SIRIS-Lab/citation-parser-SPAN · Datasets at Hugging Face

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authorities should avoid duplicating what the private sector would already doxii. The interaction with competition authorities is also critical for successxiii. For priority sectors, the EU should aim as far as possible to be competitively neutral and regulation should be designed to facilitate market entry. The evidence is overwhelming that competition stimulates productivity, investment and innovationxiv. At the same time, competition policy should continue to adapt to changes in the economy so that it does not become a barrier to Europe’s goals [see the chapter on competition policy] . For example, since innovation in the tech sector is rapid and requires large budgets, merger evaluations should assess how the proposed concentration will affect future innovation potential in critical innova - tion areas. Important Projects of Common Interest (IPCEIs) should be expanded to all forms of innovation that could effectively push Europe to the frontier in strategically important sectors and benefit from EU financing. There are also sectors, such as defence, where security and resilience criteria should receive increasing weight considering geopolitical changes for trade policy. A pragmatic, cautious and consistent approach should be applied according to the needs of different sectors [see Box 1] . 17THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 1The third block is financing the main areas for action, which entail massive investment needs unseen for half a century in Europe . To digitalise and decarbonise the economy and increase the EU’s defence capacity, the total investment-to-GDP rate will have to rise by around 5 percentage points of EU GDP per year to levels last seen in the 1960s and 70s. For comparison, the additional investments provided by the Marshall Plan in 1948-51 amounted annually to around 1-2% of GDP in receiving countries. This report contains simulations from the European Commis - sion and the IMF which assess whether such a massive increase in investment is macroeconomically sustainable, and if so, how Europe can unlock investments of this size. The results suggest that the investment push can be carried out without the economy running into supply constraints, and that mobilising private financing will be critical in this respect. However, the private sector is unlikely to be able to finance the lion’s share of this investment05 without public sector support. Increasing productivity will be key to ease constraints on fiscal space for governments and enable this support. 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a cooperation-competition logic that should be taken into account when addressing the issue at EaP level. Finally, several innovative and dynamic niches were identified to be relevant to the diversity of EaP countries through the analysis of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies using the data source Crunchbase, notably52: 52 As previously presented, other niches were also identified for more than one country (Financial Services, Information Technology, Lending and Investments, Travel and Tour- ism), but these are already directly covered by the preced- ing analysis based on the full economic and innovation mapping – NACE codes. 142 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential E&I specialisation domains in terms of NACE sectors EaP CountriesCooperation potentialAM AZ BY GE MD UA 10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. 29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailers 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 53 Postal and courier activities 55 Accommodation 56 Food and beverage service activities 61 Telecommunications 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 2.58. E&I specialisation domains in terms of NACE sectors ■Software for Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, ■Mobile for Armenia and Azerbaijan, ■Gaming for Armenia. PART 3 144 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Part 3. Analysis of scientific and technological potential 1. Introduction This report presents the results of the analysis of the scientific and technological (S&T) specialisa- tions in the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. 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- 19. Majewska MD, Demirgören S, Spivak CE, London ED. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor. Brain Res. 1990;526(1): 143 6. - - 20. Mimura M, Panjabi MM, Oxland TR, Crisco JJ, Yamamoto I, Vasavada A. Disc degeneration affects the multidirectional /uniFB02 exibility of the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994; 19(12):1371 -80. - 21. Baron S, Estill CF, Steege A, Lalich N. Simple solutions: Ergonomics for farm workers. NIOSH Publications Dissemination; 2001. - 22. Duraj V, Miles J, Meyers J, Faucett J, Janowitz I, Tarter M, et al. Harvesting aids for reducing ergonomics risk factors in wine grape hand harvesting; 2000.	[ "-", "19", ".", "Majewska", "MD", ",", "Demirgören", "S", ",", "Spivak", "CE", ",", "London", "ED", ".", "The", "neurosteroid", "dehydroepiandrosterone", "sulfate", "is", "an", "allosteric", "antagonist", "of", "the", "GABAA", "receptor", ".", "Brain", "Res", ".", "1990;526(1", "):", "143", "6", ".", "-", "\n", "-", "20", ".", "Mimura", "M", ",", "Panjabi", "MM", ",", "Oxland", "TR", ",", "Crisco", "JJ", ",", "Yamamoto", "I", ",", "Vasavada", "A.", "Disc", "degeneration", "affects", "the", "multidirectional", "/uniFB02", "exibility", "of", "the", "lumbar", "spine", ".", "Spine", "(", "Phila", "Pa", "1976", ")", ".", "1994", ";", "19(12):1371", "-80", ".", "\n", "-", "21", ".", "Baron", "S", ",", "Estill", "CF", ",", "Steege", "A", ",", "Lalich", "N.", "Simple", "solutions", ":", "Ergonomics", "for", "farm", "workers", ".", "NIOSH", "Publications", "Dissemination", ";", "2001", ".", "\n", "-", "22", ".", "Duraj", "V", ",", "Miles", "J", ",", "Meyers", "J", ",", "Faucett", "J", ",", "Janowitz", "I", ",", "Tarter", "M", ",", "et", "al", ".", "Harvesting", "aids", "for", "reducing", "ergonomics", "risk", "factors", "in", "wine", "grape", "hand", "harvesting", ";", "2000", "." ]	[ { "end": 4, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 2 }, { "end": 191, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 189 }, { "end": 398, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 396 }, { "end": 531, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 529 }, { "end": 690, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 533 }, { "end": 526, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 400 }, { "end": 393, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 193 }, { "end": 186, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 6 } ]
capacidad o eficacia. 9 Rita Sokoy, directora del centro de educación primaria Yayasan Pendidikan Kristen (YPK) Kanda en Waibu, distrito de Jayapura, provincia de Papúa (Indonesia) rodeada de sus alumnos el 12 de junio de 2023. Crédito: © UNICEF/UNI430754/Al Asad* SD <!-- image --> CAPÍTULO <!-- image --> Introducción <!-- image --> ## MENSAJES CLAVE Dada la multitud de formas que puede adoptar, el liderazgo resulta difícil de evaluar de manera concreta. Sin embargo, es fundamental para el éxito de la educación a todos los niveles: institucional, de sistema y político. - En la educación, al igual que en la política o en el ámbito empresarial, el liderazgo es un proceso de influencia social destinado a maximizar los esfuerzos conjuntos hacia un objetivo común. - Los estilos de liderazgo difieren en función del contexto, las personalidades de los distintos individuos y los objetivos de la organización. - Las múltiples formas de liderazgo existentes -y sus múltiples resultados- hacen que pueda ser difícil demostrar su impacto en la educación y por qué, a menudo, dicho impacto se pasa por alto. - Sin embargo, no existe prácticamente ningún caso documentado de escuelas con problemas que se hayan recuperado sin la intervención de un buen líder. Los líderes deben definir su propósito y planificar cómo influirán en el cambio, teniendo en cuenta tanto sus propias capacidades como el contexto. - Si bien se hace hincapié en el aprendizaje, los líderes deben pensar en qué resultados de aprendizaje necesitan centrarse, así como en cumplir una amplia gama de objetivos relacionados con la equidad, la calidad y la inclusión. - Influir en el cambio se asocia cada vez más con el hecho de compartir las funciones de liderazgo para alcanzar los objetivos educativos, dejando atrás ese énfasis quizás excesivo que, a menudo, se pone en los individuos. - La libertad para tomar decisiones, que resulta de una serie de reglas basadas en las normas culturales, libera el potencial de los líderes a la hora de ejercer su liderazgo, a pesar de que estos trabajen en contextos restringidos. A la hora de diseñar una política de liderazgo, la atención debe desplazarse de los individuos excepcionales a los procesos sistemáticos. - A menudo, es difícil distinguir a un buen líder de un buen gestor. Gestionar eficazmente las actividades diarias para dejar tiempo a la planificación futura es la esencia	[ "capacidad", "o", "eficacia", ".", "\n\n", "9", "\n\n", "Rita", "Sokoy", ",", "directora", "del", "centro", "de", "educación", "primaria", "Yayasan", "Pendidikan", "Kristen", "(", "YPK", ")", "Kanda", "en", "Waibu", ",", "distrito", "de", "Jayapura", ",", "provincia", "de", "Papúa", "(", "Indonesia", ")", "rodeada", "de", "sus", "alumnos", "el", "12", "de", "junio", "de", "2023", ".", "\n\n", "Crédito", ":", "©", "UNICEF", "/", "UNI430754", "/", "Al", "Asad", "*", "\n\n", "SD", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "CAPÍTULO", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Introducción", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "MENSAJES", "CLAVE", "\n\n", "Dada", "la", "multitud", "de", "formas", "que", "puede", "adoptar", ",", "el", "liderazgo", "resulta", "difícil", "de", "evaluar", "de", "manera", "concreta", ".", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "es", "fundamental", "para", "el", "éxito", "de", "la", "educación", "a", "todos", "los", "niveles", ":", "institucional", ",", "de", "sistema", "y", "político", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "En", "la", "educación", ",", "al", "igual", "que", "en", "la", "política", "o", "en", "el", "ámbito", "empresarial", ",", "el", "liderazgo", "es", "un", "proceso", "de", "influencia", "social", "destinado", "a", "maximizar", "los", "esfuerzos", "conjuntos", "hacia", "un", "objetivo", "común", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Los", "estilos", "de", "liderazgo", "difieren", "en", "función", "del", "contexto", ",", "las", "personalidades", "de", "los", "distintos", "individuos", "y", "los", "objetivos", "de", "la", "organización", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Las", "múltiples", "formas", "de", "liderazgo", "existentes", "-y", "sus", "múltiples", "resultados-", "hacen", "que", "pueda", "ser", "difícil", "demostrar", "su", "impacto", "en", "la", "educación", "y", "por", "qué", ",", "a", "menudo", ",", "dicho", "impacto", "se", "pasa", "por", "alto", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Sin", "embargo", ",", "no", "existe", "prácticamente", "ningún", "caso", "documentado", "de", "escuelas", "con", "problemas", "que", "se", "hayan", "recuperado", "sin", "la", "intervención", "de", "un", "buen", "líder", ".", "\n\n", "Los", "líderes", "deben", "definir", "su", "propósito", "y", "planificar", "cómo", "influirán", "en", "el", "cambio", ",", "teniendo", "en", "cuenta", "tanto", "sus", "propias", "capacidades", "como", "el", "contexto", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Si", "bien", "se", "hace", "hincapié", "en", "el", "aprendizaje", ",", "los", "líderes", "deben", "pensar", "en", "qué", "resultados", "de", "aprendizaje", "necesitan", "centrarse", ",", "así", "como", "en", "cumplir", "una", "amplia", "gama", "de", "objetivos", "relacionados", "con", "la", "equidad", ",", "la", "calidad", "y", "la", "inclusión", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Influir", "en", "el", "cambio", "se", "asocia", "cada", "vez", "más", "con", "el", "hecho", "de", "compartir", "las", "funciones", "de", "liderazgo", "para", "alcanzar", "los", "objetivos", "educativos", ",", "dejando", "atrás", "ese", "énfasis", "quizás", "excesivo", "que", ",", "a", "menudo", ",", "se", "pone", "en", "los", "individuos", ".", "\n", "-", "", "La", "libertad", "para", "tomar", "decisiones", ",", "que", "resulta", "de", "una", "serie", "de", "reglas", "basadas", "en", "las", "normas", "culturales", ",", "libera", "el", "potencial", "de", "los", "líderes", "a", "la", "hora", "de", "ejercer", "su", "liderazgo", ",", "a", "pesar", "de", "que", "estos", "trabajen", "en", "contextos", "restringidos", ".", "\n\n", "A", "la", "hora", "de", "diseñar", "una", "política", "de", "liderazgo", ",", "la", "atención", "debe", "desplazarse", "de", "los", "individuos", "excepcionales", "a", "los", "procesos", "sistemáticos", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "A", "menudo", ",", "es", "difícil", "distinguir", "a", "un", "buen", "líder", "de", "un", "buen", "gestor", ".", "Gestionar", "eficazmente", "las", "actividades", "diarias", "para", "dejar", "tiempo", "a", "la", "planificación", "futura", "es", "la", "esencia" ]	[]
pharmaceutical preparations; 22.1 Manufacture of rubber products; 22.2 Manufacture of plastics products; 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products; 23.2 Manufacture of refractory products; 23.3 Manufacture of clay building materials; 23.4 Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products; 23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster; 23.6 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster; 23.7 Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone; 23.9 Manufacture of abrasive products and non-metallic mineral products n.e.c.; 24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys; 24.2 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel; 24.3 Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel; 24.4 Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals; 24.5 Casting of metals; 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products; 25.2 Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal; 25.3 Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers; 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining; 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware; 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards; 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment; 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment; 26.4 Manufacture of consumer electronics; 26.5 Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation; watches and clocks; 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment; 26.7 Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment; 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media; 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity distribution and control apparatus; 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators; 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices; 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment; 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances; 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment; 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery; 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery; 28.4 Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools; 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery; 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles; 29.2 Manufacture of bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers; 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles; 30.1 Building of ships and boats; 30.2 Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock; 30.9 Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c.; 32.1 Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and related articles; 32.2 Manufacture of musical instruments; 32.3 Manufacture of sports goods; 32.4 Manufacture of games and toys; 32.5 Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies; 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c.; 33.1 Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment; 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery and equipment; 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities;	[ "pharmaceutical", "preparations", ";", "\n", "22.1", "Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "products", ";", "\n", "22.2", "Manufacture", "of", "plastics", "products", ";", "23.1", "Manufacture", "of", "glass", "and", "glass", "\n", "products", ";", "23.2", "Manufacture", "of", "refractory", "products", ";", "23.3", "Manufacture", "of", "clay", "\n", "building", "materials", ";", "23.4", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "porcelain", "and", "ceramic", "products", ";", "\n", "23.5", "Manufacture", "of", "cement", ",", "lime", "and", "plaster", ";", "23.6", "Manufacture", "of", "articles", "\n", "of", "concrete", ",", "cement", "and", "plaster", ";", "23.7", "Cutting", ",", "shaping", "and", "finishing", "of", "stone", ";", "\n", "23.9", "Manufacture", "of", "abrasive", "products", "and", "non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "\n", "n.e.c", ".", ";", "24.1", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "iron", "and", "steel", "and", "of", "ferro", "-", "alloys", ";", "24.2", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "tubes", ",", "pipes", ",", "hollow", "profiles", "and", "related", "fittings", ",", "of", "steel", ";", "24.3", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "products", "of", "first", "processing", "of", "steel", ";", "24.4", "Manufacture", "\n", "of", "basic", "precious", "and", "other", "non", "-", "ferrous", "metals", ";", "24.5", "Casting", "of", "metals", ";", "\n", "25.1", "Manufacture", "of", "structural", "metal", "products", ";", "25.2", "Manufacture", "of", "tanks", ",", "\n", "reservoirs", "and", "containers", "of", "metal", ";", "25.3", "Manufacture", "of", "steam", "generators", ",", "\n", "except", "central", "heating", "hot", "water", "boilers", ";", "25.6", "Treatment", "and", "coating", "of", "\n", "metals", ";", "machining", ";", "25.7", "Manufacture", "of", "cutlery", ",", "tools", "and", "general", "hardware", ";", "\n", "25.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "fabricated", "metal", "products", ";", "26.1", "Manufacture", "\n", "of", "electronic", "components", "and", "boards", ";", "26.2", "Manufacture", "of", "computers", "and", "\n", "peripheral", "equipment", ";", "26.3", "Manufacture", "of", "communication", "equipment", ";", "26.4", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "consumer", "electronics", ";", "26.5", "Manufacture", "of", "instruments", "and", "\n", "appliances", "for", "measuring", ",", "testing", "and", "navigation", ";", "watches", "and", "clocks", ";", "26.6", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "irradiation", ",", "electromedical", "and", "electrotherapeutic", "equipment", ";", "\n", "26.7", "Manufacture", "of", "optical", "instruments", "and", "photographic", "equipment", ";", "\n", "26.8", "Manufacture", "of", "magnetic", "and", "optical", "media", ";", "27.1", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "electric", "motors", ",", "generators", ",", "transformers", "and", "electricity", "distribution", "and", "\n", "control", "apparatus", ";", "27.2", "Manufacture", "of", "batteries", "and", "accumulators", ";", "27.3", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "wiring", "and", "wiring", "devices", ";", "\n", "27.4", "Manufacture", "of", "electric", "lighting", "equipment", ";", "27.5", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "domestic", "appliances", ";", "27.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "electrical", "equipment", ";", "\n", "28.1", "Manufacture", "of", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", ";", "28.2", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "other", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", ";", "28.4", "Manufacture", "of", "metal", "forming", "\n", "machinery", "and", "machine", "tools", ";", "28.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "special", "-", "purpose", "\n", "machinery", ";", "29.1", "Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ";", "29.2", "Manufacture", "of", "bodies", "\n", "(", "coachwork", ")", "for", "motor", "vehicles", ";", "manufacture", "of", "trailers", "and", "semi", "-", "trailers", ";", "\n", "29.3", "Manufacture", "of", "parts", "and", "accessories", "for", "motor", "vehicles", ";", "30.1", "Building", "\n", "of", "ships", "and", "boats", ";", "30.2", "Manufacture", "of", "railway", "locomotives", "and", "rolling", "\n", "stock", ";", "30.9", "Manufacture", "of", "transport", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", ";", "32.1", "Manufacture", "\n", "of", "jewellery", ",", "bijouterie", "and", "related", "articles", ";", "32.2", "Manufacture", "of", "musical", "\n", "instruments", ";", "32.3", "Manufacture", "of", "sports", "goods", ";", "32.4", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "games", "and", "toys", ";", "32.5", "Manufacture", "of", "medical", "and", "dental", "instruments", "and", "\n", "supplies", ";", "32.9", "Manufacturing", "n.e.c", ".", ";", "33.1", "Repair", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "products", ",", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipment", ";", "33.2", "Installation", "of", "industrial", "machinery", "and", "\n", "equipment", ";", "62", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "related", "activities", ";", "\n" ]	[]
. . . . . . . . . . . 139 repi22.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 repi23.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 repi24.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 repi25.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 repi26.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 repi27.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 repi28.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 repm01.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 repm02.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 repm03.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144repm04.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	[ ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "139", "\n", "repi22.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "140", "\n", "repi23.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "140", "\n", "repi24.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "141", "\n", "repi25.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "141", "\n", "repi26.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "141", "\n", "repi27.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "142", "\n", "repi28.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "142", "\n", "repm01.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".143", "\n", "repm02.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".143", "\n", "repm03.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".144repm04.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "." ]	[]
electron drift time in each side of the chamber: rt=¯tL/¯tH (1) where L(H) refers to the light (heavy) ﬁssion fragment. This quantity is closely related to the one deﬁned in Ref. [ 8]t o estimate the nuclear charge split of the ﬁssion fragments, and was also mentioned in a more recent paper [ 50]. How- ever, as illustrated in Fig. 11, this ratio depends not only on the nuclear charge of the fragments but also on their kinetic energy. Hence, we construct the following charge calibration func- tion for ﬁssion events with TKE >120 MeV: ˆZL,k=ZCN/2−rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym,k ak×(TKE−/angbracketleftTKE/angbracketright)+bk(2) where ZCN/2 and /angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsymare the nuclear charge and mean drift-time ratio of the fragments, respectively, when thenucleus undergoes symmetric ﬁssion, i.e., A L=AH=126 in the case of252Cf(sf). It is generally admitted that for such a fragmentation both ﬁssion fragments have the same nuclear charge, that is ZL=ZH=ZCN/2[51]./angbracketleftTKE/angbracketrightis the aver- age post-neutron TKE, that is 181.6(7) MeV from our mea- surement. The index kdenotes the chamber side to which the light fragment is emitted (source or backing). The/angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsymparameters of the calibration were obtained from symmetric ﬁssion, that is: AH−AL/lessorequalslant0.1u . T h e remaining aand bparameters of the calibration function were obtained from four isomers with high yields:95 38Sr,10843Tc, 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 9 of 12 5 Fig. 11 Evolution of the electron drift-time ratio rtas a function of TKE gated on isomers, depending on the side where the light fragmentswere detected. Thick lines are the proﬁles of each distribution, i.e.,/angbracketleftr t\|TKE/angbracketright Fig. 12 Distribution of (rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym)/(ZL−ZCN/2)vs TKE in both chamber sides, from95 38Sr,10843Tc,134 52Te and13654Xe. Red points corre- spond to the proﬁle along TKE of these distributions: /angbracketleft/Delta1rt//Delta1 Z\|TKE/angbracketright, while the ﬁt result is represented by a magenta line 134 52Te and13654Xe. These isomers were selected by gating on γ-γcoincidences. For134 52Te and13654Xe, the complementary light fragments are Pd ( ZL=46) and Ru ( ZL=44), respec- tively. The resulting (rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym)/(ZL−ZCN/2)distribu- tions are shown in Fig. 12, together with the associated linear functions f(TKE)=a×(TKE−/angbracketleftTKE/angbracketright)+bused to ﬁt them. Corresponding calibration parameters aand bextracted from these ﬁts are given in Table 4. Using the calibration parameters listed in Table 4,t h e nuclear charge ˆZLof the light ﬁssion fragments could be extracted from the VESPA IC. This charge calibration wasvalidated using the isomers identiﬁed in this work, as repre- sented in Fig. 13. From these ﬁgures, we can notice that	[ "electron", "drift", "time", "in", "each", "side", "of", "\n", "the", "chamber", ":", "\n", "rt=¯tL/¯tH", "(", "1", ")", "\n", "where", "L(H", ")", "refers", "to", "the", "light", "(", "heavy", ")", "ﬁssion", "fragment", ".", "This", "\n", "quantity", "is", "closely", "related", "to", "the", "one", "deﬁned", "in", "Ref", ".", "[", "8]t", "o", "\n", "estimate", "the", "nuclear", "charge", "split", "of", "the", "ﬁssion", "fragments", ",", "\n", "and", "was", "also", "mentioned", "in", "a", "more", "recent", "paper", "[", "50", "]", ".", "How-", "\n", "ever", ",", "as", "illustrated", "in", "Fig", ".", "11", ",", "this", "ratio", "depends", "not", "only", "on", "\n", "the", "nuclear", "charge", "of", "the", "fragments", "but", "also", "on", "their", "kinetic", "\n", "energy", ".", "\n", "Hence", ",", "we", "construct", "the", "following", "charge", "calibration", "func-", "\n", "tion", "for", "ﬁssion", "events", "with", "TKE", ">", "120", "MeV", 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of school or do not attend school regularly are highly unlikely to achieve minimum proficiency levels ................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 8.10 By the end of primary school, only about 1 in 10 children read with comprehension in poorer African countries ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Figure 8.11 Students’ mathematics anxiety levels have risen ......................................................................................................................... 166 Figure 9.1 Education participation has increased for younger but not for older children ..................................................................... 172 Figure 9.2 Many children are enrolled in primary education one year before the official entry age ................................................. 173 Figure 9.3 Countries show different patterns in early entry to primary education ................................................................................ 174 Figure 9.4 Increased education participation of children one year before primary entry age can be due to an increase in pre-primary or in primary enrolment ........................................................................................................................... 175 Figure 9.5 Children attending pre-primary education are more likely to be developmentally on track ........................................... 176 Figure 9.6 Inadequate supervision is associated with a lower prevalence of positive and stimulating home environments ................................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Figure 9.7 Early childhood care and education leaders devote more time to administration than pedagogy ............................... 178 Figure 10.1 Adult formal and non-formal education participation rates exceed 10% in very few countries ..................................... 184 Figure 10.2 More than half of countries have seen a decline in formal and non-formal education participation rates in the last 10 years ........................................................................................................................................................................ 186 Figure 10.3 There is a large gender disparity in adult education and training participation ................................................................... 188 Figure 10.4 Vocational education participation rates have seen only marginal growth in the past 10 years .................................. 189 Figure 10.5 Gender disparity in tertiary education enrolment has continued unabated ......................................................................... 191 Figure 10.6 Gender gaps favour women in tertiary education but men in TVET ........................................................................................ 191 Figure 11.1 In high-income countries, adults have much higher levels of ICT skills than in middle-income countries ................. 198 Figure 11.2 No more than 1 in 20 Bangladeshi, Iranian and Vietnamese youth and adults can verify the reliability of online information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Figure 11.3 Men are even more likely than women to have ICT skills as the skill level rises .................................................................. 200 Figure 11.4 Secondary school teachers’ skills in using devices increased rapidly during COVID-19 .................................................... 202 Figure 11.5 The share of the population with at least secondary education increased by 5 percentage points in 10 years ...... 203 Figure 11.6 Disadvantaged students are less assertive than their more privileged peers .................................................................... 204 Figure 12.1 Globally, gender disparity in	[ "of", "school", "or", "do", "not", "attend", "school", "regularly", "are", "highly", "unlikely", "to", "achieve", " \n ", "minimum", "proficiency", "levels", " ", "...................................................................................................................................................................", "163", "\n", "Figure", "8.10", " ", "By", "the", "end", "of", "primary", "school", ",", "only", "about", "1", "in", "10", "children", "read", "with", "comprehension", "in", "poorer", " \n ", "African", "countries", " ", 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Romain Paulus, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. 2017. A deep reinforced model for abstractive summarization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04304 . Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2018. Deep contextualized word representations. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT , pages 2227-2237. Fabio Petroni, Tim Rockt¨ aschel, Patrick Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, Alexander H Miller, and Sebastian Riedel. 2019. Language models as knowledge bases? arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.01066 . Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans, and Ilya Sutskever. 2018. Improving language understanding by generative pre-training. Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Dario Amodei, Jack Clark, Miles Brundage, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019a. 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Lei Yu, Phil Blunsom, Chris Dyer, Edward Grefenstette, and Tom´ as Kocisk´. 2017. y The neural noisy channel. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR .	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"Extraction", "and", "VERification", "(", "FEVER", ")", ",", "pages", "1", "-", "6", ",", "Hong", "Kong", ",", "China", ".", "Association", "for", "Computational", "Linguistics", ".", "\n\n", "Ashish", "Vaswani", ",", "Noam", "Shazeer", ",", "Niki", "Parmar", ",", "Jakob", "Uszkoreit", ",", "Llion", "Jones", ",", "Aidan", "N", "Gomez", ",", "Łukasz", "Kaiser", ",", "and", "Illia", "Polosukhin", ".", "2017", ".", "Attention", "is", "all", "you", "need", ".", "In", "Advances", "in", "neural", "information", "processing", "systems", "30", ",", "pages", "5998", "-", "6008", ".", "\n\n", "Ashwin", "K", "Vijayakumar", ",", "Michael", "Cogswell", ",", "Ramprasath", "R", "Selvaraju", ",", "Qing", "Sun", ",", "Stefan", "Lee", ",", "David", "Crandall", ",", "and", "Dhruv", "Batra", ".", "2016", ".", "Diverse", "beam", "search", ":", "Decoding", "diverse", "solutions", "from", "neural", "sequence", "models", ".", "arXiv", "preprint", "arXiv:1610.02424", ".", "\n\n", "Sean", "Welleck", ",", "Ilia", "Kulikov", ",", "Stephen", "Roller", ",", "Emily", "Dinan", ",", "Kyunghyun", "Cho", ",", "and", "Jason", "Weston", ".", "2019", ".", "Neural", "text", "generation", "with", "unlikelihood", "training", ".", "arXiv", "preprint", "arXiv:1908.04319", ".", "\n\n", "Zhilin", "Yang", ",", "Zihang", "Dai", ",", "Yiming", "Yang", ",", "Jaime", "Carbonell", ",", "Ruslan", "Salakhutdinov", ",", "and", "Quoc", "V", "Le", ".", "2019", ".", "Xlnet", ":", "Generalized", "autoregressive", "pretraining", "for", "language", "understanding", ".", "arXiv", "preprint", "arXiv:1906.08237", ".", "\n\n", "Lei", "Yu", ",", "Phil", "Blunsom", ",", "Chris", "Dyer", ",", "Edward", "Grefenstette", ",", "and", "Tom", "´", "as", "Kocisk", "´", ".", "2017", ".", "y", "The", "neural", "noisy", "channel", ".", "In", "Proceedings", "of", "the", "5th", "International", "Conference", "on", "Learning", "Representations", ",", "ICLR", ".", "\n\n" ]	[ { "end": 144, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 }, { "end": 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needs, providing targeted support, and implementing evidence-based strategies to close achievement gaps. ' (Darling-Hammond, 2010, p. 7). To guarantee that schools serving low-income areas have access to top-notch teaching resources, cutting-edge technology, and extended learning opportunities, policymakers should prioritize increasing financing for Title I schools. After-school and summer reading programs should also receive more funding to give struggling readers the extra time and guidance they require to close the achievement gap. My research highlights the importance of collaboration between teachers, administrators, and interventionists. To strengthen this collaboration, I recommend that schools require organized, regular meetings at the grade level and leadership levels to discuss intervention data. These meetings should involve teachers and intervention specialists, ensuring the entire team is aligned and engaged in decision-making processes for instructional strategies. Effective collaboration will support more targeted and responsive teaching to address the achievement gap better. ## Recommendation for Future Research One recommendation for future research is to conduct comparative studies. Examine the efficacy of various strategies employed by administrators in low-income educational institutions. The findings could guide the creation of evidence-based solutions and assist in identifying best practices. Another recommendation for future research would be to conduct longitudinal studies to monitor the efficacy of tactics and interventions over an extended period. Such studies would offer insightful information about the long-term effects of programs meant to eliminate achievement gaps. One other recommendation would be policy suggestions. Create policy suggestions based on research findings to promote systemic adjustments that enhance students ' academic achievement in low-income educational institutions. Such actions can entail promoting more financing, better facilities, and opportunities for educators professional growth. ' Sociological theory emphasizes the significance of social interactions and cultural environments in influencing learning and development. This paradigm demonstrates how teachers and students distinct experiences in low-SES settings shape their methods of ' ' instruction. Additional research is necessary to fully comprehend how educational best practices might positively impact students from low-income homes. There is a lack of research on the relationship between students socioeconomic position, their expectations of effective teaching ' methods, and their subsequent academic performance, but this area could benefit from more investigation. The viewpoints of both students and teachers on low socioeconomic status and the achievement gap should be the subject of research. Finding out what influences these students and how they learn best is paramount. Teachers of color in low-SES districts should also have access	[ "needs", ",", "providing", "targeted", "support", ",", "and", "implementing", "evidence", "-", "based", "strategies", "to", "close", "achievement", "gaps", ".", "'", "(", "Darling", "-", "Hammond", ",", "2010", ",", "p.", "7", ")", ".", "\n\n", "To", "guarantee", "that", "schools", "serving", "low", "-", "income", "areas", "have", "access", "to", "top", "-", "notch", "teaching", "resources", ",", "cutting", "-", "edge", "technology", ",", "and", "extended", "learning", "opportunities", ",", "policymakers", "should", "prioritize", "increasing", "financing", "for", "Title", "I", "schools", ".", "After", "-", "school", "and", "summer", "reading", "programs", "should", "also", "receive", "more", "funding", "to", "give", "struggling", "readers", "the", "extra", "time", "and", "guidance", "they", "require", "to", "close", "the", "achievement", "gap", ".", "\n\n", "My", "research", "highlights", "the", "importance", "of", "collaboration", "between", "teachers", ",", "administrators", ",", "and", "interventionists", ".", "To", "strengthen", "this", "collaboration", ",", "I", "recommend", "that", "schools", "require", "organized", ",", "regular", "meetings", "at", "the", "grade", "level", "and", "leadership", "levels", "to", "discuss", "intervention", "data", ".", "These", "meetings", "should", "involve", "teachers", "and", "intervention", "specialists", ",", "ensuring", "the", "entire", "team", "is", "aligned", "and", "engaged", "in", "decision", "-", "making", "processes", "for", "instructional", "strategies", ".", "Effective", "collaboration", "will", "support", "more", "targeted", "and", "responsive", "teaching", "to", "address", "the", "achievement", "gap", "better", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Recommendation", "for", "Future", "Research", "\n\n", "One", "recommendation", "for", "future", "research", "is", "to", "conduct", "comparative", "studies", ".", "Examine", "the", "efficacy", "of", "various", "strategies", "employed", "by", "administrators", "in", "low", "-", "income", "educational", "institutions", ".", "The", "findings", "could", "guide", "the", "creation", "of", "evidence", "-", "based", "solutions", "and", "assist", "in", "identifying", "best", "practices", ".", "Another", "recommendation", "for", "future", "research", "would", "be", "to", "conduct", "longitudinal", "studies", "to", "monitor", "the", "efficacy", "of", "tactics", "and", "interventions", "over", "an", "extended", "period", ".", "Such", "studies", "would", "offer", "insightful", "information", "about", "the", "long", "-", "term", "effects", "of", "programs", "meant", "to", "eliminate", "achievement", "gaps", ".", "One", "other", "recommendation", "would", "be", "policy", "suggestions", ".", "Create", "policy", "suggestions", "based", "on", "research", "findings", "to", "promote", "systemic", "adjustments", "that", "enhance", "students", "'", "academic", "achievement", "in", "low", "-", "income", "educational", "institutions", ".", "Such", "actions", "can", "entail", "promoting", "more", "financing", ",", "better", "facilities", ",", "and", "opportunities", "for", "educators", " ", "professional", "growth", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Sociological", "theory", "emphasizes", "the", "significance", "of", "social", "interactions", "and", "cultural", "environments", "in", "influencing", "learning", "and", "development", ".", "This", "paradigm", "demonstrates", "how", "teachers", " ", "and", "students", " ", "distinct", "experiences", "in", "low", "-", "SES", "settings", "shape", "their", "methods", "of", "'", "'", "instruction", ".", "\n\n", "Additional", "research", "is", "necessary", "to", "fully", "comprehend", "how", "educational", "best", "practices", "might", "positively", "impact", "students", "from", "low", "-", "income", "homes", ".", "There", "is", "a", "lack", "of", "research", "on", "the", "relationship", "between", "students", " ", "socioeconomic", "position", ",", "their", "expectations", "of", "effective", "teaching", "'", "methods", ",", "and", "their", "subsequent", "academic", "performance", ",", "but", "this", "area", "could", "benefit", "from", "more", "investigation", ".", "The", "viewpoints", "of", "both", "students", "and", "teachers", "on", "low", "socioeconomic", "status", "and", "the", "achievement", "gap", "should", "be", "the", "subject", "of", "research", ".", "Finding", "out", "what", "influences", "these", "students", "and", "how", "they", "learn", "best", "is", "paramount", ".", "Teachers", "of", "color", "in", "low", "-", "SES", "districts", "should", "also", "have", "access" ]	[ { "end": 135, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 108 }, { "end": 123, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 108 }, { "end": 129, "label": "YEAR", "start": 125 } ]
and her fellow researchers received an invitation to the Society's annual party for published authors. Addressed to 'Mr Maasdorp', disappointingly, two days later, Maasdorp received word that her invitation had been withdrawn because the Royal Society had discovered that she was a woman. 39 The Royal Society operated like a private men's club. As in Cambridge, women were only welcomed as guests to its formal social events, such as the annual dinner for authors. Guests were typically 'wives', and permission for guests' dispensation to attend social events was requested annually. Despite the appointment of the first women Fellows in 1945, crystallographer 4 7 Kathleen Lonsdale and biochemist Marjorie Stephenson, the Royal Society dining clubs remained male- only until the mid- 1970s. 40 Maasdorp did not submit her doctoral thesis. In her memoir, she states that she did not feel she had done enough original work. 41 A recent study by Clark et al. demonstrates that a feeling of 'impostorism was associated with lower self- efficacy and sense of belonging, both of which correlated with a higher likelihood of considering dropping out of one's graduate program'. 42 This was particularly the case where there was a perception of sexism in an academic department. Clark et al. conclude that in academia, 'individuallevel competence beliefs, confidence, and belonging … converge to ultimately undermine women's persistence in STEM'. 43 Given that Maasdorp had already experienced sexism in the laboratory, at the Royal Society and in the larger Cambridge environment due to exclusion from official functions, it is not surprising that this culture may have influenced her perception of herself as an 'imposter'. Yet, it is clear that she had considerable ability. The fact that a student with two papers published in a renowned journal such as Proceedings of the Royal Society was allowed to discontinue their doctoral study speaks of the many challenges and missed opportunities women scientists had to contend with. There are several possible explanations for Maasdorp's feelings of impostorism. First, there was a lack of women as role models at the Cavendish Laboratory during her time there. The absence of women role models at Cambridge during the 1930s was acute. While Ann Davies was appointed in Maasdorp's second year, she was not Maasdorp's supervisor. In their study on the influence of contemporary women role models, Young et al. conclude that 'female STEM professors not only provide positive role models for women,	[ "and", " ", "her", " ", "fellow", " ", "researchers", " ", "received", " ", "an", "invitation", "to", "the", "Society", "'s", "annual", "party", "for", "published", "authors", ".", "Addressed", "to", "'", "Mr", "Maasdorp", "'", ",", "disappointingly", ",", "two", "days", "later", ",", "Maasdorp", "received", "word", "that", "her", "invitation", "had", "been", "withdrawn", "because", "the", "Royal", "Society", "had", "discovered", "that", "she", "was", "a", "woman", ".", "39", "\n\n", "The", "Royal", "Society", "operated", "like", "a", "private", "men", "'s", "club", ".", "As", "in", "Cambridge", ",", "women", "were", "only", "welcomed", "as", "guests", "to", "its", "formal", "social", "events", ",", "such", "as", "the", "annual", "dinner", "for", "authors", ".", "Guests", "were", "typically", "'", "wives", "'", ",", "and", "permission", "for", "guests", "'", "dispensation", "to", "attend", "social", "events", "was", "requested", "annually", ".", "Despite", "the", " ", "appointment", " ", "of", " ", "the", " ", "first", " ", "women", " ", "Fellows", " ", "in", " ", "1945", ",", " ", "crystallographer", "\n\n", "4", "\n\n", "7", "\n\n", "Kathleen", "Lonsdale", "and", "biochemist", "Marjorie", "Stephenson", ",", "the", "Royal", "Society", "dining", "clubs", "remained", "male-", " ", "only", "until", "the", "mid-", " ", "1970s", ".", "40", "\n\n", "Maasdorp", "did", "not", "submit", "her", "doctoral", "thesis", ".", "In", "her", "memoir", ",", "she", "states", "that", "she", "did", "not", "feel", "she", "had", "done", "enough", "original", "work", ".", "41", " ", "A", "recent", "study", "by", "Clark", "et", "al", ".", "demonstrates", "that", "a", "feeling", "of", "'", "impostorism", "was", "associated", "with", "lower", "self-", " ", "efficacy", "and", "sense", "of", "belonging", ",", "both", "of", "which", "correlated", "with", "a", "higher", "likelihood", "of", "considering", "dropping", "out", "of", "one", "'s", "graduate", "program", "'", ".", "42", "This", "was", "particularly", "the", "case", "where", "there", "was", "a", "perception", "of", "sexism", "in", "an", "academic", "department", ".", "Clark", "et", "al", ".", "conclude", "that", "in", "academia", ",", "'", "individuallevel", " ", "competence", " ", "beliefs", ",", " ", "confidence", ",", " ", "and", " ", "belonging", " ", "…", " ", "converge", " ", "to", " ", "ultimately", "undermine", "women", "'s", "persistence", "in", "STEM", "'", ".", "43", " ", "Given", "that", "Maasdorp", "had", "already", "experienced", "sexism", "in", "the", "laboratory", ",", "at", "the", "Royal", "Society", "and", "in", "the", "larger", "Cambridge", "environment", "due", "to", "exclusion", "from", "official", "functions", ",", "it", "is", "not", "surprising", "that", "this", "culture", "may", "have", "influenced", "her", "perception", "of", "herself", "as", "an", "'", "imposter", "'", ".", "Yet", ",", "it", "is", "clear", "that", "she", "had", "considerable", "ability", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "a", "student", "with", "two", "papers", "published", "in", "a", "renowned", "journal", "such", "as", "Proceedings", "of", "the", "Royal", "Society", "was", "allowed", "to", "discontinue", "their", "doctoral", "study", "speaks", "of", "the", "many", "challenges", "and", "missed", "opportunities", "women", "scientists", "had", "to", "contend", "with", ".", "\n\n", "There", "are", "several", "possible", "explanations", "for", "Maasdorp", "'s", "feelings", "of", "impostorism", ".", "First", ",", "there", "was", "a", "lack", "of", "women", "as", "role", "models", "at", "the", "Cavendish", "Laboratory", "during", "her", "time", "there", ".", "The", "absence", "of", "women", "role", "models", "at", "Cambridge", "during", "the", "1930s", "was", "acute", ".", "While", "Ann", "Davies", "was", "appointed", "in", "Maasdorp", "'s", "second", "year", ",", "she", "was", "not", "Maasdorp", "'s", "supervisor", ".", "In", "their", "study", "on", "the", "influence", "of", "contemporary", "women", "role", "models", ",", "Young", "et", "al", ".", "conclude", "that", "'", "female", "STEM", "professors", "not", "only", "provide", "positive", "role", "models", "for", " ", "women", "," ]	[ { "end": 296, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 294 }, { "end": 815, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 813 }, { "end": 1475, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1473 }, { "end": 1198, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1196 }, { "end": 947, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 945 } ]
[5] S.D. White, D.J. Cleland, S.D. Cotter, R.A. Steph enson, R.D.S. Kallu, A.K. Fleming, A heat pump for s imultaneous refrigeration and water heating, IPENZ Transactions 24 (1997). [6] G. Gong, W. Zeng, L. Wang, C. Wu, A new heat rec overy technique for air-conditioning/heat-pump syst em, Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008), 2360-2370. [7] L. Rajapaksha, K.O. Suen, Influence of reversing methods on the performance of a reversible water-t o-water heat pump, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003), 49-64. [8] Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsi n-Madison, TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program, Reference Manual Volume I (2000). 8 [9] P. Byrne, J. Miriel, Y. Lenat, Design and simula tion of a heat pump for simultaneous heating and co oling using HFC or CO2 as a working fluid, International Journal of Refrig eration 32 (2009), 1711-1723. [10] L. Rajapaksha, K.O. Suen, Influence of liquid r eceiver on the performance of reversible heat pumps using refrigerant mixtures, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004), 53-62. 9 Liste of figures Fig. 1. HPS circuit Compressor Water evaporator Air heat exchanger Subcooler E vr1 TEV2 Evr 2 Water condenser Hot water tank Suction accumulator Evr4 E vr 3 TEV2 Liquid receiver HP LP TwEv TaEv Thermosiphon circuit EvrHP EvrLP Nrv1 Nrv2 Cold water tank Thot gas 10 Fig. 2. Scheme of the connections of the HPS to air and water systems Fan coil unit Hot water tank Cold water tank Fan coil unit AHX HPS Air inlet Air outlet Air conditioning system Ambient air 11 Fig. 3. Photograph of the experimental setup 12 2345678 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 4. Heating COP in the heating mode 13 012345 0 1 2 3 4 5 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 5. Cooling COP in the cooling mode 14 4681012 4 6 8 10 12 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 6. Heating and cooling COP in the simultaneous mode 15 List of tables Component Specification Compressor Brand: Copeland Type: Scroll Ref: ZB38KCE-TFD Swept volume: 14.5 m³/h Nominal cooling capacity (Tev = 0°C / T cd = 40°C): 11.5 kW Water heat exchangers - condenser - evaporator - subcooler Type: plate heat exchanger 50 plates, 2.45 m² 34 plates, 0.8 m² 14 plates, 0.16 m² Air heat exchanger Type: finned tubes, 68 m² 6 rows of 30 tubes (l = 750 mm , Ø = 10 mm) Working fluid R407C Table 1.	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it is not strategically aligned . As a result, Europe's notional exposure to any 'sudden stops' in trade caused by geopolitical i conflagration is high. However, absent an extreme unforeseen scenario, a profound and rapid decoupling of global trade seems unlikely in the medium term. Evidence of de-globalisation is currently limited, with companies preferring to diversify suppliers rather than re-shore or near-shore production on a significant scale . Neither China nor the ii EU has an incentive to accelerate this process: as the previous chapter demonstrated, China is reliant on the EU to absorb its excess capacity in clean technologies. The more immediate risk for Europe is that dependencies could be used to create an opportunity for coercion, making it harder for the EU to maintain a united stance and undermining its common policy objectives. A growing use of dependencies as a 'geopolitical weapon' is in turn likely to increase uncertainty and have a detrimental eff.ligaect on business investment iii . Deteriorating geopolitical relations also create new needs for spending on defence and defence industrial capacity . Europe now faces conventional warfare on its Eastern border and hybrid warfare everywhere, including attacks on energy infrastructure and telecoms, interference in democratic processes and the weaponisation of migration iv . At the same time, US strategic doctrine is shifting away from Europe and towards the Pacific Rim - for example in the format of AUKUS - driven by the perceived threat of China. As a result, a growing demand for defence capability is being met by a shrinking supply - a gap which Europe itself must fill. However, thanks to a prolonged period of peace in Europe and the US security umbrella, only ten Member States now spend more than or equal to 2% of GDP in line with NATO commitments, although defence expenditures are rising [see Figure 1]. The defence industry requires massive investments to catch up. As a point of reference, if all EU Member States who are NATO Members and who have not yet reached the 2% target were to do so in 2024, defence spending would rise by EUR 60 billion. Additional investments are also needed to restore lost capabilities owing to decades of underinvestment and to replenish depleted stocks, including those donated to support the defence of Ukraine against Russian aggression. In June 2024, the Commission estimated that additional defence investments of around EUR 500 billion are	[ "it", "is", "not", "strategically", "aligned", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "Europe", "'s", "notional", "exposure", "to", "any", "'", "sudden", "stops", "'", "in", "trade", "caused", "by", "geopolitical", "i", "conflagration", "is", "high", ".", "However", ",", "absent", "an", "extreme", "unforeseen", "scenario", ",", "a", "profound", "and", "rapid", "decoupling", "of", "global", "trade", "seems", "unlikely", "in", "the", "medium", "term", ".", "Evidence", "of", "de", "-", "globalisation", "is", "currently", "limited", ",", "with", "companies", "preferring", "to", "diversify", "suppliers", "rather", "than", "re", "-", "shore", "or", "near", "-", "shore", "production", "on", "a", "significant", "scale", ".", "Neither", "China", "nor", "the", "ii", "EU", "has", "an", "incentive", "to", "accelerate", "this", "process", ":", "as", "the", "previous", "chapter", "demonstrated", ",", "China", "is", "reliant", "on", "the", "EU", "to", "absorb", "its", "excess", "capacity", "in", "clean", "technologies", ".", "The", "more", "immediate", "risk", "for", "Europe", "is", "that", "dependencies", "could", "be", "used", "to", "create", "an", "opportunity", "for", "coercion", ",", "making", "it", "harder", "for", "the", "EU", "to", "maintain", "a", "united", "stance", "and", "undermining", "its", "common", "policy", "objectives", ".", "A", "growing", "use", "of", "dependencies", "as", "a", "'", "geopolitical", "weapon", "'", "is", "in", "turn", "likely", "to", "increase", "uncertainty", "and", "have", "a", "detrimental", "eff.ligaect", "on", "business", "investment", "iii", ".", "\n\n", "Deteriorating", "geopolitical", "relations", "also", "create", "new", "needs", "for", "spending", "on", "defence", "and", "defence", "industrial", "capacity", ".", "Europe", "now", "faces", "conventional", "warfare", "on", "its", "Eastern", "border", "and", "hybrid", "warfare", "everywhere", ",", "including", "attacks", "on", "energy", "infrastructure", "and", "telecoms", ",", "interference", "in", "democratic", "processes", "and", "the", "weaponisation", "of", "migration", "iv", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "US", "strategic", "doctrine", "is", "shifting", "away", "from", "Europe", "and", "towards", "the", "Pacific", "Rim", "-", "for", "example", "in", "the", "format", "of", "AUKUS", "-", "driven", "by", "the", "perceived", "threat", "of", "China", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "a", "growing", "demand", "for", "defence", "capability", "is", "being", "met", "by", "a", "shrinking", "supply", "-", "a", "gap", "which", "Europe", "itself", "must", "fill", ".", "However", ",", "thanks", "to", "a", "prolonged", "period", "of", "peace", "in", "Europe", "and", "the", "US", "security", "umbrella", ",", "only", "ten", "Member", "States", "now", "spend", "more", "than", "or", "equal", "to", "2", "%", "of", "GDP", "in", "line", "with", "NATO", "commitments", ",", "although", "defence", "expenditures", "are", "rising", "[", "see", "Figure", "1", "]", ".", "The", "defence", "industry", "requires", "massive", "investments", "to", "catch", "up", ".", "As", "a", "point", "of", "reference", ",", "if", "all", "EU", "Member", "States", "who", "are", "NATO", "Members", "and", "who", "have", "not", "yet", "reached", "the", "2", "%", "target", "were", "to", "do", "so", "in", "2024", ",", "defence", "spending", "would", "rise", "by", "EUR", "60", "billion", ".", "Additional", "investments", "are", "also", "needed", "to", "restore", "lost", "capabilities", "owing", "to", "decades", "of", "underinvestment", "and", "to", "replenish", "depleted", "stocks", ",", "including", "those", "donated", "to", "support", "the", "defence", "of", "Ukraine", "against", "Russian", "aggression", ".", "In", "June", "2024", ",", "the", "Commission", "estimated", "that", "additional", "defence", "investments", "of", "around", "EUR", "500", "billion", "are" ]	[ { "end": 125, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 124 }, { "end": 479, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 477 }, { "end": 1018, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1014 }, { "end": 1360, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1358 } ]
period between 1976 and 1986. Newspapers included Mesimvrini [ Midday Press ], a daily political newspaper, Avgi [ Dawn ], the daily newspaper of the KKE (Eurocommunist), Eleftherotypia [ Press Freedom ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, Ta Nea [ News ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, To Vima [ The Step ], a weekly broadsheet and political newspaper, Vradini [ Nightly Press ], a weekly political newspaper, To Vima tis Kyriakis [ Sunday's Step ], a weekly newspaper, Eleftheros Typos [ Free Press ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, and Ntomino [ Domino ], a newspaper addressed to women. Magazines included Fylladio [ Flyer ], a magazine related to art and literature published every three months, Pantheon , a magazine of general interest addressed to women, and Ena [ One ], a magazine of general interest. - 30 Anon., ' Θύ ατα οι γυναίκες μ ' [Women are the victims], Mesimvrini (10 December 1983), Delfis Archival Center (hereafter, DAC); L. Mpenou, ' Μ αφορ ή το ' μ νο μ οσχέδιο για τις εκτρώσεις ' [Occasioned by the abortion bill], Filladio (October 1985), DAC; Anon., 'Aμ βλωσεις ' [Abortions], Ethnos (26 January 1986), DAC. - 31 Anon., ' Συνέντευξη -αστρα π ή Ήταν χρέος μ ας …μ ας μ ιλάει ο ∏ ρόεδρος του Ι Σ Α . . . κ . Φραγκλίνος ∏ α π αδέλης ' ['It was our duty': The president of the Medical Association of Athens, Fr. Papadelis, talks to us], short interview, Pantheon (22 November 1983), DAC. - 32 Anon., ' Ελεύθερες εκτρώσεις υ π ό όρους ζητά η Κ Δ Γ και ενη μ έρωση για την αντισύλληψη ' [The Democratic Women's Movement asks for free abortions under conditions and information regarding contraception], Αυγή [ Avgi ] (1 April 1983), DAC; Chr. Papastathopoulou, '1390 γιατροί μ οιράζονται 4,5 δισ . α π ό τις α μ βλώσεις [ Εκστρατεία γυναικών για δικαίω μ α σε έκτρωση -αντισύλληψη -σεξουαλικότητα ' [1,390 doctors share 4.5 billion from abortions: Women's campaign for the right to abortion- contraception- sexuality], Ελευθεροτυ π ία [ Eleftherotipia ] (9 December 1983), DAC. 2 9 7 - 33 L. Papadopoulos, ' Μια μ εγάλη έρευνα για ένα μ εγάλο π ρόβλη μ : α Όχι στις α μ βλώσεις αλλά π ρέ π ει να νο μ μ ι ο π οιηθούν ' [A major research for a major problem: No to abortions but they have to be legal], Ta Nea (24 January 1976),	[ " ", "period", " ", "between", " ", "1976", "and", "1986", ".", "Newspapers", "included", "Mesimvrini", "[", "Midday", "Press", "]", ",", "a", "daily", "political", "newspaper", ",", "Avgi", "[", "Dawn", "]", ",", "the", "daily", "newspaper", "of", "the", "KKE", "(", "Eurocommunist", ")", ",", "Eleftherotypia", "[", "Press", "Freedom", "]", ",", "a", "daily", "broadsheet", "and", "political", "newspaper", ",", "Ta", "Nea", "[", "News", "]", ",", "a", "daily", "broadsheet", "and", "political", "newspaper", ",", "To", "Vima", "[", "The", "Step", "]", ",", "a", "weekly", "broadsheet", "and", "political", "newspaper", ",", "Vradini", "[", "Nightly", "Press", "]", ",", "a", "weekly", "political", "newspaper", ",", "To", "Vima", "tis", "Kyriakis", "[", 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2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia \| \| Algeria \| … \| 2 \| 7 \| … \| 36 \| 56 \| … \| … \| … 64 ₋₄ \| 45 ₋₄ \| \| 24 ₋₄ \| … \| … \| \| Armenia \| 1 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 12 \| 9 \| … \| 39 \| 61 \| … \| … \| … \| 100 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 99 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 96 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 53 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 53 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| Azerbaijan \| … \| 11 ᵢ \| 7 \| 100 ₊₁ \| 32 ᵢ \| 41 ᵢ \| 74 ₋₂ \| 25 ₋₂ \| … \| 100 \| 98 \| 92 \| 33 \| 33 \| \| Bahrain \| … \| 4 \| 6 \| 100 \| 50 \| 72 \| 68 ₋₂ \| 46 ₋₂ \| 17 ₋₃ \| 90 \| 83 \| 67 \| 41 \| 41 \| \| Cyprus \| 3 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 6 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 9 ₋₁ \| … \| 3 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 98 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 48 ₋₄ \| 28 ₋₄ \| 4 ₋₄ \| 97 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 86 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 78 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 43 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 43 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| Egypt \| 0.4 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 11 ₋₂ \| 22 ₋₂ \| 100 \| 40 \| 39 \| 62 ₋₃ \| 23 ₋₃ \| 11 ₋₃ \| 67 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| 54 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 21 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 21 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| Georgia \| 2 ᵢ \| 3 \| 4 \| 100 \| 40 \| 80 \| 32 ₋₂ \| 10 ₋₂ \| 1 ₋₃ \| 99 ᵢ \| 98 ᵢ \| 93 ᵢ \| 54 ᵢ \| 54 ᵢ \| \| Iraq \| 2 ₋₂ ᵢ \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 1 ₋₄ \| 1 ₋₄ \| 0.2 ₋₄ \| 32 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 32 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 23 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 17 ₋₂ ᵢ \| 17	[ "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", " ", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", " ", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", " ", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "2023", "2023", "Northern", "Africa", "and", "Western", "Asia", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Algeria", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "36", " ", "\|", "56", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "64", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "45", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "24", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Armenia", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "39", " ", "\|", "61", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "99", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "96", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "53", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "53", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Azerbaijan", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "11", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "100", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "32", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "41", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "74", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "25", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Bahrain", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "50", " ", "\|", "72", " ", "\|", "68", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "46", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "17", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "83", " ", "\|", "67", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Cyprus", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "6", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "9", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "98", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "48", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "28", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "4", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "97", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "86", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "78", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "43", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "43", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Egypt", " ", "\|", "0.4", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "22", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "40", " ", "\|", "39", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "67", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "54", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Georgia", " ", "\|", "2", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "40", " ", "\|", "80", " ", "\|", "32", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "10", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "99", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "98", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "93", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "54", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "54", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Iraq", " ", "\|", "2", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "0.2", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "32", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "32", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "17", "₋₂", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "17" ]	[]
\| \| 62 ₋₃ ᵢ \| 29 ₋₃ \| 29 ₋₃ \| 29 ₋₃ \| \| Myanmar \| 0.5 ₋₃ ᵢ \| … \| … \| … \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 78 ₋₃ ᵢ \| \| ᵢ \| ᵢ \| ᵢ \| \| Philippines \| … \| 6 ₋₂ \| 10 \| 100 ₋₂ \| … … \| 45 103 ₋₁ \| 6 ₋₄ \| 2 ₋₄ \| 1 ₋₄ \| 98 ᵢ 87 ₋₃ ᵢ 86 ₋₁ \| 62 ₋₁ \| ₋₁ \| 26 ₋₁ ᵢ 48 ₋₁ \| 26 ₋₁ ᵢ 48 ₋₁ \| \| Republic of \| 2 ᵢ \| 11 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 8 ₋₁ \| … \| 58 ₋₁ ᵢ \| ᵢ \| 97 ₋₂ \| 54 ₋₂ \| 10 ₋₂ \| 98 ᵢ \| 90 ᵢ 85 ₋₁ \| 34 81 ᵢ 63 ᵢ \| ᵢ 63 ₋₁ \| ᵢ 63 ₋₁ \| \| Korea Singapore \| 2 ᵢ \| 23 ₋₁ ᵢ \| … \| 72 ₋₁ \| 61 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 98 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 51 ₋₂ 23 ₋₃ \| 33 ₋₂ 15 ₋₃ \| 9 ₋₂ 1 ₋₃ \| 75 ᵢ \| 54 ᵢ \| 39 ᵢ \| 22 ᵢ \| 22 ᵢ \| \| Thailand \| 0.3 ᵢ \| 11 ₊₁ \| 13 ₊₁ \| 100 ₊₁ \| 30 ᵢ \| 48 ₊₁ \| \| \| \| \| \| 15 ₋₁ \| 15 ₋₁ \| 15 ₋₁ \| \| \| 7 ₋₁ \| 5 ₋₄ \| \| … \| \| 31 \| … \| … \| … \| 46 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 38 ₋₁ ᵢ \| ᵢ \| 3 ₋₁ ᵢ \| 3 ₋₁ ᵢ \| \| Timor-Leste Viet Nam \| ᵢ 0.5 ᵢ \| 15 ₋₁ \| 9 ₋₃ \| \| … \| 42 ₋₁ \| 26 ₋₂ \| 16 ₋₂ \| \| 87 \| ᵢ \| 66 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 ₋₁ \| 100 ₋₁ \| 18 ₋₁ \| \| \| \| \| \| ᵢ \| 39 ᵢ \| 19 ᵢ \| 19 ᵢ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 ₋₂ \| \| \| \| \| \|	[ "\|", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "29", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "29", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "29", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Myanmar", " ", "\|", "0.5", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "78", "₋₃", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Philippines", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "6", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "45", "103", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "6", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "2", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "98", "ᵢ", "87", "₋₃", "ᵢ", "86", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "62", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "26", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "48", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "26", "₋₁", "ᵢ", "48", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Republic", "of", " ", "\|", "2", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "11", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "8", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "58", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "97", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "54", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "10", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "98", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "90", "ᵢ", "85", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "34", "81", "ᵢ", "63", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "63", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "63", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Korea", "Singapore", " ", "\|", "2", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "23", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "72", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "61", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "98", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "51", "₋₂", "23", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "33", "₋₂", "15", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "9", "₋₂", "1", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "75", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "54", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "39", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "22", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "22", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Thailand", " ", "\|", "0.3", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "11", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "13", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "100", "₊₁", " ", "\|", "30", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "48", "₊₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "7", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "5", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "31", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "46", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "38", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "3", "₋₁", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Timor", "-", "Leste", "Viet", "Nam", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", "0.5", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "15", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "9", "₋₃", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "42", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "26", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "16", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "87", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "66", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "9", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "18", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "39", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "19", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "19", "ᵢ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "1", "₋₂", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|" ]	[]
. The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth – such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should offer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to offset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production offtake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements 51THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3 for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For “infant industries”, it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a “launch customer” for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and offsetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technolo - gies are highly concentrated, the EU has win-win opportunities to strategically partner with other regions in targeted steps of clean technology supply chains. Like-minded neighbouring regions with access to low-cost renewable energy sources and raw materials could help Europe accomplish its energy and climate goals in an affordable manner while widening the diversification of supplies. At the same time, the EU should leverage its strong position in clean tech and pursue opportunities to invest in other countries to widen the deployment market for technologies the region is developing, such as near zero-emissions processes for materials production. To enable these goals, the report recommends for the EU to establish industrial partnerships with third countries in the form of offtake agreements across the supply chain or co-investment in manufacturing projects. 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become the objects of legal scrutiny when the issue of malpracticearises. Bangladesh perspective: The medico legal system: According to Bangladesh law, all unnaturaldeaths that are reported to the police are subject to forensic investigation . Bangladeshis one of the most over populated country of the world. The country is divided into sixdivisions and 64 districts. All district hospitals have autopsy provisions including 13 government medical colleges. During the British period (1757-1947), the civil surgeon, who would be a British doctor, wasresponsible for all the medico legal works. Theoriginal post of civil surgeon is still retained to this day 1. During the Pakistan period (1947-1971), no change was made1. With the establishment of medical colleges, academic departments ofmedical jurisprudence were established toteach the subject to undergraduate students and the civil surgeons were appointed as part time teachers of medical jurisprudence. Thiscontinued to the end of Pakistan period. Whenit was felt necessary to recognize thedepartments with qualified teachers,professional posts in medical jurisprudence in eight medical colleges were thus established. The forensic medical service of Bangladesh includes clinical forensic medicine andforensic pathology. The service is given bystates through the ministry of health. In ourcountry the police and sometimes the magistrates must screen the deaths. After receiving the information of any unnaturaldeath within the jurisdiction of nearby policestation, the legal authority usually send onepolice officer to the scene of crime and makesan inquest report. The police officer then sends the dead body to the nearest mortuary. In the cities where a government medical college is available any academic staff of forensicmedicine department is empowered to performan autopsy otherwise, by the civil surgeon inthe district hospitals. Residential medicalofficers are empowered to perform medico legalwork. In our country, medico-legal investigations lags behind the normal standard followed. Forensic pathologists handle very small part of totalmedico legal work. In the present century,progress in the process of crime investigation has continued with advancement in the scientific medico legal practices. In mostcountries the decision on the manner of deathJ Dhaka Med Coll. Vol. 19, No. 1. April, 2010 62 is reserved for a legal official, not a doctor. But in our country forensic pathologists areexpected to determine the manner of death. Like other countries, corner’s or medical examiner’s system is to be established. Thousands of death buried without proper diagnosis in Bangladesh. 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fields have been shown to be similar by Cook (1993), Bickerton (1995), Washabaugh (1977), Schumann (1978) and Holm (2000). Moreover, research on processes of pidginization and creolization has led to important advances in a number of areas of applied linguistics and theoretical linguistics (c.f. Holm, 2000). In this study, the strategies of language learning reported in Mousa (1994) are compared to the process of de/creolization (Bailey, 1966) of two speakers of Board Jamaican Creole. The similarities between the two creole speakers and Mousa's (1994) learners will be highlighted drawing on the assumption that 'the dynamics by which pidgins and creoles come into being and the development of the L2 learner's interlanguage might be governed by the same factors' (Cook, 1993, p. 69). That is, in both situations the behaviour of those concerned is constrained by the principles of Universal Grammar, a genetically determined pre-disposition for language. Furthermore, we assume that second language learning, de/creolization and historical change are significantly linked, in such a way that accounting for the behaviour of the first two is never precise in the absence of historical facts. ## 2. Literature Review As an interesting and promising domain of linguistic research, the comparison of non-native language acquisition with pidginization/creolization has attracted a significant number of linguists. This is so, because researchers have come to realize that, in order to understand the behaviour of early and late second/foreign language learning, an appreciation of the processes involved in pidginization/depidginization, creolization/decreolization is a key issue, McLaughlin (1987). For instance, Baxter et al. (1978), in their investigation of the Brazilian spoken dialect of Helvecia, observed a series of parallels with structures in early stages of L1 Portuguese acquisition. In a comparison between the decreolization of the Guyanese Creole negation system and the acquisition of English negation by Spanish speakers, Schumann et al. (1978b) found that the overall movement along the linguistic continuum in the two operations involved a rule change from a basilect/basilange preverbal negation to the target English post-copula auxiliary negation. Furthermore, it was observed that the above rule change in the situations was accomplished by identical linguistic processes, the replacement of surface forms and the restructuring of underlying units. Likewise, in the depidginization of Hawaiian Pidgin English, as reported by Bickerton and Odo (1976), a continuum of development occurs which is similar to that produced in decreolization and second language acquisition. 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the spontaneous ﬁssion of252Cf, isomeric states in 25 dif- ferent nuclei were identiﬁed, from A=88 to A=158. These nuclei are depicted in Fig. 7. In total, the half-lives of 41 isomeric states were measured. The half-lives measured in this work for all these isomers are reported in Tables 2and3for light and heavy fragments, respectively. In these tables, the total uncertainties corre-sponding to both statistical and systematic errors are given. For each isomer, the systematic uncertainty was estimated by varying the range of the ﬁts and the binning of the timehistogram, as the ﬁt result was sensitive to these parameters.Fig. 8 Ratios of half-lives measured in this work over literature values 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Half-life extraction of the identiﬁed isomers The ratios between all the half-lives measured in this work and the ones extracted from literature (see Tables 2and3)a r e represented in Fig. 8, except for the newly identiﬁed isomers in94Rb,108Tc and147Ce. From such a representation, the extensive range of half-lives that could be accessed with the VESPA setup is visible (5 orders of magnitude). We mayobserve that our results agree well with the literature values,although no perfect agreement is found. The ratios do not seem to show any dependence on the half-life, indicating that our method performs equally well over the whole time range.Most of the half-lives measured in this work (28 over 37) agree within 4% (1 σ) to their corresponding literature value. For some outliers, a more severe deviation is observed. Themost striking difference are the half-lives of the 1.039 MeV isomeric state in 99Zr and the 2.075 and 1.485 MeV isomeric states in94Rb. In Tables 2and3, half-lives extracted from the RIPL3 database [ 15] (2023 update) are also compared to the ones measured in this work. Indeed, as simulation codes may rely on such databases, incorrect isomer half-lives may affect thecalculations. The following subsections are mainly dedicated to those isomers in 108Tc,147Ce, and94Rb, which were measured for the ﬁrst time. 3.1.1108Tc Although γ-rays from the108Tc isomer were already observed in the 1970 years (see, e.g., in Ref. [ 42]), no level scheme was proposed at that time. Level schemes were pro-posed in Ref. [ 43](βdecay of 108Mo) and [ 44] (spontaneous 123 5 Page 6 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. 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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d12.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d12.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip3d21.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ip3d21.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ip3d22.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 ip3d22.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 M mepe01.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 mepe02.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 mepe03.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 mepe04.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 mepe05.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	[ ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "118", "\n", "ip2d12.dgibi", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "118", "\n", "ip2d12.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "118", "\n", "ip3d21.dgibi", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "119", "\n", "ip3d21.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "119", "\n", "ip3d22.dgibi", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "120", "\n", "ip3d22.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "120", "\n", "M", "\n", "mepe01.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".120", "\n", "mepe02.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".121", "\n", "mepe03.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".122", "\n", "mepe04.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".122", "\n", "mepe05.epx", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "." ]	[]
online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze this data, precisely the mean, median, and mode (Cooksey, 2020). The mean is the numerical average of a data set calculated by determining the sum of all numbers and dividing by the number of participants. When calculating the median or middle of a data set, the numbers are ordered from lowest to highest. In an odd set of numbers, as in this study of five participants, the median is the middle number. Mode, or “most often,” is calculated by ordering the responses for each statement in the survey. The number repeated most often for any specific statement is the mode for that statement. If no number repeats for any specific statement, no mode is reported (Math Antics, 2017). Qualitative Data Analysis Qualitative data was collected via a recorded Zoom interview. Each of the six participants picked a time and location for their interviews that was convenient for them. The interviews did not last longer than 60 minutes. The interview protocol 41 consisted of (11) open-ended questions. The research question was addressed by the open-ended questions, which asked participants to define family engagement in their own words. Participants were asked to provide their opinions about family involvement in the classroom and at the school site in response to additional prompts. Saldaña (2021) explains that interviews were more than data collecting but rather significant, mutual exchanges of collaboratively constructed meaning (p.27). The researcher chose these two data collection methods because they thoroughly depicted the participants' perceptions. Likert scale surveys and semistructured one-on-one Zoom interviews were used to get responses from the six participants. The online survey initiated their reflective thought process. They were able to elaborate on their ideas during the follow-up Zoom interviews, which were captured for accuracy, to be later transcribed and confirmed by the participant. The researcher used Delvetool.com and inductive in vivo coding to manually review the interview transcripts. In vivo coding, Saldaña (2021) explains, is a method that allows the researcher to generate unique codes on its own when data is reviewed for the first time (p. 41). In Vivo coding uses participants' exact words or phrases as “codes” to record their viewpoints. According to Saldaña (2021), a “code” is a word or brief phrase that signifies an attribute and is typically used as a code in qualitative analysis (p. 5). 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slowing hydrologic cycle in the extreme northeastern part of the United States. While the trends in the latter region may not be significant in the usual sense, theyare certainly consistent with the findings of a 10% decrease from 1964 to 2003 in the total annual river discharge to the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans in Canada by Dery andWood ( 2005 ) and with the identification of an apparent dipole-like pattern in annual precipitation variations from 1948 to 2003 by Jutla et al. ( 2006 ) over eastern North America between 30 oNa n d6 0oN. In other words, it appears from these studies that over the past 50 years annual precipitation has been increasing in the eastern United Statesand decreasing in southeastern Canada with, as the present results indicate, conceivably a small spill-over of this decrease into Maine. The analysis of Jutla et al. ( 2006 ) further raised the possibility that this anticorrelation in positive and negative trends along the Eastern seaboard might be influenced by sea surface temperature anomalies in the adjacent areas of the Atlantic Ocean. 6 Conclusions A method, proposed by Brutsaert ( 2008 ), was implemented herein to infer groundwater storage changes in the eastern half of the conterminous United States, by means of riverflow measurements in a number of large river basins. The 41 selected basins, which were all free of human dis- turbances, were taken large enough, that is at least some2,000 km 2, in order to be representative for their respective water resources regions, and in order to justify adoption of a typical value of the drainage time scale of 45 days in thecalculations. The method can be considered to be reliable because in the earlier study (Brutsaert 2008 ), it had already been shown to produce excellent results compared to localgroundwater level measurements in two basins in Illinois. It was found that groundwater storage has generally been increasing during the past 2/3 century, and perhaps evenlonger, in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The strongest and most significant trends, which were of the order of 0.1 mm a −2, were observed in the Ohio and Upper Mississippi regions. 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analysis for each EaP country. Some of these specialisations are shared by more than one country, and offer opportunities for cooperation and knowledge sharing. The first clear transversal E&I domain of poten- tial collaboration consists of NACE codes 10 Man- ufacture of food products and 11 Manufacture of beverages in the Food Processing and Manu- facturing industry. This domain directly concerns Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and is aligned with the common strength in the Agricul- ture industry identified in the previous paragraphs. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials, NACE code 16, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Moldova and Ukraine. Manufacture of chemicals and chemical prod- ucts, NACE code 20, is identified as an E&I special- isation in two countries: Azerbaijan and Moldova. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Georgia and Ukraine. Manufacture of computer, electronic and op- tical products, NACE code 26, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Ukraine. Accommodation, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Georgia. Telecommunications, NACE code 61, is identi- fied as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Ar- menia and Moldova. 12 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Several advanced services, notably NACE code 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; NACE code 63 Information service activities; and NACE code 64 Finan- cial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, concern, in varying geometries, 4 EaP countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova, creating an economic cluster of potential collaboration. The above E&I domains of potential collaboration are solely those emerging from the selected E&I domains for each country, and other potential are- as of cooperation may exist. That being said, there is obviously a cooperation-competition logic that should be taken into account when addressing the issue at EaP level. Finally, several innovative and dynamic niches were identified as relevant to the diversity of EaP countries through the analysis of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies using the data source Crunchbase, notably6: ■Software for Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, ■Mobile for Armenia and Azerbaijan, ■Gaming for Armenia. The identification of cluster organisations in the EaP countries also provides relevant areas of po- tential intra-EaP collaboration, notably in Informa- tion	[ "analysis", "for", "each", "EaP", "\n", "country", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "specialisations", "are", "shared", "\n", "by", "more", "than", "one", "country", ",", "and", "offer", "opportunities", "\n", "for", "cooperation", "and", "knowledge", "sharing", ".", "\n", "The", "first", "clear", "transversal", "E&I", "domain", "of", "poten-", "\n", "tial", "collaboration", "consists", "of", "NACE", "codes", "10", "Man-", "\n", "ufacture", "of", "food", "products", "and", "11", "Manufacture", "of", "\n", "beverages", "in", "the", "Food", "Processing", "and", "Manu-", "\n", "facturing", "industry", ".", "This", "domain", "directly", "concerns", "\n", "Armenia", ",", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", "and", "is", "\n", "aligned", "with", "the", "common", "strength", "in", "the", "Agricul-", "\n", "ture", "industry", "identified", "in", "the", "previous", "paragraphs", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "\n", "wood", "and", "cork", ",", "except", "furniture", ";", "manufacture", "of", "\n", "articles", "of", "straw", "and", "plaiting", "materials", ",", "NACE", "code", "\n", "16", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "\n", "countries", ":", "Moldova", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "chemical", "prod-", "\n", "ucts", ",", "NACE", "code", "20", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "special-", "\n", "isation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Azerbaijan", "and", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "products", ",", "\n", "except", "machinery", "and", "equipment", ",", "NACE", "code", "\n", "25", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "\n", "countries", ":", "Georgia", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "op-", "\n", "tical", "products", ",", "NACE", "code", "26", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "an", "\n", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Armenia", "and", "\n", "Ukraine", ".", "\n", "Accommodation", ",", "NACE", "code", "25", ",", "is", "identified", "as", "\n", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Armenia", "\n", "and", "Georgia", ".", "\n", "Telecommunications", ",", "NACE", "code", "61", ",", "is", "identi-", "\n", "fied", "as", "an", "E&I", "specialisation", "in", "two", "countries", ":", "Ar-", "\n", "menia", "and", "Moldova", ".", "\n", "12", "\n", "Overview", "of", "economic", ",", "innovation", ",", "scientific", "and", "technological", "specialisations", "\n", "Several", "advanced", "services", ",", "notably", "NACE", "code", "\n", "62", "Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "\n", "related", "activities", ";", "NACE", "code", "63", "Information", "\n", "service", "activities", ";", "and", "NACE", "code", "64", "Finan-", "\n", "cial", "service", "activities", ",", "except", "insurance", "and", "\n", "pension", "funding", ",", "concern", ",", "in", "varying", "geometries", ",", "\n", "4", "EaP", "countries", ":", "Armenia", ",", "Azerbaijan", ",", "Georgia", "and", "\n", "Moldova", ",", "creating", "an", "economic", "cluster", "of", "potential", "\n", "collaboration", ".", "\n", "The", "above", "E&I", "domains", "of", "potential", "collaboration", "\n", "are", "solely", "those", "emerging", "from", "the", "selected", "E&I", "\n", "domains", "for", "each", "country", ",", "and", "other", "potential", "are-", "\n", "as", "of", "cooperation", "may", "exist", ".", "That", "being", "said", ",", "there", "\n", "is", "obviously", "a", "cooperation", "-", "competition", "logic", "that", "\n", "should", "be", "taken", "into", "account", "when", "addressing", "the", "\n", "issue", "at", "EaP", "level", ".", "\n", "Finally", ",", "several", "innovative", "and", "dynamic", "niches", "\n", "were", "identified", "as", "relevant", "to", "the", "diversity", "of", "EaP", "\n", "countries", "through", "the", "analysis", "of", "start", "-", "ups", "and", "\n", "venture", "capital", "-", "backed", "companies", "using", "the", "data", "\n", "source", "Crunchbase", ",", "notably6", ":", "\n ", "■", "Software", "for", "Armenia", ",", "Georgia", ",", "Moldova", "and", "\n", "Ukraine", ",", "\n ", "■", "Mobile", "for", "Armenia", "and", "Azerbaijan", ",", "\n ", "■", "Gaming", "for", "Armenia", ".", "\n", "The", "identification", "of", "cluster", "organisations", "in", "the", "\n", "EaP", "countries", "also", "provides", "relevant", "areas", "of", "po-", "\n", "tential", "intra", "-", "EaP", "collaboration", ",", "notably", "in", "Informa-", "\n", "tion" ]	[ { "end": 2499, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2498 } ]
number of 65 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further methodological information.records, particularly patents, gathered for Georgia affects the temporal evolution indicators signif- icantly, and thus some domains have not been considered. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation185 Figure 3.31. Specialisation index and citation impact across domains of Georgia’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP average, for publications Specialisation indexNo pubs. 100 500 1 000Normalised citation impact2 1.3 1 0.75 0.50.25 0.5 1 2 4 Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Governance, culture, education and the economy Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Transportation Figure 3.32. Specialisation index across domains of Georgia’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP average, for patents 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.0 2.0 Specialisation indexEnvironmental sciences and industries Governance, culture, education and the economy Agrifood Chemistry and chemical engineering Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Optics and photonics Nanotechnology and materials Fundamental physics and mathematics Electric and electronic technologies ICT and computer science Health and wellbeing Biotechnology Energy 186 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential GeorgiaTemporal evolution of the domains Period over period change in the relative size of each domain, domain size and data source size independent (% change for 2015-2018, over previous period 2011-2014) Change in share of publicationsChange in share of patents Change, weighted average of publications and patents Agrifood -11.47% -20.31% -14.39% Biotechnology -25.68%Insufficient data-25.68% Chemistry and chemical engineering -25.39% 29.13% -13.14% Electric and electronic technologies 0.54% 20.75% 7.93% Environmental sciences and industries 24.39% 80.70% 28.83% Fundamental physics and mathematics -11.21% 46.10% -10.76% Governance, culture, education and the economy35.70%Insufficient data35.70% Health and wellbeing 21.32% 13.85% 21.16% ICT and computer science 38.59% 53.26% 39.37% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryInsufficient data2.56% 2.56% Nanotechnology and materials -11.50% 53.26% -5.89% Optics and photonics 4.19%Insufficient data4.19%Table 3.14. Temporal evolution of Georgia’s S&T domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation187 Moldova Table 3.15 and Figure 3.33 showcase the num- ber of records per domain of S&T specialisation in Moldova. Nanotechnology and materials is the domain with the most records (with a total of 1 299), followed by Health and wellbeing (919), Me- chanical engineering and heavy machinery (763), Governance, culture, education and the economy (572) and Chemistry	[ "number", "of", "\n", "65", "See", "section", "‘", "Temporal", "evolution", "of", "the", "S&T", "specialisation", "\n", "domains", "’", "for", "further", "methodological", "information.records", ",", "particularly", "patents", ",", "gathered", "for", "Georgia", "\n", "affects", "the", "temporal", "evolution", "indicators", "signif-", "\n", "icantly", ",", "and", "thus", "some", "domains", "have", "not", "been", "\n", "considered", ".", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation185", "\n", "Figure", "3.31", ".", "Specialisation", "index", "and", "citation", "impact", "across", "domains", "of", "Georgia", "’s", "S&T", 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"ecosystem", "against", "the", "EaP", "average", ",", "for", "patents", "\n", "0.8", "0.6", "0.4", "1.0", "2.0", "\n", "Specialisation", "indexEnvironmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", "\n", "Agrifood", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "Biotechnology", "\n", "Energy", "\n", "186", "\n ", "Part", "3", "Analysis", "of", "scientific", "and", "technological", "potential", "\n", "GeorgiaTemporal", "evolution", "of", "the", "domains", "\n", "Period", "over", "period", "change", "in", "the", "relative", "size", "of", "each", "domain", ",", "\n", "domain", "size", "and", "data", "source", "size", "independent", "\n", "(", "%", "change", "for", "2015", "-", "2018", ",", "over", "previous", "period", "2011", "-", "2014", ")", "\n", "Change", "in", "\n", "share", "of", "\n", "publicationsChange", "in", "share", "\n", "of", "patents", "Change", ",", "weighted", "average", "of", "\n", "publications", "and", "patents", "\n", "Agrifood", "-11.47", "%", "-20.31", "%", "-14.39", "%", "\n", "Biotechnology", "-25.68%Insufficient", "\n", "data-25.68", "%", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "-25.39", "%", "29.13", "%", "-13.14", "%", "\n", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "0.54", "%", "20.75", "%", "7.93", "%", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "24.39", "%", "80.70", "%", "28.83", "%", "\n", "Fundamental", "physics", "and", "mathematics", "-11.21", "%", "46.10", "%", "-10.76", "%", "\n", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy35.70%Insufficient", "\n", "data35.70", "%", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "21.32", "%", "13.85", "%", "21.16", "%", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "38.59", "%", "53.26", "%", "39.37", "%", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machineryInsufficient", "\n", "data2.56", "%", "2.56", "%", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "-11.50", "%", "53.26", "%", "-5.89", "%", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", "4.19%Insufficient", "\n", "data4.19%Table", "3.14", ".", "Temporal", "evolution", "of", "Georgia", "’s", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation187", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Table", "3.15", "and", "Figure", "3.33", "showcase", "the", "num-", "\n", "ber", "of", "records", "per", "domain", "of", "S&T", "specialisation", "\n", "in", "Moldova", ".", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "is", "the", "\n", "domain", "with", "the", "most", 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## Cryptanalysis of PRESENT -Like Ciphers with Secret S-Boxes Julia Borghoff , Lars R. Knudsen, Gregor Leander, and Søren S. Thomsen /star /star/star Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Denmark Abstract. At Eurocrypt 2001, Biryukov and Shamir investigated the security of AES-like ciphers where the substitutions and affine transformations are all key-dependent and successfully cryptanalysed two and a half rounds. This paper considers PRESENT -like ciphers in a similar manner. We focus on the settings where the S-boxes are key dependent, and repeated for every round. We break one particular variant which was proposed in 2009 with practical complexity in a chosen plaintext/chosen ciphertext scenario. Extrapolating these results suggests that up to 28 rounds of such ciphers can be broken. Furthermore, we outline how our attack strategy can be applied to an extreme case where the S-boxes are chosen uniformly at random for each round and where the bit permutation is secret as well. Keywords: Symmetric key, block cipher, PRESENT , differential cryptanalysis. ## 1 Introduction Small computing devices are becoming more and more popular and establish a part of the pervasive communication infrastructure. One example of these tiny computing devices are RFID systems which are used e.g., for identifying and tracking animals or on toll roads. A prediction for the future is that RFID tags will replace bar codes. But this extensive deployment of computing devices is not only useful and convenient, it also carries a wide range of security risks. At the same time we are talking about extremely resource constrained environments. Therefore, the demand for lightweight encryption algorithms increases. The block cipher PRESENT [1] is an important example of a lightweight cipher. It consists of alternate layers of substitutions and permutations. Important design principles of lightweight ciphers are an efficient hardware implementation, a good performance and a moderate security level. Usually there is a trade-off between the performance and the security level. In order to speed up the algorithm we want as few rounds of encryption as possible but there is a minimum number of rounds required to assure the security level. PRESENT is a 64-bit iterated block cipher that comes in two variants, one with an 80-bit key and one with a 128-bit key. Both run in 31 rounds, each - /star Supported by a grant from the Danish research council, grant number 274-07-0246. - /star/star Supported by a grant from the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation.	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in turn decreasing its overall capacity to meet demand and depriving the industry of orders and opportunities. As a result, defence procurement is diverted outside of the EU. Between June 2022 and June 2023, 78% of procurement spending went to non-EU suppliers, out of which 63% went to the US. At the same time, when EU Member States organise and cooperate, the results are positive. One such example is the A330 Multi-Role Tanker Transport, which was developed through a collaborative project allowing participating countries to pool resources and share operation and maintenance costs. The European space sector is likewise hindered by insufficient demand aggregation and investment coordination among Member States. Furthermore, the European Space Agency (ESA) operates based on the principle of “geographical return”, meaning that it invests in each of its member countries through industrial contracts for space programmes an amount which is similar to the country’s financial contribution to the agency. This principle leads to an inevitable fragmentation of supply chains, the unnecessary duplication of capacities in relatively small markets and a mismatch between the most competitive industrial actors and the actual allocation of resources. 60THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 4In the absence of common European spending, policy actions for the defence sector need to focus on aggregating demand and integrating industrial defence assets [see the chapter on defence] . In the short term, the swift implementation of the European Defence Industrial Strategy and the related European Defence Industry Programme is needed. In particular, it is essential to increase substantially the aggregation of demand between groups of Member States, at least among those who opt to do so, and to raise the share of joint defence procure - ment. The report recommends further steps to develop a medium-term EU Defence Industrial Policy which can support the structural cross-border integration of defence assets and the selective integration and consolidation of EU industrial capacity, with the explicit aim of increasing scale, standardisation and interoperability. EU competition policy should enable such consolidation when increased scale would deliver efficiencies or allow the realisation of globally competitive investments. In addition, as EU defence spending rises, defence industrial consolidation, integration and technological innovation should be supported by reinforced European preference principles in procurement, ensuring that a minimum share of this rising demand is concentrated on European companies rather than flowing overseas. 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exposed to unfair competition from abroad and/or facing more exacting decarbonisation targets than their international compet - itors – including applying tariffs and other trade measures where warranted. 42THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 3The root cause of high energy prices Structural causes are at the heart of the energy price gap and may be exacerbated by both old and new challenges [see the chapter on energy] . The price differential vis-à-vis the US is primarily driven by Europe’s lack of natural resources, as well as by Europe’s limited collective bargaining power despite being the world’s largest buyer of natural gas. However, the gap is also caused by fundamental issues with the EU’s energy market. Infrastructure investment is slow and suboptimal, both for renewables and grids. Market rules prevent industries and households from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills. Financial and behavioural aspects of derivative markets have driven higher price volatility. Higher energy taxation than other parts of the world adds a tax wedge to prices. Moreover, while these structural issues have been exacerbated by the energy crisis of the past two years, future crises may bring them to the fore again. Tensions in gas markets are expected to ease thanks to new global supply capacity coming online, but the EU energy system will have to cope with electrification and new security of supply needs. The EU is the largest global gas and LNG importer, yet its potential collective bargaining power is not being sufficiently leveraged and relies excessively on spot prices, threatening Europe with more volatile natural gas prices01. This lack of leverage is notable especially in the case of pipeline gas, where the possibility of rerouting gas flows is more limited as shown by the latest unsuccessful efforts by Russia. During the 2022 crisis, for example, intra-EU competition for natural gas between actors willing to pay high prices contributed to an excessive and unnecessary rise in prices. In response, the EU introduced a coordination mechanism to aggregate and match demand with competitive supply offers (AggregateEU), but there is no obligation for joint purchasing on the platform. At the same time, although natural gas prices have fallen considerably from their peaks during the energy crisis, the EU faces an increasingly volatile outlook. With the loss of access to Russian pipeline gas, 42% of EU gas imports arrived as LNG in 2023,	[ "exposed", "to", "\n", "unfair", "competition", "from", "abroad", "and/or", "facing", "more", "exacting", "decarbonisation", "targets", "than", "their", "international", "compet", "-", "\n", "itors", "–", "including", "applying", "tariffs", "and", "other", "trade", "measures", "where", "warranted", ".", "\n", "42THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "3The", "root", "cause", "of", "high", "energy", "prices", "\n", "Structural", "causes", "are", "at", "the", "heart", "of", "the", "energy", "price", "gap", "and", "may", "be", "exacerbated", "by", "both", "old", "and", "new", "\n", "challenges", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "energy", "]", ".", "The", "price", "differential", "vis", "-", "à", "-", "vis", "the", "US", "is", "primarily", "driven", "by", "Europe", "’s", "lack", "of", "\n", "natural", "resources", ",", "as", "well", "as", "by", "Europe", "’s", "limited", "collective", "bargaining", "power", "despite", "being", "the", "world", "’s", "largest", "buyer", "\n", "of", "natural", "gas", ".", "However", ",", "the", "gap", "is", "also", "caused", "by", "fundamental", "issues", "with", "the", "EU", "’s", "energy", "market", ".", "Infrastructure", "\n", "investment", "is", "slow", "and", "suboptimal", ",", "both", "for", "renewables", "and", "grids", ".", "Market", "rules", "prevent", "industries", "and", "households", "\n", "from", "capturing", "the", "full", "benefits", "of", "clean", "energy", "in", "their", "bills", ".", "Financial", "and", "behavioural", "aspects", "of", "derivative", "markets", "\n", "have", "driven", "higher", "price", "volatility", ".", "Higher", "energy", "taxation", "than", "other", "parts", "of", "the", "world", "adds", "a", "tax", "wedge", "to", "prices", ".", "\n", "Moreover", ",", "while", "these", "structural", "issues", "have", "been", "exacerbated", "by", "the", "energy", "crisis", "of", "the", "past", "two", "years", ",", "future", "\n", "crises", "may", "bring", "them", "to", "the", "fore", "again", ".", "Tensions", "in", "gas", "markets", "are", "expected", "to", "ease", "thanks", "to", "new", "global", "supply", "\n", "capacity", "coming", "online", ",", "but", "the", "EU", "energy", "system", "will", "have", "to", "cope", "with", "electrification", "and", "new", "security", "of", "supply", "\n", "needs", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "is", "the", "largest", "global", "gas", "and", "LNG", "importer", ",", "yet", "its", "potential", "collective", "bargaining", "power", "is", "not", "\n", "being", "sufficiently", "leveraged", "and", "relies", "excessively", "on", "spot", "prices", ",", "threatening", "Europe", "with", "more", "volatile", "\n", "natural", "gas", "prices01", ".", "This", "lack", "of", "leverage", "is", "notable", "especially", "in", "the", "case", "of", "pipeline", "gas", ",", "where", "the", "possibility", "of", "\n", "rerouting", "gas", "flows", "is", "more", "limited", "as", "shown", "by", "the", "latest", "unsuccessful", "efforts", "by", "Russia", ".", "During", "the", "2022", "crisis", ",", "for", "\n", "example", ",", "intra", "-", "EU", "competition", "for", "natural", "gas", "between", "actors", "willing", "to", "pay", "high", "prices", "contributed", "to", "an", "excessive", "\n", "and", "unnecessary", "rise", "in", "prices", ".", "In", "response", ",", "the", "EU", "introduced", "a", "coordination", "mechanism", "to", "aggregate", "and", "match", "\n", "demand", "with", "competitive", "supply", "offers", "(", "AggregateEU", ")", ",", "but", "there", "is", "no", "obligation", "for", "joint", "purchasing", "on", "the", "platform", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "although", "natural", "gas", "prices", "have", "fallen", "considerably", "from", "their", "peaks", "during", "the", "energy", "crisis", ",", "the", "\n", "EU", "faces", "an", "increasingly", "volatile", "outlook", ".", "With", "the", "loss", "of", "access", "to", "Russian", "pipeline", "gas", ",", "42", "%", "of", "EU", "gas", "imports", "\n", "arrived", "as", "LNG", "in", "2023", "," ]	[]
economy196 110 40 121 288 1 128 520 1 561 1 392 153 175 45 165 Health and wellbeing 722 2 687 682 217 257 754 414 1 561 583 673 684 577 64 ICT and computer science 133 138 88 1 008 504 592 1 164 1 392 583 903 524 435 1 138 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery615 212 143 1 213 2 135 693 1 139 153 673 903 1 614 390 1 539 Nanotechnology and materials236 1 656 1 809 1 004 799 542 2 115 175 684 524 1 614 1 665 89 Optics and photonics 45 109 91 856 185 101 930 45 577 435 390 1 665 39 Transportation 52 45 9 240 326 113 258 165 64 1 138 1 539 89 39Figure 3.17. Co-occurrence of S&T records in different domains across the whole EaP region, colour-coded for the ratio with the total number of records in that domain (column)Figure 3.16. Number of records per labelled topic group (i.e. ‘domain’) in the EaP region 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 Number of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects 156 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.18. Share of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership region 0 20 40 60 80 Share of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects EaP S&T specialisation domains according to the internal distribution of the S&T data sources Science-oriented S&T domains domains where scientific publications are most relevantBalanced S&T domains domains where publications and patents have a similar relative weightTechnology-oriented S&T domains domains where patents are most relevant Fundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Biotechnology Electric and electronic technologies Optics and photonics ICT and computer science Agrifood Environmental sciences and industries Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Transportation Governance, culture, education and the	[ "economy196", "110", "40", "121", "288", "1", "128", "520", "1", "561", "1", "392", "153", "175", "45", "165", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "722", "2", "687", "682", "217", "257", "754", "414", "1", "561", "583", "673", "684", "577", "64", "\n", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "133", "138", "88", "1", "008", "504", "592", "1", "164", "1", "392", "583", "903", "524", "435", "1", "138", "\n", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "\n", "heavy", "machinery615", "212", "143", "1", "213", "2", "135", "693", "1", "139", "153", "673", "903", "1", "614", "390", "1", "539", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials236", "1", "656", "1", "809", "1", "004", "799", "542", "2", "115", "175", "684", "524", "1", "614", "1", "665", "89", "\n", "Optics", "and", "photonics", 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in advanced technologies. Europe is stuck in a static industrial structure with few new companies rising up to disrupt existing industries or develop new growth engines. In fact, there is no EU company with a market capitalisation over EUR 100 billion that has been set up from scratch in the last fifty years, while all six US companies with a valuation above EUR 1 trillion have been created in this period. This lack of dynamism is self-fulfilling. As EU companies are specialised in mature technologies where the potential for breakthroughs is limited, they spend less on research and innovation (R&I) – EUR 270 billion less than their US counterparts in 2021. The top 3 investors in R&I in Europe have been dominated by automotive companies for the past twenty years. It was the same in the US in the early 2000s, with autos and pharma leading, but now the top 3 are all in tech. The problem is not that Europe lacks ideas or ambition. We have many talented researchers and entrepreneurs filing patents. But innovation is blocked at the next stage: we are failing to translate innovation into commercialisation, and innovative companies that want to scale up in Europe are hindered at every stage by inconsistent and restrictive regulations. As a result, many European entrepreneurs prefer to seek financing from US venture capitalists and scale up in the US market. Between 2008 and 2021, close to 30% of the “unicorns” founded in Europe – startups that went on the be valued over USD 1 billion – relocated their headquarters abroad, with the vast majority moving to the US. With the world on the cusp of an AI revolution, Europe cannot afford to remain stuck in the “middle technologies and industries” of the previous century. We must unlock our innovative potential. This will be key not only to lead in new technologies, but also to integrate AI into our existing industries so that they can stay at the front. A central part of this agenda will be giving Europeans the skills they need to benefit from new technologies, so that technology and social inclusion go together. While Europe should aim to match the US in terms of innovation, we should aim to exceed the US in providing opportunities for education and adult learning and good jobs for all throughout their lifetimes. The second area for action is a joint plan	[ "in", "advanced", "technologies", ".", "\n", "Europe", "is", "stuck", "in", "a", "static", "industrial", "structure", "with", "few", "new", "companies", "rising", "up", "to", "disrupt", "existing", "industries", "or", "\n", "develop", "new", "growth", "engines", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "there", "is", "no", "EU", "company", "with", "a", "market", "capitalisation", "over", "EUR", "100", "billion", "that", "\n", "has", "been", "set", "up", "from", "scratch", "in", "the", "last", "fifty", "years", ",", "while", "all", "six", "US", "companies", "with", "a", "valuation", "above", "EUR", "1", "trillion", "\n", "have", "been", "created", "in", "this", "period", ".", "\n", "This", "lack", "of", "dynamism", "is", "self", "-", "fulfilling", ".", "\n", "As", "EU", "companies", "are", "specialised", "in", "mature", "technologies", "where", "the", "potential", "for", "breakthroughs", "is", "limited", ",", "they", "spend", "\n", "less", "on", "research", "and", "innovation", "(", "R&I", ")", "–", "EUR", "270", "billion", "less", "than", "their", "US", "counterparts", "in", "2021", ".", "The", "top", "3", "investors", "\n", "in", "R&I", "in", "Europe", "have", "been", "dominated", "by", "automotive", "companies", "for", "the", "past", "twenty", "years", ".", "It", "was", "the", "same", "in", "the", "\n", "US", "in", "the", "early", "2000s", ",", "with", "autos", "and", "pharma", "leading", ",", "but", "now", "the", "top", "3", "are", "all", "in", "tech", ".", "\n", "The", "problem", "is", "not", "that", "Europe", "lacks", "ideas", "or", "ambition", ".", "We", "have", "many", "talented", "researchers", "and", "entrepreneurs", "filing", "\n", "patents", ".", "But", "innovation", "is", "blocked", "at", "the", "next", "stage", ":", "we", "are", "failing", "to", "translate", "innovation", "into", "commercialisation", ",", "and", "\n", "innovative", "companies", "that", "want", "to", "scale", "up", "in", "Europe", "are", "hindered", "at", "every", "stage", "by", "inconsistent", "and", "restrictive", "\n", "regulations", ".", "\n", "As", "a", "result", ",", "many", "European", "entrepreneurs", "prefer", "to", "seek", "financing", "from", "US", "venture", "capitalists", "and", "scale", "up", "in", "the", "\n", "US", "market", ".", "Between", "2008", "and", "2021", ",", "close", "to", "30", "%", "of", "the", "“", "unicorns", "”", "founded", "in", "Europe", "–", "startups", "that", "went", "on", "the", "\n", "be", "valued", "over", "USD", "1", "billion", "–", "relocated", "their", "headquarters", "abroad", ",", "with", "the", "vast", "majority", "moving", "to", "the", "US", ".", "\n", "With", "the", "world", "on", "the", "cusp", "of", "an", "AI", "revolution", ",", "Europe", "can", "not", "afford", "to", "remain", "stuck", "in", "the", "“", "middle", "technologies", "and", "\n", "industries", "”", "of", "the", "previous", "century", ".", "We", "must", "unlock", "our", "innovative", "potential", ".", "This", "will", "be", "key", "not", "only", "to", "lead", "in", "new", "\n", "technologies", ",", "but", "also", "to", "integrate", "AI", "into", "our", "existing", "industries", "so", "that", "they", "can", "stay", "at", "the", "front", ".", "\n", "A", "central", "part", "of", "this", "agenda", "will", "be", "giving", "Europeans", "the", "skills", "they", "need", "to", "benefit", "from", "new", "technologies", ",", "so", "\n", "that", "technology", "and", "social", "inclusion", "go", "together", ".", "While", "Europe", "should", "aim", "to", "match", "the", "US", "in", "terms", "of", "innovation", ",", "\n", "we", "should", "aim", "to", "exceed", "the", "US", "in", "providing", "opportunities", "for", "education", "and", "adult", "learning", "and", "good", "jobs", "for", "all", "\n", "throughout", "their", "lifetimes", ".", "\n", "The", "second", "area", "for", "action", "is", "a", "joint", "plan" ]	[]
Gaza hospitals in 2024 were children, figures show17h ago - UK academics accuse their union of discrimination over gender-critical film31 Mar 2025 - Mariam Abu Dagga: Gaza journalist killed in Israeli strike ‘carried her camera into the heart of the field’2d ago - Israel bombed Gaza hospital a second time, killing rescuers, say health officials3d ago ## Most viewed ## Most viewed - Education - Schools - Teachers - Universities - Students - News - Opinion - Sport - Culture - Lifestyle Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning - Help - Complaints & corrections - SecureDrop - Work for us - Privacy policy - Cookie policy - Terms & conditions - Contact us - All topics - All writers - Digital newspaper archive - Tax strategy - Facebook - YouTube - Instagram - LinkedIn - Newsletters	[ "Gaza", "hospitals", "in", "2024", "were", "children", ",", "figures", "show17h", "ago", "\n", "-", "UK", "academics", "accuse", "their", "union", "of", "discrimination", "over", "gender", "-", "critical", "film31", "Mar", "2025", "\n", "-", "Mariam", "Abu", "Dagga", ":", "Gaza", "journalist", "killed", "in", "Israeli", "strike", "‘", "carried", "her", "camera", "into", "the", "heart", "of", "the", "field’2d", "ago", "\n", "-", "Israel", "bombed", "Gaza", "hospital", "a", "second", "time", ",", "killing", "rescuers", ",", "say", "health", "officials3d", "ago", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Most", "viewed", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Most", "viewed", "\n\n", "-", "Education", "\n", "-", "Schools", "\n", "-", "Teachers", "\n", "-", "Universities", "\n", "-", "Students", "\n\n", "-", "News", "\n", "-", "Opinion", "\n", "-", "Sport", "\n", "-", "Culture", "\n", "-", "Lifestyle", "\n\n", "Original", "reporting", "and", "incisive", "analysis", ",", "direct", "from", "the", "Guardian", "every", "morning", "\n\n", "-", "Help", "\n", "-", "Complaints", "&", "amp", ";", "corrections", "\n", "-", "SecureDrop", "\n", "-", "Work", "for", "us", "\n", "-", "Privacy", "policy", "\n", "-", "Cookie", "policy", "\n", "-", "Terms", "&", "amp", ";", "conditions", "\n", "-", "Contact", "us", "\n\n", "-", "All", "topics", "\n", "-", "All", "writers", "\n", "-", "Digital", "newspaper", "archive", "\n", "-", "Tax", "strategy", "\n", "-", "Facebook", "\n", "-", "YouTube", "\n", "-", "Instagram", "\n", "-", "LinkedIn", "\n", "-", "Newsletters" ]	[]
education 1 CHAPTER 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Expectations of leaders at the school and system level have been changing ........................................................................................... 10 Guide to the report ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. School leadership: Roles, impact and standards ........................................................................................................... 23 School principals are expected to fulfil various leadership roles .................................................................................................................. 25 The impact of school principals can be significant .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Leadership standards can guide action and certification ................................................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. School leadership: Selection, training and conditions .................................................................................................. 45 Improving selection processes is needed to professionalize principals’ careers ..................................................................................... 47 Countries need to do more to prepare and train school leaders ................................................................................................................... 57 Countries try to make principalship an attractive career path ...................................................................................................................... 67 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 4. Shared school leadership ...................................................................................................................................................... 77 School personnel can lead if given opportunities and support ...................................................................................................................... 79 Students can exercise leadership through formal channels and informally ............................................................................................. 87 Engaged parents and community members can steer schools towards their goals ............................................................................. 90 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 5. System leadership .................................................................................................................................................................. 97 System leaders need to set expectations for quality and equity ................................................................................................................. 99 System leaders should be instructional leaders .............................................................................................................................................. 105 Civil servants are often not selected to serve as system leaders .............................................................................................................. 108 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 6. Political leadership ............................................................................................................................................................... 115 Political motivations determine education system development .............................................................................................................. 117 The direction of education is influenced by many other actors ................................................................................................................... 127 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 xiv 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORTMonitoring education in the Sustainable Development Goals 139 CHAPTER 7. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 143 Conference on Education Data and Statistics ................................................................................................................................................... 145 SDG 4 Scorecard .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 2025 Comprehensive Review ................................................................................................................................................................................. 147 CHAPTER 8. Primary and secondary education .................................................................................................................................. 150 Access and completion .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 152 Learning ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 157 Focus 8.1. Mathematics anxiety negatively affects mathematics performance ................................................................................... 164 CHAPTER 9. Early childhood education ................................................................................................................................................. 170 Focus 9.1. Preschool leadership needs attention ............................................................................................................................................. 177 Focus 9.2. Training for parents and caregivers can support early childhood development ............................................................... 179 CHAPTER 10. Technical, vocational, tertiary and adult education ................................................................................................. 182 Focus 10.1. Higher education leaders face major challenges ....................................................................................................................... 190 Focus 10.2. Women are under-represented in higher education leadership .......................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 11. Skills for work ..................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Focus 11.1. Can leadership be taught? ................................................................................................................................................................. 201 CHAPTER 12. Equity .................................................................................................................................................................................... 206 Focus 12.1. Peers affect individual education outcomes ............................................................................................................................... 214 CHAPTER 13. Youth and adult literacy ................................................................................................................................................... 218 Focus 13.1. 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"......................................................................................................................", "67", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", "........................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "74", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "4", ".", "Shared", "school", "leadership", "......................................................................................................................................................", "77", "\n", "School", "personnel", "can", "lead", "if", "given", "opportunities", "and", "support", " ", "......................................................................................................................", "79", "\n", "Students", "can", "exercise", "leadership", "through", "formal", "channels", "and", "informally", " ", ".............................................................................................", "87", "\n", "Engaged", "parents", "and", "community", "members", "can", "steer", "schools", "towards", "their", "goals", ".............................................................................", "90", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".......................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "94", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "5", ".", "System", "leadership", "..................................................................................................................................................................", "97", "\n", "System", "leaders", "need", "to", "set", "expectations", "for", "quality", "and", "equity", ".................................................................................................................", "99", "\n", "System", "leaders", "should", "be", "instructional", "leaders", "..............................................................................................................................................", "105", "\n", "Civil", "servants", "are", "often", "not", "selected", "to", "serve", "as", "system", "leaders", " ", "..............................................................................................................", "108", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".....................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "112", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "6", ".", "Political", "leadership", "...............................................................................................................................................................", "115", "\n", "Political", "motivations", "determine", "education", "system", "development", " ", "..............................................................................................................", "117", "\n", "The", "direction", "of", "education", "is", "influenced", "by", "many", "other", "actors", " ", "...................................................................................................................", "127", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".....................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "137", "\n", "xiv", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORTMonitoring", "education", "in", "the", "Sustainable", "Development", "Goals", " ", "139", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "7", ".", "Introduction", "............................................................................................................................................................................", "143", "\n", "Conference", "on", "Education", "Data", "and", "Statistics", "...................................................................................................................................................", "145", "\n", "SDG", "4", "Scorecard", "..........................................................................................................................................................................................................", "145", "\n", "2025", "Comprehensive", "Review", " ", ".................................................................................................................................................................................", "147", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "8", ".", "Primary", "and", "secondary", "education", "..................................................................................................................................", "150", "\n", "Access", "and", "completion", " ", "..............................................................................................................................................................................................", "152", "\n", "Learning", " ", ".........................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "157", "\n", "Focus", "8.1", ".", "Mathematics", "anxiety", "negatively", "affects", "mathematics", "performance", " ", "...................................................................................", "164", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "9", ".", "Early", "childhood", "education", ".................................................................................................................................................", "170", "\n", "Focus", "9.1", ".", "Preschool", "leadership", "needs", "attention", ".............................................................................................................................................", "177", "\n", "Focus", "9.2", ".", "Training", "for", "parents", "and", "caregivers", "can", "support", "early", "childhood", "development", "...............................................................", "179", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "10", ".", "Technical", ",", "vocational", ",", "tertiary", "and", "adult", "education", ".................................................................................................", "182", "\n", "Focus", "10.1", ".", "Higher", "education", "leaders", "face", "major", "challenges", " ", ".......................................................................................................................", "190", "\n", "Focus", "10.2", ".", "Women", "are", "under", "-", "represented", "in", "higher", "education", "leadership", "..........................................................................................", "194", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "11", ".", "Skills", "for", "work", ".....................................................................................................................................................................", "196", "\n", "Focus", "11.1", ".", "Can", "leadership", "be", "taught", "?", ".................................................................................................................................................................", "201", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "12", ".", "Equity", "....................................................................................................................................................................................", "206", "\n", "Focus", "12.1", ".", "Peers", "affect", "individual", "education", "outcomes", " ", "...............................................................................................................................", "214", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "13", ".", "Youth", "and", "adult", "literacy", "...................................................................................................................................................", "218", "\n", "Focus", "13.1", ".", "Family" ]	[]
published several texts on maternal and child healthcare, including midwifery teach - ing materials.7 Recreating a public health system in Sichuan like the one built between 1927 and 1937 in the east was obviously a challenge. The constraints of war limited the resources available for such a plan. Moreover, the health facilities in Sichuan were much less advanced than in the east of China. According to the main architect of wartime public health policy in Sichuan, C. C. Chen, ‘no progress in health matters had been made [between 1911 and 1939]’8. A major difficulty was the lack of Western- style physicians, medical workers trained in modern techniques and modern hospitals, making people such as Liu Yunbo even more valuable. Thus, the knowledge, skills and experience of highly trained women physicians such as Liu Yunbo and Yang Chongrui were undoubtedly very important for the modern medical services the gov - ernment sought to set up in Sichuan during the war. These women thus fully participated in the propagation of ‘science’ in China. During the Republican period, the term ‘science’ became increas - ingly important, even omnipresent, in Chinese society.9 It encapsulated the promise of modernity and the possibility for China to rise to the rank of ‘advanced’ nation.10 Yet this discourse on science and modernity most often placed women among those who needed to be educated in science and very 174 Negotiating in/visibility rarely among the educators themselves. Science for women generally derived from the gendered role they were assigned to, as mothers or homemakers, focusing on health, hygiene and domestic science.11 In the field of medicine, women were more easily depicted as midwives who needed to be trained in scientific techniques. But the important role women physicians played in educating modern midwives – which this chapter will evidence – has been far less visible. Despite this, were it not for Zhu Ziqing’s text, Liu Yunbo’s activities during the war against Japan would have likely remained invisible, which is still the case for many women physicians in early twentieth- century China, in Sichuan and elsewhere. Indeed, the brilliant career of some women about whom we have relatively precise information should not prevent us from considering female physicians as a group that was by no means mar - ginal within the medical profession.12 Moreover, while most of the stud - ies cited consider female doctors separately from their male counterparts, our approach	[ "published", "\n", "several", "texts", "on", "maternal", "and", "child", "healthcare", ",", "including", "midwifery", "teach", "-", "\n", "ing", "materials.7", "\n", "Recreating", "a", "public", "health", "system", "in", "Sichuan", "like", "the", "one", "built", "between", "\n", "1927", "and", "1937", "in", "the", "east", "was", "obviously", "a", "challenge", ".", "The", "constraints", "of", "war", "\n", "limited", "the", "resources", "available", "for", "such", "a", "plan", ".", "Moreover", ",", "the", "health", "facilities", "\n", "in", "Sichuan", "were", "much", "less", "advanced", "than", "in", "the", "east", "of", "China", ".", "According", "to", "\n", "the", "main", "architect", "of", "wartime", "public", "health", "policy", "in", "Sichuan", ",", "C.", "C.", "Chen", ",", "\n", "‘", "no", "progress", "in", "health", "matters", "had", "been", "made", "[", "between", "1911", "and", "1939]’8", ".", "\n", "A", "major", "difficulty", "was", "the", "lack", "of", "Western-", " ", "style", "physicians", ",", "medical", "workers", "\n", "trained", "in", "modern", "techniques", "and", "modern", "hospitals", ",", "making", "people", "such", "as", "\n", "Liu", "Yunbo", "even", "more", "valuable", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "knowledge", ",", "skills", "and", "experience", "\n", "of", "highly", "trained", "women", "physicians", "such", "as", "Liu", "Yunbo", "and", "Yang", "Chongrui", "\n", "were", "undoubtedly", "very", "important", "for", "the", "modern", "medical", "services", "the", "gov", "-", "\n", "ernment", "sought", "to", "set", "up", "in", "Sichuan", "during", "the", "war", ".", "\n", "These", "women", "thus", "fully", "participated", "in", "the", "propagation", "of", "‘", "science", "’", "in", "\n", "China", ".", "During", "the", "Republican", "period", ",", "the", "term", "‘", "science", "’", "became", "increas", "-", "\n", "ingly", "important", ",", "even", "omnipresent", ",", "in", "Chinese", "society.9", "It", "encapsulated", "the", "\n", "promise", "of", "modernity", "and", "the", "possibility", "for", "China", "to", "rise", "to", "the", "rank", "of", "\n", "‘", "advanced", "’", "nation.10", "Yet", "this", "discourse", "on", "science", "and", "modernity", "most", "often", "\n", "placed", "women", "among", "those", "who", "needed", "to", "be", "educated", "in", "science", "and", "very", " \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n", "174", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "rarely", "among", "the", "educators", "themselves", ".", "Science", "for", "women", "generally", "derived", "\n", "from", "the", "gendered", "role", "they", "were", "assigned", "to", ",", "as", "mothers", "or", "homemakers", ",", "\n", "focusing", "on", "health", ",", "hygiene", "and", "domestic", "science.11", "In", "the", "field", "of", "medicine", ",", "\n", "women", "were", "more", "easily", "depicted", "as", "midwives", "who", "needed", "to", "be", "trained", "\n", "in", "scientific", "techniques", ".", "But", "the", "important", "role", "women", "physicians", "played", "in", "\n", "educating", "modern", "midwives", "–", " ", "which", "this", "chapter", "will", "evidence", "–", " ", "has", "been", "\n", "far", "less", "visible", ".", "\n", "Despite", "this", ",", "were", "it", "not", "for", "Zhu", "Ziqing", "’s", "text", ",", "Liu", "Yunbo", "’s", "activities", "\n", "during", "the", "war", "against", "Japan", "would", "have", "likely", "remained", "invisible", ",", "which", "is", "\n", "still", "the", "case", "for", "many", "women", "physicians", "in", "early", "twentieth-", " ", "century", "China", ",", "\n", "in", "Sichuan", "and", "elsewhere", ".", "Indeed", ",", "the", "brilliant", "career", "of", "some", "women", "\n", "about", "whom", "we", "have", "relatively", "precise", "information", "should", "not", "prevent", "us", "\n", "from", "considering", "female", "physicians", "as", "a", "group", "that", "was", "by", "no", "means", "mar", "-", "\n", "ginal", "within", "the", "medical", "profession.12", "Moreover", ",", "while", "most", "of", "the", "stud", "-", "\n", "ies", "cited", "consider", "female", "doctors", "separately", "from", "their", "male", "counterparts", ",", "\n", "our", "approach" ]	[ { "end": 102, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 101 }, { "end": 557, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 556 }, { "end": 1186, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1185 }, { "end": 1303, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1301 }, { "end": 1680, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1678 }, { "end": 2432, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 2430 } ]
media Materials Chemistry 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; Materials Chemistry 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology; Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology; Drug Discovery; Pharmacology; Materials ChemistryAZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Control and Systems Engineering 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersFuel Technology; Instrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; General Computer Science; Modelling And Simulation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation345 GEORGIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersInstrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 53 Postal and courier activities Transportation 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; Signal Processing; General Computer Science; Transportation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence MOLDOVA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 10 Manufacture of food products Food Science 13 Manufacture of textilesSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 14 Manufacture of wearing apparelSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 15 Manufacture of leather and related productsSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except	[ "media", "Materials", "Chemistry", "\n", "19", "Manufacture", "of", "coke", "and", "refined", "petroleum", "productsEnergy", "Engineering", "and", "Power", "Technology", ";", "Materials", "\n", "Chemistry", "\n", "20", "Manufacture", "of", "chemicals", "and", "chemical", "productsBiotechnology", ";", "Applied", "Microbiology", "and", "\n", "Biotechnology", ";", "Drug", "Discovery", ";", "Pharmacology", ";", "\n", "Materials", "ChemistryAZERBAIJAN", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "ASJC", "subject", "fields", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "ASJC", "Scopus", "subject", "field", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Electronic", ",", "\n", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "equipmentElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Instrumentation", ";", "\n", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", ";", "Control", "\n", "and", "Systems", "Engineering", "\n", "28", "Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "Instrumentation", ";", "Mechanical", "Engineering", "\n", "29Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ",", "trailers", "and", "semi-", "\n", "trailersFuel", "Technology", ";", "Instrumentation", "\n", "33", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipmentInstrumentation", ";", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "\n", "Materials", ";", "Mechanical", "Engineering", "\n", "61", "TelecommunicationsInformation", "Systems", ";", "Computer", "Networks", "and", "\n", "Communications", ";", "Computer", "Science", "Applications", ";", "\n", "General", "Computer", "Science", ";", "Modelling", "And", "Simulation", "\n", "62Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "related", "\n", "activitiesArtificial", "Intelligence", "\n", "63", "Information", "service", "activities", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation345", "\n", "GEORGIA", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "ASJC", "subject", "fields", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "ASJC", "Scopus", "subject", "field", "\n", "23", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "Materials", "Chemistry", ";", "Mechanics", "of", "Materials", "\n", "25Manufacture", "of", "fabricated", "metal", "products", ",", "except", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipmentElectronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", ";", "Mechanics", "\n", "of", "Materials", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Electronic", ",", "\n", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "equipmentElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Instrumentation", ";", "\n", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "28", "Manufacture", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipment", "n.e.c", ".", "Instrumentation", ";", "Mechanical", "Engineering", "\n", "29Manufacture", "of", "motor", "vehicles", ",", "trailers", "and", "semi-", "\n", "trailersInstrumentation", "\n", "33", "Repair", "and", "installation", "of", "machinery", "and", "equipmentInstrumentation", ";", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "\n", "Materials", ";", "Mechanical", "Engineering", "\n", "53", "Postal", "and", "courier", "activities", "Transportation", "\n", "61", "TelecommunicationsInformation", "Systems", ";", "Computer", "Networks", "and", "\n", "Communications", ";", "Computer", "Science", "Applications", ";", "\n", "Signal", "Processing", ";", "General", "Computer", "Science", ";", "\n", "Transportation", "\n", "62Computer", "programming", ",", "consultancy", "and", "related", "\n", "activitiesArtificial", "Intelligence", "\n", "63", "Information", "service", "activities", "Artificial", "Intelligence", "\n", "MOLDOVA", "\n", "Concordances", "between", "NACE", "sectors", "and", "the", "intersection", "of", "ASJC", "subject", "fields", "&", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "NACE", "sector", "ASJC", "Scopus", "subject", "field", "\n", "10", "Manufacture", "of", "food", "products", "Food", "Science", "\n", "13", "Manufacture", "of", "textilesSurfaces", ",", "Coatings", "and", "Films", ";", "Materials", "Chemistry", ";", "\n", "Mechanics", "of", "Materials", ";", "Process", "Chemistry", "and", "\n", "Technology", "\n", "14", "Manufacture", "of", "wearing", "apparelSurfaces", ",", "Coatings", "and", "Films", ";", "Materials", "Chemistry", ";", "\n", "Mechanics", "of", "Materials", ";", "Process", "Chemistry", "and", "\n", "Technology", "\n", "15", "Manufacture", "of", "leather", "and", "related", "productsSurfaces", ",", "Coatings", "and", "Films", ";", "Materials", "Chemistry", ";", "\n", "Mechanics", "of", "Materials", ";", "Process", "Chemistry", "and", "\n", "Technology", "\n", "16Manufacture", "of", "wood", "and", "of", "products", "of", "wood", "and", "\n", "cork", ",", "except" ]	[]
129 \| \| Box 6.3 \| Film makers can be education leaders too....................................................................................................................................... \| 131 \| \| Box 8.1 \| How can the impact of crises on out-of-school populations be estimated? ........................................................................ \| 156 \| \| Box 8.2 \| In Yemen, conflict has denied an entire generation of education opportunities ................................................................. \| 159 \| \| Box 8.3 \| Those who do not reach the end of lower secondary school are highly unlikely to be proficient in reading and mathematics...................................................................................................................................................................................... \| 163 \| \| Box 8.4 \| The Assessment for Minimum Proficiency Level is a new source of evidence on learning in low- and lower-middle-income countries .......................................................................................................................................................... \| 164 \| \| Box 12.1 \| There is a huge variety globally in the extent to which children are educated in their home language....................... \| 213 \| \| Box 15.2 \| Education is severely under attack in the State of Palestine..................................................................................................... \| 243 \| \| Box 16.1 \| Germany leads in funding international \| \| \| \| students..........................................................................................................................256 \| \| \| Box 18.1 \| After a significant period of expansion, Chinese aid to education has declined..................................................................290 \| \| <!-- image --> ## Leadership in education <!-- image --> ## KEY MESSAGES ## Education leaders are more than managers. They are change agents. - Policymakers face a major challenge: how to ensure that people with the right skills and vision are identified, selected, prepared and supported as leaders. - National plans at the school, system and political level need to nurture four essential leadership dimensions: set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people. Yet a global review of school principal preparation and training programmes and courses suggests that barely half of them focus on any of these four dimensions - and just one third focus on all four. ## Good schools need good school leaders. - Effective principals bring out the best in students. In the United States, it was estimated that principal and teacher leadership inputs contributed up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes, ranking just below teachers' impact on learning among school-controlled factors. - Effective principals bring out the best in teachers. A study of 32 countries affirmed that strong leadership correlates with improved teaching practices. Globally, 57% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on their observations. However, the share of secondary school principals overseeing teaching activities fell from 81%	[ "129", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "6.3", " ", "\|", "Film", "makers", "can", "be", "education", "leaders", "too", ".......................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "131", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "8.1", " ", "\|", "How", "can", "the", "impact", "of", "crises", "on", "out", "-", "of", "-", "school", "populations", "be", "estimated", "?", "........................................................................", " ", "\|", "156", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "8.2", " ", "\|", "In", "Yemen", ",", "conflict", "has", "denied", "an", "entire", "generation", "of", "education", "opportunities", ".................................................................", " ", "\|", "159", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "8.3", " ", "\|", "Those", "who", "do", "not", "reach", "the", "end", "of", "lower", "secondary", "school", "are", "highly", "unlikely", "to", "be", "proficient", "in", "reading", "and", "mathematics", "......................................................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "163", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "8.4", " ", "\|", "The", "Assessment", "for", "Minimum", "Proficiency", "Level", "is", "a", "new", "source", "of", "evidence", "on", "learning", "in", "low-", "and", "lower", "-", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "..........................................................................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "164", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "12.1", " ", "\|", "There", "is", "a", "huge", "variety", "globally", "in", "the", "extent", "to", "which", "children", "are", "educated", "in", "their", "home", "language", ".......................", " ", "\|", "213", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "15.2", " ", "\|", "Education", "is", "severely", "under", "attack", "in", "the", "State", "of", "Palestine", ".....................................................................................................", " ", "\|", "243", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "16.1", " ", "\|", "Germany", "leads", "in", "funding", "international", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "students", "..........................................................................................................................", "256", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Box", "18.1", " ", "\|", "After", "a", "significant", "period", "of", "expansion", ",", "Chinese", "aid", "to", "education", "has", "declined", "..................................................................", "290", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Leadership", "in", "education", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "#", "KEY", "MESSAGES", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Education", "leaders", "are", "more", "than", "managers", ".", "They", "are", "change", "agents", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Policymakers", "face", "a", "major", "challenge", ":", "how", "to", "ensure", "that", "people", "with", "the", "right", "skills", "and", "vision", "are", "identified", ",", "selected", ",", "prepared", "and", "supported", "as", "leaders", ".", "\n", "-", "", "National", "plans", "at", "the", "school", ",", "system", "and", "political", "level", "need", "to", "nurture", "four", "essential", "leadership", "dimensions", ":", "set", "expectations", ",", "focus", "on", "learning", ",", "foster", "collaboration", "and", "develop", "people", ".", "Yet", "a", "global", "review", "of", "school", "principal", "preparation", "and", "training", "programmes", "and", "courses", "suggests", "that", "barely", "half", "of", "them", "focus", "on", "any", "of", "these", "four", "dimensions", "-", "and", "just", "one", "third", "focus", "on", "all", "four", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Good", "schools", "need", "good", "school", "leaders", ".", "\n\n", "-", "", "Effective", "principals", "bring", "out", "the", "best", "in", "students", ".", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "it", "was", "estimated", "that", "principal", "and", "teacher", "leadership", "inputs", "contributed", "up", "to", "27", "%", "of", "the", "variance", "in", "student", "outcomes", ",", "ranking", "just", "below", "teachers", "'", "impact", "on", "learning", "among", "school", "-", "controlled", "factors", ".", "\n", "-", "", "Effective", "principals", "bring", "out", "the", "best", "in", "teachers", ".", "A", "study", "of", "32", "countries", "affirmed", "that", "strong", "leadership", "correlates", "with", "improved", "teaching", "practices", ".", "Globally", ",", "57", "%", "of", "countries", "expect", "principals", "to", "provide", "feedback", "to", "teachers", "based", "on", "their", "observations", ".", "However", ",", "the", "share", "of", "secondary", "school", "principals", "overseeing", "teaching", "activities", "fell", "from", "81", "%" ]	[]
the model is derived from the five partner variables. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was undertaken to assess the relationships between the ten variables and statistically test the fit of our theoretical model. Preliminary screening of the data ruled out multicollinearity (redundancy between measurements). Modification indices recommended the inclusion of some disturbance covariance terms between item variables, which resulted in a robust and good fit with chi-square and fit indices (χ (4) = 9.468; RMSEA = 0.033; S-RMR = 0.013; CFI = 0.998; TLI = 0.983). 2 This confirmed our confidence in the structure of the model (please see the Appendix to this chapter for further evidence of our model's causal structure). If we work from left to right in the model's figure (Figure 3.5), our model shows that the greater the levels of cooperation and trust within a community (Social Capital/Attributes of the Community), the more likely residents will work with a range of partners (Partners/Action Situations), resulting in interactions that can be more individually (Private) or community (public) facing or focused. These inter -actions affect the subjective well-being of the individual (Outcomes). The paths in our model (Figure 3.5) illustrate that increased community social capital causes a greater likelihood that residents will work on a range of projects. These projects are supported through collective action by residents working with a range of partners. There is a statistically significant positive direct path from 'social capital' to 'subjective well-being' (SWB) (β=0.12, p<0.05). The more the feelings of trust, unity and cohesion within the community, the more this has a positive effect on subjective well-being within the family - feelings of freedom, happiness and satisfaction with life that has purpose and meaning. There is another signifi -cant path from 'social capital' to 'partners' (β=0.20, p<0.01), demonstrating that residents who have higher levels of social capital are more likely to engage with a range of partners. This range of partnerships demonstrates collective action cooperation through a range of stakeholders, working in a deliberative and collaborative Figure 3.5 A model of collective action through polycentricity in Delhi neighbourhoods <!-- image --> manner to maintain, develop and create within a community ( Aligica, 2019 ; Tarko, 2017 Ostrom, 2009a ; , 2010a 2005). Higher levels of social capital have been asso , -ciated with greater levels of beneficial community collective action ( Bowles and Gintis, 2002 ; Varshney, 2002 ; Krishna, 2002 ; Putnam et al., 1993	[ "the", " ", "model", " ", "is", " ", "derived", " ", "from", " ", "the", " ", "five", " ", "partner", "variables", ".", "\n\n", "Structural", "equation", "modelling", "(", "SEM", ")", "was", "undertaken", "to", "assess", "the", "relationships", "between", "the", " ", "ten", " ", "variables", " ", "and", " ", "statistically", " ", "test", " ", "the", " ", "fit", " ", "of", " ", "our", " ", "theoretical", " ", "model", ".", " ", "Preliminary", "screening", "of", "the", "data", "ruled", "out", "multicollinearity", "(", "redundancy", "between", "measurements", ")", ".", "Modification", "indices", "recommended", "the", "inclusion", "of", "some", "disturbance", "covariance", "terms", "between", "item", "variables", ",", "which", "resulted", "in", "a", "robust", "and", "good", "fit", "with", 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Chapter 5 on system leadership points at several key positions in education administration at the local and central levels where officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals and through their effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. At the local level, the roles and responsibilities of system leaders support schools. At the central level, system leaders, by definition, design change that can potentially affect all parts of the system. <!-- image --> Officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals <!-- image --> At the local level, depending on the education system's governance structures, district education officers, inspectors, supervisors and superintendents may or may not demonstrate a commitment to raising standards, improving individual learning, supporting schools and accounting to communities for the quality of service provided. They may be proactive and resourceful, seeking advice for professional improvement, taking initiative, looking for evidence, planning ahead, anticipating needs and finding solutions, often beyond the call of duty. But even when their roles are clearly described, they may fear taking responsibility and be negligent and insensitive to community needs, and unaware of priorities or ways to address them. They may show favouritism or biases, breach duties, and regard their position not as a public service but as an opportunity for private benefit. At the central level, there are similar issues but an even broader scope to exercise leadership instead of just implementing protocols and procedures. This is because system leadership involves the ability to generate change through existing or new connections. System leaders must plan and budget for fiscal and human resources that will achieve education goals. Officials in education ministries and national education implementation agencies need to be able to process and analyse data, monitor and evaluate, develop policy recommendations, design programmes, prepare draft laws, and advise political leaders. System leaders could be leaders, part or products of system change. Seniority should not be the main selection criterion for them to have a positive influence on others. They need to have not only relevant knowledge but also skills to facilitate, advocate, mobilize and challenge - and build the professional capacity of others. They need to be thought leaders as well as practical leaders. They should have status, recognition and understanding of how change is led and managed. They also need to act as models for future practices instead of simply	[ "Chapter", "5", "on", "system", "leadership", "points", "at", "several", "key", "positions", "in", "education", "administration", "at", "the", "local", "and", "central", "levels", "where", "officials", "can", "exercise", "leadership", "through", "their", "commitment", "to", "the", "achievement", "of", "national", "education", "goals", "and", "through", "their", "effectiveness", "in", "carrying", "out", "their", "responsibilities", ".", "At", "the", "local", "level", ",", "the", "roles", "and", "responsibilities", "of", "system", "leaders", "support", "schools", ".", "At", "the", "central", "level", ",", "system", "leaders", ",", "by", "definition", ",", "design", "change", "that", "can", "potentially", "affect", "all", "parts", "of", "the", "system", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Officials", "can", "exercise", "leadership", "through", "their", "commitment", "to", "the", "achievement", "of", "national", "education", "goals", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "At", "the", "local", "level", ",", "depending", "on", "the", "education", "system", "'s", "governance", "structures", ",", "district", "education", "officers", ",", "inspectors", ",", "supervisors", "and", "superintendents", "may", "or", "may", "not", "demonstrate", "a", "commitment", "to", "raising", "standards", ",", "improving", "individual", "learning", ",", "supporting", "schools", "and", "accounting", "to", "communities", "for", "the", "quality", "of", "service", "provided", ".", "They", "may", "be", "proactive", "and", "resourceful", ",", "seeking", "advice", "for", "professional", "improvement", ",", "taking", "initiative", ",", "looking", "for", "evidence", ",", "planning", "ahead", ",", "anticipating", "needs", "and", "finding", "solutions", ",", "often", "beyond", "the", "call", "of", "duty", ".", "But", "even", "when", "their", "roles", "are", "clearly", "described", ",", "they", "may", "fear", "taking", "responsibility", "and", "be", "negligent", "and", "insensitive", "to", "community", "needs", ",", "and", "unaware", "of", "priorities", "or", "ways", "to", "address", "them", ".", "They", "may", "show", "favouritism", "or", "biases", ",", "breach", "duties", ",", "and", "regard", "their", "position", "not", "as", "a", "public", "service", "but", "as", "an", "opportunity", "for", "private", "benefit", ".", "\n\n", "At", "the", "central", "level", ",", "there", "are", "similar", "issues", "but", "an", "even", "broader", "scope", "to", "exercise", "leadership", "instead", "of", "just", "implementing", "protocols", "and", "procedures", ".", "This", "is", "because", "system", "leadership", "involves", "the", "ability", "to", "generate", "change", "through", "existing", "or", "new", "connections", ".", "System", "leaders", "must", "plan", "and", "budget", "for", "fiscal", "and", "human", "resources", "that", "will", "achieve", "education", "goals", ".", "Officials", "in", "education", "ministries", "and", "national", "education", "implementation", "agencies", "need", "to", "be", "able", "to", "process", "and", "analyse", "data", ",", "monitor", "and", "evaluate", ",", "develop", "policy", "recommendations", ",", "design", "programmes", ",", "prepare", "draft", "laws", ",", "and", "advise", "political", "leaders", ".", "\n\n", "System", "leaders", "could", "be", "leaders", ",", "part", "or", "products", "of", "system", "change", ".", "Seniority", "should", "not", "be", "the", "main", "selection", "criterion", "for", "them", "to", "have", "a", "positive", "influence", "on", "others", ".", "They", "need", "to", "have", "not", "only", "relevant", "knowledge", "but", "also", "skills", "to", "facilitate", ",", "advocate", ",", "mobilize", "and", "challenge", "-", "and", "build", "the", "professional", "capacity", "of", "others", ".", "They", "need", "to", "be", "thought", "leaders", "as", "well", "as", "practical", "leaders", ".", "They", "should", "have", "status", ",", "recognition", "and", "understanding", "of", "how", "change", "is", "led", "and", "managed", ".", "They", "also", "need", "to", "act", "as", "models", "for", "future", "practices", "instead", "of", "simply" ]	[]
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/global-age-specificliteracy-projections-model-galp-rationale-methodology-and-software-en\_0.pdf Lyu, K., Xu, Y., Cheng, H., and Li, J. (2021). The implementation and effectiveness of intergenerational learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from China. International Review of Education , 66 , 833-855. Manswell Butty, J.A. L., Capeheart, Y., Joseph, R., Kamara, B., Mertz, R. E., Rosen, D., Socker, E. A., Vickers, S., and Westheimer, M. (2024). The Liberian Family Literacy Initiative. In E. Prins and R. Zholdoshalieva (Eds.). Family and Intergenerational Literacy and Learning: International Perspectives . UNESCO. National Adult Literacy Agency. (2016). Impact and Implementation of Family Literacy Programmes: Review and Recommendations . https://www.nala.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Impact-and-implementation-fo-familyliteracy-programmes-review-and-recommendations-2016-1.pdf National Center for Families Learning. (2023). Setting the Foundation for Learning Success: A Brief on Family Literacy . https://familieslearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/FLC60x30Family\_Literacy\_Brief\_5.pdf Nshimbi, J. C. and Serpell, R. (2023). Growth and application of literacy skills by rural Zambian mothers with assistance from their children. International Review of Education , 69 , 795-822. OECD. (2019). Skills Matter Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills . https://doi.org/10.1787/1f029d8f-en Pezoa, J. P., Mendive, S., and Strassera, K. (2019). Reading interest and family literacy practices from prekindergarten to kindergarten: Contributions from a cross-lagged analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 47 , 284-295.	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to trans status as a <gender identity disorder=. In a report published in April concerning its 2023 ûndings, the Network for Recording Incidents of Racist Violence documented 158 incidents, 61 of which concerned LGBTI persons. The civilian alternative to compulsory military service remained punitive and discriminatory. Following a landmark 2021 UN Human Rights Committee ruling, which found multiple violations of the ICCPR in the case of conscientious objector Lazaros Petromelidis, Greece had yet to make full reparations to him or to enact reforms <to ensure the effective guarantee of the right to conscientious objection=. Experts for the Climate Change Performance Index criticized Greece9s substantial expansion of gas infrastructure as increasing the country9s dependency on fossil fuels. An extreme heatwave, attributed by scientists to the effects of climate change, caused heat-related deaths. In August, a pan-European study predicted that temperature-related deaths would increase in Europe in this century, and that, <in the 3°Cwarming scenario, heat-related deaths in Greece would increase annually from 1,730 today to 4,767=. Large wild ûres in the region of Attika in August and the municipality of Xylokastro in September burned thousands of acres of land and many homes, and resulted in three deaths. In June a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development noted that climate change increasingly exacerbated wild ûre hazards in Greece. Health workers and experts continued to report ongoing and signi ûcant gaps in Greece9s national health system. These included staff shortages, long working hours, difûculty in taking leave, and clinics at risk of closure or operating at reduced capacity due to lack of staff and/or equipment. 1. Greece: Samos: <We Feel in Prison on the Island=: Un lawful Detention and Sub-Standard Conditions in an EU-Fund ed Refugee Centre , 30 July ± Republic of Guatemala Human rights defenders, journalists and political opponents were harassed and criminalized. Unfounded criminal prosecutions indicated a lack of judicial independence. There were signs of progress in the state9s attitude towards Indigenous Peoples, but leaders protecting territories and rights were still criminalized. The prosecution of crimes against humanity perpetrated during the 1960-1996 internal armed con üict was delayed. The government took steps to recognize human rights violations against women, regulate the health service and improve water quality. Same-sex marriage remained prohibited.LGBTI PEOPLES9 RIGHTS CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS9 RIGHTS RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTRIGHT TO HEALTH GUATEMALA 186186 Amnesty International ReportPolitically motivated persecution continued against human rights defenders, prosecutors, judges,	[ "to", "trans", "status", "as", "\n", "a", "<", "gender", "identity", "disorder=.", "\n", "In", "a", "report", "published", "in", "April", "concerning", "\n", "its", "2023", "ûndings", ",", "the", "Network", "for", "Recording", "\n", "Incidents", "of", "Racist", "Violence", "documented", "158", "\n", "incidents", ",", "61", "of", "which", "concerned", "LGBTI", "\n", "persons", ".", "\n", "The", "civilian", "alternative", "to", "compulsory", "military", "\n", "service", "remained", "punitive", "and", "discriminatory", ".", "\n", "Following", "a", "landmark", "2021", "UN", "Human", "\n", "Rights", "Committee", "ruling", ",", "which", "found", "\n", "multiple", "violations", "of", "the", "ICCPR", "in", "the", "case", "of", "\n", "conscientious", "objector", "Lazaros", "Petromelidis", ",", "\n", "Greece", "had", "yet", "to", "make", "full", "reparations", "to", "\n", "him", "or", "to", "enact", "reforms", "<", "to", "ensure", "the", "\n", "effective", "guarantee", "of", "the", "right", "to", "\n", "conscientious", "objection=.", "\n", "Experts", "for", "the", "Climate", "Change", "Performance", "\n", "Index", "criticized", "Greece9s", "substantial", "\n", "expansion", "of", "gas", "infrastructure", "as", "increasing", "\n", "the", "country9s", "dependency", "on", "fossil", "fuels", ".", "\n", "An", "extreme", "heatwave", ",", "attributed", "by", "\n", "scientists", "to", "the", "effects", "of", "climate", "change", ",", "\n", "caused", "heat", "-", "related", "deaths", ".", "In", "August", ",", "a", "\n", "pan", "-", "European", "study", "predicted", "that", "\n", "temperature", "-", "related", "deaths", "would", "increase", "in", "\n", "Europe", "in", "this", "century", ",", "and", "that", ",", "<", "in", "the", "3", "°", "Cwarming", "scenario", ",", "heat", "-", "related", "deaths", "in", "\n", "Greece", "would", "increase", "annually", "from", "1,730", "\n", "today", "to", "4,767=.", "\n", "Large", "wild", "ûres", "in", "the", "region", "of", "Attika", "in", "\n", "August", "and", "the", "municipality", "of", "Xylokastro", "in", "\n", "September", "burned", "thousands", "of", "acres", "of", "\n", "land", "and", "many", "homes", ",", "and", "resulted", "in", "three", "\n", "deaths", ".", "In", "June", "a", "study", "by", "the", "Organisation", "\n", "for", "Economic", "Co", "-", "operation", "and", "Development", "\n", "noted", "that", "climate", "change", "increasingly", "\n", "exacerbated", "wild", "ûre", "hazards", "in", "Greece", ".", "\n", "Health", "workers", "and", "experts", "continued", "to", "\n", "report", "ongoing", "and", "signi", "ûcant", "gaps", "in", "\n", "Greece9s", "national", "health", "system", ".", "These", "\n", "included", "staff", "shortages", ",", "long", "working", "hours", ",", "\n", "difûculty", "in", "taking", "leave", ",", "and", "clinics", "at", "risk", "of", "\n", "closure", "or", "operating", "at", "reduced", "capacity", "due", "\n", "to", "lack", "of", "staff", "and/or", "equipment", ".", "\n", "1", ".", "Greece", ":", "Samos", ":", "<", "We", "Feel", "in", "Prison", "on", "the", "Island=", ":", "Un", "lawful", "\n", "Detention", "and", "Sub", "-", "Standard", "Conditions", "in", "an", "EU", "-", "Fund", "ed", "Refugee", "\n", "Centre", ",", "30", "July", " ", "±", "\n", "Republic", "of", "Guatemala", "\n", "Human", "rights", "defenders", ",", "journalists", "and", "\n", "political", "opponents", "were", "harassed", "and", "\n", "criminalized", ".", "Unfounded", "criminal", "\n", "prosecutions", "indicated", "a", "lack", "of", "judicial", "\n", "independence", ".", "There", "were", "signs", "of", "progress", "\n", "in", "the", "state9s", "attitude", "towards", "Indigenous", "\n", "Peoples", ",", "but", "leaders", "protecting", "territories", "\n", "and", "rights", "were", "still", "criminalized", ".", "The", "\n", "prosecution", "of", "crimes", "against", "humanity", "\n", "perpetrated", "during", "the", "1960", "-", "1996", "internal", "\n", "armed", "con", "üict", "was", "delayed", ".", "The", "\n", "government", "took", "steps", "to", "recognize", "human", "\n", "rights", "violations", "against", "women", ",", "regulate", "\n", "the", "health", "service", "and", "improve", "water", "\n", "quality", ".", "Same", "-", "sex", "marriage", "remained", "\n", "prohibited", ".", "LGBTI", "PEOPLES9", "RIGHTS", "\n", "CONSCIENTIOUS", "OBJECTORS9", "RIGHTS", "\n", "RIGHT", "TO", "A", "HEALTHY", "ENVIRONMENTRIGHT", "TO", "HEALTH", "\n", "GUATEMALA", "\n", "186186", "Amnesty", "International", "ReportPolitically", "motivated", "persecution", "continued", "\n", "against", "human", "rights", "defenders", ",", "prosecutors", ",", "\n", "judges", "," ]	[]
projects in collaboration between EaP actors and partners outside of the EaP .......................................................................................... 217 Figure 3.62. Keyword cloud for Fundamental physics and mathematics in Armenia 220 Figure 3.63. Keyword cloud for Agrifood in Armenia ............................................................... 220 Figure 3.64. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Armenia ................. 220 Figure 3.65. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Armenia ..................................... 220 Figure 3.66. Keyword cloud for Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan 222 Figure 3.67. Keyword cloud for Energy in Azerbaijan .............................................................. 222 Figure 3.68. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 222 Figure 3.69. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Azerbaijan ................................ 222 Figure 3.70. Keyword cloud for Environmental sciences and industries in Georgia .. 224 Figure 3.71. Keyword cloud for Agrifood in Georgia ................................................................ 224 Figure 3.72. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Georgia ...................................... 224 Figure 3.73. Keyword cloud for ICT and computer science in Georgia ............................. 224 Figure 3.74. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Moldova ..................................... 226 Figure 3.75. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova ................ 226 Figure 3.76. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies in Moldova ....... 226 262 List of figures and tables Figure 3.77. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 226 Figure 3.78. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Ukraine ...................................... 228 Figure 3.79. Keyword cloud for Energy in Ukraine .................................................................... 228 Figure 3.80. Keyword cloud for Biotechnology in Ukraine ..................................................... 228 Figure 3.81. Keyword cloud for Transportation in Ukraine ................................................... 228 Figure 3.82. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 228 Figure 3.83. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine .................. 228 Figure 4.1. Summary schema of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of EIST specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international partners. ...................... 232 Figure 4.2. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Armenia ............................... 237 Figure 4.3. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Armenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 237 Figure 4.4. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Armenia 237 Figure 4.5. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Armenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 237 Figure 4.6. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Azerbaijan .......................... 239 Figure 4.7. 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"Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Energy", "in", "Azerbaijan", "..............................................................", "222", "\n", "Figure", "3.68", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "in", "\n", "Azerbaijan", ".....................................................................................................................................................", "222", "\n", "Figure", "3.69", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "in", "Azerbaijan", "................................", "222", "\n", "Figure", "3.70", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "in", "Georgia", "..", "224", "\n", "Figure", "3.71", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Agrifood", "in", "Georgia", "................................................................", "224", "\n", "Figure", "3.72", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "in", "Georgia", "......................................", "224", "\n", "Figure", "3.73", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "in", "Georgia", ".............................", "224", "\n", "Figure", "3.74", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "in", "Moldova", ".....................................", "226", "\n", "Figure", "3.75", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "in", "Moldova", "................", "226", "\n", "Figure", "3.76", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "in", "Moldova", ".......", "226", "\n", "262", "\n", "List", "of", "figures", "and", "tables", "\n", "Figure", "3.77", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "in", "\n", "Moldova", "..........................................................................................................................................................", "226", "\n", "Figure", "3.78", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "in", "Ukraine", "......................................", "228", "\n", "Figure", "3.79", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Energy", "in", "Ukraine", "....................................................................", "228", "\n", "Figure", "3.80", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Biotechnology", "in", "Ukraine", ".....................................................", "228", "\n", "Figure", "3.81", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Transportation", "in", "Ukraine", "...................................................", "228", "\n", "Figure", "3.82", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", "in", "\n", "Ukraine", "............................................................................................................................................................", "228", "\n", "Figure", "3.83", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "Nanotechnology", "and", 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"S&T", "domain", "ICT", "and", "computer", "science", "in", "Armenia", "237", "\n", "Figure", "4.5", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "in", "\n", "Armenia", "..........................................................................................................................................................", "237", "\n", "Figure", "4.6", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain", "Agrifood", "in", "Azerbaijan", "..........................", "239", "\n", "Figure", "4.7", ".", "Keyword", "cloud", "for", "the", "S&T", "domain" ]	[]
; — GISCO 2024 at 1:1,000,000 : CNTR_RG_01M_202 4_4326.shp downloaded from Countries - GISCO - Eurostat ; — GISCO 2024 at 1:100,000: GISCO.CNTR_RG_100K_2024 .shp obtained directly from ESTAT. The number of blocks which are not water and did not intersect with a respective GISCO country boundaries dataset , hence contain land that is missing in GISCO products , are: — 4,472 blocks for GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 — 2,992 blocks for GISCO 2024 at 1:1 ,000, 000 20 — 1,108 blocks for GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000 The number of blocks decreased with the newest release of GISCO data for the same scale (1:1,000,000 ) which suggests an improvement in the delineation of land. The analysis also indicates that the identification of block s depends on the scale of the GISCO data, with a decrease in identified blocks for scales that depict more spatial detail. Figure 6 shows close ups for examples of blocks (rectangles) that were identified to contain land (and thus will be processe d for LCFM) but do not intersect with one or several GISCO data (the datasets are indicated by the colour). The colour of irregular polygons in the background indicates the country boundary in GISCO: red for GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000 (1:100k), green for GISC O 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 (1:1 M) and blue for 2024 at 1:1 ,000,000 . In Figure 6-A for islands off the Finnish coast shows two green rectangles that indicate processing blocks that contain land which does not intersect with GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 . The purple block only intersects with GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000. Example B in Figure 6 shows land boundaries at the Caspian Sea shoreline. Green blocks to the left indicate that GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 misses land, black rectangles in the centre shows that no GISCO dataset intersects, and turquoise blocks on the right show that both GISCO products for 2024 do not intersect. Figure 6. Close up for South -Western Finland and the North -Eastern Caspian Sea for LCFM processing blocks that were not fully covered by water and do not intersect with GISCO country boundaries data for 2020 or 2024 at 1:1,000,000 or 1:100,000. Source: JRC based on data from Google, © 2024 Maxar Technologies (background image) , VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research (LCFM processing blocks) and Eurostat /GISCO (country boundaries) . Figure 7 shows LCFM processing	[ ";", " \n", "—", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "1:1,000,000", ":", "CNTR_RG_01M_202", "4_4326.shp", " ", "downloaded", "from", "Countries", "-", "\n", "GISCO", "-", "Eurostat", ";", " \n", "—", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "1:100,000", ":", "GISCO.CNTR_RG_100K_2024", ".shp", "obtained", "directly", "from", "ESTAT", ".", " \n", "The", "number", "of", "blocks", "which", "are", "not", "water", "and", "did", "not", "intersect", "with", "a", "respective", "GISCO", "country", "\n", "boundaries", " ", "dataset", ",", "hence", "contain", "land", "that", "is", "missing", "in", "GISCO", " ", "products", ",", "are", ":", "\n", "—", "4,472", "blocks", "for", "GISCO", "2020", "at", "1:1", ",", "000,000", " \n", "—", "2,992", "blocks", "for", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "1:1", ",", "000", ",", "000", "\n \n", "20", "—", "1,108", "blocks", "for", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "1:100", ",", "000", "\n", "The", "number", "of", "blocks", "decreased", "with", "the", "newest", "release", "of", "GISCO", "data", "for", "the", "same", "scale", "\n", "(", "1:1,000,000", ")", "which", "suggests", "an", "improvement", "in", "the", "delineation", "of", "land", ".", "The", "analysis", "also", "indicates", "\n", "that", "the", "identification", " ", "of", "block", "s", "depends", "on", "the", "scale", "of", "the", "GISCO", "data", ",", "with", "a", "decrease", "in", "\n", "identified", "blocks", "for", "scales", "that", "depict", "more", "spatial", "detail", ".", " \n", "Figure", "6", "shows", "close", "ups", "for", "examples", " ", "of", "blocks", "(", "rectangles", ")", "that", "were", "identified", "to", "contain", "land", "\n", "(", "and", "thus", "will", "be", "processe", "d", "for", "LCFM", ")", "but", "do", "not", "intersect", "with", "one", "or", "several", "GISCO", "data", "(", "the", "\n", "datasets", "are", "indicated", "by", "the", "colour", ")", ".", "The", "colour", "of", "irregular", "polygons", "in", "the", "background", "indicates", "\n", "the", "country", "boundary", "in", "GISCO", ":", "red", "for", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "1:100", ",", "000", "(", "1:100k", ")", ",", "green", "for", "GISC", "O", "2020", "\n", "at", "1:1", ",", "000,000", "(", "1:1", "M", ")", "and", "blue", "for", "2024", "at", "1:1", ",", "000,000", ".", "In", "Figure", "6", "-", "A", "for", "islands", "off", "the", "Finnish", "\n", "coast", "shows", "two", "green", "rectangles", "that", "indicate", "processing", "blocks", "that", "contain", "land", "which", "does", "not", "\n", "intersect", "with", "GISCO", "2020", "at", "1:1", ",", "000,000", ".", "The", "purple", "block", "only", "intersects", "with", "GISCO", "2024", "at", "\n", "1:100", ",", "000", ".", "Example", "B", "in", "Figure", "6", "shows", "land", "boundaries", "at", "the", "Caspian", "Sea", "shoreline", ".", "Green", "blocks", "\n", "to", "the", "left", "indicate", "that", "GISCO", "2020", "at", "1:1", ",", "000,000", " ", "misses", "land", ",", "black", "rectangles", "in", "the", "centre", "\n", "shows", "that", "no", "GISCO", "dataset", "intersects", ",", "and", "turquoise", "blocks", "on", "the", "right", "show", "that", "both", "GISCO", " \n", "products", "for", "2024", "do", "not", "intersect", ".", " \n", "Figure", "6", ".", "Close", " ", "up", "for", "South", "-Western", "Finland", "and", "the", "North", "-Eastern", "Caspian", "Sea", "for", "LCFM", "processing", "blocks", "\n", "that", "were", "not", "fully", "covered", "by", "water", "and", "do", "not", "intersect", "with", "GISCO", "country", "boundaries", "data", "for", "2020", "or", "\n", "2024", "at", "1:1,000,000", "or", "1:100,000", ".", " \n \n", "Source", ":", "JRC", "based", "on", "data", "from", "Google", ",", "©", "2024", "Maxar", "Technologies", " ", "(", "background", "image", ")", ",", "VITO", "–", "Flemish", "Institute", "for", "\n", "Technological", "Research", " ", "(", "LCFM", "processing", "blocks", ")", "and", "Eurostat", "/GISCO", " ", "(", "country", "boundaries", ")", ".", "\n", "Figure", "7", "shows", "LCFM", "processing" ]	[]
Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 Commission océanographique intergouvernementaleOrganisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la cultureObjectifs de développement durable Résumé exécutif Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans Publié en 2020 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP (France) © UNESCO 2020 Œuvre publiée en libre accès sous la licence Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ igo/). Les utilisateurs du contenu de la présente publication acceptent les conditions d’utilisation de l’Archive en libre accès de l’UNESCO (https://fr.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-fr). Le présent rapport doit être cité comme suit : COI-UNESCO. 2020. Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 – Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans, Résumé exécutif. K. Isensee (dir . publ.), Paris, Éditions UNESCO. (Série sur les politiques de la COI, 2020-1) Pour en savoir plus au sujet du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020, voir : https://gosr.ioc-unesco.org Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cet ouvrage sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Création graphique : UNESCO Graphisme de la couverture et composition : Marie Moncet Illustration de la couverture : Hugo Salais / Metazoa Studio Imprimé dans les ateliers de l’UNESCO, Paris, France CLD 1128.20 (IOC/POL/2020/1) Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans Résumé exécutif © Joanna Smart, UNWOD 2020Cartographie des capacités en sciences océaniques 2 / COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF CARTOgRAPhIE DES CAPACITÉS EN SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES Le Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques est un ouvrage de référence pour un large éventail de parties prenantes, dont les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques et les universitaires, qui cherchent à comprendre et à exploiter le potentiel qu’offrent les sciences océaniques pour relever les défis mondiaux. Le Rapport peut éclairer les décisions stratégiques relatives au financement des sciences océaniques, révéler des possibilités de collaboration scientifique et favoriser les partenariats en vue d’un renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des	[ "Rapport", "mondial", " \n", "sur", "les", "sciences", " \n", "océaniques", "2020", "\n", "Commission", "\n", "océanographique", "\n", "intergouvernementaleOrganisation", "\n", "des", "Nations", "Unies", "\n", "pour", "l’éducation", ",", "\n", "la", "science", "et", "la", "cultureObjectifs", "de", "\n", "développement", "\n", "durable", "\n", "Résumé", "exécutif", "\n", "Cartographie", "des", "\n", "capacités", "au", "service", "de", "\n", "la", "durabilité", "des", "océans", "\n", "Publié", "en", "2020", "par", "l’Organisation", "des", "Nations", "Unies", "pour", "l’éducation", ",", "\n", "la", "science", "et", "la", "culture", ",", " \n", "7", "place", "de", "Fontenoy", ",", "75352", "Paris", "07", "SP", "(", "France", ")", "\n", "©", "UNESCO", "2020", "\n", "Œuvre", "publiée", "en", "libre", "accès", "sous", "la", "licence", "Attribution", "-", "ShareAlike", "3.0", "\n", "IGO", "(", "CC", "-", "BY", "-", "SA", "3.0", "IGO", ")", "(", "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "\n", "igo/", ")", ".", "Les", "utilisateurs", "du", "contenu", "de", "la", "présente", "publication", "acceptent", "\n", "les", "conditions", "d’utilisation", "de", "l’Archive", "en", "libre", "accès", "de", "l’UNESCO", "\n", "(", "https://fr.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-fr", ")", ".", "\n", "Le", "présent", "rapport", "doit", "être", "cité", "comme", "suit", " ", ":", "COI", "-", "UNESCO", ".", "2020", ".", "\n", "Rapport", "mondial", "sur", "les", "sciences", "océaniques", "2020", "–", "Cartographie", "\n", "des", "capacités", "au", "service", "de", "la", "durabilité", "des", "océans", ",", "Résumé", "exécutif", ".", "\n", "K.", " ", "Isensee", " ", "(", "dir", ".", "publ", ".", ")", ",", "Paris", ",", "Éditions", "UNESCO", ".", "(", "Série", "sur", "les", "politiques", "\n", "de", "la", "COI", ",", "2020", "-", "1", ")", "\n", "Pour", "en", "savoir", "plus", "au", "sujet", "du", "Rapport", "mondial", "sur", "les", "sciences", "\n", "océaniques", "2020", ",", "voir", " ", ":", "https://gosr.ioc-unesco.org", "\n", "Les", "désignations", "employées", "dans", "cette", "publication", "et", "la", "présentation", "des", "\n", "données", "qui", "y", "figurent", "n’impliquent", "de", "la", "part", "de", "l’UNESCO", "aucune", "prise", "\n", "de", "position", "quant", "au", "statut", "juridique", "des", "pays", ",", "territoires", ",", "villes", "ou", "zones", ",", "\n", "ou", "de", "leurs", "autorités", ",", "ni", "quant", "au", "tracé", "de", "leurs", "frontières", "ou", "limites", ".", "\n", "Les", "idées", "et", "les", "opinions", "exprimées", "dans", "cet", "ouvrage", "sont", "celles", "des", "\n", "auteurs", " ", ";", "elles", "ne", "reflètent", "pas", "nécessairement", "les", "points", "de", "vue", "de", "\n", "l’UNESCO", "et", "n’engagent", "en", "aucune", "façon", "l’Organisation", ".", "\n", "Création", "graphique", " ", ":", "UNESCO", "\n", "Graphisme", "de", "la", "couverture", "et", "composition", " ", ":", "Marie", "Moncet", "\n", "Illustration", "de", "la", "couverture", " ", ":", "Hugo", "Salais", "/", "Metazoa", "Studio", "\n", "Imprimé", "dans", "les", "ateliers", "de", "l’UNESCO", ",", "Paris", ",", "France", "\n", "CLD", "1128.20", "\n", "(", "IOC", "/", "POL/2020/1", ")", "\n", "Rapport", "mondial", " \n", "sur", "les", "sciences", "\n", "océaniques", "2020", "\n", "Cartographie", "des", "\n", "capacités", "au", "service", "de", "\n", "la", "durabilité", "des", "océans", "\n", "Résumé", "exécutif", "\n", "©", "Joanna", "Smart", ",", "UNWOD", "2020Cartographie", "\n", "des", "capacités", "en", "\n", "sciences", "océaniques", "\n", "2", "/", " ", "COI", " ", "RAPPORT", "MONDIAL", "SUR", "LES", "SCIENCES", "OCÉANIQUES", " ", "2020RÉSUMÉ", "EXÉCUTIF", "\n", "CARTOgRAPhIE", " ", "DES", " ", "CAPACITÉS", " ", "EN", "SCIENCES", " ", "OCÉANIQUES", "\n", "Le", "Rapport", "mondial", "sur", "les", "sciences", "océaniques", "est", "un", "ouvrage", "de", "\n", "référence", "pour", "un", "large", "éventail", "de", "parties", "prenantes", ",", "do", "nt", "les", "\n", "responsables", "de", "l’élaboration", "des", "politiques", "et", "les", "universitaires", ",", "\n", "qui", "cherchent", "à", "comprendre", "et", "à", "exploiter", "le", "potentiel", "qu’offrent", "les", "\n", "sciences", "océaniques", "pour", "relever", "les", "défis", "mondiaux", ".", "Le", "Rapport", "\n", "peut", "éclairer", "les", "décisions", "stratégiques", "relatives", "au", "financement", "\n", "des", "sciences", "océaniques", ",", "révéler", "des", "possibilités", "de", "collaboration", "\n", "scientifique", "et", "favoriser", "les", "partenariats", "en", "vue", "d’un", "renforcement", "des", "\n", "capacités", "dans", "le", "domaine", "des" ]	[]
empower assistant principals by providing clear authority and guidance to gain staff acceptance. Structured mentoring, emotional support, ongoing training in real-world challenges and forums for sharing experiences are potential types of support. Teacher leaders have specialized curriculum expertise and when given additional formal leadership roles and responsibilities can manage subjects and help shape strategies that impact student learning and school performance. A review of 19 countries showed that middle leaders do influence teacher quality, teacher attitudes and student outcomes. A study of 300 secondary schools in England (United Kingdom) found that those with the most significant advancements in teaching and learning were those that embraced strategies focused on collaboration and creativity in which teachers with leadership roles played a major role. According to the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), 67% of lower secondary school teachers reported playing an active role in deciding on learning materials, 44% on course content, 37% on assessment and 37% on discipline. Professional development for vice-principals and teacher leaders is rare. Only a handful of high-income countries integrate leadership into pre-service teacher training. Only one quarter of lower secondary school teachers in the 2018 TALIS received leadership training. Hierarchical school systems can demotivate teacher leaders. Even in high-income countries, teacher leaders do not always receive recognition in the form of salary step upgrades or bonuses. Engaging students, parents and communities can steer schools towards their goals. Students can be leaders too. The involvement of students can foster responsibility for learning. Globally, 57% of countries mandate student councils in their regulations, with high-income countries almost twice as likely as low-income countries to have this requirement. Engaging parents and communities can promote culturally responsive schools and improve student outcomes. Globally, 83% of countries mandate parental involvement and 62% require community representation on school management committees. Yet parents and communities face barriers to participation, including a lack of support and clear roles. Unbalanced representation of parents by gender, class, ethnicity and ability can affect participation and empowerment. Globally, 16% of countries have regulations to ensure the balanced representation of parents and communities in school governance. 4 78 CHAPTER 4 • SHARED SCHOOL LEADERSHIP As school objectives become ever more complex, distributing leadership responsibilities among assistant principals, teachers, support staff, students, parents and the community can make a big difference. Under certain conditions, this can foster innovation, diversity and inclusion.	[ "empower", "assistant", "principals", "by", "providing", "clear", "authority", "and", "guidance", "to", "gain", "staff", "acceptance", ".", "Structured", "mentoring", ",", "emotional", "support", ",", "ongoing", "training", "in", "real", "-", "world", "challenges", "and", "forums", "for", "sharing", "experiences", "are", "potential", "types", "of", "support", ".", "\n ", "", "Teacher", "leaders", "have", "specialized", "curriculum", "expertise", "and", "when", "given", "additional", "formal", "leadership", "roles", "and", "responsibilities", "can", "manage", "subjects", "and", "help", "shape", "strategies", "that", "impact", "student", "learning", "and", "school", "performance", ".", "\n ", "", "A", "review", "of", "19", "countries", "showed", "that", "middle", "leaders", "do", "influence", "teacher", "quality", ",", "teacher", "attitudes", "and", "student", "outcomes", ".", "A", "study", "of", "300", "secondary", "schools", "in", "England", "(", "United", "Kingdom", ")", "found", "that", "those", "with", "the", "most", "significant", "advancements", "in", "teaching", "and", "learning", "were", "those", "that", "embraced", "strategies", "focused", "on", "collaboration", "and", "creativity", "in", "which", "teachers", "with", "leadership", "roles", "played", "a", "major", "role", ".", "\n ", "", "According", "to", "the", "2018", "Teaching", "and", "Learning", "International", "Survey", "(", "TALIS", ")", ",", "67", "%", "of", "lower", "secondary", "school", "teachers", "reported", "playing", "an", "active", "role", "in", "deciding", "on", "learning", "materials", ",", "44", "%", "on", "course", "content", ",", "37", "%", "on", "assessment", "and", "37", "%", "on", "discipline", ".", "\n ", "", "Professional", "development", "for", "vice", "-", "principals", "and", "teacher", "leaders", "is", "rare", ".", "Only", "a", "handful", "of", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "integrate", "leadership", "into", "pre", "-", "service", "teacher", "training", ".", "Only", "one", "quarter", "of", "lower", "secondary", "school", "teachers", "in", "the", "2018", "TALIS", "received", "leadership", "training", ".", "\n ", "", "Hierarchical", "school", "systems", "can", "demotivate", "teacher", "leaders", ".", "Even", "in", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ",", "teacher", "leaders", "do", "not", "always", "receive", "recognition", "in", "the", "form", "of", "salary", "step", "upgrades", "or", "bonuses", ".", "\n", "Engaging", "students", ",", "parents", "and", "communities", "can", "steer", "schools", "towards", "their", "goals", ".", "\n ", "", "Students", "can", "be", "leaders", "too", ".", "The", "involvement", "of", "students", "can", "foster", "responsibility", "for", "learning", ".", "Globally", ",", "57", "%", "of", "countries", "mandate", "student", "councils", "in", "their", "regulations", ",", "with", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "almost", "twice", "as", "likely", "as", "low", "-", "income", "countries", "to", "have", "this", "requirement", ".", "\n ", "", "Engaging", "parents", "and", "communities", "can", "promote", "culturally", "responsive", "schools", "and", "improve", "student", "outcomes", ".", "Globally", ",", "83", "%", "of", "countries", "mandate", "parental", "involvement", "and", "62", "%", "require", "community", "representation", "on", "school", "management", "committees", ".", "Yet", "parents", "and", "communities", "face", "barriers", "to", "participation", ",", "including", "a", "lack", "of", "support", "and", "clear", "roles", ".", "\n ", "", "Unbalanced", "representation", "of", "parents", "by", "gender", ",", "class", ",", "ethnicity", "and", "ability", "can", "affect", "participation", "and", "empowerment", ".", "Globally", ",", "16", "%", "of", "countries", "have", "regulations", "to", "ensure", "the", "balanced", "representation", "of", "parents", "and", "communities", "in", "school", "governance", ".", "\n", "4", "\n", "78", "CHAPTER", " ", "4", "•", "SHARED", " ", "SCHOOL", " ", "LEADERSHIP", "\n", "As", "school", "objectives", "become", "ever", "more", "complex", ",", "\n", "distributing", "leadership", "responsibilities", "among", "\n", "assistant", "principals", ",", "teachers", ",", "support", "staff", ",", "students", ",", "parents", "and", "the", "community", "can", "make", "a", "big", "difference", ".", "Under", "certain", "conditions", ",", "this", "can", "foster", "innovation", ",", "diversity", "and", "inclusion", "." ]	[]
points towards the critical need for strong leaders to continuously improve education quality. School leaders are second only to teachers for transforming student outcomes. Meanwhile, politicians wield huge influence in making equitable and inclusive education a national priority. Supporting this seventh Global Education Monitoring Report is a new series of country profiles on PEER, an online resource supporting policy dialogue and describing policies and regulations on school principal selection, preparation and development in the world's education systems. <!-- image --> Since wars begin in the minds of men and women, it is in the minds of men and women that the defenses of peace must be constructed ## Foreword Despite significant strides in widening access to education globally over the past decades, this Global Education Monitoring Report reveals that 251 million children are still not in school today. This is a number that has fallen by only 1% since 2015. Even for those who are in school, the education they receive is not always up to standard: three out of four children in developing countries cannot read and understand a simple text by the age of 10. To advance progress in education, strong leadership is needed at all levels. Indeed, at its heart, education is an activity centred around people. Quality education is a collective endeavour that requires qualified human beings, driven by a sense of purpose. Whether they are policymakers, school directors or head teachers - educational leaders are catalysts for change deserving of greater attention. This report sheds light on their instrumental role in retaining children in school and improving learning outcomes. Effective school leaders bring out the best in teachers, who in turn deliver the best courses. School leaders are also key figures in ensuring that school environments are safe and inclusive, free from violence and bullying. The responsibilities they bear are heavy. For this reason, it is critical to ensure that they are well selected, trained, trusted and supported throughout their career. Yet, over a third of countries do not have open and competitive school principal recruitment processes in place. Even in wealthier nations, half of principals do not receive training for their role before they take up their posts. As in other domains, leadership in education is also marked by significant gender biases. Most teachers are women, while most of school leaders are men. The share of female principals in primary and secondary education is	[ "points", "towards", "the", "critical", "need", "for", "strong", "leaders", "to", "continuously", "improve", "education", "quality", ".", "School", "leaders", "are", "second", "only", "to", "teachers", "for", "transforming", "student", "outcomes", ".", "Meanwhile", ",", "politicians", "wield", "huge", "influence", "in", "making", "equitable", "and", "inclusive", "education", "a", "national", "priority", ".", "\n\n", "Supporting", "this", "seventh", "Global", "Education", "Monitoring", "Report", "is", "a", "new", "series", "of", "country", "profiles", "on", "PEER", ",", "an", "online", "resource", "supporting", "policy", "dialogue", "and", "describing", "policies", "and", "regulations", "on", "school", "principal", "selection", ",", "preparation", "and", "development", "in", "the", "world", "'s", "education", "systems", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Since", "wars", "begin", "in", "the", "minds", "of", "men", "and", "women", ",", "it", "is", "in", "the", "minds", "of", "men", "and", "women", "that", "the", "defenses", "of", "peace", "must", "be", "constructed", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Foreword", "\n\n", "Despite", "significant", "strides", "in", "widening", "access", "to", "education", "globally", "over", "the", "past", "decades", ",", "this", "Global", "Education", "Monitoring", "Report", "reveals", "that", "251", "million", "children", "are", "still", "not", "in", "school", "today", ".", "This", "is", "a", "number", "that", "has", "fallen", "by", "only", "1", "%", "since", "2015", ".", "\n\n", "Even", "for", "those", "who", "are", "in", "school", ",", "the", "education", "they", "receive", "is", "not", "always", "up", "to", "standard", ":", "three", "out", "of", "four", "children", "in", "developing", "countries", "can", "not", "read", "and", "understand", "a", "simple", "text", "by", "the", "age", "of", "10", ".", "To", "advance", "progress", "in", "education", ",", "strong", "leadership", "is", "needed", "at", "all", "levels", ".", "\n\n", "Indeed", ",", "at", "its", "heart", ",", "education", "is", "an", "activity", "centred", "around", "people", ".", "\n\n", "Quality", "education", "is", "a", "collective", "endeavour", "that", "requires", "qualified", "human", "beings", ",", "driven", "by", "a", "sense", "of", "purpose", ".", "Whether", "they", "are", "policymakers", ",", "school", "directors", "or", "head", "teachers", "-", "educational", "leaders", "are", "catalysts", "for", "change", "deserving", "of", "greater", "attention", ".", "This", "report", "sheds", "light", "on", "their", "instrumental", "role", "in", "retaining", "children", "in", "school", "and", "improving", "learning", "outcomes", ".", "\n\n", "Effective", "school", "leaders", "bring", "out", "the", "best", "in", "teachers", ",", "who", "in", "turn", "deliver", "the", "best", "courses", ".", "School", "leaders", "are", "also", "key", "figures", "in", "ensuring", "that", "school", "environments", "are", "safe", "and", "inclusive", ",", "free", "from", "violence", "and", "bullying", ".", "The", "responsibilities", "they", "bear", "are", "heavy", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "it", "is", "critical", "to", "ensure", "that", "they", "are", "well", "selected", ",", "trained", ",", "trusted", "and", "supported", "throughout", "their", "career", ".", "\n\n", "Yet", ",", "over", "a", "third", "of", "countries", "do", "not", "have", "open", "and", "competitive", "school", "principal", "recruitment", "processes", "in", "place", ".", "Even", "in", "wealthier", "nations", ",", "half", "of", "principals", "do", "not", "receive", "training", "for", "their", "role", "before", "they", "take", "up", "their", "posts", ".", "\n\n", "As", "in", "other", "domains", ",", "leadership", "in", "education", "is", "also", "marked", "by", "significant", "gender", "biases", ".", "Most", "teachers", "are", "women", ",", "while", "most", "of", "school", "leaders", "are", "men", ".", "The", "share", "of", "female", "principals", "in", "primary", "and", "secondary", "education", "is" ]	[]
microorganisms, or other renewable biological sources. Bio- based plastics can be classified into several categories, including biodegradable5, compostable6, non-biodegradable bio-based plastics and bio-based non bio -degradable plastics7 (EC, 2022) ; 5 Biodegradable bio -based plastics (e.g. bio -PUR, bio -PP) can be degraded via microbial action by microorganisms into simpler molecules (e.g., water, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) . 6 Compostable plastics (e.g. CA, PBAT) refer instead to a subset of biodegradable plastics that can degrade in specific ‘composting conditions’ (of temperature, oxygen, humidity, etc.) into simpler components . 7 For instance: bio-PE, bio -PP and other similar polymers derived from renewable sources but that are not biodegradable . 8 • The analysis of waste plastic chemical recycling8 processes, explored and mapped together with the traditional mechanical recycling9 route for plastics waste, to unveil its role in the 2022 EU plastic value chain ; • The full assessment of polymer -specific plastic flows for all the 9 sectors under scrutiny and their combination with sector -specific analysis to generate product -specific ones . Notably, this study mapped flows associated with sectors and flow associated with polymers that were merged to generate results associated with plastic products , while simultaneously maintaining the mass balance s of the flows . Especially this assessment enabled the identification of the key methodological challenges of coupling ‘bottom -up’ flows estimation (typical for polymer -specific insights) with ‘top -down’ ones (typical for sector -specific insights) , proposes a n approach to transparently highlight such differences while ensuring mass -balance ; • The study also aims to provide one of the first attempts at a full eagle -eyes (“snapshot”) overview of the impacts associated with the whole EU -27 2022 ( coupled with details a t the level of sectors), describing and proposing a methodological approach to couple LCA with existing system -wide MFA data. Such findings represent a pivotal effort to provide reference estimates of the whole plastic value chain impacts across 16 impact categories , to support science -based policies . Further, t he methodology developed in the present report could also prove to be reproducible not only for the assessment of value chain s specifically related to plastics , but also to potentially unveil flows and impacts of value chains associated with different materials and sectors towards unveiling their most notable sustainability, circularity and competitiveness aspects. 8 Chemical recycling refers to processes where plastic waste	[ " ", "microorganisms", ",", "or", "other", "renewable", "biological", "sources", ".", "Bio-", "\n", "based", " ", "plastics", "can", "be", "classified", "into", "several", "categories", ",", "including", "biodegradable5", ",", "\n", "compostable6", ",", "non", "-", "biodegradable", "bio", "-", "based", " ", "plastics", " ", "and", "bio", "-", "based", " ", "non", "bio", "-degradable", "\n", "plastics7", "(", "EC", ",", "2022", ")", ";", "\n \n", "5", "Biodegradable", "bio", "-based", "plastics", "(", "e.g.", "bio", "-PUR", ",", "bio", "-PP", ")", "can", "be", "degraded", "via", "microbial", "action", "by", "microorganisms", "into", "\n", "simpler", "molecules", "(", "e.g.", ",", "water", ",", "carbon", "dioxide", ",", "methane", ",", "etc", ".", ")", ".", "\n", "6", "Compostable", "plastics", "(", "e.g.", "CA", ",", "PBAT", ")", "refer", "instead", "to", "a", "subset", "of", "biodegradable", "plastics", "that", "can", "degrade", "in", "specific", "\n", "‘", "composting", "conditions", "’", "(", "of", "temperature", ",", "oxygen", ",", "humidity", ",", "etc", ".", ")", "into", "simpler", "components", ".", "\n", "7", "For", "instance", ":", " ", "bio", "-", "PE", ",", "bio", "-PP", "and", "other", "similar", "polymers", " ", "derived", "from", "renewable", "sources", "but", " ", "that", "are", "not", "biodegradable", ".", "\n \n", "8", "•", "The", "analysis", "of", "waste", "plastic", " ", "chemical", "recycling8", "processes", ",", "explored", "and", "mapped", "together", "\n", "with", "the", "traditional", "mechanical", 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"YEAR", "start": 251 } ]
physics and mathematics JSC Naftogaz of Ukraine 75Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy; Environmental sciences and industries Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy69Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; Environmental sciences and industries State Scientific Institution Scientific and Practical Center for Preventive and Clinical Medicine66Health and wellbeing; Nanotechnology and materials; Chemistry and chemical engineering National Bank of Ukraine 62Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science; Electric and electronic technologies Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine 57Governance, culture, education and the economy; Biotechnology; Chemistry and chemical engineeringTable 3.27. Top public actors in Ukraine by number of records, across all domains UKRAINE Top 10 actors classified as ‘Private company, for-profit’ NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains Enamine LLC, Research and Production Enterprise327Biotechnology; Chemistry and chemical engineering; Health and wellbeing JSC Novokramatorsky Mash Zavod 298Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Nanotechnology and materials; Energy Scientific Research Company Electron-Carat146Nanotechnology and materials; Optics and photonics; Chemistry and chemical engineering Donetsk Metallurg Works OJSC 73Environmental sciences and industries; Energy; Nanotechnology and materials Nanomedtech LLC 65Nanotechnology and materials; Biotechnology; Health and wellbeing Motor Sich JSC 51Nanotechnology and materials; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy Research and Production Corporation Radiy46Energy; Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science Azovelectrostal Private JSC 43Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy; Nanotechnology and materials IPP-Centre LLC 38Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Fundamental physics and mathematics; Energy LLC Ukrainian Scientific-Research Institute Resurs33Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Agrifood; Electric and electronic technologiesTable 3.28. Top private actors in Ukraine by number of records, across all domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation207 5.2 EaP regional and international collaboration in the S&T domains Methodology In this section, collaboration patterns throughout EaP countries and beyond are analysed. To achieve this, similar to what was done in the preceding sec- tion, every single analysed record is linked back to the respective extracted domain and the pertinent affiliation (for publications) or beneficiary (for re- search projects) is identified. Since co-patenting is particularly scarce, especially between institutions in different countries, only data for publications and EC projects is presented. The following tables show, for each pair of EaP countries, the number of publications and projects in common, respectively. This exercise is first car- ried out without filtering by specialisation domain and then for collaborations within each domain. At the end of the section, an overview of the col-	[ "physics", "and", "mathematics", "\n", "JSC", "Naftogaz", "of", "Ukraine", "75Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ";", "Energy", ";", "\n", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "\n", "Ukrainian", "Institute", "on", "Public", "Health", "\n", "Policy69Health", "and", "wellbeing", ";", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "\n", "economy", ";", "Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", "\n", "State", "Scientific", "Institution", "Scientific", "\n", "and", "Practical", "Center", "for", "Preventive", "\n", "and", "Clinical", "Medicine66Health", "and", "wellbeing", ";", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ";", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "National", "Bank", "of", "Ukraine", "62Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", ";", "ICT", "and", "computer", "\n", "science", ";", "Electric", "and", "electronic", "technologies", "\n", "Ministry", "of", "Internal", "Affairs", "of", "Ukraine", "57Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", ";", "Biotechnology", ";", "\n", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineeringTable", "3.27", ".", "Top", "public", "actors", "in", "Ukraine", "by", "number", "of", "records", ",", "across", "all", "domains", "\n", "UKRAINE", " \n", "Top", "10", "actors", "classified", "as", "‘", "Private", "company", ",", "for", "-", "profit", "’", "\n", "NameNo", "of", "\n", "recordsMain", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "Enamine", "LLC", ",", "Research", "and", "\n", "Production", "Enterprise327Biotechnology", ";", "Chemistry", "and", "chemical", "engineering", ";", "Health", "and", "\n", "wellbeing", "\n", "JSC", "Novokramatorsky", "Mash", "Zavod", "298Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ";", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", ";", "Energy", "\n", "Scientific", "Research", "Company", "\n", "Electron", "-", "Carat146Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ";", "Optics", "and", "photonics", ";", "Chemistry", "\n", "and", "chemical", "engineering", "\n", "Donetsk", "Metallurg", "Works", "OJSC", "73Environmental", "sciences", "and", "industries", ";", "Energy", ";", "Nanotechnology", "\n", "and", "materials", "\n", "Nanomedtech", "LLC", "65Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ";", "Biotechnology", ";", "Health", "and", "\n", "wellbeing", "\n", "Motor", "Sich", "JSC", "51Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", ";", "Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "\n", "machinery", ";", "Energy", "\n", "Research", "and", "Production", "Corporation", "\n", "Radiy46Energy", ";", "Governance", ",", "culture", ",", "education", "and", "the", "economy", ";", "ICT", "and", "\n", "computer", "science", "\n", "Azovelectrostal", "Private", "JSC", "43Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ";", "Energy", ";", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "materials", "\n", "IPP", "-", "Centre", "LLC", "38Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ";", "Fundamental", "\n", "physics", "and", "mathematics", ";", "Energy", "\n", "LLC", "Ukrainian", "Scientific", "-", "Research", "\n", "Institute", "Resurs33Mechanical", "engineering", "and", "heavy", "machinery", ";", "Agrifood", ";", "Electric", "\n", "and", "electronic", "technologiesTable", "3.28", ".", "Top", "private", "actors", "in", "Ukraine", "by", "number", "of", "records", ",", "across", "all", "domains", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation207", "\n", "5.2", "EaP", "regional", "and", "international", "\n", "collaboration", "in", "the", "S&T", "domains", "\n", "Methodology", "\n", "In", "this", "section", ",", "collaboration", "patterns", "throughout", "\n", "EaP", "countries", "and", "beyond", "are", "analysed", ".", "To", "achieve", "\n", "this", ",", "similar", "to", "what", "was", 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"within", "each", "domain", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "end", "of", "the", "section", ",", "an", "overview", "of", "the", "col-", "\n" ]	[]
trauma: The Rabin assassination and terror attacks ; Moses-Hrushovski (2000). Grief and grievance: The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. 3 Volkan (1997). Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. 4 Shapiro (2020). Finding a place to stand: Developing self-reflective institutions, leaders and citizens. that continues today. Not so long ago, an unseen enemy, COVID-19, was threatening human beings everywhere in the world, regardless of their large-group identities. Furthermore, on 25 May 2020 George Floyd, a black American, died in Minneapolis, Minnesota while handcuffed and pinned to the ground by a white police officer who pressed his knee on Floyd s neck. This event became yet another symbol of ' continuing racism in the United States. When nature shows its fury and people suffer, victims tend to ultimately accept the event as fate or as the will of God, ⁵ but after man-made accidental disasters, survivors blame a small number of individuals or governmental organizations for their neglect or carelessness. Obviously, those suffering severe loss, like the death of a relative, will feel the impact of a trauma more than those in the same large group who are removed from a catastrophic forest fire or an erupting volcano. Such natural or man-made disasters can also evoke societal responses within the traumatized large group, mostly within the communities near the tragedy. If the backbone of the community is not broken, however, the society recovers. A classic example of ' biological regeneration ' can be seen in Wales, UK. In October 1966, a hill of coal waste collapsed sending around 300,000 cubic yards of coal slurry onto the Welsh village of Aberfan killing 144 people, among them 116 children. For five years following this tragedy there was a significant increase in the birthrate among women who had not themselves lost a child. The ' loss ' and the ' gain ' in the number of children were balanced. The community recovered in a process of ' biosocial regeneration . ' ⁶ On the other hand, there can also be biosocial degeneration, such as after the Chernobyl accident when women in Belarus, due to their exposure to radiation, feared having children with disabilities. Thus, the birthrate declined and there was no biosocial regeneration during the initial years following the disaster. Occasionally a natural or man-made accidental trauma is reflected in the traumatized large group s political relationship with a neighbouring large group. 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and self-defeating for those in the digital sectors. More than half of SMEs in Europe flag regulatory obstacles and the administrative burden as their greatest challenge. We have also left our Single Market fragmented for decades, which has a cascading effect on our competitiveness. It drives high-growth companies overseas, in turn reducing the pool of projects to be financed and hindering the development of Europe’s capital markets. And without high-growth projects to invest in and capital markets to finance them, Europeans lose opportunities to become wealthier. Even though EU households save more than their US counterparts, their wealth has grown by only a third as much since 2009. Second, Europe is wasting its common resources. We have large collective spending power, but we dilute it across multiple different national and EU instruments. For instance, we are still not joining forces in the defence industry to help our companies to integrate and reach scale. European collaborative procurement accounted for less than a fifth of spending on defence equipment procurement in 2022. We also do not favour competitive European defence companies. Between mid-2022 and mid-2023, 78% of total procurement spending went to non-EU suppliers, out of which 63% went to the US. Likewise, we do not collaborate enough on innovation, even though public investments in breakthrough technolo - gies require large capital pools and the spillovers for everyone are substantial. The public sector in the EU spends about as much on R&I as the US as a share of GDP, but just one-tenth of this spending takes place at the EU level. Third, Europe does not coordinate where it matters. Industrial strategies today – as seen in the US and China – combine multiple policies, ranging from fiscal policies to encourage domestic production, to trade policies to penalise anti-competitive behaviour, to foreign economic policies to secure supply chains. In the EU context, linking policies in this way requires a high degree of coordination between national and EU efforts. But owing to its slow and disaggregated policymaking process, the EU is less able to produce such a response. Europe’s decision-making rules have not substantially evolved as the EU has enlarged and as the global environ - ment we face has become more hostile and complex. Decisions are typically made issue-by-issue with multiple veto players along the way. The outcome is a legislative process with an average time of 19 months to agree new	[ "and", "self", "-", "defeating", "for", "those", "in", "the", "digital", "sectors", ".", "More", "than", "half", "of", "SMEs", "in", "\n", "Europe", "flag", "regulatory", "obstacles", "and", "the", "administrative", "burden", "as", "their", "greatest", "challenge", ".", "\n", "We", "have", "also", "left", "our", "Single", "Market", "fragmented", "for", "decades", ",", "which", "has", "a", "cascading", "effect", "on", "our", "competitiveness", ".", "\n", "It", "drives", "high", "-", "growth", "companies", "overseas", ",", "in", "turn", "reducing", "the", "pool", "of", "projects", "to", "be", "financed", "and", "hindering", "the", "\n", "development", "of", "Europe", "’s", "capital", "markets", ".", "And", "without", "high", "-", "growth", "projects", "to", "invest", "in", "and", "capital", "markets", "to", "\n", "finance", "them", ",", "Europeans", "lose", "opportunities", "to", "become", "wealthier", ".", "Even", "though", "EU", "households", "save", "more", "than", "their", "\n", "US", "counterparts", ",", "their", "wealth", "has", "grown", "by", "only", "a", "third", "as", "much", "since", "2009", ".", "\n", "Second", ",", "Europe", "is", "wasting", "its", "common", "resources", ".", "We", "have", "large", "collective", "spending", "power", ",", "but", "we", "dilute", "it", "across", "\n", "multiple", "different", "national", "and", "EU", "instruments", ".", "\n", "For", "instance", ",", "we", "are", "still", "not", "joining", "forces", "in", "the", "defence", "industry", "to", "help", "our", "companies", "to", "integrate", "and", "reach", "\n", "scale", ".", "European", "collaborative", "procurement", "accounted", "for", "less", "than", "a", "fifth", "of", "spending", "on", "defence", "equipment", "\n", "procurement", "in", "2022", ".", "We", "also", "do", "not", "favour", "competitive", "European", "defence", "companies", ".", "Between", "mid-2022", "and", "\n", "mid-2023", ",", "78", "%", "of", "total", "procurement", "spending", "went", "to", "non", "-", "EU", "suppliers", ",", "out", "of", "which", "63", "%", "went", "to", "the", "US", ".", "\n", "Likewise", ",", "we", "do", "not", "collaborate", "enough", "on", "innovation", ",", "even", "though", "public", "investments", "in", "breakthrough", "technolo", "-", "\n", "gies", "require", "large", "capital", "pools", "and", "the", "spillovers", "for", "everyone", "are", "substantial", ".", "The", "public", "sector", "in", "the", "EU", "spends", "\n", "about", "as", "much", "on", "R&I", "as", "the", "US", "as", "a", "share", "of", "GDP", ",", "but", "just", "one", "-", "tenth", "of", "this", "spending", "takes", "place", "at", "the", "EU", "level", ".", "\n", "Third", ",", "Europe", "does", "not", "coordinate", "where", "it", "matters", ".", "\n", "Industrial", "strategies", "today", "–", "as", "seen", "in", "the", "US", "and", "China", "–", "combine", "multiple", "policies", ",", "ranging", "from", "fiscal", "policies", "\n", "to", "encourage", "domestic", "production", ",", "to", "trade", "policies", "to", "penalise", "anti", "-", "competitive", "behaviour", ",", "to", "foreign", "economic", "\n", "policies", "to", "secure", "supply", "chains", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "EU", "context", ",", "linking", "policies", "in", "this", "way", "requires", "a", "high", "degree", "of", "coordination", "between", "national", "and", "EU", "efforts", ".", "\n", "But", "owing", "to", "its", "slow", "and", "disaggregated", "policymaking", "process", ",", "the", "EU", "is", "less", "able", "to", "produce", "such", "a", "response", ".", "\n", "Europe", "’s", "decision", "-", "making", "rules", "have", "not", "substantially", "evolved", "as", "the", "EU", "has", "enlarged", "and", "as", "the", "global", "environ", "-", "\n", "ment", "we", "face", "has", "become", "more", "hostile", "and", "complex", ".", "Decisions", "are", "typically", "made", "issue", "-", "by", "-", "issue", "with", "multiple", "veto", "\n", "players", "along", "the", "way", ".", "\n", "The", "outcome", "is", "a", "legislative", "process", "with", "an", "average", "time", "of", "19", "months", "to", "agree", "new" ]	[]
- 6. Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58 (7): 1131-4. - 7. Zhang J, YuM,T ong S et al. Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol 2020.https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104392. - 8. T an L, Kang X, Ji Xet al. Validation of predictors of disease severity and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a descriptive and retrospective study. Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.05.002. - 9. Zhou Y , Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, qi Y et al.Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+CD16+monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus. Bio Rxiv 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.02.12.945576. and SZ wrote up the manuscript. CE, SN and FOread and reviewed the final manuscript. ## Data Availability Statement The authors declare that the data is not publicly available. ## Funding The authors declare the existence of no support or funding. ## Conflict of interest statement The authors stated that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. - 10. Warusevitane A, Karunatilake D, Sim J, Smith C, Roffe C. Early diagnosis of pneumonia in severe stroke: clinical features and the diagnostic role of C-reactive protein. PloS one 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0150269. - 11. Liu F , Li L, Xu M et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jcv.2020.104370. - 12. Peng F , T u Let al. Management and T reatment of COVID19: The Chinese Experience. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36 (6): 915-930.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010. - 13. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) in suspected human cases. 2020 January 17; https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novelcoronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases. - 14. Ministry of Health of Morocco. Coronavirus disease COVID-19.2020.http://www.covidmaroc.ma/Pages/ ProfessionnelSanteAR.aspx. - 15. Ponti G, Maccaferi M, Ruini C et al. Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020. 1770685 - 16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11): 1061-1069. - 17. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 727-33. - 18. Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R et al. Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96: 131-5.	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annual allowance for depreciation), are allowed as deduction. The term ‘mining production project’ means mineral development, mining, or related activities carried out by a mining project producer within a mining license area.” Source: Section 705. Determination of T axable Income of Mining Projects under Liberia Revenue Code of 2000 as Amended by the Consolidated T ax Amendments Act October 25, 2011. 17 For instance, Malawi, Kazakhstan, Liberia, and Botswana. 18 The examples of legislation we considered throughout this practice note are not intended to show “best practice,” these are merely country examples.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 30 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 5. Ring-fencing by mining licence area Company/taxpayer’s “mining project” Mining license AGovernment Mining licence A Mining licence B Note: In some cases, ring-fences should apply to the area defined by a mineral licence, as opposed to “project” areas, which can have less precise definitions. Source: Author's elaboration. Countries that do not ring-fence per licence area let the taxpayer or tax administration subjectively determine which activities or projects should be ring-fenced. Whichever terminology countries use to express “mining area,” it should be unambiguous and simple to enforce. The definition should include the place where the mineral resource is being extracted, the mining area, and all buildings, structures, machinery, residual stockpiles, access roads, or objects situated within that area that are being used or intended to be used in connection with the extraction of the mineral resource. Resource-rich countries should be careful to make a determination of boundaries as rule-bound as possible to enhance tax certainty, simplify administration, and increase compliance. Where the approach of ring-fencing is based on the mining area, it should be aligned with other regulatory reporting obligations. This way, the additional compliance burden may be less burdensome, especially if the taxpayer already has to collect, prepare, and report financial information on the same mining area basis. 4.3.2 Ring-Fencing by Shared Processing Facility Some countries may find the mining licence area too rigid a basis for ring-fencing, especially where companies have multiple mines that feed into a shared processing facility. For example, Ghana allows taxpayers who have multiple mines that share a processing facility to group the mines as a single entity for the purpose of calculating	[ "annual", "allowance", "for", "depreciation", ")", ",", "are", "allowed", "as", "deduction", ".", "The", "term", "\n", "‘", "mining", "production", "project", "’", "means", "mineral", "development", ",", "mining", ",", "or", "related", "\n", "activities", "carried", "out", "by", "a", "mining", "project", "producer", "within", "a", "mining", "license", "\n", "area", ".", "”", "\n", "Source", ":", "Section", "705", ".", "Determination", "of", "T", "axable", "Income", "of", "Mining", "Projects", "\n", "under", "Liberia", "Revenue", "Code", "of", "2000", "as", "Amended", "by", "the", "Consolidated", "T", "ax", "\n", "Amendments", "Act", "October", "25", ",", "2011", ".", "\n", "17", "For", "instance", ",", "Malawi", ",", "Kazakhstan", ",", "Liberia", ",", "and", "Botswana", ".", "\n", "18", "The", "examples", "of", "legislation", "we", "considered", "throughout", "this", "practice", "note", " \n", "are", "not", "intended", "to", "show", "“", "best", "practice", ",", "”", "these", "are", "merely", "country", "examples.3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "30", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersFIGURE", "5", ".", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "by", "mining", "licence", "area", "\n", "Company", "/", "taxpayer", "’s", "\n", "“", "mining", "project", "”", "\n", "Mining", "license", "AGovernment", "\n", "Mining", "licence", "A", "\n", "Mining", "licence", "B", "\n", "Note", ":", "In", "some", "cases", ",", "ring", "-", "fences", "should", "apply", "to", "the", "area", "defined", "by", "a", "mineral", "licence", ",", "\n", "as", "opposed", "to", "“", "project", "”", "areas", ",", "which", "can", "have", "less", "precise", "definitions", ".", "\n", "Source", ":", "Author", "'s", "elaboration", ".", "\n", "Countries", "that", "do", "not", "ring", "-", "fence", "per", "licence", "area", "let", "the", "taxpayer", "or", "tax", "\n", "administration", "subjectively", "determine", "which", "activities", "or", "projects", "should", "be", "\n", "ring", "-", "fenced", ".", "\n", "Whichever", "terminology", "countries", "use", "to", "express", "“", "mining", "area", ",", "”", "it", "should", "\n", "be", "unambiguous", "and", "simple", "to", "enforce", ".", "The", "definition", "should", "include", "the", "\n", "place", "where", "the", "mineral", "resource", "is", "being", "extracted", ",", "the", "mining", "area", ",", "and", "\n", "all", "buildings", ",", "structures", ",", "machinery", ",", "residual", "stockpiles", ",", "access", "roads", ",", "or", "\n", "objects", "situated", "within", "that", "area", "that", "are", "being", "used", "or", "intended", "to", "be", "used", "\n", "in", "connection", "with", "the", "extraction", "of", "the", "mineral", "resource", ".", "Resource", "-", "rich", "\n", "countries", "should", "be", "careful", "to", "make", "a", "determination", "of", "boundaries", "as", " \n", "rule", "-", "bound", "as", "possible", "to", "enhance", "tax", "certainty", ",", "simplify", "administration", ",", " \n", "and", "increase", "compliance", ".", "Where", "the", "approach", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "is", "based", "\n", "on", "the", "mining", "area", ",", "it", "should", "be", "aligned", "with", "other", "regulatory", "reporting", "\n", "obligations", ".", "This", "way", ",", "the", "additional", "compliance", "burden", "may", "be", "less", "\n", "burdensome", ",", "especially", "if", "the", "taxpayer", "already", "has", "to", "collect", ",", "prepare", ",", " \n", "and", "report", "financial", "information", "on", "the", "same", "mining", "area", "basis", ".", "\n", "4.3.2", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "by", "Shared", "Processing", "Facility", "\n", "Some", "countries", "may", "find", "the", "mining", "licence", "area", "too", "rigid", "a", "basis", "for", " \n", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "especially", "where", "companies", "have", "multiple", "mines", "that", "feed", "\n", "into", "a", "shared", "processing", "facility", ".", "For", "example", ",", "Ghana", "allows", "taxpayers", "who", "\n", "have", "multiple", "mines", "that", "share", "a", "processing", "facility", "to", "group", "the", "mines", "as", "a", "\n", "single", "entity", "for", "the", "purpose", "of", "calculating" ]	[]
speakers have mentioned how frustrating it is to not be able to find much information about important women scientists whose work may have been done quietly or have been largely unacknowledged or credited but was extremely impactful in their field. We want our speakers to recognize that their papers can help make a difference so that it is easier for future scientists and researchers to learn about them and inspire other women scientists to donate their papers. ## Conclusion Women scientists have remained under- represented in archives and museums in distinct and different ways depending on the scientific field of study and a variety of 'social, historical, and cultural reasons': 44 their contributions have sometimes been credited to male colleagues and spouses; sometimes they have been steered to the 'feminine sciences' (which were not always given the same scientific credibility as other sciences); sometimes they have been pushed to the margins of their own fields due to gender biases, discrimination and harassment; oftentimes, anti- nepotism rules in academia meant that women scientists were not given paid or tenure- track positions. 45 There has also been the matter of misperceptions about what kinds of records are valuable, which has led women scientists to discard important documents that provide insight into their experiences and research process and not just the final published work. 46 Women of colour in particular have had to navigate additional barriers to participate in science, 47 which are important to understanding their impact on record- creation, record- keeping and absences in archives. Finding ways to proactively collect the stories of people who have been left out of the historical record, such as through this lecture series, will help in creating a more inclusive and representative record. 48 The ways in which women scientists have been under- represented in archives and museums can be complicated and complex, but it is nonetheless important for archivists and museum professionals to begin unpacking these reasons and to be intentional about collection development policies and practices, the outreach programmes they create and who they highlight as being important in history and in science. Initiatives such as the Women in Science Lecture Series can be useful for addressing inequities in holdings, but they should be part of broader programmatic efforts and an institutional ethos that seeks to steward a diverse and inclusive history science. 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Barbieri F, Ronzano F, Saggion H. Summarization and Information Extraction in your Tablet. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2015; (55): 201-206. \| \| \| - 1 Entries per Page - 2 Entries per Page - 3 Entries per Page - 4 Entries per Page - 5 Entries per Page - 6 Entries per Page - 9 Entries per Page - 10 Entries per Page - 12 Entries per Page - 20 Entries per Page - 30 Entries per Page - 50 Entries per Page - 75 Entries per Page - 100 Entries per Page - 200 Entries per Page Showing 1 to 50 of 99 entries. - Previous Page - Page 1 - Page 2 - Next Page - Contact - Campus - Online office - Work at UPF - Agenda - Newsletters - UPF-BSM - ESCI-UPF - Tecnocampus - BSE - more... - The Guild - Eutopia - A4U - ACUP - more... <!-- image --> <!-- image --> © Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona T.(+34) 93 542 20 00	[ "Barbieri", "F", ",", "Ronzano", "F", ",", "Saggion", "H.", "Summarization", "and", "Information", "Extraction", "in", "your", "Tablet", ".", "Procesamiento", "del", "Lenguaje", "Natural", " ", "2015", ";", " ", "(", "55", "):", "201", "-", "206", ".", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "-", "1", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "2", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "3", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "4", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "5", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "6", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "9", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "10", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "12", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "20", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "30", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "50", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "75", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "100", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n", "-", "200", " ", "Entries", "per", "Page", "\n\n", "Showing", "1", "to", "50", "of", "99", "entries", ".", "\n\n", "-", "Previous", "Page", "\n", "-", "Page", " ", "1", "\n", "-", "Page", " ", "2", "\n", "-", "Next", "Page", "\n\n", "-", "Contact", "\n", "-", "Campus", "\n", "-", "Online", "office", "\n", "-", "Work", "at", "UPF", "\n\n", "-", "Agenda", "\n", "-", "Newsletters", "\n\n", "-", "UPF", "-", "BSM", "\n", "-", "ESCI", "-", "UPF", "\n", "-", "Tecnocampus", "\n", "-", "BSE", "\n", "-", "more", "...", "\n\n", "-", "The", "Guild", "\n", "-", "Eutopia", "\n", "-", "A4U", "\n", "-", "ACUP", "\n", "-", "more", "...", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "©", "Universitat", "Pompeu", "Fabra", "\n\n", "Barcelona", "\n\n", "T.(+34", ")", "93", "542", "20", "00" ]	[ { "end": 148, "label": "CITATION_SPAN", "start": 0 } ]
learning outcomes, which is the outcome examined by most research studies, may come at the expense of improvements in a range of other desirable education outcomes, such as establishing an inclusive environment or preparing learners to adapt to the future challenges of citizenship and climate change. Standardized performance measures risk leading to standardized approaches to management and leadership, which may not suit individual ## BOX 1.1: ## Autonomy and accountability reforms in some countries have shaped perceptions of education leadership roles globally One of the challenges of a global report on leadership is that, while most people would agree that leadership matters for education, much of the evidence comes from a relatively small number of high-income, mainly English-speaking countries that for historical and cultural reasons have experimented with particular governance approaches. Their reforms set them apart from the rest of the world yet have a strong influence on global debates on education leadership.	[ "learning", "outcomes", ",", "which", "is", "the", "outcome", "examined", "by", "most", "research", "studies", ",", "may", "come", "at", "the", "expense", "of", "improvements", "in", "a", "range", "of", "other", "desirable", "education", "outcomes", ",", "such", "as", "establishing", "an", "inclusive", "environment", "or", "preparing", "learners", "to", "adapt", "to", "the", "future", "challenges", "of", "citizenship", "and", "climate", "change", ".", "Standardized", "performance", "measures", "risk", "leading", "to", "standardized", "approaches", "to", "management", "and", "leadership", ",", "which", "may", "not", "suit", "individual", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "1.1", ":", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Autonomy", "and", "accountability", "reforms", "in", "some", "countries", "have", "shaped", "perceptions", "of", "education", "leadership", "roles", "globally", "\n\n", "One", "of", "the", "challenges", "of", "a", "global", "report", "on", "leadership", "is", "that", ",", "while", "most", "people", "would", "agree", "that", "leadership", "matters", "for", "education", ",", "much", "of", "the", "evidence", "comes", "from", "a", "relatively", "small", "number", "of", "high", "-", "income", ",", "mainly", "English", "-", "speaking", "countries", "that", "for", "historical", "and", "cultural", "reasons", "have", "experimented", "with", "particular", "governance", "approaches", ".", "Their", "reforms", "set", "them", "apart", "from", "the", "rest", "of", "the", "world", "yet", "have", "a", "strong", "influence", "on", "global", "debates", "on", "education", "leadership", "." ]	[]
In October the Court of Justice of the EU ruled on a case concerning the readmissions of asylum seekers from Greece to Türkiye under the 2014 EU-Türkiye readmission agreement, which Türkiye had suspended since March 2020. The court found that if the country of return did not ensure readmission, asylum applications could not be rejected as inadmissible under the <safe third country= rule. There were negative developments in access by asylum seekers and refugees to social and economic support. The Helios programme, run by the International Organization for Migration with funding from the Greek authorities, ceased on 30 November. It had provided housing and other support to bene ûciaries of internationalRIGHT TO LIFE REFUGEES9 AND MIGRANTS9 RIGHTS 184184 Amnesty International Reportprotection and EU temporary protection. The NGO Refugee Support Aegean reported that from May the authorities had stopped paying the ûnancial assistance owed to asylum seekers by law. In January, 16 aid workers involved in search and rescue operations for refugees and migrants were acquitted of misdemeanour charges, including espionage, by a court on Lesvos. Concerns remained about the criminal charges ongoing against Panayote Dimitras, spokesperson of the NGO Greek Helsinki Monitor, and Tommy Olsen, head of the NGO Aegean Boat Report, in relation to their work assisting refugees and migrants at Greece9s borders. Panayote Dimitras remained subjected to restrictive measures, including a ban on leaving Greece, as part of this investigation. In May, the authorities issued a national arrest warrant for Tommy Olsen. In August an NGO criticized further judicial harassment against Panayote Dimitras who, together with his wife Nafsika Papanikolatou, faced a criminal investigation for alleged breach of trust and money laundering. In November, concerns were raised about the trial of human rights defender Alexia Tsouni, on charges including <false testimony= and defamation, which appeared to be in response to her anti-racism work and activism in support of refugees. Reports persisted of the police using unnecessary and excessive force, including by misusing less-lethal weapons, against protesters and journalists. In December, human rights lawyer Anny Paparousou and a group of peaceful protesters were taken to a police station for identity checks ahead of a demonstration. This move appeared to be unlawful, and aimed primarily at preventing the protesters from participating in the protest. In October a court awarded compensation to photojournalist Orestis Panagiotou for the serious injury he sustained after being hit directly and at close range by a	[ "In", "October", "the", "Court", "of", "Justice", "of", "the", "EU", "\n", "ruled", "on", "a", "case", "concerning", "the", "readmissions", "\n", "of", "asylum", "seekers", "from", "Greece", "to", "Türkiye", "\n", "under", "the", "2014", "EU", "-", "Türkiye", "readmission", "\n", "agreement", ",", "which", "Türkiye", "had", "suspended", "\n", "since", "March", "2020", ".", "The", "court", "found", "that", "if", "\n", "the", "country", "of", "return", "did", "not", "ensure", "\n", "readmission", ",", "asylum", "applications", "could", "not", "\n", "be", "rejected", "as", "inadmissible", "under", "the", "<", "safe", "\n", "third", "country=", "rule", ".", "\n", "There", "were", "negative", "developments", "in", "\n", "access", "by", "asylum", "seekers", "and", "refugees", "to", "\n", "social", "and", "economic", "support", ".", "The", "Helios", "\n", "programme", ",", "run", "by", "the", "International", "\n", "Organization", "for", "Migration", "with", "funding", "from", "\n", "the", "Greek", "authorities", ",", "ceased", "on", "30", "\n", "November", ".", "It", "had", "provided", "housing", "and", "other", "\n", "support", "to", "bene", "ûciaries", "of", "internationalRIGHT", "TO", "LIFE", "\n", "REFUGEES9", "AND", "MIGRANTS9", "RIGHTS", "\n", "184184", "Amnesty", "International", "Reportprotection", "and", "EU", "temporary", "protection", ".", "The", "\n", "NGO", "Refugee", "Support", "Aegean", "reported", "that", "\n", "from", "May", "the", "authorities", "had", "stopped", "paying", "\n", "the", "ûnancial", "assistance", "owed", "to", "asylum", "\n", "seekers", "by", "law", ".", "\n", "In", "January", ",", "16", "aid", "workers", "involved", "in", "search", "\n", "and", "rescue", "operations", "for", "refugees", "and", "\n", "migrants", "were", "acquitted", "of", "misdemeanour", "\n", "charges", ",", "including", "espionage", ",", "by", "a", "court", "on", "\n", "Lesvos", ".", "\n", "Concerns", "remained", "about", "the", "criminal", "\n", "charges", "ongoing", "against", "Panayote", "Dimitras", ",", "\n", "spokesperson", "of", "the", "NGO", "Greek", "Helsinki", "\n", "Monitor", ",", "and", "Tommy", "Olsen", ",", "head", "of", "the", "NGO", "\n", "Aegean", "Boat", "Report", ",", "in", "relation", "to", "their", "work", "\n", "assisting", "refugees", "and", "migrants", "at", "Greece9s", "\n", "borders", ".", "Panayote", "Dimitras", "remained", "\n", "subjected", "to", "restrictive", "measures", ",", "including", "a", "\n", "ban", "on", "leaving", "Greece", ",", "as", "part", "of", "this", "\n", "investigation", ".", "In", "May", ",", "the", "authorities", "issued", "a", "\n", "national", "arrest", "warrant", "for", "Tommy", "Olsen", ".", "\n", "In", "August", "an", "NGO", "criticized", "further", "judicial", "\n", "harassment", "against", "Panayote", "Dimitras", "who", ",", "\n", "together", "with", "his", "wife", "Nafsika", "Papanikolatou", ",", "\n", "faced", "a", "criminal", "investigation", "for", "alleged", "\n", "breach", "of", "trust", "and", "money", "laundering", ".", "\n", "In", "November", ",", "concerns", "were", "raised", "about", "\n", "the", "trial", "of", "human", "rights", "defender", "Alexia", "\n", "Tsouni", ",", "on", "charges", "including", "<", "false", "\n", "testimony=", "and", "defamation", ",", "which", "appeared", "\n", "to", "be", "in", "response", "to", "her", "anti", "-", "racism", "work", "and", "\n", "activism", "in", "support", "of", "refugees", ".", "\n", "Reports", "persisted", "of", "the", "police", "using", "\n", "unnecessary", "and", "excessive", "force", ",", "including", "\n", "by", "misusing", "less", "-", "lethal", "weapons", ",", "against", "\n", "protesters", "and", "journalists", ".", "\n", "In", "December", ",", "human", "rights", "lawyer", "Anny", "\n", "Paparousou", "and", "a", "group", "of", "peaceful", "\n", "protesters", "were", "taken", "to", "a", "police", "station", "for", "\n", "identity", "checks", "ahead", "of", "a", "demonstration", ".", "\n", "This", "move", "appeared", "to", "be", "unlawful", ",", "and", "\n", "aimed", "primarily", "at", "preventing", "the", "protesters", "\n", "from", "participating", "in", "the", "protest", ".", "\n", "In", "October", "a", "court", "awarded", "compensation", "\n", "to", "photojournalist", "Orestis", "Panagiotou", "for", "the", "\n", "serious", "injury", "he", "sustained", "after", "being", "hit", "\n", "directly", "and", "at", "close", "range", "by", "a" ]	[]
embedded within a culture. For instance, descendants from both sides of a mass atrocity (i.e. both survivors and perpetrators) may share common responses to the harmful effects of events, such as avoidance, denial and silence. Some of these responses (such as denial) may be expressions of collective trauma. However, the harm itself does not require such expressions. People can undergo spiritual harm without recognizing it, even in their silence and indifference. The harm isn t its expression. ' Collective trauma also occurs when groups undergo structural violence such as social marginalization, economic deprivation and political disempowerment. These forms of structural dehumanization may be internalised in terms of group identity, which adds to the trauma and tends to perpetuate the cycles of antagonism. As always, violence tends to breed violence. Violent antagonism is usually a symptom of trauma, as well as being a cause of further violent antagonism and resulting trauma. Such cycles of violence are rooted in the original systemic dehumanisation, which is typically embedded in political -economic structures, as we have seen. Although many of these points are recognized in the literature on trauma, often the spiritual nature of the underlying harm is not. The idea of such harm shows us that the trauma experienced is not the same as the harms that underlie and cause it. This point is important because people need their traumas to be treated insofar as possible. Their peace and well-being requires this. Nevertheless, this is not the same as the removal or lessening of harm. Healing trauma is not the same as the diminution of harm, although it may be conducive to it. The idea of spiritual harm forces this distinction on us because spiritual harm occurs at a level deeper than the psychological, and because spiritual harm need not be felt. This indicates that healing practices need to include a component that helps people overcome the evaluative inversions that are typical of spiritual harm. It suggests that while the traumatic may come first in collective healing, the process should not end at that point. The collective process can go deeper. ## Social Justice Second, a similar point applies to social justice. Within our current political -economic system, social justice is typically understood in terms of fairness, or receiving one s ' due or what one deserves. These ideas readily translate into right-claims. In short, it is unjust that people have important right-claims	[ "embedded", "within", "a", "culture", ".", "For", "instance", ",", "descendants", "from", "both", "sides", "of", "a", "mass", "atrocity", "(", "i.e.", "both", "survivors", "and", "perpetrators", ")", "may", "share", "common", "responses", "to", "the", "harmful", "effects", "of", "events", ",", "such", "as", "avoidance", ",", "denial", "and", "silence", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "responses", "(", "such", "as", "denial", ")", "may", "be", "expressions", "of", "collective", "trauma", ".", "However", ",", "the", "harm", "itself", "does", "not", "require", "such", "expressions", ".", "People", "can", "undergo", "spiritual", "harm", "without", "recognizing", "it", ",", "even", "in", "their", "silence", "and", "indifference", ".", "The", "harm", "isn", "t", "its", "expression", ".", "'", "\n\n", "Collective", "trauma", "also", "occurs", "when", "groups", "undergo", "structural", "violence", "such", "as", "social", "marginalization", ",", "economic", "deprivation", "and", "political", "disempowerment", ".", "These", "forms", "of", "structural", "dehumanization", "may", "be", "internalised", "in", "terms", "of", "group", "identity", ",", "which", "adds", "to", "the", "trauma", "and", "tends", "to", "perpetuate", "the", "cycles", "of", "antagonism", ".", "As", "always", ",", "violence", "tends", "to", "breed", "violence", ".", "Violent", "antagonism", "is", "usually", "a", "symptom", "of", "trauma", ",", "as", "well", "as", "being", "a", "cause", "of", "further", "violent", "antagonism", "and", "resulting", "trauma", ".", "Such", "cycles", "of", "violence", "are", "rooted", "in", "the", "original", "systemic", "dehumanisation", ",", "which", "is", "typically", "embedded", "in", "political", "-economic", "structures", ",", "as", "we", "have", "seen", ".", "\n\n", "Although", "many", "of", "these", "points", "are", "recognized", "in", "the", "literature", "on", "trauma", ",", "often", "the", "spiritual", "nature", "of", "the", "underlying", "harm", "is", "not", ".", "The", "idea", "of", "such", "harm", "shows", "us", "that", "the", "trauma", "experienced", "is", "not", "the", "same", "as", "the", "harms", "that", "underlie", "and", "cause", "it", ".", "This", "point", "is", "important", "because", "people", "need", "their", "traumas", "to", "be", "treated", "insofar", "as", "possible", ".", "Their", "peace", "and", "well", "-", "being", "requires", "this", ".", "Nevertheless", ",", "this", "is", "not", "the", "same", "as", "the", "removal", "or", "lessening", "of", "harm", ".", "Healing", "trauma", "is", "not", "the", "same", "as", "the", "diminution", "of", "harm", ",", "although", "it", "may", "be", "conducive", "to", "it", ".", "The", "idea", "of", "spiritual", "harm", "forces", "this", "distinction", "on", "us", "because", "spiritual", "harm", "occurs", "at", "a", "level", "deeper", "than", "the", "psychological", ",", "and", "because", "spiritual", "harm", "need", "not", "be", "\n\n", "felt", ".", "This", "indicates", "that", "healing", "practices", "need", "to", "include", "a", "component", "that", "helps", "people", "overcome", "the", "evaluative", "inversions", "that", "are", "typical", "of", "spiritual", "harm", ".", "It", "suggests", "that", "while", "the", "traumatic", "may", "come", "first", "in", "collective", "healing", ",", "the", "process", "should", "not", "end", "at", "that", "point", ".", "The", "collective", "process", "can", "go", "deeper", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Social", "Justice", "\n\n", "Second", ",", "a", "similar", "point", "applies", "to", "social", "justice", ".", "Within", "our", "current", "political", "-economic", "system", ",", "social", "justice", "is", "typically", "understood", "in", "terms", "of", "fairness", ",", "or", "receiving", "one", "s", "'", "due", "or", "what", "one", "deserves", ".", "These", "ideas", "readily", "translate", "into", "right", "-", "claims", ".", "In", "short", ",", "it", "is", "unjust", "that", "people", "have", "important", "right", "-", "claims" ]	[]
The term “instrumentation” at least in some examples refers to measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring, and/or recording physical quantities and/or physical events. Additionally or alternatively, the term “instrumentation” at least in some examples refers to the measure of performance (e.g., of SW and/or HW (sub)systems) in order to diagnose errors and/or to write trace information. The term “trace” or “tracing” at least in some examples refers to logging or otherwise recording information about a program's execution and/or information about the operation of a component, subsystem, device, system, and/or other entity; in some examples, “tracing” is used for debugging and/or analysis purposes. The term “telemetry” at least in some examples refers to the in situ collection of measurements, metrics, or other data (often referred to as “telemetry data” or the like) and their conveyance to another device or equipment. Additionally or alternatively, the term “telemetry” at least in some examples refers to the automatic recording and transmission of data from a remote or inaccessible source to a system for monitoring and/or analysis. The term “telemeter” at least in some examples refers to a device used in telemetry, and at least in some examples, includes sensor(s), a communication path, and a control device. The term “telemetry pipeline” at least in some examples refers to a set of elements/entities/components in a telemetry system through which telemetry data flows, is routed, or otherwise passes through the telemetry system. Additionally or alternatively, the term “telemetry pipeline” at least in some examples refers to a system, mechanism, and/or set of elements/entities/components that takes collected data from an agent and leads to the generation of insights via analytics. Examples of entities/elements/components of a telemetry pipeline include a collector or collection agent, analytics function, data upload and transport (e.g., to the cloud or the like), data ingestion (e.g., Extract Transform and Load (ETL)), storage, and analysis functions. The term “telemetry system” at least in some examples refers to a set of physical and/or virtual components that interconnect to provide telemetry services and/or to provide for the collection, communication, and analysis of data. The term “accuracy” at least in some examples refers to the closeness of one or more measurements to a specific value. The term “artificial intelligence” or “AI” at least in some examples refers to any intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. 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2.195 1.362 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools0.347 1.382 1.019 1.568 1.684 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 0.182 1.154 1.513 0.881 0.827 1.442 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 0.554 0.836 1.573 1.587 0.554 0.897 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles 4.864 0.729 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 0.357 1.009 1.736 1.092 0.365 1.441 31 Manufacture of furniture 0.738 1.756 1.469 1.185 32 Other manufacturing 0.403 0.782 2.075 0.830 0.891 1.019 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies0.292 1.233 0.819 0.582 1.163 1.912 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. 1.220 2.076 0.395 1.168 0.938 42.2 Construction of utility projects 1.320 0.633 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 4.249 1.327 0.334 43 Specialised construction activities 0.200 1.628 1.077 0.933 1.511 0.650 62 Computer programming. consultancy and related activities 0.825 2.059 0.715 1.263 0.375 0.763 * A patent family is a collection of patent applications covering the same or similar technical content. The applications in a family are related to one another through priority claims. Source: https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/helpful- resources/first-time-here/patent-families.html 98 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 3.3. Trademark applications Trademark data for each Eastern Partnership country are available from the WIPO Global Brand Database43. Trademarks are classified into 45 classes using the NICE Classification, 34 of which for goods and 11 for services. The full list is shown in Annex 5. Trademark data by NICE class are also used in mapping the technological potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. Here, the same trademark data could be used for NACE industries if an official NICE to NACE concordance existed. Such a concordance is however unavailable. A Spanish NACE four-digit to NICE two-digit con- cordance44 shows that the level of NACE detail is much higher than the corresponding level of NICE detail, implying that a reversed concordance is not 43 Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control. 44 https://www.oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/docu- mentos_relacionados/varios_todas_modalidades/Con- cordancia_CNAE_NIZA.pdffeasible as a single trademark could be allocated to too many NACE industries. The analysis will therefore take an ad hoc ap- proach by using a partial concordance covering a smaller number of combined manufacturing in- dustries. 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this case its soundness was indeed confirmed. For the clus- ter ‘Information Technology and Analytical Instru- ments’, a concordance was observed between the E&I domain Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products and the S&T domains Electric and electronic technologies, Energy, Fundamen- tal physics and mathematics, ICT and computer science and Optics and photonics. All of these concordances are produced by both patents and publications. For the cluster ‘Production Technolo- gy and Heavy Machinery’, a concordance could be observed between the Manufacture of machinery and equipment E&I domain and the S&T domains Agrifood, Energy, Fundamental physics and math- ematics, Environmental sciences and industries and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery. For the cluster ‘Automotive’, a concordance could be produced between the Transportation S&T do- main and the Manufacture of motor vehicles, trail- ers and semi-trailers E&I domain. The alignment was, in this case, produced by both patents and publications. The most common areas of combined EIST spe- cialisation throughout the EaP countries, with matching economic clusters and S&T domain spe- cialisations, are Agrifood (all EaP countries except for Azerbaijan) and Electric and electronic tech- nologies (Armenia and Ukraine). Other identified economic clusters with matching S&T domains, based on available international data, and are ap- plicable only for 2 countries out of 6. The work is ingrained in a wider effort within the context of the Smart Specialisation Framework for the Enlargement and Neighbourhood Region, which has attained different milestones in the different EaP countries. In this context, this document has presented a wide array of indicators and results, which are contextualised across a variety of di- mensions, and which can support evidence-based policymaking and the organisation of the EDP. The progress of developing the Smart Specialisa- tion Strategies in EaP countries is uneven. Some are just starting the process and building institu- tional capacity, while others are steadily moving towards the finalisation of the entrepreneurial dis- covery process (EDP) and strategy drafting. Armenia is taking its first steps in developing the Smart Specialisation Strategy with an already as- sembled national team to coordinate the process and completed quantitative mapping. It is expect- ed that the awareness-raising event will soon commence and the country will be ready to enter the qualitative mapping phase. 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leakage current between the gate electrode and the channel formation region can be inhibited. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably include an insulator having a low dielectric constant. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably have a stacked-layer structure of a resin and silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, or porous silicon oxide. - silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which is thermally stable, is combined with a resin - the stacked-layer structure can have thermal stability and a low dielectric constant.	[ "leakage", "current", "between", "the", "gate", "electrode", "and", "the", "channel", "formation", "region", "can", "be", "inhibited", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "insulator", "150", ",", "the", "insulator", "216", ",", "the", "insulator", "280", ",", "and", "the", "insulator", "281", "\n", "preferably", "include", "an", "insulator", "having", "a", "low", "dielectric", "constant", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "insulator", "150", ",", "the", "insulator", "216", ",", "the", "insulator", "280", ",", "and", "the", "insulator", "281", "\n", "preferably", "include", "silicon", "oxide", ",", "silicon", "oxynitride", ",", "silicon", "nitride", "oxide", ",", "silicon", "nitride", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "fluorine", "is", "added", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "carbon", "is", "added", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "carbon", "and", "nitrogen", "are", "added", ",", "porous", "silicon", "oxide", ",", "a", "resin", ",", "or", "the", "like", ".", "\n", "-", "the", "insulator", "150", ",", "the", "insulator", "216", ",", "the", "insulator", "280", ",", "and", "the", "insulator", "281", "\n", "preferably", "have", "a", "stacked", "-", "layer", "structure", "of", "a", "resin", "and", "silicon", "oxide", ",", "silicon", "oxynitride", ",", "silicon", "nitride", "oxide", ",", "silicon", "nitride", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "fluorine", "is", "added", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "carbon", "is", "added", ",", "silicon", "oxide", "to", "which", "carbon", "and", "nitrogen", "are", "added", ",", "or", "porous", "silicon", "oxide", ".", "\n", "-", "silicon", "oxide", "or", "silicon", "oxynitride", "\n", "which", "is", "thermally", "stable", ",", "is", "combined", "with", "a", "resin", "\n", "-", "the", "stacked", "-", "layer", "structure", "\n", "can", "have", "thermal", "stability", "and", "a", "low", "dielectric", "constant", "." ]	[]
machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.2% 781Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver), including station-wagons and racing carsX 15.4% 791Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipment X 0.5% 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 843Men’s or boys’ coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2)X 0.3% X 0.3% 872Instruments and appliances, n.e.s., for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposesX 0.3% 874Measuring, checking, analysing and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.2% 893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics X 0.3% 9Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation71 Mapping of goods export specialisations – results for Moldova Results of the export mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.19. The 41 goods categories with current strength represent almost 79% of the total exports for 2012-2019. Specialised exports in Food and live animals (SITC 0) account for 17% of the total exports, those in Machinery and trans- port equipment (SITC 7) for almost 14% and those in Miscellaneous manufactured articles (SITC 8) for more than 21%. In addition, Alcoholic beverag- es (SITC 112) and Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (SITC 222) are specialised goods categories each accounting for around 8% of the total exports.The 23 goods categories with emerging strength represent almost 34% of the total exports. Export specialisations are primarily increasing in Food and live animals (SITC 0) and Crude materials, in- edible, except fuels (SITC 2). Moldova’s export specialisation suggests an over- all specialisation in both low value-added activities related to food production – putting the country at risk of the negative effects of falling food prices at global level – and in machinery and other man- ufactured articles. SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 0 Food and live animals 001 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 0.4% 041 Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled X 3.2% 043 Barley, unmilled X 0.7% X 0.7% 044 Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled X 2.6% 048Cereal preparations and preparations of flour or starch of fruits or vegetablesX 0.7% 056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 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\| … \| 100 ₋₁ \| 75 \| … \| \| \| … \| … \| 3.0 \| \| \| 12.5 \| 10.1 ₋₁ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 65 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 2.1 \| 3.6 ₋₁ \| 7.6 \| \| 9.8 \| ATG \| ATG \| ATG \| ATG \| ATG \| ATG \| \| 32 ₋₂ \| … \| 21 ₋₂ \| … \| … \| 45 ₋₁ \| … \| 27 ₋₁ \| 58 \| 70 ₋₁ \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 5.8 \| 4.8 ₋₁ \| 14.0 \| 12.7 \| ₋₁ \| ARG \| ARG \| ARG \| ARG \| ARG \| ARG \| \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … … \| … \| … \| … \| … … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … … \| \| 5.9 \| 4.4 ₋₄ \| \| 23.2 \| 19.4 ₋₄ \| ABW \| ABW \| ABW \| ABW \| ABW \| ABW \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| \| … \| … \| … \| \| 90 \| 92 \| 83 \| 91 \| 86 \| 91 \| 2.3 5.2 \| 2.8 ₋₁ \| 12.4 \| \| 11.6 \| BHS \| BHS \| BHS \| BHS \| BHS \| BHS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| … … \| … … \| … \| … \| … … \| 66 68 \| 75 89 \| 52 \| 51 \| 52 \| 51 68 \| \| 4.0 4.3 \| 17.8 \| \| 12.5 18.5 \| BRB BLZ \| BRB BLZ \| BRB BLZ \| BRB BLZ \| BRB BLZ \| BRB BLZ \| \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| 85 \| 90 \| 50 … \| 75 \| 40 … \| … \| 5.4 8.1 \| 7.6 ₋₁ \| 21.6 \| 23.1 \| ₋₂ \| BOL \| BOL \| BOL \| BOL \| BOL \| BOL \| \| … 37 ₋₂ \| … \| … \| … … \| 49 \|	[ "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "100", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "75", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "3.0", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "12.5", " ", "\|", "10.1", "₋₁", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "65", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "2.1", " ", "\|", "3.6", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "7.6", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "9.8", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "ATG", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "32", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "21", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "45", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "27", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "58", " ", "\|", "70", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "5.8", " ", "\|", "4.8", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "14.0", " ", "\|", "12.7", " ", "\|", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "ARG", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "5.9", " ", "\|", "4.4", "₋₄", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "23.2", " ", "\|", "19.4", "₋₄", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "ABW", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "83", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "86", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "2.3", "5.2", " ", "\|", "2.8", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "12.4", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "11.6", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "BHS", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "66", "68", " ", "\|", "75", "89", " ", "\|", "52", " ", "\|", "51", " ", "\|", "52", " ", "\|", "51", "68", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "4.0", "4.3", " ", "\|", "17.8", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "12.5", "18.5", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "BRB", "BLZ", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "85", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "50", "…", " ", "\|", "75", " ", "\|", "40", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "5.4", "8.1", " ", "\|", "7.6", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "21.6", " ", "\|", "23.1", " ", "\|", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "BOL", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "…", "37", "₋₂", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", "…", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|" ]	[]
Accuosto P.; Neves M.; Saggion H.. Argumentation mining in scientific literature: From computational linguistics to biomedicine . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 20-36. Altin L.S.M.; Saggion H.. Automatic detection of sexism in social media with a multilingual approach . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 415-419. Saggion H, Shterionov DS, Labaka G, van de Cruys T, Vandeghinste V, Blat J. SignON: Bridging the gap between sign and spoken languages . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 21-24. Full text Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferrés D, Cheng Sheang K (eds.). Current Trends in Text Simplification . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Other resources Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferres D, Sheang KC. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification (CTTS 2021), co-located with SEPLN 2021 . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 3. Saggion H.; Štajner S.; Ferres D.; Sheang K.C.. Preface to the FirstWorkshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Abdelzaher T.; An J.; Bazzi M.; Blackburn J.; Kursuncu U.; Mejova Y.; Rappaz J.; Saggion H.; Smeros P.; Wijeratne S.; Yu N.. Reports of the Workshops Held at the 2020 International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference on Web and Social Media . AI Magazine 2020; 41(4): 115-120. Other resources AbuRa¿ed A.; Saggion H.; Shvets A.; Bravo A.. Automatic related work section generation: experiments in scientific document abstracting . Scientometrics 2020; 125(3): 3159-3185. Publication link Full text Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Mining arguments in scientific abstracts with discourse-level embeddings . Data and Knowledge Engineering 2020; 129. Publication link Full text Goularte FB, Sorato D, Nassar SM, Fileto R, Saggion H. MSC+: Language pattern learning for word sense induction and disambiguation . Knowledge-Based Systems 2020; 188. Publication link Full text Perez N.; Accuosto P.; Bravo A.; Cuadros M.; Martinez-Garcia E.; Saggion H.; Rigau G.. Cross-lingual semantic annotation of biomedical literature: experiments in Spanish and English . Bioinformatics 2020; 36(6): 1872-1880. Publication link Full text Wijeratne S, Saggion H, Kiciman E, Sheth AP. Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media: Lay of the Land and Special Issue Introduction . ACM transactions on social computing 2020; 3(2): 1-6. Publication link Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Discourse-driven argument mining in scientific abstracts . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2019; 182-194. Publication link Full text Altin L.S.M.; Bravo A.; Saggion H.. Lastus/TalN at IroSvA: Irony detection in Spanish variants . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2019; 2421: 291-296. Altin L.S.M.; Bravo A.; Saggion H.. LASTUS/TALN at TASS 2019: Sentiment analysis for Spanish language variants with neural networks . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2019; 598-604.	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mining were found to be more common in Africa than in the Americas or the Asia-Pacific region. Of sampled jurisdictions with ring-fencing rules for mining, 64% are in Africa. This is not surprising given the importance of the mining sector to many African economies and the drive to mobilize more domestic revenue. Ecuador and Argentina are the only countries identified with ring-fencing rules in the Americas, although the Dominican Republic intends to introduce ring-fencing rules in its new mining code. 8 Large mining countries, such as Peru, Chile, Brazil, and several provinces and states in Canada and Australia, respectively, do not have ring-fencing rules. FIGURE 2. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules for mining exist <!-- image --> Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. ## 2.2.2 Ring-Fencing in Oil and Gas and in Mining Ring-fencing rules are more prevalent in oil and gas than in mining. For oil and gas, ring-fencing typically limits the consolidation of revenues and expenditures between wells, fields, or activities. Several countries have ring-fencing rules for both the mining and oil sectors; however, some countries only provide ring-fencing rules for oil and gas. Kenya is a resourcerich country that only provides ring-fencing rules for mining (see Figure 3). 8 Articles 101 & 102, Proyecto de Ley de Mineria Nacional, 10 de Junio de 2019 . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION \| 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OFRING-FENCING \| \|---------------------------------------------\| \| 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING \| \| 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES \| \| 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OFRING-FENCING RULES \| \| 6.0 CONCLUSION \| ## FIGURE 3. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. <!-- image --> There may be several reasons why ring-fencing is more common for the oil and gas sectors, including the following: - · The oil and gas sector has typically been more vertically integrated than mining. Countries may be concerned with preventing oil and gas companies from consolidating income between different stages of the value chain, particularly where these stages are subject to different tax rates (e.g., higher taxes for upstream; lower taxes for downstream). - · Production-sharing agreements (PSAs) are the most common type of contractual arrangements for petroleum exploration and development. PSAs cover individual fields/projects (Bindeman, 1999). The fiscal liability is then determined with reference to specific contracts, which results in a de facto ring-fencing outcome. 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begin their studies because of a Home Office requirement for biometric data for a visa application. The UK-authorised biometrics registration centre in Gaza closed in October 2023 and it has been impossible for them to travel to other centres in neighbouring countries. Other countries, including Italy, Ireland and France, have already evacuated students. It is understood the British government is considering requests for support from other Palestinian students with places at UK universities. “Through all these struggles, our voices are finally being heard,” said Khulud. “Nothing we have endured has been in vain. I hope these steps are completed smoothly so that we can join our studies on time.” Of her fellow students who are still waiting, she said: “I hope their determination is recognised, and that they too receive the support they deserve to continue their studies and achieve their dreams.” <!-- image --> A government spokesperson said: “We are working urgently to support Chevening scholars in Gaza who have offers from British universities to leave and take up their places in the UK. “We are doing everything we can to support their safe exit and onward travel to the UK but the situation on the ground in Gaza makes this extremely challenging.” - Higher education - Palestinian territories - Universities - Students - Gaza - Middle East and north Africa - news ### Most viewed - CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign - Ostapenko and Townsend confront each other after US Open match: ‘She said I had no education’ - Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory - The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome to the latest festival disaster - How hard will Trump’s 50% tariff hit India, and what is Delhi doing about it? ## More on this story ## More on this story - Pope demands ‘collective punishment’ end in Gaza as 10 more die of hunger13h ago - ‘He loved his work deeply’: the five Palestinian journalists killed in Gaza airstrike1d ago - Majority of inner London pupils on free meals going to university, data shows31 Jul 2025 - Israeli protesters stage ‘day of disruption’ calling for end to war in Gaza2d ago - English universities’ income falls for third consecutive year8 May 2025 - Student visa crackdown will make funding crisis worse, says Universities UK6 May 2025 - A third of outpatients treated for wounds at MSF’s	[ "begin", "their", "studies", "because", "of", "a", "Home", "Office", "requirement", "for", "biometric", "data", "for", "a", "visa", "application", ".", "The", "UK", "-", "authorised", "biometrics", "registration", "centre", "in", "Gaza", "closed", "in", "October", "2023", "and", "it", "has", "been", "impossible", "for", "them", "to", "travel", "to", "other", "centres", "in", "neighbouring", "countries", ".", "\n\n", "Other", "countries", ",", "including", "Italy", ",", "Ireland", "and", "France", ",", "have", "already", "evacuated", "students", ".", "It", "is", "understood", "the", "British", "government", "is", "considering", "requests", "for", "support", "from", "other", "Palestinian", "students", "with", "places", "at", "UK", "universities", ".", "\n\n", "“", "Through", "all", "these", "struggles", ",", "our", "voices", "are", "finally", "being", "heard", ",", "”", "said", "Khulud", ".", "“", "Nothing", "we", "have", "endured", "has", "been", "in", "vain", ".", "I", "hope", "these", "steps", "are", "completed", "smoothly", "so", "that", "we", "can", "join", "our", "studies", "on", "time", ".", "”", "\n\n", "Of", "her", "fellow", "students", "who", "are", "still", "waiting", ",", "she", "said", ":", "“", "I", "hope", "their", "determination", "is", "recognised", ",", "and", "that", "they", "too", "receive", "the", "support", "they", "deserve", "to", "continue", "their", "studies", "and", "achieve", "their", "dreams", ".", "”", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "A", "government", "spokesperson", "said", ":", "“", "We", "are", "working", "urgently", "to", "support", "Chevening", "scholars", "in", "Gaza", "who", "have", "offers", "from", "British", "universities", "to", "leave", "and", "take", "up", "their", "places", "in", "the", "UK", ".", "\n\n", "“", "We", "are", "doing", "everything", "we", "can", "to", "support", "their", "safe", "exit", "and", "onward", "travel", "to", "the", "UK", "but", "the", "situation", "on", "the", "ground", "in", "Gaza", "makes", "this", "extremely", "challenging", ".", "”", "\n\n", "-", "Higher", "education", "\n", "-", "Palestinian", "territories", "\n", "-", "Universities", "\n", "-", "Students", "\n", "-", "Gaza", "\n", "-", "Middle", "East", "and", "north", "Africa", "\n", "-", "news", "\n\n", "#", "#", "#", "Most", "viewed", "\n\n", "-", "CDC", "erupts", "in", "chaos", "after", "ousted", "chief", "Susan", "Monarez", "refuses", "to", "resign", "\n", "-", "Ostapenko", "and", "Townsend", "confront", "each", "other", "after", "US", "Open", "match", ":", "‘", "She", "said", "I", "had", "no", "education", "’", "\n", "-", "Glorious", "Grimsby", "humiliate", "Manchester", "United", "with", "shootout", "victory", "\n", "-", "The", "Burning", "Man", "Orgy", "Dome", ":", "welcome", "to", "the", "latest", "festival", "disaster", "\n", "-", "How", "hard", "will", "Trump", "’s", "50", "%", "tariff", "hit", "India", ",", "and", "what", "is", "Delhi", "doing", "about", "it", "?", "\n\n", "#", "#", "More", "on", "this", "story", "\n\n", "#", "#", "More", "on", "this", "story", "\n\n", "-", "Pope", "demands", "‘", "collective", "punishment", "’", "end", "in", "Gaza", "as", "10", "more", "die", "of", "hunger13h", "ago", "\n", "-", "‘", "He", "loved", "his", "work", "deeply", "’", ":", "the", "five", "Palestinian", "journalists", "killed", "in", "Gaza", "airstrike1d", "ago", "\n", "-", "Majority", "of", "inner", "London", "pupils", "on", "free", "meals", "going", "to", "university", ",", "data", "shows31", "Jul", "2025", "\n", "-", "Israeli", "protesters", "stage", "‘", "day", "of", "disruption", "’", "calling", "for", "end", "to", "war", "in", "Gaza2d", "ago", "\n", "-", "English", "universities", "’", "income", "falls", "for", "third", "consecutive", "year8", "May", "2025", "\n", "-", "Student", "visa", "crackdown", "will", "make", "funding", "crisis", "worse", ",", "says", "Universities", "UK6", "May", "2025", "\n", "-", "A", "third", "of", "outpatients", "treated", "for", "wounds", "at", "MSF", "’s" ]	[]
examples refers to a function are used in optimization problems with the goal of minimizing a loss or error. The term “mathematical model” at least in some examples refer to a system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs including governing equations, assumptions, and constraints. The term “statistical model” at least in some examples refers to a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. The term “machine learning” or “ML” at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). The term “machine learning model” or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. In some examples, a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. In some examples, a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. The term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may	[ "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "function", "are", "used", "in", "optimization", "problems", "with", "the", "goal", "of", "minimizing", "a", "loss", "or", "error", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "mathematical", "model", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refer", "to", "a", "system", "of", "postulates", ",", "data", ",", "and", "inferences", "presented", "as", "a", "mathematical", "description", "of", "an", "entity", "or", "state", "of", "affairs", "including", "governing", "equations", ",", "assumptions", ",", "and", "constraints", ".", "The", "term", "“", "statistical", "model", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "mathematical", "model", "that", "embodies", "a", "set", "of", "statistical", "assumptions", "concerning", "the", "generation", "of", "sample", "data", "and/or", "similar", "data", "from", "a", "population", ";", "in", "some", "examples", ",", "a", "“", "statistical", "model", "”", "represents", "a", "data", "-", "generating", "process", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "the", "use", "of", "computer", "systems", "to", "optimize", "a", "performance", "criterion", "using", "example", "(", "training", ")", "data", "and/or", "past", "experience", ".", "ML", "involves", "using", "algorithms", "to", "perform", "specific", "task(s", ")", "without", "using", "explicit", "instructions", "to", "perform", "the", "specific", "task(s", ")", ",", "and/or", "relying", "on", "patterns", ",", "predictions", ",", "and/or", "inferences", ".", "ML", "uses", "statistics", "to", "build", "ML", "model(s", ")", "(", "also", "referred", "to", "as", "“", "models", "”", ")", "in", "order", "to", "make", "predictions", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "(", "e.g.", ",", "training", "data", ")", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "is", "capable", "of", "making", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "or", "decisions", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", "and/or", "is", "capable", "of", "detecting", "patterns", "based", "on", "an", "input", "data", "set", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "is", "trained", "on", "a", "training", "data", "to", "detect", "patterns", "and/or", "make", "predictions", ",", "inferences", ",", "and/or", "decisions", ".", "In", "some", "examples", ",", "a", "“", "machine", "learning", "model", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "model", "”", "is", "based", "on", "a", "mathematical", "and/or", "statistical", "model", ".", "For", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ",", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "model", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "model", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "may", "be", "used", "interchangeably", ".", "\n\n", "The", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "an", "application", ",", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "builds", "or", "estimates", "an", "ML", "model", "based", "on", "sample", "data", "or", "training", "data", ".", "Additionally", "or", "alternatively", ",", "the", "term", "“", "machine", "learning", "algorithm", "”", "or", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", "at", "least", "in", "some", "examples", "refers", "to", "a", "program", ",", "process", ",", "algorithm", ",", "and/or", "function", "that", "learns", "from", "experience", "w.r.t", "some", "task(s", ")", "and", "some", "performance", "measure(s)/metric(s", ")", ",", "and", "an", "ML", "model", "is", "an", "object", "or", "data", "structure", "created", "after", "an", "ML", "algorithm", "is", "trained", "with", "training", "data", ".", "For", "purposes", "of", "the", "present", "disclosure", ",", "the", "terms", "“", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "algorithm", "”", ",", "“", "AI", "/", "ML", "algorithm", "”", ",", "and", "the", "like", "may" ]	[]
their economic position in the jurisdiction as a whole. Special rules may be considered to find a balanced solution (see the discussion in Section 3.2.3 below). ## BOX 5. HOW RING-FENCING PROTECTS THE TAX BASE FROM PERMANENT LOSSES DERIVED FROM UNSUCCESSFUL MINES In the simplified example below, a mining investor holds a producing mine and has abandoned an unsuccessful exploration project. Row 1 in Table 2 shows the revenue the government would have collected if ring-fencing rules were not applied, and vice versa for row 2. Where ring-fencing rules are applied, the government's total revenue is USD 3.664 billion; in comparison, where consolidation is applied, it is USD 2.718 billion. In this scenario, USD 946 million in possible government revenue is permanently lost. TABLE 2. Government revenues during the life of the mines (in USD million) \| YEAR \| 0-5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| TOTAL \| \|---------------\|-------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|------\|-------\|-------\|-------\|-------\|------\|---------\| \| Consolidation \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1,110 \| 1,478 \| 2,609 \| 1,178 \| 953 \| 7,328 \| \| Ring-fencing \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 488 \| 668 \| 443 \| 593 \| 593 \| 2,412 \| 1,178 \| 953 \| 7,328 \| \| Consolidation \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 210 \| 443 \| 593 \| 593 \| 293 \| 293 \| 293 \| 2,718 \| \| Ring-fencing \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 488 \| 668 \| 443 \| 593 \| 593 \| 293 \| 293 \| 293 \| 3,664 \| Source: Author's elaboration. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING ## 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 3.1.2.2 Risks Playing Out in Other Non-Mining Commercial Activities In the absence of ring-fencing rules, a mining investor who controls either some key stages or all of the mining value chain from upstream (exploration, development, and exploitation) to downstream (processing, transport, and marketing) or who is also involved in non-mining activities (e.g., construction of buildings or investments made into innovative pharmaceutical research) may offset revenues and losses from different stages along the value chain and/or in other commercial activities. Downstream activities could be undertaken offshore, e.g., in a centralized logistical/commercial hub. These activities are intrinsically ring-fenced if	[ "their", "economic", "position", "in", "the", "jurisdiction", "as", "a", "whole", ".", "Special", "rules", "may", "be", "considered", "to", "find", "a", "balanced", "solution", "(", "see", "the", "discussion", "in", "Section", "3.2.3", "below", ")", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "BOX", "5", ".", "HOW", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "PROTECTS", "THE", "TAX", "BASE", "FROM", "PERMANENT", "LOSSES", "DERIVED", "FROM", "UNSUCCESSFUL", "MINES", "\n\n", "In", "the", "simplified", "example", "below", ",", "a", "mining", "investor", "holds", "a", "producing", "mine", "and", "has", "abandoned", "an", "unsuccessful", "exploration", "project", ".", "Row", "1", "in", "Table", "2", "shows", "the", "revenue", "the", "government", "would", "have", "collected", "if", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "were", "not", "applied", ",", "and", "vice", "versa", "for", "row", "2", ".", "\n\n", "Where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "are", "applied", ",", "the", "government", "'s", "total", "revenue", "is", "USD", "3.664", "billion", ";", "in", "comparison", ",", "where", "consolidation", "is", "applied", ",", "it", "is", "USD", "2.718", "billion", ".", "In", "this", "scenario", ",", "USD", "946", "million", "in", "possible", "government", "revenue", "is", "permanently", "lost", ".", "\n\n", "TABLE", "2", ".", "Government", "revenues", "during", "the", "life", "of", "the", "mines", "(", "in", "USD", "million", ")", "\n\n", "\|", "YEAR", " ", "\|", " ", "0", "-", "5", "\|", " ", "6", "\|", " ", "7", "\|", " ", "8", "\|", " ", "9", "\|", " ", "10", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", " ", "15", "\|", "TOTAL", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------\|-------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|------\|-------\|-------\|-------\|-------\|------\|---------\|", "\n", "\|", "Consolidation", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", "1,110", "\|", "1,478", "\|", "2,609", "\|", "1,178", "\|", " ", "953", "\|", "7,328", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ring", "-", "fencing", " ", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", "488", "\|", "668", "\|", " ", "443", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "2,412", "\|", "1,178", "\|", " ", "953", "\|", "7,328", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Consolidation", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", "210", "\|", " ", "443", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "293", " ", "\|", "293", " ", "\|", " ", "293", "\|", "2,718", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Ring", "-", "fencing", " ", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", " ", "0", "\|", "488", "\|", "668", "\|", " ", "443", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "593", " ", "\|", "293", " ", "\|", "293", " ", "\|", " ", "293", "\|", "3,664", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "Source", ":", "Author", "'s", "elaboration", ".", "\n\n", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "#", "#", "3.1.2.2", "Risks", "Playing", "Out", "in", "Other", "Non", "-", "Mining", "Commercial", "Activities", "\n\n", "In", "the", "absence", "of", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", ",", "a", "mining", "investor", "who", "controls", "either", "some", "key", "stages", "or", "all", "of", "the", "mining", "value", "chain", "from", "upstream", "(", "exploration", ",", "development", ",", "and", "exploitation", ")", "to", "downstream", "(", "processing", ",", "transport", ",", "and", "marketing", ")", "or", "who", "is", "also", "involved", "in", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "(", "e.g.", ",", "construction", "of", "buildings", "or", "investments", "made", "into", "innovative", "pharmaceutical", "research", ")", "may", "offset", "revenues", "and", "losses", "from", "different", "stages", "along", "the", "value", "chain", "and/or", "in", "other", "commercial", "activities", ".", "Downstream", "activities", "could", "be", "undertaken", "offshore", ",", "e.g.", ",", "in", "a", "centralized", "logistical", "/", "commercial", "hub", ".", "These", "activities", "are", "intrinsically", "ring", "-", "fenced", "if" ]	[]
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From flowers to birds, these bursts explain most of the planet’s biodiversity. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image -->	[ "topics", "below", ":", "\n ", "-", "Agriculture", "and", "Food", "\n ", "-", "Biology", "\n ", "-", "Biotechnology", "\n ", "-", "Extinction", "\n ", "-", "Microbes", "and", "More", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n ", "-", "Climate", "\n ", "-", "Earthquakes", "\n ", "-", "Geology", "\n ", "-", "Global", "Warming", "\n ", "-", "Pollution", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n ", "-", "Anthropology", "\n ", "-", "Archaeology", "\n ", "-", "Dinosaurs", "\n ", "-", "Evolution", "\n ", "-", "Paleontology", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n", "-", "Society", "/dropdown", "-", "menu", "\n ", "-", "View", "all", "the", "latest", "top", "news", "in", "the", "social", "sciences", "&", "amp", ";", "education", ",", "or", "browse", "the", "topics", "below", ":", "Science", "&", "amp", ";", "Society", "/menu", "-", "topics", "/col", "-", "xs-4", "Business", "&", "amp", ";", "Industry", "/menu", "-", "topics", "/col", "-", "xs-4", "Education", "&", "amp", ";", "Learning", "/menu", "-", "topics", "/col", "-", "xs-4", "/row", "/yamm", "-", "content", "\n ", "-", "View", "all", "the", "latest", " ", "in", "the", "social", "sciences", "&", "amp", ";", "education", ",", "or", "browse", "the", "topics", "below", ":", "\n ", "-", "Arts", "&", "amp", ";", "Culture", "\n ", "-", "Economics", "\n ", "-", "Privacy", "Issues", "\n ", "-", "Public", "Health", "\n ", "-", "Sports", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n ", "-", "Computers", "&", "amp", ";", "Internet", "\n ", "-", "Energy", "&", "amp", ";", "Resources", "\n ", "-", "Engineering", "\n ", "-", "Medical", "Technology", "\n ", "-", "Transportation", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n ", "-", "Creativity", "\n ", "-", "Educational", "Psychology", "\n ", "-", "Infant", "&", "amp", ";", "Preschool", "\n ", "-", "Learning", "Disorders", "\n ", "-", "STEM", "Education", "\n ", "-", "...", "more", "topics", "\n", "-", "Quirky", "/dropdown", "-", "menu", "\n ", "-", "Top", "News", "\n ", "-", "Human", "Quirks", "\n ", "-", "Odd", "Creatures", "\n ", "-", "Bizarre", "Things", "\n ", "-", "Weird", "World", "\n\n", "Free", "Subscriptions", "\n\n", "Stay", "informed", "with", "ScienceDaily", "'s", "free", "email", "newsletter", ",", "updated", "daily", "and", "weekly", ".", "Or", "view", "our", "many", "newsfeeds", "in", "your", "RSS", "reader", ":", "\n\n", "-", "Email", "Newsletter", "\n", "-", "RSS", "Feeds", "\n\n", "Follow", "Us", "\n\n", "Keep", "up", "to", "date", "with", "the", "latest", "news", "from", "ScienceDaily", "via", "social", "networks", ":", "\n\n", "-", "Facebook", "\n", "-", "X", "/", "Twitter", "\n\n", "Have", "Feedback", "?", "\n\n", "Tell", "us", "what", "you", "think", "of", "ScienceDaily", "--", "we", "welcome", "both", "positive", "and", "negative", "comments", ".", "Have", "any", "problems", "using", "the", "site", "?", "Questions", "?", "\n\n", "-", "Leave", "Feedback", "\n", "-", "Contact", "Us", "\n\n", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "or", "by", "other", "parties", ",", "where", "indicated", ".", "All", "rights", "controlled", "by", "their", "respective", "owners", ".", "Content", "on", "this", "website", "is", "for", "information", "only", ".", "It", "is", "not", "intended", "to", "provide", "medical", "or", "other", "professional", "advice", ".", "Views", "expressed", "here", "do", "not", "necessarily", "reflect", "those", "of", "ScienceDaily", ",", "contributors", "or", "partners", ".", "Financial", "support", "for", "ScienceDaily", "comes", "from", "advertisements", "and", "referral", "programs", ".", "\n\n", "Share", "this", "page", "...", "\n\n", "A", "new", "study", "reveals", "that", "the", "majority", "of", "Earth", "’s", "species", "stem", "from", "a", "few", "evolutionary", "explosions", ",", "where", "new", "traits", "or", "habitats", "sparked", "rapid", "diversification", ".", "From", "flowers", "to", "birds", ",", "these", "bursts", "explain", "most", "of", "the", "planet", "’s", "biodiversity", ".", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Report", "Ad", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">" ]	[]
metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials; Catalysis; Metals and Alloys 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Control and Systems Engineering; Metals and Alloys 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersInstrumentation; Automotive Engineering 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 53 Postal and courier activities Transportation 61 TelecommunicationsComputer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; General Computer Science; Transportation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence 348 Annexes At the time of preparation of this study, Ukraine was diversified and fast developing country, particularly in terms of research, economy and in- novation. Outcomes and findings for Ukraine, pre- sented in this report might not be valid to full extent anymore due to Russia’s unprovoked and unjusti- fied act of aggression, which the European Union condemns in the strongest possible terms. Russia’s aggression grossly violates international law and the UN Charter, and undermines international secu- rity and stability. The European Union and its Member States express full solidarity with Ukraine and the Ukrainian people. The EU demands that Russia immediately cease its military actions, withdraw all its troops from the en- tire territory of Ukraine and fully respect Ukraine’s territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence within its internationally recognised borders and abide by UN General Assembly resolution titled “Ag- gression against Ukraine” supported by 141 states at the 11th emergency special session. The EU res- olutely supports Ukraine’s inherent right of self-de- fence and the Ukrainian armed forces’ efforts to defend Ukraine’s territorial integrity and population in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter. At all times Russia must respect its obligations under international law, including international humani- tarian and human rights law, including with respect to the protection of civilians, women and children. Russia also needs to stop its disinformation cam- paign and cyber-attacks. The authors of this study hope that Smart Spe- cialisation approach will be useful to redesign and reanimate the research, economy and innovation systems within all regions of the country to rebuild a stronger and even more resilient country. #StandWithUkraineADDENDUM Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation349	[ "metal", "products", ",", "except", "\n", "machinery", "and", "equipmentElectronic", ",", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", ";", "Mechanics", "\n", "of", "Materials", ";", "Catalysis", ";", "Metals", "and", "Alloys", "\n", "26Manufacture", "of", "computer", ",", "electronic", "and", "optical", "\n", "productsElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Electronic", ",", "\n", "Optical", "and", "Magnetic", "Materials", "\n", "27", "Manufacture", "of", "electrical", "equipmentElectrical", "and", "Electronic", "Engineering", ";", "Instrumentation", ";", "\n", "Electronic", ",", "Optical", 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3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d231_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d231.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; ncub = chan poi1 cub1; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube et ncub; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d231.epx SC3D231 ECHO !CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube PMAT ncub CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP EPAI 0.01 LECT ncub TERM ! Only for visualization GROU 1 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM ROUG LECT ncub TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 1.4E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 2LECT cub6 TERM MASS 0.0 LECT ncub TERM FONC NUM 1 TABL 2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 NUM 2 TABL 4 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01001 1.0 1.0 1.0 OPTI PINS EQVD REDU ASN !OPTI PINS STAT ! 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when the structures can "fly" some distance while maintaining their topology, and when diffraction undermines their integrity. Why it matters: topological textures like skyrmions have already reshaped ideas for dense, low-error data storage and signal routing. Extending that toolkit to hopfion crystals in light could unlock high-dimensional encoding schemes, resilient communications, atom trapping strategies, and new light-matter interactions. "The birth of spacetime hopfion crystals," the authors write, opens a path to condensed, robust topological information processing across optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. - RELATED TOPICS - Matter & Energy - Spintronics - Telecommunications - Graphene - Physics - Inorganic Chemistry - Nanotechnology - Materials Science - Civil Engineering - RELATED TERMS - Knot theory - General relativity - Robot - Solar power - Quantum computer - Scientific method - Chemical bond - Renewable energy Story Source: Materials provided by Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference: 1. Wenbo Lin, Nilo Mata-Cervera, Yasutomo Ota, Yijie Shen, Satoshi Iwamoto. Space-Time Optical Hopfion Crystals. Physical Review Letters, 2025; 135 (8) DOI: 10.1103/hh5s-cprt Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm>. Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. (2025, August 27). Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Scientists have used DNA's self-assembling properties to engineer intricate moiré superlattices at the nanometer scale—structures that twist and layer like never before. With clever molecular ... Hopfions, magnetic spin structures predicted decades ago, have become a hot and challenging research topic in recent years. New findings open up new fields in experimental physics: identifying other ... Take a lattice -- a flat section of a grid of uniform cells, like a window screen or a honeycomb -- and lay another, similar lattice above it. But instead of trying to line up the edges or the cells ... The future of wireless communications is set to take a giant leap with the advent of sixth-generation	[ "when", "the", "structures", "can", "\"", "fly", "\"", "some", "distance", "while", "maintaining", "their", "topology", ",", "and", "when", "diffraction", "undermines", "their", "integrity", ".", "\n\n", "Why", "it", "matters", ":", "topological", "textures", "like", "skyrmions", "have", "already", "reshaped", "ideas", "for", "dense", ",", "low", "-", "error", "data", "storage", "and", "signal", "routing", ".", "Extending", "that", "toolkit", "to", "hopfion", "crystals", "in", "light", "could", "unlock", "high", "-", "dimensional", "encoding", "schemes", ",", "resilient", "communications", ",", "atom", "trapping", "strategies", ",", "and", "new", "light", "-", "matter", "interactions", ".", "\"", "The", "birth", "of", "spacetime", "hopfion", "crystals", ",", "\"", "the", "authors", "write", ",", "opens", "a", "path", "to", "condensed", ",", "robust", "topological", "information", 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\| UIS \| UNESCO Institute for Statistics \| \|--------\|------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| UNESCO \| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization \| \| UNICEF \| United Nations Children's Fund \| \| UNRWA \| United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees \| \| US \| United States \| \| WASH \| Water, sanitation and hygiene \| \| WFP \| World Food Programme \| ## Leadership in education L E A D F O R L E A R N I N G Education leaders shape the direction of their teams, institutions and countries. There is no one way to lead, making it difficult to measure leaders' impact. Yet good school, system and political leaders are acutely needed to help drive education in the right direction, as the challenges remain daunting. The concept of school leadership has played out differently across countries and over time. The scope to exercise functions and make decisions, the working context and personal backgrounds shape leaders' actions. Moreover, there is growing recognition of the need to shift the emphasis on administrative and bureaucratic functions to education outcomes, such as learning, inclusion and well-being. The 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report assesses progress towards the 2030 targets and shows that, while more children are in school and completing secondary education than ever before, there is stagnation in many areas. Leadership is central to addressing this. There are no schools that improve student outcomes without a good leader showing the way. Building on a review of legislation and policies on the selection, preparation and working conditions of school principals in 211 education systems, the report discusses policy levers to attract and retain talented leaders. Leadership's potential is not limited to school leaders: it extends to individuals in positions elsewhere in the education system as well as outside of it, from assistant principals, teachers and students, when leadership is shared, to political leaders, civil society, international organizations, unions and the media, who help shape education goals. The report calls for efforts to develop leaders in four key leadership dimensions so that they can set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people . For these dimensions to be realized, people in leadership positions should be trusted and empowered; recruited through fair hiring practices; supported to grow; and encouraged to develop collaborative cultures. The report also calls for investment in education officials' capacity to serve as system leaders, with a particular	[ "\|", "UIS", " ", "\|", "UNESCO", "Institute", "for", "Statistics", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|--------\|------------------------------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "UNESCO", "\|", "United", "Nations", "Educational", ",", "Scientific", "and", "Cultural", "Organization", "\|", "\n", "\|", "UNICEF", "\|", "United", "Nations", "Children", "'s", "Fund", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "UNRWA", " ", "\|", "United", "Nations", "Relief", "and", "Works", "Agency", "for", "Palestine", "Refugees", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "US", " ", "\|", "United", "States", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "WASH", " ", "\|", "Water", ",", "sanitation", "and", "hygiene", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "WFP", " ", "\|", "World", "Food", "Programme", " ", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Leadership", "in", "education", "L", "E", "A", "D", " ", "F", "O", "R", " ", "L", "E", "A", "R", "N", "I", "N", "G", "\n\n", "Education", "leaders", "shape", "the", "direction", "of", "their", "teams", ",", "institutions", "and", "countries", ".", "There", "is", "no", "one", "way", "to", "lead", ",", "making", "it", "difficult", "to", "measure", "leaders", "'", "impact", ".", "Yet", "good", "school", ",", "system", "and", "political", "leaders", "are", "acutely", "needed", "to", "help", "drive", "education", "in", "the", "right", "direction", ",", "as", "the", "challenges", "remain", "daunting", ".", "\n\n", "The", "concept", "of", "school", "leadership", "has", "played", "out", "differently", "across", "countries", "and", "over", "time", ".", "The", "scope", "to", "exercise", "functions", "and", "make", "decisions", ",", "the", "working", "context", "and", "personal", "backgrounds", "shape", "leaders", "'", "actions", ".", "Moreover", ",", "there", "is", "growing", "recognition", "of", "the", "need", "to", "shift", "the", "emphasis", "on", "administrative", "and", "bureaucratic", "functions", "to", "education", "outcomes", ",", "such", "as", "learning", ",", "inclusion", "and", "well", "-", "being", ".", "\n\n", "The", "2024/5", "Global", "Education", "Monitoring", "Report", "assesses", "progress", "towards", "the", "2030", "targets", "and", "shows", "that", ",", "while", "more", "children", "are", "in", "school", "and", "completing", "secondary", "education", "than", "ever", "before", ",", "there", "is", "stagnation", "in", "many", "areas", ".", "Leadership", "is", "central", "to", "addressing", "this", ".", "There", "are", "no", "schools", "that", "improve", "student", "outcomes", "without", "a", "good", "leader", "showing", "the", "way", ".", "Building", "on", "a", "review", "of", "legislation", "and", "policies", "on", "the", "selection", ",", "preparation", "and", "working", "conditions", "of", "school", "principals", "in", "211", "education", "systems", ",", "the", "report", "discusses", "policy", "levers", "to", "attract", "and", "retain", "talented", "leaders", ".", "\n\n", "Leadership", "'s", "potential", "is", "not", "limited", "to", "school", "leaders", ":", "it", "extends", "to", "individuals", "in", "positions", "elsewhere", "in", "the", "education", "system", "as", "well", "as", "outside", "of", "it", ",", "from", "assistant", "principals", ",", "teachers", "and", "students", ",", "when", "leadership", "is", "shared", ",", "to", "political", "leaders", ",", "civil", "society", ",", "international", "organizations", ",", "unions", "and", "the", "media", ",", "who", "help", "shape", "education", "goals", ".", "\n\n", "The", "report", "calls", "for", "efforts", "to", "develop", "leaders", "in", "four", "key", "leadership", "dimensions", "so", "that", "they", "can", "set", "expectations", ",", "focus", "on", "learning", ",", "foster", "collaboration", "and", "develop", "people", ".", "For", "these", "dimensions", "to", "be", "realized", ",", "people", "in", "leadership", "positions", "should", "be", "trusted", "and", "empowered", ";", "recruited", "through", "fair", "hiring", "practices", ";", "supported", "to", "grow", ";", "and", "encouraged", "to", "develop", "collaborative", "cultures", ".", "The", "report", "also", "calls", "for", "investment", "in", "education", "officials", "'", "capacity", "to", "serve", "as", "system", "leaders", ",", "with", "a", "particular" ]	[]
to innovation and technology adoption and could potentially hinder decarbonisation as well . Europe produces high quality talent in the fields of science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) but their supply is limited. The EU turns out around 850 STEM graduates per million inhabitants per year compared to more than 1,100 in the US. Moreover, the EU’s talent pool is depleted by brain drain overseas owing to more and better employment opportunities elsewhere. Skills are also lacking to diffuse digital technologies faster through the economy and to enable workers to adapt to the changes these technologies will bring. Almost 60% of EU companies report that lack of skills is a major barrier to investment and a similar share report difficulties in recruiting ICT specialists. At the same time, European workers are generally unprepared to take advantage of the widespread digitalisation of work: around 42% of Europeans lack basic digital skills, including 37% of those in the workforce09. Decarbonisation will also require new skills sets and job profiles. The rates of job vacancies for clean tech manufacturing in the EU doubled between 2019 and 2023, with 25% of EU companies reporting labour shortages in the third quarter of 2023. Shortages of high-skilled workers are likely to become more acute over time. Projections to 2035 indicate that labour shortages will be most pronounced in high-skilled, non-manual occupations – i.e. those requiring high level of education – driven by replacement needs owing to retirements and the changing demands of the labour market. 08. See, among others, Bloom, Sadun and Van Reenen (2012) and Schivardi and Schmitz (2020) for evidence on cross-country variation in managerial practices, and their impact on aggregate productivity. 09. The EU Digital Decade set out to ensure 80% of working age Europeans have basic digital skills by 2030. 36THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A \| CHAPTER 2The undersupply of skills in Europe owes to declines in education and training systems that are failing to prepare the workforce for technological change . Educational attainment in the EU – as measured by the OECD’s PISA scores – is falling. The leading positions in recent PISA reports are dominated by Asian countries, while Europe has experienced an unprecedented decline. This downward trend concerns both average figures and top performance: in 2022, only 8% of EU students reached a high level of competence in maths and 7% in reading and science as	[ "to", "innovation", "and", "technology", "adoption", "and", "could", "potentially", "hinder", "\n", "decarbonisation", "as", "well", ".", "Europe", "produces", "high", "quality", "talent", "in", "the", "fields", "of", "science", ",", "technology", ",", "engineering", "\n", "and", "maths", "(", "STEM", ")", "but", "their", "supply", "is", "limited", ".", "The", "EU", "turns", "out", "around", "850", "STEM", "graduates", "per", "million", "inhabitants", "\n", "per", "year", "compared", "to", "more", "than", "1,100", "in", "the", "US", ".", "Moreover", ",", "the", "EU", "’s", "talent", "pool", "is", "depleted", "by", "brain", "drain", "overseas", "\n", "owing", "to", "more", "and", "better", "employment", "opportunities", "elsewhere", ".", "Skills", "are", "also", "lacking", "to", "diffuse", "digital", "technologies", "\n", "faster", "through", "the", "economy", "and", "to", "enable", "workers", "to", "adapt", "to", "the", "changes", "these", "technologies", "will", "bring", ".", "Almost", "\n", "60", "%", "of", "EU", "companies", "report", "that", "lack", "of", "skills", "is", "a", "major", "barrier", "to", "investment", "and", "a", "similar", "share", "report", "difficulties", "\n", "in", "recruiting", "ICT", "specialists", ".", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "European", "workers", "are", "generally", "unprepared", "to", "take", "advantage", "of", "the", "\n", "widespread", "digitalisation", "of", "work", ":", "around", "42", "%", "of", "Europeans", "lack", "basic", "digital", "skills", ",", "including", "37", "%", "of", "those", "in", "the", "\n", "workforce09", ".", "Decarbonisation", "will", "also", "require", "new", "skills", "sets", "and", "job", "profiles", ".", "The", "rates", "of", "job", "vacancies", "for", "clean", "tech", "\n", "manufacturing", "in", "the", "EU", "doubled", "between", "2019", "and", "2023", ",", "with", "25", "%", "of", "EU", "companies", "reporting", "labour", "shortages", "in", "\n", "the", "third", "quarter", "of", "2023", ".", "Shortages", "of", "high", "-", "skilled", "workers", "are", "likely", "to", "become", "more", "acute", "over", "time", ".", "Projections", "\n", "to", "2035", "indicate", "that", "labour", "shortages", "will", "be", "most", "pronounced", "in", "high", "-", "skilled", ",", "non", "-", "manual", "occupations", "–", "i.e.", "those", "\n", "requiring", "high", "level", "of", "education", "–", "driven", "by", "replacement", "needs", "owing", "to", "retirements", "and", "the", "changing", "demands", "\n", "of", "the", "labour", "market", ".", "\n", "08", ".", "See", ",", "among", "others", ",", "Bloom", ",", "Sadun", "and", "Van", "Reenen", "(", "2012", ")", "and", "Schivardi", "and", "Schmitz", "(", "2020", ")", "for", "evidence", "on", "\n", "cross", "-", "country", "variation", "in", "managerial", "practices", ",", "and", "their", "impact", "on", "aggregate", "productivity", ".", "\n", "09", ".", "The", "EU", "Digital", "Decade", "set", "out", "to", "ensure", "80", "%", "of", "working", "age", "Europeans", "have", "basic", "digital", "skills", "by", "2030", ".", "\n", "36THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "\|", "CHAPTER", "2The", "undersupply", "of", "skills", "in", "Europe", "owes", "to", "declines", "in", "education", "and", "training", "systems", "that", "are", "failing", "\n", "to", "prepare", "the", "workforce", "for", "technological", "change", ".", "Educational", "attainment", "in", "the", "EU", "–", "as", "measured", "by", "the", "\n", "OECD", "’s", "PISA", "scores", "–", "is", "falling", ".", "The", "leading", "positions", "in", "recent", "PISA", "reports", "are", "dominated", "by", "Asian", "countries", ",", "while", "\n", "Europe", "has", "experienced", "an", "unprecedented", "decline", ".", "This", "downward", "trend", "concerns", "both", "average", "figures", "and", "top", "\n", "performance", ":", "in", "2022", ",", "only", "8", "%", "of", "EU", "students", "reached", "a", "high", "level", "of", "competence", "in", "maths", "and", "7", "%", "in", "reading", "and", "\n", "science", "as" ]	[ { "end": 1600, "label": "CITATION_ID", "start": 1598 }, { "end": 1655, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1621 }, { "end": 1654, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1650 }, { "end": 1648, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1621 }, { "end": 1688, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1660 }, { "end": 1687, "label": "YEAR", "start": 1683 }, { "end": 1681, "label": "AUTHOR", "start": 1660 } ]
94 ₋₁ \| 10 \| 4 \| 13 \| 12 \| 42 \| 42 \| 91 \| 96 \| 81 \| 89 \| 49 \| 63 \| -7.5 \| -3.4 \| \| Iran, Islamic Republic of \| 48 \| 59 ₋₃ \| 2 \| 1 \| 4 \| 1 \| 16 \| 9 \| 94 \| 96 \| 85 \| 91 \| 64 \| 73 \| 8.5 \| 13.7 \| \| Kazakhstan \| 94 \| 80 \| 0.1 \| 0.2 \| 0.2 \| 0.1 \| 4 \| 1 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 97 \| 99 \| 0.5 \| 0.1 \| \| Kyrgyzstan \| 66 \| 84 ₋₁ \| 3 \| 2 \| 6 \| 2 \| 26 \| 15 \| 99 \| 99 \| 98 \| 98 \| 94 \| 97 \| 0.7 \| 0.5 \| \| Maldives \| 90 \| 83 \| 3 \| 3 \| 16 \| 12 \| 44 \| 37 \| 98 \| 99 \| 87 \| 97 \| 27 \| 38 \| 6.6 \| 16.4 \| \| Nepal \| 84 \| 76 \| 27 \| 8 \| 10 \| 6 \| 33 \| 34 \| 73 \| 88 \| 62 \| 79 \| 32 \| 49 \| -5.8 \| -1.9 \| \| Pakistan \| … \| 12 ₋₁ \| 29 \| 20 \| 28 \| 19 \| 44 \| 41 \| 51 \| 56 \| 44 \| 50 \| 22 \| 26 \| 0.5 \| 5.0 \| \| Sri Lanka \| 61 \| 52 ₋₁ \| 1 \| 0.3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 27 \| 7 \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| … \| \| Tajikistan \| 11 \| … \| 6 \| 15 \| 2 \| 6 \| 22 \| 13 \| 99 \| 99 \| 94 \| 98 \| 70 \| 78 \| -18.8 \| -14.5 \| \| Turkmenistan \| … \| … \| 3 \| 1 \| 14 \| 3 \| 71 \| 25 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| 94 \| 95 \| 3.2 \| 3.1 \| \| Uzbekistan \| 29 \| 66 ₋₁ \| 2 \| 0.4 \| 3 \| 1 \| 12 \| 21 \| 100 \| 100 \| 98 \| 98 \| 92 \| 99 \| -2.1 \| \|	[ "94", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "42", " ", "\|", "42", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "96", " ", "\|", "81", " ", "\|", "89", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "63", " ", "\|", "-7.5", " ", "\|", "-3.4", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Iran", ",", "Islamic", "Republic", "of", " ", "\|", "48", " ", "\|", "59", "₋₃", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "9", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", "96", " ", "\|", "85", " ", "\|", "91", " ", "\|", "64", " ", "\|", "73", " ", "\|", "8.5", " ", "\|", "13.7", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Kazakhstan", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", "80", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "0.2", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "4", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "97", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "0.5", " ", "\|", "0.1", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Kyrgyzstan", " ", "\|", "66", " ", "\|", "84", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", "97", " ", "\|", "0.7", " ", "\|", "0.5", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Maldives", " ", "\|", "90", " ", "\|", "83", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "16", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "37", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "87", " ", "\|", "97", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "38", " ", "\|", "6.6", " ", "\|", "16.4", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Nepal", " ", "\|", "84", " ", "\|", "76", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "8", " ", "\|", "10", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "33", " ", "\|", "34", " ", "\|", "73", " ", "\|", "88", " ", "\|", "62", " ", "\|", "79", " ", "\|", "32", " ", "\|", "49", " ", "\|", "-5.8", " ", "\|", "-1.9", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Pakistan", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "12", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "20", " ", "\|", "28", " ", "\|", "19", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "41", " ", "\|", "51", " ", "\|", "56", " ", "\|", "44", " ", "\|", "50", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "26", " ", "\|", "0.5", " ", "\|", "5.0", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Sri", "Lanka", " ", "\|", "61", " ", "\|", "52", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "0.3", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "27", " ", "\|", "7", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Tajikistan", " ", "\|", "11", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "15", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "6", " ", "\|", "22", " ", "\|", "13", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "70", " ", "\|", "78", " ", "\|", "-18.8", " ", "\|", "-14.5", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Turkmenistan", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "…", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "14", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "71", " ", "\|", "25", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "94", " ", "\|", "95", " ", "\|", "3.2", " ", "\|", "3.1", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Uzbekistan", " ", "\|", "29", " ", "\|", "66", "₋₁", " ", "\|", "2", " ", "\|", "0.4", " ", "\|", "3", " ", "\|", "1", " ", "\|", "12", " ", "\|", "21", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "100", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "98", " ", "\|", "92", " ", "\|", "99", " ", "\|", "-2.1", " ", "\|", " ", "\|" ]	[]
them at the entrance to the interior of the basti. The street is now blocked by two private water tankers. The trucks facing each other, nose to nose like some combat of the titans. One driver standing on the ladder of the back of his tanker. The second driver hold - ing and directing a thick yellow plastic hose pipe that comes out of the top of the lorry. In anticipation, the women start moving forward. Wanting their container to be filled first. But the water street vendors have priority and fill up the contain - ers on their carts, ready to sell to those who can’t come to the pick-up point. The women move forward again. Jostling for position. It takes time. But eventually the containers are gone, and rupees have changed hands. A young man hangs his now full containers on the crossbar of his bike. Not able to sit on the saddle and pedal, pushing it is the only option. Where are the containers going? We decide to follow. He makes his way to the basti entrance. Starting out the streets in the slum are quite wide, but it does not take too long before the buildings close in and the streets narrow. It is a warren of activity and a colourful mosaic of community life. Blue, green, pink painted walls. Three floors of buildings, the first being the entrance to a business of some kind. A criss-cross of electrical wires run to and fro, from one building to the next on both sides of the street. The first and second floors are the community’s homes, complete with satellite dishes. Washing hangs in the upstairs’ gaps, hoping for the rain to stay away until drying occurs. The bike pushing water carrier in his stripey flip-flops is still making good headway. Miraculously, he hasn’t bumped into anything even though his cargo is unbelievably heavy. He starts to slow and must be close to his delivery point. Light is emanating from one of the downstairs shopfronts on the left. The flip-flop water courier stops. He has made his destination. Greetings occur and pleasantries exchange. Unnervingly, the greeter holds a cutthroat razor, waving it at the water boy. He’s happy to see him, bringing water for his business – “Vishal the Barber Shop”. The space occupied is around 12 feet 118 Urban life in Delhi slums by 8 feet. 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machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29); and Man- ufacture of other transport equipment (30). Indus- tries with emerging strength include Processing/ preserving of meat (101); Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Manu- facture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 9 5 11 9 4 101 Processing/preserving of meat X X X 104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats X X X X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X X X 107 Other food products X 108 Prepared animal feeds X 15Manufacture of leather and related products X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X X X X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 181Printing and service activities related to printing X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X X X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentX Table 2.13. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Ukraine Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation63 Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 9 5 11 9 4 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsX X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.X X X X 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersX X X 30Manufacture of other transport equipmentX X X 32 Other manufacturing X 33Repair and installation of machinery and equipment X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified 2.3. Export performance for goods The UN Comtrade Database32 on exports of goods contains up to five-digit export data according to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) product classification. Specialisation in ex- port performance can be used to identify those goods categories in which countries perform above average and are able to compete successfully on international markets. Data availability The UN Comtrade Database includes data on ex- port values for 278 three-digit goods using the SITC Rev. 4 classification33. 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PhD degree came to Britain in the 1920s. The motivation behind introduc - ing a PhD award system stemmed from the desire to imitate the German higher- education system and the need to attract students from foreign and colonial countries. Oddly enough, the role of PhD degrees in the careers of women scientists has not been a topic of much interest among histori - ans.9 The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act, issued on 23 December 1919, marked an important moment. This was demonstrated by the fact that the very next day, on Christmas Eve, Helena Normanton successfully became the first woman to be admitted to the Middle Temple, a development that immediately highlighted the impact of this Act. Moreover, the Act brought about great changes for women researchers. In 1920, two male students received a PhD degree at the University of Oxford for the first time, and in 1921, twelve universities, including the Universities of Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, followed Oxford in awarding PhD degrees.10 Lillian M. Penson was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in history as one of the nine PhD awardees at the University of London in 1921.	[ "PhD", "degree", "came", "to", "Britain", "in", "the", "1920s", ".", "The", "motivation", "behind", "introduc", "\n", "-", "\n", "ing", "a", "PhD", "award", "system", "stemmed", "from", "the", "desire", "to", "imitate", "the", "German", "\n", "higher-", " ", "education", "system", "and", "the", "need", "to", "attract", "students", "from", "foreign", "and", "\n", "colonial", "countries", ".", "Oddly", "enough", ",", "the", "role", "of", "PhD", "degrees", "in", "the", "careers", "\n", "of", "women", "scientists", "has", "not", "been", "a", "topic", "of", "much", "interest", "among", "histori", "\n", "-", "\n", "ans.9", "The", "Sex", "Disqualification", "(", "Removal", ")", "Act", ",", "issued", "on", "23", "December", "1919", ",", "\n", "marked", "an", "important", "moment", ".", "This", "was", "demonstrated", "by", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "\n", "very", "next", "day", ",", "on", "Christmas", "Eve", ",", "Helena", "Normanton", "successfully", "became", "\n", "the", "first", "woman", "to", "be", "admitted", "to", "the", "Middle", "Temple", ",", "a", "development", "that", "\n", "immediately", "highlighted", "the", "impact", "of", "this", "Act", ".", "Moreover", ",", "the", "Act", "brought", "\n", "about", "great", "changes", "for", "women", "researchers", ".", "\n", "In", "1920", ",", "two", "male", "students", "received", "a", "PhD", "degree", "at", "the", "University", "of", "\n", "Oxford", "for", "the", "first", "time", ",", "and", "in", "1921", ",", "twelve", "universities", ",", "including", "the", "\n", "Universities", "of", "Cambridge", ",", "London", "and", "Edinburgh", ",", "followed", "Oxford", "\n", "in", "awarding", "PhD", "degrees.10", "Lillian", "M.", "Penson", "was", "the", "first", "woman", "to", "be", "\n", "awarded", "a", "PhD", "in", "history", "as", "one", "of", "the", "nine", "PhD", "awardees", "at", "the", "University", "\n", "of", "London", "in", "1921", "." ]	[]
survey indicated that they were trusting of their neighbours, compared to 47.6% and 54.5% in Sanjay and Ajit Vihar, respectively. Half of those in Bhalswa said they believed that their neighbours would give time and money to improve the community. For Sanjay and Ajit Vihar, the figures were 74.6% and 79.2%. Concerning subjec -tive well-being, we have also seen how those living in Bhalswa have statistically significantly lower levels concerning overall satisfaction, enjoying freedom and choice, and living a happy life that has purpose and meaning. As per our model, lower social capital leads to fewer interactions with a range of polycentric partners and thus fewer public and private interactions, resulting in lower subjective well-being. These residents in Bhalswa have been resettled, evicted from their original slum. Different communities coming together owing to multiple demoli -tions. Arriving to a parcel of land to rebuild social and political networks, friendships, relationships and livelihoods, our data suggest, has a detrimental effect on the lives of those involuntary resettled to uninhabitable contexts, having to restart their lives. ## Appendix In the chapter, we have established that our SEM gives a good fit to the data. Here we investigate further to assess if the data were produced by the model's causal structure and to confirm our confidence in the structure of the model. The technique used is called a d-separation test, with the 'd' standing for 'directed'. The test gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for pairs of vertices to be probabilistically independent. The d-separation test allows us to predict a set of conditional probabilistic independencies that must be true if the causal model is true ( Verma and Pearl, 1988 ; Pearl, 1988 ; Geiger et al., 1990 ; Shipley, 2016). Firstly, from the variables, we list each unique pair on non-adjacent vertices that do not have a direct path connecting them. The only four such pairs of non-adjacent vertices are as follows: [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)]. [Partners (P), Subjective well-being (SWB)]. [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)]. [Public Benefits (PuB), Private Benefits (PrB)]. For our first pair [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)], we can write a con -ditional independence statement as SC PrB  \| P . This means that the vertex SC forms a disjoint union, that is, there are no elements in common with vertex PrB, given vertex P. 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Women have historically (and still today) received less credit for their contributions and ideas, especially in collaborative scientific research. It is therefore important to have more autobiographically oriented - materials created by women. See, for example, M. B. Ross et al., 'Women are credited less in science than men', Nature , 608 (2022), 135- 45, https:// doi.org/ 10.1038/ s41 586- 022- 04966- w. - 19 Women in Science Lectures, University of Illinois Archives digital exhibits, https:// omeka- s.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ s/ archi ves/ page/ women- in- scie nce (accessed 30 May 2022). - 20 Michelle Rodrigues and Kathryn Clancy discuss ways women are under- represented across different disciplines and differing, intersecting identities. See M. Rodrigues and K. Clancy, 'Factors that drive the underrepresentation of women in scientific, engineering, and medical disciplines', in R. Colwell, A. Bear and A. Helman (eds), Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2020), pp. 37- 72, https:// doi.org/ 10.17226/ 25585. - 21 A. A. Philips, C. R. Walsh, K. A. Grayson, C. E. Penney, F. Husain and the Women Doing Science Team, 'Diversifying representations of female scientists on social media: A case study from the women doing science Instagram', Social Media + Society , 8: 3 (2022), https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 205630 5122 1113 068. - 22 I. R. Johnson, E. S. Pietri, F . Fullilove and S. Mowrer, 'Exploring identitysafety cues and allyship among Black women students in STEM environments', Psychology of Women Quarterly , 43: 2 (2019), 133, https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 03616 8431 9830 926. - 23 For example, Brenda Molano- Flores discussed the work of naturalist Mary Davis Treat (1830- 1929), 12:32:55, and 12:57:15, https:// digi tal.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ items/ caeef c70- 1342- 013a- 7af9- 02d0d 7bfd 6e4- 9 (accessed 31 May 2022). - 24 For an example of Dr Clancy's research on sexism and racism, see K. B. H. Clancy, L. M. Cortina, and A. R. Kirkland, 'Use science to stop sexual harassment in higher education', PNAS , 117: 37 (2020), 22614- 18, https:// doi.org/ 10.1073/ pnas.201 6164 117. - 25 For example, some of Dr Clancy's most recent work relating to menstruation has focused on the effects of Covid- 19 vaccines on menstrual cycles and women's bodies. See K. M. N. Lee, E. J. Junkins, C. Luo, U. A. Fatima, M. L. Cox and K. B. H. Clancy, 'Investigating trends in those who experience menstrual bleeding changes after SAR- CoV- 2 vaccination', ScienceAdvances , 8: 28 (2022), https:// doi.org/ 10.1126/ sci adv.abm7 201.	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- Recipes - Love & sex - Health & fitness - Home & garden - Women - Men - Family - Travel - Money - Search input google-search Search - Support us - Print subscriptions - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - The Guardian app - Video - Podcasts - Pictures - Newsletters - Today's paper - Inside the Guardian - Guardian Weekly - Crosswords - Wordiply - Corrections - Tips - Search input google-search Search - Search input - google-search - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - Books - Music - TV & radio - Art & design - Film - Games - Classical - Stage One of the four volumes of Alice Thornton’s memoirs was found in the library of Durham Cathedral. Her daughter married a curate who became dean of the cathedral. Photograph: Richard Saker/The Guardian <!-- image --> # Woman’s memoirs give fascinating insight into life in 17th-century northern England Newly reunited manuscripts by Alice Thornton show how she navigated personal crises during tumultuous events such as the civil war <!-- image --> Harriet Sherwood Mon 4 Aug 2025 07.00 CEST She was a 17th-century Yorkshirewoman whose memoirs combined commentaries on major political events with local and personal details of her life. Now an academic who has studied the writings of Alice Thornton has said they provide a “northern female perspective” in contrast to the London-based diarist Samuel Pepys. Thornton’s memoirs contain accounts of financial catastrophe, rumours of sexual impropriety, childbirth, attempted rapes and repeated interventions by God to deliver her from an early death. Thornton lived to be 80, a remarkable age at the time. Two of four autobiographical volumes were discovered by Cordelia Beattie, a history professor at the University of Edinburgh. One was handed by a descendant of Thornton to Beattie’s father in a pub in Ludlow, Shropshire, and the second was unearthed in the library of Durham Cathedral. They have been reunited online with two other volumes that were acquired by the British Library from a private collection in 2009. A digital edition was produced earlier this year by Beattie and her project team. Dr Alison Cullingford, Prof Suzanne Trill and Prof Cordelia Beattie look at one of Alice Thornton’s manuscripts. Photograph: Durham Cathedral <!-- image --> Beattie, who has	[ "-", "Recipes", "\n ", "-", "Love", "&", "amp", ";", "sex", "\n ", "-", "Health", "&", "amp", ";", "fitness", "\n ", "-", "Home", "&", "amp", ";", "garden", "\n ", "-", "Women", "\n ", "-", "Men", "\n ", "-", "Family", "\n ", "-", "Travel", "\n ", "-", "Money", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "google", "-", "search", "Search", "\n ", "-", "Support", "us", "\n ", "-", "Print", "subscriptions", "\n ", "-", "Search", "jobs", "\n ", "-", "Holidays", "\n ", "-", "Digital", "Archive", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Licensing", "\n ", "-", "Live", "events", "\n ", "-", "About", "Us", "\n ", "-", "The", "Guardian", "app", "\n ", "-", "Video", "\n ", "-", "Podcasts", "\n ", "-", "Pictures", "\n ", "-", "Newsletters", "\n ", "-", "Today", "'s", "paper", "\n ", "-", "Inside", "the", "Guardian", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Weekly", "\n ", "-", "Crosswords", "\n ", "-", "Wordiply", "\n ", "-", "Corrections", "\n ", "-", "Tips", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "google", "-", "search", "Search", "\n", "-", "Search", "input", "\n", "-", "google", "-", "search", "\n ", "-", "Search", "jobs", "\n ", "-", "Holidays", "\n ", "-", "Digital", "Archive", "\n ", "-", "Guardian", "Licensing", "\n ", "-", "Live", "events", "\n ", "-", "About", "Us", "\n\n", "-", "Books", "\n", "-", "Music", "\n", "-", "TV", "&", "amp", ";", "radio", "\n", "-", "Art", "&", "amp", ";", "design", "\n", "-", "Film", "\n", "-", "Games", "\n", "-", "Classical", "\n", "-", "Stage", "\n\n", "One", "of", "the", "four", "volumes", "of", "Alice", "Thornton", "’s", "memoirs", "was", "found", "in", "the", "library", "of", "Durham", "Cathedral", ".", "Her", "daughter", "married", "a", "curate", "who", "became", "dean", "of", "the", "cathedral", ".", " ", "Photograph", ":", "Richard", "Saker", "/", "The", "Guardian", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "#", "Woman", "’s", "memoirs", "give", "fascinating", "insight", "into", "life", "in", "17th", "-", "century", "northern", "England", "\n\n", "Newly", "reunited", "manuscripts", "by", "Alice", "Thornton", "show", "how", "she", "navigated", "personal", "crises", "during", "tumultuous", "events", "such", "as", "the", "civil", "war", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Harriet", "Sherwood", "\n\n", "Mon", "4", "Aug", "2025", "07.00", "CEST", "\n\n", "She", "was", "a", "17th", "-", "century", "Yorkshirewoman", "whose", "memoirs", "combined", "commentaries", "on", "major", "political", "events", "with", "local", "and", "personal", "details", "of", "her", "life", ".", "Now", "an", "academic", "who", "has", "studied", "the", "writings", "of", "Alice", "Thornton", "has", "said", "they", "provide", "a", "“", "northern", "female", "perspective", "”", "in", "contrast", "to", "the", "London", "-", "based", "diarist", "Samuel", "Pepys", ".", "\n\n", "Thornton", "’s", "memoirs", "contain", "accounts", "of", "financial", "catastrophe", ",", "rumours", "of", "sexual", "impropriety", ",", "childbirth", ",", "attempted", "rapes", "and", "repeated", "interventions", "by", "God", "to", "deliver", "her", "from", "an", "early", "death", ".", "Thornton", "lived", "to", "be", "80", ",", "a", "remarkable", "age", "at", "the", "time", ".", "\n\n", "Two", "of", "four", "autobiographical", "volumes", "were", "discovered", "by", "Cordelia", "Beattie", ",", "a", "history", "professor", "at", "the", "University", "of", "Edinburgh", ".", "One", "was", "handed", "by", "a", "descendant", "of", "Thornton", "to", "Beattie", "’s", "father", "in", "a", "pub", "in", "Ludlow", ",", "Shropshire", ",", "and", "the", "second", "was", "unearthed", "in", "the", "library", "of", "Durham", "Cathedral", ".", "\n\n", "They", "have", "been", "reunited", "online", "with", "two", "other", "volumes", "that", "were", "acquired", "by", "the", "British", "Library", "from", "a", "private", "collection", "in", "2009", ".", "A", "digital", "edition", "was", "produced", "earlier", "this", "year", "by", "Beattie", "and", "her", "project", "team", ".", "\n\n", "Dr", "Alison", "Cullingford", ",", "Prof", "Suzanne", "Trill", "and", "Prof", "Cordelia", "Beattie", "look", "at", "one", "of", "Alice", "Thornton", "’s", "manuscripts", ".", "Photograph", ":", "Durham", "Cathedral", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "Beattie", ",", "who", "has" ]	[]
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0.783 1.329 20.4 Manufacture of soap and detergents 0.636 1.877 0.573 1.172 0.950 0.792 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products 2.096 0.640 0.799 1.396 0.999 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres 5.609 0.391 21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products 0.919 1.442 0.607 1.037 1.181 0.815 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 2.410 1.580 0.254 0.981 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 1.100 1.653 1.815 0.429 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 1.064 2.604 1.816 0.517 23.3 Manufacture of clay building materials 1.643 1.416 0.757 23.4 Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products 5.372 0.252 23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 1.382 1.789 1.413 0.350 0.802 24 Manufacture of basic metals 1.592 1.871 0.504 1.794 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products 2.065 25.2 Manufacture of tanks 2.847 1.380 25.3 Manufacture of steam generators 4.246 25.4 Manufacture of weapons and ammunition 0.796 1.484 1.840 1.355 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 1.351 2.982 0.508 0.946 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 1.405 1.543 2.483 0.568Table 2.33. Specialised industries using data for patent families* Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation97 NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 1.034 1.294 1.989 0.640 0.641 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 3.988 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 2.217 0.513 1.248 0.605 0.909 0.509 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 2.516 0.426 1.400 0.641 0.249 0.768 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment 1.339 0.744 1.160 1.461 0.552 0.743 26.4 Manufacture of consumer electronics 3.412 0.221 1.652 26.5 Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring 0.279 0.795 1.345 0.621 1.025 1.936 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 2.069 1.448 0.525 0.591 1.274 26.7Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment1.229 3.119 0.652 0.373 0.525 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media 0.802 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors 0.737 0.858 0.638 1.418 0.978 1.371 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulator 2.255 2.126 1.077 0.335 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 2.432 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 1.494 1.640 1.479 0.721 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 0.630 0.754 1.855 1.027 1.316 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment 1.556 0.702 1.242 1.698 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 0.384 0.961 0.943 1.488 1.121 1.103 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 0.555 0.687 0.966 1.201 1.242 1.349 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 0.110 0.307 0.756 1.270	[ "0.783", "1.329", "\n", "20.4", "Manufacture", "of", "soap", "and", "detergents", "0.636", "1.877", "0.573", "1.172", "0.950", "0.792", "\n", "20.5", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "chemical", "products", "2.096", "0.640", "0.799", "1.396", "0.999", "\n", "20.6", "Manufacture", "of", "man", "-", "made", "fibres", "5.609", "0.391", "\n", "21", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "pharmaceutical", "products", "0.919", "1.442", "0.607", "1.037", "1.181", "0.815", "\n", "22", "Manufacture", "of", "rubber", "and", "plastic", "products", "2.410", "1.580", "0.254", "0.981", "\n", "23", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "non", "-", "metallic", "mineral", "products", "1.100", "1.653", "1.815", "0.429", "\n", "23.1", "Manufacture", "of", "glass", "and", "glass", "products", "1.064", "2.604", "1.816", "0.517", "\n", "23.3", "Manufacture", "of", "clay", "building", "materials", "1.643", "1.416", "0.757", "\n", "23.4", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "porcelain", "and", "ceramic", "products", "5.372", "0.252", "\n", "23.5", "Manufacture", "of", "cement", ",", "lime", "and", "plaster", "1.382", "1.789", "1.413", "0.350", "0.802", "\n", "24", "Manufacture", "of", "basic", "metals", "1.592", "1.871", "0.504", "1.794", "\n", "25.1", "Manufacture", "of", "structural", "metal", "products", "2.065", "\n", "25.2", "Manufacture", "of", "tanks", "2.847", "1.380", "\n", "25.3", "Manufacture", "of", "steam", "generators", "4.246", "\n", "25.4", "Manufacture", "of", "weapons", "and", "ammunition", "0.796", "1.484", "1.840", "1.355", "\n", "25.5", "Forging", ",", "pressing", ",", "stamping", "and", "roll", "-", "forming", "of", "metal", "1.351", "2.982", "0.508", "0.946", "\n", "25.6", "Treatment", "and", "coating", "of", "metals", ";", "machining", "1.405", "1.543", "2.483", "0.568Table", "2.33", ".", "Specialised", "industries", "using", "data", "for", "patent", "families", "*", "\n", "Smart", "Specialisation", "in", "the", "Eastern", "Partnership", "countries", "-", "Potential", "for", "knowledge", "-", "based", "economic", "cooperation97", "\n ", "NACE", " ", "Industry", "name", "\n", "Armenia", "\n", "Azerbaijan", "\n", "Belarus", "\n", "Georgia", "\n", "Moldova", "\n", "Ukraine", "\n", "25.7", "Manufacture", "of", "cutlery", ",", "tools", "and", "general", "hardware", "1.034", "1.294", "1.989", "0.640", "0.641", "\n", "25.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "fabricated", "metal", "products", "3.988", "\n", "26.1", "Manufacture", "of", "electronic", "components", "and", "boards", "2.217", "0.513", "1.248", "0.605", "0.909", "0.509", "\n", "26.2", "Manufacture", "of", "computers", "and", "peripheral", "equipment", "2.516", "0.426", "1.400", "0.641", "0.249", "0.768", "\n", "26.3", "Manufacture", "of", "communication", "equipment", "1.339", "0.744", "1.160", "1.461", "0.552", "0.743", "\n", "26.4", "Manufacture", "of", "consumer", "electronics", "3.412", "0.221", "1.652", "\n", "26.5", "Manufacture", "of", "instruments", "and", "appliances", "for", "measuring", "0.279", "0.795", "1.345", "0.621", "1.025", "1.936", "\n", "26.6", "Manufacture", "of", "irradiation", "2.069", "1.448", "0.525", "0.591", "1.274", "\n", "26.7Manufacture", "of", "optical", "instruments", "and", "photographic", "\n", "equipment1.229", "3.119", "0.652", "0.373", "0.525", "\n", "26.8", "Manufacture", "of", "magnetic", "and", "optical", "media", "0.802", "\n", "27.1", "Manufacture", "of", "electric", "motors", "0.737", "0.858", "0.638", "1.418", "0.978", "1.371", "\n", "27.2", "Manufacture", "of", "batteries", "and", "accumulator", "2.255", "2.126", "1.077", "0.335", "\n", "27.3", "Manufacture", "of", "wiring", "and", "wiring", "devices", "2.432", "\n", "27.4", "Manufacture", "of", "electric", "lighting", "equipment", "1.494", "1.640", "1.479", "0.721", "\n", "27.5", "Manufacture", "of", "domestic", "appliances", "0.630", "0.754", "1.855", "1.027", "1.316", "\n", "27.9", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "electrical", "equipment", "1.556", "0.702", "1.242", "1.698", "\n", "28.1", "Manufacture", "of", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "0.384", "0.961", "0.943", "1.488", "1.121", "1.103", "\n", "28.2", "Manufacture", "of", "other", "general", "-", "purpose", "machinery", "0.555", "0.687", "0.966", "1.201", "1.242", "1.349", "\n", "28.3", "Manufacture", "of", "agricultural", "and", "forestry", "machinery", "0.110", "0.307", "0.756", "1.270" ]	[]
apply a higher corporate income rate to the mining sector, or have an additional rent targeting tax (resource rent tax [RRT], additional profit tax [APT]), given the potential for location-specific economic rents. Ring-fencing maybe necessary to ensure the integrity of the special mining taxation regime; otherwise, countries risk failing to tax the specific economic rents. \| \| Where the tax rate for CIT is progressive based on revenue (e.g., 10% and 25%) and/or the country does not operate other special profit-based taxes other than CIT. \| In such cases, the effect of introducing ring-fencing rules could be counterproductive to the primary objective, as it may apply a lower tax rate to mines with lower revenue instead of a tax rate based on the revenue of the whole legal entity. The ring-fencing rules will result in increased compliance and administrative burden, and they will deliver only very little or no benefit due to the absence of special profit-based taxes (other than CIT). The fact that the tax base of the taxpayer will be further fragmented into separate ring-fenced tax bases will result in the potential reduction of tax revenue due to the separate calculation of the progressive tax rate for each mining project. \| ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION \| Circumstance \| Where ring-fencing is appropriate in this circumstance \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Where there is a policy preference for early revenues and levelling the playing field for the new investors with incumbent investors. \| In some circumstances, governments attach a higher value to receiving early revenues over the life of the project and diversification of the investments by attracting new investors compared to additional investment from existing investors. In such cases, ring- fencing rules based on a project-by-project approach may be a suitable policy option. \| \| Where there is a policy preference to bring a balance between the different features and objectives of a mining tax regime, i.e., mining tax cost-based incentives. \| Mining taxation regimes often contain specific features that reflect the nature of the mining operations (i.e., they have long lead times before revenues are generated, are highly capital intensive, and involve significant uncertainty). Tax incentives are one of them. Accelerated depreciation, longer loss carry forwards, and investment allowances are all common features of some	[ "apply", "a", "higher", "corporate", "income", "rate", "to", "the", "mining", "sector", ",", "or", "have", "an", "additional", "rent", "targeting", "tax", "(", "resource", "rent", "tax", "[", "RRT", "]", ",", "additional", "profit", "tax", "[", "APT", "]", ")", ",", "given", "the", "potential", "for", "location", "-", "specific", "economic", "rents", ".", "Ring", "-", "fencing", "maybe", "necessary", "to", "ensure", "the", "integrity", "of", "the", "special", "mining", "taxation", "regime", ";", "otherwise", ",", "countries", "risk", "failing", "to", "tax", "the", "specific", "economic", "rents", ".", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Where", "the", "tax", "rate", "for", "CIT", "is", "progressive", "based", "on", "revenue", "(", "e.g.", ",", "10", "%", "and", "25", "%", ")", "and/or", "the", "country", "does", "not", "operate", "other", "special", "profit", "-", "based", "taxes", "other", "than", "CIT", ".", "\|", "In", "such", "cases", ",", "the", "effect", "of", "introducing", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "could", "be", "counterproductive", "to", "the", "primary", "objective", ",", "as", "it", "may", "apply", "a", "lower", "tax", "rate", "to", "mines", "with", "lower", "revenue", "instead", "of", "a", "tax", "rate", "based", "on", "the", "revenue", "of", "the", "whole", "legal", "entity", ".", "The", "ring", "-", "fencing", "rules", "will", "result", "in", "increased", "compliance", "and", "administrative", "burden", ",", "and", "they", "will", "deliver", "only", "very", "little", "or", "no", "benefit", "due", "to", "the", "absence", "of", "special", "profit", "-", "based", "taxes", "(", "other", "than", "CIT", ")", ".", "The", "fact", "that", "the", "tax", "base", "of", "the", "taxpayer", "will", "be", "further", "fragmented", "into", "separate", "ring", "-", "fenced", "tax", "bases", "will", "result", "in", "the", "potential", "reduction", "of", "tax", "revenue", "due", "to", "the", "separate", "calculation", "of", "the", "progressive", "tax", "rate", "for", "each", "mining", "project", ".", "\|", "\n\n", "#", "#", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n\n", "2.0", "THE", "FUNDAMENTALS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "\n\n", "#", "#", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "5.0", "THE", "IMPLEMENTATION", "OF", "RING", "-", "FENCING", "RULES", "\n\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "\n\n", "\|", "Circumstance", " ", "\|", "Where", "ring", "-", "fencing", "is", "appropriate", "in", "this", "circumstance", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|", "\n", "\|", "Where", "there", "is", "a", "policy", "preference", "for", "early", "revenues", "and", "levelling", "the", "playing", "field", "for", "the", "new", "investors", "with", "incumbent", "investors", ".", " ", "\|", "In", "some", "circumstances", ",", "governments", "attach", "a", "higher", "value", "to", "receiving", "early", "revenues", "over", "the", "life", "of", "the", "project", "and", "diversification", "of", "the", "investments", "by", "attracting", "new", "investors", "compared", "to", "additional", "investment", "from", "existing", "investors", ".", "In", "such", "cases", ",", "ring-", "fencing", "rules", "based", "on", "a", "project", "-", "by", "-", "project", "approach", "may", "be", "a", "suitable", "policy", "option", ".", " ", "\|", "\n", "\|", "Where", "there", "is", "a", "policy", "preference", "to", "bring", "a", "balance", "between", "the", "different", "features", "and", "objectives", "of", "a", "mining", "tax", "regime", ",", "i.e.", ",", "mining", "tax", "cost", "-", "based", "incentives", ".", "\|", "Mining", "taxation", "regimes", "often", "contain", "specific", "features", "that", "reflect", "the", "nature", "of", "the", "mining", "operations", "(", "i.e.", ",", "they", "have", "long", "lead", "times", "before", "revenues", "are", "generated", ",", "are", "highly", "capital", "intensive", ",", "and", "involve", "significant", "uncertainty", ")", ".", "Tax", "incentives", "are", "one", "of", "them", ".", "Accelerated", "depreciation", ",", "longer", "loss", "carry", "forwards", ",", "and", "investment", "allowances", "are", "all", "common", "features", "of", "some" ]	[]
development assistance ODF Official development finance OOF Other official flows PHEOC Public Health Emergency Operations Centre PPE Personal protective equipment SDG Sustainable Development Goal STD Sexually transmitted disease TB Tuberculosis UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value Added Tax WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization ## Currency codes EUR Euro KES Kenyan shilling USD United States dollar ## Executive summary This case study of Kenya is one of nine case studies looking at international support in specific countries, as part of the Strategic Joint Evaluation of the Collective International Development and Humanitarian Assistance Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. It was conducted by the Independent Development Evaluation unit (IDEV) at the African Development Bank (AfDB) in 2023 -2024, with support from the OECD. Kenya, a lower-middle income country in the east Africa region, was selected due to its regional importance, and the scale of international support received: Kenya was the fifth-largest recipient of official development assistance in 2020. The report begins with an overview of Kenya's economic growth, social development and political context, and then describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the national response. Finally, it assesses the role of international development co-operation in supporting Kenya's response. The report concludes with key findings and lessons for future crises. ## International support to the COVID-19 pandemic response in Kenya International development co-operation played a pivotal role in supporting Kenya's response to the COVID19 pandemic, with major partners including the Global Fund, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the European Union, France, Japan and the United States. Kenya saw an increase in international assistance during the crisis, with official development assistance (ODA) rising from USD 4.2 billion in 2019 to USD 7.2 billion in 2020, a record high, representing 4% of gross national income and a 70% increase. Then it fell to USD 4 billion again in 2021. In 2020-22, Kenya received USD 1.2 billion in official development finance (ODF) directly related to COVID-19, equivalent to almost 8% of the total assistance committed to the country over this period. ## Key findings ## Relevance International development partners played a crucial role in Kenya's COVID -19 response by providing relevant financial support, which strengthened healthcare infrastructure and socio-economic resilience. International partners facilitated medical supply provision, health worker training and	[ "development", "assistance", "\n\n", "ODF", "\n\n", "Official", "development", "finance", "\n\n", "OOF", "\n\n", "Other", "official", "flows", "\n\n", "PHEOC", "\n\n", "Public", "Health", "Emergency", "Operations", "Centre", "\n\n", "PPE", "\n\n", "Personal", "protective", "equipment", "\n\n", "SDG", "\n\n", "Sustainable", "Development", "Goal", "\n\n", "STD", "\n\n", "Sexually", "transmitted", "disease", "\n\n", "TB", "\n\n", "Tuberculosis", "\n\n", "UN", "\n\n", "United", "Nations", "\n\n", "UNDP", "\n\n", "United", "Nations", "Development", "Programme", "\n\n", "UNHCR", "\n\n", "United", "Nations", "High", "Commissioner", "for", "Refugees", "\n\n", "USAID", "\n\n", "United", "States", "Agency", "for", "International", "Development", "\n\n", "VAT", "\n\n", "Value", "Added", "Tax", "\n\n", "WFP", "\n\n", "World", "Food", "Programme", "\n\n", "WHO", "\n\n", "World", "Health", "Organization", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Currency", "codes", "\n\n", "EUR", "\n\n", "Euro", "\n\n", "KES", "\n\n", "Kenyan", "shilling", "\n\n", "USD", "\n\n", "United", "States", "dollar", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Executive", "summary", "\n\n", "This", "case", "study", "of", "Kenya", "is", "one", "of", "nine", "case", "studies", "looking", "at", "international", "support", "in", "specific", "countries", ",", "as", "part", "of", "the", "Strategic", "Joint", "Evaluation", "of", "the", "Collective", "International", "Development", "and", "Humanitarian", "Assistance", "Response", "to", "the", "COVID-19", "Pandemic", ".", "It", "was", "conducted", "by", "the", "Independent", "Development", "Evaluation", "unit", "(", "IDEV", ")", "at", "the", "African", "Development", "Bank", "(", "AfDB", ")", "in", "2023", "-2024", ",", "with", "support", "from", "the", "OECD", ".", "\n\n", "Kenya", ",", " ", "a", " ", "lower", "-", "middle", " ", "income", " ", "country", " ", "in", " ", "the", " ", "east", " ", "Africa", " ", "region", ",", " ", "was", " ", "selected", " ", "due", " ", "to", " ", "its", " ", "regional", "importance", ",", "and", "the", "scale", "of", "international", "support", "received", ":", "Kenya", "was", "the", "fifth", "-", "largest", "recipient", "of", "official", "development", "assistance", "in", "2020", ".", "The", "report", "begins", "with", "an", "overview", "of", "Kenya", "'s", "economic", "growth", ",", "social", "development", "and", "political", " ", "context", ",", "and", "then", "describes", "the", "impact", "of", "the", "COVID-19", "pandemic", "and", "the", "national", "response", ".", "Finally", ",", "it", "assesses", "the", "role", "of", "international", "development", "co", "-", "operation", "in", "supporting", "Kenya", "'s", "response", ".", "The", "report", "concludes", "with", "key", "findings", "and", "lessons", "for", "future", "crises", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "International", "support", "to", "the", "COVID-19", "pandemic", "response", "in", "Kenya", "\n\n", "International", "development", "co", "-", "operation", "played", "a", "pivotal", "role", "in", "supporting", "Kenya", "'s", "response", "to", "the", "COVID19", "pandemic", ",", "with", "major", "partners", "including", "the", "Global", "Fund", ",", "the", "African", "Development", "Bank", "(", "AfDB", ")", ",", "the", "International", "Finance", "Corporation", "(", "IFC", ")", ",", "the", "European", "Union", ",", "France", ",", "Japan", "and", "the", "United", "States", ".", "\n\n", "Kenya", "saw", "an", "increase", "in", "international", "assistance", "during", "the", "crisis", ",", "with", "official", "development", "assistance", "(", "ODA", ")", "rising", "from", "USD", "4.2", "billion", "in", "2019", "to", "USD", "7.2", "billion", "in", "2020", ",", "a", "record", "high", ",", "representing", "4", "%", "of", "gross", "national", "income", "and", "a", "70", "%", "increase", ".", "Then", "it", "fell", "to", "USD", "4", "billion", "again", "in", "2021", ".", "In", "2020", "-", "22", ",", "Kenya", "received", "USD", "1.2", "billion", "in", "official", "development", "finance", "(", "ODF", ")", "directly", "related", "to", "COVID-19", ",", "equivalent", "to", "almost", "8", "%", "of", "the", "total", "assistance", "committed", "to", "the", "country", "over", "this", "period", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Key", "findings", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Relevance", "\n\n", "International", " ", "development", " ", "partners", "played", " ", "a", " ", "crucial", " ", "role", " ", "in", " ", "Kenya", "'s", " ", "COVID", "-19", " ", "response", " ", "by", " ", "providing", "relevant", "financial", "support", ",", "which", "strengthened", "healthcare", "infrastructure", "and", "socio", "-", "economic", "resilience", ".", "International", "partners", "facilitated", "medical", "supply", "provision", ",", "health", "worker", "training", "and" ]	[]
suffered over 100 attacks on education every year between 2013 and 2023, with the exception of 2019. GEM StatLink: https:/ /bit.ly/GEM2024_fig15_4 Source: UIS Database. The top 10 countries in number of attacks were responsible for 68% of the global attacks on education in 2022 and 80% in 2023 244 CHAPTER 15 • EDUCATION FACILITIES AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 15 The number of countries subject to attacks on education has increased over the past decade. The number of countries with at least 5 attacks on education doubled between 2013 and 2022, from 22 to 43, before dropping to 34 in 2023 ( Figure 15.4). The overall number of attacks remains highly concentrated in a few countries (UNESCO, 2023). The 9 countries with more than 100 attacks in 2023 also registered over 100 attacks in several years over the past decade. Since 2013, Afghanistan and the State of Palestine have each suffered over 100 attacks on education every year except for one. The top 10 countries in number of attacks were responsible for 68% of the global attacks on education in 2022 and 80% in 2023. SCHOOL MEALS A new thematic indicator has been proposed to highlight the link between nutrition and education, an important dimension of students’ well-being in school. The World Food Programme (WFP) will provide data on the ‘proportion of school-attending children receiving school meals’ in its biennial publication, State of School Feeding Worldwide (WFP, 2022). The publication collects information on national school feeding programmes through the Global School Feeding Survey run by the Global Child Nutrition Foundation, a non-profit organization; the WFP Annual Country Reports ; and secondary sources, such as official reports, publications and case studies (WFP, 2023). The indicator was explicitly mentioned in a 2022 declaration by the members of the School Meals Coalition, whose goal is that ‘by 2030, every child receives a healthy, nutritious daily meal in school’. The latest data from the WFP show that 418 million children were receiving school meals globally in 2022, 30 million more than in early 2020 just before the COVID-19 pandemic. While the share of children fed increased by 12% in lower-middle income countries and by 4% in upper-middle- and high-income countries, it fell by 4% in low-income countries (WFP, 2023), so recovery was slowest where it is most needed. 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as constructive feedback and goal setting (Donaldson et al., 2021). Positive feedback about one’s leadership can improve ambition, organizational commitment and performance as a leader (Steffens et al., 2018). In China, school principals understood being subject to a summative assessment as serving two purposes: not only accountability but also improvement of teaching and learning (Cheng et al., 2023). Analysis of PEER profiles for this report suggests that laws and policies mandate the assessment of school principals in 78% of countries. A positive assessment can lead to career advancement in 25% of the countries and salary adjustments or bonuses in 38% of the countries. In some of the latter countries, comprehensive qualification pathways have been developed, as in Australia, Canada and Singapore. In Australia, the Principal Performance Improvement Tool was developed by principals, the Australian Council for Educational Research and the Western Australia Department of Education. It outlines six domains: leading the moral purpose, building productive relationships, creating enabling conditions, promoting improved teaching, driving data-informed practice and leading strategic change. For each, it identifies four levels of effective practice (low, medium, high and outstanding) with formative and developmental aims (ACER, 2018). In France, a 2023 decree introduced a specific assessment of primary school principals that takes place three years after entry into the position and then every five years (France Government, 2023). The evaluation of secondary schools’ principals has been taking place every year since 2021 (France Government, 2021). In Italy, the system was modified in 2024 to base appraisal on defined and measurable objectives to which remuneration would also be linked (Italy Parliament, 2024). Training programmes for newly hired school principals, including mentoring, are being evaluated (Italy Ministry of Education, 2023). In 39% of the countries, assessment is associated to sanctions and penalties, and in 34% of the countries it has other implications. For example in Timor-Leste, failure to meet the required standards during performance reviews may result in ineligibility for promotion or progression, indirectly affecting career advancement. In the Republic of Moldova, the director’s contract may be terminated in case of repeated unsatisfactory rating from external evaluations. In Latin America, specialized and autonomous institutional frameworks and appraisal standards have been established in Chile and Mexico, while regular school principal performance appraisal processes exist in Argentina, Chile and Colombia (Weinstein et al., 2014). However, evaluation systems may not fully support principals’ development. 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place didn't give their trust to nobody. When we first started our practice, they relied more on home remedies. If you say north, they will say south. Until they trust you, they don't listen to the doctors. However, after some time, I'd say two years then they started to trust our clinic.' Interviewing patients also collaborated the attributes they expect from their private medical practitioner in their communities: 'My mother-in-law lives with us and sometimes needs the doctor to come to visit here at the house. We use our local doctor as he is flexible and will come when she needs him. He knows us well. He knows what my mother-in-law will need to set her right again. If we had to use the government hospital, then there is not that flexibility. They would not come to our neighbourhood. It is too interior.' Patient 1 ## And: 'Being a woman, I only want to see my local doctor - Dr Sunita. She is a good doctor, and I know her, and she knows me. She is only a walk away. I have a belief in her and she provides good advice. There in the government hospital there is a long wait. And when you are seen they spend little time on your problem. As we are from this place they treat us badly. Like we don't matter.' Patient 2 ## And: 'There in the government hospital they will not give you the medicine you need. Even if they give you medicine, they do not have it on the shelf. Visiting Dr Yadav, he is always listening well to my problems. He recommends what Figure 6.1 Clinic <!-- image --> I should do. And he gives me the medicine. If he does not have it, he will prescribe it from the pharmacy which is just a walk through the basti' Patient 3 ## Qualification of private medical providers: Sanjay, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar 'In this colony, services play a pivotal role. What kind of services you are giving to the patients is the only factor. Whether you are an MBBS or a BAMS hardly matters. They don't consider who you are or the qualifications you have. They have taken the medicine from you. They liked your services, behaviour and hospitality. 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Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel Trending Topics this week SPACE & TIME Stars Space Telescopes Astrophysics MATTER & ENERGY Materials Science Spintronics Construction COMPUTERS & MATH Communications Spintronics Research	[ "DNA", "'s", "self", "-", "assembling", "properties", "to", "engineer", "intricate", "moiré", "superlattices", "at", "the", "nanometer", "scale", "—", "structures", "that", "twist", "and", "layer", "like", "never", "before", ".", "With", "clever", "molecular", "...", "\n \n", "First", "Experimental", "Evidence", "of", "Hopfions", "in", "Crystals", "Opens", "Up", "New", "Dimension", "for", "Future", "Technology", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Nov.", "22", ",", "2023", "—", "\n ", "Hopfions", ",", "magnetic", "spin", "structures", "predicted", "decades", "ago", ",", "have", "become", "a", "hot", "and", "challenging", "research", "topic", "in", "recent", "years", ".", "New", "findings", "open", "up", "new", "fields", "in", "experimental", "physics", ":", "identifying", "other", "...", "\n \n", "Physicists", "Discover", "an", "Exotic", "Material", "Made", "of", "Bosons", "\n\n\n\n\n", "June", "7", ",", "2023", "—", "\n ", "Take", "a", "lattice", "--", "a", "flat", "section", "of", "a", "grid", "of", "uniform", "cells", ",", "like", "a", "window", "screen", "or", "a", "honeycomb", "--", "and", "lay", "another", ",", "similar", "lattice", "above", "it", ".", "But", "instead", "of", "trying", "to", "line", "up", "the", "edges", "or", "the", "cells", "...", "\n \n", "Scientists", "Develop", "Energy", "-", "Saving", ",", "Tunable", "Meta", "-", "Devices", "for", "High", "-", "Precision", ",", "Secure", "6", "G", "Communications", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Mar.", "16", ",", "2023", "—", "\n ", "The", "future", "of", "wireless", "communications", "is", "set", "to", "take", "a", "giant", "leap", "with", "the", "advent", "of", "sixth", "-", "generation", "(", "6", "G", ")", "wireless", "technology", ".", "A", "research", "team", "has", "invented", "a", "groundbreaking", "tunable", "terahertz", "(", "THz", ")", "...", "\n \n", "Revealing", "the", "Complex", "Magnetization", "Reversal", "Mechanism", "With", "Topological", "Data", "Analysis", "\n\n\n\n\n", "Dec.", "12", ",", "2022", "—", "\n ", "The", "reliability", "of", "data", "storage", "and", "writing", "speed", "in", "advanced", "magnetic", "devices", "depend", "on", "drastic", ",", "complex", "changes", "in", "microscopic", "magnetic", "domain", "structures", ".", "However", ",", "it", "is", "extremely", "challenging", "to", "...", "\n \n", "Dancing", "With", "the", "Light", ":", "A", "New", "Way", "to", "Make", "Crystals", "Bend", "by", "Shining", "Light", "\n\n\n\n\n", "July", "29", ",", "2021", "—", "\n ", "Generating", "mechanical", "motion", "in", "crystals", "using", "light", "or", "heat", "has", "increasingly", "become", "the", "focus", "of", "materials", "scientists", ".", "However", ",", "the", "conventional", "mechanism", "employed", "for", "the", "purpose", "produces", "slow", "...", "\n\n\n\n\n", "TRENDING", "AT", "\n", "SCITECHDAILY.com", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "After", "60", "Years", ",", "Scientists", "Uncover", "Hidden", "Brain", "Pathway", "Behind", "Diabetes", "Drug", "Metformin", "\n\n\n", "Common", "Pesticide", "Linked", "to", "“", "Remarkably", "Widespread", "”", "Brain", "Abnormalities", "in", "Children", "\n\n\n", "Revolutionary", "Cortisol", "Test", "Lets", "You", "“", "See", "”", "Stress", "With", "a", "Smartphone", "Camera", "\n\n\n", "How", "B", "Vitamins", "Could", "Slow", "Cognitive", "Decline", "and", "Protect", "Against", "Dementia", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n", "Print", "\n\n\n \n", "Email", "\n\n\n \n", "Share", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Breaking", "\n\n\n", "this", "hour", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Rare", "Glimpse", "of", "a", "World", "Still", "Forming", "\n\n\n", "Worm", "Turns", "Ocean", "Poison", "Into", "Golden", "Crystals", "\n\n\n", "Ancient", "Oxygen", "Flood", "Changed", "Life", "Forever", "\n\n\n", "Bumble", "Bees", "Balance", "Their", "Diets", "With", "Precision", "\n\n\n", "Spacetime", "Crystals", "Made", "of", "Knotted", "Light", "\n\n\n", "Tiny", "Hologram", "for", "Ultraprecise", "Light", "Control", "\n\n\n", "High", "-", "Performance", "Iron", "Catalyst", "for", "Fuel", "Cells", "\n\n\n", "Sharks", "’", "Teeth", "Are", "Crumbling", "in", "Acid", "Seas", "\n\n\n", "“", "Molten", "Rock", "Raindrops", "”", "Reveal", "...", "\n\n\n", "Capturing", "Sunshine", "in", "a", "Molecule", "for", "Clean", "Fuel", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Trending", "Topics", "\n\n\n", "this", "week", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "SPACE", "&", "TIME", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Stars", "\n\n\n", "Space", "Telescopes", "\n\n\n", "Astrophysics", "\n\n\n\n\n", "MATTER", "&", "ENERGY", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Materials", "Science", "\n\n\n", "Spintronics", "\n\n\n", "Construction", "\n\n\n\n\n", "COMPUTERS", "&", "MATH", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Communications", "\n\n\n", "Spintronics", "Research", "\n\n\n" ]	[]
to save 1.1 million lives is compromised,” Gavi chief executive Sania Nishtar told Nature . “That’s a lot of children put in harm’s way.” Vaccines save lives. Leaders must champion them At the start of the year, Gavi’s public and private donors were already stretched by competing needs, owing to factors from economic instability to armed conflict and climate change. But fears mounted in March, when news broke that the United States, one of its biggest donors, would abandon a previous pledge of at least $1.58 billion. This was confirmed at a 25 June summit of donors in Brussels, where US health secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who has long campaigned against some vaccines, criticized the organization for not taking vaccine safety seriously . Gavi’s leadership quickly issued a statement identifying misrepresentations in Kennedy’s words and clarifying that it does not distribute vaccines unless they have been recommended by the independent vaccine advisory panel of the World Health Organization (WHO), which evaluates safety and efficacy “through a rigorous, transparent and independent process”. Even without the US withdrawal, Gavi was $1.5 billion off target. Now, it must find around twice that. Gavi’s board is meeting this week to sift through its options. There is some good news: Gavi has more donors now than in past years, and some have said that they can contribute at a later time. Moreover, some manufacturers have agreed to lower the cost of their vaccines for Gavi. Scientists hail historic malaria vaccine approval — but point to challenges ahead However, in the short term, global-health advocates will now need to find creative ways to pool their resources, coordinate efforts and continue to invest in innovation to squeeze the most they can from limited funds. Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and their many global-health partners will have to coordinate carefully to ensure low- and middle-income countries receive the vaccines they need. “Organizations like mine are going to be put through our paces and tested in a way that we haven’t been tested before,” says Aurélia Nguyen, deputy chief executive of CEPI, based in Oslo, which works to accelerates the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. In the chaos left behind by the US plan to withdraw from the WHO and other global-health programmes, it could be tempting to focus on existing funding priorities. But there is also a pipeline of new and upcoming	[ "to", "save", "1.1", "million", "lives", "is", "compromised", ",", "”", "Gavi", "chief", "executive", "Sania", "Nishtar", "told", "\n", "Nature", "\n", ".", "“", "That", "’s", "a", "lot", "of", "children", "put", "in", "harm", "’s", "way", ".", "”", "\n", "Vaccines", "save", "lives", ".", "Leaders", "must", "champion", "them", "\n", "At", "the", "start", "of", "the", "year", ",", "Gavi", "’s", "public", "and", "private", "donors", "were", "already", "stretched", "by", "competing", "needs", ",", "owing", "to", "factors", "from", "economic", "instability", "to", "armed", "conflict", "and", "climate", "change", ".", "But", "fears", "mounted", "in", "March", ",", "when", "news", "broke", "that", "the", "United", "States", ",", "one", "of", "its", "biggest", "donors", ",", "would", "abandon", "a", "previous", "pledge", "of", "at", "least", "$", "1.58", "billion", ".", "This", "was", "confirmed", "at", "a", "25", "June", "summit", "of", "donors", "in", "Brussels", ",", "where", "US", "health", "secretary", "Robert", "F.", "Kennedy", "Jr", ",", "who", "has", "long", "campaigned", "against", "some", "vaccines", ",", "\n", "criticized", "the", "organization", "for", "not", "taking", "vaccine", "safety", "seriously", "\n", ".", "\n", "Gavi", "’s", "leadership", "quickly", "\n", "issued", "a", "statement", "identifying", "misrepresentations", "\n ", "in", "Kennedy", "’s", "words", "and", "clarifying", "that", "it", "does", "not", "distribute", "vaccines", "unless", "they", "have", "been", "recommended", "by", "the", "independent", "vaccine", "advisory", "panel", "of", "the", "World", "Health", "Organization", "(", "WHO", ")", ",", "which", "evaluates", "safety", "and", "efficacy", "“", "through", "a", "rigorous", ",", "transparent", "and", "independent", "process", "”", ".", "\n", "Even", "without", "the", "US", "withdrawal", ",", "Gavi", "was", "$", "1.5", "billion", "off", "target", ".", "Now", ",", "it", "must", "find", "around", "twice", "that", ".", "Gavi", "’s", "board", "is", "meeting", "this", "week", "to", "sift", "through", "its", "options", ".", "There", "is", "some", "good", "news", ":", "Gavi", "has", "more", "donors", "now", "than", "in", "past", "years", ",", "and", "some", "have", "said", "that", "they", "can", "contribute", "at", "a", "later", "time", ".", "Moreover", ",", "some", "manufacturers", "have", "agreed", "to", "lower", "the", "cost", "of", "their", "vaccines", "for", "Gavi", ".", "\n", "Scientists", "hail", "historic", "malaria", "vaccine", "approval", "—", "but", "point", "to", "challenges", "ahead", "\n", "However", ",", "in", "the", "short", "term", ",", "global", "-", "health", "advocates", "will", "now", "need", "to", "find", "creative", "ways", "to", "pool", "their", "resources", ",", "coordinate", "efforts", "and", "continue", "to", "invest", "in", "innovation", "to", "squeeze", "the", "most", "they", "can", "from", "limited", "funds", ".", "Gavi", ",", "the", "Coalition", "for", "Epidemic", "Preparedness", "Innovations", "(", "CEPI", ")", "and", "their", "many", "global", "-", "health", "partners", "will", "have", "to", "coordinate", "carefully", "to", "ensure", "low-", "and", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "receive", "the", "vaccines", "they", "need", ".", "“", "Organizations", "like", "mine", "are", "going", "to", "be", "put", "through", "our", "paces", "and", "tested", "in", "a", "way", "that", "we", "have", "n’t", "been", "tested", "before", ",", "”", "says", "Aurélia", "Nguyen", ",", "deputy", "chief", "executive", "of", "CEPI", ",", "based", "in", "Oslo", ",", "which", "works", "to", "accelerates", "the", "development", "of", "vaccines", "against", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", ".", "\n", "In", "the", "chaos", "left", "behind", "by", "the", "US", "plan", "to", "withdraw", "from", "the", "WHO", "and", "other", "global", "-", "health", "programmes", ",", "it", "could", "be", "tempting", "to", "focus", "on", "existing", "funding", "priorities", ".", "But", "there", "is", "also", "a", "pipeline", "of", "new", "and", "upcoming" ]	[]
Tobolářová. Later, she used the same method on her two chil - dren. In these three cases she had a positive outcome, and all of them became immune to leishmaniasis. She practised this method while using the parent’s skin graft for their children. In cases where these parents had been infected in their childhood (i.e., a long time ago) the immunization failed, but when they had been infected in adulthood, she reported positive outcomes. Given the short time Vlasta spent in Baghdad and the small sample she was able to test her method on, it is difficult to evaluate her work. However, a paper on her scientific work was published in the prestigious Czechoslovak periodical The Journal of Czech Physicians .58 Across the Bosphorus to the Tigris records scepticism about her ability to understand the aetiology of leishmaniasis, as well as cooperation with scientists in Czechoslovakia, which was to be a major contribution of the scientific institute in Baghdad: I had a bad experience with our parasitologists. I was interested in the spread of the Baghdad blight. A little girl with a disintegrated leishmaniasis ulcer moved into Rustemia, where there was no endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis before. An opportunity arose to demonstrate a natural mode of transmission. A rare opportunity for our investigators, I thought, and we began to carefully collect and send, with meticulous records, the flies from near and far around the child who might have been the source of infection. ‘In Paris they envy the Iraqi material,’ wrote Assoc Prof Drbohlav, but he buried it for ever. I asked in vain for confirmation of the shipments and for the results of the investigation into the phlebotomus.59 Kálalová Di- Lotti’s promising scientific cooperation with Czechoslovak sci - entists, which was to be the main focus of her future work in Iraq, failed. Dr 114 Negotiating in/visibility Drbohlav probably did not communicate with her any further, as we learn nothing about further shipments or potential cooperation from subsequent sources. Despite these disappointments, the transmission of leishmaniasis by sandflies was eventually proven. Attempts to establish a radiotherapeutic institute The failed collaboration with the National Institute of Health and the end of hopes for the establishment of the institute for tropical disease research in Baghdad were perhaps the main reason she decided to venture into a new project, the establishment of a radiotherapy institute in Jerusalem. The plan to leave Baghdad might	[ "Tobolářová", ".", "Later", ",", "she", "used", "the", "same", "method", "on", "her", "two", "chil", "-", "\n", "dren", ".", "In", "these", "three", "cases", "she", "had", "a", "positive", "outcome", ",", "and", "all", "of", "them", "became", "\n", "immune", "to", "leishmaniasis", ".", "She", "practised", "this", "method", "while", "using", "the", "parent", "’s", "\n", "skin", "graft", "for", "their", "children", ".", "In", "cases", "where", "these", "parents", "had", "been", "infected", "\n", "in", "their", "childhood", "(", "i.e.", ",", "a", "long", "time", "ago", ")", "the", "immunization", "failed", ",", "but", "when", "\n", "they", "had", "been", "infected", "in", "adulthood", ",", "she", "reported", "positive", "outcomes", ".", "Given", "\n", "the", "short", "time", "Vlasta", "spent", "in", "Baghdad", "and", "the", "small", "sample", "she", "was", "able", "to", "\n", "test", "her", "method", "on", ",", "it", "is", "difficult", "to", "evaluate", "her", "work", ".", "However", ",", "a", "paper", "on", "\n", "her", "scientific", "work", "was", "published", "in", "the", "prestigious", "Czechoslovak", "periodical", "\n", "The", "Journal", "of", "Czech", "Physicians", ".58", "\n", "Across", "the", "Bosphorus", "to", "the", "Tigris", " ", "records", "scepticism", "about", "her", "ability", "\n", "to", "understand", "the", "aetiology", "of", "leishmaniasis", ",", "as", "well", "as", "cooperation", "with", "\n", "scientists", "in", "Czechoslovakia", ",", "which", "was", "to", "be", "a", "major", "contribution", "of", "the", "\n", "scientific", "institute", "in", "Baghdad", ":", "\n", "I", "had", "a", "bad", "experience", "with", "our", "parasitologists", ".", "I", "was", "interested", "in", "the", "spread", "\n", "of", "the", "Baghdad", "blight", ".", "A", "little", "girl", "with", "a", "disintegrated", "leishmaniasis", "ulcer", "\n", "moved", "into", "Rustemia", ",", "where", "there", "was", "no", "endemic", "cutaneous", "leishmaniasis", "\n", "before", ".", "An", "opportunity", "arose", "to", "demonstrate", "a", "natural", "mode", "of", "transmission", ".", "\n", "A", "rare", "opportunity", "for", "our", "investigators", ",", "I", "thought", ",", "and", "we", "began", "to", "carefully", "\n", "collect", "and", "send", ",", "with", "meticulous", "records", ",", "the", "flies", "from", "near", "and", "far", "around", "\n", "the", "child", "who", "might", "have", "been", "the", "source", "of", "infection", ".", "‘", "In", "Paris", "they", "envy", "the", "\n", "Iraqi", "material", ",", "’", "wrote", "Assoc", "Prof", "Drbohlav", ",", "but", "he", "buried", "it", "for", "ever", ".", "I", "asked", "in", "\n", "vain", "for", "confirmation", "of", "the", "shipments", "and", "for", "the", "results", "of", "the", "investigation", "\n", "into", "the", "phlebotomus.59", "\n", "Kálalová", "Di-", " ", "Lotti", "’s", "promising", "scientific", "cooperation", "with", "Czechoslovak", "sci", "-", "\n", "entists", ",", "which", "was", "to", "be", "the", "main", "focus", "of", "her", "future", "work", "in", "Iraq", ",", "failed", ".", "Dr", " \n \n \n", "114", "\n ", "Negotiating", "in", "/", "visibility", "\n", "Drbohlav", "probably", "did", "not", "communicate", "with", "her", "any", "further", ",", "as", "we", "learn", "\n", "nothing", "about", "further", "shipments", "or", "potential", "cooperation", "from", "subsequent", "\n", "sources", ".", "Despite", "these", "disappointments", ",", "the", "transmission", "of", "leishmaniasis", "by", "\n", "sandflies", "was", "eventually", "proven", ".", "\n", "Attempts", "to", "establish", "a", "radiotherapeutic", "institute", "\n", "The", "failed", "collaboration", "with", "the", "National", "Institute", "of", "Health", "and", "the", "end", "\n", "of", "hopes", "for", "the", "establishment", "of", "the", "institute", "for", "tropical", "disease", "research", "\n", "in", "Baghdad", "were", "perhaps", "the", "main", "reason", "she", "decided", "to", "venture", "into", "a", "new", "\n", "project", ",", "the", "establishment", "of", "a", "radiotherapy", "institute", "in", "Jerusalem", ".", "The", "plan", "\n", "to", "leave", "Baghdad", "might" ]	[ { "end": 720, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 718 }, { "end": 1714, "label": "CITATION_REF", "start": 1712 } ]
necessarily attributable to worsening working conditions. Rather, privatization of the education system and the shift from a nationwide collective agreement to individual salary setting in the mid-1990s may have been the causes (Thelin, 2020). BOX 3.8: School leaders in the Pacific express job satisfaction despite stress and pressure As part of the 2021 Pacific Islands Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (PILNA), which covered 15 countries and territories, primary school principals reported high job satisfaction and a strong sense of purpose. Almost all grade 6 students had school leaders who ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ felt content with their profession (94%), found meaning and purpose in their role (95%), were enthusiastic and inspired by their job (94%), and were proud of their work (97%). A sense of purpose appeared to be a crucial sustaining factor for these leaders. At the same time, somewhat paradoxically, 84% of students attended schools whose leaders ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ experienced stress due to their roles and 70% attended schools whose leaders frequently felt overwhelmed by their job. About two in three students attended schools whose leaders reported sleeping problems and lack of personal time; one in two attended schools whose leaders reported a resource shortage that hindered their capacity to deliver; and one in three attended schools whose leaders were concerned about qualified teacher shortage and teacher absenteeism. About 40% of students were in schools where leaders reported that their job negatively affected their mental and physical health. Stress alongside job satisfaction need not be inconsistent. It suggests that having a positive impact on students’ lives and on communities is rewarding. It helps school leaders maintain high levels of engagement and mitigates any negative aspects of the job. One area where job satisfaction is notably lower is in salaries. Only about three in four students attend schools whose leaders were satisfied with their pay, which indicates that many school leaders feel undervalued. Source: Pacific Community (2022). 70 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS 3 Ageing is one reason for departure in wealthier countries. The 2018 TALIS shows that the average age of lower secondary school principals was 51 in the 47 participating education systems – and as high as 55 in Austria, 56 in Italy, 58 in Japan and 59 in the Republic of Korea (OECD, 2020). In 2019, 70% of 10,000 school principals in Australia were expected to retire within 5 years (Henebery, 2019).	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and tenure require - ments” (p. 4). There are ten key focus areas for the Master Plan. Owing to the “pro - liferation of unplanned development” (p. 5), the fifth focus area, “Housing”, states: The draw of the city 9 High land prices in the city have resulted in a mismatch between housing needs and housing supply. A large part of Delhi is unplanned with unau - thorized colonies that fulfil the housing need by providing lesser expensive options of owned as well as rental housing. Due to poor quality construction and high built densities, these developments are unsafe. There is a require - ment for different typologies and tenures of housing. (p. 5–6) Strategies are discussed that will enhance the quality and safety of unplanned areas. As per other Plans, this is through in situ slum rehabilitation and an area improve - ment scheme for slums/JJ clusters. Relocation is only considered where the site of the community is regarded to be ‘untenable’. The Plan also regards resettle - ment colonies to face issues of poor construction, lack of services and accessibil - ity. Again, as per the slum/JJ colonies, resettlement colonies will be regenerated (Section 7.6, p 54).	[ "and", "tenure", "require", "-", "\n", "ments", "”", "(", "p.", "4", ")", ".", "There", "are", "ten", "key", "focus", "areas", "for", "the", "Master", "Plan", ".", "Owing", "to", "the", "“", "pro", "-", "\n", "liferation", "of", "unplanned", "development", "”", "(", "p.", "5", ")", ",", "the", "fifth", "focus", "area", ",", "“", "Housing", "”", ",", "states", ":", "\n", "The", "draw", "of", "the", "city", "9", "\n", "High", "land", "prices", "in", "the", "city", "have", "resulted", "in", "a", "mismatch", "between", "housing", "\n", "needs", "and", "housing", "supply", ".", "A", "large", "part", "of", "Delhi", "is", "unplanned", "with", "unau", "-", "\n", "thorized", "colonies", "that", "fulfil", "the", "housing", "need", "by", "providing", "lesser", "expensive", "\n", "options", "of", "owned", "as", "well", "as", "rental", "housing", ".", "Due", "to", "poor", "quality", "construction", "\n", "and", "high", "built", "densities", ",", "these", "developments", "are", "unsafe", ".", "There", "is", "a", "require", "-", "\n", "ment", "for", "different", "typologies", "and", "tenures", "of", "housing", ".", "\n", "(", "p.", "5–6", ")", "\n", "Strategies", "are", "discussed", "that", "will", "enhance", "the", "quality", "and", "safety", "of", "unplanned", "areas", ".", "\n", "As", "per", "other", "Plans", ",", "this", "is", "through", "in", "situ", "slum", "rehabilitation", "and", "an", "area", "improve", "-", "\n", "ment", "scheme", "for", "slums", "/", "JJ", "clusters", ".", "Relocation", "is", "only", "considered", "where", "the", "site", "\n", "of", "the", "community", "is", "regarded", "to", "be", "‘", "untenable", "’", ".", "The", "Plan", "also", "regards", "resettle", "-", "\n", "ment", "colonies", "to", "face", "issues", "of", "poor", "construction", ",", "lack", "of", "services", "and", "accessibil", "-", "\n", "ity", ".", "Again", ",", "as", "per", "the", "slum", "/", "JJ", "colonies", ",", "resettlement", "colonies", "will", "be", "regenerated", "\n", "(", "Section", "7.6", ",", "p", "54", ")", "." ]	[]
\| \| AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. A select and rewrite approach to the generation of related work reports. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 53-68. \| \| Accuosto P.; Neves M.; Saggion H.. Argumentation mining in scientific literature: From computational linguistics to biomedicine. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 20-36. \| \| Altin L.S.M.; Saggion H.. Automatic detection of sexism in social media with a multilingual approach. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 415-419. \| \| Saggion H, Shterionov DS, Labaka G, van de Cruys T, Vandeghinste V, Blat J. SignON: Bridging the gap between sign and spoken languages. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 21-24. Full text \| \| Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferrés D, Cheng Sheang K (eds.). Current Trends in Text Simplification. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Other resources \| \| Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferres D, Sheang KC. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification (CTTS 2021), co-located with SEPLN 2021. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 3. \| \| Saggion H.; Štajner S.; Ferres D.; Sheang K.C.. Preface to the FirstWorkshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. \| \| Abdelzaher T.; An J.; Bazzi M.; Blackburn J.; Kursuncu U.; Mejova Y.; Rappaz J.; Saggion H.; Smeros P.; Wijeratne S.; Yu N.. Reports of the Workshops Held at the 2020 International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference on Web and Social Media. AI Magazine 2020; 41(4): 115-120. Other resources \| \| AbuRa¿ed A.; Saggion H.; Shvets A.; Bravo A.. Automatic related work section generation: experiments in scientific document abstracting. Scientometrics 2020; 125(3): 3159-3185. Publication link Full text \| \| Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Mining arguments in scientific abstracts with discourse-level embeddings. Data and Knowledge Engineering 2020; 129. Publication link Full text \| \| Goularte FB, Sorato D, Nassar SM, Fileto R, Saggion H. MSC+: Language pattern learning for word sense induction and disambiguation. Knowledge-Based Systems 2020; 188. Publication link Full text \| \| Perez N.; Accuosto P.; Bravo A.; Cuadros M.; Martinez-Garcia E.; Saggion H.; Rigau G.. Cross-lingual semantic annotation of biomedical literature: experiments in Spanish and English. Bioinformatics 2020; 36(6): 1872-1880. Publication link Full text \| \| Wijeratne S, Saggion H, Kiciman E, Sheth AP. Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media: Lay of the Land and Special Issue Introduction. ACM transactions on social computing 2020; 3(2): 1-6. Publication link \| \| Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Discourse-driven argument mining in scientific abstracts. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2019; 182-194.	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compute node 1200 , attached to the compute node 1200 , communicatively coupled with the compute node 1200 , and/or otherwise accessible by the compute node 1200 . - the OSs may also include one or more libraries, drivers, APIs, firmware, middleware, software glue, and the like, which provide program code and/or software components for one or more apps to obtain and use the data from other apps operated by the compute node 1200 , such as the various subsystems of the control system 302 , AI/ML system(s) 312 , sensor systems 321 , MHUs 322 , 522 , control loop 400 , sorters 1102 , 1105 , 1106 , conveyors 525 , 1104 , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. - Example OSs include consumer-based OS, real-time OS (RTOS), and/or the like, but for purposes of the present disclosure, can also include hypervisors, container orchestrators and/or container engines. - the various components of the computing node 1200 communicate with one another over an interconnect (IX) 1206 . - the IX 1206 may include any number of IX (or similar) technologies including, for example, instruction set architecture (ISA), extended ISA (eISA), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2 C), serial peripheral interface (SPI), point-to-point interfaces, power management bus (PMBus), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), PCI express (PCIe), PCI extended (PCIx), Intel® Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI), Intel® Accelerator Link, Intel® QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), Intel® Omni-Path Architecture (OPA), Compute Express LinkTM (CXLTM) IX, RapidIOTM IX, Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI), OpenCAPI, Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) IX, cache coherent interconnect for accelerators (CCIX), Gen-Z Consortium IXs, a HyperTransport IX, NVLink provided by NVIDIA®, ARM Advanced eX - the compute node 1200 includes one or more hardware accelerators 1208 (also referred to as “acceleration circuitry 1208 ”, “accelerator circuitry 1208 ”, or the like). - the acceleration circuitry 1208 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(Marketing Science Review. (2023). "The Power of Personalization in Email Campaigns," Journal of Marketing Science, 35(1), 22-34). Key Challenges in Digital Transformation for Enterprises (Direct Citations to Scholarly Works) Adoption of Cloud Technologies – Tech Strategies Journal (2023) reports that cloud adoption leads to a 30% reduction in IT costs for businesses, while enhancing scalability (Tech Strategies Journal. (2023). "Cloud Technology and Its Impact on Business Operations," Journal of Cloud Computing, 11(2), 42-56). – However, integrating cloud services with existing IT systems remains a challenge for many enterprises, as highlighted by Global IT Review (2022) (Global IT Review. (2022). "Challenges in Cloud Integration for Enterprises," Journal of IT Strategy, 10(4), 118-129). Digital Skills Gap – Deloitte (2023) states that upskilling employees in digital competencies is crucial for future competitiveness, with businesses investing in training programs experiencing a 25% increase in productivity (Deloitte. (2023). "The Digital Skills Gap in the Workforce," Journal of Business and Technology, 20(3), 64-78). – Similarly, the World Economic Forum (2022) reports that 40% of companies struggle to find qualified digital talent, hindering digital transformation efforts (World Economic Forum. (2022). "Bridging the Digital Skills Gap," Global Employment Trends, 34(1), 19-30). Cybersecurity Concerns – According to TechWorld (2023), cybersecurity threats grow with digital transformation, requiring enhanced security protocols (TechWorld. (2023). "Cybersecurity Challenges in Digital Transformation," Cybersecurity and Technology Journal, 17(2), 51-65). – Security Today (2021) highlights that organizations with strong cybersecurity frameworks see a 50% reduction in data breaches (Security Today. (2021). "Mitigating Cybersecurity Risks in Digital Business," Journal of Cybersecurity, 12(3), 72-85).	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should include a practice or experiential learning element and enlist the support of coaches and mentors. Professional development programmes should fill gaps, especially for leaders whose previous training did not cover the four core dimensions. Competences that can be nurtured include a range of good observation, listening, social, emotional and analytical skills. Training should also cover any government reform priorities to support their implementation, including familiarizing school leaders with core legislation and regulations, and developing practical skills in data, financial, human resource and pedagogical management. Ultimately, principals need to feel comfortable in making decisions. One quarter of school principals in upper-middle- and high-income countries have expressed the need for training in these areas. Specialized knowledge is needed to implement policies on inclusion and on digital transformation. Other education policy areas, such as greening and health and nutrition, will also require school leaders to develop capacity. With a growing range of responsibilities, leadership is often associated with stress and burnout. It is therefore necessary to give access to professional counselling and mental health services, and to create a supportive network within the school environment where leaders can discuss challenges and seek assistance. The costs of these investments will be offset because sufficiently supported school leaders will be less likely to quit.c. Set and implement school leadership standards and recognize their achievement Globally, almost half of countries have adopted stand-alone national professional standards or competency frameworks which outline the required competencies of aspiring and practising school principals and indicate desirable practices. Standards are particularly important where perceptions of school principals’ roles remain limited to administration and management. They help communicate national priorities and can be used to guide selection, preparation and training. But they should not create uniformity and should reflect the country’s education and cultural context, avoiding the temptation to import standards from other countries without adapting them to the local context. School leaders’ performance should be assessed against these standards and intended education outcomes. The primary intention of such appraisal should be formative: to give feedback and recommend changes in practice. Appraisal systems can be used as a basis to develop a certification process that recognizes the professional competences of school leaders. Well-organized appraisal systems can further be used to develop career advancement pathways. RECOMMENDATION 3. SHARE Promote shared leadership and collaborative school cultures Leadership is sometimes thought of as a series of heroic acts. But school leaders are not	[ "should", "include", "a", "practice", "or", "experiential", "learning", "element", "and", "enlist", "the", "support", "of", "coaches", "and", "mentors", ".", "\n", "Professional", "development", "programmes", "should", "fill", "gaps", ",", "\n", "especially", "for", "leaders", "whose", "previous", "training", "did", "not", "cover", "the", "four", "core", "dimensions", ".", "Competences", "that", "can", "be", "nurtured", "include", "a", "range", "of", "good", "observation", ",", "listening", ",", "social", ",", "emotional", "and", "analytical", "skills", ".", "Training", "should", "also", "cover", "any", "government", "reform", "priorities", "to", "support", "their", "implementation", ",", "including", "familiarizing", "school", "leaders", "with", "core", "legislation", "and", "regulations", ",", "and", "developing", "practical", "skills", "in", "data", ",", "financial", ",", "human", "resource", "and", "pedagogical", "management", ".", "Ultimately", ",", "principals", "need", "to", "feel", "comfortable", "in", "making", "decisions", ".", "One", "quarter", "of", "school", "principals", "in", "upper", "-", "middle-", "and", "high", "-", "income", "countries", "have", "expressed", "the", "need", "for", "training", "in", "these", "areas", ".", "Specialized", "knowledge", "is", "needed", "to", "implement", "policies", "on", "inclusion", "and", "on", "digital", "transformation", ".", "Other", "education", "policy", "areas", ",", "such", "as", "greening", "and", "health", "and", "nutrition", ",", "will", "also", "require", "school", "leaders", "to", "develop", "capacity", ".", "\n", "With", "a", "growing", "range", "of", "responsibilities", ",", "leadership", "is", "\n", "often", "associated", "with", "stress", "and", "burnout", ".", "It", "is", "therefore", "necessary", "to", "give", "access", "to", "professional", "counselling", "and", "mental", "health", "services", ",", "and", "to", "create", "a", "supportive", "network", "within", "the", "school", "environment", "where", "leaders", "can", "discuss", "challenges", "and", "seek", "assistance", ".", "The", "costs", "of", "these", "investments", "will", "be", "offset", "because", "sufficiently", "supported", "school", "leaders", "will", "be", "less", "likely", "to", "quit.c", ".", "Set", "and", "implement", "school", "leadership", "standards", "and", "\n", "recognize", "their", "achievement", "\n", "Globally", ",", "almost", "half", "of", "countries", "have", "adopted", "\n", "stand", "-", "alone", "national", "professional", "standards", "or", "competency", "frameworks", "which", "outline", "the", "required", "competencies", "of", "aspiring", "and", "practising", "school", "principals", "and", "indicate", "desirable", "practices", ".", "Standards", "are", "particularly", "important", "where", "perceptions", "of", "school", "principals", "’", "roles", "remain", "limited", "to", "administration", "and", "management", ".", "They", "help", "communicate", "national", "priorities", "and", "can", "be", "used", "to", "guide", "selection", ",", "preparation", "and", "training", ".", "But", "they", "should", "not", "create", "uniformity", "and", "should", "reflect", "the", "country", "’s", "education", "and", "cultural", "context", ",", "avoiding", "the", "temptation", "to", "import", "standards", "from", "other", "countries", "without", "adapting", "them", "to", "the", "local", "context", ".", "\n", "School", "leaders", "’", "performance", "should", "be", "assessed", "against", "\n", "these", "standards", "and", "intended", "education", "outcomes", ".", "The", "primary", "intention", "of", "such", "appraisal", "should", "be", "formative", ":", "to", "give", "feedback", "and", "recommend", "changes", "in", "practice", ".", "Appraisal", "systems", "can", "be", "used", "as", "a", "basis", "to", "develop", "a", "certification", "process", "that", "recognizes", "the", "professional", "competences", "of", "school", "leaders", ".", "Well", "-", "organized", "appraisal", "systems", "can", "further", "be", "used", "to", "develop", "career", "advancement", "pathways", ".", "\n", "RECOMMENDATION", "3", ".", "SHARE", "\n", "Promote", "shared", "leadership", "and", "collaborative", "school", "cultures", "\n", "Leadership", "is", "sometimes", "thought", "of", "as", "a", "series", "of", "heroic", "\n", "acts", ".", "But", "school", "leaders", "are", "not" ]	[]
on which reading is performed. Since the conductance of the transistor varies depending on the charge of the gate of the transistor MN in the memory cell column on which reading is performed, the potential of the bit line RBL varies accordingly. By reading the potential of the bit line RBL with the reading circuit, data can be read from the memory cell in the specified memory cell column. There is theoretically no limitation on the number of rewrite cycles of the because data is rewritten by charging and discharging the capacitor C, the capacitor C, or the capacitor C; and writing and reading of data can be performed with low energy. Furthermore, since data can be retained for a long time, the refresh rate can be reduced. In the case where the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment is used for the , the , the , the , and the memory cell , the transistor can be used as the OS transistor MO, the OS transistor MO, and the OS transistor MO; the capacitor can be used as the capacitor C, the capacitor C, and the capacitor C; and the transistor can be used as the transistor MP, the transistor MP, the transistor MP, the transistor MN, the transistor MN, the transistor MN, and the transistor MN. Thus, the area occupied by one set of the transistors and the capacitor in the top view can be reduced, so that the memory device of this embodiment can be further highly integrated. As a result, the storage capacity per unit area of the memory device of this embodiment can be increased. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. In this embodiment, an AI system in which the semiconductor device of the above embodiment is used will be described with reference to . is a block diagram illustrating a structure example of an . The includes an , a , and an input/ . The includes an analog , a , a , and an FPGA (field programmable gate array) . The described in the above embodiment can be used as the . In the , an OS memory is used for a configuration memory and a register. Here, such an FPGA is referred to as an OS-FPGA. The includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) , a	[ "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ".", "Since", "the", "conductance", "of", "the", "transistor", "varies", "depending", "on", "the", "charge", "of", "the", "gate", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ",", "the", "potential", "of", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "varies", "accordingly", ".", "By", "reading", "the", "potential", "of", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "with", "the", "reading", "circuit", ",", "data", "can", "be", "read", "from", "the", "memory", "cell", " ", "in", "the", "specified", "memory", "cell", "column", ".", "\n\n", "There", "is", "theoretically", "no", "limitation", "on", "the", "number", "of", "rewrite", "cycles", "of", "the", " ", "because", "data", "is", "rewritten", "by", "charging", "and", "discharging", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "or", "the", "capacitor", "C", ";", "and", "writing", "and", "reading", "of", "data", "can", "be", "performed", "with", "low", "energy", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "since", "data", "can", "be", "retained", "for", "a", "long", "time", ",", "the", "refresh", "rate", "can", "be", "reduced", ".", "\n\n", "In", "the", "case", "where", "the", "semiconductor", "device", "described", "in", "the", "above", "embodiment", "is", "used", "for", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "and", "the", "memory", "cell", ",", "the", "transistor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ",", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ",", "and", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ";", "the", "capacitor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "and", "the", "capacitor", "C", ";", "and", "the", "transistor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "and", "the", "transistor", "MN", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "area", "occupied", "by", "one", "set", "of", "the", "transistors", "and", "the", "capacitor", "in", "the", "top", "view", "can", "be", "reduced", ",", "so", "that", "the", "memory", "device", "of", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "further", "highly", "integrated", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "storage", "capacity", "per", "unit", "area", "of", "the", "memory", "device", "of", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "increased", ".", "\n\n", "The", "structure", "described", "in", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "used", "in", "appropriate", "combination", "with", "the", "structure", "described", "in", "the", "other", "embodiments", ".", "\n\n", "In", "this", "embodiment", ",", "an", "AI", "system", "in", "which", "the", "semiconductor", "device", "of", "the", "above", "embodiment", "is", "used", "will", "be", "described", "with", "reference", "to", ".", "\n\n", "is", "a", "block", "diagram", "illustrating", "a", "structure", "example", "of", "an", " ", ".", "The", " ", "includes", "an", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "and", "an", "input/", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "includes", "an", "analog", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "and", "an", "FPGA", "(", "field", "programmable", "gate", "array", ")", ".", "The", " ", "described", "in", "the", "above", "embodiment", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", " ", ".", "In", "the", " ", ",", "an", "OS", "memory", "is", "used", "for", "a", "configuration", "memory", "and", "a", "register", ".", "Here", ",", "such", "an", "FPGA", "is", "referred", "to", "as", "an", "OS", "-", "FPGA", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "includes", "a", "CPU", "(", "Central", "Processing", "Unit", ")", ",", "a" ]	[]
through a series of metallurgical separation processes. The final products were concentrates containing phosphates that were dried and sold to fertilizer manufacturers. The case was significant for several reasons. The tax administration (South African Revenue Service) argued that the processing activities of the extracted ore already constituted a process that was separate from mining activities, and therefore, the tax treatment related to manufacturing should apply. The taxpayer argued that the ore processing activity is still part of the mining activity and should not be treated as a separate manufacturing process. The second significant element of this case relates to the treatment of CapEx. In the case of mining activities, investors can deduct 100% of the CapEx expenses in most cases from the mining income in the year they accrue and carry forward any excess amount into future years, 20 whereas in manufacturing activities, the taxpayers can deduct CapEx expenses only over a period of 4 years. The third significant element of this case is that it also had implications for ring-fencing, as the outcomes of mining activities will be determined and taxed separately from the outcomes of manufacturing activities. The court of first instance found that the aim of Fosker's operation was the extraction or mining of phosphates, and no different finished product emerged thereafter. The phosphates sold by Foskor occurred naturally in the earth, and they cannot be manufactured just as 'gold or diamonds cannot be manufactured but can only be mined.' The mineral was thus not extracted until the extensive processes of crushing, milling, and separation were complete. Accordingly, the court of first instance found that Foskor carried out mining operations. Compared to the court of first instance, the SCA found that Foskor was carrying out manufacturing. For the SCA, the submission that phosphates occurred naturally in the earth and so could not be manufactured was too simplistic because it ignored the complexity of the processes that the ore had to be subjected to in order to access the phosphates. The SCA also considered the fact that during the separation 20 The allowance provided in terms of Section 15(a) read with Section 36 is not, in all cases, a 100% upfront allowance. 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authorities should avoid duplicating what the private sector would already doxii. The interaction with competition authorities is also critical for successxiii. For priority sectors, the EU should aim as far as possible to be competitively neutral and regulation should be designed to facilitate market entry. The evidence is overwhelming that competition stimulates productivity, investment and innovationxiv. At the same time, competition policy should continue to adapt to changes in the economy so that it does not become a barrier to Europe’s goals [see the chapter on competition policy] . For example, since innovation in the tech sector is rapid and requires large budgets, merger evaluations should assess how the proposed concentration will affect future innovation potential in critical innova - tion areas. Important Projects of Common Interest (IPCEIs) should be expanded to all forms of innovation that could effectively push Europe to the frontier in strategically important sectors and benefit from EU financing. There are also sectors, such as defence, where security and resilience criteria should receive increasing weight considering geopolitical changes for trade policy. A pragmatic, cautious and consistent approach should be applied according to the needs of different sectors [see Box 1] . 17THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 1The third block is financing the main areas for action, which entail massive investment needs unseen for half a century in Europe . To digitalise and decarbonise the economy and increase the EU’s defence capacity, the total investment-to-GDP rate will have to rise by around 5 percentage points of EU GDP per year to levels last seen in the 1960s and 70s. For comparison, the additional investments provided by the Marshall Plan in 1948-51 amounted annually to around 1-2% of GDP in receiving countries. This report contains simulations from the European Commis - sion and the IMF which assess whether such a massive increase in investment is macroeconomically sustainable, and if so, how Europe can unlock investments of this size. The results suggest that the investment push can be carried out without the economy running into supply constraints, and that mobilising private financing will be critical in this respect. However, the private sector is unlikely to be able to finance the lion’s share of this investment05 without public sector support. Increasing productivity will be key to ease constraints on fiscal space for governments and enable this support. For example, a 2% increase in the level

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a cooperation-competition logic that should be taken into account when addressing the issue at EaP level. Finally, several innovative and dynamic niches were identified to be relevant to the diversity of EaP countries through the analysis of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies using the data source Crunchbase, notably52: 52 As previously presented, other niches were also identified for more than one country (Financial Services, Information Technology, Lending and Investments, Travel and Tour- ism), but these are already directly covered by the preced- ing analysis based on the full economic and innovation mapping – NACE codes. 142 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential E&I specialisation domains in terms of NACE sectors EaP CountriesCooperation potentialAM AZ BY GE MD UA 10 Manufacture of food products 11 Manufacture of beverages 12 Manufacture of tobacco products 13 Manufacture of textiles 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel 15 Manufacture of leather and related products 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. 29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailers 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 53 Postal and courier activities 55 Accommodation 56 Food and beverage service activities 61 Telecommunications 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 63 Information service activities 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension fundingTable 2.58. E&I specialisation domains in terms of NACE sectors ■Software for Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, ■Mobile for Armenia and Azerbaijan, ■Gaming for Armenia. PART 3 144 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Part 3. Analysis of scientific and technological potential 1. Introduction This report presents the results of the analysis of the scientific and technological (S&T) specialisa- tions in the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. This exercise is carried out by extracting and fur- ther analysing the textual content of scientific publications, research projects funded by the Euro- pean Commission and patents (as indexed by the European Patent Office) produced

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[]

- 19. Majewska MD, Demirgören S, Spivak CE, London ED. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor. Brain Res. 1990;526(1): 143 6. - - 20. Mimura M, Panjabi MM, Oxland TR, Crisco JJ, Yamamoto I, Vasavada A. Disc degeneration affects the multidirectional /uniFB02 exibility of the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994; 19(12):1371 -80. - 21. Baron S, Estill CF, Steege A, Lalich N. Simple solutions: Ergonomics for farm workers. NIOSH Publications Dissemination; 2001. - 22. Duraj V, Miles J, Meyers J, Faucett J, Janowitz I, Tarter M, et al. Harvesting aids for reducing ergonomics risk factors in wine grape hand harvesting; 2000.

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capacidad o eficacia. 9 Rita Sokoy, directora del centro de educación primaria Yayasan Pendidikan Kristen (YPK) Kanda en Waibu, distrito de Jayapura, provincia de Papúa (Indonesia) rodeada de sus alumnos el 12 de junio de 2023. Crédito: © UNICEF/UNI430754/Al Asad* SD  CAPÍTULO  Introducción  ## MENSAJES CLAVE Dada la multitud de formas que puede adoptar, el liderazgo resulta difícil de evaluar de manera concreta. Sin embargo, es fundamental para el éxito de la educación a todos los niveles: institucional, de sistema y político. - En la educación, al igual que en la política o en el ámbito empresarial, el liderazgo es un proceso de influencia social destinado a maximizar los esfuerzos conjuntos hacia un objetivo común. - Los estilos de liderazgo difieren en función del contexto, las personalidades de los distintos individuos y los objetivos de la organización. - Las múltiples formas de liderazgo existentes -y sus múltiples resultados- hacen que pueda ser difícil demostrar su impacto en la educación y por qué, a menudo, dicho impacto se pasa por alto. - Sin embargo, no existe prácticamente ningún caso documentado de escuelas con problemas que se hayan recuperado sin la intervención de un buen líder. Los líderes deben definir su propósito y planificar cómo influirán en el cambio, teniendo en cuenta tanto sus propias capacidades como el contexto. - Si bien se hace hincapié en el aprendizaje, los líderes deben pensar en qué resultados de aprendizaje necesitan centrarse, así como en cumplir una amplia gama de objetivos relacionados con la equidad, la calidad y la inclusión. - Influir en el cambio se asocia cada vez más con el hecho de compartir las funciones de liderazgo para alcanzar los objetivos educativos, dejando atrás ese énfasis quizás excesivo que, a menudo, se pone en los individuos. - La libertad para tomar decisiones, que resulta de una serie de reglas basadas en las normas culturales, libera el potencial de los líderes a la hora de ejercer su liderazgo, a pesar de que estos trabajen en contextos restringidos. A la hora de diseñar una política de liderazgo, la atención debe desplazarse de los individuos excepcionales a los procesos sistemáticos. - A menudo, es difícil distinguir a un buen líder de un buen gestor. Gestionar eficazmente las actividades diarias para dejar tiempo a la planificación futura es la esencia

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[]

pharmaceutical preparations; 22.1 Manufacture of rubber products; 22.2 Manufacture of plastics products; 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products; 23.2 Manufacture of refractory products; 23.3 Manufacture of clay building materials; 23.4 Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products; 23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster; 23.6 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster; 23.7 Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone; 23.9 Manufacture of abrasive products and non-metallic mineral products n.e.c.; 24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys; 24.2 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel; 24.3 Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel; 24.4 Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals; 24.5 Casting of metals; 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products; 25.2 Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal; 25.3 Manufacture of steam generators, except central heating hot water boilers; 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining; 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware; 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards; 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment; 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment; 26.4 Manufacture of consumer electronics; 26.5 Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation; watches and clocks; 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment; 26.7 Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment; 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media; 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity distribution and control apparatus; 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulators; 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices; 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment; 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances; 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment; 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery; 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery; 28.4 Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools; 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery; 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles; 29.2 Manufacture of bodies (coachwork) for motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers; 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles; 30.1 Building of ships and boats; 30.2 Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock; 30.9 Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c.; 32.1 Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and related articles; 32.2 Manufacture of musical instruments; 32.3 Manufacture of sports goods; 32.4 Manufacture of games and toys; 32.5 Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies; 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c.; 33.1 Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment; 33.2 Installation of industrial machinery and equipment; 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities;

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[]

electron drift time in each side of the chamber: rt=¯tL/¯tH (1) where L(H) refers to the light (heavy) ﬁssion fragment. This quantity is closely related to the one deﬁned in Ref. [ 8]t o estimate the nuclear charge split of the ﬁssion fragments, and was also mentioned in a more recent paper [ 50]. How- ever, as illustrated in Fig. 11, this ratio depends not only on the nuclear charge of the fragments but also on their kinetic energy. Hence, we construct the following charge calibration func- tion for ﬁssion events with TKE >120 MeV: ˆZL,k=ZCN/2−rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym,k ak×(TKE−/angbracketleftTKE/angbracketright)+bk(2) where ZCN/2 and /angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsymare the nuclear charge and mean drift-time ratio of the fragments, respectively, when thenucleus undergoes symmetric ﬁssion, i.e., A L=AH=126 in the case of252Cf(sf). It is generally admitted that for such a fragmentation both ﬁssion fragments have the same nuclear charge, that is ZL=ZH=ZCN/2[51]./angbracketleftTKE/angbracketrightis the aver- age post-neutron TKE, that is 181.6(7) MeV from our mea- surement. The index kdenotes the chamber side to which the light fragment is emitted (source or backing). The/angbracketleftrt/angbracketrightsymparameters of the calibration were obtained from symmetric ﬁssion, that is: AH−AL/lessorequalslant0.1u . T h e remaining aand bparameters of the calibration function were obtained from four isomers with high yields:95 38Sr,10843Tc, 123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 9 of 12 5 Fig. 11 Evolution of the electron drift-time ratio rtas a function of TKE gated on isomers, depending on the side where the light fragmentswere detected. Thick lines are the proﬁles of each distribution, i.e.,/angbracketleftr t|TKE/angbracketright Fig. 12 Distribution of (rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym)/(ZL−ZCN/2)vs TKE in both chamber sides, from95 38Sr,10843Tc,134 52Te and13654Xe. Red points corre- spond to the proﬁle along TKE of these distributions: /angbracketleft/Delta1rt//Delta1 Z|TKE/angbracketright, while the ﬁt result is represented by a magenta line 134 52Te and13654Xe. These isomers were selected by gating on γ-γcoincidences. For134 52Te and13654Xe, the complementary light fragments are Pd ( ZL=46) and Ru ( ZL=44), respec- tively. The resulting (rt−/angbracketleft rt/angbracketrightsym)/(ZL−ZCN/2)distribu- tions are shown in Fig. 12, together with the associated linear functions f(TKE)=a×(TKE−/angbracketleftTKE/angbracketright)+bused to ﬁt them. Corresponding calibration parameters aand bextracted from these ﬁts are given in Table 4. Using the calibration parameters listed in Table 4,t h e nuclear charge ˆZLof the light ﬁssion fragments could be extracted from the VESPA IC. This charge calibration wasvalidated using the isomers identiﬁed in this work, as repre- sented in Fig. 13. From these ﬁgures, we can notice that

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52 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | 13 45 | | Belgium | 112 | 114 | 22 | 21 | 35 | 34 | 56 | 59 | 112 | 114 | 17 | 16 | 33 | 32 | 53 | 57 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | | Canada | 287 | 283 | 170 | 150 | 78 | 91 | 39 | 42 | 285 | 282 | 123 | 105 | 54 | 69 | 15 | 20 | 8 | 10 | 59 | 53 | 27 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | | Croatia* | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 43 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Czechia | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | | Denmark | 73 | 77 | 40 | 41 | 12 | 14 | 21 | 22 | 73 | 77 | 17 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 55 | 54 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | | Estonia* | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 20 27 | 30 | 20 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27

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of school or do not attend school regularly are highly unlikely to achieve minimum proficiency levels ................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 8.10 By the end of primary school, only about 1 in 10 children read with comprehension in poorer African countries ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Figure 8.11 Students’ mathematics anxiety levels have risen ......................................................................................................................... 166 Figure 9.1 Education participation has increased for younger but not for older children ..................................................................... 172 Figure 9.2 Many children are enrolled in primary education one year before the official entry age ................................................. 173 Figure 9.3 Countries show different patterns in early entry to primary education ................................................................................ 174 Figure 9.4 Increased education participation of children one year before primary entry age can be due to an increase in pre-primary or in primary enrolment ........................................................................................................................... 175 Figure 9.5 Children attending pre-primary education are more likely to be developmentally on track ........................................... 176 Figure 9.6 Inadequate supervision is associated with a lower prevalence of positive and stimulating home environments ................................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Figure 9.7 Early childhood care and education leaders devote more time to administration than pedagogy ............................... 178 Figure 10.1 Adult formal and non-formal education participation rates exceed 10% in very few countries ..................................... 184 Figure 10.2 More than half of countries have seen a decline in formal and non-formal education participation rates in the last 10 years ........................................................................................................................................................................ 186 Figure 10.3 There is a large gender disparity in adult education and training participation ................................................................... 188 Figure 10.4 Vocational education participation rates have seen only marginal growth in the past 10 years .................................. 189 Figure 10.5 Gender disparity in tertiary education enrolment has continued unabated ......................................................................... 191 Figure 10.6 Gender gaps favour women in tertiary education but men in TVET ........................................................................................ 191 Figure 11.1 In high-income countries, adults have much higher levels of ICT skills than in middle-income countries ................. 198 Figure 11.2 No more than 1 in 20 Bangladeshi, Iranian and Vietnamese youth and adults can verify the reliability of online information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Figure 11.3 Men are even more likely than women to have ICT skills as the skill level rises .................................................................. 200 Figure 11.4 Secondary school teachers’ skills in using devices increased rapidly during COVID-19 .................................................... 202 Figure 11.5 The share of the population with at least secondary education increased by 5 percentage points in 10 years ...... 203 Figure 11.6 Disadvantaged students are less assertive than their more privileged peers .................................................................... 204 Figure 12.1 Globally, gender disparity in

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[]

Romain Paulus, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. 2017. A deep reinforced model for abstractive summarization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04304 . Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2018. Deep contextualized word representations. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT , pages 2227-2237. Fabio Petroni, Tim Rockt¨ aschel, Patrick Lewis, Anton Bakhtin, Yuxiang Wu, Alexander H Miller, and Sebastian Riedel. 2019. Language models as knowledge bases? arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.01066 . Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans, and Ilya Sutskever. 2018. Improving language understanding by generative pre-training. Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Dario Amodei, Jack Clark, Miles Brundage, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019a. Better language models and their implications. https://blog.openai.com/ better-language-models/ . Accessed: 2019-11-08. Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019b. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel, and Noam Shazeer. 2020. How much knowledge can you pack into the parameters of a language model? arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08910 . James Thorne, Andreas Vlachos, Christos Christodoulopoulos, and Arpit Mittal. 2018. Fever: a large-scale dataset for fact extraction and verification. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) , pages 809-819. James Thorne, Andreas Vlachos, Oana Cocarascu, Christos Christodoulopoulos, and Arpit Mittal. 2019. The FEVER2.0 shared task. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) , pages 1-6, Hong Kong, China. Association for Computational Linguistics. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Advances in neural information processing systems 30 , pages 5998-6008. Ashwin K Vijayakumar, Michael Cogswell, Ramprasath R Selvaraju, Qing Sun, Stefan Lee, David Crandall, and Dhruv Batra. 2016. Diverse beam search: Decoding diverse solutions from neural sequence models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.02424 . Sean Welleck, Ilia Kulikov, Stephen Roller, Emily Dinan, Kyunghyun Cho, and Jason Weston. 2019. Neural text generation with unlikelihood training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.04319 . Zhilin Yang, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Quoc V Le. 2019. Xlnet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.08237 . Lei Yu, Phil Blunsom, Chris Dyer, Edward Grefenstette, and Tom´ as Kocisk´. 2017. y The neural noisy channel. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR .

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needs, providing targeted support, and implementing evidence-based strategies to close achievement gaps. ' (Darling-Hammond, 2010, p. 7). To guarantee that schools serving low-income areas have access to top-notch teaching resources, cutting-edge technology, and extended learning opportunities, policymakers should prioritize increasing financing for Title I schools. After-school and summer reading programs should also receive more funding to give struggling readers the extra time and guidance they require to close the achievement gap. My research highlights the importance of collaboration between teachers, administrators, and interventionists. To strengthen this collaboration, I recommend that schools require organized, regular meetings at the grade level and leadership levels to discuss intervention data. These meetings should involve teachers and intervention specialists, ensuring the entire team is aligned and engaged in decision-making processes for instructional strategies. Effective collaboration will support more targeted and responsive teaching to address the achievement gap better. ## Recommendation for Future Research One recommendation for future research is to conduct comparative studies. Examine the efficacy of various strategies employed by administrators in low-income educational institutions. The findings could guide the creation of evidence-based solutions and assist in identifying best practices. Another recommendation for future research would be to conduct longitudinal studies to monitor the efficacy of tactics and interventions over an extended period. Such studies would offer insightful information about the long-term effects of programs meant to eliminate achievement gaps. One other recommendation would be policy suggestions. Create policy suggestions based on research findings to promote systemic adjustments that enhance students ' academic achievement in low-income educational institutions. Such actions can entail promoting more financing, better facilities, and opportunities for educators professional growth. ' Sociological theory emphasizes the significance of social interactions and cultural environments in influencing learning and development. This paradigm demonstrates how teachers and students distinct experiences in low-SES settings shape their methods of ' ' instruction. Additional research is necessary to fully comprehend how educational best practices might positively impact students from low-income homes. There is a lack of research on the relationship between students socioeconomic position, their expectations of effective teaching ' methods, and their subsequent academic performance, but this area could benefit from more investigation. The viewpoints of both students and teachers on low socioeconomic status and the achievement gap should be the subject of research. Finding out what influences these students and how they learn best is paramount. Teachers of color in low-SES districts should also have access

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and her fellow researchers received an invitation to the Society's annual party for published authors. Addressed to 'Mr Maasdorp', disappointingly, two days later, Maasdorp received word that her invitation had been withdrawn because the Royal Society had discovered that she was a woman. 39 The Royal Society operated like a private men's club. As in Cambridge, women were only welcomed as guests to its formal social events, such as the annual dinner for authors. Guests were typically 'wives', and permission for guests' dispensation to attend social events was requested annually. Despite the appointment of the first women Fellows in 1945, crystallographer 4 7 Kathleen Lonsdale and biochemist Marjorie Stephenson, the Royal Society dining clubs remained male- only until the mid- 1970s. 40 Maasdorp did not submit her doctoral thesis. In her memoir, she states that she did not feel she had done enough original work. 41 A recent study by Clark et al. demonstrates that a feeling of 'impostorism was associated with lower self- efficacy and sense of belonging, both of which correlated with a higher likelihood of considering dropping out of one's graduate program'. 42 This was particularly the case where there was a perception of sexism in an academic department. Clark et al. conclude that in academia, 'individuallevel competence beliefs, confidence, and belonging … converge to ultimately undermine women's persistence in STEM'. 43 Given that Maasdorp had already experienced sexism in the laboratory, at the Royal Society and in the larger Cambridge environment due to exclusion from official functions, it is not surprising that this culture may have influenced her perception of herself as an 'imposter'. Yet, it is clear that she had considerable ability. The fact that a student with two papers published in a renowned journal such as Proceedings of the Royal Society was allowed to discontinue their doctoral study speaks of the many challenges and missed opportunities women scientists had to contend with. There are several possible explanations for Maasdorp's feelings of impostorism. First, there was a lack of women as role models at the Cavendish Laboratory during her time there. The absence of women role models at Cambridge during the 1930s was acute. While Ann Davies was appointed in Maasdorp's second year, she was not Maasdorp's supervisor. In their study on the influence of contemporary women role models, Young et al. conclude that 'female STEM professors not only provide positive role models for women,

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[5] S.D. White, D.J. Cleland, S.D. Cotter, R.A. Steph enson, R.D.S. Kallu, A.K. Fleming, A heat pump for s imultaneous refrigeration and water heating, IPENZ Transactions 24 (1997). [6] G. Gong, W. Zeng, L. Wang, C. Wu, A new heat rec overy technique for air-conditioning/heat-pump syst em, Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008), 2360-2370. [7] L. Rajapaksha, K.O. Suen, Influence of reversing methods on the performance of a reversible water-t o-water heat pump, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003), 49-64. [8] Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsi n-Madison, TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program, Reference Manual Volume I (2000). 8 [9] P. Byrne, J. Miriel, Y. Lenat, Design and simula tion of a heat pump for simultaneous heating and co oling using HFC or CO2 as a working fluid, International Journal of Refrig eration 32 (2009), 1711-1723. [10] L. Rajapaksha, K.O. Suen, Influence of liquid r eceiver on the performance of reversible heat pumps using refrigerant mixtures, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004), 53-62. 9 Liste of figures Fig. 1. HPS circuit Compressor Water evaporator Air heat exchanger Subcooler E vr1 TEV2 Evr 2 Water condenser Hot water tank Suction accumulator Evr4 E vr 3 TEV2 Liquid receiver HP LP TwEv TaEv Thermosiphon circuit EvrHP EvrLP Nrv1 Nrv2 Cold water tank Thot gas 10 Fig. 2. Scheme of the connections of the HPS to air and water systems Fan coil unit Hot water tank Cold water tank Fan coil unit AHX HPS Air inlet Air outlet Air conditioning system Ambient air 11 Fig. 3. Photograph of the experimental setup 12 2345678 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 4. Heating COP in the heating mode 13 012345 0 1 2 3 4 5 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 5. Cooling COP in the cooling mode 14 4681012 4 6 8 10 12 modelledexperimental+15% -15% Fig. 6. Heating and cooling COP in the simultaneous mode 15 List of tables Component Specification Compressor Brand: Copeland Type: Scroll Ref: ZB38KCE-TFD Swept volume: 14.5 m³/h Nominal cooling capacity (Tev = 0°C / T cd = 40°C): 11.5 kW Water heat exchangers - condenser - evaporator - subcooler Type: plate heat exchanger 50 plates, 2.45 m² 34 plates, 0.8 m² 14 plates, 0.16 m² Air heat exchanger Type: finned tubes, 68 m² 6 rows of 30 tubes (l = 750 mm , Ø = 10 mm) Working fluid R407C Table 1.

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it is not strategically aligned . As a result, Europe's notional exposure to any 'sudden stops' in trade caused by geopolitical i conflagration is high. However, absent an extreme unforeseen scenario, a profound and rapid decoupling of global trade seems unlikely in the medium term. Evidence of de-globalisation is currently limited, with companies preferring to diversify suppliers rather than re-shore or near-shore production on a significant scale . Neither China nor the ii EU has an incentive to accelerate this process: as the previous chapter demonstrated, China is reliant on the EU to absorb its excess capacity in clean technologies. The more immediate risk for Europe is that dependencies could be used to create an opportunity for coercion, making it harder for the EU to maintain a united stance and undermining its common policy objectives. A growing use of dependencies as a 'geopolitical weapon' is in turn likely to increase uncertainty and have a detrimental eff.ligaect on business investment iii . Deteriorating geopolitical relations also create new needs for spending on defence and defence industrial capacity . Europe now faces conventional warfare on its Eastern border and hybrid warfare everywhere, including attacks on energy infrastructure and telecoms, interference in democratic processes and the weaponisation of migration iv . At the same time, US strategic doctrine is shifting away from Europe and towards the Pacific Rim - for example in the format of AUKUS - driven by the perceived threat of China. As a result, a growing demand for defence capability is being met by a shrinking supply - a gap which Europe itself must fill. However, thanks to a prolonged period of peace in Europe and the US security umbrella, only ten Member States now spend more than or equal to 2% of GDP in line with NATO commitments, although defence expenditures are rising [see Figure 1]. The defence industry requires massive investments to catch up. As a point of reference, if all EU Member States who are NATO Members and who have not yet reached the 2% target were to do so in 2024, defence spending would rise by EUR 60 billion. Additional investments are also needed to restore lost capabilities owing to decades of underinvestment and to replenish depleted stocks, including those donated to support the defence of Ukraine against Russian aggression. In June 2024, the Commission estimated that additional defence investments of around EUR 500 billion are

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period between 1976 and 1986. Newspapers included Mesimvrini [ Midday Press ], a daily political newspaper, Avgi [ Dawn ], the daily newspaper of the KKE (Eurocommunist), Eleftherotypia [ Press Freedom ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, Ta Nea [ News ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, To Vima [ The Step ], a weekly broadsheet and political newspaper, Vradini [ Nightly Press ], a weekly political newspaper, To Vima tis Kyriakis [ Sunday's Step ], a weekly newspaper, Eleftheros Typos [ Free Press ], a daily broadsheet and political newspaper, and Ntomino [ Domino ], a newspaper addressed to women. Magazines included Fylladio [ Flyer ], a magazine related to art and literature published every three months, Pantheon , a magazine of general interest addressed to women, and Ena [ One ], a magazine of general interest. - 30 Anon., ' Θύ ατα οι γυναίκες μ ' [Women are the victims], Mesimvrini (10 December 1983), Delfis Archival Center (hereafter, DAC); L. Mpenou, ' Μ αφορ ή το ' μ νο μ οσχέδιο για τις εκτρώσεις ' [Occasioned by the abortion bill], Filladio (October 1985), DAC; Anon., 'Aμ βλωσεις ' [Abortions], Ethnos (26 January 1986), DAC. - 31 Anon., ' Συνέντευξη -αστρα π ή Ήταν χρέος μ ας …μ ας μ ιλάει ο ∏ ρόεδρος του Ι Σ Α . . . κ . Φραγκλίνος ∏ α π αδέλης ' ['It was our duty': The president of the Medical Association of Athens, Fr. Papadelis, talks to us], short interview, Pantheon (22 November 1983), DAC. - 32 Anon., ' Ελεύθερες εκτρώσεις υ π ό όρους ζητά η Κ Δ Γ και ενη μ έρωση για την αντισύλληψη ' [The Democratic Women's Movement asks for free abortions under conditions and information regarding contraception], Αυγή [ Avgi ] (1 April 1983), DAC; Chr. Papastathopoulou, '1390 γιατροί μ οιράζονται 4,5 δισ . α π ό τις α μ βλώσεις [ Εκστρατεία γυναικών για δικαίω μ α σε έκτρωση -αντισύλληψη -σεξουαλικότητα ' [1,390 doctors share 4.5 billion from abortions: Women's campaign for the right to abortion- contraception- sexuality], Ελευθεροτυ π ία [ Eleftherotipia ] (9 December 1983), DAC. 2 9 7 - 33 L. Papadopoulos, ' Μια μ εγάλη έρευνα για ένα μ εγάλο π ρόβλη μ : α Όχι στις α μ βλώσεις αλλά π ρέ π ει να νο μ μ ι ο π οιηθούν ' [A major research for a major problem: No to abortions but they have to be legal], Ta Nea (24 January 1976),

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2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | | Algeria | … | 2 | 7 | … | 36 | 56 | … | … | … 64 ₋₄ | 45 ₋₄ | | 24 ₋₄ | … | … | | Armenia | 1 ₋₁ ᵢ | 12 | 9 | … | 39 | 61 | … | … | … | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 96 ₋₁ ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ ᵢ | | Azerbaijan | … | 11 ᵢ | 7 | 100 ₊₁ | 32 ᵢ | 41 ᵢ | 74 ₋₂ | 25 ₋₂ | … | 100 | 98 | 92 | 33 | 33 | | Bahrain | … | 4 | 6 | 100 | 50 | 72 | 68 ₋₂ | 46 ₋₂ | 17 ₋₃ | 90 | 83 | 67 | 41 | 41 | | Cyprus | 3 ₋₁ ᵢ | 6 ₋₁ ᵢ | 9 ₋₁ | … | 3 ₋₁ ᵢ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | 48 ₋₄ | 28 ₋₄ | 4 ₋₄ | 97 ₋₁ ᵢ | 86 ₋₁ ᵢ | 78 ₋₁ ᵢ | 43 ₋₁ ᵢ | 43 ₋₁ ᵢ | | Egypt | 0.4 ₋₁ ᵢ | 11 ₋₂ | 22 ₋₂ | 100 | 40 | 39 | 62 ₋₃ | 23 ₋₃ | 11 ₋₃ | 67 ₋₁ ᵢ | | 54 ₋₁ ᵢ | 21 ₋₁ ᵢ | 21 ₋₁ ᵢ | | Georgia | 2 ᵢ | 3 | 4 | 100 | 40 | 80 | 32 ₋₂ | 10 ₋₂ | 1 ₋₃ | 99 ᵢ | 98 ᵢ | 93 ᵢ | 54 ᵢ | 54 ᵢ | | Iraq | 2 ₋₂ ᵢ | … | … | … | … | … | 1 ₋₄ | 1 ₋₄ | 0.2 ₋₄ | 32 ₋₂ ᵢ | 32 ₋₂ ᵢ | 23 ₋₂ ᵢ | 17 ₋₂ ᵢ | 17

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[]

| | 62 ₋₃ ᵢ | 29 ₋₃ | 29 ₋₃ | 29 ₋₃ | | Myanmar | 0.5 ₋₃ ᵢ | … | … | … | | … | … | … | … | 78 ₋₃ ᵢ | | ᵢ | ᵢ | ᵢ | | Philippines | … | 6 ₋₂ | 10 | 100 ₋₂ | … … | 45 103 ₋₁ | 6 ₋₄ | 2 ₋₄ | 1 ₋₄ | 98 ᵢ 87 ₋₃ ᵢ 86 ₋₁ | 62 ₋₁ | ₋₁ | 26 ₋₁ ᵢ 48 ₋₁ | 26 ₋₁ ᵢ 48 ₋₁ | | Republic of | 2 ᵢ | 11 ₋₁ ᵢ | 8 ₋₁ | … | 58 ₋₁ ᵢ | ᵢ | 97 ₋₂ | 54 ₋₂ | 10 ₋₂ | 98 ᵢ | 90 ᵢ 85 ₋₁ | 34 81 ᵢ 63 ᵢ | ᵢ 63 ₋₁ | ᵢ 63 ₋₁ | | Korea Singapore | 2 ᵢ | 23 ₋₁ ᵢ | … | 72 ₋₁ | 61 ₋₁ ᵢ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | 51 ₋₂ 23 ₋₃ | 33 ₋₂ 15 ₋₃ | 9 ₋₂ 1 ₋₃ | 75 ᵢ | 54 ᵢ | 39 ᵢ | 22 ᵢ | 22 ᵢ | | Thailand | 0.3 ᵢ | 11 ₊₁ | 13 ₊₁ | 100 ₊₁ | 30 ᵢ | 48 ₊₁ | | | | | | 15 ₋₁ | 15 ₋₁ | 15 ₋₁ | | | 7 ₋₁ | 5 ₋₄ | | … | | 31 | … | … | … | 46 ₋₁ ᵢ | 38 ₋₁ ᵢ | ᵢ | 3 ₋₁ ᵢ | 3 ₋₁ ᵢ | | Timor-Leste Viet Nam | ᵢ 0.5 ᵢ | 15 ₋₁ | 9 ₋₃ | | … | 42 ₋₁ | 26 ₋₂ | 16 ₋₂ | | 87 | ᵢ | 66 | | | | | | | 9 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | 18 ₋₁ | | | | | | ᵢ | 39 ᵢ | 19 ᵢ | 19 ᵢ | | | | | | | | | | | 1 ₋₂ | | | | | |

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[]

. The next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) should streamline the number of funds devoted to the manufacturing of clean tech, concentrating on technologies where the EU has an advantage and strong potential for growth – such as the opportunity presented by batteries. Support under the EU budget should offer companies a single point of entry with a uniform application procedure and awarding conditions, and should feature support for both capital expenditure and operational expenditure. To attract more private sector funding to clean tech, and especially towards innovative companies, dedicated financing schemes should be developed employing the same financing strategies discussed in chapter 2. At the national level, to ensure predictable demand for the EU clean tech industry and to offset trade distorting policies abroad, the report recommends introducing an explicit minimum quota for the local production of selected products and components in public procurement and in CfD auctions and other forms of local production offtake. This quota should be combined with criteria established at EU level for orienting local production to the most innovative and sustainable solutions. The approach could be supported by the creation of joint ventures or cooperation agreements 51THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3 for knowledge transfer and sharing between EU and non-EU companies. For “infant industries”, it is recommended that Member States plan upcoming auctions and public procurement procedures to act as a “launch customer” for new technologies. Trade policy will be fundamental to combine decarbonisation with competitiveness, securing supply chains, growing new markets and offsetting state-sponsored competition . As supply chains for some clean technolo - gies are highly concentrated, the EU has win-win opportunities to strategically partner with other regions in targeted steps of clean technology supply chains. Like-minded neighbouring regions with access to low-cost renewable energy sources and raw materials could help Europe accomplish its energy and climate goals in an affordable manner while widening the diversification of supplies. At the same time, the EU should leverage its strong position in clean tech and pursue opportunities to invest in other countries to widen the deployment market for technologies the region is developing, such as near zero-emissions processes for materials production. To enable these goals, the report recommends for the EU to establish industrial partnerships with third countries in the form of offtake agreements across the supply chain or co-investment in manufacturing projects. The EU’s Global Gateway could be

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[]

become the objects of legal scrutiny when the issue of malpracticearises. Bangladesh perspective: The medico legal system: According to Bangladesh law, all unnaturaldeaths that are reported to the police are subject to forensic investigation . Bangladeshis one of the most over populated country of the world. The country is divided into sixdivisions and 64 districts. All district hospitals have autopsy provisions including 13 government medical colleges. During the British period (1757-1947), the civil surgeon, who would be a British doctor, wasresponsible for all the medico legal works. Theoriginal post of civil surgeon is still retained to this day 1. During the Pakistan period (1947-1971), no change was made1. With the establishment of medical colleges, academic departments ofmedical jurisprudence were established toteach the subject to undergraduate students and the civil surgeons were appointed as part time teachers of medical jurisprudence. Thiscontinued to the end of Pakistan period. Whenit was felt necessary to recognize thedepartments with qualified teachers,professional posts in medical jurisprudence in eight medical colleges were thus established. The forensic medical service of Bangladesh includes clinical forensic medicine andforensic pathology. The service is given bystates through the ministry of health. In ourcountry the police and sometimes the magistrates must screen the deaths. After receiving the information of any unnaturaldeath within the jurisdiction of nearby policestation, the legal authority usually send onepolice officer to the scene of crime and makesan inquest report. The police officer then sends the dead body to the nearest mortuary. In the cities where a government medical college is available any academic staff of forensicmedicine department is empowered to performan autopsy otherwise, by the civil surgeon inthe district hospitals. Residential medicalofficers are empowered to perform medico legalwork. In our country, medico-legal investigations lags behind the normal standard followed. Forensic pathologists handle very small part of totalmedico legal work. In the present century,progress in the process of crime investigation has continued with advancement in the scientific medico legal practices. In mostcountries the decision on the manner of deathJ Dhaka Med Coll. Vol. 19, No. 1. April, 2010 62 is reserved for a legal official, not a doctor. But in our country forensic pathologists areexpected to determine the manner of death. Like other countries, corner’s or medical examiner’s system is to be established. Thousands of death buried without proper diagnosis in Bangladesh. Development of theexisting setup of the medico legal system alongwith medical examiner’s system through international support and help

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fields have been shown to be similar by Cook (1993), Bickerton (1995), Washabaugh (1977), Schumann (1978) and Holm (2000). Moreover, research on processes of pidginization and creolization has led to important advances in a number of areas of applied linguistics and theoretical linguistics (c.f. Holm, 2000). In this study, the strategies of language learning reported in Mousa (1994) are compared to the process of de/creolization (Bailey, 1966) of two speakers of Board Jamaican Creole. The similarities between the two creole speakers and Mousa's (1994) learners will be highlighted drawing on the assumption that 'the dynamics by which pidgins and creoles come into being and the development of the L2 learner's interlanguage might be governed by the same factors' (Cook, 1993, p. 69). That is, in both situations the behaviour of those concerned is constrained by the principles of Universal Grammar, a genetically determined pre-disposition for language. Furthermore, we assume that second language learning, de/creolization and historical change are significantly linked, in such a way that accounting for the behaviour of the first two is never precise in the absence of historical facts. ## 2. Literature Review As an interesting and promising domain of linguistic research, the comparison of non-native language acquisition with pidginization/creolization has attracted a significant number of linguists. This is so, because researchers have come to realize that, in order to understand the behaviour of early and late second/foreign language learning, an appreciation of the processes involved in pidginization/depidginization, creolization/decreolization is a key issue, McLaughlin (1987). For instance, Baxter et al. (1978), in their investigation of the Brazilian spoken dialect of Helvecia, observed a series of parallels with structures in early stages of L1 Portuguese acquisition. In a comparison between the decreolization of the Guyanese Creole negation system and the acquisition of English negation by Spanish speakers, Schumann et al. (1978b) found that the overall movement along the linguistic continuum in the two operations involved a rule change from a basilect/basilange preverbal negation to the target English post-copula auxiliary negation. Furthermore, it was observed that the above rule change in the situations was accomplished by identical linguistic processes, the replacement of surface forms and the restructuring of underlying units. Likewise, in the depidginization of Hawaiian Pidgin English, as reported by Bickerton and Odo (1976), a continuum of development occurs which is similar to that produced in decreolization and second language acquisition. Patrick-Andre (2006), in a recent study, has

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[]

the spontaneous ﬁssion of252Cf, isomeric states in 25 dif- ferent nuclei were identiﬁed, from A=88 to A=158. These nuclei are depicted in Fig. 7. In total, the half-lives of 41 isomeric states were measured. The half-lives measured in this work for all these isomers are reported in Tables 2and3for light and heavy fragments, respectively. In these tables, the total uncertainties corre-sponding to both statistical and systematic errors are given. For each isomer, the systematic uncertainty was estimated by varying the range of the ﬁts and the binning of the timehistogram, as the ﬁt result was sensitive to these parameters.Fig. 8 Ratios of half-lives measured in this work over literature values 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Half-life extraction of the identiﬁed isomers The ratios between all the half-lives measured in this work and the ones extracted from literature (see Tables 2and3)a r e represented in Fig. 8, except for the newly identiﬁed isomers in94Rb,108Tc and147Ce. From such a representation, the extensive range of half-lives that could be accessed with the VESPA setup is visible (5 orders of magnitude). We mayobserve that our results agree well with the literature values,although no perfect agreement is found. The ratios do not seem to show any dependence on the half-life, indicating that our method performs equally well over the whole time range.Most of the half-lives measured in this work (28 over 37) agree within 4% (1 σ) to their corresponding literature value. For some outliers, a more severe deviation is observed. Themost striking difference are the half-lives of the 1.039 MeV isomeric state in 99Zr and the 2.075 and 1.485 MeV isomeric states in94Rb. In Tables 2and3, half-lives extracted from the RIPL3 database [ 15] (2023 update) are also compared to the ones measured in this work. Indeed, as simulation codes may rely on such databases, incorrect isomer half-lives may affect thecalculations. The following subsections are mainly dedicated to those isomers in 108Tc,147Ce, and94Rb, which were measured for the ﬁrst time. 3.1.1108Tc Although γ-rays from the108Tc isomer were already observed in the 1970 years (see, e.g., in Ref. [ 42]), no level scheme was proposed at that time. Level schemes were pro-posed in Ref. [ 43](βdecay of 108Mo) and [ 44] (spontaneous 123 5 Page 6 of 12 Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Table 2 Half-lives of the isomers (light fragments) measured in this work ( Texp. 1/2) compared with literature ( Tlit. 1/2)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d12.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip2d12.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ip3d21.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ip3d21.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ip3d22.dgibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 ip3d22.epx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 M mepe01.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 mepe02.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 mepe03.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 mepe04.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 mepe05.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[]

online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze this data, precisely the mean, median, and mode (Cooksey, 2020). The mean is the numerical average of a data set calculated by determining the sum of all numbers and dividing by the number of participants. When calculating the median or middle of a data set, the numbers are ordered from lowest to highest. In an odd set of numbers, as in this study of five participants, the median is the middle number. Mode, or “most often,” is calculated by ordering the responses for each statement in the survey. The number repeated most often for any specific statement is the mode for that statement. If no number repeats for any specific statement, no mode is reported (Math Antics, 2017). Qualitative Data Analysis Qualitative data was collected via a recorded Zoom interview. Each of the six participants picked a time and location for their interviews that was convenient for them. The interviews did not last longer than 60 minutes. The interview protocol 41 consisted of (11) open-ended questions. The research question was addressed by the open-ended questions, which asked participants to define family engagement in their own words. Participants were asked to provide their opinions about family involvement in the classroom and at the school site in response to additional prompts. Saldaña (2021) explains that interviews were more than data collecting but rather significant, mutual exchanges of collaboratively constructed meaning (p.27). The researcher chose these two data collection methods because they thoroughly depicted the participants' perceptions. Likert scale surveys and semistructured one-on-one Zoom interviews were used to get responses from the six participants. The online survey initiated their reflective thought process. They were able to elaborate on their ideas during the follow-up Zoom interviews, which were captured for accuracy, to be later transcribed and confirmed by the participant. The researcher used Delvetool.com and inductive in vivo coding to manually review the interview transcripts. In vivo coding, Saldaña (2021) explains, is a method that allows the researcher to generate unique codes on its own when data is reviewed for the first time (p. 41). In Vivo coding uses participants' exact words or phrases as “codes” to record their viewpoints. According to Saldaña (2021), a “code” is a word or brief phrase that signifies an attribute and is typically used as a code in qualitative analysis (p. 5). Johnny Saldaña’s (2021) steps (cycles) to coding guided

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slowing hydrologic cycle in the extreme northeastern part of the United States. While the trends in the latter region may not be significant in the usual sense, theyare certainly consistent with the findings of a 10% decrease from 1964 to 2003 in the total annual river discharge to the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans in Canada by Dery andWood ( 2005 ) and with the identification of an apparent dipole-like pattern in annual precipitation variations from 1948 to 2003 by Jutla et al. ( 2006 ) over eastern North America between 30 oNa n d6 0oN. In other words, it appears from these studies that over the past 50 years annual precipitation has been increasing in the eastern United Statesand decreasing in southeastern Canada with, as the present results indicate, conceivably a small spill-over of this decrease into Maine. The analysis of Jutla et al. ( 2006 ) further raised the possibility that this anticorrelation in positive and negative trends along the Eastern seaboard might be influenced by sea surface temperature anomalies in the adjacent areas of the Atlantic Ocean. 6 Conclusions A method, proposed by Brutsaert ( 2008 ), was implemented herein to infer groundwater storage changes in the eastern half of the conterminous United States, by means of riverflow measurements in a number of large river basins. The 41 selected basins, which were all free of human dis- turbances, were taken large enough, that is at least some2,000 km 2, in order to be representative for their respective water resources regions, and in order to justify adoption of a typical value of the drainage time scale of 45 days in thecalculations. The method can be considered to be reliable because in the earlier study (Brutsaert 2008 ), it had already been shown to produce excellent results compared to localgroundwater level measurements in two basins in Illinois. It was found that groundwater storage has generally been increasing during the past 2/3 century, and perhaps evenlonger, in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The strongest and most significant trends, which were of the order of 0.1 mm a −2, were observed in the Ohio and Upper Mississippi regions. Weaker and less significant trends, but still generally positive and on average mostly of the order of 0.02 to 0.03 mm a−2, were observed in the Mid Atlantic, the Great Lakes, the Tennessee, the Lower Mississippi, the Souris-Red-Rainy, the Missouri,

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analysis for each EaP country. Some of these specialisations are shared by more than one country, and offer opportunities for cooperation and knowledge sharing. The first clear transversal E&I domain of poten- tial collaboration consists of NACE codes 10 Man- ufacture of food products and 11 Manufacture of beverages in the Food Processing and Manu- facturing industry. This domain directly concerns Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and is aligned with the common strength in the Agricul- ture industry identified in the previous paragraphs. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials, NACE code 16, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Moldova and Ukraine. Manufacture of chemicals and chemical prod- ucts, NACE code 20, is identified as an E&I special- isation in two countries: Azerbaijan and Moldova. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Georgia and Ukraine. Manufacture of computer, electronic and op- tical products, NACE code 26, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Ukraine. Accommodation, NACE code 25, is identified as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Armenia and Georgia. Telecommunications, NACE code 61, is identi- fied as an E&I specialisation in two countries: Ar- menia and Moldova. 12 Overview of economic, innovation, scientific and technological specialisations Several advanced services, notably NACE code 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; NACE code 63 Information service activities; and NACE code 64 Finan- cial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, concern, in varying geometries, 4 EaP countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova, creating an economic cluster of potential collaboration. The above E&I domains of potential collaboration are solely those emerging from the selected E&I domains for each country, and other potential are- as of cooperation may exist. That being said, there is obviously a cooperation-competition logic that should be taken into account when addressing the issue at EaP level. Finally, several innovative and dynamic niches were identified as relevant to the diversity of EaP countries through the analysis of start-ups and venture capital-backed companies using the data source Crunchbase, notably6: ■Software for Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, ■Mobile for Armenia and Azerbaijan, ■Gaming for Armenia. The identification of cluster organisations in the EaP countries also provides relevant areas of po- tential intra-EaP collaboration, notably in Informa- tion

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number of 65 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation domains’ for further methodological information.records, particularly patents, gathered for Georgia affects the temporal evolution indicators signif- icantly, and thus some domains have not been considered. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation185 Figure 3.31. Specialisation index and citation impact across domains of Georgia’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP average, for publications Specialisation indexNo pubs. 100 500 1 000Normalised citation impact2 1.3 1 0.75 0.50.25 0.5 1 2 4 Agrifood Biotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Electric and electronic technologies Energy Environmental sciences and industries Fundamental physics and mathematics Governance, culture, education and the economy Health and wellbeing ICT and computer science Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Optics and photonics Transportation Figure 3.32. Specialisation index across domains of Georgia’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP average, for patents 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.0 2.0 Specialisation indexEnvironmental sciences and industries Governance, culture, education and the economy Agrifood Chemistry and chemical engineering Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery Optics and photonics Nanotechnology and materials Fundamental physics and mathematics Electric and electronic technologies ICT and computer science Health and wellbeing Biotechnology Energy 186 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential GeorgiaTemporal evolution of the domains Period over period change in the relative size of each domain, domain size and data source size independent (% change for 2015-2018, over previous period 2011-2014) Change in share of publicationsChange in share of patents Change, weighted average of publications and patents Agrifood -11.47% -20.31% -14.39% Biotechnology -25.68%Insufficient data-25.68% Chemistry and chemical engineering -25.39% 29.13% -13.14% Electric and electronic technologies 0.54% 20.75% 7.93% Environmental sciences and industries 24.39% 80.70% 28.83% Fundamental physics and mathematics -11.21% 46.10% -10.76% Governance, culture, education and the economy35.70%Insufficient data35.70% Health and wellbeing 21.32% 13.85% 21.16% ICT and computer science 38.59% 53.26% 39.37% Mechanical engineering and heavy machineryInsufficient data2.56% 2.56% Nanotechnology and materials -11.50% 53.26% -5.89% Optics and photonics 4.19%Insufficient data4.19%Table 3.14. Temporal evolution of Georgia’s S&T domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation187 Moldova Table 3.15 and Figure 3.33 showcase the num- ber of records per domain of S&T specialisation in Moldova. Nanotechnology and materials is the domain with the most records (with a total of 1 299), followed by Health and wellbeing (919), Me- chanical engineering and heavy machinery (763), Governance, culture, education and the economy (572) and Chemistry

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## Cryptanalysis of PRESENT -Like Ciphers with Secret S-Boxes Julia Borghoff , Lars R. Knudsen, Gregor Leander, and Søren S. Thomsen /star /star/star Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Denmark Abstract. At Eurocrypt 2001, Biryukov and Shamir investigated the security of AES-like ciphers where the substitutions and affine transformations are all key-dependent and successfully cryptanalysed two and a half rounds. This paper considers PRESENT -like ciphers in a similar manner. We focus on the settings where the S-boxes are key dependent, and repeated for every round. We break one particular variant which was proposed in 2009 with practical complexity in a chosen plaintext/chosen ciphertext scenario. Extrapolating these results suggests that up to 28 rounds of such ciphers can be broken. Furthermore, we outline how our attack strategy can be applied to an extreme case where the S-boxes are chosen uniformly at random for each round and where the bit permutation is secret as well. Keywords: Symmetric key, block cipher, PRESENT , differential cryptanalysis. ## 1 Introduction Small computing devices are becoming more and more popular and establish a part of the pervasive communication infrastructure. One example of these tiny computing devices are RFID systems which are used e.g., for identifying and tracking animals or on toll roads. A prediction for the future is that RFID tags will replace bar codes. But this extensive deployment of computing devices is not only useful and convenient, it also carries a wide range of security risks. At the same time we are talking about extremely resource constrained environments. Therefore, the demand for lightweight encryption algorithms increases. The block cipher PRESENT [1] is an important example of a lightweight cipher. It consists of alternate layers of substitutions and permutations. Important design principles of lightweight ciphers are an efficient hardware implementation, a good performance and a moderate security level. Usually there is a trade-off between the performance and the security level. In order to speed up the algorithm we want as few rounds of encryption as possible but there is a minimum number of rounds required to assure the security level. PRESENT is a 64-bit iterated block cipher that comes in two variants, one with an 80-bit key and one with a 128-bit key. Both run in 31 rounds, each - /star Supported by a grant from the Danish research council, grant number 274-07-0246. - /star/star Supported by a grant from the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation.

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in turn decreasing its overall capacity to meet demand and depriving the industry of orders and opportunities. As a result, defence procurement is diverted outside of the EU. Between June 2022 and June 2023, 78% of procurement spending went to non-EU suppliers, out of which 63% went to the US. At the same time, when EU Member States organise and cooperate, the results are positive. One such example is the A330 Multi-Role Tanker Transport, which was developed through a collaborative project allowing participating countries to pool resources and share operation and maintenance costs. The European space sector is likewise hindered by insufficient demand aggregation and investment coordination among Member States. Furthermore, the European Space Agency (ESA) operates based on the principle of “geographical return”, meaning that it invests in each of its member countries through industrial contracts for space programmes an amount which is similar to the country’s financial contribution to the agency. This principle leads to an inevitable fragmentation of supply chains, the unnecessary duplication of capacities in relatively small markets and a mismatch between the most competitive industrial actors and the actual allocation of resources. 60THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 4In the absence of common European spending, policy actions for the defence sector need to focus on aggregating demand and integrating industrial defence assets [see the chapter on defence] . In the short term, the swift implementation of the European Defence Industrial Strategy and the related European Defence Industry Programme is needed. In particular, it is essential to increase substantially the aggregation of demand between groups of Member States, at least among those who opt to do so, and to raise the share of joint defence procure - ment. The report recommends further steps to develop a medium-term EU Defence Industrial Policy which can support the structural cross-border integration of defence assets and the selective integration and consolidation of EU industrial capacity, with the explicit aim of increasing scale, standardisation and interoperability. EU competition policy should enable such consolidation when increased scale would deliver efficiencies or allow the realisation of globally competitive investments. In addition, as EU defence spending rises, defence industrial consolidation, integration and technological innovation should be supported by reinforced European preference principles in procurement, ensuring that a minimum share of this rising demand is concentrated on European companies rather than flowing overseas. Together with the urgent need to increase overall

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exposed to unfair competition from abroad and/or facing more exacting decarbonisation targets than their international compet - itors – including applying tariffs and other trade measures where warranted. 42THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3The root cause of high energy prices Structural causes are at the heart of the energy price gap and may be exacerbated by both old and new challenges [see the chapter on energy] . The price differential vis-à-vis the US is primarily driven by Europe’s lack of natural resources, as well as by Europe’s limited collective bargaining power despite being the world’s largest buyer of natural gas. However, the gap is also caused by fundamental issues with the EU’s energy market. Infrastructure investment is slow and suboptimal, both for renewables and grids. Market rules prevent industries and households from capturing the full benefits of clean energy in their bills. Financial and behavioural aspects of derivative markets have driven higher price volatility. Higher energy taxation than other parts of the world adds a tax wedge to prices. Moreover, while these structural issues have been exacerbated by the energy crisis of the past two years, future crises may bring them to the fore again. Tensions in gas markets are expected to ease thanks to new global supply capacity coming online, but the EU energy system will have to cope with electrification and new security of supply needs. The EU is the largest global gas and LNG importer, yet its potential collective bargaining power is not being sufficiently leveraged and relies excessively on spot prices, threatening Europe with more volatile natural gas prices01. This lack of leverage is notable especially in the case of pipeline gas, where the possibility of rerouting gas flows is more limited as shown by the latest unsuccessful efforts by Russia. During the 2022 crisis, for example, intra-EU competition for natural gas between actors willing to pay high prices contributed to an excessive and unnecessary rise in prices. In response, the EU introduced a coordination mechanism to aggregate and match demand with competitive supply offers (AggregateEU), but there is no obligation for joint purchasing on the platform. At the same time, although natural gas prices have fallen considerably from their peaks during the energy crisis, the EU faces an increasingly volatile outlook. With the loss of access to Russian pipeline gas, 42% of EU gas imports arrived as LNG in 2023,

[ "exposed", "to", "\n", "unfair", "competition", "from", "abroad", "and/or", "facing", "more", "exacting", "decarbonisation", "targets", "than", "their", "international", "compet", "-", "\n", "itors", "–", "including", "applying", "tariffs", "and", "other", "trade", "measures", "where", "warranted", ".", "\n", "42THE", "FUTURE", "OF", "EUROPEAN", "COMPETITIVENESS", " ", "—", "PART", "A", "|", "CHAPTER", "3The", "root", "cause", "of", "high", "energy", "prices", "\n", "Structural", "causes", "are", "at", "the", "heart", "of", "the", "energy", "price", "gap", "and", "may", "be", "exacerbated", "by", "both", "old", "and", "new", "\n", "challenges", "[", "see", "the", "chapter", "on", "energy", "]", ".", "The", "price", "differential", "vis", "-", "à", "-", "vis", "the", "US", "is", "primarily", "driven", "by", "Europe", "’s", "lack", "of", "\n", "natural", "resources", ",", "as", "well", "as", "by", "Europe", "’s", "limited", "collective", "bargaining", "power", "despite", "being", "the", "world", "’s", "largest", "buyer", "\n", "of", "natural", "gas", ".", "However", ",", "the", "gap", "is", "also", "caused", "by", "fundamental", "issues", "with", "the", "EU", "’s", "energy", "market", ".", "Infrastructure", "\n", "investment", "is", "slow", "and", "suboptimal", ",", "both", "for", "renewables", "and", "grids", ".", "Market", "rules", "prevent", "industries", "and", "households", "\n", "from", "capturing", "the", "full", "benefits", "of", "clean", "energy", "in", "their", "bills", ".", "Financial", "and", "behavioural", "aspects", "of", "derivative", "markets", "\n", "have", "driven", "higher", "price", "volatility", ".", "Higher", "energy", "taxation", "than", "other", "parts", "of", "the", "world", "adds", "a", "tax", "wedge", "to", "prices", ".", "\n", "Moreover", ",", "while", "these", "structural", "issues", "have", "been", "exacerbated", "by", "the", "energy", "crisis", "of", "the", "past", "two", "years", ",", "future", "\n", "crises", "may", "bring", "them", "to", "the", "fore", "again", ".", "Tensions", "in", "gas", "markets", "are", "expected", "to", "ease", "thanks", "to", "new", "global", "supply", "\n", "capacity", "coming", "online", ",", "but", "the", "EU", "energy", "system", "will", "have", "to", "cope", "with", "electrification", "and", "new", "security", "of", "supply", "\n", "needs", ".", "\n", "The", "EU", "is", "the", "largest", "global", "gas", "and", "LNG", "importer", ",", "yet", "its", "potential", "collective", "bargaining", "power", "is", "not", "\n", "being", "sufficiently", "leveraged", "and", "relies", "excessively", "on", "spot", "prices", ",", "threatening", "Europe", "with", "more", "volatile", "\n", "natural", "gas", "prices01", ".", "This", "lack", "of", "leverage", "is", "notable", "especially", "in", "the", "case", "of", "pipeline", "gas", ",", "where", "the", "possibility", "of", "\n", "rerouting", "gas", "flows", "is", "more", "limited", "as", "shown", "by", "the", "latest", "unsuccessful", "efforts", "by", "Russia", ".", "During", "the", "2022", "crisis", ",", "for", "\n", "example", ",", "intra", "-", "EU", "competition", "for", "natural", "gas", "between", "actors", "willing", "to", "pay", "high", "prices", "contributed", "to", "an", "excessive", "\n", "and", "unnecessary", "rise", "in", "prices", ".", "In", "response", ",", "the", "EU", "introduced", "a", "coordination", "mechanism", "to", "aggregate", "and", "match", "\n", "demand", "with", "competitive", "supply", "offers", "(", "AggregateEU", ")", ",", "but", "there", "is", "no", "obligation", "for", "joint", "purchasing", "on", "the", "platform", ".", "\n", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "although", "natural", "gas", "prices", "have", "fallen", "considerably", "from", "their", "peaks", "during", "the", "energy", "crisis", ",", "the", "\n", "EU", "faces", "an", "increasingly", "volatile", "outlook", ".", "With", "the", "loss", "of", "access", "to", "Russian", "pipeline", "gas", ",", "42", "%", "of", "EU", "gas", "imports", "\n", "arrived", "as", "LNG", "in", "2023", "," ]

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economy196 110 40 121 288 1 128 520 1 561 1 392 153 175 45 165 Health and wellbeing 722 2 687 682 217 257 754 414 1 561 583 673 684 577 64 ICT and computer science 133 138 88 1 008 504 592 1 164 1 392 583 903 524 435 1 138 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery615 212 143 1 213 2 135 693 1 139 153 673 903 1 614 390 1 539 Nanotechnology and materials236 1 656 1 809 1 004 799 542 2 115 175 684 524 1 614 1 665 89 Optics and photonics 45 109 91 856 185 101 930 45 577 435 390 1 665 39 Transportation 52 45 9 240 326 113 258 165 64 1 138 1 539 89 39Figure 3.17. Co-occurrence of S&T records in different domains across the whole EaP region, colour-coded for the ratio with the total number of records in that domain (column)Figure 3.16. Number of records per labelled topic group (i.e. ‘domain’) in the EaP region 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 Number of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects 156 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.18. Share of records per S&T domain in the Eastern Partnership region 0 20 40 60 80 Share of records publicationsNanotechnology and materials Health and wellbeing Fundamental physics and mathematics Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery ICT and computer science Biotechnology Governance, culture, education and the economy Environmental sciences and industries Electric and electronic technologies Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Optics and photonics Agrifood Transportation patents EC projects EaP S&T specialisation domains according to the internal distribution of the S&T data sources Science-oriented S&T domains domains where scientific publications are most relevantBalanced S&T domains domains where publications and patents have a similar relative weightTechnology-oriented S&T domains domains where patents are most relevant Fundamental physics and mathematics Health and wellbeingMechanical engineering and heavy machinery Nanotechnology and materials Biotechnology Electric and electronic technologies Optics and photonics ICT and computer science Agrifood Environmental sciences and industries Energy Chemistry and chemical engineering Transportation Governance, culture, education and the

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in advanced technologies. Europe is stuck in a static industrial structure with few new companies rising up to disrupt existing industries or develop new growth engines. In fact, there is no EU company with a market capitalisation over EUR 100 billion that has been set up from scratch in the last fifty years, while all six US companies with a valuation above EUR 1 trillion have been created in this period. This lack of dynamism is self-fulfilling. As EU companies are specialised in mature technologies where the potential for breakthroughs is limited, they spend less on research and innovation (R&I) – EUR 270 billion less than their US counterparts in 2021. The top 3 investors in R&I in Europe have been dominated by automotive companies for the past twenty years. It was the same in the US in the early 2000s, with autos and pharma leading, but now the top 3 are all in tech. The problem is not that Europe lacks ideas or ambition. We have many talented researchers and entrepreneurs filing patents. But innovation is blocked at the next stage: we are failing to translate innovation into commercialisation, and innovative companies that want to scale up in Europe are hindered at every stage by inconsistent and restrictive regulations. As a result, many European entrepreneurs prefer to seek financing from US venture capitalists and scale up in the US market. Between 2008 and 2021, close to 30% of the “unicorns” founded in Europe – startups that went on the be valued over USD 1 billion – relocated their headquarters abroad, with the vast majority moving to the US. With the world on the cusp of an AI revolution, Europe cannot afford to remain stuck in the “middle technologies and industries” of the previous century. We must unlock our innovative potential. This will be key not only to lead in new technologies, but also to integrate AI into our existing industries so that they can stay at the front. A central part of this agenda will be giving Europeans the skills they need to benefit from new technologies, so that technology and social inclusion go together. While Europe should aim to match the US in terms of innovation, we should aim to exceed the US in providing opportunities for education and adult learning and good jobs for all throughout their lifetimes. The second area for action is a joint plan

[ "in", "advanced", "technologies", ".", "\n", "Europe", "is", "stuck", "in", "a", "static", "industrial", "structure", "with", "few", "new", "companies", "rising", "up", "to", "disrupt", "existing", "industries", "or", "\n", "develop", "new", "growth", "engines", ".", "In", "fact", ",", "there", "is", "no", "EU", "company", "with", "a", "market", "capitalisation", "over", "EUR", "100", "billion", "that", "\n", "has", "been", "set", "up", "from", "scratch", "in", "the", "last", "fifty", "years", ",", "while", "all", "six", "US", "companies", "with", "a", "valuation", "above", "EUR", "1", "trillion", "\n", "have", "been", "created", "in", "this", "period", ".", "\n", "This", "lack", "of", "dynamism", "is", "self", "-", "fulfilling", ".", "\n", "As", "EU", "companies", "are", "specialised", "in", "mature", "technologies", "where", "the", "potential", "for", "breakthroughs", "is", "limited", ",", "they", "spend", "\n", "less", "on", "research", "and", "innovation", "(", "R&I", ")", "–", "EUR", "270", "billion", "less", "than", "their", "US", "counterparts", "in", "2021", ".", "The", "top", "3", "investors", "\n", "in", "R&I", "in", "Europe", "have", "been", "dominated", "by", "automotive", "companies", "for", "the", "past", "twenty", "years", ".", "It", "was", "the", "same", "in", "the", "\n", "US", "in", "the", "early", "2000s", ",", "with", "autos", "and", "pharma", "leading", ",", "but", "now", "the", "top", "3", "are", "all", "in", "tech", ".", "\n", "The", "problem", "is", "not", "that", "Europe", "lacks", "ideas", "or", "ambition", ".", "We", "have", "many", "talented", "researchers", "and", "entrepreneurs", "filing", "\n", "patents", ".", "But", "innovation", "is", "blocked", "at", "the", "next", "stage", ":", "we", "are", "failing", "to", "translate", "innovation", "into", "commercialisation", ",", "and", "\n", "innovative", "companies", "that", "want", "to", "scale", "up", "in", "Europe", "are", "hindered", "at", "every", "stage", "by", "inconsistent", "and", "restrictive", "\n", "regulations", ".", "\n", "As", "a", "result", ",", "many", "European", "entrepreneurs", "prefer", "to", "seek", "financing", "from", "US", "venture", "capitalists", "and", "scale", "up", "in", "the", "\n", "US", "market", ".", "Between", "2008", "and", "2021", ",", "close", "to", "30", "%", "of", "the", "“", "unicorns", "”", "founded", "in", "Europe", "–", "startups", "that", "went", "on", "the", "\n", "be", "valued", "over", "USD", "1", "billion", "–", "relocated", "their", "headquarters", "abroad", ",", "with", "the", "vast", "majority", "moving", "to", "the", "US", ".", "\n", "With", "the", "world", "on", "the", "cusp", "of", "an", "AI", "revolution", ",", "Europe", "can", "not", "afford", "to", "remain", "stuck", "in", "the", "“", "middle", "technologies", "and", "\n", "industries", "”", "of", "the", "previous", "century", ".", "We", "must", "unlock", "our", "innovative", "potential", ".", "This", "will", "be", "key", "not", "only", "to", "lead", "in", "new", "\n", "technologies", ",", "but", "also", "to", "integrate", "AI", "into", "our", "existing", "industries", "so", "that", "they", "can", "stay", "at", "the", "front", ".", "\n", "A", "central", "part", "of", "this", "agenda", "will", "be", "giving", "Europeans", "the", "skills", "they", "need", "to", "benefit", "from", "new", "technologies", ",", "so", "\n", "that", "technology", "and", "social", "inclusion", "go", "together", ".", "While", "Europe", "should", "aim", "to", "match", "the", "US", "in", "terms", "of", "innovation", ",", "\n", "we", "should", "aim", "to", "exceed", "the", "US", "in", "providing", "opportunities", "for", "education", "and", "adult", "learning", "and", "good", "jobs", "for", "all", "\n", "throughout", "their", "lifetimes", ".", "\n", "The", "second", "area", "for", "action", "is", "a", "joint", "plan" ]

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Gaza hospitals in 2024 were children, figures show17h ago - UK academics accuse their union of discrimination over gender-critical film31 Mar 2025 - Mariam Abu Dagga: Gaza journalist killed in Israeli strike ‘carried her camera into the heart of the field’2d ago - Israel bombed Gaza hospital a second time, killing rescuers, say health officials3d ago ## Most viewed ## Most viewed - Education - Schools - Teachers - Universities - Students - News - Opinion - Sport - Culture - Lifestyle Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning - Help - Complaints & corrections - SecureDrop - Work for us - Privacy policy - Cookie policy - Terms & conditions - Contact us - All topics - All writers - Digital newspaper archive - Tax strategy - Facebook - YouTube - Instagram - LinkedIn - Newsletters

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[]

education 1 CHAPTER 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Expectations of leaders at the school and system level have been changing ........................................................................................... 10 Guide to the report ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. School leadership: Roles, impact and standards ........................................................................................................... 23 School principals are expected to fulfil various leadership roles .................................................................................................................. 25 The impact of school principals can be significant .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Leadership standards can guide action and certification ................................................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. School leadership: Selection, training and conditions .................................................................................................. 45 Improving selection processes is needed to professionalize principals’ careers ..................................................................................... 47 Countries need to do more to prepare and train school leaders ................................................................................................................... 57 Countries try to make principalship an attractive career path ...................................................................................................................... 67 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 4. Shared school leadership ...................................................................................................................................................... 77 School personnel can lead if given opportunities and support ...................................................................................................................... 79 Students can exercise leadership through formal channels and informally ............................................................................................. 87 Engaged parents and community members can steer schools towards their goals ............................................................................. 90 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 5. System leadership .................................................................................................................................................................. 97 System leaders need to set expectations for quality and equity ................................................................................................................. 99 System leaders should be instructional leaders .............................................................................................................................................. 105 Civil servants are often not selected to serve as system leaders .............................................................................................................. 108 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 6. Political leadership ............................................................................................................................................................... 115 Political motivations determine education system development .............................................................................................................. 117 The direction of education is influenced by many other actors ................................................................................................................... 127 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 xiv 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORTMonitoring education in the Sustainable Development Goals 139 CHAPTER 7. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 143 Conference on Education Data and Statistics ................................................................................................................................................... 145 SDG 4 Scorecard .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 2025 Comprehensive Review ................................................................................................................................................................................. 147 CHAPTER 8. Primary and secondary education .................................................................................................................................. 150 Access and completion .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 152 Learning ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 157 Focus 8.1. Mathematics anxiety negatively affects mathematics performance ................................................................................... 164 CHAPTER 9. Early childhood education ................................................................................................................................................. 170 Focus 9.1. Preschool leadership needs attention ............................................................................................................................................. 177 Focus 9.2. Training for parents and caregivers can support early childhood development ............................................................... 179 CHAPTER 10. Technical, vocational, tertiary and adult education ................................................................................................. 182 Focus 10.1. Higher education leaders face major challenges ....................................................................................................................... 190 Focus 10.2. Women are under-represented in higher education leadership .......................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 11. Skills for work ..................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Focus 11.1. Can leadership be taught? ................................................................................................................................................................. 201 CHAPTER 12. Equity .................................................................................................................................................................................... 206 Focus 12.1. Peers affect individual education outcomes ............................................................................................................................... 214 CHAPTER 13. Youth and adult literacy ................................................................................................................................................... 218 Focus 13.1. Family

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"......................................................................................................................", "67", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", "........................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "74", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "4", ".", "Shared", "school", "leadership", "......................................................................................................................................................", "77", "\n", "School", "personnel", "can", "lead", "if", "given", "opportunities", "and", "support", " ", "......................................................................................................................", "79", "\n", "Students", "can", "exercise", "leadership", "through", "formal", "channels", "and", "informally", " ", ".............................................................................................", "87", "\n", "Engaged", "parents", "and", "community", "members", "can", "steer", "schools", "towards", "their", "goals", ".............................................................................", "90", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".......................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "94", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "5", ".", "System", "leadership", "..................................................................................................................................................................", "97", "\n", "System", "leaders", "need", "to", "set", "expectations", "for", "quality", "and", "equity", ".................................................................................................................", "99", "\n", "System", "leaders", "should", "be", "instructional", "leaders", "..............................................................................................................................................", "105", "\n", "Civil", "servants", "are", "often", "not", "selected", "to", "serve", "as", "system", "leaders", " ", "..............................................................................................................", "108", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".....................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "112", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "6", ".", "Political", "leadership", "...............................................................................................................................................................", "115", "\n", "Political", "motivations", "determine", "education", "system", "development", " ", "..............................................................................................................", "117", "\n", "The", "direction", "of", "education", "is", "influenced", "by", "many", "other", "actors", " ", "...................................................................................................................", "127", "\n", "Conclusion", " ", ".....................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "137", "\n", "xiv", "2024/5", "•", "GLOBAL", "EDUCATION", "MONITORING", "REPORTMonitoring", "education", "in", "the", "Sustainable", "Development", "Goals", " ", "139", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "7", ".", "Introduction", "............................................................................................................................................................................", "143", "\n", "Conference", "on", "Education", "Data", "and", "Statistics", "...................................................................................................................................................", "145", "\n", "SDG", "4", "Scorecard", "..........................................................................................................................................................................................................", "145", "\n", "2025", "Comprehensive", "Review", " ", ".................................................................................................................................................................................", "147", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "8", ".", "Primary", "and", "secondary", "education", "..................................................................................................................................", "150", "\n", "Access", "and", "completion", " ", "..............................................................................................................................................................................................", "152", "\n", "Learning", " ", ".........................................................................................................................................................................................................................", "157", "\n", "Focus", "8.1", ".", "Mathematics", "anxiety", "negatively", "affects", "mathematics", "performance", " ", "...................................................................................", "164", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "9", ".", "Early", "childhood", "education", ".................................................................................................................................................", "170", "\n", "Focus", "9.1", ".", "Preschool", "leadership", "needs", "attention", ".............................................................................................................................................", "177", "\n", "Focus", "9.2", ".", "Training", "for", "parents", "and", "caregivers", "can", "support", "early", "childhood", "development", "...............................................................", "179", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "10", ".", "Technical", ",", "vocational", ",", "tertiary", "and", "adult", "education", ".................................................................................................", "182", "\n", "Focus", "10.1", ".", "Higher", "education", "leaders", "face", "major", "challenges", " ", ".......................................................................................................................", "190", "\n", "Focus", "10.2", ".", "Women", "are", "under", "-", "represented", "in", "higher", "education", "leadership", "..........................................................................................", "194", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "11", ".", "Skills", "for", "work", ".....................................................................................................................................................................", "196", "\n", "Focus", "11.1", ".", "Can", "leadership", "be", "taught", "?", ".................................................................................................................................................................", "201", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "12", ".", "Equity", "....................................................................................................................................................................................", "206", "\n", "Focus", "12.1", ".", "Peers", "affect", "individual", "education", "outcomes", " ", "...............................................................................................................................", "214", "\n", "CHAPTER", " ", "13", ".", "Youth", "and", "adult", "literacy", "...................................................................................................................................................", "218", "\n", "Focus", "13.1", ".", "Family" ]

[]

published several texts on maternal and child healthcare, including midwifery teach - ing materials.7 Recreating a public health system in Sichuan like the one built between 1927 and 1937 in the east was obviously a challenge. The constraints of war limited the resources available for such a plan. Moreover, the health facilities in Sichuan were much less advanced than in the east of China. According to the main architect of wartime public health policy in Sichuan, C. C. Chen, ‘no progress in health matters had been made [between 1911 and 1939]’8. A major difficulty was the lack of Western- style physicians, medical workers trained in modern techniques and modern hospitals, making people such as Liu Yunbo even more valuable. Thus, the knowledge, skills and experience of highly trained women physicians such as Liu Yunbo and Yang Chongrui were undoubtedly very important for the modern medical services the gov - ernment sought to set up in Sichuan during the war. These women thus fully participated in the propagation of ‘science’ in China. During the Republican period, the term ‘science’ became increas - ingly important, even omnipresent, in Chinese society.9 It encapsulated the promise of modernity and the possibility for China to rise to the rank of ‘advanced’ nation.10 Yet this discourse on science and modernity most often placed women among those who needed to be educated in science and very 174 Negotiating in/visibility rarely among the educators themselves. Science for women generally derived from the gendered role they were assigned to, as mothers or homemakers, focusing on health, hygiene and domestic science.11 In the field of medicine, women were more easily depicted as midwives who needed to be trained in scientific techniques. But the important role women physicians played in educating modern midwives – which this chapter will evidence – has been far less visible. Despite this, were it not for Zhu Ziqing’s text, Liu Yunbo’s activities during the war against Japan would have likely remained invisible, which is still the case for many women physicians in early twentieth- century China, in Sichuan and elsewhere. Indeed, the brilliant career of some women about whom we have relatively precise information should not prevent us from considering female physicians as a group that was by no means mar - ginal within the medical profession.12 Moreover, while most of the stud - ies cited consider female doctors separately from their male counterparts, our approach

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media Materials Chemistry 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; Materials Chemistry 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology; Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology; Drug Discovery; Pharmacology; Materials ChemistryAZERBAIJAN Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Control and Systems Engineering 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersFuel Technology; Instrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; General Computer Science; Modelling And Simulation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation345 GEORGIA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersInstrumentation 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 53 Postal and courier activities Transportation 61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; Signal Processing; General Computer Science; Transportation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence MOLDOVA Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field 10 Manufacture of food products Food Science 13 Manufacture of textilesSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 14 Manufacture of wearing apparelSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 15 Manufacture of leather and related productsSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except

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[]

129 | | Box 6.3 | Film makers can be education leaders too....................................................................................................................................... | 131 | | Box 8.1 | How can the impact of crises on out-of-school populations be estimated? ........................................................................ | 156 | | Box 8.2 | In Yemen, conflict has denied an entire generation of education opportunities ................................................................. | 159 | | Box 8.3 | Those who do not reach the end of lower secondary school are highly unlikely to be proficient in reading and mathematics...................................................................................................................................................................................... | 163 | | Box 8.4 | The Assessment for Minimum Proficiency Level is a new source of evidence on learning in low- and lower-middle-income countries .......................................................................................................................................................... | 164 | | Box 12.1 | There is a huge variety globally in the extent to which children are educated in their home language....................... | 213 | | Box 15.2 | Education is severely under attack in the State of Palestine..................................................................................................... | 243 | | Box 16.1 | Germany leads in funding international | | | | students..........................................................................................................................256 | | | Box 18.1 | After a significant period of expansion, Chinese aid to education has declined..................................................................290 | |  ## Leadership in education  ## KEY MESSAGES ## Education leaders are more than managers. They are change agents. - Policymakers face a major challenge: how to ensure that people with the right skills and vision are identified, selected, prepared and supported as leaders. - National plans at the school, system and political level need to nurture four essential leadership dimensions: set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people. Yet a global review of school principal preparation and training programmes and courses suggests that barely half of them focus on any of these four dimensions - and just one third focus on all four. ## Good schools need good school leaders. - Effective principals bring out the best in students. In the United States, it was estimated that principal and teacher leadership inputs contributed up to 27% of the variance in student outcomes, ranking just below teachers' impact on learning among school-controlled factors. - Effective principals bring out the best in teachers. A study of 32 countries affirmed that strong leadership correlates with improved teaching practices. Globally, 57% of countries expect principals to provide feedback to teachers based on their observations. However, the share of secondary school principals overseeing teaching activities fell from 81%

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the model is derived from the five partner variables. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was undertaken to assess the relationships between the ten variables and statistically test the fit of our theoretical model. Preliminary screening of the data ruled out multicollinearity (redundancy between measurements). Modification indices recommended the inclusion of some disturbance covariance terms between item variables, which resulted in a robust and good fit with chi-square and fit indices (χ (4) = 9.468; RMSEA = 0.033; S-RMR = 0.013; CFI = 0.998; TLI = 0.983). 2 This confirmed our confidence in the structure of the model (please see the Appendix to this chapter for further evidence of our model's causal structure). If we work from left to right in the model's figure (Figure 3.5), our model shows that the greater the levels of cooperation and trust within a community (Social Capital/Attributes of the Community), the more likely residents will work with a range of partners (Partners/Action Situations), resulting in interactions that can be more individually (Private) or community (public) facing or focused. These inter -actions affect the subjective well-being of the individual (Outcomes). The paths in our model (Figure 3.5) illustrate that increased community social capital causes a greater likelihood that residents will work on a range of projects. These projects are supported through collective action by residents working with a range of partners. There is a statistically significant positive direct path from 'social capital' to 'subjective well-being' (SWB) (β=0.12, p<0.05). The more the feelings of trust, unity and cohesion within the community, the more this has a positive effect on subjective well-being within the family - feelings of freedom, happiness and satisfaction with life that has purpose and meaning. There is another signifi -cant path from 'social capital' to 'partners' (β=0.20, p<0.01), demonstrating that residents who have higher levels of social capital are more likely to engage with a range of partners. This range of partnerships demonstrates collective action cooperation through a range of stakeholders, working in a deliberative and collaborative Figure 3.5 A model of collective action through polycentricity in Delhi neighbourhoods  manner to maintain, develop and create within a community ( Aligica, 2019 ; Tarko, 2017 Ostrom, 2009a ; , 2010a 2005). Higher levels of social capital have been asso , -ciated with greater levels of beneficial community collective action ( Bowles and Gintis, 2002 ; Varshney, 2002 ; Krishna, 2002 ; Putnam et al., 1993

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Chapter 5 on system leadership points at several key positions in education administration at the local and central levels where officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals and through their effectiveness in carrying out their responsibilities. At the local level, the roles and responsibilities of system leaders support schools. At the central level, system leaders, by definition, design change that can potentially affect all parts of the system.  Officials can exercise leadership through their commitment to the achievement of national education goals  At the local level, depending on the education system's governance structures, district education officers, inspectors, supervisors and superintendents may or may not demonstrate a commitment to raising standards, improving individual learning, supporting schools and accounting to communities for the quality of service provided. They may be proactive and resourceful, seeking advice for professional improvement, taking initiative, looking for evidence, planning ahead, anticipating needs and finding solutions, often beyond the call of duty. But even when their roles are clearly described, they may fear taking responsibility and be negligent and insensitive to community needs, and unaware of priorities or ways to address them. They may show favouritism or biases, breach duties, and regard their position not as a public service but as an opportunity for private benefit. At the central level, there are similar issues but an even broader scope to exercise leadership instead of just implementing protocols and procedures. This is because system leadership involves the ability to generate change through existing or new connections. System leaders must plan and budget for fiscal and human resources that will achieve education goals. Officials in education ministries and national education implementation agencies need to be able to process and analyse data, monitor and evaluate, develop policy recommendations, design programmes, prepare draft laws, and advise political leaders. System leaders could be leaders, part or products of system change. Seniority should not be the main selection criterion for them to have a positive influence on others. They need to have not only relevant knowledge but also skills to facilitate, advocate, mobilize and challenge - and build the professional capacity of others. They need to be thought leaders as well as practical leaders. They should have status, recognition and understanding of how change is led and managed. They also need to act as models for future practices instead of simply

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UNESCO. (2024). Spotlight Report on Basic Education Completion and Foundational Learning in Africa . Global Education Monitoring Report , Association for the Development of Education in Africa, and African Union. https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000389481 World Bank. (2021). Loud and Clear: Effective Language of Instruction Policies for Learning . https://documents1.worldbank.org/ curated/en/517851626203470278/pdf/Effective-Language-of-Instruction-Policies-for-Learning.pdf ## CAPÍTULO 13 Cara, O. and Brooks, G. (2012). Evidence of the Wider Benefits of Family Learning: A Scoping Review . United Kingdom uk/media/5a7957a940f0b63d72fc4f95/12-1238-evidence-benefits-of-family-learning-scoping.pdf Elfert, M. and Hanemann, U. (2011). of the CapEFA Mauritania 2009-2011 . UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. https://uil.unesco.org/fileadmin/ keydocuments/Literacy/en/Review\_UIL\_Family\_Literacy\_Mauritania\_2011\_final.pdf Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. (BIS Research Paper 93.) https://assets.publishing.service.gov. Review of International Experience and Best Practice in Family Literacy: In the Framework Fikrat-Wevers, S., van Steensel, R., and Arends, L. (2021). Effects of family literacy programs on the emergent literacy skills of children from low-SES families: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research , 91 (4), 577-613. Hanemann, U. (2019). Examining the application of the lifelong learning principle to the literacy target in the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 4). International Review of Education , 65 (3), 251-275. Hanemann, U. and Krolak, L. (2017). Fostering a Culture of Reading and Writing: Examples of Dynamic Literate Environments . UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000257933 Lutz, W. and Scherbov, S. (2006). Global Age-specific Literacy Projections Model (GALP): Rationale, Methodology and Software . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/global-age-specificliteracy-projections-model-galp-rationale-methodology-and-software-en\_0.pdf Lyu, K., Xu, Y., Cheng, H., and Li, J. (2021). The implementation and effectiveness of intergenerational learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from China. International Review of Education , 66 , 833-855. Manswell Butty, J.A. L., Capeheart, Y., Joseph, R., Kamara, B., Mertz, R. E., Rosen, D., Socker, E. A., Vickers, S., and Westheimer, M. (2024). The Liberian Family Literacy Initiative. In E. Prins and R. Zholdoshalieva (Eds.). Family and Intergenerational Literacy and Learning: International Perspectives . UNESCO. National Adult Literacy Agency. (2016). Impact and Implementation of Family Literacy Programmes: Review and Recommendations . https://www.nala.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Impact-and-implementation-fo-familyliteracy-programmes-review-and-recommendations-2016-1.pdf National Center for Families Learning. (2023). Setting the Foundation for Learning Success: A Brief on Family Literacy . https://familieslearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/FLC60x30Family\_Literacy\_Brief\_5.pdf Nshimbi, J. C. and Serpell, R. (2023). Growth and application of literacy skills by rural Zambian mothers with assistance from their children. International Review of Education , 69 , 795-822. OECD. (2019). Skills Matter Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills . https://doi.org/10.1787/1f029d8f-en Pezoa, J. P., Mendive, S., and Strassera, K. (2019). Reading interest and family literacy practices from prekindergarten to kindergarten: Contributions from a cross-lagged analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 47 , 284-295.

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to trans status as a <gender identity disorder=. In a report published in April concerning its 2023 ûndings, the Network for Recording Incidents of Racist Violence documented 158 incidents, 61 of which concerned LGBTI persons. The civilian alternative to compulsory military service remained punitive and discriminatory. Following a landmark 2021 UN Human Rights Committee ruling, which found multiple violations of the ICCPR in the case of conscientious objector Lazaros Petromelidis, Greece had yet to make full reparations to him or to enact reforms <to ensure the effective guarantee of the right to conscientious objection=. Experts for the Climate Change Performance Index criticized Greece9s substantial expansion of gas infrastructure as increasing the country9s dependency on fossil fuels. An extreme heatwave, attributed by scientists to the effects of climate change, caused heat-related deaths. In August, a pan-European study predicted that temperature-related deaths would increase in Europe in this century, and that, <in the 3°Cwarming scenario, heat-related deaths in Greece would increase annually from 1,730 today to 4,767=. Large wild ûres in the region of Attika in August and the municipality of Xylokastro in September burned thousands of acres of land and many homes, and resulted in three deaths. In June a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development noted that climate change increasingly exacerbated wild ûre hazards in Greece. Health workers and experts continued to report ongoing and signi ûcant gaps in Greece9s national health system. These included staff shortages, long working hours, difûculty in taking leave, and clinics at risk of closure or operating at reduced capacity due to lack of staff and/or equipment. 1. Greece: Samos: <We Feel in Prison on the Island=: Un lawful Detention and Sub-Standard Conditions in an EU-Fund ed Refugee Centre , 30 July ± Republic of Guatemala Human rights defenders, journalists and political opponents were harassed and criminalized. Unfounded criminal prosecutions indicated a lack of judicial independence. There were signs of progress in the state9s attitude towards Indigenous Peoples, but leaders protecting territories and rights were still criminalized. The prosecution of crimes against humanity perpetrated during the 1960-1996 internal armed con üict was delayed. The government took steps to recognize human rights violations against women, regulate the health service and improve water quality. Same-sex marriage remained prohibited.LGBTI PEOPLES9 RIGHTS CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS9 RIGHTS RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTRIGHT TO HEALTH GUATEMALA 186186 Amnesty International ReportPolitically motivated persecution continued against human rights defenders, prosecutors, judges,

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[]

projects in collaboration between EaP actors and partners outside of the EaP .......................................................................................... 217 Figure 3.62. Keyword cloud for Fundamental physics and mathematics in Armenia 220 Figure 3.63. Keyword cloud for Agrifood in Armenia ............................................................... 220 Figure 3.64. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Armenia ................. 220 Figure 3.65. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Armenia ..................................... 220 Figure 3.66. Keyword cloud for Chemistry and chemical engineering in Azerbaijan 222 Figure 3.67. Keyword cloud for Energy in Azerbaijan .............................................................. 222 Figure 3.68. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Azerbaijan ..................................................................................................................................................... 222 Figure 3.69. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Azerbaijan ................................ 222 Figure 3.70. Keyword cloud for Environmental sciences and industries in Georgia .. 224 Figure 3.71. Keyword cloud for Agrifood in Georgia ................................................................ 224 Figure 3.72. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Georgia ...................................... 224 Figure 3.73. Keyword cloud for ICT and computer science in Georgia ............................. 224 Figure 3.74. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Moldova ..................................... 226 Figure 3.75. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Moldova ................ 226 Figure 3.76. Keyword cloud for Electric and electronic technologies in Moldova ....... 226 262 List of figures and tables Figure 3.77. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Moldova .......................................................................................................................................................... 226 Figure 3.78. Keyword cloud for Health and wellbeing in Ukraine ...................................... 228 Figure 3.79. Keyword cloud for Energy in Ukraine .................................................................... 228 Figure 3.80. Keyword cloud for Biotechnology in Ukraine ..................................................... 228 Figure 3.81. Keyword cloud for Transportation in Ukraine ................................................... 228 Figure 3.82. Keyword cloud for Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................................................ 228 Figure 3.83. Keyword cloud for Nanotechnology and materials in Ukraine .................. 228 Figure 4.1. Summary schema of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of EIST specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international partners. ...................... 232 Figure 4.2. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Armenia ............................... 237 Figure 4.3. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Electric and electronic technologies in Armenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 237 Figure 4.4. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain ICT and computer science in Armenia 237 Figure 4.5. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Nanotechnology and materials in Armenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 237 Figure 4.6. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain Agrifood in Azerbaijan .......................... 239 Figure 4.7. Keyword cloud for the S&T domain

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; — GISCO 2024 at 1:1,000,000 : CNTR_RG_01M_202 4_4326.shp downloaded from Countries - GISCO - Eurostat ; — GISCO 2024 at 1:100,000: GISCO.CNTR_RG_100K_2024 .shp obtained directly from ESTAT. The number of blocks which are not water and did not intersect with a respective GISCO country boundaries dataset , hence contain land that is missing in GISCO products , are: — 4,472 blocks for GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 — 2,992 blocks for GISCO 2024 at 1:1 ,000, 000 20 — 1,108 blocks for GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000 The number of blocks decreased with the newest release of GISCO data for the same scale (1:1,000,000 ) which suggests an improvement in the delineation of land. The analysis also indicates that the identification of block s depends on the scale of the GISCO data, with a decrease in identified blocks for scales that depict more spatial detail. Figure 6 shows close ups for examples of blocks (rectangles) that were identified to contain land (and thus will be processe d for LCFM) but do not intersect with one or several GISCO data (the datasets are indicated by the colour). The colour of irregular polygons in the background indicates the country boundary in GISCO: red for GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000 (1:100k), green for GISC O 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 (1:1 M) and blue for 2024 at 1:1 ,000,000 . In Figure 6-A for islands off the Finnish coast shows two green rectangles that indicate processing blocks that contain land which does not intersect with GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 . The purple block only intersects with GISCO 2024 at 1:100 ,000. Example B in Figure 6 shows land boundaries at the Caspian Sea shoreline. Green blocks to the left indicate that GISCO 2020 at 1:1 ,000,000 misses land, black rectangles in the centre shows that no GISCO dataset intersects, and turquoise blocks on the right show that both GISCO products for 2024 do not intersect. Figure 6. Close up for South -Western Finland and the North -Eastern Caspian Sea for LCFM processing blocks that were not fully covered by water and do not intersect with GISCO country boundaries data for 2020 or 2024 at 1:1,000,000 or 1:100,000. Source: JRC based on data from Google, © 2024 Maxar Technologies (background image) , VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research (LCFM processing blocks) and Eurostat /GISCO (country boundaries) . Figure 7 shows LCFM processing

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Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 Commission océanographique intergouvernementaleOrganisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la cultureObjectifs de développement durable Résumé exécutif Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans Publié en 2020 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP (France) © UNESCO 2020 Œuvre publiée en libre accès sous la licence Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ igo/). Les utilisateurs du contenu de la présente publication acceptent les conditions d’utilisation de l’Archive en libre accès de l’UNESCO (https://fr.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-fr). Le présent rapport doit être cité comme suit : COI-UNESCO. 2020. Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 – Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans, Résumé exécutif. K. Isensee (dir . publ.), Paris, Éditions UNESCO. (Série sur les politiques de la COI, 2020-1) Pour en savoir plus au sujet du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020, voir : https://gosr.ioc-unesco.org Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cet ouvrage sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Création graphique : UNESCO Graphisme de la couverture et composition : Marie Moncet Illustration de la couverture : Hugo Salais / Metazoa Studio Imprimé dans les ateliers de l’UNESCO, Paris, France CLD 1128.20 (IOC/POL/2020/1) Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques 2020 Cartographie des capacités au service de la durabilité des océans Résumé exécutif © Joanna Smart, UNWOD 2020Cartographie des capacités en sciences océaniques 2 / COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF CARTOgRAPhIE DES CAPACITÉS EN SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES Le Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques est un ouvrage de référence pour un large éventail de parties prenantes, dont les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques et les universitaires, qui cherchent à comprendre et à exploiter le potentiel qu’offrent les sciences océaniques pour relever les défis mondiaux. Le Rapport peut éclairer les décisions stratégiques relatives au financement des sciences océaniques, révéler des possibilités de collaboration scientifique et favoriser les partenariats en vue d’un renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des

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empower assistant principals by providing clear authority and guidance to gain staff acceptance. Structured mentoring, emotional support, ongoing training in real-world challenges and forums for sharing experiences are potential types of support. Teacher leaders have specialized curriculum expertise and when given additional formal leadership roles and responsibilities can manage subjects and help shape strategies that impact student learning and school performance. A review of 19 countries showed that middle leaders do influence teacher quality, teacher attitudes and student outcomes. A study of 300 secondary schools in England (United Kingdom) found that those with the most significant advancements in teaching and learning were those that embraced strategies focused on collaboration and creativity in which teachers with leadership roles played a major role. According to the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), 67% of lower secondary school teachers reported playing an active role in deciding on learning materials, 44% on course content, 37% on assessment and 37% on discipline. Professional development for vice-principals and teacher leaders is rare. Only a handful of high-income countries integrate leadership into pre-service teacher training. Only one quarter of lower secondary school teachers in the 2018 TALIS received leadership training. Hierarchical school systems can demotivate teacher leaders. Even in high-income countries, teacher leaders do not always receive recognition in the form of salary step upgrades or bonuses. Engaging students, parents and communities can steer schools towards their goals. Students can be leaders too. The involvement of students can foster responsibility for learning. Globally, 57% of countries mandate student councils in their regulations, with high-income countries almost twice as likely as low-income countries to have this requirement. Engaging parents and communities can promote culturally responsive schools and improve student outcomes. Globally, 83% of countries mandate parental involvement and 62% require community representation on school management committees. Yet parents and communities face barriers to participation, including a lack of support and clear roles. Unbalanced representation of parents by gender, class, ethnicity and ability can affect participation and empowerment. Globally, 16% of countries have regulations to ensure the balanced representation of parents and communities in school governance. 4 78 CHAPTER 4 • SHARED SCHOOL LEADERSHIP As school objectives become ever more complex, distributing leadership responsibilities among assistant principals, teachers, support staff, students, parents and the community can make a big difference. Under certain conditions, this can foster innovation, diversity and inclusion.

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points towards the critical need for strong leaders to continuously improve education quality. School leaders are second only to teachers for transforming student outcomes. Meanwhile, politicians wield huge influence in making equitable and inclusive education a national priority. Supporting this seventh Global Education Monitoring Report is a new series of country profiles on PEER, an online resource supporting policy dialogue and describing policies and regulations on school principal selection, preparation and development in the world's education systems.  Since wars begin in the minds of men and women, it is in the minds of men and women that the defenses of peace must be constructed ## Foreword Despite significant strides in widening access to education globally over the past decades, this Global Education Monitoring Report reveals that 251 million children are still not in school today. This is a number that has fallen by only 1% since 2015. Even for those who are in school, the education they receive is not always up to standard: three out of four children in developing countries cannot read and understand a simple text by the age of 10. To advance progress in education, strong leadership is needed at all levels. Indeed, at its heart, education is an activity centred around people. Quality education is a collective endeavour that requires qualified human beings, driven by a sense of purpose. Whether they are policymakers, school directors or head teachers - educational leaders are catalysts for change deserving of greater attention. This report sheds light on their instrumental role in retaining children in school and improving learning outcomes. Effective school leaders bring out the best in teachers, who in turn deliver the best courses. School leaders are also key figures in ensuring that school environments are safe and inclusive, free from violence and bullying. The responsibilities they bear are heavy. For this reason, it is critical to ensure that they are well selected, trained, trusted and supported throughout their career. Yet, over a third of countries do not have open and competitive school principal recruitment processes in place. Even in wealthier nations, half of principals do not receive training for their role before they take up their posts. As in other domains, leadership in education is also marked by significant gender biases. Most teachers are women, while most of school leaders are men. The share of female principals in primary and secondary education is

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microorganisms, or other renewable biological sources. Bio- based plastics can be classified into several categories, including biodegradable5, compostable6, non-biodegradable bio-based plastics and bio-based non bio -degradable plastics7 (EC, 2022) ; 5 Biodegradable bio -based plastics (e.g. bio -PUR, bio -PP) can be degraded via microbial action by microorganisms into simpler molecules (e.g., water, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) . 6 Compostable plastics (e.g. CA, PBAT) refer instead to a subset of biodegradable plastics that can degrade in specific ‘composting conditions’ (of temperature, oxygen, humidity, etc.) into simpler components . 7 For instance: bio-PE, bio -PP and other similar polymers derived from renewable sources but that are not biodegradable . 8 • The analysis of waste plastic chemical recycling8 processes, explored and mapped together with the traditional mechanical recycling9 route for plastics waste, to unveil its role in the 2022 EU plastic value chain ; • The full assessment of polymer -specific plastic flows for all the 9 sectors under scrutiny and their combination with sector -specific analysis to generate product -specific ones . Notably, this study mapped flows associated with sectors and flow associated with polymers that were merged to generate results associated with plastic products , while simultaneously maintaining the mass balance s of the flows . Especially this assessment enabled the identification of the key methodological challenges of coupling ‘bottom -up’ flows estimation (typical for polymer -specific insights) with ‘top -down’ ones (typical for sector -specific insights) , proposes a n approach to transparently highlight such differences while ensuring mass -balance ; • The study also aims to provide one of the first attempts at a full eagle -eyes (“snapshot”) overview of the impacts associated with the whole EU -27 2022 ( coupled with details a t the level of sectors), describing and proposing a methodological approach to couple LCA with existing system -wide MFA data. Such findings represent a pivotal effort to provide reference estimates of the whole plastic value chain impacts across 16 impact categories , to support science -based policies . Further, t he methodology developed in the present report could also prove to be reproducible not only for the assessment of value chain s specifically related to plastics , but also to potentially unveil flows and impacts of value chains associated with different materials and sectors towards unveiling their most notable sustainability, circularity and competitiveness aspects. 8 Chemical recycling refers to processes where plastic waste

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physics and mathematics JSC Naftogaz of Ukraine 75Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy; Environmental sciences and industries Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy69Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; Environmental sciences and industries State Scientific Institution Scientific and Practical Center for Preventive and Clinical Medicine66Health and wellbeing; Nanotechnology and materials; Chemistry and chemical engineering National Bank of Ukraine 62Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science; Electric and electronic technologies Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine 57Governance, culture, education and the economy; Biotechnology; Chemistry and chemical engineeringTable 3.27. Top public actors in Ukraine by number of records, across all domains UKRAINE Top 10 actors classified as ‘Private company, for-profit’ NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains Enamine LLC, Research and Production Enterprise327Biotechnology; Chemistry and chemical engineering; Health and wellbeing JSC Novokramatorsky Mash Zavod 298Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Nanotechnology and materials; Energy Scientific Research Company Electron-Carat146Nanotechnology and materials; Optics and photonics; Chemistry and chemical engineering Donetsk Metallurg Works OJSC 73Environmental sciences and industries; Energy; Nanotechnology and materials Nanomedtech LLC 65Nanotechnology and materials; Biotechnology; Health and wellbeing Motor Sich JSC 51Nanotechnology and materials; Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy Research and Production Corporation Radiy46Energy; Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science Azovelectrostal Private JSC 43Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Energy; Nanotechnology and materials IPP-Centre LLC 38Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Fundamental physics and mathematics; Energy LLC Ukrainian Scientific-Research Institute Resurs33Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery; Agrifood; Electric and electronic technologiesTable 3.28. Top private actors in Ukraine by number of records, across all domains Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation207 5.2 EaP regional and international collaboration in the S&T domains Methodology In this section, collaboration patterns throughout EaP countries and beyond are analysed. To achieve this, similar to what was done in the preceding sec- tion, every single analysed record is linked back to the respective extracted domain and the pertinent affiliation (for publications) or beneficiary (for re- search projects) is identified. Since co-patenting is particularly scarce, especially between institutions in different countries, only data for publications and EC projects is presented. The following tables show, for each pair of EaP countries, the number of publications and projects in common, respectively. This exercise is first car- ried out without filtering by specialisation domain and then for collaborations within each domain. At the end of the section, an overview of the col-

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[]

trauma: The Rabin assassination and terror attacks ; Moses-Hrushovski (2000). Grief and grievance: The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. 3 Volkan (1997). Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. 4 Shapiro (2020). Finding a place to stand: Developing self-reflective institutions, leaders and citizens. that continues today. Not so long ago, an unseen enemy, COVID-19, was threatening human beings everywhere in the world, regardless of their large-group identities. Furthermore, on 25 May 2020 George Floyd, a black American, died in Minneapolis, Minnesota while handcuffed and pinned to the ground by a white police officer who pressed his knee on Floyd s neck. This event became yet another symbol of ' continuing racism in the United States. When nature shows its fury and people suffer, victims tend to ultimately accept the event as fate or as the will of God, ⁵ but after man-made accidental disasters, survivors blame a small number of individuals or governmental organizations for their neglect or carelessness. Obviously, those suffering severe loss, like the death of a relative, will feel the impact of a trauma more than those in the same large group who are removed from a catastrophic forest fire or an erupting volcano. Such natural or man-made disasters can also evoke societal responses within the traumatized large group, mostly within the communities near the tragedy. If the backbone of the community is not broken, however, the society recovers. A classic example of ' biological regeneration ' can be seen in Wales, UK. In October 1966, a hill of coal waste collapsed sending around 300,000 cubic yards of coal slurry onto the Welsh village of Aberfan killing 144 people, among them 116 children. For five years following this tragedy there was a significant increase in the birthrate among women who had not themselves lost a child. The ' loss ' and the ' gain ' in the number of children were balanced. The community recovered in a process of ' biosocial regeneration . ' ⁶ On the other hand, there can also be biosocial degeneration, such as after the Chernobyl accident when women in Belarus, due to their exposure to radiation, feared having children with disabilities. Thus, the birthrate declined and there was no biosocial regeneration during the initial years following the disaster. Occasionally a natural or man-made accidental trauma is reflected in the traumatized large group s political relationship with a neighbouring large group. ' Here we

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and self-defeating for those in the digital sectors. More than half of SMEs in Europe flag regulatory obstacles and the administrative burden as their greatest challenge. We have also left our Single Market fragmented for decades, which has a cascading effect on our competitiveness. It drives high-growth companies overseas, in turn reducing the pool of projects to be financed and hindering the development of Europe’s capital markets. And without high-growth projects to invest in and capital markets to finance them, Europeans lose opportunities to become wealthier. Even though EU households save more than their US counterparts, their wealth has grown by only a third as much since 2009. Second, Europe is wasting its common resources. We have large collective spending power, but we dilute it across multiple different national and EU instruments. For instance, we are still not joining forces in the defence industry to help our companies to integrate and reach scale. European collaborative procurement accounted for less than a fifth of spending on defence equipment procurement in 2022. We also do not favour competitive European defence companies. Between mid-2022 and mid-2023, 78% of total procurement spending went to non-EU suppliers, out of which 63% went to the US. Likewise, we do not collaborate enough on innovation, even though public investments in breakthrough technolo - gies require large capital pools and the spillovers for everyone are substantial. The public sector in the EU spends about as much on R&I as the US as a share of GDP, but just one-tenth of this spending takes place at the EU level. Third, Europe does not coordinate where it matters. Industrial strategies today – as seen in the US and China – combine multiple policies, ranging from fiscal policies to encourage domestic production, to trade policies to penalise anti-competitive behaviour, to foreign economic policies to secure supply chains. In the EU context, linking policies in this way requires a high degree of coordination between national and EU efforts. But owing to its slow and disaggregated policymaking process, the EU is less able to produce such a response. Europe’s decision-making rules have not substantially evolved as the EU has enlarged and as the global environ - ment we face has become more hostile and complex. Decisions are typically made issue-by-issue with multiple veto players along the way. The outcome is a legislative process with an average time of 19 months to agree new

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- 6. Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58 (7): 1131-4. - 7. Zhang J, YuM,T ong S et al. Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol 2020.https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104392. - 8. T an L, Kang X, Ji Xet al. Validation of predictors of disease severity and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a descriptive and retrospective study. Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.05.002. - 9. Zhou Y , Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, qi Y et al.Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+CD16+monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus. Bio Rxiv 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.02.12.945576. and SZ wrote up the manuscript. CE, SN and FOread and reviewed the final manuscript. ## Data Availability Statement The authors declare that the data is not publicly available. ## Funding The authors declare the existence of no support or funding. ## Conflict of interest statement The authors stated that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. - 10. Warusevitane A, Karunatilake D, Sim J, Smith C, Roffe C. Early diagnosis of pneumonia in severe stroke: clinical features and the diagnostic role of C-reactive protein. PloS one 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0150269. - 11. Liu F , Li L, Xu M et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jcv.2020.104370. - 12. Peng F , T u Let al. Management and T reatment of COVID19: The Chinese Experience. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36 (6): 915-930.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010. - 13. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) in suspected human cases. 2020 January 17; https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novelcoronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases. - 14. Ministry of Health of Morocco. Coronavirus disease COVID-19.2020.http://www.covidmaroc.ma/Pages/ ProfessionnelSanteAR.aspx. - 15. Ponti G, Maccaferi M, Ruini C et al. Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020. 1770685 - 16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11): 1061-1069. - 17. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 727-33. - 18. Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R et al. Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96: 131-5.

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annual allowance for depreciation), are allowed as deduction. The term ‘mining production project’ means mineral development, mining, or related activities carried out by a mining project producer within a mining license area.” Source: Section 705. Determination of T axable Income of Mining Projects under Liberia Revenue Code of 2000 as Amended by the Consolidated T ax Amendments Act October 25, 2011. 17 For instance, Malawi, Kazakhstan, Liberia, and Botswana. 18 The examples of legislation we considered throughout this practice note are not intended to show “best practice,” these are merely country examples.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 30 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersFIGURE 5. Ring-fencing by mining licence area Company/taxpayer’s “mining project” Mining license AGovernment Mining licence A Mining licence B Note: In some cases, ring-fences should apply to the area defined by a mineral licence, as opposed to “project” areas, which can have less precise definitions. Source: Author's elaboration. Countries that do not ring-fence per licence area let the taxpayer or tax administration subjectively determine which activities or projects should be ring-fenced. Whichever terminology countries use to express “mining area,” it should be unambiguous and simple to enforce. The definition should include the place where the mineral resource is being extracted, the mining area, and all buildings, structures, machinery, residual stockpiles, access roads, or objects situated within that area that are being used or intended to be used in connection with the extraction of the mineral resource. Resource-rich countries should be careful to make a determination of boundaries as rule-bound as possible to enhance tax certainty, simplify administration, and increase compliance. Where the approach of ring-fencing is based on the mining area, it should be aligned with other regulatory reporting obligations. This way, the additional compliance burden may be less burdensome, especially if the taxpayer already has to collect, prepare, and report financial information on the same mining area basis. 4.3.2 Ring-Fencing by Shared Processing Facility Some countries may find the mining licence area too rigid a basis for ring-fencing, especially where companies have multiple mines that feed into a shared processing facility. For example, Ghana allows taxpayers who have multiple mines that share a processing facility to group the mines as a single entity for the purpose of calculating

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[]

speakers have mentioned how frustrating it is to not be able to find much information about important women scientists whose work may have been done quietly or have been largely unacknowledged or credited but was extremely impactful in their field. We want our speakers to recognize that their papers can help make a difference so that it is easier for future scientists and researchers to learn about them and inspire other women scientists to donate their papers. ## Conclusion Women scientists have remained under- represented in archives and museums in distinct and different ways depending on the scientific field of study and a variety of 'social, historical, and cultural reasons': 44 their contributions have sometimes been credited to male colleagues and spouses; sometimes they have been steered to the 'feminine sciences' (which were not always given the same scientific credibility as other sciences); sometimes they have been pushed to the margins of their own fields due to gender biases, discrimination and harassment; oftentimes, anti- nepotism rules in academia meant that women scientists were not given paid or tenure- track positions. 45 There has also been the matter of misperceptions about what kinds of records are valuable, which has led women scientists to discard important documents that provide insight into their experiences and research process and not just the final published work. 46 Women of colour in particular have had to navigate additional barriers to participate in science, 47 which are important to understanding their impact on record- creation, record- keeping and absences in archives. Finding ways to proactively collect the stories of people who have been left out of the historical record, such as through this lecture series, will help in creating a more inclusive and representative record. 48 The ways in which women scientists have been under- represented in archives and museums can be complicated and complex, but it is nonetheless important for archivists and museum professionals to begin unpacking these reasons and to be intentional about collection development policies and practices, the outreach programmes they create and who they highlight as being important in history and in science. Initiatives such as the Women in Science Lecture Series can be useful for addressing inequities in holdings, but they should be part of broader programmatic efforts and an institutional ethos that seeks to steward a diverse and inclusive history science. Such efforts can also assist with capturing current science -

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Barbieri F, Ronzano F, Saggion H. Summarization and Information Extraction in your Tablet. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 2015; (55): 201-206. | | | - 1 Entries per Page - 2 Entries per Page - 3 Entries per Page - 4 Entries per Page - 5 Entries per Page - 6 Entries per Page - 9 Entries per Page - 10 Entries per Page - 12 Entries per Page - 20 Entries per Page - 30 Entries per Page - 50 Entries per Page - 75 Entries per Page - 100 Entries per Page - 200 Entries per Page Showing 1 to 50 of 99 entries. - Previous Page - Page 1 - Page 2 - Next Page - Contact - Campus - Online office - Work at UPF - Agenda - Newsletters - UPF-BSM - ESCI-UPF - Tecnocampus - BSE - more... - The Guild - Eutopia - A4U - ACUP - more...   © Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona T.(+34) 93 542 20 00

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learning outcomes, which is the outcome examined by most research studies, may come at the expense of improvements in a range of other desirable education outcomes, such as establishing an inclusive environment or preparing learners to adapt to the future challenges of citizenship and climate change. Standardized performance measures risk leading to standardized approaches to management and leadership, which may not suit individual ## BOX 1.1: ## Autonomy and accountability reforms in some countries have shaped perceptions of education leadership roles globally One of the challenges of a global report on leadership is that, while most people would agree that leadership matters for education, much of the evidence comes from a relatively small number of high-income, mainly English-speaking countries that for historical and cultural reasons have experimented with particular governance approaches. Their reforms set them apart from the rest of the world yet have a strong influence on global debates on education leadership.

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[]

In October the Court of Justice of the EU ruled on a case concerning the readmissions of asylum seekers from Greece to Türkiye under the 2014 EU-Türkiye readmission agreement, which Türkiye had suspended since March 2020. The court found that if the country of return did not ensure readmission, asylum applications could not be rejected as inadmissible under the <safe third country= rule. There were negative developments in access by asylum seekers and refugees to social and economic support. The Helios programme, run by the International Organization for Migration with funding from the Greek authorities, ceased on 30 November. It had provided housing and other support to bene ûciaries of internationalRIGHT TO LIFE REFUGEES9 AND MIGRANTS9 RIGHTS 184184 Amnesty International Reportprotection and EU temporary protection. The NGO Refugee Support Aegean reported that from May the authorities had stopped paying the ûnancial assistance owed to asylum seekers by law. In January, 16 aid workers involved in search and rescue operations for refugees and migrants were acquitted of misdemeanour charges, including espionage, by a court on Lesvos. Concerns remained about the criminal charges ongoing against Panayote Dimitras, spokesperson of the NGO Greek Helsinki Monitor, and Tommy Olsen, head of the NGO Aegean Boat Report, in relation to their work assisting refugees and migrants at Greece9s borders. Panayote Dimitras remained subjected to restrictive measures, including a ban on leaving Greece, as part of this investigation. In May, the authorities issued a national arrest warrant for Tommy Olsen. In August an NGO criticized further judicial harassment against Panayote Dimitras who, together with his wife Nafsika Papanikolatou, faced a criminal investigation for alleged breach of trust and money laundering. In November, concerns were raised about the trial of human rights defender Alexia Tsouni, on charges including <false testimony= and defamation, which appeared to be in response to her anti-racism work and activism in support of refugees. Reports persisted of the police using unnecessary and excessive force, including by misusing less-lethal weapons, against protesters and journalists. In December, human rights lawyer Anny Paparousou and a group of peaceful protesters were taken to a police station for identity checks ahead of a demonstration. This move appeared to be unlawful, and aimed primarily at preventing the protesters from participating in the protest. In October a court awarded compensation to photojournalist Orestis Panagiotou for the serious injury he sustained after being hit directly and at close range by a

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embedded within a culture. For instance, descendants from both sides of a mass atrocity (i.e. both survivors and perpetrators) may share common responses to the harmful effects of events, such as avoidance, denial and silence. Some of these responses (such as denial) may be expressions of collective trauma. However, the harm itself does not require such expressions. People can undergo spiritual harm without recognizing it, even in their silence and indifference. The harm isn t its expression. ' Collective trauma also occurs when groups undergo structural violence such as social marginalization, economic deprivation and political disempowerment. These forms of structural dehumanization may be internalised in terms of group identity, which adds to the trauma and tends to perpetuate the cycles of antagonism. As always, violence tends to breed violence. Violent antagonism is usually a symptom of trauma, as well as being a cause of further violent antagonism and resulting trauma. Such cycles of violence are rooted in the original systemic dehumanisation, which is typically embedded in political -economic structures, as we have seen. Although many of these points are recognized in the literature on trauma, often the spiritual nature of the underlying harm is not. The idea of such harm shows us that the trauma experienced is not the same as the harms that underlie and cause it. This point is important because people need their traumas to be treated insofar as possible. Their peace and well-being requires this. Nevertheless, this is not the same as the removal or lessening of harm. Healing trauma is not the same as the diminution of harm, although it may be conducive to it. The idea of spiritual harm forces this distinction on us because spiritual harm occurs at a level deeper than the psychological, and because spiritual harm need not be felt. This indicates that healing practices need to include a component that helps people overcome the evaluative inversions that are typical of spiritual harm. It suggests that while the traumatic may come first in collective healing, the process should not end at that point. The collective process can go deeper. ## Social Justice Second, a similar point applies to social justice. Within our current political -economic system, social justice is typically understood in terms of fairness, or receiving one s ' due or what one deserves. These ideas readily translate into right-claims. In short, it is unjust that people have important right-claims

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The term “instrumentation” at least in some examples refers to measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring, and/or recording physical quantities and/or physical events. Additionally or alternatively, the term “instrumentation” at least in some examples refers to the measure of performance (e.g., of SW and/or HW (sub)systems) in order to diagnose errors and/or to write trace information. The term “trace” or “tracing” at least in some examples refers to logging or otherwise recording information about a program's execution and/or information about the operation of a component, subsystem, device, system, and/or other entity; in some examples, “tracing” is used for debugging and/or analysis purposes. The term “telemetry” at least in some examples refers to the in situ collection of measurements, metrics, or other data (often referred to as “telemetry data” or the like) and their conveyance to another device or equipment. Additionally or alternatively, the term “telemetry” at least in some examples refers to the automatic recording and transmission of data from a remote or inaccessible source to a system for monitoring and/or analysis. The term “telemeter” at least in some examples refers to a device used in telemetry, and at least in some examples, includes sensor(s), a communication path, and a control device. The term “telemetry pipeline” at least in some examples refers to a set of elements/entities/components in a telemetry system through which telemetry data flows, is routed, or otherwise passes through the telemetry system. Additionally or alternatively, the term “telemetry pipeline” at least in some examples refers to a system, mechanism, and/or set of elements/entities/components that takes collected data from an agent and leads to the generation of insights via analytics. Examples of entities/elements/components of a telemetry pipeline include a collector or collection agent, analytics function, data upload and transport (e.g., to the cloud or the like), data ingestion (e.g., Extract Transform and Load (ETL)), storage, and analysis functions. The term “telemetry system” at least in some examples refers to a set of physical and/or virtual components that interconnect to provide telemetry services and/or to provide for the collection, communication, and analysis of data. The term “accuracy” at least in some examples refers to the closeness of one or more measurements to a specific value. The term “artificial intelligence” or “AI” at least in some examples refers to any intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. Additionally or alternatively, the

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[]

2.195 1.362 28.4Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools0.347 1.382 1.019 1.568 1.684 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 0.182 1.154 1.513 0.881 0.827 1.442 29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles 0.554 0.836 1.573 1.587 0.554 0.897 29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles 4.864 0.729 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment 0.357 1.009 1.736 1.092 0.365 1.441 31 Manufacture of furniture 0.738 1.756 1.469 1.185 32 Other manufacturing 0.403 0.782 2.075 0.830 0.891 1.019 32.5Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies0.292 1.233 0.819 0.582 1.163 1.912 32.9 Manufacturing n.e.c. 1.220 2.076 0.395 1.168 0.938 42.2 Construction of utility projects 1.320 0.633 42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects 4.249 1.327 0.334 43 Specialised construction activities 0.200 1.628 1.077 0.933 1.511 0.650 62 Computer programming. consultancy and related activities 0.825 2.059 0.715 1.263 0.375 0.763 * A patent family is a collection of patent applications covering the same or similar technical content. The applications in a family are related to one another through priority claims. Source: https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/helpful- resources/first-time-here/patent-families.html 98 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential 3.3. Trademark applications Trademark data for each Eastern Partnership country are available from the WIPO Global Brand Database43. Trademarks are classified into 45 classes using the NICE Classification, 34 of which for goods and 11 for services. The full list is shown in Annex 5. Trademark data by NICE class are also used in mapping the technological potential of the Eastern Partnership countries. Here, the same trademark data could be used for NACE industries if an official NICE to NACE concordance existed. Such a concordance is however unavailable. A Spanish NACE four-digit to NICE two-digit con- cordance44 shows that the level of NACE detail is much higher than the corresponding level of NICE detail, implying that a reversed concordance is not 43 Disclaimer: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) bears no responsibility for the integrity or accuracy of the data contained herein, in particular due, but not limited, to any deletion, manipulation, or reformatting of data that may have occurred beyond its control. 44 https://www.oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/docu- mentos_relacionados/varios_todas_modalidades/Con- cordancia_CNAE_NIZA.pdffeasible as a single trademark could be allocated to too many NACE industries. The analysis will therefore take an ad hoc ap- proach by using a partial concordance covering a smaller number of combined manufacturing in- dustries. Millot (2009)45 developed the following correspondence, based on a sample of 1 000 Eu- ropean firms with

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this case its soundness was indeed confirmed. For the clus- ter ‘Information Technology and Analytical Instru- ments’, a concordance was observed between the E&I domain Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products and the S&T domains Electric and electronic technologies, Energy, Fundamen- tal physics and mathematics, ICT and computer science and Optics and photonics. All of these concordances are produced by both patents and publications. For the cluster ‘Production Technolo- gy and Heavy Machinery’, a concordance could be observed between the Manufacture of machinery and equipment E&I domain and the S&T domains Agrifood, Energy, Fundamental physics and math- ematics, Environmental sciences and industries and Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery. For the cluster ‘Automotive’, a concordance could be produced between the Transportation S&T do- main and the Manufacture of motor vehicles, trail- ers and semi-trailers E&I domain. The alignment was, in this case, produced by both patents and publications. The most common areas of combined EIST spe- cialisation throughout the EaP countries, with matching economic clusters and S&T domain spe- cialisations, are Agrifood (all EaP countries except for Azerbaijan) and Electric and electronic tech- nologies (Armenia and Ukraine). Other identified economic clusters with matching S&T domains, based on available international data, and are ap- plicable only for 2 countries out of 6. The work is ingrained in a wider effort within the context of the Smart Specialisation Framework for the Enlargement and Neighbourhood Region, which has attained different milestones in the different EaP countries. In this context, this document has presented a wide array of indicators and results, which are contextualised across a variety of di- mensions, and which can support evidence-based policymaking and the organisation of the EDP. The progress of developing the Smart Specialisa- tion Strategies in EaP countries is uneven. Some are just starting the process and building institu- tional capacity, while others are steadily moving towards the finalisation of the entrepreneurial dis- covery process (EDP) and strategy drafting. Armenia is taking its first steps in developing the Smart Specialisation Strategy with an already as- sembled national team to coordinate the process and completed quantitative mapping. It is expect- ed that the awareness-raising event will soon commence and the country will be ready to enter the qualitative mapping phase. Azerbaijan is the only EaP country that did not officially express an intention to start the devel- opment process and did not participate in any JRC awareness-raising events on

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[]

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leakage current between the gate electrode and the channel formation region can be inhibited. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably include an insulator having a low dielectric constant. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like. - the insulator 150 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 280 , and the insulator 281 preferably have a stacked-layer structure of a resin and silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, or porous silicon oxide. - silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which is thermally stable, is combined with a resin - the stacked-layer structure can have thermal stability and a low dielectric constant.

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[]

machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.2% 781Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, including the driver), including station-wagons and racing carsX 15.4% 791Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipment X 0.5% 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 843Men’s or boys’ coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar articles of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2)X 0.3% X 0.3% 872Instruments and appliances, n.e.s., for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposesX 0.3% 874Measuring, checking, analysing and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. X 0.2% 893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics X 0.3% 9Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation71 Mapping of goods export specialisations – results for Moldova Results of the export mapping for Moldova are shown in Table 2.19. The 41 goods categories with current strength represent almost 79% of the total exports for 2012-2019. Specialised exports in Food and live animals (SITC 0) account for 17% of the total exports, those in Machinery and trans- port equipment (SITC 7) for almost 14% and those in Miscellaneous manufactured articles (SITC 8) for more than 21%. In addition, Alcoholic beverag- es (SITC 112) and Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (SITC 222) are specialised goods categories each accounting for around 8% of the total exports.The 23 goods categories with emerging strength represent almost 34% of the total exports. Export specialisations are primarily increasing in Food and live animals (SITC 0) and Crude materials, in- edible, except fuels (SITC 2). Moldova’s export specialisation suggests an over- all specialisation in both low value-added activities related to food production – putting the country at risk of the negative effects of falling food prices at global level – and in machinery and other man- ufactured articles. SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 41 78.7% 23 33.8% 0 Food and live animals 001 Live animals other than animals of division 03 X 0.4% 041 Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled X 3.2% 043 Barley, unmilled X 0.7% X 0.7% 044 Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled X 2.6% 048Cereal preparations and preparations of flour or starch of fruits or vegetablesX 0.7% 056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. X 0.6% 057 Fruit

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[]

| … | 100 ₋₁ | 75 | … | | | … | … | 3.0 | | | 12.5 | 10.1 ₋₁ | | | | | | | | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | 65 | … | … | … | … | … | 2.1 | 3.6 ₋₁ | 7.6 | | 9.8 | ATG | ATG | ATG | ATG | ATG | ATG | | 32 ₋₂ | … | 21 ₋₂ | … | … | 45 ₋₁ | … | 27 ₋₁ | 58 | 70 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … | … | 5.8 | 4.8 ₋₁ | 14.0 | 12.7 | ₋₁ | ARG | ARG | ARG | ARG | ARG | ARG | | … … | … … | … … | … … | … … | … … | … | … | … | … … | … | … | … | … | … … | | 5.9 | 4.4 ₋₄ | | 23.2 | 19.4 ₋₄ | ABW | ABW | ABW | ABW | ABW | ABW | | … | … | … | … | … | | … | … | … | | 90 | 92 | 83 | 91 | 86 | 91 | 2.3 5.2 | 2.8 ₋₁ | 12.4 | | 11.6 | BHS | BHS | BHS | BHS | BHS | BHS | | | | | | | … … | … … | … | … | … … | 66 68 | 75 89 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 51 68 | | 4.0 4.3 | 17.8 | | 12.5 18.5 | BRB BLZ | BRB BLZ | BRB BLZ | BRB BLZ | BRB BLZ | BRB BLZ | | … | … | … | … | … … | … | … | … | … | … | 85 | 90 | 50 … | 75 | 40 … | … | 5.4 8.1 | 7.6 ₋₁ | 21.6 | 23.1 | ₋₂ | BOL | BOL | BOL | BOL | BOL | BOL | | … 37 ₋₂ | … | … | … … | 49 |

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[]

Accuosto P.; Neves M.; Saggion H.. Argumentation mining in scientific literature: From computational linguistics to biomedicine . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 20-36. Altin L.S.M.; Saggion H.. Automatic detection of sexism in social media with a multilingual approach . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 415-419. Saggion H, Shterionov DS, Labaka G, van de Cruys T, Vandeghinste V, Blat J. SignON: Bridging the gap between sign and spoken languages . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 21-24. Full text Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferrés D, Cheng Sheang K (eds.). Current Trends in Text Simplification . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Other resources Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferres D, Sheang KC. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification (CTTS 2021), co-located with SEPLN 2021 . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 3. Saggion H.; Štajner S.; Ferres D.; Sheang K.C.. Preface to the FirstWorkshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Abdelzaher T.; An J.; Bazzi M.; Blackburn J.; Kursuncu U.; Mejova Y.; Rappaz J.; Saggion H.; Smeros P.; Wijeratne S.; Yu N.. Reports of the Workshops Held at the 2020 International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference on Web and Social Media . AI Magazine 2020; 41(4): 115-120. Other resources AbuRa¿ed A.; Saggion H.; Shvets A.; Bravo A.. Automatic related work section generation: experiments in scientific document abstracting . Scientometrics 2020; 125(3): 3159-3185. Publication link Full text Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Mining arguments in scientific abstracts with discourse-level embeddings . Data and Knowledge Engineering 2020; 129. Publication link Full text Goularte FB, Sorato D, Nassar SM, Fileto R, Saggion H. MSC+: Language pattern learning for word sense induction and disambiguation . Knowledge-Based Systems 2020; 188. Publication link Full text Perez N.; Accuosto P.; Bravo A.; Cuadros M.; Martinez-Garcia E.; Saggion H.; Rigau G.. Cross-lingual semantic annotation of biomedical literature: experiments in Spanish and English . Bioinformatics 2020; 36(6): 1872-1880. Publication link Full text Wijeratne S, Saggion H, Kiciman E, Sheth AP. Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media: Lay of the Land and Special Issue Introduction . ACM transactions on social computing 2020; 3(2): 1-6. Publication link Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Discourse-driven argument mining in scientific abstracts . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2019; 182-194. Publication link Full text Altin L.S.M.; Bravo A.; Saggion H.. Lastus/TalN at IroSvA: Irony detection in Spanish variants . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2019; 2421: 291-296. Altin L.S.M.; Bravo A.; Saggion H.. LASTUS/TALN at TASS 2019: Sentiment analysis for Spanish language variants with neural networks . CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2019; 598-604.

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mining were found to be more common in Africa than in the Americas or the Asia-Pacific region. Of sampled jurisdictions with ring-fencing rules for mining, 64% are in Africa. This is not surprising given the importance of the mining sector to many African economies and the drive to mobilize more domestic revenue. Ecuador and Argentina are the only countries identified with ring-fencing rules in the Americas, although the Dominican Republic intends to introduce ring-fencing rules in its new mining code. 8 Large mining countries, such as Peru, Chile, Brazil, and several provinces and states in Canada and Australia, respectively, do not have ring-fencing rules. FIGURE 2. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules for mining exist  Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey. ## 2.2.2 Ring-Fencing in Oil and Gas and in Mining Ring-fencing rules are more prevalent in oil and gas than in mining. For oil and gas, ring-fencing typically limits the consolidation of revenues and expenditures between wells, fields, or activities. Several countries have ring-fencing rules for both the mining and oil sectors; however, some countries only provide ring-fencing rules for oil and gas. Kenya is a resourcerich country that only provides ring-fencing rules for mining (see Figure 3). 8 Articles 101 & 102, Proyecto de Ley de Mineria Nacional, 10 de Junio de 2019 . ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION | 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OFRING-FENCING | |---------------------------------------------| | 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING | | 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES | | 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OFRING-FENCING RULES | | 6.0 CONCLUSION | ## FIGURE 3. Jurisdictions where ring-fencing rules exist Source: Authors, based on data from the IGF survey.  There may be several reasons why ring-fencing is more common for the oil and gas sectors, including the following: - · The oil and gas sector has typically been more vertically integrated than mining. Countries may be concerned with preventing oil and gas companies from consolidating income between different stages of the value chain, particularly where these stages are subject to different tax rates (e.g., higher taxes for upstream; lower taxes for downstream). - · Production-sharing agreements (PSAs) are the most common type of contractual arrangements for petroleum exploration and development. PSAs cover individual fields/projects (Bindeman, 1999). The fiscal liability is then determined with reference to specific contracts, which results in a de facto ring-fencing outcome. The burden of implementing ring-fencing rules could be

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begin their studies because of a Home Office requirement for biometric data for a visa application. The UK-authorised biometrics registration centre in Gaza closed in October 2023 and it has been impossible for them to travel to other centres in neighbouring countries. Other countries, including Italy, Ireland and France, have already evacuated students. It is understood the British government is considering requests for support from other Palestinian students with places at UK universities. “Through all these struggles, our voices are finally being heard,” said Khulud. “Nothing we have endured has been in vain. I hope these steps are completed smoothly so that we can join our studies on time.” Of her fellow students who are still waiting, she said: “I hope their determination is recognised, and that they too receive the support they deserve to continue their studies and achieve their dreams.”  A government spokesperson said: “We are working urgently to support Chevening scholars in Gaza who have offers from British universities to leave and take up their places in the UK. “We are doing everything we can to support their safe exit and onward travel to the UK but the situation on the ground in Gaza makes this extremely challenging.” - Higher education - Palestinian territories - Universities - Students - Gaza - Middle East and north Africa - news ### Most viewed - CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign - Ostapenko and Townsend confront each other after US Open match: ‘She said I had no education’ - Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory - The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome to the latest festival disaster - How hard will Trump’s 50% tariff hit India, and what is Delhi doing about it? ## More on this story ## More on this story - Pope demands ‘collective punishment’ end in Gaza as 10 more die of hunger13h ago - ‘He loved his work deeply’: the five Palestinian journalists killed in Gaza airstrike1d ago - Majority of inner London pupils on free meals going to university, data shows31 Jul 2025 - Israeli protesters stage ‘day of disruption’ calling for end to war in Gaza2d ago - English universities’ income falls for third consecutive year8 May 2025 - Student visa crackdown will make funding crisis worse, says Universities UK6 May 2025 - A third of outpatients treated for wounds at MSF’s

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examples refers to a function are used in optimization problems with the goal of minimizing a loss or error. The term “mathematical model” at least in some examples refer to a system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs including governing equations, assumptions, and constraints. The term “statistical model” at least in some examples refers to a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and/or similar data from a population; in some examples, a “statistical model” represents a data-generating process. The term “machine learning” or “ML” at least in some examples refers to the use of computer systems to optimize a performance criterion using example (training) data and/or past experience. ML involves using algorithms to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions to perform the specific task(s), and/or relying on patterns, predictions, and/or inferences. ML uses statistics to build ML model(s) (also referred to as “models”) in order to make predictions or decisions based on sample data (e.g., training data). The term “machine learning model” or “ML model” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that is capable of making predictions, inferences, or decisions based on an input data set and/or is capable of detecting patterns based on an input data set. In some examples, a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is trained on a training data to detect patterns and/or make predictions, inferences, and/or decisions. In some examples, a “machine learning model” or “ML model” is based on a mathematical and/or statistical model. For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “ML model”, “AI model”, “AI/ML model”, and the like may be used interchangeably. The term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to an application, program, process, algorithm, and/or function that builds or estimates an ML model based on sample data or training data. Additionally or alternatively, the term “machine learning algorithm” or “ML algorithm” at least in some examples refers to a program, process, algorithm, and/or function that learns from experience w.r.t some task(s) and some performance measure(s)/metric(s), and an ML model is an object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with training data. For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “ML algorithm”, “AI algorithm”, “AI/ML algorithm”, and the like may

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their economic position in the jurisdiction as a whole. Special rules may be considered to find a balanced solution (see the discussion in Section 3.2.3 below). ## BOX 5. HOW RING-FENCING PROTECTS THE TAX BASE FROM PERMANENT LOSSES DERIVED FROM UNSUCCESSFUL MINES In the simplified example below, a mining investor holds a producing mine and has abandoned an unsuccessful exploration project. Row 1 in Table 2 shows the revenue the government would have collected if ring-fencing rules were not applied, and vice versa for row 2. Where ring-fencing rules are applied, the government's total revenue is USD 3.664 billion; in comparison, where consolidation is applied, it is USD 2.718 billion. In this scenario, USD 946 million in possible government revenue is permanently lost. TABLE 2. Government revenues during the life of the mines (in USD million) | YEAR | 0-5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | TOTAL | |---------------|-------|-----|-----|-----|-----|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------|---------| | Consolidation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,110 | 1,478 | 2,609 | 1,178 | 953 | 7,328 | | Ring-fencing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 488 | 668 | 443 | 593 | 593 | 2,412 | 1,178 | 953 | 7,328 | | Consolidation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 210 | 443 | 593 | 593 | 293 | 293 | 293 | 2,718 | | Ring-fencing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 488 | 668 | 443 | 593 | 593 | 293 | 293 | 293 | 3,664 | Source: Author's elaboration. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING ## 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 3.1.2.2 Risks Playing Out in Other Non-Mining Commercial Activities In the absence of ring-fencing rules, a mining investor who controls either some key stages or all of the mining value chain from upstream (exploration, development, and exploitation) to downstream (processing, transport, and marketing) or who is also involved in non-mining activities (e.g., construction of buildings or investments made into innovative pharmaceutical research) may offset revenues and losses from different stages along the value chain and/or in other commercial activities. Downstream activities could be undertaken offshore, e.g., in a centralized logistical/commercial hub. These activities are intrinsically ring-fenced if

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metal products, except machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics of Materials; Catalysis; Metals and Alloys 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Control and Systems Engineering; Metals and Alloys 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi- trailersInstrumentation; Automotive Engineering 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanical Engineering 53 Postal and courier activities Transportation 61 TelecommunicationsComputer Networks and Communications; Computer Science Applications; General Computer Science; Transportation 62Computer programming, consultancy and related activitiesArtificial Intelligence 63 Information service activities Artificial Intelligence 348 Annexes At the time of preparation of this study, Ukraine was diversified and fast developing country, particularly in terms of research, economy and in- novation. Outcomes and findings for Ukraine, pre- sented in this report might not be valid to full extent anymore due to Russia’s unprovoked and unjusti- fied act of aggression, which the European Union condemns in the strongest possible terms. Russia’s aggression grossly violates international law and the UN Charter, and undermines international secu- rity and stability. The European Union and its Member States express full solidarity with Ukraine and the Ukrainian people. The EU demands that Russia immediately cease its military actions, withdraw all its troops from the en- tire territory of Ukraine and fully respect Ukraine’s territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence within its internationally recognised borders and abide by UN General Assembly resolution titled “Ag- gression against Ukraine” supported by 141 states at the 11th emergency special session. The EU res- olutely supports Ukraine’s inherent right of self-de- fence and the Ukrainian armed forces’ efforts to defend Ukraine’s territorial integrity and population in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter. At all times Russia must respect its obligations under international law, including international humani- tarian and human rights law, including with respect to the protection of civilians, women and children. Russia also needs to stop its disinformation cam- paign and cyber-attacks. The authors of this study hope that Smart Spe- cialisation approach will be useful to redesign and reanimate the research, economy and innovation systems within all regions of the country to rebuild a stronger and even more resilient country. #StandWithUkraineADDENDUM Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation349

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3 sy; sz = z POIN COMP z1 z2; box = m ELEM APPU STRI sz NOVE; * finproc box; * opti echo 1; opti dime 3 elem cub8; opti trac psc ftra 'sc3d231_mesh.ps'; opti sauv form 'sc3d231.msh'; lx = 7.0; ly = 2.0; lz = 1.0; den = 0.5; dens den; p1 = 0 0 0; p2 = lx 0 0; p3 = lx ly 0; p4 = 0 ly 0; c1 = d p1 p2; c2 = d p2 p3; c3 = d p3 p4; c4 = d p4 p1; bas1 = dall c1 c2 c3 c4 plan; base = bas1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); bas2 = face 2 base; trac cach qual base; trac cach qual bas2; p5 = 1.0 0.5 1.0; p6 = 2.0 0.5 1.0; p7 = 2.0 1.5 1.0; p8 = 1.0 1.5 1.0; c5 = d p5 p6; c6 = d p6 p7; c7 = d p7 p8; c8 = d p8 p5; cub1 = dall c5 c6 c7 c8 plan; cube = cub1 volu tran (0 0 1.0); ecub = enve cube; cub5 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 2.01 0.49 1.51 1.99 2.01; cub6 = pxextr3d ecub 0.99 1.01 0.49 1.51 0.99 2.01; ncub = chan poi1 cub1; trac cach qual cube; trac cach qual (base et cube); trac cach qual (base et cub5 et cub6); trac cach qual cub5; trac cach qual cub6; mesh = base et cube et ncub; trac cach qual mesh; tass mesh noop; sauv form mesh; fin; sc3d231.epx SC3D231 ECHO !CONV WIN CAST mesh LAGR TRID GEOM C82L base cube PMAT ncub CL3D cub5 cub6 TERM COMP EPAI 0.01 LECT ncub TERM ! Only for visualization GROU 1 'pbas' LECT base TERM COND APPU LARG LECT bas2 TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM ROUG LECT ncub TERM JAUN LECT cub5 cub6 TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 2.0E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 1 LECT cub5 TERM IMPE PIMP RO 8000. PRES 1.4E7 PREF 0.0 FONC 2LECT cub6 TERM MASS 0.0 LECT ncub TERM FONC NUM 1 TABL 2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 NUM 2 TABL 4 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01001 1.0 1.0 1.0 OPTI PINS EQVD REDU ASN !OPTI PINS STAT ! LNKS STAT LINK COUP SPLT NONE BLOQ 123 LECT bas1 TERM

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when the structures can "fly" some distance while maintaining their topology, and when diffraction undermines their integrity. Why it matters: topological textures like skyrmions have already reshaped ideas for dense, low-error data storage and signal routing. Extending that toolkit to hopfion crystals in light could unlock high-dimensional encoding schemes, resilient communications, atom trapping strategies, and new light-matter interactions. "The birth of spacetime hopfion crystals," the authors write, opens a path to condensed, robust topological information processing across optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. - RELATED TOPICS - Matter & Energy - Spintronics - Telecommunications - Graphene - Physics - Inorganic Chemistry - Nanotechnology - Materials Science - Civil Engineering - RELATED TERMS - Knot theory - General relativity - Robot - Solar power - Quantum computer - Scientific method - Chemical bond - Renewable energy Story Source: Materials provided by Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference: 1. Wenbo Lin, Nilo Mata-Cervera, Yasutomo Ota, Yijie Shen, Satoshi Iwamoto. Space-Time Optical Hopfion Crystals. Physical Review Letters, 2025; 135 (8) DOI: 10.1103/hh5s-cprt Cite This Page: - MLA - APA - Chicago Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 August 2025. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm>. Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. (2025, August 27). Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light. . Retrieved August 27, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS. "Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250827010722.htm (accessed August 27, 2025). ## Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Scientists have used DNA's self-assembling properties to engineer intricate moiré superlattices at the nanometer scale—structures that twist and layer like never before. With clever molecular ... Hopfions, magnetic spin structures predicted decades ago, have become a hot and challenging research topic in recent years. New findings open up new fields in experimental physics: identifying other ... Take a lattice -- a flat section of a grid of uniform cells, like a window screen or a honeycomb -- and lay another, similar lattice above it. But instead of trying to line up the edges or the cells ... The future of wireless communications is set to take a giant leap with the advent of sixth-generation

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| UIS | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | |--------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | | UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund | | UNRWA | United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees | | US | United States | | WASH | Water, sanitation and hygiene | | WFP | World Food Programme | ## Leadership in education L E A D F O R L E A R N I N G Education leaders shape the direction of their teams, institutions and countries. There is no one way to lead, making it difficult to measure leaders' impact. Yet good school, system and political leaders are acutely needed to help drive education in the right direction, as the challenges remain daunting. The concept of school leadership has played out differently across countries and over time. The scope to exercise functions and make decisions, the working context and personal backgrounds shape leaders' actions. Moreover, there is growing recognition of the need to shift the emphasis on administrative and bureaucratic functions to education outcomes, such as learning, inclusion and well-being. The 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report assesses progress towards the 2030 targets and shows that, while more children are in school and completing secondary education than ever before, there is stagnation in many areas. Leadership is central to addressing this. There are no schools that improve student outcomes without a good leader showing the way. Building on a review of legislation and policies on the selection, preparation and working conditions of school principals in 211 education systems, the report discusses policy levers to attract and retain talented leaders. Leadership's potential is not limited to school leaders: it extends to individuals in positions elsewhere in the education system as well as outside of it, from assistant principals, teachers and students, when leadership is shared, to political leaders, civil society, international organizations, unions and the media, who help shape education goals. The report calls for efforts to develop leaders in four key leadership dimensions so that they can set expectations, focus on learning, foster collaboration and develop people . For these dimensions to be realized, people in leadership positions should be trusted and empowered; recruited through fair hiring practices; supported to grow; and encouraged to develop collaborative cultures. The report also calls for investment in education officials' capacity to serve as system leaders, with a particular

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[]

to innovation and technology adoption and could potentially hinder decarbonisation as well . Europe produces high quality talent in the fields of science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) but their supply is limited. The EU turns out around 850 STEM graduates per million inhabitants per year compared to more than 1,100 in the US. Moreover, the EU’s talent pool is depleted by brain drain overseas owing to more and better employment opportunities elsewhere. Skills are also lacking to diffuse digital technologies faster through the economy and to enable workers to adapt to the changes these technologies will bring. Almost 60% of EU companies report that lack of skills is a major barrier to investment and a similar share report difficulties in recruiting ICT specialists. At the same time, European workers are generally unprepared to take advantage of the widespread digitalisation of work: around 42% of Europeans lack basic digital skills, including 37% of those in the workforce09. Decarbonisation will also require new skills sets and job profiles. The rates of job vacancies for clean tech manufacturing in the EU doubled between 2019 and 2023, with 25% of EU companies reporting labour shortages in the third quarter of 2023. Shortages of high-skilled workers are likely to become more acute over time. Projections to 2035 indicate that labour shortages will be most pronounced in high-skilled, non-manual occupations – i.e. those requiring high level of education – driven by replacement needs owing to retirements and the changing demands of the labour market. 08. See, among others, Bloom, Sadun and Van Reenen (2012) and Schivardi and Schmitz (2020) for evidence on cross-country variation in managerial practices, and their impact on aggregate productivity. 09. The EU Digital Decade set out to ensure 80% of working age Europeans have basic digital skills by 2030. 36THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2The undersupply of skills in Europe owes to declines in education and training systems that are failing to prepare the workforce for technological change . Educational attainment in the EU – as measured by the OECD’s PISA scores – is falling. The leading positions in recent PISA reports are dominated by Asian countries, while Europe has experienced an unprecedented decline. This downward trend concerns both average figures and top performance: in 2022, only 8% of EU students reached a high level of competence in maths and 7% in reading and science as

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94 ₋₁ | 10 | 4 | 13 | 12 | 42 | 42 | 91 | 96 | 81 | 89 | 49 | 63 | -7.5 | -3.4 | | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 48 | 59 ₋₃ | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 94 | 96 | 85 | 91 | 64 | 73 | 8.5 | 13.7 | | Kazakhstan | 94 | 80 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97 | 99 | 0.5 | 0.1 | | Kyrgyzstan | 66 | 84 ₋₁ | 3 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 26 | 15 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 94 | 97 | 0.7 | 0.5 | | Maldives | 90 | 83 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 12 | 44 | 37 | 98 | 99 | 87 | 97 | 27 | 38 | 6.6 | 16.4 | | Nepal | 84 | 76 | 27 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 33 | 34 | 73 | 88 | 62 | 79 | 32 | 49 | -5.8 | -1.9 | | Pakistan | … | 12 ₋₁ | 29 | 20 | 28 | 19 | 44 | 41 | 51 | 56 | 44 | 50 | 22 | 26 | 0.5 | 5.0 | | Sri Lanka | 61 | 52 ₋₁ | 1 | 0.3 | 2 | 1 | 27 | 7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | | Tajikistan | 11 | … | 6 | 15 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 13 | 99 | 99 | 94 | 98 | 70 | 78 | -18.8 | -14.5 | | Turkmenistan | … | … | 3 | 1 | 14 | 3 | 71 | 25 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 95 | 3.2 | 3.1 | | Uzbekistan | 29 | 66 ₋₁ | 2 | 0.4 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 21 | 100 | 100 | 98 | 98 | 92 | 99 | -2.1 | |

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[]

them at the entrance to the interior of the basti. The street is now blocked by two private water tankers. The trucks facing each other, nose to nose like some combat of the titans. One driver standing on the ladder of the back of his tanker. The second driver hold - ing and directing a thick yellow plastic hose pipe that comes out of the top of the lorry. In anticipation, the women start moving forward. Wanting their container to be filled first. But the water street vendors have priority and fill up the contain - ers on their carts, ready to sell to those who can’t come to the pick-up point. The women move forward again. Jostling for position. It takes time. But eventually the containers are gone, and rupees have changed hands. A young man hangs his now full containers on the crossbar of his bike. Not able to sit on the saddle and pedal, pushing it is the only option. Where are the containers going? We decide to follow. He makes his way to the basti entrance. Starting out the streets in the slum are quite wide, but it does not take too long before the buildings close in and the streets narrow. It is a warren of activity and a colourful mosaic of community life. Blue, green, pink painted walls. Three floors of buildings, the first being the entrance to a business of some kind. A criss-cross of electrical wires run to and fro, from one building to the next on both sides of the street. The first and second floors are the community’s homes, complete with satellite dishes. Washing hangs in the upstairs’ gaps, hoping for the rain to stay away until drying occurs. The bike pushing water carrier in his stripey flip-flops is still making good headway. Miraculously, he hasn’t bumped into anything even though his cargo is unbelievably heavy. He starts to slow and must be close to his delivery point. Light is emanating from one of the downstairs shopfronts on the left. The flip-flop water courier stops. He has made his destination. Greetings occur and pleasantries exchange. Unnervingly, the greeter holds a cutthroat razor, waving it at the water boy. He’s happy to see him, bringing water for his business – “Vishal the Barber Shop”. The space occupied is around 12 feet 118 Urban life in Delhi slums by 8 feet. A

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machinery and equipment n.e.c. (28); Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (29); and Man- ufacture of other transport equipment (30). Indus- tries with emerging strength include Processing/ preserving of meat (101); Grain mill products, starches and starch products (106); Manufacture of leather and related products (15); and Manu- facture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16). Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 9 5 11 9 4 101 Processing/preserving of meat X X X 104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats X X X X 105 Dairy products X 106Grain mill products, starches and starch products X X X 107 Other food products X 108 Prepared animal feeds X 15Manufacture of leather and related products X X X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials X X X X 160Wood products, cork, straw, plaiting materials X 181Printing and service activities related to printing X 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products X X 210Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, etc. X X 23Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products X 24 Manufacture of basic metals X X X 25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipmentX Table 2.13. Economic mapping results for Manufacturing for Ukraine Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation63 Employ- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnoverEmploy- mentTurnoverEmploy- ment & turnover Current Current Current Emerging Emerging Emerging 7 9 5 11 9 4 26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsX X 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 28Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.X X X X 29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailersX X X 30Manufacture of other transport equipmentX X X 32 Other manufacturing X 33Repair and installation of machinery and equipment X n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified 2.3. Export performance for goods The UN Comtrade Database32 on exports of goods contains up to five-digit export data according to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) product classification. Specialisation in ex- port performance can be used to identify those goods categories in which countries perform above average and are able to compete successfully on international markets. Data availability The UN Comtrade Database includes data on ex- port values for 278 three-digit goods using the SITC Rev. 4 classification33. For all Eastern Partner-

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PhD degree came to Britain in the 1920s. The motivation behind introduc - ing a PhD award system stemmed from the desire to imitate the German higher- education system and the need to attract students from foreign and colonial countries. Oddly enough, the role of PhD degrees in the careers of women scientists has not been a topic of much interest among histori - ans.9 The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act, issued on 23 December 1919, marked an important moment. This was demonstrated by the fact that the very next day, on Christmas Eve, Helena Normanton successfully became the first woman to be admitted to the Middle Temple, a development that immediately highlighted the impact of this Act. Moreover, the Act brought about great changes for women researchers. In 1920, two male students received a PhD degree at the University of Oxford for the first time, and in 1921, twelve universities, including the Universities of Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, followed Oxford in awarding PhD degrees.10 Lillian M. Penson was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in history as one of the nine PhD awardees at the University of London in 1921.

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[]

survey indicated that they were trusting of their neighbours, compared to 47.6% and 54.5% in Sanjay and Ajit Vihar, respectively. Half of those in Bhalswa said they believed that their neighbours would give time and money to improve the community. For Sanjay and Ajit Vihar, the figures were 74.6% and 79.2%. Concerning subjec -tive well-being, we have also seen how those living in Bhalswa have statistically significantly lower levels concerning overall satisfaction, enjoying freedom and choice, and living a happy life that has purpose and meaning. As per our model, lower social capital leads to fewer interactions with a range of polycentric partners and thus fewer public and private interactions, resulting in lower subjective well-being. These residents in Bhalswa have been resettled, evicted from their original slum. Different communities coming together owing to multiple demoli -tions. Arriving to a parcel of land to rebuild social and political networks, friendships, relationships and livelihoods, our data suggest, has a detrimental effect on the lives of those involuntary resettled to uninhabitable contexts, having to restart their lives. ## Appendix In the chapter, we have established that our SEM gives a good fit to the data. Here we investigate further to assess if the data were produced by the model's causal structure and to confirm our confidence in the structure of the model. The technique used is called a d-separation test, with the 'd' standing for 'directed'. The test gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for pairs of vertices to be probabilistically independent. The d-separation test allows us to predict a set of conditional probabilistic independencies that must be true if the causal model is true ( Verma and Pearl, 1988 ; Pearl, 1988 ; Geiger et al., 1990 ; Shipley, 2016). Firstly, from the variables, we list each unique pair on non-adjacent vertices that do not have a direct path connecting them. The only four such pairs of non-adjacent vertices are as follows: [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)]. [Partners (P), Subjective well-being (SWB)]. [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)]. [Public Benefits (PuB), Private Benefits (PrB)]. For our first pair [Social Capital (SC), Private Benefits (PrB)], we can write a con -ditional independence statement as SC PrB  | P . This means that the vertex SC forms a disjoint union, that is, there are no elements in common with vertex PrB, given vertex P. In other words, to traverse the path from

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Women have historically (and still today) received less credit for their contributions and ideas, especially in collaborative scientific research. It is therefore important to have more autobiographically oriented - materials created by women. See, for example, M. B. Ross et al., 'Women are credited less in science than men', Nature , 608 (2022), 135- 45, https:// doi.org/ 10.1038/ s41 586- 022- 04966- w. - 19 Women in Science Lectures, University of Illinois Archives digital exhibits, https:// omeka- s.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ s/ archi ves/ page/ women- in- scie nce (accessed 30 May 2022). - 20 Michelle Rodrigues and Kathryn Clancy discuss ways women are under- represented across different disciplines and differing, intersecting identities. See M. Rodrigues and K. Clancy, 'Factors that drive the underrepresentation of women in scientific, engineering, and medical disciplines', in R. Colwell, A. Bear and A. Helman (eds), Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2020), pp. 37- 72, https:// doi.org/ 10.17226/ 25585. - 21 A. A. Philips, C. R. Walsh, K. A. Grayson, C. E. Penney, F. Husain and the Women Doing Science Team, 'Diversifying representations of female scientists on social media: A case study from the women doing science Instagram', Social Media + Society , 8: 3 (2022), https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 205630 5122 1113 068. - 22 I. R. Johnson, E. S. Pietri, F . Fullilove and S. Mowrer, 'Exploring identitysafety cues and allyship among Black women students in STEM environments', Psychology of Women Quarterly , 43: 2 (2019), 133, https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 03616 8431 9830 926. - 23 For example, Brenda Molano- Flores discussed the work of naturalist Mary Davis Treat (1830- 1929), 12:32:55, and 12:57:15, https:// digi tal.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ items/ caeef c70- 1342- 013a- 7af9- 02d0d 7bfd 6e4- 9 (accessed 31 May 2022). - 24 For an example of Dr Clancy's research on sexism and racism, see K. B. H. Clancy, L. M. Cortina, and A. R. Kirkland, 'Use science to stop sexual harassment in higher education', PNAS , 117: 37 (2020), 22614- 18, https:// doi.org/ 10.1073/ pnas.201 6164 117. - 25 For example, some of Dr Clancy's most recent work relating to menstruation has focused on the effects of Covid- 19 vaccines on menstrual cycles and women's bodies. See K. M. N. Lee, E. J. Junkins, C. Luo, U. A. Fatima, M. L. Cox and K. B. H. Clancy, 'Investigating trends in those who experience menstrual bleeding changes after SAR- CoV- 2 vaccination', ScienceAdvances , 8: 28 (2022), https:// doi.org/ 10.1126/ sci adv.abm7 201.

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- Recipes - Love & sex - Health & fitness - Home & garden - Women - Men - Family - Travel - Money - Search input google-search Search - Support us - Print subscriptions - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - The Guardian app - Video - Podcasts - Pictures - Newsletters - Today's paper - Inside the Guardian - Guardian Weekly - Crosswords - Wordiply - Corrections - Tips - Search input google-search Search - Search input - google-search - Search jobs - Holidays - Digital Archive - Guardian Licensing - Live events - About Us - Books - Music - TV & radio - Art & design - Film - Games - Classical - Stage One of the four volumes of Alice Thornton’s memoirs was found in the library of Durham Cathedral. Her daughter married a curate who became dean of the cathedral. Photograph: Richard Saker/The Guardian  # Woman’s memoirs give fascinating insight into life in 17th-century northern England Newly reunited manuscripts by Alice Thornton show how she navigated personal crises during tumultuous events such as the civil war  Harriet Sherwood Mon 4 Aug 2025 07.00 CEST She was a 17th-century Yorkshirewoman whose memoirs combined commentaries on major political events with local and personal details of her life. Now an academic who has studied the writings of Alice Thornton has said they provide a “northern female perspective” in contrast to the London-based diarist Samuel Pepys. Thornton’s memoirs contain accounts of financial catastrophe, rumours of sexual impropriety, childbirth, attempted rapes and repeated interventions by God to deliver her from an early death. Thornton lived to be 80, a remarkable age at the time. Two of four autobiographical volumes were discovered by Cordelia Beattie, a history professor at the University of Edinburgh. One was handed by a descendant of Thornton to Beattie’s father in a pub in Ludlow, Shropshire, and the second was unearthed in the library of Durham Cathedral. They have been reunited online with two other volumes that were acquired by the British Library from a private collection in 2009. A digital edition was produced earlier this year by Beattie and her project team. Dr Alison Cullingford, Prof Suzanne Trill and Prof Cordelia Beattie look at one of Alice Thornton’s manuscripts. Photograph: Durham Cathedral  Beattie, who has

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[]

F25J G21F 20.2 A01N A01P 20.3 B27K C09D 20.4 A61K A61Q C09F C11D D06L 20.5A62D C06B C06C C06D C08H C09G C09H C09J C10M C10N C11B C11C C14C C23F C23G C40B D01C F42B F42D 20.6 D01F 21 A61K A61P C07D C07H C07J C07K C12N C12P C12Q 22 B29C B29D B60C B67D 22.1 C08C 23 B32B 23.1 C03B C03C 23.3 B28B B28C 23.4 E03D 23.5 C04B 24 B21C B22D C21B C21C C21D C22B C22C C22F C25C C25F 322 Annexes NACE IPC 24.4 G21H 25.1 A44B A47H B21G F27D 25.2 F16T F22B F22G F24J 25.3 G21B G21C G21D 25.4 B63G F41A F41B F41C F41F F41G F41H F41J F42C G21J 25.5 B22F 25.6 C23D C25D 25.7 E05B E05D E05F E06B 25.9 A01L E05C F16B 26.1 B81B B81C B82B B82Y C30B G11C H01C H01F H01G H01J H01L H05K 26.2 G02F G06C G06D G06E G06F G06G G06J G06N G06T G09C 26.3G03H G08B H01Q H01S H03B H03C H03D H03G H03H H03J H03M H04B H04H H04J H04K H04L H04M H04N H04Q H04R H04S H04W 26.4 H03F H03K H03L 26.5F15C G01B G01C G01D G01F G01H G01J G01K G01L G01M G01N G01Q G01R G01S G01V G01W G04B G04C G04D G04F G04G G04R G05B G05F G08C G12B 26.6 A61N G21K H05G H05H 26.7 G02B G02C G03B 26.8 G03C 27.1 H02B H02J H02K H02N H02P H02S 27.2 H01M 27.3 H01B H01H H01R H02G 27.4 F21H F21K F21L F21M F21P F21Q F21S F21V F21W F21Y H01K 27.5 A21B A45D A47G A47J A47L B01B D06F E06C F24B F24C F24D F25C F25D H05B 27.9 B60M B61L G08G G10K H01P H01T H02H H02M H05C 28.1A47K B23F F01B F01C F01D F01K F01M F01N F01P F02C F02G F02K F03B F03C F03D F03G F04B F04C F04D F15B F16C F16D F16F F16H F16K F16M F23R G05D G05G 28.2A62C B01D B04C B05B B41J B41K B43M B60S B61B B65G B66B B66C B66D B66F C10F C12L E02C F16G F22D F23B F23C F23D F23G F23H F23J F23K F23L F23M F23N F24F F24H F25B F27B F28B F28C F28D F28F F28G G01G G03G G06K G06M G07B G07C G07D G07F G07G G09D G09G G10L G11B H05F 28.3 A01B A01C A01D A01F A01G A01K A01M B27L 28.4B21D B21F B21H B21J B21K B21L B23B B23C B23D B23G B23H B23K B23P B23Q B24B B24C B24D B25B B25C B25D B25F B25G B25H B25J B26B B26F B27B B27C B27F B27G B27J B28D B30B Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation323 NACE IPC 28.9A21C A22B A22C A23N

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[]

0.783 1.329 20.4 Manufacture of soap and detergents 0.636 1.877 0.573 1.172 0.950 0.792 20.5 Manufacture of other chemical products 2.096 0.640 0.799 1.396 0.999 20.6 Manufacture of man-made fibres 5.609 0.391 21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products 0.919 1.442 0.607 1.037 1.181 0.815 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 2.410 1.580 0.254 0.981 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 1.100 1.653 1.815 0.429 23.1 Manufacture of glass and glass products 1.064 2.604 1.816 0.517 23.3 Manufacture of clay building materials 1.643 1.416 0.757 23.4 Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products 5.372 0.252 23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 1.382 1.789 1.413 0.350 0.802 24 Manufacture of basic metals 1.592 1.871 0.504 1.794 25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products 2.065 25.2 Manufacture of tanks 2.847 1.380 25.3 Manufacture of steam generators 4.246 25.4 Manufacture of weapons and ammunition 0.796 1.484 1.840 1.355 25.5 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal 1.351 2.982 0.508 0.946 25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining 1.405 1.543 2.483 0.568Table 2.33. Specialised industries using data for patent families* Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation97 NACE Industry name Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldova Ukraine 25.7 Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 1.034 1.294 1.989 0.640 0.641 25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 3.988 26.1 Manufacture of electronic components and boards 2.217 0.513 1.248 0.605 0.909 0.509 26.2 Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 2.516 0.426 1.400 0.641 0.249 0.768 26.3 Manufacture of communication equipment 1.339 0.744 1.160 1.461 0.552 0.743 26.4 Manufacture of consumer electronics 3.412 0.221 1.652 26.5 Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring 0.279 0.795 1.345 0.621 1.025 1.936 26.6 Manufacture of irradiation 2.069 1.448 0.525 0.591 1.274 26.7Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment1.229 3.119 0.652 0.373 0.525 26.8 Manufacture of magnetic and optical media 0.802 27.1 Manufacture of electric motors 0.737 0.858 0.638 1.418 0.978 1.371 27.2 Manufacture of batteries and accumulator 2.255 2.126 1.077 0.335 27.3 Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 2.432 27.4 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 1.494 1.640 1.479 0.721 27.5 Manufacture of domestic appliances 0.630 0.754 1.855 1.027 1.316 27.9 Manufacture of other electrical equipment 1.556 0.702 1.242 1.698 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 0.384 0.961 0.943 1.488 1.121 1.103 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 0.555 0.687 0.966 1.201 1.242 1.349 28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 0.110 0.307 0.756 1.270

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apply a higher corporate income rate to the mining sector, or have an additional rent targeting tax (resource rent tax [RRT], additional profit tax [APT]), given the potential for location-specific economic rents. Ring-fencing maybe necessary to ensure the integrity of the special mining taxation regime; otherwise, countries risk failing to tax the specific economic rents. | | Where the tax rate for CIT is progressive based on revenue (e.g., 10% and 25%) and/or the country does not operate other special profit-based taxes other than CIT. | In such cases, the effect of introducing ring-fencing rules could be counterproductive to the primary objective, as it may apply a lower tax rate to mines with lower revenue instead of a tax rate based on the revenue of the whole legal entity. The ring-fencing rules will result in increased compliance and administrative burden, and they will deliver only very little or no benefit due to the absence of special profit-based taxes (other than CIT). The fact that the tax base of the taxpayer will be further fragmented into separate ring-fenced tax bases will result in the potential reduction of tax revenue due to the separate calculation of the progressive tax rate for each mining project. | ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION | Circumstance | Where ring-fencing is appropriate in this circumstance | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Where there is a policy preference for early revenues and levelling the playing field for the new investors with incumbent investors. | In some circumstances, governments attach a higher value to receiving early revenues over the life of the project and diversification of the investments by attracting new investors compared to additional investment from existing investors. In such cases, ring- fencing rules based on a project-by-project approach may be a suitable policy option. | | Where there is a policy preference to bring a balance between the different features and objectives of a mining tax regime, i.e., mining tax cost-based incentives. | Mining taxation regimes often contain specific features that reflect the nature of the mining operations (i.e., they have long lead times before revenues are generated, are highly capital intensive, and involve significant uncertainty). Tax incentives are one of them. Accelerated depreciation, longer loss carry forwards, and investment allowances are all common features of some

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"|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|", 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development assistance ODF Official development finance OOF Other official flows PHEOC Public Health Emergency Operations Centre PPE Personal protective equipment SDG Sustainable Development Goal STD Sexually transmitted disease TB Tuberculosis UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value Added Tax WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization ## Currency codes EUR Euro KES Kenyan shilling USD United States dollar ## Executive summary This case study of Kenya is one of nine case studies looking at international support in specific countries, as part of the Strategic Joint Evaluation of the Collective International Development and Humanitarian Assistance Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. It was conducted by the Independent Development Evaluation unit (IDEV) at the African Development Bank (AfDB) in 2023 -2024, with support from the OECD. Kenya, a lower-middle income country in the east Africa region, was selected due to its regional importance, and the scale of international support received: Kenya was the fifth-largest recipient of official development assistance in 2020. The report begins with an overview of Kenya's economic growth, social development and political context, and then describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the national response. Finally, it assesses the role of international development co-operation in supporting Kenya's response. The report concludes with key findings and lessons for future crises. ## International support to the COVID-19 pandemic response in Kenya International development co-operation played a pivotal role in supporting Kenya's response to the COVID19 pandemic, with major partners including the Global Fund, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the European Union, France, Japan and the United States. Kenya saw an increase in international assistance during the crisis, with official development assistance (ODA) rising from USD 4.2 billion in 2019 to USD 7.2 billion in 2020, a record high, representing 4% of gross national income and a 70% increase. Then it fell to USD 4 billion again in 2021. In 2020-22, Kenya received USD 1.2 billion in official development finance (ODF) directly related to COVID-19, equivalent to almost 8% of the total assistance committed to the country over this period. ## Key findings ## Relevance International development partners played a crucial role in Kenya's COVID -19 response by providing relevant financial support, which strengthened healthcare infrastructure and socio-economic resilience. International partners facilitated medical supply provision, health worker training and

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suffered over 100 attacks on education every year between 2013 and 2023, with the exception of 2019. GEM StatLink: https:/ /bit.ly/GEM2024_fig15_4 Source: UIS Database. The top 10 countries in number of attacks were responsible for 68% of the global attacks on education in 2022 and 80% in 2023 244 CHAPTER 15 • EDUCATION FACILITIES AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 15 The number of countries subject to attacks on education has increased over the past decade. The number of countries with at least 5 attacks on education doubled between 2013 and 2022, from 22 to 43, before dropping to 34 in 2023 ( Figure 15.4). The overall number of attacks remains highly concentrated in a few countries (UNESCO, 2023). The 9 countries with more than 100 attacks in 2023 also registered over 100 attacks in several years over the past decade. Since 2013, Afghanistan and the State of Palestine have each suffered over 100 attacks on education every year except for one. The top 10 countries in number of attacks were responsible for 68% of the global attacks on education in 2022 and 80% in 2023. SCHOOL MEALS A new thematic indicator has been proposed to highlight the link between nutrition and education, an important dimension of students’ well-being in school. The World Food Programme (WFP) will provide data on the ‘proportion of school-attending children receiving school meals’ in its biennial publication, State of School Feeding Worldwide (WFP, 2022). The publication collects information on national school feeding programmes through the Global School Feeding Survey run by the Global Child Nutrition Foundation, a non-profit organization; the WFP Annual Country Reports ; and secondary sources, such as official reports, publications and case studies (WFP, 2023). The indicator was explicitly mentioned in a 2022 declaration by the members of the School Meals Coalition, whose goal is that ‘by 2030, every child receives a healthy, nutritious daily meal in school’. The latest data from the WFP show that 418 million children were receiving school meals globally in 2022, 30 million more than in early 2020 just before the COVID-19 pandemic. While the share of children fed increased by 12% in lower-middle income countries and by 4% in upper-middle- and high-income countries, it fell by 4% in low-income countries (WFP, 2023), so recovery was slowest where it is most needed. Coverage of school meals for primary school children varies widely across countries, from less than 5% in Algeria,

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as constructive feedback and goal setting (Donaldson et al., 2021). Positive feedback about one’s leadership can improve ambition, organizational commitment and performance as a leader (Steffens et al., 2018). In China, school principals understood being subject to a summative assessment as serving two purposes: not only accountability but also improvement of teaching and learning (Cheng et al., 2023). Analysis of PEER profiles for this report suggests that laws and policies mandate the assessment of school principals in 78% of countries. A positive assessment can lead to career advancement in 25% of the countries and salary adjustments or bonuses in 38% of the countries. In some of the latter countries, comprehensive qualification pathways have been developed, as in Australia, Canada and Singapore. In Australia, the Principal Performance Improvement Tool was developed by principals, the Australian Council for Educational Research and the Western Australia Department of Education. It outlines six domains: leading the moral purpose, building productive relationships, creating enabling conditions, promoting improved teaching, driving data-informed practice and leading strategic change. For each, it identifies four levels of effective practice (low, medium, high and outstanding) with formative and developmental aims (ACER, 2018). In France, a 2023 decree introduced a specific assessment of primary school principals that takes place three years after entry into the position and then every five years (France Government, 2023). The evaluation of secondary schools’ principals has been taking place every year since 2021 (France Government, 2021). In Italy, the system was modified in 2024 to base appraisal on defined and measurable objectives to which remuneration would also be linked (Italy Parliament, 2024). Training programmes for newly hired school principals, including mentoring, are being evaluated (Italy Ministry of Education, 2023). In 39% of the countries, assessment is associated to sanctions and penalties, and in 34% of the countries it has other implications. For example in Timor-Leste, failure to meet the required standards during performance reviews may result in ineligibility for promotion or progression, indirectly affecting career advancement. In the Republic of Moldova, the director’s contract may be terminated in case of repeated unsatisfactory rating from external evaluations. In Latin America, specialized and autonomous institutional frameworks and appraisal standards have been established in Chile and Mexico, while regular school principal performance appraisal processes exist in Argentina, Chile and Colombia (Weinstein et al., 2014). However, evaluation systems may not fully support principals’ development. In Argentina, positive results may contribute to promotion

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place didn't give their trust to nobody. When we first started our practice, they relied more on home remedies. If you say north, they will say south. Until they trust you, they don't listen to the doctors. However, after some time, I'd say two years then they started to trust our clinic.' Interviewing patients also collaborated the attributes they expect from their private medical practitioner in their communities: 'My mother-in-law lives with us and sometimes needs the doctor to come to visit here at the house. We use our local doctor as he is flexible and will come when she needs him. He knows us well. He knows what my mother-in-law will need to set her right again. If we had to use the government hospital, then there is not that flexibility. They would not come to our neighbourhood. It is too interior.' Patient 1 ## And: 'Being a woman, I only want to see my local doctor - Dr Sunita. She is a good doctor, and I know her, and she knows me. She is only a walk away. I have a belief in her and she provides good advice. There in the government hospital there is a long wait. And when you are seen they spend little time on your problem. As we are from this place they treat us badly. Like we don't matter.' Patient 2 ## And: 'There in the government hospital they will not give you the medicine you need. Even if they give you medicine, they do not have it on the shelf. Visiting Dr Yadav, he is always listening well to my problems. He recommends what Figure 6.1 Clinic  I should do. And he gives me the medicine. If he does not have it, he will prescribe it from the pharmacy which is just a walk through the basti' Patient 3 ## Qualification of private medical providers: Sanjay, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar 'In this colony, services play a pivotal role. What kind of services you are giving to the patients is the only factor. Whether you are an MBBS or a BAMS hardly matters. They don't consider who you are or the qualifications you have. They have taken the medicine from you. They liked your services, behaviour and hospitality. They learn to trust you, they will consider that, and come back again if everything works out well for them and

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DNA's self-assembling properties to engineer intricate moiré superlattices at the nanometer scale—structures that twist and layer like never before. With clever molecular ... First Experimental Evidence of Hopfions in Crystals Opens Up New Dimension for Future Technology Nov. 22, 2023 — Hopfions, magnetic spin structures predicted decades ago, have become a hot and challenging research topic in recent years. New findings open up new fields in experimental physics: identifying other ... Physicists Discover an Exotic Material Made of Bosons June 7, 2023 — Take a lattice -- a flat section of a grid of uniform cells, like a window screen or a honeycomb -- and lay another, similar lattice above it. But instead of trying to line up the edges or the cells ... Scientists Develop Energy-Saving, Tunable Meta-Devices for High-Precision, Secure 6G Communications Mar. 16, 2023 — The future of wireless communications is set to take a giant leap with the advent of sixth-generation (6G) wireless technology. A research team has invented a groundbreaking tunable terahertz (THz) ... Revealing the Complex Magnetization Reversal Mechanism With Topological Data Analysis Dec. 12, 2022 — The reliability of data storage and writing speed in advanced magnetic devices depend on drastic, complex changes in microscopic magnetic domain structures. However, it is extremely challenging to ... Dancing With the Light: A New Way to Make Crystals Bend by Shining Light July 29, 2021 — Generating mechanical motion in crystals using light or heat has increasingly become the focus of materials scientists. However, the conventional mechanism employed for the purpose produces slow ... TRENDING AT SCITECHDAILY.com After 60 Years, Scientists Uncover Hidden Brain Pathway Behind Diabetes Drug Metformin Common Pesticide Linked to “Remarkably Widespread” Brain Abnormalities in Children Revolutionary Cortisol Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia Print Email Share Breaking this hour Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming Worm Turns Ocean Poison Into Golden Crystals Ancient Oxygen Flood Changed Life Forever Bumble Bees Balance Their Diets With Precision Spacetime Crystals Made of Knotted Light Tiny Hologram for Ultraprecise Light Control High-Performance Iron Catalyst for Fuel Cells Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas “Molten Rock Raindrops” Reveal ... Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel Trending Topics this week SPACE & TIME Stars Space Telescopes Astrophysics MATTER & ENERGY Materials Science Spintronics Construction COMPUTERS & MATH Communications Spintronics Research

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to save 1.1 million lives is compromised,” Gavi chief executive Sania Nishtar told Nature . “That’s a lot of children put in harm’s way.” Vaccines save lives. Leaders must champion them At the start of the year, Gavi’s public and private donors were already stretched by competing needs, owing to factors from economic instability to armed conflict and climate change. But fears mounted in March, when news broke that the United States, one of its biggest donors, would abandon a previous pledge of at least $1.58 billion. This was confirmed at a 25 June summit of donors in Brussels, where US health secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who has long campaigned against some vaccines, criticized the organization for not taking vaccine safety seriously . Gavi’s leadership quickly issued a statement identifying misrepresentations in Kennedy’s words and clarifying that it does not distribute vaccines unless they have been recommended by the independent vaccine advisory panel of the World Health Organization (WHO), which evaluates safety and efficacy “through a rigorous, transparent and independent process”. Even without the US withdrawal, Gavi was $1.5 billion off target. Now, it must find around twice that. Gavi’s board is meeting this week to sift through its options. There is some good news: Gavi has more donors now than in past years, and some have said that they can contribute at a later time. Moreover, some manufacturers have agreed to lower the cost of their vaccines for Gavi. Scientists hail historic malaria vaccine approval — but point to challenges ahead However, in the short term, global-health advocates will now need to find creative ways to pool their resources, coordinate efforts and continue to invest in innovation to squeeze the most they can from limited funds. Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and their many global-health partners will have to coordinate carefully to ensure low- and middle-income countries receive the vaccines they need. “Organizations like mine are going to be put through our paces and tested in a way that we haven’t been tested before,” says Aurélia Nguyen, deputy chief executive of CEPI, based in Oslo, which works to accelerates the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. In the chaos left behind by the US plan to withdraw from the WHO and other global-health programmes, it could be tempting to focus on existing funding priorities. But there is also a pipeline of new and upcoming

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Tobolářová. Later, she used the same method on her two chil - dren. In these three cases she had a positive outcome, and all of them became immune to leishmaniasis. She practised this method while using the parent’s skin graft for their children. In cases where these parents had been infected in their childhood (i.e., a long time ago) the immunization failed, but when they had been infected in adulthood, she reported positive outcomes. Given the short time Vlasta spent in Baghdad and the small sample she was able to test her method on, it is difficult to evaluate her work. However, a paper on her scientific work was published in the prestigious Czechoslovak periodical The Journal of Czech Physicians .58 Across the Bosphorus to the Tigris records scepticism about her ability to understand the aetiology of leishmaniasis, as well as cooperation with scientists in Czechoslovakia, which was to be a major contribution of the scientific institute in Baghdad: I had a bad experience with our parasitologists. I was interested in the spread of the Baghdad blight. A little girl with a disintegrated leishmaniasis ulcer moved into Rustemia, where there was no endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis before. An opportunity arose to demonstrate a natural mode of transmission. A rare opportunity for our investigators, I thought, and we began to carefully collect and send, with meticulous records, the flies from near and far around the child who might have been the source of infection. ‘In Paris they envy the Iraqi material,’ wrote Assoc Prof Drbohlav, but he buried it for ever. I asked in vain for confirmation of the shipments and for the results of the investigation into the phlebotomus.59 Kálalová Di- Lotti’s promising scientific cooperation with Czechoslovak sci - entists, which was to be the main focus of her future work in Iraq, failed. Dr 114 Negotiating in/visibility Drbohlav probably did not communicate with her any further, as we learn nothing about further shipments or potential cooperation from subsequent sources. Despite these disappointments, the transmission of leishmaniasis by sandflies was eventually proven. Attempts to establish a radiotherapeutic institute The failed collaboration with the National Institute of Health and the end of hopes for the establishment of the institute for tropical disease research in Baghdad were perhaps the main reason she decided to venture into a new project, the establishment of a radiotherapy institute in Jerusalem. The plan to leave Baghdad might

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necessarily attributable to worsening working conditions. Rather, privatization of the education system and the shift from a nationwide collective agreement to individual salary setting in the mid-1990s may have been the causes (Thelin, 2020). BOX 3.8: School leaders in the Pacific express job satisfaction despite stress and pressure As part of the 2021 Pacific Islands Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (PILNA), which covered 15 countries and territories, primary school principals reported high job satisfaction and a strong sense of purpose. Almost all grade 6 students had school leaders who ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ felt content with their profession (94%), found meaning and purpose in their role (95%), were enthusiastic and inspired by their job (94%), and were proud of their work (97%). A sense of purpose appeared to be a crucial sustaining factor for these leaders. At the same time, somewhat paradoxically, 84% of students attended schools whose leaders ‘often’ or ‘sometimes’ experienced stress due to their roles and 70% attended schools whose leaders frequently felt overwhelmed by their job. About two in three students attended schools whose leaders reported sleeping problems and lack of personal time; one in two attended schools whose leaders reported a resource shortage that hindered their capacity to deliver; and one in three attended schools whose leaders were concerned about qualified teacher shortage and teacher absenteeism. About 40% of students were in schools where leaders reported that their job negatively affected their mental and physical health. Stress alongside job satisfaction need not be inconsistent. It suggests that having a positive impact on students’ lives and on communities is rewarding. It helps school leaders maintain high levels of engagement and mitigates any negative aspects of the job. One area where job satisfaction is notably lower is in salaries. Only about three in four students attend schools whose leaders were satisfied with their pay, which indicates that many school leaders feel undervalued. Source: Pacific Community (2022). 70 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS 3 Ageing is one reason for departure in wealthier countries. The 2018 TALIS shows that the average age of lower secondary school principals was 51 in the 47 participating education systems – and as high as 55 in Austria, 56 in Italy, 58 in Japan and 59 in the Republic of Korea (OECD, 2020). In 2019, 70% of 10,000 school principals in Australia were expected to retire within 5 years (Henebery, 2019).

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and tenure require - ments” (p. 4). There are ten key focus areas for the Master Plan. Owing to the “pro - liferation of unplanned development” (p. 5), the fifth focus area, “Housing”, states: The draw of the city 9 High land prices in the city have resulted in a mismatch between housing needs and housing supply. A large part of Delhi is unplanned with unau - thorized colonies that fulfil the housing need by providing lesser expensive options of owned as well as rental housing. Due to poor quality construction and high built densities, these developments are unsafe. There is a require - ment for different typologies and tenures of housing. (p. 5–6) Strategies are discussed that will enhance the quality and safety of unplanned areas. As per other Plans, this is through in situ slum rehabilitation and an area improve - ment scheme for slums/JJ clusters. Relocation is only considered where the site of the community is regarded to be ‘untenable’. The Plan also regards resettle - ment colonies to face issues of poor construction, lack of services and accessibil - ity. Again, as per the slum/JJ colonies, resettlement colonies will be regenerated (Section 7.6, p 54).

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[]

| | AbuRa''ed A.; Saggion H.. A select and rewrite approach to the generation of related work reports. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 53-68. | | Accuosto P.; Neves M.; Saggion H.. Argumentation mining in scientific literature: From computational linguistics to biomedicine. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2847: 20-36. | | Altin L.S.M.; Saggion H.. Automatic detection of sexism in social media with a multilingual approach. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 415-419. | | Saggion H, Shterionov DS, Labaka G, van de Cruys T, Vandeghinste V, Blat J. SignON: Bridging the gap between sign and spoken languages. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 21-24. Full text | | Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferrés D, Cheng Sheang K (eds.). Current Trends in Text Simplification. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. Other resources | | Saggion H, Stajner S, Ferres D, Sheang KC. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification (CTTS 2021), co-located with SEPLN 2021. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 3. | | Saggion H.; Štajner S.; Ferres D.; Sheang K.C.. Preface to the FirstWorkshop on Current Trends in Text Simplification. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2021; 2944. | | Abdelzaher T.; An J.; Bazzi M.; Blackburn J.; Kursuncu U.; Mejova Y.; Rappaz J.; Saggion H.; Smeros P.; Wijeratne S.; Yu N.. Reports of the Workshops Held at the 2020 International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference on Web and Social Media. AI Magazine 2020; 41(4): 115-120. Other resources | | AbuRa¿ed A.; Saggion H.; Shvets A.; Bravo A.. Automatic related work section generation: experiments in scientific document abstracting. Scientometrics 2020; 125(3): 3159-3185. Publication link Full text | | Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Mining arguments in scientific abstracts with discourse-level embeddings. Data and Knowledge Engineering 2020; 129. Publication link Full text | | Goularte FB, Sorato D, Nassar SM, Fileto R, Saggion H. MSC+: Language pattern learning for word sense induction and disambiguation. Knowledge-Based Systems 2020; 188. Publication link Full text | | Perez N.; Accuosto P.; Bravo A.; Cuadros M.; Martinez-Garcia E.; Saggion H.; Rigau G.. Cross-lingual semantic annotation of biomedical literature: experiments in Spanish and English. Bioinformatics 2020; 36(6): 1872-1880. Publication link Full text | | Wijeratne S, Saggion H, Kiciman E, Sheth AP. Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media: Lay of the Land and Special Issue Introduction. ACM transactions on social computing 2020; 3(2): 1-6. Publication link | | Accuosto P.; Saggion H.. Discourse-driven argument mining in scientific abstracts. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2019; 182-194.

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compute node 1200 , attached to the compute node 1200 , communicatively coupled with the compute node 1200 , and/or otherwise accessible by the compute node 1200 . - the OSs may also include one or more libraries, drivers, APIs, firmware, middleware, software glue, and the like, which provide program code and/or software components for one or more apps to obtain and use the data from other apps operated by the compute node 1200 , such as the various subsystems of the control system 302 , AI/ML system(s) 312 , sensor systems 321 , MHUs 322 , 522 , control loop 400 , sorters 1102 , 1105 , 1106 , conveyors 525 , 1104 , and/or any other device or system discussed herein. - Example OSs include consumer-based OS, real-time OS (RTOS), and/or the like, but for purposes of the present disclosure, can also include hypervisors, container orchestrators and/or container engines. - the various components of the computing node 1200 communicate with one another over an interconnect (IX) 1206 . - the IX 1206 may include any number of IX (or similar) technologies including, for example, instruction set architecture (ISA), extended ISA (eISA), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2 C), serial peripheral interface (SPI), point-to-point interfaces, power management bus (PMBus), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), PCI express (PCIe), PCI extended (PCIx), Intel® Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI), Intel® Accelerator Link, Intel® QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), Intel® Omni-Path Architecture (OPA), Compute Express LinkTM (CXLTM) IX, RapidIOTM IX, Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI), OpenCAPI, Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) IX, cache coherent interconnect for accelerators (CCIX), Gen-Z Consortium IXs, a HyperTransport IX, NVLink provided by NVIDIA®, ARM Advanced eX - the compute node 1200 includes one or more hardware accelerators 1208 (also referred to as “acceleration circuitry 1208 ”, “accelerator circuitry 1208 ”, or the like). - the acceleration circuitry 1208 includes any suitable hardware device or collection of hardware elements that are designed to perform one or more specific functions more efficiently in comparison to general-purpose processing elements (e.g., those provided as part of the processor circuitry 1201 ). - the acceleration circuitry 1208 can include various hardware elements such as, for example, one or more GPUs, FPGAs, DSPs, SoCs (including programmable SoCs and multi-processor SoCs), ASICs (including programmable ASICs), PLDs (including complex PLDs (CPLDs) and high capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), xPUs (e.g., DPUs, IPUs, and NPUs) and/or other forms of specialized circuitry designed to accomplish specialized

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[]

(Marketing Science Review. (2023). "The Power of Personalization in Email Campaigns," Journal of Marketing Science, 35(1), 22-34). Key Challenges in Digital Transformation for Enterprises (Direct Citations to Scholarly Works) Adoption of Cloud Technologies – Tech Strategies Journal (2023) reports that cloud adoption leads to a 30% reduction in IT costs for businesses, while enhancing scalability (Tech Strategies Journal. (2023). "Cloud Technology and Its Impact on Business Operations," Journal of Cloud Computing, 11(2), 42-56). – However, integrating cloud services with existing IT systems remains a challenge for many enterprises, as highlighted by Global IT Review (2022) (Global IT Review. (2022). "Challenges in Cloud Integration for Enterprises," Journal of IT Strategy, 10(4), 118-129). Digital Skills Gap – Deloitte (2023) states that upskilling employees in digital competencies is crucial for future competitiveness, with businesses investing in training programs experiencing a 25% increase in productivity (Deloitte. (2023). "The Digital Skills Gap in the Workforce," Journal of Business and Technology, 20(3), 64-78). – Similarly, the World Economic Forum (2022) reports that 40% of companies struggle to find qualified digital talent, hindering digital transformation efforts (World Economic Forum. (2022). "Bridging the Digital Skills Gap," Global Employment Trends, 34(1), 19-30). Cybersecurity Concerns – According to TechWorld (2023), cybersecurity threats grow with digital transformation, requiring enhanced security protocols (TechWorld. (2023). "Cybersecurity Challenges in Digital Transformation," Cybersecurity and Technology Journal, 17(2), 51-65). – Security Today (2021) highlights that organizations with strong cybersecurity frameworks see a 50% reduction in data breaches (Security Today. (2021). "Mitigating Cybersecurity Risks in Digital Business," Journal of Cybersecurity, 12(3), 72-85).

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should include a practice or experiential learning element and enlist the support of coaches and mentors. Professional development programmes should fill gaps, especially for leaders whose previous training did not cover the four core dimensions. Competences that can be nurtured include a range of good observation, listening, social, emotional and analytical skills. Training should also cover any government reform priorities to support their implementation, including familiarizing school leaders with core legislation and regulations, and developing practical skills in data, financial, human resource and pedagogical management. Ultimately, principals need to feel comfortable in making decisions. One quarter of school principals in upper-middle- and high-income countries have expressed the need for training in these areas. Specialized knowledge is needed to implement policies on inclusion and on digital transformation. Other education policy areas, such as greening and health and nutrition, will also require school leaders to develop capacity. With a growing range of responsibilities, leadership is often associated with stress and burnout. It is therefore necessary to give access to professional counselling and mental health services, and to create a supportive network within the school environment where leaders can discuss challenges and seek assistance. The costs of these investments will be offset because sufficiently supported school leaders will be less likely to quit.c. Set and implement school leadership standards and recognize their achievement Globally, almost half of countries have adopted stand-alone national professional standards or competency frameworks which outline the required competencies of aspiring and practising school principals and indicate desirable practices. Standards are particularly important where perceptions of school principals’ roles remain limited to administration and management. They help communicate national priorities and can be used to guide selection, preparation and training. But they should not create uniformity and should reflect the country’s education and cultural context, avoiding the temptation to import standards from other countries without adapting them to the local context. School leaders’ performance should be assessed against these standards and intended education outcomes. The primary intention of such appraisal should be formative: to give feedback and recommend changes in practice. Appraisal systems can be used as a basis to develop a certification process that recognizes the professional competences of school leaders. Well-organized appraisal systems can further be used to develop career advancement pathways. RECOMMENDATION 3. SHARE Promote shared leadership and collaborative school cultures Leadership is sometimes thought of as a series of heroic acts. But school leaders are not

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on which reading is performed. Since the conductance of the transistor varies depending on the charge of the gate of the transistor MN in the memory cell column on which reading is performed, the potential of the bit line RBL varies accordingly. By reading the potential of the bit line RBL with the reading circuit, data can be read from the memory cell in the specified memory cell column. There is theoretically no limitation on the number of rewrite cycles of the because data is rewritten by charging and discharging the capacitor C, the capacitor C, or the capacitor C; and writing and reading of data can be performed with low energy. Furthermore, since data can be retained for a long time, the refresh rate can be reduced. In the case where the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment is used for the , the , the , the , and the memory cell , the transistor can be used as the OS transistor MO, the OS transistor MO, and the OS transistor MO; the capacitor can be used as the capacitor C, the capacitor C, and the capacitor C; and the transistor can be used as the transistor MP, the transistor MP, the transistor MP, the transistor MN, the transistor MN, the transistor MN, and the transistor MN. Thus, the area occupied by one set of the transistors and the capacitor in the top view can be reduced, so that the memory device of this embodiment can be further highly integrated. As a result, the storage capacity per unit area of the memory device of this embodiment can be increased. The structure described in this embodiment can be used in appropriate combination with the structure described in the other embodiments. In this embodiment, an AI system in which the semiconductor device of the above embodiment is used will be described with reference to . is a block diagram illustrating a structure example of an . The includes an , a , and an input/ . The includes an analog , a , a , and an FPGA (field programmable gate array) . The described in the above embodiment can be used as the . In the , an OS memory is used for a configuration memory and a register. Here, such an FPGA is referred to as an OS-FPGA. The includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) , a

[ "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ".", "Since", "the", "conductance", "of", "the", "transistor", "varies", "depending", "on", "the", "charge", "of", "the", "gate", "of", "the", "transistor", "MN", "in", "the", "memory", "cell", "column", "on", "which", "reading", "is", "performed", ",", "the", "potential", "of", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "varies", "accordingly", ".", "By", "reading", "the", "potential", "of", "the", "bit", "line", "RBL", "with", "the", "reading", "circuit", ",", "data", "can", "be", "read", "from", "the", "memory", "cell", " ", "in", "the", "specified", "memory", "cell", "column", ".", "\n\n", "There", "is", "theoretically", "no", "limitation", "on", "the", "number", "of", "rewrite", "cycles", "of", "the", " ", "because", "data", "is", "rewritten", "by", "charging", "and", "discharging", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "or", "the", "capacitor", "C", ";", "and", "writing", "and", "reading", "of", "data", "can", "be", "performed", "with", "low", "energy", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "since", "data", "can", "be", "retained", "for", "a", "long", "time", ",", "the", "refresh", "rate", "can", "be", "reduced", ".", "\n\n", "In", "the", "case", "where", "the", "semiconductor", "device", "described", "in", "the", "above", "embodiment", "is", "used", "for", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "the", " ", ",", "and", "the", "memory", "cell", ",", "the", "transistor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ",", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ",", "and", "the", "OS", "transistor", "MO", ";", "the", "capacitor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "the", "capacitor", "C", ",", "and", "the", "capacitor", "C", ";", "and", "the", "transistor", " ", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MP", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "the", "transistor", "MN", ",", "and", "the", "transistor", "MN", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "area", "occupied", "by", "one", "set", "of", "the", "transistors", "and", "the", "capacitor", "in", "the", "top", "view", "can", "be", "reduced", ",", "so", "that", "the", "memory", "device", "of", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "further", "highly", "integrated", ".", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "storage", "capacity", "per", "unit", "area", "of", "the", "memory", "device", "of", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "increased", ".", "\n\n", "The", "structure", "described", "in", "this", "embodiment", "can", "be", "used", "in", "appropriate", "combination", "with", "the", "structure", "described", "in", "the", "other", "embodiments", ".", "\n\n", "In", "this", "embodiment", ",", "an", "AI", "system", "in", "which", "the", "semiconductor", "device", "of", "the", "above", "embodiment", "is", "used", "will", "be", "described", "with", "reference", "to", ".", "\n\n", "is", "a", "block", "diagram", "illustrating", "a", "structure", "example", "of", "an", " ", ".", "The", " ", "includes", "an", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "and", "an", "input/", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "includes", "an", "analog", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "a", " ", ",", "and", "an", "FPGA", "(", "field", "programmable", "gate", "array", ")", ".", "The", " ", "described", "in", "the", "above", "embodiment", "can", "be", "used", "as", "the", " ", ".", "In", "the", " ", ",", "an", "OS", "memory", "is", "used", "for", "a", "configuration", "memory", "and", "a", "register", ".", "Here", ",", "such", "an", "FPGA", "is", "referred", "to", "as", "an", "OS", "-", "FPGA", ".", "\n\n", "The", " ", "includes", "a", "CPU", "(", "Central", "Processing", "Unit", ")", ",", "a" ]

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through a series of metallurgical separation processes. The final products were concentrates containing phosphates that were dried and sold to fertilizer manufacturers. The case was significant for several reasons. The tax administration (South African Revenue Service) argued that the processing activities of the extracted ore already constituted a process that was separate from mining activities, and therefore, the tax treatment related to manufacturing should apply. The taxpayer argued that the ore processing activity is still part of the mining activity and should not be treated as a separate manufacturing process. The second significant element of this case relates to the treatment of CapEx. In the case of mining activities, investors can deduct 100% of the CapEx expenses in most cases from the mining income in the year they accrue and carry forward any excess amount into future years, 20 whereas in manufacturing activities, the taxpayers can deduct CapEx expenses only over a period of 4 years. The third significant element of this case is that it also had implications for ring-fencing, as the outcomes of mining activities will be determined and taxed separately from the outcomes of manufacturing activities. The court of first instance found that the aim of Fosker's operation was the extraction or mining of phosphates, and no different finished product emerged thereafter. The phosphates sold by Foskor occurred naturally in the earth, and they cannot be manufactured just as 'gold or diamonds cannot be manufactured but can only be mined.' The mineral was thus not extracted until the extensive processes of crushing, milling, and separation were complete. Accordingly, the court of first instance found that Foskor carried out mining operations. Compared to the court of first instance, the SCA found that Foskor was carrying out manufacturing. For the SCA, the submission that phosphates occurred naturally in the earth and so could not be manufactured was too simplistic because it ignored the complexity of the processes that the ore had to be subjected to in order to access the phosphates. The SCA also considered the fact that during the separation 20 The allowance provided in terms of Section 15(a) read with Section 36 is not, in all cases, a 100% upfront allowance. Certain categories of expenditures (such as expenditure incurred on shaft sinking or mine equipment) will be eligible for a 100% upfront deduction; some categories will be eligible for a partial allowance deductible over a 5 to

[ "through", "a", "series", "of", "metallurgical", "separation", "processes", ".", "The", "final", "products", "were", "concentrates", "containing", "phosphates", "that", "were", "dried", "and", "sold", "to", "fertilizer", "manufacturers", ".", "\n\n", "The", "case", "was", "significant", "for", "several", "reasons", ".", "The", "tax", "administration", "(", "South", "African", "Revenue", "Service", ")", "argued", "that", "the", "processing", "activities", "of", "the", "extracted", "ore", "already", "constituted", "a", "process", "that", "was", "separate", "from", "mining", "activities", ",", "and", "therefore", ",", "the", "tax", "treatment", "related", "to", "manufacturing", "should", "apply", ".", "The", "taxpayer", "argued", "that", "the", "ore", "processing", "activity", "is", "still", "part", "of", "the", "mining", "activity", "and", "should", "not", "be", "treated", "as", "a", "separate", "manufacturing", "process", ".", "\n\n", "The", "second", "significant", "element", "of", "this", "case", "relates", "to", "the", "treatment", "of", "CapEx", ".", "In", "the", "case", "of", "mining", "activities", ",", "investors", "can", "deduct", "100", "%", "of", "the", "CapEx", "expenses", "in", "most", "cases", "from", "the", "mining", "income", "in", "the", "year", "they", "accrue", "and", "carry", "forward", "any", "excess", "amount", "into", "future", "years", ",", "20", " ", "whereas", "in", "manufacturing", "activities", ",", "the", "taxpayers", "can", "deduct", "CapEx", "expenses", "only", "over", "a", "period", "of", "4", "years", ".", "\n\n", "The", "third", "significant", "element", "of", "this", "case", "is", "that", "it", "also", "had", "implications", "for", "ring", "-", "fencing", ",", "as", "the", "outcomes", "of", "mining", "activities", "will", "be", "determined", "and", "taxed", "separately", "from", "the", "outcomes", "of", "manufacturing", "activities", ".", "\n\n", "The", "court", "of", "first", "instance", "found", "that", "the", "aim", "of", "Fosker", "'s", "operation", "was", "the", "extraction", "or", "mining", "of", "phosphates", ",", "and", "no", "different", "finished", "product", "emerged", "thereafter", ".", "The", "phosphates", "sold", "by", "Foskor", "occurred", "naturally", "in", "the", "earth", ",", "and", "they", "can", "not", "be", "manufactured", "just", "as", "'", "gold", "or", "diamonds", "can", "not", "be", "manufactured", "but", "can", "only", "be", "mined", ".", "'", "The", "mineral", "was", "thus", "not", "extracted", "until", "the", "extensive", "processes", "of", "crushing", ",", "milling", ",", "and", "separation", "were", "complete", ".", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "court", "of", "first", "instance", "found", "that", "Foskor", "carried", "out", "mining", "operations", ".", "\n\n", "Compared", "to", "the", "court", "of", "first", "instance", ",", "the", "SCA", "found", "that", "Foskor", "was", "carrying", "out", "manufacturing", ".", "For", "the", "SCA", ",", "the", "submission", "that", "phosphates", "occurred", "naturally", "in", "the", "earth", "and", "so", "could", "not", "be", "manufactured", "was", "too", "simplistic", "because", "it", "ignored", "the", "complexity", "of", "the", "processes", "that", "the", "ore", "had", "to", "be", "subjected", "to", "in", "order", "to", "access", "the", "phosphates", ".", "The", "SCA", "also", "considered", "the", "fact", "that", "during", "the", "separation", "\n\n", "20", " ", "The", "allowance", "provided", "in", "terms", "of", "Section", "15(a", ")", "read", "with", "Section", "36", "is", "not", ",", "in", "all", "cases", ",", "a", "100", "%", "upfront", "allowance", ".", "Certain", "categories", "of", "expenditures", "(", "such", "as", "expenditure", "incurred", "on", "shaft", "sinking", "or", "mine", "equipment", ")", "will", "be", "eligible", "for", "a", "100", "%", "upfront", "deduction", ";", "some", "categories", "will", "be", "eligible", "for", "a", "partial", "allowance", "deductible", "over", "a", "5", "to" ]

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