanced technologies]. The EU relies on foreign countries for over 80% of digital products, services, infrastructure and intellectual property vi . Dependencies are particularly acute, however, for semiconductors owing to the structure of the industry, which is dominated by a small number of large players. The US has specialised in chips design, Korea, Taiwan and China in chips manufacturing, and Japan and some EU Member States in key materials and equipment - optics, chemistry and machinery [see Figure 3]. Europe has little domestic capacity in many parts of the supply chain. For example, the EU currently has no foundry producing below 22 nm process nodes and relies on Asia for 75% to 90% of wafer fabrication capacity (as does the US). Europe has become dependent on non-EU countries for chips design, packaging and assembly as well. Dependencies are also acute for other advanced tech. The EU's AI industry relies on hardware produced largely by one US-based company for the most advanced processors. Similarly, Europe's dependence on cloud services developed and run by US companies is massive. For quantum computing platforms, the EU suff.ligaers from six critical dependencies across 17 key technologies, components and materials. China and the US hold technological leadership in most of these critical elements. In the telecoms sector, Europe is less dependent on foreign technology: top EU vendors are well positioned in the global supply of telecoms equipment. However, it will be important that dependencies do not increase, especially on high-risk suppliers that could compromise the security of EU networks and citizens' data. Currently, 14 Member States have no restrictions on high-risk suppliers in place. FIGURE 3 ## Share in semiconductor value chain by country % of worldwide

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McDonell, J. T. 'Mothering an autistic child: Reclaiming the voice of the mother.' In B. O. Daly and M. T. Reddy (eds), Narrating Mothers: Theorizing Maternal Subjectivities , pp. 58- 75. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991. McGrayne, S. B. Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries. New York: Basic Books, 1992. - McWilliams Tullberg, R. Women at Cambridge . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 3 4 5 Menyhért, A. Women's Literary Tradition and Twentieth- Century Hungarian Writers: Renée Erdős, Ágnes Nemes Nagy, Minka Czóbel, Ilona Harmos Kosztolányi, Anna Lesznai , trans. A. Bentley. Leiden: Brill NV, 2020. Meng, X., N. Qian and P. Yared. 'The institutional causes of China's Great Famine, 1959- 61.' The Review of Economic Studies , 82: 4 (2015), 1568- 1611. Midgley, C., A. Twells and J. Carlier. Women in Transnational History: Connecting the Local and the Global . London and New York: Routledge, 2016. Mihăilescu, Ș. Din istoria feminismului românesc. Studiu și antologie de texte (1929- 1948) [ From the History of Romanian Feminism: Study and Anthology of Texts (1929- 1948) ]. Iași: Polirom, 2006. Miller, A. H. and J. E. Adams, eds. Sexualities in Victorian Britain . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Minden, K. Bamboo Stone: The Evolution of a Chinese Medical Elite . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. Modgil, S., R. Gill, V. L. Sharma, S. Velassery and A. Anand. 'Nobel nominations in science: Constraints of the fairer sex.' Annals of Neurosciences , 25 (2018), 63- 78. Mukharji, P. B. 'From serosocial to sanguinary identities: Caste, trans- national race science and the shifting metonymies of blood group B, India c.1918- 1960.' The Indian Economic and Social History Review , 51: 2 (2014), 143- 76. Mukherjee, S. Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018. Murgia, A. and B. Poggio, eds. Gender and Precarious Research Careers: A Comparative Analysis . London: Routledge, 2020. Nagy, B. and V. Paksi. 'A munka- magánélet összehangolásának kérdései a magasan képzett nők körében' [Issues of work- life balance among highly educated women]. In Z. Spéder (ed.), A család vonzásában: Tanulmányok Pongrácz Tiborné tiszteletére [ In the Gravitational Pull of the Family: Studies in Honour of Tiborné Pongrácz ], pp. 159- 75. Budapest: KSH Population Studies Research Institute, 2014. Nahimas, N. 'Making science popular: Readers, nation, and the universe in Chinese popular science periodicals, 1933- 1952.' PhD dissertation, York University, 2022.

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alongside each other, it seeks to expand the geography of research and destabilize the conventional focus on North America and Western Europe characteristic of much scholarly research on the topic. What do we learn about the experiences of women in STEMM in the twentieth century when we ponder examples from East Asia and South Asia alongside those from Eastern, Central and Southern Europe and the Anglo- American world? How can we rethink gender and science in the twentieth century when we move away from a monolingual archive dominated by the English language? To answer these questions, the chapters bring together a wide range of material - official archives, personal collections, oral history interviews, correspondence, press articles, memoirs, statistics, legislation, lecture series - in languages as diverse as Chinese, Czech, English, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Japanese and Romanian. This multilingual archive is examined against the background of changing local and global contexts that shaped the extent and ways in which women became in/ visible in STEMM. The essays thus make important qualifications to the widespread narrative that the twentieth century was a 'century for women' in science by showing what exactly that meant in different geographical and sociopolitical contexts and identifying, as J. Devika aptly proposed, 'points of contact' between this kaleidoscope of experiences, rather than trying to fit them into 'a single unified history'. 9 ## Numbers and the politics of in/ visibility In a volume concerned with the experiences of women in STEMM, it seems appropriate to discuss, albeit briefly, the paradoxical relationship between numbers and in/ visibility. As many of us can attest, it is not uncommon for scholars investigating the gendered histories of science to be asked to explain the relevance of their research by reference to the historically low number of 5 women who have pursued professional careers in STEMM. In her book on African American women mathematicians at NASA, Margot Lee Shetterly reveals that the 'magnitude of the story' she wanted to write was questioned, especially in the early stages of research: 'How many women are we talking about? Five or six?' 10 Since the proportion of women was often limited to begin with, the argument usually goes, their contributions to STEMM and the topic itself must also be of little historical consequence. 'Real' science, we are told, happened elsewhere, in the laboratory of an Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and, occasionally, Marie Curie. Low numbers, real

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'VELO (m)' LIST 4 5 6 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' COUR 7 'ns3-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 8 'ns4-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 9 'ns5-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM TRAC 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' LIST 7 8 9 AXES 1. 'ACCE (m)' COUR 14 'WTOT' WTOT COUR 15 'WCIN' WCIN COUR 16 'WINT' WINT COUR 17 'WIMP' WIMP TRAC 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 14 15 16 17 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' COUR 18 'vehi EEXT' EEXT REGION 1 COUR 19 'vehi ECIN' ECIN REGION 1 COUR 10 'vehi EINT' EINT REGION 1 TRAC 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' LIST 18 19 10 AXES 1. 'ENER (J)' COUR 20 'vehi IMPU1' IMPU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 21 'vehi IMPU2' IMPU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 22 'vehi IMPU3' IMPU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' LIST 20 21 22 AXES 1. 'momentum (kg m/s)' COUR 32 'vehi RESU1' RESU COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 33 'vehi RESU2' RESU COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 34 'vehi RESU3' RESU COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' LIST 32 33 34 AXES 1. 'force (N)' COUR 44 'vehi IRES1' IRES COMP 1 REGI 1 COUR 45 'vehi IRES2' IRES COMP 2 REGI 1 COUR 46 'vehi IRES3' IRES COMP 3 REGI 1 TRAC 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' LIST 44 45 46 AXES 1. 'impulse(N s)' FIN tube01 cmp.epx TUBE01_CMP ECHO RESU ALIC TEMP 'tube01.alt' SORT GRAP AXTE 1. 't [s]' * COUR 4 'ns3-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 5 'ns4-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 6 'ns5-V' VITE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM RCOU 104 'ns3-V' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns3-V-8pr' RCOU 105 'ns3-V' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns3-V-8pr' RCOU 106 'ns3-V' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns3-V-8pr'TRAC 4 5 6 104 105 106 AXES 1. 'VELO (m)' COLO NOIR NOIR NOIR ROUG ROUG ROUG * COUR 7 'ns3-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_3 TERM COUR 8 'ns4-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_4 TERM COUR 9 'ns5-A' ACCE COMP 3 NOEU LECT nset_5 TERM RCOU 107 'ns3-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns3-A-8pr' RCOU 108 'ns4-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns4-A-8pr' RCOU 109 'ns5-A' FICH 'tube01_MPI.pun' RENA 'ns5-A-8pr' TRAC 7 8 9 107 108

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[]

data streams , ) from some or all components of the MRF and provides autonomous control of the MRF based on those inputs. The is embodied as one or more computer devices and/or software that runs on the one or more computer devices to carry out, operate, or execute the techniques disclosed herein. As examples, the can be implemented or embodied as a programmable logic controller (PLC), a distributed control system (DCS), a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, some other computerized control system, and/or any computing device discussed. In some examples, the may include, in whole or in part, custom or purpose-built hardware, such as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal controllers (DSCs), electronic control units (ECUs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), discrete circuits, and/or other electronic and/or software implements suitable to a given implementation, or a combination of any of the foregoing. Additionally or alternatively, the includes one or more interfaces that connect or communicatively couple the to the , , for information/data collection, and for providing instructions/commands and/or configurations to the , , . In some examples, the can provide collected data/information to a remote service provider and/or may receive instructions and/or configurations from the remote service provider to carry out the functions of . The various components/nodes of the can communicate with one another using any suitable wireless or wired communication protocol, such as any of those discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the may have the same or similar components as the discussed infra w.r.t . In some implementations, the is local to the MRF (e.g., on or near the MRF premises), in a remote location, or a combination thereof. may execute on one or more computer devices that are under the control of the MRF owner/operator (e.g., compute and/or of ), and/or one or that are under the control of a third party. Additionally or alternatively, is implemented in whole or in part by software that executes on a remote service provider (e.g., of ), which can include or be part of, for example, a cloud computing service, an edge computing service, a cellular communications service, and/or other service provider that can communicate with a front end or client (e.g., of ) under the control of the MRF operator. For example, the can be implemented as one or more distributed applications operating within one

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[]

by her status as a wife and mother, as Macková discusses, eventually prompting her return to Czechoslovakia. Women also had diverging views of marriage and its impact on their careers: some, like Janaki Ammal or the Japanese scientists discussed in Ogawa's Foreword, chose celibacy, while others, like Eileen Erlanson, contracted several marriages in their quest for a fulfilled personal and professional life. When celibacy was not an option, as in the case of physician Tada Urata and botanist Hiro Ōhashi, women either disappeared on their wedding day or were trapped in unhappy marriages. The three chapters in this section examine the intersections of domesticity and science especially in relation to medicine and education. Saurav Rai's contribution focuses on Yashoda Devi, a woman Ayurvedic practitioner in colonial and post- colonial India, who navigated the social and gender biases of this field to promote a reformist agenda of healthcare and domestic education for women, eventually becoming a prominent and influential health practitioner. Devi's remarkable public visibility as an Ayurvedic practitioner was made possible by media of communication like the post and the exploding print market in India in the first half of the twentieth century. Her medical practice was so successful that correspondence addressed to her only by name, by women seeking medical advice, usually found its way to the addressee. Her success as a best- selling author is even more remarkable in a context of low literacy levels, especially among female readers. Public popularity notwithstanding, Devi was and continues to be regarded as a marginal figure in the Ayurvedic movement. As Rai explains, Ayurvedic practice reinforced patriarchy and regarded women as preservers of the family's health with responsibility for the 'scientific' management of the household. This was a view that Devi herself propagated, even as she simultaneously criticized gender hierarchies and violence against women, for example, in her writings on women's sexual consent or sexual pleasure. Devi's case demonstrates how women struggled to have their voices heard in an Ayurvedic practice dominated by a patriarchal discourse. It also shows that, even within this patriarchal framework, her status as a woman was instrumental in challenging ideas about women's social roles and making Indian women in general more visible, for example, by editing an encyclopaedia of 100 Indian female historical figures. Anne Hardgrove uses historical analysis and interviews with three graduates of Lady Irwin College in New Delhi - Shyamala Gopalan, 'Ritu' and

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[]

fault detection algorithm, a Dempster-Shafer (D-S) argumentation-based algorithm, a Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm, a triangulation based fusion algorithm, and/or any other like data fusion algorithm. Additional examples of the presently described implementations and/or implementation include the following, non-limiting examples. Each of the non-limiting examples may stand on its own, or may be combined in any permutation or combination with any one or more of the other examples provided below or throughout the present disclosure. Example [0176] includes a method of operating a central control unit for a material recovery facility (MRF), the method comprising: receiving a data stream from each of one or more environmental sensors; processing the one or more data streams to determine a status of the MRF; and controlling at least one material handling unit in the MRF on the basis of the one or more data streams to alter its handling of a material waste stream, wherein the status of the MRF includes a composition of the material waste stream at one or more locations within the MRF and an operating condition of the at least one material handling unit, and wherein the at least one material handling unit is controlled to optimize the purity and/or recovery of at least one recyclable material stream extracted from the material waste stream. Example [0177] includes the method of example [0176] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control or otherwise alert a servicing mechanism to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0178] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0177] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to signal an operator of the MRF to service the at least one material handling unit when the operating condition of the at least one material handling unit indicates that service is needed. Example [0179] includes the method of examples [0176]-[0178] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the at least one material handling unit is one of a mechanical sorter, robotic sorter, an optical sorter, an air sorter, a baler, and/or some other type of handling unit/device. Example [0180] includes the method of examples [0179] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the method includes: causing the control unit to control the at least one material handling unit to extract contaminants

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[]

edge, such as electrolysers and carbon capture and storage. But many EU players still prefer to produce at scale in China owing to higher construction costs in Europe, permitting delays and more restricted access to critical raw materials. For example, electrolyser production requires at least 40 raw materials and the EU currently produces just 1-5% of these domestically. Overall, despite the EU’s ambition to maintain and develop clean tech manufacturing capacity, there are multiple signs of an evolution in the opposite direction, with EU companies announcing production cuts, shutdowns and partial or full relocation. FIGURE 7 Clean technology manufacturing capacity by region %, 2021 Source: European Commission, 2024. Based on IEA, Bruegel. 46THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3 The threat to Europe’s position in clean tech owes mainly to a lack of an industrial strategy equivalent to other major regions . EU manufacturers are suffering primarily from a lack of stability of demand and from produc - tion cost gaps, reinforced by an unlevel playing field with other major economies providing significant subsidies and erecting trade barriers. The European Commission estimates that Chinese subsidies for clean tech manufacturing have long been twice as high as those in the EU as a share of GDP, while the country has protected its home market for solar PV, wind power-generation equipment and EV batteries. The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is estimated to provide USD 40 billion to USD 250 billion in support for manufacturing of clean tech and is projected to help to bridge the US cost gap vis-à-vis producers in China. These policies have left the EU with a significant cost disad - vantage: for example, solar PV manufacturing costs in China are around 35%-65% lower than in Europe and costs for manufacturing battery cells are 20%-35% lowerx. The EU announced a comprehensive response in 2023 with the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA). However, EU financial support remains fragmented among different programmes, characterised by higher complexity and lead times, and generally excludes operating costs where cost gaps are greatest. Overall, financing for manufacturing at the EU level is five to ten times less generous than under the IRA. Finally, while the NZIA specifies EU manufacturing targets, they are not backed by explicit minimum quotas for local products and components – quotas which other regions regularly apply – meaning EU demand is not predictably channelled towards EU

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these objects by material type or composition. - the identification equipment on the system presort would be able to identify metals, compound plastics, large objects, and includes volatile compounds such as batteries, propane tanks and fuel cells. - FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an example autonomous material processing system 1100 , which includes various MHUs 322 . Operation of the MRF system 1100 begins with material being conveyed by conveyor 1101 passing under the robotic sorter 1102 . The robotic sorter 1102 removes relatively large residue materials prior to entering the system 1100 . At this stage the first material composition is created. The resulting composition data is utilized by the system 1100 to determine the priority that materials will be sorted for subsequent processing loop cycles. - the inbound material passes under a magnet 1103 to remove ferrous metals, with the remaining material being conveyed to bunker 1110 - 1 . - Bunker 1110 - 1 is then opened and live feeds material via conveyor system 1104 (including conveyors 1104 a , 1104 b , 1104 c , and 1104 d ) to the optical sorter 1105 . - the optical sorter 1105 is equipped with an AI/ML high speed object identification system and a metal detector to further sort the initial prioritized material as it is fed through the optical sorter 1105 . - This combined sensing technology can sort material based on shape, color, molecular composition, and/or based on other parameters. This allows for sorting complex materials throughout a variety of stream scenarios. - the commodity is ejected from the optical sorter 1105 and passes under a second robotic sorter 1106 , which conducts a final quality control (QC) check/sort of the sorted fraction prior to the material entering its respective commodity bunkers 1110 , ultimately to be baled. - the default non ejected material is conveyed into bunker 1110 - 2 . - bunker 1110 - 1 closes and the system processes at full capacity from bunker 1110 - 2 , removing each targeted commodity, respectively, based on the initial material composition until desired recovery values have been achieved. - the system 1100 purges any remaining residue material and resumes processing material from bunker 1110 - 1 , which continued to fill while the material from bunker 1110 - 2 were being processed. After all available materials have been processed, the autonomous processing system

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## A Circular Approach to the Four Pillars of the CHC methodology In this section, we will explore how the four principles of CHC are approached within Common Ground, looking first at the CHC weekend, and then more broadly at the program as a whole. ## Common Ground Collective Healing Circle Weekend The Common Ground program s in-person stage began with a two-day series of art ' and healing activities informed by UNESCO s CHC methodology, which we will be ' focusing on in the rest of this chapter. Through creative exercises, open dialogue and activities designed to engage the body, mind and spirit, this gathering fostered a sense of co-responsibility, co-creation and co-dependency as bases of healing dialogues that permeated the following parts of the program. The Collective Healing Circle took the following shape and form. Seated in a circle, and having grounded themselves through embodied exercises, the participants began the day s session with short workshops led by UNESCO-trained CHC ' facilitators around two of the four pillars. These aimed at introducing the key concepts relevant to approaching these pillars to the participants. In the second stage, the floor was left to the participants to appropriate the proposed concepts by engaging their personal biography. In this way, the first day of activities focused on the first two pillars of CHC: the recognition of the harms of inhumanity and their after effects, and the restoration of a sense of integrity and human dignity. The workshop of the day introduced the notion of structural injustice, as well as race, class and gender identities, highlighting the intersectional nature of oppressive structures, but also the multidisciplinary nature of the identities that make us up and define us in the eyes of society. On the basis of these reflections, the participants were invited to share their personal experiences. One after the other, the participants present began to tell stories linked to their intimate and family biographies, in a spontaneous and organic way. As the stories unfolded, they echoed each other, and the participants picked up on elements shared by another person, creating links between personal biographies across geographies, cultures, ages and, more generally, differences. But also, as each person spoke, certain themes became more and more evident and shared by the participants, notably the interconnected traumas linked to gender inequalities, the systemic discrimination linked to forced migration and experiences of displacement, as well

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| Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | Finanzas I | |---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------| | G | H la | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | Gasto público en | | | | a | | | | | % del PIB per | % del PIB per | | | | en educación | del gasto destinado (%) | PPA a precios | | | | | Secundaria | | | | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | Gasto (% Porcentaje público educación 1.a.2 | | público del PIB) | total | Preprimaria | Primaria | Secundaria | Terciaria | Preprimaria | Primaria | Terciaria | Código del país | | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | 4.5.4 | | 5,2 ₋₁ | 13,9 ₋₁ | | 10 | | | | | | AUS | | | | | | | | | 19 ₋₂ | | | | 4,1 4,2 | 6,8 ₊₁ 11,6 ₊₁ | 7558 ₋₂ … … … … | 11 216 ₋₂ 961 … | ₋₂ … … | 9902 ₋₂ 13 … … … | ₋₂ 20 16 … … 22 ₋₁ | ₋₂ 15 15 … … … 16 ₋₁ | … … | 17 ₋₂ … KIR | | 14,2 ₋₂ 7,5 ₋₁ | 16,1 ₋₁ 11,3 ₋₁ | … … 1887 ₋₁ | 1459 ₋₁ … | 1054 ₋₁ | 884 ₋₁ 29 | … ₋₁ … | … | 13 ₋₁ … | MHL | | 10,5 ₋₃ 7,8 ₋₁ | 18,6 ₋₃ … | … … | … | … | … … | … | … … | … |

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[]

broader scope to exercise leadership instead of just implementing protocols and procedures. This is because system leadership involves the ability to generate change through existing or new connections. System leaders must plan and budget for fiscal and human resources that will achieve education goals. Officials in education ministries and national education implementation agencies need to be able to process and analyse data, monitor and evaluate, develop policy recommendations, design programmes, prepare draft laws, and advise political leaders. System leaders could be leaders, part or products of system change. Seniority should not be the main selection criterion for them to have a positive influence on others. They need to have not only relevant knowledge but also skills to facilitate, advocate, mobilize and challenge – and build the professional capacity of others. They need to be thought leaders as well as practical leaders. They should have status, recognition and understanding of how change is led and managed. They also need to act as models for future practices instead of simply sharing existing best practice. Fulfilling these roles usually depends on a country’s public administration and civil service structures and traditions, with respect to selection, promotion, professionalism, internal and external motivation, empowerment, expertise, and capacity – and the extent to which these cultivate a leadership perspective in the exercise of public functions. Chapter 6 on political leadership returns to the issue of the purpose of education. Ultimately, it falls to political leaders to develop a vision and set the expectations for an education system of good quality that captures popular aspirations and is aligned with national development objectives. This vision may be expressed in political party agendas and be part of a political programme that is questioned by voters. Presidents, prime ministers, ministers and deputy ministers of education are responsible for providing a long-term education perspective, seeking consensus in formulating reforms, offering continuity where necessary, and ensuring that plans are credible and matched with the required resources. Not only the executive but also the legislative branch of government needs to demonstrate leadership: parliamentary committees of education can make major contributions through the passing of laws and scrutinizing the work of government. Political leaders have opportunities and constraints in fulfilling their responsibilities. They differ in how their political visions of education are formed, how they serve society, and how often they are sidetracked by short-term considerations and political calculations. Short tenures, coalition and alliance

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[]

- 19. Labb , C., Labb é é , D.: Duplicate and fake publications in the scienti /uniFB01 c literature: how many SCIgen papers in computer science? Scientometrics, Akad é miai Kiad ó , p.

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on a typical day (December 14) in 2020. NWP = numerical weather prediction; OSCAR = Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool. Notes 1. See United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals: Decade of Action ( dashboard), https://www.un.org /sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/ . 2. Hallegatte , Bangalore, and Vogt-Schilb (2016). 3. Charts Catalogue (we ather map repository), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, https://apps.ecmwf.int/webapps/opencharts/?. 4. ECMWF ( 2018). 5. Rimes (2020 ). 6. Zillman (2019 ). 7. ECMWF ( 2020). 8. See Deutscher W etterdienst, Open Data Server (dash- board), https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/opendata /opendata.html. References ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). 2018. “Extra Weather Station Data Improve ECMWF’s Forecasts.” News, June 18, 2018. https://www .ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2018/extra -weather-station-data-improve-ecmwfs-forecasts. ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). 2020. “ECMWF Moves towards a Policy of Open Data.” News, October 7, 2020. https://www.ecmwf .int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/ecmwf-moves -towards-policy-open-data. Hallegatte, Stéphane, Mook Bangalore, and Adrien Vogt- Schilb. 2016. “Socioeconomic Resilience: Multi-Hazard Estimates in 117 Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 7886, World Bank, Washington, DC. RIMES (Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia). 2020. “37 RIMES Countries Agree to Share Data and Focus on Impact Forecasting and Forecast-Based Action for 2021–2025.” RIMES, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, Novem-ber 26, 2020. https://www.rimes.int/?q=node/630. Zillman, John W . 2019. “Origin, Impact, and Aftermath of WMO Resolution 40.” WMO Bulletin 68 (2): 69–71. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10077.IBRD WLD45650 | MARCH 2021More than 100% Normal ≥ 80%Availability issues ≥ 30% Availability issues < 30% Not receiv ed in period OSCAR schedule issues No match in OSCAR/surface land observationAvaila bilit y of surface land observat ions (globa l NWP) a s of December 14, 2020 152 | World Development Report 2021Developing spatially integrated datasets that leverage administrative, social media, private, and more traditional sources can help to pave the way for smart and socially beneficial investments and policies.Spotlight 4.2 Making roads safer by repurposing private intent traffic data Reducing road mortality by half (Sustainable Develop- ment Goal 3.6) could save 675,000 lives a year. Yet the countrywide investments in regulation, enforcement, education, and infrastructure needed to attain this ambitious target are often out of reach. Resource con-straints require countries to make smart choices on where and how to invest. Knowing where and when road traffic crashes happen can help to prioritize investments where they matter most. Unfortunately, many countries facing these difficult choices have little or no data on road traffic crashes and inadequate capacity to analyze the data they do have.

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Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation329 NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres [20.6] D01F 21Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations [21]A61K; C07D; C07H; C07J; C12P; C12Q; C07K; A61P; C12NA61K 8/* 22Manufacture of rubber and plastic products [22]B29C; B29D; B60C; B67D 22.1 Manufacture of rubber products [22.1] C08C 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products [23]B32B 23.1Manufacture of glass and glass products [23.1]C03C; C03B 23.3Manufacture of clay building materials [23.3]B28B; B28C 23.4Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products [23.4]E03D 23.5Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster [23.5]C04B 24 Manufacture of basic metals [24]B21C; B22D; C21B; C22B; C22C; C22F; C21C; C25C; C21D; C25F 24.4Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals [24.4]G21H 25.1Manufacture of structural metal products [25.1]A44B; A47H; B21G; F27D 25.2Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal [25.2]F16T; F22B; F22G; F24J 25.3Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers [25.3]G21B; G21C; G21D 25.4Manufacture of weapons and ammunition [25.4]B63G; F41A; F41B; F41G; F41H; F41J; F41C; F42C; F41F; G21J 25.5Forging, pressing, stamping and roll- forming of metal; powder metallurgy [25.5]B22F 25.6Treatment and coating of metals; machining [25.6]C23D; C25D 25.7Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware [25.7]E05B; E05D; E05F; E06B 25.9Manufacture of other fabricated metal products [25.9]A01L; E05C; F16B 26.1Manufacture of electronic components and boards [26.1]B81B; B81C; B82B; G11C; H01C; H01F; H01L; H05K; B82Y; H01G; C30B; H01J 26.2Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment [26.2]G02F; G06C; G06D; G06G; G06J; G06N; G06E; G06T; G06F; G09C 26.3Manufacture of communication equipment [26.3]G03H; G08B; H01Q; H01S; H03B; H03C; H03M; H04L; H04S; H03D; H04B; H04M; H04W; H03G; H04H; H04N; H03H; H04J; H04Q; H03J; H04K; H04R 330 Annexes NACE sector IPC class NOT matching 26.4Manufacture of consumer electronics [26.4]H03F; H03K; H03L 26.5Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation; watches and clocks [26.5]F15C; G01B; G01C; G01D; G01F; G01H; G01J; G01K; G01L; G01M; G01N; G01Q; G01R; G01S; G01V; G01W; G04B; G04C; G04D; G04F; G04G; G04R; G05B; G05F; G08C; G12B 26.6Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment [26.6]A61N; G21K; H05G; H05H 26.7Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment [26.7]G02B; G02C; G03B 26.8Manufacture of magnetic and optical media [26.8]G03C 27.1Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity distribution and control apparatus [27.1]H02B; H02S; H02J; H02K; H02N; H02P 27.2Manufacture of batteries and accumulators [27.2]H01M 27.3Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices [27.3]H01B; H01H; H01R; H02G 27.4Manufacture of electric lighting equipment [27.4]F21P; F21Q; H01K; F21H; F21S; F21K; F21V; F21L; F21W; F21M; F21Y 27.5Manufacture of domestic

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[]

1 437 Nanotechnology and materials 1 265 -1.6% 58 5 1 328 Governance, culture, education and the economy680 9.5% 14 33 727 Chemistry and chemical engineering 595 2.6% 35 1 631 Optics and photonics 603 -2.5% 9 1 613 Environmental sciences and industries 482 16.3% 27 1 510 Biotechnology 442 4.0% 5 3 450 Agrifood 331 8.6% 62 2 395 ICT and computer science 351 18.6% 29 15 395 Electric and electronic technologies 30 2.6% 102 0 132 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery56 -5.6% 64 0 120 Energy 98 3.8% 8 5 111Table 3.9. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Armenia 176 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential mental physics and mathematics (with an SI of 1.6), Optics and photonics (1.2), Agrifood (1.2) and Biotechnology (1.1). Overall, Armenian publications present a lower normalised citation impact than the EaP average. Four domains, however, stand out: Agrifood (with an NCI of 1.3), Environmental sciences and indus- tries (1.2), Fundamental physics and mathematics (1.1) and Governance and culture (1.1). Thus, in terms of scientific publications, Funda- mental physics and mathematics is a domain in which Armenia’s S&T ecosystem simultaneously presents a high critical mass, relative specialisa- tion and scientific impact. In patents, Fundamental physics and mathemat- ics (3.1), Electric and electronic technologies (2.4) have an SI higher than 2, signalling a very high specialisation, followed by Agrifood (1.5) and Na- notechnology and materials(1.3). It must be noted that patent specialisation indexes for Armenian domains may suffer from the low aggregate number of records, leading to vola- tile indicators for single domains – where patent counts can be in single units or low tens, especially for Optics and photonics, Biotechnology, Govern- ance, culture, education and the economy, Chem- istry and chemical engineering and Environmental sciences and industries. Given this issue with data richness, specialisation indexes for these do- mains will not be considered in the summary of the strengths of each S&T specialisation domain for each EaP country at the end of the document. Finally, Table 3.10 presents the change in the share of each domain within the S&T data sourc- es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more recent 2015-2018 period63. The small number of records, particularly patents, gathered for Arme- nia affects the temporal evolution indicators sig- nificantly, and thus some domains have not been considered. 63 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further

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information from economic and innovation data sources and science and technology data sources. 2.3 Definition of EIST potential The original definition of Smart Specialisation is a knowledge-based economic transformation agenda. For evidence-informed policymaking, it is therefore important to understand the critical mass and specialisation in economic terms, but to also match scientific, innovation and technological outputs and activities that can bring more value added to existing activities but also identify new niches in global value chains. Economic, innovation, scientific and tech- nological potentials are intrinsically rela- tive concepts. In terms of domains, potentials may indeed be observed between sectors, nich- es, scientific disciplines and technological areas. In geo-political terms, they can be measured, conversely, within each EaP country, within the EaP and in relation to international partners and competitors. Whatever the dimension of interest, in this report, the whole EaP region is taken as a baseline and potentials are measured by looking at a series of quantitative indicators (which meas- ure, e.g. the share of turnover per industrial sector, or the share of scientific publications per scientif- ic domain) and by normalising it with respect to the EaP average. Potentials are therefore detected when large positive deviations are observed with respect to the EaP baseline. To achieve this, this report integrates data from different sources, transversally analysing it and extracting relevant information to support policy- making. In line with the availability of data (for the different dimensions of the analysis) and the cov- erage, quality and taxonomic or semantic gran- ularity of this data, different approaches are proposed to measure potential, providing di- verse evidence for S3 priority setting. This analysis relies on the computation of spe- cialisation indexes14 for the different E&I and S&T domains and taxonomies. The refer- ence baseline used throughout all EIST analyses is the whole EaP region: critical mass is measured by the share of specific activities in each economy, and the specialisation is obtained by normalising the critical mass of each country with respect to the EaP average. Therefore, in the following analy- ses, potential is synonymous of specialisation with respect to the EaP region. Finally, the evolution of the analysis over time and indicators discussed above is provided; this anal- ysis is performed systematically for E&I domains, identifying current and emerging strengths, and only when time series data is consistent, for S&T domains. 14 The specialisation index, also known as ‘location quotient’, measures

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with a colour, the data for this three-digit industry are not available as results have been merged with those of other three-digit industries highlighted with the same colour. For example, for both Georgia and Moldova, data for industries 131 and 139 have been aggregated into one number. NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 10.1 Processing/preserving of meat 10.2 Processing/preserving of fish, etc. 10.3 Processing/preserving of fruit, vegetables 10.4 Vegetable and animal oils and fats 10.5 Dairy products 10.6 Grain mill products, starches and starch products 10.7 Other food products 10.8 Prepared animal feeds 11.0 Beverages 12.0 Tobacco products 13.1 Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles 13.9 Other textiles 14.1 Wearing apparel, except fur apparel 14.2 Articles of fur 14.3 Knitted and crocheted apparel 15.1 Leather; luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness; furTable 2.6. INDSTAT data availability at NACE three-digit level 50 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 15.2 Footwear 16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood 16.2 Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials 17.0 Paper and paper products 18.1 Printing and service activities related to printing 18.2 Reproduction of recorded media 19.1 Coke oven products 19.2 Refined petroleum products 20.1 Basic chemicals, fertilisers, etc. 20.2 Other chemical products 20.3 Man-made fibres 21.0 Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. 22.1 Rubber products 22.2 Plastics products 23.1 Glass and glass products 23.9 Non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. 24.1 Basic iron and steel 24.2 Basic precious and other non-ferrous metals 24.3 Casting of metals 25.1 Struct. metal products, tanks, reservoirs 25.2 Weapons and ammunition 25.9 Other metal products; metalworking services 26.1 Electronic components and boards 26.2 Computers and peripheral equipment 26.3 Communication equipment 26.4 Consumer electronics 26.5 Measuring, testing equipment; watches, etc. 26.6 Irradiation/electromedical equipment, etc. 26.7 Optical instruments and photographic equipment 26.8 Magnetic and optical media 27.1 Electric motors, generators, transformers, etc. 27.2 Batteries and accumulators Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation51 NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 27.3 Wiring and wiring devices 27.4 Electric lighting equipment 27.5 Domestic appliances 27.9 Other electrical equipment 28.1 General-purpose machinery 28.2 Special-purpose machinery 29.1 Motor vehicles 29.2 Automobile bodies, trailers and semi-trailers 29.3 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles 30.1 Building of ships and boats 30.2 Railway locomotives and rolling stock 30.3 Air and spacecraft and related machinery 30.4 Military fighting vehicles 30.9 Transport equipment n.e.c. 31.0

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[]

| -0.010 (0.025) | | I regularly stop to talk with people in my neighbourhood (NCI 17) | 0.027 (0.031) | | Living in this neighbourhood gives me a sense of community (NCI 18) | 0.102 *** (0.028) | | Neighbouring (NEI) | | | I visit with my neighbours in their homes (NCI 3) | -0.018 (0.027) | | The friendships I have with people in my neighbourhood mean a lot (NCI 4) | -0.097 *** (0.028) | | If people in my neighbourhood were planning something, I'd think of it as something 'we' were doing rather than 'they' were doing (NCI 6) | 0.001 (0.023) | | If I need advice, I could go to someone in my neighbourhood (NCI 7) | -0.030 (0.024) | | I borrow things and exchange favours with my neighbours (NCI 11) | 0.002 (0.028) | | I have never invited neighbours over to my house to visit (R) (NCI 15) | -0.048 ** (0.016) | | Attraction to neighbourhood (ATTR) | | | Overall, I am very attracted to living in this neighbourhood (NCI 1) | -0.073 ** (0.030) | | I feel like I belong to this neighbourhood (NCI 2) | 0.225 *** (0.027) | | Given the opportunity, I would like to move out of this neighbourhood (R) (NCI 5) | -0.003 (0.015) | | I plan to remain a resident of this neighbourhood for a number of years (NCI 13) | -0.023 (0.021) | | Constant | -0.157 (0.137) P[F(18, 620) = | | Constant | 16.62] < 0.001 | | Constant | R 2 = 0.325 | Note: Analysis includes 639 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, p<0.05. * Regarding 'attraction to the neighbourhood' (ATTR), respondents from Sanjay colony were 7.3 pp less likely to say they were attracted to living in the neighbour -hood (NCI 1, p<0.01). They were 22.5 pp more likely to have a feeling of belong -ing (NCI 2, p<0.001). Given that the base probability is 50 percent, the effect size of this result is the most significant of all these results as it increases the base prob -ability by 45 percent (medium Cohen's d effect size (0.45 = 0.225/0.5)). ## Subjective well-being (SWB) There were two statistically significant differences between the responses from residents in Sanjay colony and Bhalswa on the

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[]

CONCLUSION ## 5.4.3 Recommendations ## How should ring-fencing rules be introduced into an applicable legal framework? - · It is preferable to introduce ring-fencing rules for mining into the law, which is public and subject to legislative review, rather than by contract, which is often discretionary, confidential, and vulnerable to corruption. - · Where the licensing law requires each legal entity to own only one mining licence, there is de facto ring-fencing. In those cases, countries should still consider ring-fencing per activity to separate mining activities from non-mining activities. - · Countries might consider requesting the mining investor to have separate accounting per project for non-tax reporting purposes; however, this obligation will not result in ring-fencing outcomes for tax purposes unless the accounting laws are the basis for the application of the tax laws or the tax law also mirrors these reporting requirements and it becomes the basis for application of ring-fencing rules. - · Where countries are considering a requirement for taxpayers to get separate tax identification numbers for each mining title for ring-fencing purposes, countries should factor in the administration challenges, such as managing one taxpayer with multiple identification numbers. - · Ring-fencing rules should preferably apply only for new licences/ projects granted after the year of entry into force of the ring-fencing laws, unless there are imperative policy reasons to the contrary due to the challenges related to implementation for ongoing/existing projects. - · Ring-fencing rules should be out of the scope of stabilization provisions. - · Special attention should be given to the design of the ring-fencing regime, where the tax system includes progressive tax rates or special expense limitations. ## How should the apportionment of revenues and expenditures work? - · Resource-rich countries should establish clear definitions of direct, indirect, and general revenues and expenditures. - · Direct revenues and expenditures should be attributed in full to the specific licence or the business activities to which they relate. ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES ## 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION - · Resource-rich countries should require the use of the most direct and appropriate allocation keys for significant expenses, which exceed a given materiality threshold. Such allocation keys should approximate the allocation approach most directly to the actual usage and benefit derived for each project. For less significant expenses,

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[]

took advantage of her conscientiousness. Maasdorp stated that while working on a project for Oliphant, the design of a new Van der Graaf electrostatic generator, an incident occurred whereby increasing the voltage to test the machine was immediately followed by 'a big spark, a loud crack, and glass and oil all over the floor'. Maasdorp and her fellow male researchers decided to take a lunch break before tackling the lab- cleaning. Maasdorp returned and began the clean- up; however, her colleagues did not return until the following morning, when the lab was clean. 33 This behaviour reflects cultural attitudes towards what was considered women's work. ## The Royal Society The first issue of the Royal Society's journal, Philosophical Transactions , the world's longest- running scientific journal, was published in 1665. Røstvik and Fyfe argue that from its inception, the journal was tightly linked with the masculine culture of the Royal Society, where to be elected a Fellow was 'seen as a significant accolade for scientists since the mid- 19th century'. 34 While women could submit papers, 'they were excluded from all editorial and evaluation roles: such gate- keeping roles were reserved for Fellows of the Society'. 35 The first woman to publish a paper in the journal was astronomer Caroline Herschel in 1787. From the 1900s onwards, women authors' names were marked by 'Miss'. 36 During the 1930s, approximately 4 per cent of all papers submitted to the Royal Society's journals had a woman scientist as an author or co- author. 37 Hertha Ayrton was the first woman nominated as a Fellow. In 1904, Ayrton was also the first woman to read her paper before the Royal Society; two years later, she even received the Royal Society's Hughes Medal. Although nominated and with such success recognized by the Society, Ayrton was ultimately denied the Fellowship. Maasdorp and her colleagues submitted two research papers to the Royal Society journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society . 38 Discrimination against women persisted and was still the norm when Maasdorp and her colleagues' papers were published in November 1936. Until 1990, authors could only submit papers to the Society with the support of a Fellow, known as a 'communicator'. Rutherford acted as a communicator for papers submitted by the Cavendish, and he did not distinguish women researchers by marking them as 'Miss', so Maasdorp's gender was not evident in the published papers. Subsequently, Maasdorp

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be connected to the through any type of . Although the , , are shown as code blocks included in the , , and/or , any of the code blocks may be replaced with hardwired circuits, for example, built into memory blocks/cells of an ASIC, FPGA, and/or some other suitable IC. In some examples, the is stores computational logic/modules configured to implement the techniques described herein. The may be employed to store working copies and/or permanent copies of programming instructions, or data to create the programming instructions, for the operation of various components of compute node (e.g., drivers, libraries, APIs, and/or the like), an OS of , one or more applications, and/or the like. The may be stored or loaded into as , or data to create the , which are then accessed for execution by the via the to carry out the various functions, processes, methods, algorithms, operations, tasks, actions, techniques, and/or other aspects described herein (see e.g., ). The various elements may be implemented by assembler instructions supported by or high-level languages that may be compiled into , or data to create the , to be executed by the . The permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into at the factory/OEM or in the field through, for example, a distribution medium (e.g., a wired connection and/or over-the-air (OTA) interface) and a communication interface (e.g., communication circuitry ) from a distribution server (e.g., remote system ) and/or the like. Additionally or alternatively, the , , can include one or more operating systems (OS) and/or other software to control various aspects of the . The OS can include drivers and/or APIs to control particular devices or components that are embedded in the , attached to the , communicatively coupled with the , and/or otherwise accessible by the . The OSs may also include one or more libraries, drivers, APIs, firmware, middleware, software glue, and the like, which provide program code and/or software components for one or more apps to obtain and use the data from other apps operated by the , such as the various subsystems of the , AI/ML system(s) , , , , , , , , conveyors , , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. Example OSs include consumer-based OS, real-time OS (RTOS), and/or the like, but for purposes of the present disclosure, can also include hypervisors, container orchestrators and/or container engines.

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[]

top surface of the insulator be substantially level with a top surface of the conductor 120 . - the present invention is not limited thereto; for example, in a state where an opening is formed inside the conductor 120 , the insulator 150 may be formed to fill the opening. - the insulator 150 is positioned over the capacitor 100 a and the capacitor 100 b . - An insulator that can be used as the insulator 281 is used as the insulator 150 . - the conductor 160 is positioned over the insulator 150 . - the conductor 160 functions as the above-described wiring BL. - the conductor 240 functions as a plug connecting the wiring BL (the conductor 160 ) and the drains of the transistor 300 a and the transistor 300 b . - the conductor 240 is placed to be embedded in an opening formed in the insulator 150 , the insulator 130 , the insulator 281 , the insulator 280 , the insulator 244 , the conductor 242 b , and the region 243 b of the oxide 230 . - the conductor 240 is in contact with a top surface of the insulator 273 , the other side surface of the insulator 273 , and a top surface of the conductor 209 . - the conductor 240 is in contact with a side surface of the conductor 242 b , a side surface of the oxide 230 b , and a side surface of the oxide 230 a . - a top surface of the conductor 240 is exposed from the insulator 150 and is in contact with the conductor 160 . - a first conductor of the conductor 240 is formed in contact with the inner wall of the opening in the insulator 150 , the insulator 130 , the insulator 281 , the insulator 280 , the insulator 244 , the conductor 242 b , the oxide 230 a , and the oxide 230 b . - the conductor 209 is positioned on at least part of a bottom portion of the opening, and the first conductor of the conductor 240 is in contact with the conductor 209 . - a second conductor of the conductor 240 is formed on the inner side of the first conductor of the conductor 240 . - conductors that can be used as the first conductor

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[]

and mining contracts with ring-fencing rules to provide concrete examples that may be enlightening for resource-rich developing countries. The examples included in the practice note are for illustrative purposes only. They are not intended as a presentation of a recommended approach, which would require taking into account the specificity of the tax and regulatory framework of each country. The note is based on desk research combined with interviews that identified day-to-day challenges faced by government officials when implementing ring-fencing rules. 2 There is some guidance available on the purpose of ring-fencing rules in mining and its advantages and disadvantages. Readers should refer to the following texts: International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2010a, 2014, 2017); Otto (2000). 2.0 The Fundamentals of Ring-Fencing ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION In the mining sector, it is common for governments to ring-fence mining income. The IMF defines ring-fencing as 'a limitation on consolidation of income and deductions for tax purposes across different activities, or projects, undertaken by the same taxpayer' (IMF, 2010a). In other words, when ring-fencing rules are in place and applied, governments tax the mining sector with reference to a tax base determined at the level of an individual project or activity rather than on the level of a company or branch. All tax-deductible costs associated with a given project or activity must be deducted from revenues derived from that project or activity, not from other projects or activities undertaken by the same taxpayer. ## FIGURE 1. How ring-fencing works   Note: Without ring-fencing (top), profits from a mining activity can be offset by losses from non-mining activity, reducing government revenue. With ring-fencing (bottom), profits from mining activity and tax payable on this operation cannot be offset in this way. Source: Author's elaboration. 1.0 INTRODUCTION ## 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 2.1 The Source of Ring-Fencing Rules Ring-fencing rules are typically found in the general income tax code, which may include special provisions for taxation of mining activities, or in the mining law. Some countries that negotiate project-specific fiscal terms negotiated ring-fencing rules that go beyond the primary law (see the example from Sierra Leone in

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[]

2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 from StataCorp. 2023. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. ## References Auerbach, A. M. (2019). Demanding Development. The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India's Urban Slums . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Auerbach, A. M. (2017). Neighbourhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India's Slum Development Committees, World Development, 96 , 119-135. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2018). How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India's Slums, American Political Science Review , 112 (4), 775-791. Auerbach, A. M. , and Thachil, T. (2023). Migrants and Machine Politics. How's India's Urban Poor Seek Representation and Responsiveness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Barnes, S. L. (2003). Determinants of Individual Neighbourhood Ties and social resources in poor urban neighbourhoods, Sociological Spectrum , 23, 463-97. Bavetta, S. , Navarra, P., and Maimone, D. (2014). Freedom and the Pursuit of Happiness . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Bjornstrom, E. E., Ralston, M. L., and Kuhl, D. C. (2013). Social Cohesion and Self-Rated Health: The Moderating Effect of Neighbourhood Physical Disorder, American Journal of Community , 52 , 302-312. Blanchflower, D. G., and Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA, Journal of Public Economics 88 , , 1359-1386. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research . New York, NY: Guildford Press. Buckner, J. C. (1988). The Development of an Instrument to Measure Neighbourhood Cohesion, American Journal of Community Psychology , 16 , 771-791. Campbell, K. E., and Lee, B. A. (1992). Sources of Personal Neighbour Networks: Social Integration, Need, or Time?, Social Forces , 70 , 1077-1100. Cramm, J. M., and Nieboer, A. P. (2015). Social Cohesion and Belonging Predict the WellBeing of Community-Dwelling Older People, BMC Geriatrics , 15 , 1-10. Cramm, J. M., van Dijk, H. M., and Nieboer, A. P. (2013). The Importance of Neighbourhood Social Cohesion and Social Capital for the Well-Being of Older Adults in the Community, Gerontologist , 53 , 142-152. Deaton, A. (2018). The Analysis of Household Surveys . Washington, DC: World Bank. Delhey, J., and Dragolov, G. (2016). Happier Together. Social Cohesion and Subjective Well-Being in Europe, International Journal of Psychologically , 51 , 163-176. Diener, E. (2009). Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta, in E. Diener (ed.) Culture and Well-Being. Social Indicators Research Series . Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 261-278.

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Because I use patented medicine, not generic medicine. I bring it from reputed companies only. Due to a good knowl -edge base, my diagnosis is also good. When diagnosis is good, medicine will automatically work. If the diagnosis is not good, medicine would not work. The patient is having another problem and you're giving medicine for some other diseases, definitely it will not work. That's the reason for my success.' India's post-independence health care system is based on a tax-funded system sim -ilar to that in the U.K. Joseph P. Bhore's committee's report in 1946 created the Indian National Health System, where medical care is delivered through salaried doctors. India created a three-tiered health care policy. In rural areas, this con -sists of Primary Health Care Clinics (PHCs) that are linked to Community Health Centres (CHCs) to deal with more complex cases. In urban districts, city hospitals have been built for tertiary care ( Patel et al., 2011 ; Acharya, 2013 ; Anand and Fan, 2016).

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of scientific and technological potential Globally, the EaP science and technology system is most active in the experimental and fundamen- tal sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry) and their technical applications (materials, me- chanical engineering, ICT and computer science, biotechnology, chemical engineering), including emerging areas such as nanotechnology and op- tics and photonics. In any case, fundamental and applied fields do have direct and indirect impacts on the tech- nological development and the innovativeness of sectors, as will be further explored in Part 4. Furthermore, the identified S&T domains are not hermetic: since S&T records are analysed and classified individually, some can belong to two or more S&T domains, indicating multidisciplinarity, hybridisations and applications. In this sense, Fig - ure 3.17 presents the overlapping of records in the identified domains at EaP level. A strong co-occur- rence between the domains of Energy and Electric technologies can be observed, as well as between ICT and Transportation, and Mechanical engineer- ing and Transportation. Agrifood, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Environmental sciences and Health are also strongly related to varying degrees. Figure 3.18 shows the distribution of records from the three types of data sources in the domains in the form of a percentage. Publications account for the majority of records in almost all domains, going from 54% of the total records in Transpor- tation up to more than 90% in others (e.g. Funda- mental physics and mathematics and Governance, culture, education and the economy). The only ex- ceptions are four cases in which the number of patents is higher than the number of publications; the most significant of which is Mechanical en- gineering and heavy machinery (with 77% of the records being patents), but also Agrifood (67%), Electric and electronic technologies (54%) and En- ergy (51%). The percentage of EC projects against the total number of records is minimal, only ap- proaching 1% in the case of Governance. The different distribution of the data sources in the S&T domains is suggestive of their varied na- ture and orientation, instead based on scientific publications (thus science-oriented), patenting (thus technology-oriented) or where these two data sources are to some degree balanced. As such, S&T domains can be qualitatively catego- rised as58: ■science-oriented S&T domains – where publications account for more than 80% of the records; ■balanced S&T domains – where publications represent between 60% and 80% of the re- cords; ■technology-oriented S&T domains – where publications represent less than

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confidence in myself academically. I am kind of thinking of the right words to use. Actually, to be honest. I didn't have a lot of confidence in myself academically, especially during my freshman year. I struggled in some of my classes, and I felt like I was always playing catch up. I remember feeling like I wasn't smart enough like I was just pretending to be a student. I'd look around at my classmates and think, Wow! They are also much smarter than me. They are always going to succeed, and I'm just going to fall behind. I felt like I was just barely scraping by and that I was only passing my classes because of luck or because my teachers had been easy. They've been easy on me. Well, I didn't feel like I was earning my grades or understanding the material. It wasn't until I had some amazing teachers who believed in me that I think it helped me to see my own potential. Then, I started to feel more confident academically. Well, with her support and encouragement, I started to feel capable of achieving my goals, particularly my academic goals. I began to see myself as a learner and someone who was able or capable of growth and improvement. And that feeling of confidence and support has really stayed with me to this day. ## How do you feel about yourself academically now? Academically. Now, I would say it's like night and day. I feel like a completely different person now. I've gained so much confidence and self-assurance in my academic abilities. I realize now that I'm capable of learning and achieving anything I set my mind to. I've learned to appreciate my strengths and weaknesses and to use them to my advantage. I have also developed a good mindset. It just helped me to see challenges and opportunities for goods and improvements. Well, I would say I'm proud of myself for persevering and pushing through the tough times. I'm proud of the person I've become and the things I've accomplished. I feel like I'm finally living up to my potential. And that's an amazing feeling overall. I feel like I am in a really good place academically; I'm confident, capable, and motivated to continue learning and growing. ## Describe an event, if any, that changed how you saw yourself academically. There was a turning point for

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[]

permanent revenue loss could undermine government expenditure required to finance public needs. The pressure on governments to raise revenues increases further in mining-rich countries that offer generous industry-specific tax incentives— for example, the immediate deduction of exploration or development costs, irrespective of whether the given mining operations are completed and produce revenue. Officials of resource-rich governments sometimes respond to these risks and pressures by designing a tax system that limits such consolidation by operators in the mining sector—a practice known as ring-fencing. Ring- fencing does the opposite of consolidation—it limits the ability of the mining investor to offset expenditures and revenues between projects and activities, which accelerates government revenues from mining and protects the mining tax base against permanent revenue losses. In addition, it may level the playing field between new and existing investors. While not a response to all BEPS practices, ring-fencing can discourage investors from structuring base erosion arrangements, artificially inflating exploration or development expenditures, or abusing specific tax incentives. There are also downsides associated with ring-fencing. Ring-fencing slows down or postpones the potential tax savings that can result from consolidation, which can discourage mining investment, particularly in marginal ore bodies—projects near the lower limit of commercial workability. Depending on its design, ring-fencing can increase the administrative burden on tax authorities and raise the cost of tax compliance for taxpayers. The implementation of these rules can also be a challenge, for instance, where the apportionment of general and indirect expenditures and revenues must take place between different mines and/or activities. T ax uncertainty may occur, and disputes have arisen in applying and interpreting such rules, especially when the legislative guidance is unclear, which left room for varying interpretation. Ring-fencing is a common feature of most tax systems that use a schedular tax system—a system where separate taxes are imposed on different categories of income. This note reviews and analyzes this prevailing practice and highlights the benefits and risks of ring-fencing, as well as the conditions that need to be in place for the benefits to outweigh the downsides. This note also covers the design and administration considerations of such an approach. The note will benefit those who are considering whether and how to use ring-fencing as a tax policy response to deal with delayed government revenues and BEPS practices, as well as those that are looking to enhance and improve existing ring-fencing rules by improving their effectiveness and

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identified as those goods categories for which the degree of specialisation and relative size for both export values are above the thresholds for at least 6 out of 8 years shown in the first two columns in Table 2.15 . Emerging goods categories with increasing degrees of specialisation are identified as those goods categories for which the change in the degree of specialisation for export values are above the thresholds shown in the last column in Table 2.11 . To identify current strengths for each country, the same minimum relative size of 0.1% has been used, and for the degree of specialisation a minimum location quotient of 1.5. For changes over time, changes in the degree of specialisation have to be positive for at least 2 out of 3 time periods for all countries. Results for all countries combined are shown in Annex 3 . Next, we present the results for each individual country. ## Mapping of goods export specialisations - results for Armenia Results of the export mapping for Armenia are shown in Table 2.16 . The 19 goods categories with current strength represent 75.5% of the total exports for 2012-2019. Specialised exports in Beverages and tobacco (SITC 1) account for almost 20% of the total exports; those in Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (SITC 2) for almost 24%; those in Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6) for almost 15%. In addition, Gold, non-monetary (SITC 971) is a specialised Part export category accounting for almost 7% of the total exports. The 12 goods categories with emerging strength represent, at almost 16%, a much smaller share of the total exports. All specialised product categories are relatively small except for Gold, non-monetary (SITC 971). Armenia's export specialisation suggests an overall specialisation in low value-added activities like farming and mining. Specialised exports of high-value goods are largely missing. ## Table 2.16. Goods export specialisation for Armenia | SITC | Goods name | Current strength | %share of exports | Emerging strength | %share of exports | |--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------| | | | 19 | 76.5% | 12 | 15.6% | | 0 | Food and live animals | | | | | | 001 | Live animals other than animals of division 03 | | | X | 0.2% | | 024 | Cheese and curd | | | X | 0.5% | | 034 | Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled

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into the school run. A dad holding his little son’s hand makes his way through the streets; motorbikes laden with riders and multiple children; auto rickshaws with children eagerly discussing last night’s soap opera episode. The green and yellow soft-top rickshaw stops. The children get out and run off down the alleyway towards the school. The driver parks his rickshaw in need of a break. Leaning up against a static stall, decked out with Lay’s crisps, Uncle Chipps, Kurkure Masala Munch, Swad Mixed flavour sweets and an array of hanging strips of brightly coloured confec - tionery, he reaches into his pocket. He rolls some leaf into a cigarette shape but, searching again in his coat, he can’t find his matches. We happen to have a match - book from the hotel. We have been using them to light the mosquito coil. He is grateful and starts to smoke. His name is Rajkumar. We ask him how he came to live in this place and become a driver. Moving from Darbhanga District of Bihar to the city in 1990 and originally working as a house help in the Badarpur area of the city, earning Rs. 3,000 (£28.44) a month meant there were challenges. Determined to improve his financial situation and observing the constant busyness of autorick - shaw drivers, Rajkumar realised that learning to drive could be a route to a better future. To become his own boss. With a clear goal in mind, he began saving from his earnings while learning to drive. Hard work and perseverance paid off. In 2001, a purchase of an autorickshaw was secured. A significant turning point, seeing an increase in income and a way to a more prosperous life. After marrying Mamta, the goal was to become homeowners. Years of hard work and careful planning followed, and the dream became a reality in 2011 when a house was built. They achieved this with some help from loans from family and relatives, as well as savings Rajkumar had accumulated over a decade of running his auto rickshaw business. Rajkumar smiles, proud and fulfilled. Looking ahead, he is determined to continue to live in Delhi with his wife and children, believing that the village in Bihar offers limited opportunities. So why remain in Delhi? “Staying in the city ensures us a brighter future”, he says, “where my children can access the opportu - nities that

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34 | | gaps remain. the | | | 4.6. Innovations in resource mobilisation and management contributed to the efficiency of response. | 34 | | 5 Conclusions and lessons from Kenya's COVID -19 experience | 35 | | 5.1. Strong national leadership and co-ordination mechanisms are critical for effective pandemic response | 35 | | 5.2. Investment in health infrastructure strengthens resilience | 35 | | 5.3. Robust and adaptable social protection systems are essential for mitigating socio-economic impacts during crises | 36 | | 5.4. Significant international support and the use of budget support enhanced national response capabilities | 36 | | 5.5. Leveraging innovative and local resource mobilisation and management strategies is crucial for an effective pandemic response | 36 | | References | 38 | | Notes | 44 | | FIGURES | | | Figure 1.1. Daily cases of COVID-19 in Kenya and 7-day average (2020-2023) | 13 | | Figure 1.2. Kenya's annual gross domestic product growth | 13 | | Figure 2.1. Share of people who completed the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol in Kenya | 18 | | Figure 3.1. Official development finance to Kenya, by component, 2016-2023 | 21 | | Figure 3.2. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023 | 22 | | Figure 3.3. COVID-19-related official development finance in Kenya, by component, 2020-2022 | 23 | | Figure 3.4. COVID-19-related official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2020-2022 | 24 | | TABLES | | | Table 3.1. Primary providers of COVID-19-related assistance to Kenya, 2020-22 | 25 | ## Abbreviations and acronyms AFD French Development Agency ( Agence Française de Développement ) AfDB African Development Bank AVATT African Vaccine Acquisition Task Team CERSP Competitiveness and Economic Recovery Support Program CHERP COVID-19 Health Emergency Response Project CRS Creditor Reporting System DAC Development Assistance Committee EIB European Investment Bank ERSP Emergency Response Support Program EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGM Female genital mutilation GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information and communication technology ICU Intensive care unit IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund INSP National Institute of Public Health IOM International Organization for Migration MPR Monetary policy rate MSF Médecins Sans Frontières MSME Micro, small and medium enterprises NBCC National Business Compact on Coronavirus NSNP National Safety Net Programme ( Inua Jamii ) ODA Official

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As we shall argue, this means that if one is stuck with characterizing colonization primarily in terms such as material benefits, right-claims and even emotional trauma, then one has missed something of vital importance. One has omitted the deeper harms which are inherent in the history and the structure of our economic system. The third reason spiritual harm is important is that the concept enables us to characterise the harms to all those involved: the descendants of the enslaved, the descendants of the enslavers and third parties. It is quite understandable that when one describes violence and its ongoing legacies, one tends to focus on the harms caused to victims and to their descendants. It is understandable because obviously these are the people who have been harmed by others. Nevertheless, it is insufficient. To comprehend a conflict we need to understand those who were and are perpetrators, as well as bystanders. As we have indicated, part of this understanding will involve reference to the political economic structures in place, but this is not the point at hand now. The issue at the moment is that the notion of spiritual harm can help us better conceptualize what may have happened to the perpetrators, their descendants and those who have benefited economically and socially from the wealth gained from colonization and enslavement. Clearly, those on the top are better off materially! Nevertheless, we may question their well-being from the point of view of the spiritual. For example, those who have benefited materially may feel superior in their wealth and in their social standing. As we have seen, such primary selfidentifications are forms of ill-being: one is not self-identifying primarily with what basically is. It would be like living in a self-illusion. Additionally, such selfidentifications are likely to cause ill-being to oneself because they condemn the person to live in identities that exclude and define others antagonistically. Furthermore, a person who feels superior to others will feel arrogant and entitled. This indicates that this person has not come to terms with the equality of us all as beings of non-instrumental value, and this is a form of self-absorption that renders it difficult to have relations with others that are not instrumentalized. In short, as we argued earlier, self-interest and well-being can come apart. What promotes the first is not necessarily good for the second. The notion of spiritual harm allows us to appreciate

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for decarbonisation and competitiveness. If Europe’s ambitious climate targets are matched by a coherent plan to achieve them, decarbonisation will be an opportunity for Europe. But if we fail to coordinate our policies, there is a risk that decarbonisation could run contrary to competitiveness and growth. Even though energy prices have fallen considerably from their peaks, EU companies still face electricity prices that are 2-3 times those in the US. Natural gas prices paid are 4-5 times higher. This price gap is primarily driven by Europe’s lack of natural resources, but also by fundamental issues with our common energy market. Market rules prevent industries and households from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills. High taxes and rents captured by financial traders raise energy costs for our economy. Over the medium term, decarbonisation will help shift power generation towards secure, low-cost clean energy sources. But fossil fuels will continue to play a central role in energy pricing at least for the remainder of this decade. Without a plan to transfer the benefits of decarbonisation to end-users, energy prices will continue to weigh on growth. 06 THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | FOREWORDThe global decarbonisation drive is also a growth opportunity for EU industry. The EU is a world leader in clean technologies like wind turbines, electrolysers and low-carbon fuels, and more than one-fifth of clean and sustainable technologies worldwide are developed here. Yet it is not guaranteed that Europe will seize this opportunity. Chinese competition is becoming acute in industries like clean tech and electric vehicles, driven by a powerful combination of massive industrial policy and subsidises, rapid innovation, control of raw materials and ability to produce at continent-wide scale. The EU faces a possible trade-off. Increasing reliance on China may offer the cheapest and most efficient route to meeting our decarbonisation targets. But China’s state-sponsored competition also represents a threat to our productive clean tech and automotive industries. Decarbonisation must happen for the sake of our planet. But for it also to become a source of growth for Europe, we will need a joint plan spanning industries that produce energy and those that enable decarbonisation such as clean tech and automotives. The third area for action is increasing security and reducing dependencies. Security is a precondition for sustainable growth. Rising geopolitical risks can increase uncertainty and dampen investment, while major geopolitical shocks or

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feature representations calculated by an unsupervised model or a pretrained model for use in another model as an input. Feature extraction is sometimes used as a synonym of “feature engineering.” The term “feature vector” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to a set of features and/or a list of feature values representing an example passed into a model. Additionally or alternatively, the term “feature vector” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to a vector that includes a tuple of one or more features. The term “forward propagation” or “forward pass” at least in some examples, in the context of ML, refers to the calculation and storage of intermediate variables (including outputs) for a neural network in order from the input layer to the output layer. The term “hidden layer”, in the context of ML and NNs, at least in some examples refers to an internal layer of neurons in an ANN that is not dedicated to input or output. The term “hidden unit” refers to a neuron in a hidden layer in an ANN. The term “hyperparameter” at least in some examples refers to characteristics, properties, and/or parameters for an ML process that cannot be learnt during a training process. Hyperparameter are usually set before training takes place, and may be used in processes to help estimate model parameters. Examples of hyperparameters include model size (e.g., in terms of memory space, bytes, number of layers, and the like); training data shuffling (e.g., whether to do so and by how much); number of evaluation instances, iterations, epochs (e.g., a number of iterations or passes over the training data), or episodes; number of passes over training data; regularization; learning rate (e.g., the speed at which the algorithm reaches (converges to) optimal weights); learning rate decay (or weight decay); momentum; number of hidden layers; size of individual hidden layers; weight initialization scheme; dropout and gradient clipping thresholds; the C value and sigma value for SVMs; the k in k-nearest neighbors; number of branches in a decision tree; number of clusters in a clustering algorithm; vector size; word vector size for NLP and NLU; and/or the like. The term “inference engine” at least in some examples refers to a component of a computing system that applies logical rules to a knowledge base to deduce new information. The term “intelligent agent” at least in some

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Monitor must have triggered the suspicion of the Ministry of Instruction, since its resolution clearly stated that women doctors had to be appointed in girls’ schools pro - vided they met all the criteria of the law.45 This type of attitude displayed by male inspectors shows that the job transfers from male to female school doctors created frictions between the two. In the end, despite the obvious support from the Minister of Instruction, Dr Gudlea Gelbruch ʼs petition led to the appointment of another colleague for the position available at the Carmen Sylva High School in Timișoara. Maria Cupcea Popovici was preferred because she was not an early career doctor and had a broader experience as a physician, teacher and school doctor.46 However, it is not entirely clear if what mattered most was the ethnic origin, as Maria Cupcea was a Romanian born in Orhei County, Bessarabia, while Gudlea Gelbruch was a doctor of Jewish descent. Female professionals at a crossroads: Masculinity, femininity and language barriers Based on the cases discussed above, one might think that the substitution process for the positions of school doctor had only one direction: from male to female. In fact, documents show that the strict segregation of boys and 159 159 Female doctors in schools in interwar Romania girls into separate education institutions did not exclude the presence of female doctors in boys’ schools. Even though such situations were excep - tional, they present a more nuanced image of a complex social process. During the spring of 1929, the principal of the boys’ middle school in Sulina, a small harbour town near the Danube Delta, faced a serious chal - lenge when the Ministry of Instruction asked for the female doctor working there to be replaced by a male colleague. Doctor Virginia Stănescu, who oversaw the rural sanitary administration at the time, had also been willing to work as school doctor, hygiene teacher and French teacher. However, the Ministry of Instruction did not want to pay two different persons, insist - ing that one professional should cover both jobs.47 The correspondence between the principal and the Ministry clearly shows that the authorities in Bucharest were increasingly concerned about their limited budget. On the other hand, it becomes obvious that the Ministry of Instruction paid attention to the interactions between female doctors and male stu - dents. In fact, their concern was not directed towards the

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