id
stringlengths 1
7
| url
stringlengths 31
789
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| sentence1
stringlengths 0
299k
| sentence2
stringlengths 0
304k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
30342
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20P
|
Grand P
|
(1990) ungumculi waseGuinea, umlingisi waseGuinea. UGrand P
|
UGrand P uthintwa yi-progeria emnike uhlaka oluthile.
|
30347
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmThanya
|
UmThanya
|
ecansini lezinhlwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uneziNelesi ezintathu endenini yawo kanye neziNzuba ezintathu ezizungezile.
|
yesithathu ecansini lezinhlwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uneziNelesi ezintathu endenini
|
30362
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20III%20wasePortugal
|
Peter III wasePortugal
|
oqanjwe ngokuthi iCapacidónio, iSacristão kanye ne-Edificador, wayeyiNkosi Consort yasePortugal kanye nama-Algarves kusukela ngo-1777 kwaze kwaba
|
1717 - Queluz, 25 May 1786), oqanjwe ngokuthi
|
30405
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belting
|
Belting
|
yokuxuba), nakuba lokhu kwenziwa ngokungalungile kungase kulimaze izwi. Ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi irejista yezwi, nakuba lokhu kubuye kungalungile ngokobuchwepheshe; kunalokho igama elichazayo lokusetshenziswa kwerejista. Abaculi bangasebenzisa ibhande ukuze badlulisele izimo ezikhona eziphakeme. I-Belting yaba yinto evamile emculweni we-Broadway kulandela ukudlala kuka-Ethel Merman ku-Girl Crazy (1930), ikakhulukazi engomeni
|
kungalungile ngokobuchwepheshe; kunalokho igama elichazayo lokusetshenziswa kwerejista. Abaculi bangasebenzisa ibhande ukuze badlulisele izimo ezikhona eziphakeme. I-Belting yaba yinto evamile emculweni we-Broadway kulandela ukudlala kuka-Ethel Merman ku-Girl Crazy (1930), ikakhulukazi engomeni ethi "I Got Rhythm". Ukulandelana kwekhredithi okuvulayo kwefilimu ye-James Bond i-Goldfinger (1964) ihlanganisa ingoma yesihloko eyenziwe
|
30406
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNyondo
|
UmNyondo
|
Inyanga incane kakhulu futhi ukudonsa kumnyondo wayo kungaba ku-1/6 kuno kukaNomkhubulwane. Ngakho noma yini esenyangeni inobunzima obungaba ku-1/6 besisindo sayo uma ikuNomkhubulwane. Okungaguquki inani loTho kuleyonto. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukulondolozeka kwesisindo. KuNomkhubulwane, isisindo nobunzima kuyafana ezimweni eziningi, nakuba inhlolamnyondo ezwelayo ingahlonga umehluko okhona. Ukungafani kuzohluka kakhulu kweminye imihlaba njengasenyangeni. UMlando Izwe lasendulo Imvelo nokusebenza komnyondo kwahlolisiswa ongoti abaningi basendulo. EGrisi, u- Arisitotile wayekholwa ukuthi izinto ziwela eMhlabeni ngoba uMhlaba wawuyinkaba yomkhathilibe futhi wawuhehela kuwo sonke isisindo esisemkhathilibeni. Wabuye wacabanga nokuthi ijubane lento ewayo kufanele likhuphuke nobunzima bayo, isiphetho kamuva esavezwa ukuthi singamampunge. Nakuba umbono ka-Arisitotile wamukelwa kabanzi kulo lonke elaseGrisi yasendulo, kwakunezinye izingqandavu ezifana noPlutarch owabikezela ngokunembile ukuthi iwonga lomnyondo lalingeyona ingqayizivele eMhlabeni kuphela. Nakuba ayengawuqondi umnyondo ngengesiphoqi
|
izikhathi eziyi-1029 kunesiphoqi seNuzi esibuthaka. Ngokomphumela, awunawo amandla ezingeni lezinhlayiyana ezincane kunechwe. Kodwa, umNyondo ungukunanana okubalulekile phakathi kwezinto ezinkulu, futhi unquma umDiki wemiZulane, iziNkanyezi, imithalakazi kanye nokukhanya. KuNomkhubulwane, umnyondo unikeza izinto eziphathekayo isisindo, futhi umnyondo wenyanga wona obangela kube namadlambi aphezulu ezilwandle. Ekukhulumeni kwansuku zonke, sivame ukuthi izinto ziyawa ngoba umnyondo kaNomkhubulwane uzidonsela phansi. Sikhuluma sengathi isisindo sethu asiguquki. Eqinisweni isisindo sethu siyaguquka lapho ukudonsa komnyondo kuguquka nakho. Inyanga incane kakhulu futhi ukudonsa kumnyondo wayo kungaba ku-1/6 kuno kukaNomkhubulwane. Ngakho noma yini esenyangeni inobunzima obungaba ku-1/6 besisindo sayo uma ikuNomkhubulwane. Okungaguquki inani loTho kuleyonto.
|
30407
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHlakahlisombulu
|
UHlakahlisombulu
|
ezinye zazo okusaxoxwa ngazo namanje kwezomcondozo wohlakahlisombulu. Ucwaningo lwenhluzeko yezinguxa noma 'inhluzeko engokomthetho' lwaqalwa osonjulalwazi nabachazizibalo endulo. Ukufundwa komhluzangqondo womchazazibalo kwaholela embonweni wokucikiza ka-Alan Turing, owasikisela ukuthi inguxa, ngokushadaza izimpawu ezifana ne-"0" kanye no- "1", ingakwazi ukufefenyeka noma isiphi isenzo esicatshangwayo sesisuso somchazazibalo. Lomqondo wokuthi izicikizi zezezibhangqiwe zingafefenyeka noma iyiphi inqubo yenhluzeko esemthethweni waziwa ngokuthi umbono ka-Church-Turing. Lokhu, kanye nokuvubukulwa obekwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye kwezochazozinzwa (neurobiology), umbono wokwaziswa kanye nezokululezwa (cybernetics), kwaholela abacwaningi ekutheni bacubungule ukuba kungenzeka yini bakhe ubuchopho bamazuba. Umkhiqizo wokuqala namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu kwaba umklamo osemthethweni ka-McCullouch and Pitt ngowe-1943 abawenzela "izinzwa zokuzakhela" ze-Turing-ephelele. Ngaseminyakeni ye-1950, kwavela imibono emibili yokuthi ubuhlakani benguxa bungafezwa kanjani. Umbono wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi uHlakahlisombulu olungokoMfanekiso noma GOFAI, wawuzosebenzisa izicikizi ukukhanda unongo olungokomfanekiso lwezwe nezimiso ezikwazi ukuhluza ngokuphathelene nezwe. Abagqugquzeli balombono babehlanganisa u+Allen Newell, u-Herbert A. Simon, no-Marvin Minsky. Okuyamaniswa eduze nalombono kwakuyindlela "yokuhlwaya okusobozelayo" "heuristic search", eyayifanisa ubuhlakani nenkiyankiya yokuhlwaya umkhathinga wezimpendulo ezingasebenza. Umbono wesibili, owaziwa indlela yabaxhumanisi, wawufuna ukufeza ubuhlakani ngokufunda. Abagqugquzeli balombono, ubhongoza wabo okwakungu Frank Rosenblatt, babefuna ukuxhuma i-Perceptron ngezindlela ezifuze uxhumano lwezinzwa. U-James Manyika nabanye baqhathanise lezindlela zokuya emqondweni ezimbili (uhlakahlisombulu olungokomfanekiso) kanye nobuchopho (ukuxhumanisa). UManyika uveza ukuthi izindlela ezingokomfanekiso zaziqhoqhobele ukufuqwa okuvuna uhlakahlisombulu kulenkathi, ngenxa yoxhumano namasiko wokuhlakanipha wabantu abanje ngo-Descarte, uBoole, uGottlob Frege, uBertrand Russell, nabanye. Izindlela zabaxhumanisi ezisekwe kwezokululeza noma amaxhoxhox weziNzwa ambulu zafuqelwa ngemuva kodwa ziye zazuza ukubaluleka emashumini eminyaka yakamuva. Umkhakha wocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu wazalwa ngonyaka we-19556 eshabhu lase-Dartmouth College. Izihambeli zaphenduka abasunguli nabaholi bocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu. Zona kanye nabafundi zakhiqiza izinhlelo abezindaba abazichazisa ngokuthi "ezimangazayo": iziCikizi zazifunda amaqhingasu woThimba, zixazuluka izinkiyankiya zamazwi e-algebra, zifakazela ama-logical theorems futhi zifunda ukukhuluma isingisi. Maphakathi neminyaka ye-1960, ucwaningo kwelaseMelika lwaluxhaswa uMnyango wezokuVikela futhi izingqalaba zazisunguliwe ezweni lonke. Abacwaningi eminyakeni ye-1960 naseminyakeni ye-1970 babegculisekile ukuthi izinsondelo ezingokomfanekiso zazizophumelela ekudaleni inguxa enohlakahlisombulu oluvamile (artificial general intelligence) futhi bathatha lokhu njengempokompelo yomkhakha wabo. UHerbet Simon wabikezela wathi, "phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, izinguxa zizoba nekhono lokwenza noma imuphi umsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu". UMarvin Minsky wavuma lapho ebhala wathi, "phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa ... inkinga yokukhanda "uhlakahlisombulu" izoxazululwa ngokuphelele". Bahluleka ukuqaphela ubunzima neminye yemisebenzi eyayisasele. Ukuqombola kwagqoza futhi ngowe- 1974, ekusabeleni kokugxeka kuka-Sir James Lighthill nasengcindezeni eqhubekayo eqhamuka kumgwamanqa waseMelika wokuxhasa izinkebengo ezikhiqizwayo kakhulu, bobabili ohulumeni baseMelika naseBrithani banqamula ucwaningo oluhlwayayo kuhlakahlisombulu. Iminyaka eyalandela embalwa yabizwa ngokuthi "ubusika bohlakahlisombulu", inkathi lapho ukuthoka uxhaso lwezinkebengo zohlakahlisombulu okwakunzima ngayo. Imigomo Inkinga evamile yokufefenyeka (noma ukudala) ubuhlakani seyiqhezulwe yaba izinkingana ezintathu. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkondolo ezikhethekile noma amakhono athile abacwaningi abalindele ukuba isimiso esinobuhlakani siziveze. Izinkondolo ezichaziswa ngezansi yizona eziye zanakwa kakhulu. Inhluzeko, nokuxazula izinkinga Abacwaningi bangaphambili bathuthukisa imikholezima elingisa inhluzeko
|
usizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele kwezezimboni nasemfundweni. Imikhakha engaphansi kohlakahlisombulu ehlukene igxile emigomweni ekhethekile nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi akhethekile. Izimpokophelo zocwaningo olungokwesiko lohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa inhluzeko ehlelelisiwe, ubusempu bolwazi, ukuhlela okuhlelelisiwe, ukufunda, ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo, intshwayo, kanye nekhono lokunyukuza nokuthonya izinto. Ubuhlakani obuvamile (obuyikhono lokuxazula izinkinga) bungenye yezimpokophelo zesikhathi eside zalomkhakha. Ukuze baxazulule lezinkinga, abacwaningi bohlakahlisombulu baye bamukela futhi bahlayiza ubunyoninco bokuxazula izinkinga obunhlobonhlobo - obuhlanganisa ukuhlwaya nokungqandanisa komchazazibalo (search and mathematical optimization), umhluzamqondo osemthethweni (formal logic), amaxhoxho ezinzwa ambulu (artificial neural networks), kanye nezindlelasu ezisekwe kwizibalomniningo, umsongahle (probability) kanye nomnotho. Uhlakahlisombulu lubuye lugqobe kwinzululwazi yesicikizi, umchazangqondo, ezezilimi, injulalwazi, neminye imikhakha eminingi. Lomkhakha wasungulwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu "bungachaziswa ngokunembile kuze kwenziwe nenguxa ukuba ibufefenyeke". Lokhu kwavusa izimpikiswano zenjulalwazi ngokuphathelene nomqondo kanye nemiphumela yomcondozo ekukhandeni izidalwa ezimbulu ezinikezwe ubuhlakani obunje ngobomuntu; lezi kwakuzinto ezake zahlwaywa ngaphambili izinganekwane, izingeneko, nenjulalwazi kusukela endulo. Osonzululwazi besicikizi kanye nosonjulalwazi sebasikisele ukuthi uhlakahlisombulu lungaba ingcupho yokuphila kwabantu uma amakhono enhluzeko yalo awaqondiswa ngasemigomweni ezozuzisa uluntu. uMlando Izidalwa zokuzakhela ezinobuhlakani zavela njengezilekeleli zokuxoxa izindaba endulo, futhi zasetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganekweni, njengakuleyo ka-Mary Shelley ebizwa Frankenstein noma eka-Karel Čapek ebizwa R.U.R. Lemidwambu kanye nesiphetho sayo zaphakamisa izinkingana eziningi ezinye zazo okusaxoxwa ngazo namanje kwezomcondozo wohlakahlisombulu. Ucwaningo lwenhluzeko yezinguxa noma 'inhluzeko engokomthetho' lwaqalwa osonjulalwazi nabachazizibalo endulo. Ukufundwa komhluzangqondo womchazazibalo kwaholela embonweni wokucikiza ka-Alan Turing, owasikisela ukuthi inguxa, ngokushadaza izimpawu ezifana ne-"0" kanye no- "1", ingakwazi ukufefenyeka noma isiphi isenzo esicatshangwayo sesisuso somchazazibalo. Lomqondo wokuthi izicikizi zezezibhangqiwe zingafefenyeka noma iyiphi inqubo yenhluzeko esemthethweni waziwa ngokuthi umbono ka-Church-Turing. Lokhu, kanye nokuvubukulwa obekwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye kwezochazozinzwa (neurobiology), umbono wokwaziswa kanye nezokululezwa (cybernetics), kwaholela abacwaningi ekutheni bacubungule ukuba kungenzeka yini bakhe ubuchopho bamazuba. Umkhiqizo wokuqala namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu kwaba umklamo osemthethweni ka-McCullouch and Pitt ngowe-1943 abawenzela "izinzwa zokuzakhela" ze-Turing-ephelele. Ngaseminyakeni ye-1950, kwavela imibono emibili yokuthi ubuhlakani benguxa bungafezwa kanjani. Umbono wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi uHlakahlisombulu olungokoMfanekiso noma GOFAI, wawuzosebenzisa izicikizi ukukhanda unongo olungokomfanekiso lwezwe nezimiso ezikwazi ukuhluza ngokuphathelene nezwe. Abagqugquzeli balombono babehlanganisa u+Allen Newell, u-Herbert A. Simon, no-Marvin Minsky. Okuyamaniswa eduze nalombono kwakuyindlela "yokuhlwaya okusobozelayo" "heuristic search", eyayifanisa ubuhlakani nenkiyankiya yokuhlwaya
|
30408
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INzawu
|
INzawu
|
emlandweni wamasiko amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Izinkolelo ngokuphathelene nezinzawu zihluke kakhulu ngokwezifunda, kodwa izinzawu emasikweni asentshona kusukela eminyakeni ephakathi zazivame ukuvezwa zinamaphiko, zinezimpondo, ezinyawo ezine, futhi zikwazi nokuphefumula umlilo. Izinzawu emasikweni asempuma zivame ukuvezwa zingenamaphiko, zinezinyawo ezine, ziyizidalwa ezisanyoka nezinobuhlakani obuphakeme. Ukufana phakathi kwezici zezinzawu kuvame ukuba umdidiyelo wolwangu lwempaka, inyoni, nesibandazi. Ongoti bakholwa ukuthi izingwenya ezinkulu ezingasekho noma ezifudukayo zinenswebu efana nazo, ngokukhethekile
|
nangokuthi 'uNanabosele'. Elithi iNzawu livela kusenzukuthi "zawu" , okuvela isenzo esithi "ukuzawula" kuso. Ngakho inzawu ibizo lento ezawulayo, kungaba ngamazinyo wayo. Isilo iNzawu kwakukholelwa ukuthi sinamazinyo acijile, azawula kwasani, amakhulu. Kodwa sasivame ukuba nekhanda elilodwa. Kuthiwa uma amakhanda eqa kwamabili, akuseyona inzawu
|
30409
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhumbi-ngwenya
|
Umkhumbi-ngwenya
|
ukugidimga ngaphansi kwamanzi. Leli gama libhekisela kuzo
|
ngaphansi kwamanzi. Leli gama libhekisela
|
30410
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmZilafasimbe
|
UmZilafasimbe
|
njengomthende ngoba uhlaka lwawo olumise okwendingilizi lubhekwa kusuka ngaphakathi. uGalileo Galilei ungowokuqala ukuxazulula umthende wokukhanya ube izinkanyezi ngesihlongimkhathi sakhe ngowe-1610. Kuze kube seminyakeni ye-1920 iningi losozinkanyezi lalicabanga ukuthi umZilafasimbe uqukethe zonke izinkanyezi zomkhathilibe. Iziqapho ezenziwa ngu-Edwin Hubble, ezalandela
|
lihunyushwe kwesiLatini , kusukela kwelesiGreki ( ), elisho ukuthi “indlela yobisi”. Emhlabeni, umZilafasimbe ubonakala njengomthende ngoba uhlaka lwawo olumise okwendingilizi lubhekwa kusuka ngaphakathi. uGalileo Galilei ungowokuqala ukuxazulula umthende wokukhanya ube izinkanyezi ngesihlongimkhathi sakhe ngowe-1610. Kuze kube seminyakeni ye-1920 iningi losozinkanyezi
|
30411
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhululu
|
IBhululu
|
esisabalele kuyo yonke indawo yolwandle oluchachambhile( yase-Indo-West Pacific) kusukela empumalanga yezwekazi iAfrika, okufakaphakathi noMtubakazi, kuze kufike ePapua New Guinea kuphinde kusuke eningizimu yeNihono (eJapan) kuyavala kuMzakathambho omkhulukazi. Lihlala kugange lwoMzikathambho. Emini, lihlezi lucashe emfantwini ngaphansi kwemitha eli-1 kuya kwangama-45 ukujula (3.3 no-148.5 wamafithi). UMchazampilo IBhululu liyisidlanyama. Lishiya umbhudu walo ebusuku ukozingela izinyamazane ngakuMzakathambho. Isikhathi esiningi luthanda izinhlanzi ezincane kanye indawo yayo ebusuku ukuze iyozingela inyamazane yayo eduze kolwandle. Idla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezihleke . Ezindala zijwayele ukuba izihhahhamela endle. Amaphatho Izixhumanisi zangaphandle
|
amnyama kunalawo adungekile. Amagama ayo asukela kulesi sici sombala. Ukusabala kanye nendawo yokuhlala IBhululu liyisilwane esisabalele kuyo yonke indawo yolwandle oluchachambhile( yase-Indo-West Pacific) kusukela empumalanga yezwekazi iAfrika, okufakaphakathi noMtubakazi, kuze kufike ePapua New Guinea kuphinde kusuke eningizimu yeNihono (eJapan) kuyavala kuMzakathambho omkhulukazi. Lihlala kugange lwoMzikathambho. Emini, lihlezi lucashe emfantwini ngaphansi kwemitha eli-1 kuya kwangama-45 ukujula (3.3 no-148.5 wamafithi). UMchazampilo IBhululu liyisidlanyama. Lishiya umbhudu walo ebusuku ukozingela izinyamazane ngakuMzakathambho. Isikhathi esiningi luthanda izinhlanzi ezincane kanye indawo yayo ebusuku ukuze iyozingela inyamazane yayo eduze kolwandle. Idla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezincane
|
30412
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThununu
|
IsiThununu
|
Izithununu sezithathe isikhundla sabantu ekwenzeni imisebenzi ephindaphindayo neyingozi leyo abantu abangayithandi, noma leyo abahluleka ukuyenza ngenxa yemikhawulo yobungako, noma eyenzelwa ezimweni ezibucayi njengasemkhathini noma ekujuleni kolwandle. Kunezikhalazo mayelana nokwanda kokusetshenizswa kwezithununu nendima yazo emphakathini. Kugxekwa izithununu ngokukhuphuka kokungaqashwa kwezobuchwepheshe njengoba zithathele abantu imisebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithununu empini nakho kuphakamisa izikhalazo zemicondozo. Amathuba wokuzimela nezishayo ezingase zibe khona sekuye kwaphathwa ezinganekweni futhi kungaba izikhalazo zangempela ngomuso. Isifinyezo Igama elithi isithununu lingabhekisela kukho kokubili izithununu ezingokoqobo nezenzi zendwalazo yamahlelokusebenza, kodwa lezi zakamuva zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iziThunu . Akukho ukuvumelana ngokuthi iziphi izinguxa ezifaneleka ukuba izithununu kodwa kunokuvumelwano jikelele phakathi kwezingcweti, kanye nomphakathi, ukuthi izithununu zithambekele ekubeni namanye noma wonke amakhono nemisebenzi elandelayo: ukwamukela ukuhleleliswa kwamazuba, ukucubungula imininingo noma imibono ebonakalayo ngamazuba, ukugidinga ngokuhleleleka ngokwezinga elithile, ukuhambahamba, ukugidinga izingxenye zazo ezibonakalayo noma izinqubo ezibonakalayo, zizwa futhi zithonye indawo ezikuyo, futhi zibonise ukucondoza kobuhlakani, ikakhulukazi ukucondoza okulingisa abantu noma ezinye izilwane. Okuhlobene nesicabango sesithununu umkhakha womchazampilo womdidiyelo, ocwaninga izinto ezinemvelo eqhathaniswa kakhulu nezinto eziphilayo kunezinguxa. uMlando Isu lesihlelelekwa (automata) lidabuka ezinganekwaneni zamasiko ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Abangcikishi nabaqambi bezimpucuzeko zasendulo, kuhlanganisa nelaseShayina lasendulo, Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt, bazama ukwakha izinguxa ezilawulayo, ezinye ezafuze izilwane nabantu. Izincaziso zokuqala zesihlelelekwa zihlanganisa amajuba ambulu ka-Arkhitas, amajuba ambulu ka-Mozi nawaka-Lu Ban, kanye nesihlelelekwa "esikhulumayo" sika-Hero wase-Alexandria. Intuthukiso yangomuso nezibunge zangomuso Sekuvele izinhlobonhlobo zobunyoninco bokuthuthukisa inzululwazi
|
ukugununda uchunge lwemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhleleleka. Isithununu singalawulwa ngesiLekeleli esingaphandle kwaso, noma silawulwe isiLekeleli esifakwe ngaphakathi kuso. Izithununu zingakhiwa zifane nommomo womuntu, kodwa iningi lezithununu ziyizinguxa zokwenza imisebenzi, eziklanyelwe ukugxila kwezikwenzayo, kunokuba ezinombalazi oncomekayo. Izithununu zingaba ngezihlelekiwe noma ezihlelelekwe kancane futhi zihluka kusuka kwezisamuntu ezifana nesakwaHonda esibizwa uASIMO noma esakwa-TOSY esibizwa TOPIO, kuya kuzithununu zezimboni, izithununu zokuhlinza, izithununu ezisiza iziguli, izithununu zokwelapha izinja, izithununu eziwuswebezane oluhleleliswe ndawonye, izindongoyi kanye nezithununu ezincane kakhulu. Ngokulingisa ummomo wento ephilayo noma iminyakazo eyinhleleleko, isithununu singadlulisa umuzwa wokuba nobuhlakani noma imicabango ngokwaso. Izinto ezinenhleleleko zilindeleke ukuba zande esikhathini esizayo, lapho izithununu zasendlini kanye nezimoto ezinehleleleko kuzoba yizo eziholayo. Isigaba sezobuchwepheshe esibhekene nokuklanywa, ukwakhiwa, ukugidinga, nokusebenza kwezithununu, kanye nezinhlelo zesiCikizi zokuzilawula, ukubika kweziNzwi, kanye nokucubungula ukwaziswa sibizwa ngokuthi ezeziThununu. Lobubuchwepheshe bubhekene nezinguxa ezihlelelekiwe nezingathatha isikhundla sabantu ezimweni eziyingozi noma ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, noma zifuze abantu ngommomo, ukucondoza, noma ukuqonda. Iningi lezithununu zanamuhla zivele ngenxa yokunikela kwemvelo emkhakheni wezobuthununu obu-bio-inspired. Lezi zithununu sezidale isigaba esisha sezobuthununu: ezobuthununu ezithambile. Kusuka ngesikhathi sempucuko yasendulo, bekunemibiko yezilekeleli ezihlelelekelwe ukuhlelwa ozisebenzisayo kanye nezihlelelekwa ezifuze abantu noma ezinye izilwane, ngokuyinhloko eziklanyelwe ukunandisa. Njengoba ubunyoninco bezinguba buthuthuka ngesikhathi seminyaka yezimboni, kwavela izinsebenziso zokwenza ezifana nezinguxa ezihlelelekiwe, izilawuli buqamama nezilawuli buqamama ezingenantambo. Igama elithi "isithununu" liqhamuka kwelesizulu elisho 'umuntu uyisigqila, obukelwa phansi, ongathathwa njengomuntu.' Isithununu sokuqala sesimanje sezezibhangqiwe futhi esihlelelisekayo saqanjwa nguGeorge Devol ngowe-1954. Izithununu sezithathe isikhundla sabantu ekwenzeni imisebenzi ephindaphindayo neyingozi leyo abantu abangayithandi, noma leyo abahluleka ukuyenza ngenxa yemikhawulo yobungako, noma eyenzelwa ezimweni ezibucayi njengasemkhathini noma ekujuleni kolwandle. Kunezikhalazo
|
30413
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INguxa
|
INguxa
|
iziphoqi futhi silawule ukudikiza ukuze senze umsebenzi. Leli bizo livame ukusetshenziswa ezilekelelini, ezifana nalezo ezisebenzisa ezinjini nezidikizisi. Izinguxa zingashayelwa izilwane nabantu, zingalawulwa iziphoqi zemvelo ezifana nesivungu namanzi, futhi zingalawulwa isidlakalasi sevanga, umchadamezo noma amaZuba, futhi zihlanganisa izimiso zobunguxa ezibumba amagalelo eZenzi ukufezekisa umsebenzi ocacisiwe wemiphumela yeziphoqi nomdiki. Izinguxa zingahlanganisa neziCikizi neziNzwi ezilusa ukusebenza futhi zisongoze umdiki, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlelo zobunguxa. Izazi zefilosofi engokwemvelo zeMveselelo zihlonze iziNguxa eyisithupha ezilula okwakuyizilekeleli eziyisisekelo ezifaka umthwalo kumdiki, futhi zabala isilinganiso sesiphoqi esiwumphumela ngesiphoqi segalelo, namuhla okwaziwa ngokuthi uMenzelelo wobuNguxa. Izinguxa zanamuhla ziyizimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izici zohlaka, ukusebenza kobunguxa nezigcoyi zokulawula futhi zihlanganisa izixhakasimo (interfaces) zokuzisebenzisa kalula. Izibonelo zihlanganisa: izinhlobo ezihlukene zezithuthi, izimoto, izikebhe nezindiza; izilekeleli zasendlini nasehhovisi (home and office appliances), ezihlanganisa izicikizi, iziphathamoya zezakhiwo nomthumbelo wamanzi (water handling systems); kanye nezinguxa zezolimo, izinsiza eziyizinguxa kanye nezimiso zenhleleleko yasemkhando nezithununu zezimboni. uMsuka Igama lesizulu elithi 'inguxa' liqhamuka kweliyisenzokuthi esithi 'guxa' esilingisa umsindo owenziwa izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe zaba malungalunga, okuthi lapho zidikiza zenze umsindo oguxazelayo. Into ekulesi simo ibizwa ngokuthi inguxanguxa, livele lapho elithi
|
eMpuma eseDuze. Isondo, kanye kanye nesondo nomshiza nokusebenza komshiza, kwaqanjwa eMesopothamiya (namuhla ibizwa Iraq) enkathini yenkulungwane yesi-5 BC. Isixakaxo sona savela eminyakeni eyizi-5,000 edlule eMouma eseDuze, lapho esasisetshenziswa khona njengomlinganiso wokulunganisa (balance scale), nokudikizisa Izinto ezinkulu kwezobuchwepheshe baseGibhithe lasendulo. Isixakaxo sasisetshenziswa njengensiza yokuthwala amanzi, inguxa eyisijibi ( crane machine) yokuqala, eyavela okokuqala eMesopothamiya cishe ngowezi-3000 BC, kanye nasebuchwephesheni baseGibhithe lasendulo cishe ngowezi-2000 BC. Ubufakazi bokuqala bomdonso buseminyakeni yokuqala yenkulungwane yesibili BC eMesopothamiya, futhi naseGibhithe lasendulo enkathini yoSendo lweshumi nambili (1991-1802 BC). Isibhinyi (screw), okuyinguxa elula yokugcina eyaqanjwa, savela okokuqala eMesopothamiya ngenkathi yangemva kwe-Asiriya (911-609)
|
30414
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Stunna
|
Young Stunna
|
njengengxenye yohlu lwehabhu lepiyano-lapho edlala ku-Felo Le Tee kanye nethi Mellow & Sleazy's smash amapiano hit, “ Bopha ”. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, ethi, Notumato ehlanganisa abaculi baseNingizimu Afrika u- DJ Maphorisa, Blxckie, Sizwe Alakaine, noKabza De Small. Ingoma yakhe ethi " Adiwele " ifinyelele kunombolo 1 emsakazweni wonke waseNingizimu Afrika njengoba isibalo saba yizigidi ezingama-23.4. Ngasekupheleni kuka-April 2022, i-Stunna yavezwa u- Spotify ku-Spotify documentary ethi Freedom Sounds: From Kwaito to Amapiano . Isiqalo sokuphila UStunna osemncane wazalelwa eDaveyton, eNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaKristu futhi wayevame ukucula ekwayeni yesonto. Unina wayengumculi futhi uyise wayenendawo yokucima ukoma eyayine-jukebox. Ukuchitha isikhathi ethaveni ngezimpelasonto kumveze kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zomculo okubalwa kuzo iRnB neKwaito . Imfundo Ufunde eBenoni
|
kunombolo 1 emsakazweni wonke waseNingizimu Afrika njengoba isibalo saba yizigidi ezingama-23.4. Ngasekupheleni kuka-April 2022, i-Stunna yavezwa u- Spotify ku-Spotify documentary ethi Freedom Sounds: From Kwaito to Amapiano . Isiqalo sokuphila UStunna osemncane wazalelwa eDaveyton, eNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaKristu futhi wayevame ukucula ekwayeni yesonto. Unina wayengumculi futhi uyise wayenendawo yokucima ukoma eyayine-jukebox. Ukuchitha isikhathi ethaveni ngezimpelasonto kumveze kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zomculo okubalwa kuzo iRnB neKwaito . Imfundo Ufunde eBenoni West Primary naseLee Rand High School eBenoni. Uphothule u-matric e-Unity Secondary School eDaveyton. Imiklomelo Ama-BET Awards Dstv Mzansi Viewer's Choice Awards Imiklomelo Yomculo WaseNingizimu Afrika Isiqalo sokuphila UStunna osemncane wazalelwa eDaveyton, eNingizimu Afrika futhi wakhulela emndenini wamaKristu futhi wayevame ukucula
|
30415
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPhoqi
|
IsiPhoqi
|
wesithathu, lapho ukwenza nokusabela "kulingana futhi kulungene." Izinto ezihlukene zimane ziyilokho isiphoqi esisebenza phakathi kwakho. Kuneziphoqi ezingafani ezisebenza phakathi kwezinto ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umNyondo usebenza phakathi kwezinto ezinisisindo, njengelanga nomhlaba. Esinye isibonelo isiphoqi seNzubawonga, esisebenza phakathi kwezinto ezinomlelesa, njengenzuba noma
|
elingaguqula umdiki wento. Siwukufuqa noma ukudonsa okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto. Isiphoqi singabangela into enesisindo ukuba ishintshe isivinini sayo, ngokuthi iphangise. Sibizwa ngokuthi ukwenanana
|
30416
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmQongo
|
UmQongo
|
(igama elisho amafu noma intuthu eqongileyo) uyingxenye yenqeke ecwazimulayo eyakhiwa uhowo lwehwanzi ehonyozekile, uthunqathunqa kanye nonyazani. ImiQongo iyizifunda okwakheka izinkanyezi kuzo emkhathini, lokhu kwenzeka ngokuthi izingxenye zohowo, uthunqathunqa, nezinye izithako "zibumbane" ndawonye zakhe izifunda ezisiluthe, eziwongela olunye
|
ngaphakathi kwazo. Iningi lemiqongo mikhulu ngobungako; eminye inokukhanyabanga okungamakhulu ngesilungazingoni. UmQongo obonakalayo emehlweni abantu abasemhlabeni, uzobonakala umkhulu, kodwa ongaqhakazi ngokwanele. UmQongo ImPambano, okungumqongo oqhakaza kakhulu esibhakabhakeni, siyakwazi ukuwubona ngeso lwenyama namuhla, nakuba osozinkanyezi basendulo babengawuboni. Nakuba imiqongo isiluthe kunomkhathinga eyizungezile, iningi layo isiluthe kancane kunanoma iliphi ilinya
|
30417
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqalasizinda
|
Ingqalasizinda
|
elondolozekayo ngohlelo lweziMpokophelo zeNtuthuko eLondolozekayo yesi-9 enesihloko esithi "IMboni, uCandululo neNgqalasizinda." Enye indlela yokuchazisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zengqalasizinda iwukuzijinja zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ingqalasizinda eqinileyo kanye nengqalasizinda entibintibi. Ingqalasizinda eqinileyo ingamaxhoxho oqobo ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwezimboni zanamuhla. Ihlanganisa imigwaqo, imicabeko, nojantshi. Ingqalasizinda entibintibi iyizo zonke izikhungo ezinakekela ezomnotho, ezemvelo, ezempilonhle, ezomphakathi, nezindinganiso zesikompilo lezwe. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlelo zemfundo, izibalomniningo ezisemthethweni, iziqithi (parks), nezakhiwo zokuzilibazisa, izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho, nezinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo. uMsuka Igama elithi "ingqalasizinda" igama elisho 'izinto ezifakwa kuqala, eziyisiseko sanoma imuphi umgidingo noma uhlelo". Liyinhlanganisela yamagata amabili athi , 'ingqala' + 'isizinda', futhi azichaza kahle Izinto ezakhiwayo kuqala ezifana nemigwaqo, izinkasa, amanzi, ujantshi njll. okuyizinto ezakhiwa kuqala ngaphambi kokuthi kwakhiwe izindlu, imibijongo, noma isidlidli. Lezakhiwa ziba isizinda okwakhelwa kuso.
|
yakhiwa izinhlaka zomphakathi nezangasese ezifana nemigwaqo, ujantshi, imicabeko, imihube, uhlinzeko lwamanzi, izithuthindle, ukufakwa kwamazuba, nezokuxhumanade (ezihlanganisa ukuxhumana ngoxhakaxholo nofikelelo loyacabanzi). Ngokuvamile, ingqalasizinda ichasiswa ngokuthi "izigcoyi ezingokoqobo zezinhlelo ezihlobene ezihlinzeka ngezithengiswa nezinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokwenza, nokugcina, nokuphucula izimo zokuphila zomphakathi" kanye nokunakekela imvelo ezungezile. Izingxoxo zanamuhla ngengqalasizinda zijinge ekugxila entuthukweni elondolozekayo nakungqalasizinda engeyona ingozi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu zomphakathi ezidingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukufudumala kwezulu. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, ngokuqaphela lokhu, uqhamume nenqubomgomo egxile kwingqalasizinda elondolozekayo ngohlelo lweziMpokophelo zeNtuthuko eLondolozekayo yesi-9 enesihloko esithi "IMboni, uCandululo neNgqalasizinda." Enye indlela yokuchazisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zengqalasizinda iwukuzijinja zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ingqalasizinda
|
30418
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INguxa%20elula
|
INguxa elula
|
sibizwa ngokuthi umenzelelo wobunguxa. Izinguxa ezilula zingathathwa "njengezinguklu zokwakha" eziyisisekelo okwakhiwe ngazo izinguxa eziyinkimbinkimbi (izinguxa eziyimixube). Ngokwesibonelo, amasondo, isixakaxo nemidonso ziyasetshenziswa zonke ekusebenzeni kwendingimbili (bicycle). Umenzelelo wobunguxa wenguxa engumxube ungumkhiqizo wezenzelelo zobunguxa wezinguxa ezilula eyakhiwe ngayo. Nakuba ziqhubeka nokuba mqoka kwezobunguxa nakunzululwazi esebenzayo, ezobunguxa zanamuhla sezigabavile embonweni wokuthi izinguxa ezilula ziyizinguklu
|
ziqhubeka nokuba mqoka kwezobunguxa nakunzululwazi esebenzayo, ezobunguxa zanamuhla sezigabavile embonweni wokuthi izinguxa ezilula ziyizinguklu zokwakha eziwumgabelo okwakhiwe ngazo ezinye izinguxa, okuwumbono owaphakama eNguqukweni yezemboni. Ubunkimbinkimbi bokungafani okukhulu kwamakhongco ezinguxa zanamuhla, okwavela ekuGuqukeni kwezimboni, buchaziswa ngokunganele yileminxa elula eyisithupha. Abalobi abahlukene bangemva kwemvuselelo bahlanganise uhlu olubanzi "lwezinguxa ezilula", imvama ngokusebenzisa amabizo afana nokuthi izinguxa eziyisiseko, izinguxa eziyimixube, noma izici zezinguxa ukuze bazihlukanise ezinguxeni zakudala ezingehla. Ekupheleni
|
30419
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmFefenyeko
|
UmFefenyeko
|
UmFefenyeko uyindlela yokubona into yenzeka kube kuwukuthi ayenzeki ngokoqobo. Umfefenyeko udinga ukuba kusetshenziswe isifaniselo; isifaniselo simelela izici noma imicondozo yesimiso noma inqubo ekhethiwe, kuyilapho umfefenyeko umelela ukuthubeka
|
UmFefenyeko uyindlela yokubona into yenzeka kube kuwukuthi ayenzeki ngokoqobo. Umfefenyeko udinga ukuba kusetshenziswe isifaniselo;
|
30420
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isimongotho
|
Isimongotho
|
the Sensible and Intelligible World", u-Immanuel Kant (1770) wabeka umbono wokuthi umqondo womuntu unezivimbelo zomhlaba womhluzamqondo futhi kanjalo ukhumusha futhi uqonde izehlo ngokuhambisana nommomo wazo. Wabhala ukuthi abantu bangabhekisela esehlweni kuphela ngokuvumelwa imizwa yabo, kodwa bangayingcweti leyonto ngokwayo. Lokhu kwenza umqondo ngokuqondene nomgqangu wokuxhumana (communications-channel (epistemology) ozifunza ngesibhidli sezifako (ontology) kodwa hhayi ngomuzwa wokusebenzisa ukucabanga okuhlakaniphile. Kanjalo, ibizo elithi isimongotho libhekisela kunoma isiphi isehlakalo esifanelwe ukuphenywa nokudingidwa, ikakhulukazi izinqubo nezehlo ezingavamile noma ezibaluleke ngokuhlukile. KuNzululwazi Ekusetshenzisweni kwalo kwinzululwazi, elithi Isimongotho lisho
|
ezinye izenzakalo kulula ukuziqapha, ezinye zidinga ezobuchwepheshe ukuze ziqapheleke. KuNjulalwazi Kunjulalwazi yanamuhla, ibizo elithi isimongotho lisho izinto njengoba zingcwetizwa ngemizwa futhi zicubungulwa umqondo njengezihlukile kwezinye izinto ngokwazo. Kumqangqo wakhe wokuqala (inaugural dissertation), onesihloko esithi titled "Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World", u-Immanuel Kant (1770) wabeka umbono wokuthi umqondo womuntu unezivimbelo zomhlaba womhluzamqondo futhi kanjalo ukhumusha futhi uqonde izehlo ngokuhambisana nommomo wazo. Wabhala ukuthi abantu bangabhekisela esehlweni kuphela ngokuvumelwa imizwa yabo, kodwa bangayingcweti leyonto ngokwayo. Lokhu kwenza umqondo ngokuqondene nomgqangu wokuxhumana (communications-channel (epistemology) ozifunza ngesibhidli sezifako (ontology) kodwa hhayi ngomuzwa wokusebenzisa ukucabanga okuhlakaniphile. Kanjalo, ibizo elithi isimongotho libhekisela kunoma isiphi isehlakalo esifanelwe ukuphenywa nokudingidwa, ikakhulukazi izinqubo nezehlo ezingavamile noma ezibaluleke
|
30421
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Wikipedia%20yesiZulu
|
I-Wikipedia yesiZulu
|
zesiNguni, kuyenzeka ukuthi izihloko ezikushicilelo lwesiZulu zihunyushelwe kalula esiXhoseni ukuze zisetshenziswe iWikipedia yesiXhosa . Imizamo efanayo ye-trans-wiki yenziwe ezinhlelweni zolimi lwesi-Scandinavia, njengesi- Swedish, isi- Norwegian, nesi- Danish ngethuluzi lokusebenzisana le- Wikimedia le- Skanwiki . NgoMasingana 2012, kwahlongozwa ukuba iWikipedia yesiZulu ivalwe. Lesi siphakamiso sachithwa kuNdasa 2012. (in Zulu) Zulu Wikipedia
|
ezingama-766 mhla zingama-25 kuMbasa, 2016, okwayenza yaba uhlelo lwezilimi lwama-247 olukhulukazi lwe-Wikipedia (ukwehla kusuka ku-221 ngosuku olufanayo lwangaphambili). Inezibhalwa eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-10,594 kusukela ngo- October 2022 kanye nabasebenzisi bayo ababhalisiwe abangama- 34 . Umlando Nakuba bekuyiWikipedia yesithathu yolimi lwase-Afrika ukufinyelela izihloko eziyi-100, inqubekelaphambili ibihamba kancane,
|
30422
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCikizi
|
UmCikizi
|
bethi umchazizibalo, ekubhekiseleni emisebenzini yao yokuqaqulula ukuma kwemizulane. Babevame ukuqasha 'umcikizi' ukuze abalekelele. Kubantu abenza lowo msebenzi, abafana noJohannes Kepler, ukulekelela usonzululwazi ekucikizeni kwakuyisikhundla sesikhashana kuze kube yilapho bekhuphukela phezulu. Ngaphambi kokufackwalhe, uJohn Napier, wasikisela izindlela zokuthi "abantu abafundileyo, okungenzeka banabafundi nabacikizi
|
kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kuya phambili, ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza izibalo ezinde futhi ezivame ukukhathaza; umsebenzi wahlukaniswa ukuze lokhu kwenziwe ngokuhambisana. Izibalo ezifanayo zazivame ukwenziwa ngokuzimela ngamaqembu ahlukene ukuze kuhlolwe ukunemba kwemiphumela. Indabuko kwezenzululwazi Ogqayinyanga benkathi yokuVuselelwa babesebenzisa igama elithi umcikizi (computer) ngokufanayo nalapho bethi umchazizibalo, ekubhekiseleni emisebenzini
|
30423
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmGcanso
|
UmGcanso
|
lokuthola ulwazi mayelana nezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwechwe). Ukusetshenziswa kwemigcanso kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwenzululwazi yemvelo neyomphakathi . ImiGcanso ivame ukufaka izilawuli, eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa imithelela yokuhluka ngaphandle kokuhluka okukodwa okuzimele . Lokhu kukhulisa ukwethembeka kwemiphumela, ngokuvamile ngokuqhathanisa phakathi kwezilinganiso zokulawula nezinye izilinganiso. Izilawuli zesayensi ziyingxenye yendlelasu yenzululwazi . Ngokufanelekile, zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo emgcansweni ziyalawulwa (zibalwa izilinganiso zokulawula) futhi azikho ezingalawuleki. Emigcanswei enjalo, uma zonke izilawuli zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile, kulula ukuphetha
|
isihlawumbiselo, noma ukunquma ukusebenza noma ukuba iqiniso kwento engakalingwa. Imigcanso iphana ngokuqonda ngembangela-nomphumela ngokubonisa ukuthi yimuphi umphumela owenzeka lapho isici esithile sithonywa. Imigcanso iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngomgomo nobukhulu kodwa njalo incike enqubweni ephindekayo kanye nasekuhlaziyeni okuhluzekile kwemiphumela. Kukhona futhi izifundo eziyimigcanso yemvelo . Ingane ingase yenze imigcanso eyisisekelo ukuze iqonde ukuthi izinto
|
30424
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiHlawumbiselo
|
IsiHlawumbiselo
|
asifani nombono yesayensi. Isihlawumbiselo esisebenzayo siyisihlawumbiselo esamukelwe okwesikhashana esiphakanyiselwe ucwaningo oluqhubekayo ngokwenqubo esungula ngokuqagela noma umcabango ofundile.
|
esithile. Ukuze isihlawumbiselo sibe isihlawumbiselo sesayensi, indlelasu yesayensi inendingeko yokuthi umuntu kufanele akwazi ukusihlola . Ososayensi ngokuvamile basekela izihlawumbiselo zesayensi ngeziqaphelo
|
30425
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCandululo
|
UCandululo
|
Ucandululo imvama lwenzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo eshaya khona, izinqubo, izinkonzo, ezobuchwepheshe, imisebenzi yobuciko noma unongo lwesihwebi okuyizinto abacandululi abazenza zitholakale ezindayini, kohulumeni nasemphakathini. Ucandululo luhlobene, kodwa alufane nokuqamba: ucandululo luthambekele ekubandakanyeni ukugunundwa okusebenzayo kokuqamba (okusho. ikhono elithuthukisiwe) ukuze kube khona umthelela onenhloso endayini noma emphakathini, futhi akuzona zonke izinto ezicandululwayo ezidinga ukuqamba okusha. Ucandululo lobuchwepheshe imvama luziveza ngenqubo yomngcikisho lapho inkinga exazululwayo kungeyesimo sobuchwepheshe noma inzululwazi. Inqubo ephambene nocandululo ibizwa ngokuthi exnovation. Incasiselo Izinhlolovo
|
ukuthuthukiswa kokunikezwa kwezimpahla noma izinkonzo. I-ISO TC 279 kundinganiso-ISO 56000:2020 ichasisa ucandululo ngokuthi “yinto entsha noma eguquliwe efezekisa noma esabalalisa kabusha ukuba igugu”. Abanye banezincasiselo ezahlukene; isici esivamile ezincasiselweni ukugxila ebusheni, ekuthuthukisweni, nasekusabalaleni kwamasu noma ubuchwepheshe. Izincasiselo zakudala zocandululo zihlanganisa lezi: ukungeniswa kwento entsha. (Merriam-Webster kuxhakaxholo) isu, indlelasu noma isilekeleli esisha. (Merriam-Webster kuxhakaxholo) ukuxhashazwa kwamasu amasha ngempumelelo (uMnyango wezohwebo nezimboni, UK). ushintsho oludala umyinge omusha wokusebenza Peter Drucker (Hesselbein, 2002) Ucandululo imvama lwenzeka ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo eshaya khona, izinqubo, izinkonzo, ezobuchwepheshe, imisebenzi yobuciko noma unongo lwesihwebi okuyizinto abacandululi abazenza zitholakale ezindayini, kohulumeni nasemphakathini. Ucandululo luhlobene, kodwa alufane nokuqamba: ucandululo luthambekele ekubandakanyeni ukugunundwa okusebenzayo kokuqamba (okusho. ikhono elithuthukisiwe) ukuze
|
30428
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhicamvelo
|
IPhicamvelo
|
nobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo noTho, phakathi kwesiqakatho nesithonga, naphakathi kokungase nokoqobo . Igama elithi "iPhicamvelo" livela emagameni amabili esiZulu, lapho ehlangene, ngokwezwi nezwi asho "okuphica noma okungaqondwa abantu noma imvelo, Izinto ezibonakala ziphica abantu lapho bezama ukuziqonda, okungale kwemicabango engokwemvelo, okukwelinye izinga". iPhicamvelo licwaninga imibuzo ehlobene nokuthi kuyini ukuba okuthile kube khona nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zobukhona ezikhona. Iphicamvelo lifuna ukuphendula,
|
lokufunda isimo esiyisisekelo sengempela, izimiso zokuqala zobukhona, ubuhlonzi noshintsho, umkhathi nesikhathi, imbangela, indingeko, kanye nokuNgenzeka. Lihlanganisa imibuzo emayelana nesimo sempaphamo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo noTho, phakathi kwesiqakatho nesithonga, naphakathi kokungase nokoqobo . Igama elithi "iPhicamvelo" livela emagameni amabili esiZulu, lapho ehlangene, ngokwezwi nezwi asho "okuphica noma okungaqondwa abantu noma imvelo, Izinto ezibonakala
|
30429
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insipho
|
Insipho
|
ilitswayi lwesimunyane esinamafutha elisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukene yokuhlanza nokugcoba. Ezimweni zekhaya, izinsipho
|
InSipho ilitswayi lwesimunyane esinamafutha elisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukene yokuhlanza nokugcoba. Ezimweni zekhaya, izinsipho ziyiziCababuso (surfactants) ngokuvamile
|
30433
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgqoqelolwazi
|
INgqoqelolwazi
|
oyigugu nothembekayo oqoqwe izingcweti, izishicilelo zithola indawo ephambili emtatsheni yolwazi, ezikoleni nakwezinye izikhungo zemfundo. Ukuvela kwezinhlobo zemithombevulekile nezezibhangqiwe kulelikhulu lama-21, ezifana neWikipedia, kukukhulise kakhulu ukufikelelwa, abafundi, abalobi kanye nezifako zengqoqelolwazi ezihlukene. uMsuka wegama Igama elithi 'ingqoqelolwazi' livela ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama amabili, elithi "ingqoqelelo" nelithi "ulwazi", womabili asho ulwazi oluqoqiwe, noma iqoqo lolwazi nemfundo. Lendlela iwukuhumusha kwelesigriki okususelwa kulo elesingisi elithi encyclopedia, ngokwezwi nezwi elisho imfundo evamile noma ulwazi oluphelele. IziNkondolo zayo INgqoqelolwazi yanamuhla yathuthukiswa kusuka encwadini yesichazamazwi ekhulwini le-18. Ngokomlando , kokubili iziNgqoqelolwazi neziChazamazwi ziye zacwaningwa futhi zalotshwa izingcweti zesiqikili ezifunde zagogoda, kodwa azifani indlela uhlaka lwazo oluhlelwe ngayo. IsiChazamazwi siwumsebenzi wolimi ngokuyinhloko ogxile ohlwini losonhlamvukazi bamazwi nezincasiselo zawo . Amabizo amqondofana Kanye nalawo ahlobene nawo ngesihloko ahlakazeka yonke indawo phakathi kuso, ngaphandle kokuwaqoqa kube indaba eyodwa ejulile. Ngaleyondlela, isiChazamazwi sivame ukuba nokwaziswa, inhlaziyo nesizinda okulinganiselwe ngezwi elichasiswayo. Nakuba
|
noma iqoqovane elinikeza izifinyezo zolwazi olujwayelekile noma olukhethekile emkhakheni othile noma isifundo. Izingqoqelokwazi zihlukaniswe zaba izibhalwa noma izifako ezihlelwe ngokwabosonhlamvu bamagama ezihloko noma ngeminxa yezihloko, noma akhongcoziwe futhi ayahlwayeka ngofikelelo olungahleliwe. Ngokuvamile, izibhalwa zengqoqelolwazi zigxila ekwazisweni okuyiqiniso okumayelana nendaba eshiwo esihlokweni sesebhalwai; lokhu akufani nezifako zesichazamazwi, ezigxile ekwazisweni kolimi okumayelana namagama, njengemsuka yawo, incazelo, ukuphimisela, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezinhlobo zohlelo lolimi. Izingqoqelolwazi bezilokhu zikhona iminyaka engaba yizi-2,000 futhi kuleso sikhathi ziye zathuthuka kakhulu ngokolimi (ezibhalwayo ngolimi olukhulu noma oluncane), ubungako (imiqulu embalwa noma eminingi), inhloso (ezethula ulwazi lonke noma olukhawuliwe), imibono engokwesiko (ezinegunya, ezenkolelombono, ezifundisayo, eziwusizo), ngababhali (iziqu zabo, nohlobo lokubhala), ngabafundi, (izinga lemfundo, isizinda, abakuthandayo, namakhono), kanye nangezobuchwepheshe ezikhona ukuze zishicilelwe futhi zisabalaliswe (imibhalo yesandla, ushicilelo olukhulu noma oluncane, uxhakaxholo). Njengemithombo oyigugu nothembekayo oqoqwe izingcweti, izishicilelo zithola indawo ephambili emtatsheni yolwazi, ezikoleni nakwezinye izikhungo zemfundo. Ukuvela kwezinhlobo zemithombevulekile nezezibhangqiwe kulelikhulu lama-21, ezifana neWikipedia, kukukhulise kakhulu ukufikelelwa, abafundi,
|
30434
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhleleliso%20yesiCikizi
|
Inhleleliso yesiCikizi
|
ziyisigcoyi esisodwa sehlelokusebenza, kuhlanganise nombhalo nezinye izigcoyi ezingaphatheki. Inhleliso yesicikizi uma isesimweni sokufundwa umuntu ibizwa umkitizo (source code). Umkitizo udinga enye inhleleliso yesicikizi ukuze ukwazi ukugununda ngenxa yokuthi izicikizi zigununda iziyalelo zenguxa yazo kuphela. Ngalokho, umkitizo ungahunyushelwa eziyalelweni zenguxa ngokusebenzisa isikhumushi (compiler) solimi. (Izinhleleliso zolimi lwenguxa zihunyushwa ngokusebenzisa isihleli (assembler).)
|
ngumphumela lubizwa ngokuthi isigunundwa (executable). Kolunye uhlangothi, umkitizo ungagunudwa ngaphakathi kwesihlakahli solimi. Uma isigunundwa sifuneka ukuze sigunundwe, khona ingqalahlelo (operating system) izosigidlabeza enkumbulweni bese iqala inqubo. Isidludlungi esimqoka (central processing unit) ngokushesha sizoqhebezela kuleyo nqubo ukuze silande, siguquzekelele,, futhi sigununde umyalelo ngamunye wenguxa. Uma
|
30436
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPhilincinci
|
IsiPhilincinci
|
Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lweziphilincinci lwaqala ngokunyalulwa ngesiBonancinci ngowe-1670 ngu-Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Ngowe1850, uLouis Pasteur wathola iziphilincinci ezibangela ukuphuhla ezidlweni, okwaphikisa umbono wokuvela esithubeni. Ngo1880, uRobert Koch wavubukula ukuthi iziphilincinci zibangela isifo sofuba, uhudo, ujiyomgudu (diphtheria), kanye nombhicosho. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphilincinci zihlanganisa iningi leziphili ezingunongqamuzana zazo zontathu izidlangala zempilo lokhu kwenza zingafani. Izidlangala ezimbili kwezintathu, ingunazane nezinungwana, yizona eziqukethe iziphilincinci kuphela. Isidlangala sesithathu esiyiNswelandeni
|
Pasteur wathola iziphilincinci ezibangela ukuphuhla ezidlweni, okwaphikisa umbono wokuvela esithubeni. Ngo1880, uRobert Koch wavubukula ukuthi iziphilincinci zibangela isifo sofuba, uhudo, ujiyomgudu (diphtheria), kanye nombhicosho. Ngenxa yokuthi iziphilincinci zihlanganisa iningi leziphili ezingunongqamuzana zazo zontathu izidlangala zempilo lokhu kwenza zingafani. Izidlangala ezimbili kwezintathu, ingunazane nezinungwana, yizona eziqukethe iziphilincinci kuphela. Isidlangala sesithathu esiyiNswelandeni sihlanganisa zonke iziphili ezingumangqamuzana kanye nezinanjazane nezinambi ezingunongqamuzana oyigciwane. Ezinye ezinambi zihlobene nezilwane bese ezinye zahlobana nezimila. Kukhona neziphili ezingumangqamuzana ezisimoncinci ezifana nezilwanencinci, ezinye izikhunta, nezinye i-algae, kodwa lezi ngokuvamile azithathwa ngeziphilincinci. Iziphilincinci zingaba nezindawo ezihlukile ezihlala kuzo, futhi ziphile ndawo zonke kusuka emachopheni kuya enkabazweni, ogwaduleni, geysers, ematsheni, kanye nasekujuleni kwezilwandle. Ezinye sezikwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu noma iziqanda kakhulu, ezinye ngaphansi komfutho omkhulu, kanti ezimbalwa ezifana ne-Deinococcus radiodurans,
|
30440
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDongoyi%20%28inyosi%29
|
UDongoyi (inyosi)
|
yeduna. Ngokungafani nenyosi eyisisebenzi yensikazi, onodongoyi abanazo izindosi.
|
yoju yeduna. Ngokungafani nenyosi eyisisebenzi yensikazi, onodongoyi abanazo izindosi. Ababutheli
|
30441
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdiza
|
INdiza
|
ngokusekelwa emoya . Imithombo
|
noma inguxa ekwazi ukundiza
|
30442
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwelanga
|
IHwelanga
|
enophawu elithi He kanye nenani lobuchwe elingu- 2. iHwelanga linguhowo olungenambala, olungenaphunga, olungenasinambitho, oluchwe linye futhi linguhowo lokuqala eqenjini lohowo abaphakame
|
IHwelanga iyinhlwa yevanga enophawu elithi He kanye nenani lobuchwe elingu- 2. iHwelanga linguhowo olungenambala, olungenaphunga, olungenasinambitho, oluchwe linye futhi linguhowo lokuqala eqenjini lohowo abaphakame ecansini
|
30444
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UkuHlasela%20ngoDongoyi
|
UkuHlasela ngoDongoyi
|
elamaNtaliyane, elaseFulansi, elaseNdiya, iPakisitani, elaseRashiya, iThekhi, kanye nelasePholendi, ngamazwe aziwa ngokukhiqiza izindiza zempi eziswelumuntu ezisemgidingweni kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2019. Ngonyaka wezi-2022, umshumanqa wase-Ukreyni obizwa Ukroboronprom kanye nenhlangano eyi-NGO ebizwa Aerorozvidka sezakhe odongoyi abanekhono lokugadla futhi zabasebenzisa empini. Ukuhlasela ngodongoyi kungenziwa ngendiza yempi
|
ngamazwe aziwa ngokukhiqiza izindiza zempi eziswelumuntu ezisemgidingweni kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2019. Ngonyaka wezi-2022, umshumanqa wase-Ukreyni obizwa Ukroboronprom kanye nenhlangano eyi-NGO ebizwa Aerorozvidka sezakhe odongoyi abanekhono lokugadla futhi zabasebenzisa empini. Ukuhlasela ngodongoyi kungenziwa ngendiza yempi eswelumuntu ethengiswayo ngokuthi iqathaze uziqhumani, ihulukuqe ngesilabi, noma iphahlazeke esigcibisheni. Kusuka ekuntweleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, iningi lezehlo zokuhlasela ngodongoyi zigunundwe umbutho waseMelika emazweni afana nase-Afganisitani, ePakisitani, eSiriya, e-Irakhi, eSomalia naseYemeni
|
30445
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwanzi
|
IHwanzi
|
okungenani amaphesenti angama-75 alo lonke uTho. Izinkanyezi ezinjengelanga ngokuyinhloko zakhiwa iHwanzi esisesimweni sonyazani. Imvama
|
Esimweni esilingeni ihwanzi liwuhowo olunamachembe amachwembili anomcabayo H2. IHwanzi alinambala, alunasinambitho, alinabuthi, futhi lusha kalula. IHwanzi liyisiqa sevanga esiyinala
|
30446
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INtshungwa%20%28isithelo%29
|
INtshungwa (isithelo)
|
(noma iwolintsji) libhekisela esithelweni esidliwayo, liqanjwe ngombala waso okungumbala ontshungwa. Izintshungwa
|
ziwumthombo omuhle wevithamini C. Ulumpe lwentshungwa luyingxenye ebalulekile yesidlo sansasa kubantu abaningi.
|
30447
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNozane
|
UmNozane
|
ezimbalwa zohlobo lwePrunus
|
UmNozane yisithelo, noma isihlahla
|
30449
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isizindalwebu
|
Isizindalwebu
|
Facebook, Amazon, kanye ne-Wikipedia. Zonke izizindalwebu ezifikelelwa umphakathi zakha iqoqovane elibizwa uLwebu lomhlaba wonke. Kukhona nezizindalwebu ezisisulu ezifikelelwa kuphela ngoxhoxho olusisulu, ezifana nesizindalwebu somshumanqa sangaphakathi sabasebenzi bawo. Izizindalwebu imvama zenzelwa
|
Isizindalwebu siyiqoqo lamakhasi olwebu nesiqikili esiyamaniswa nawo konke okuhlonzeka ngegama lesidlangala elilodwa futhi kushicilelwa ngesiphakeli lwebu esisodwa. Izibonelo zezizindalwebu i-Google, Facebook, Amazon, kanye ne-Wikipedia. Zonke izizindalwebu ezifikelelwa umphakathi zakha iqoqovane elibizwa uLwebu lomhlaba wonke.
|
30450
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdiza%20eswelumuntu
|
INdiza eswelumuntu
|
abashayeli noma abagibeli ngaphakathi kuyo. Izindiza eziswelumuntu ziyisigcoyi sesimiso sezindiza eziswelumuntu, esihlanganisa isilawuli esisezweni phansi kanye nohlelo lokuxhumana nayo indiza eswelumuntu. Ukundiza kwalezindiza kungagidinga
|
indiza eswelumuntu. Ukundiza kwalezindiza kungagidinga ngesilawula-kude, esiphethwe umgidingisi ongumuntu, njengendiza etiloswa-kude, noma ngamazinga ahlukene okuzihleleleka, afana
|
30451
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UkuShicilela%20ngamazuba
|
UkuShicilela ngamazuba
|
e-books, omagazini bezezibhangqiwe, nokuthuthukiswa kwemitapo yolwazi yezezibhangqiwe neziqukathomagama.
|
ukushicilelwa ngezezibhangqiwe kwama- e-books, omagazini bezezibhangqiwe, nokuthuthukiswa kwemitapo yolwazi
|
30452
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IziNsika%20Zendalo
|
IziNsika Zendalo
|
ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi eziseduze ezisanda kudalwa. Lapho sithwetshulwa ngoMbasa 1, 1995, saba ingxenye yezithombe
|
ngenxa yothunqathunqa nohowo ezisenqubweni yokuzala izinkanyezi ezintsha, kuyilapho zigebukwa ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi eziseduze ezisanda kudalwa. Lapho sithwetshulwa ngoMbasa 1, 1995, saba ingxenye yezithombe ezishumi eziphambili
|
30453
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThununu%20esisamuntu
|
IsiThununu esisamuntu
|
bomuntu njengamehlo, nemilomo. Izimomothu ziyizithununu ezisamuntu ezakhelwe ukufuza umuntu ngokombalazi. uMlando Isicabango sesithununu esiwumenzo sidabuka emasikweni amaningi ahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Okunye ukulanda kwaphambili kwalelisu lesihlelelekwa esiwumenzo ngesiminyaka yekhulu lesi-4
|
Lomklamo kungaba owokuthi sisebenze kalula, lapho sisebenzisa izinsiza nendawo yabantu, ngenjongo yomgcanso. Imvama, izithununu ezisamuntu zinesingasenhla, ikhanda, izingalo ezimbili, nakuba ezinye izithununu ezisamuntu zinganyaliza ingxenye encane yomzimba, okuyisingasenhla. Ezinye izithununu ezisamuntu zinamakhanda
|
30454
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiCibazulu
|
IsiCibazulu
|
isiphafuzisi ngejubane elikhulu. Izilumbamdiki zesicibazulu zisebenza ngokugcwele ngeziphokozisi ezithwalwa phakathi kwazo; ngalokho isicibazulu singandiza phakathi kwelinya lomkhathi. Eqinisweni
|
isiKhafulimlilo yisithuthi esisebenzisa impokozo yomzoyizelo ukuze ziphangise ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umoya osizungezile. Isilumbamdili sesiCibazulu ikhiqiza ukuphokoza kokulumbana kohowo okukhishwa isiphafuzisi ngejubane
|
30455
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithuthi
|
Isithuthi
|
nezithuthuthu eziyizigidi ezingama-205 ezisebenzayo emhlabeni. Ngokungenani, sekwenziwe oSondombili abayizigidi ezingama-500 bohlobo lweJuba elindizayo (Flying Pigeon) baseShayina, okuyisibalo esizidlula zonke ezinye izinongo zezithuthi. Unongo lwesithuthi olukhiqizwa ngobuningi yisithuthuthu esibizwa Honda Super Cub, eseqe izigidi ezingama-60 kwesezidayisiwe ngowezi-2008. Unongo lwemoto olukhiqizwa kakhulu lubizwa Toyota Corolla, njengoba sekukhiqizwe izigidi ezingama-35 zalo ngowezi-2010. INdiza enephiko eligxilile eyaziwa kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi Cessna 172, njengoba seziyizi-44,000 esezikhandiwe ngowezi-2017. Uphephela okhiqizwa kakhulu ngowase-Soviet obizwa ngokuthi Mil Mi-8, osekukhoqizwe izi-17,000 zawo. INdiza ewumzoyizelo wokwenza imali oseqhulwini ubizwa ngokuthi Boeing 737, kubalwa ezingaba yizi-10,000 ngowezi-2018. Ibhasi elaziwa kabanzi
|
scooters) zabakhubazekile), izithuthi zojantshi (izitimela, trams), izimpozamanzi (watercraft) (imikhumbi, izikebhe, nezithuthi zangaphansi kwamanzi), izithuthi izimpilambili, izindiza (amabhanoyi, ophephela), nezindizamkhathi. Izithuthi zasezweni zijinjwa kabanzi ngento esetshenziswayo ukuzishayela neziphoqi eziziqhuba ngokumelene nephansi: ukuba namasondo, ukuba nojantshi. uMlando Imikhumbi yakudala kweyake yatholwa ngukumba kwabavubukuli ibizwa imikhumbi yezingodo, omunye wayo owatholwa ebhukwini kwelaseHollandi, kuthiwa ngeleminyaka eyizi-8049-7510 BC ubudala. Izinhlobo zezithuthi KunaboSondombili abangaphezu kwenqindi eyodwa (1
|
30456
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMdali
|
UMdali
|
(ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi uMdali ) ungunkulunkulu okunguye
|
ukubizwa ngokuthi uMdali )
|
30457
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGciwanyane
|
IGciwanyane
|
esithelelanayo esisimoncinci esizinyalisa kuphela ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana aphilayo eziphili . Amagciwanyane lithelela zonke izinhlobo zempilo, kusuka ezilwaneni nezimila kuya kuziphilincinci, kuhlanganise nezinungwana nezingunazane. Kusukela mhla isibhalwa sikaDimitri Ivanovsky ngowe-1892 sichazisa ngegciwane elingesona isinungwana elalithelela izimilo zogwayi
|
aphilayo eziphili . Amagciwanyane lithelela zonke izinhlobo zempilo, kusuka ezilwaneni nezimila kuya kuziphilincinci, kuhlanganise nezinungwana nezingunazane. Kusukela mhla isibhalwa sikaDimitri Ivanovsky ngowe-1892
|
30458
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo
|
Isifo
|
yesiphili, futhi lokhu kusuke kungabangelwa ukulimala noma ikuphi kwangaphandle. Izifo
|
futhi lokhu kusuke kungabangelwa ukulimala noma ikuphi kwangaphandle. Izifo zaziwa ngokuba
|
30459
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuzulu%20Zulu
|
Misuzulu Zulu
|
uMantfombi Dlamini . UMisuzulu waba yindlalifa ngemuva kokushona kukayise mhla ziyi-12 kuNdasa wezi-2021, nokho nakuba aqokwa ngokusemthethweni njengenkosi yesizwe samaZulu, ukugcotshwa kwakhe ngokwendabuko akuzange kwenzeke kwaze kwaba zingama-20 kuNcwaba wezi-2022 ngemva kokungena ngokwesiko kwesizwe samaZulu.
|
UMisuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini (owazalwa zingama-23 kuMandulo 1974) uyiNkosi ebusayo yesizwe samaZulu . Nakuba uMisuzulu eyindodana yesithathu endala yeSilo uGoodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, uyindodana yokuqala yeNkosikazi yeSilo
|
30460
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UXhakaxholo%20lwezinto
|
UXhakaxholo lwezinto
|
yasekhaya nasembijongweni), zonke zikwazi ukuvumela uxhakaxholo lwezinto ngazodwa nanjengembumba. Endayini yabashwabadeli, ubuchwepheshe boxhakaxholo lwezinto bumqondofana nemikhiqizo ephathelene nesicabango "sekhaya elintwesi", kuhlanganise nezinguxa nezilekeleli (ezifana nezokukhanyisa, isifinamchadamezo, izinhlelo zokuvikela ikhaya, izithwebuli, nezinye iziLekeleli zasekhaya) ezixhasa amaxhaxhahlelo avamile, nezingalawulwa ngezinguxa ezifana nomakhalipha nezinkentezi ezintwesi. Uxhakaxholo lwezinto luyasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kunezikhalo ezimbalwa mayelana nezingcuphezo zokukhula
|
nesicabango "sekhaya elintwesi", kuhlanganise nezinguxa nezilekeleli (ezifana nezokukhanyisa, isifinamchadamezo, izinhlelo zokuvikela ikhaya, izithwebuli, nezinye iziLekeleli zasekhaya) ezixhasa amaxhaxhahlelo avamile, nezingalawulwa ngezinguxa ezifana nomakhalipha nezinkentezi ezintwesi. Uxhakaxholo lwezinto luyasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kunezikhalo ezimbalwa mayelana nezingcuphezo zokukhula kwezobuchwepheshe boxhakaxholo lwezinto nemikhiqizo yalo, ikakhulukazi endabeni yengasese nokuvikeleka, futhi ngokomphumela , kube nomdiki owenziwa ngohulumeni
|
30461
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMpaphamo
|
IMpaphamo
|
nosabelayo kokukuzungezeli nokungaphakathi. Kodwa ngenxa yokungabi nesichasiso esiqondile, sekuvele izichasiso ezingafani emkhakheni ehlukene. Kunempikiswano phakathi kosonjulalwazi, abachazithixo, izazi zolimi nosonzululwazi. Bonke abavumelani ukuthi yini edinga ukufundwa noma ukucubungulwa ngempaphamo. Kwezinye izincazelo, impaphamo imqondofana nengqondo, kanti kwezinye izikhathi, iyingxenye yomqondo. Endulo, yayichazwa ngokuthi "ingaphakathi", lomuntu, unembeza wakhe, imidlinzo yangasase, imikhanyango nentando yakhe. Namuhla, ihlanganisa noma ikuphi ukuqonda, ubungcweti, kanye nomuzwa nokwazi. Kungaba ukuqwasha, ukulumuka ngokuqwasha, noma ukuzilumuka siqu. Ukungafani kwezici zocwaningo, imiziyo nokuqayiza kuvusa ilukuluku ngokuphathelene nokuthi ingabe kubuzwa imibuzo efanele ngalokhu. Izibonelo zezichaziso, izincasiso noma izincazelo yilezi: ukuqhwasha, umuzwa womuntu ngokuba nguye siqu noma umphefumulo ohlwaywe "ngokuzibheka ngaphakathi"; noma ngokuba isingathekiso sesimo sengqondo, isehlo sengqondo noma inqubo yengqondo eyenzeka ebuchosheni. Izintshwayo zemikhakha ehlukile Osonjulalwazi basentshona kusukela esikhathini sikaDesikhatesi noLokhe baye bazabalaza ukuqonda isimo sempaphamo nokuthi liyini iqhaza layo emhlabeni. Lemibuzo isaphakama nanamuhla kunjulalwazi yezwekazi neyenhlaziyo, umchazasimongotho (phenomenology) kanye nomchazangqondo womqondo. Impaphamo seyiphenduke isihloko esibalulekile ocwaningwni lwemikhakha embaxa lenzululwazi yokuqonda (cognitive science), ebandakanya imikhakha efana nomchazangqondo (psychology), ezezilimi (linguistics), umchazasintu (anthropology), umchazangqondo weziNzwa (neuropsychology) kanye nenzululwazi yezinzwa (neuroscience). Okugxilwe Kukho ngokuyinhloko ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ngomchazampilo nangokomchazangqondo ukuba ukwaziswa kube khona kwimpaphamo —okusho, ukunquma ukuhlobana kwezinzwa nomchazangqondo
|
imikhanyango nentando yakhe. Namuhla, ihlanganisa noma ikuphi ukuqonda, ubungcweti, kanye nomuzwa nokwazi. Kungaba ukuqwasha, ukulumuka ngokuqwasha, noma ukuzilumuka siqu. Ukungafani kwezici zocwaningo, imiziyo nokuqayiza kuvusa ilukuluku ngokuphathelene nokuthi ingabe kubuzwa imibuzo efanele ngalokhu. Izibonelo zezichaziso, izincasiso noma izincazelo yilezi: ukuqhwasha, umuzwa womuntu ngokuba nguye siqu noma umphefumulo ohlwaywe "ngokuzibheka ngaphakathi"; noma ngokuba isingathekiso sesimo sengqondo, isehlo sengqondo noma inqubo yengqondo eyenzeka ebuchosheni. Izintshwayo zemikhakha ehlukile Osonjulalwazi basentshona kusukela esikhathini sikaDesikhatesi noLokhe baye bazabalaza ukuqonda isimo sempaphamo nokuthi liyini iqhaza layo emhlabeni. Lemibuzo isaphakama nanamuhla kunjulalwazi yezwekazi neyenhlaziyo, umchazasimongotho (phenomenology) kanye nomchazangqondo womqondo. Impaphamo seyiphenduke isihloko esibalulekile ocwaningwni lwemikhakha embaxa lenzululwazi
|
30462
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UXhoxho%20lwesiCikizi
|
UXhoxho lwesiCikizi
|
nokuhlonza amaqhuzu ngemibandela yokuxhumana efana negumelo loxhakaxholo (internet protocol). Amaxhoxho wesicikizi angajinjwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise insiza yofufukiso (transmission medium) esetshenziswa ukuthwala iziyabizo, uyacabanzi, imibandela yoqanguzo yokuhlela isinyokotho soxhoxho (network traffic), umumo, izindlela zokulawula isinyokotho, kanye nenhloso yohlelo lonke. Amaxhoxho wesicikizi aseka izinhlelokusebenza eziningi nezinkonzo, ezifana nofikelelo kusindalwazi somhlaba, izilalelwa zezezibhangqiwe, ukusetshenziswa okwabiwe kwezinhlelokusebenza neziphakeli zokulondoloza, izinguxa zomqhafazo (fax machines), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwencwazuba nezinhlelokusebenza zokuthumela imiyalezo ngokuphazima. uMlando Ukwakha uxhoxho lwesiCikizi kungathathwa njengegatsha lenzululwazi
|
ezokuxhumana, obusekwe kwizindlelasu zomjinge wamaza ezingenantambo, eziboshelwe ngokoqobo, nezezibonanyo, okuyizindlelasu ezingahlelwa ngamalungiselelo amaqhuzu oxhoxho angafani. Amaqhuzu wamaxhoxho (network nodes) esicikizi angahlanganisa izicikizi zasendlini, iziphakeli, izimpahla zamaxhoxho, noma ezinye izisingathi (hosts) zekhethelo zenjongo ebanzi. Zihlonzwa ngamakheli wamaxhoxho, futhi zingaba namagama ezisingathi. Izisingathii zikhonza njengemigqabo yenkumbulo yamaqhuzu, eziguqulwa kancane emva kwesabelo sokuqala. Amakheli oxhoxho akhonza ukuthungatha nokuhlonza amaqhuzu ngemibandela yokuxhumana efana negumelo loxhakaxholo (internet protocol). Amaxhoxho wesicikizi angajinjwa ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise insiza
|
30463
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilinganiso
|
Isilinganiso
|
azibhekiseli ezakhini ezicatshangwayo zezinto noma izehlo, okuhambisana neziqondiso zenhlangano ebhekele ízisindo nezilinganiso emhlabeni. Kodwa, kweminye imikhakha efana nezibalo kanye nezinzululwazi zomphakathi nokucondoza, izilinganiso zingaba namazinga amaningi, angahlanganisa lawo acatshangwayo, aqondile, angumgama kanye namanani okuqhathanisa. Isilinganiso siwumgogodla wohwebo, inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe nocwaningo lokungakanisa kwezoqeqeshwa
|
zezinto noma izehlo, okuhambisana neziqondiso zenhlangano ebhekele ízisindo nezilinganiso emhlabeni. Kodwa, kweminye imikhakha efana nezibalo kanye nezinzululwazi zomphakathi nokucondoza, izilinganiso zingaba namazinga amaningi, angahlanganisa lawo acatshangwayo, aqondile, angumgama kanye namanani okuqhathanisa. Isilinganiso siwumgogodla wohwebo, inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe nocwaningo lokungakanisa kwezoqeqeshwa eziningi. Ngokomlando, ziningi izinhlelo zokulunganisa ezazikhona zemikhakha ehlukahlukene yokuphila kwabantu ukuze zilekelele ekuqhathaniseni kuleyo mikhakha. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwakufezekiswa izivumelwano zasendaweni phakathi kwabahwebelanayo. Kusuka ngekhulu le-18, izintuthukiso zaqombolela ekuhkanganiseni, izindinganiso ezamukelwe kabanzi ngokuzihlanganisa zibe isimiso semivo somhlaba
|
30464
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isondo
|
Isondo
|
nesondo lomkhumbi, isondo lokuqondisa, isondo lombumbi, kanye nesondo lokundiza. Izibonelo ezivamile zesondo zitholakala kwezokuthutha. Isondo liphunguza umshikisho ngokwenza ukunyukuza lapho liqonqoloza kanye nemishiza. Ukuze isondo lindiyaze, kudingeka kube nesiphoqi esizokwenza kube
|
aseka umthwalo, noma enza umsebenzi ezinguxeni. Amasondo afana nesondo lomkhumbi, isondo lokuqondisa, isondo lombumbi, kanye nesondo lokundiza. Izibonelo ezivamile zesondo zitholakala kwezokuthutha. Isondo liphunguza umshikisho ngokwenza ukunyukuza lapho liqonqoloza kanye nemishiza.
|
30465
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThununu%20sezimboni
|
IsiThununu sezimboni
|
(programmable) futhi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngamachopho amathathu noma amane. Imisebenzi ewunongo yezithununu ihlanganisa ukushisela, ukubheca, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlakahla, ukukhuphulula
|
ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngamachopho amathathu noma amane. Imisebenzi ewunongo yezithununu ihlanganisa ukushisela, ukubheca, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlakahla, ukukhuphulula nokubeka eziqengqeni zomthandelo
|
30466
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoto%20ezishayelayo
|
Imoto ezishayelayo
|
iyisithuthi esihamba emhlabeni esikwazi ukuzwa indawo esizungezile futhi sihambe ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. IziMoto ezizishayelayo zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zeziNzwi ukuze zizwe indawo ezungezile, lezi kungaba izithwebuli zomchadamezo, isiFunimaza, isifunikhanyo, sonar,
|
ukuze lufunde konke ukwaziswa kwezinzwi okubuthiwe ukuze lulawule isithuthi futhi lweseke imisebenzi yokuzishayela-okuyinhleleleko ehlukene. Njengezobuchwepheshe zangomuso, lezi moto zibikezelwa njengezizoba negalelo elikhulu ezimbonini zezokuhamba, ezempilo, ezenhlakakahle, ezokuhlelwa kwezidlidli, isinyokotho, umqiniseko,
|
30467
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThununu%20senkonzo
|
IsiThununu senkonzo
|
(override) ngesandla. Ibizo elithi "isithununu senkonzo" alinayo incasiselo eqondile. Inhlangano yoMhlaba yokuNdinganisa ichasisa "isithununu senkonzo" njengesithununu "esenza imisebenzi ewusizo kubantu noma emathuluzini ngaphandle
|
ngesandla. Ibizo elithi "isithununu senkonzo" alinayo incasiselo eqondile. Inhlangano yoMhlaba yokuNdinganisa ichasisa "isithununu senkonzo" njengesithununu "esenza imisebenzi ewusizo kubantu noma emathuluzini ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yenhleleleko
|
30468
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iselusi%20sesiCikizi
|
Iselusi sesiCikizi
|
sesicikizi siyisilekeleli esiwumphumo wokubukisa ngokwaziswa ngesimo sezithombe noma izilobo. Iselusi
|
noma izilobo. Iselusi esisodwa ziqukethe isibukisi sokubukwa (visiual display), izizubi eziwusizo (support electronics),
|
30469
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UkuCikiza
|
UkuCikiza
|
izinguxa zokucikiza. Ukucikiza kuhlanganisa ucwaningo nomgcanso ngezinqubo zomkholezima, nokuthuthukiswa kokubili kwezinsiza ezingaphandle neziphakathi. Ukucikiza kunezici zenzululwazi, zobunjiniyela, zomchazazibalo, zobuchwepheshe nezomphakathi. Izigaba zokucikiza ezinkulu zihlanganisa ubunjiniyela besicikizi, inzululwazi yesicikizi, (cybersecurity), inzululwazi yemininingo, izimiso zokwaziswa, ezobuchwepheshe
|
besicikizi, inzululwazi yesicikizi, (cybersecurity), inzululwazi yemininingo, izimiso zokwaziswa, ezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa kanye nobunjiniyela behlelokusebenza. Ibizo elithi "ukucikiza" limqondofana nelithi 'ukubala nelithi 'ukuqaqulula'. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, lalisetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngomsebenzi owenziwa abacikizi abangabantu, manje osowenziwa izinguxa zokucikiza.
|
30470
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IziNkentezi%20zesiCikizi
|
IziNkentezi zesiCikizi
|
nakwezinye izidlali zilalelwa, ezifana nezidlali ze-MP3. Iningi lezinkentezi ezinjalo zineziqongisi futhi zidinga umthombo wesidlakathi, imvama ohlinzekwa ngesiphenduzi se-AC (AC adapter), iziphathanzuba, noma isikhenke se-USB. Isixhumi sesigaleli seziyabizo imvama singamamilimitha amathathu nanhlanu; izixhumi ze-RCA nazo ziyasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi, futhi isikhenke se-USB singahlinzeka kokubili isiyabizo nesidlakalasi (kudinga intandelo
|
eyengeziwe, futhi kufanele isicikizi kuphela). Izinkentezi zesixhumaduze (bluetooth) esifukuthwa isiphathanzuba azidingi izintambo. Izicikizi eziningi zinezinkentezi zesidlakathi esiphansi nezinga eliphansi ezakhelwe kuzo; lapho izinkentezi zangaphandle zixhunyiwe zijiyeza izinkentezi ezakhelwe phakathi. U-Altec Lansing uyena owokuqala owakha indayi yezinkentezi zesicikizi ngowe-1990. Izinkentezi zesicikizi ziyahluka
|
30471
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiCikizi%20esiyisiBhebhe
|
IsiCikizi esiyisiBhebhe
|
kungenzeka zingabi nofikelelo kuxhoxho lwekhukhu (cellular network). Ngokungafani nezicikizi ezigonwayo (laptops), izibhebhe imvama zisebenza ngenhleleliso efana neyomakhalipha. Umbukiswano wesihenqo esithintwayo ugidingwa emiqanguzo yezandla egunundwa umunwe noma ipeni lezezibhangqiwe (isicikici), kunokuthi kube nesikhombi (mouse), isibheqe esithintwayo, noqwembe lokuchofoza lwezicikizi ezinkulu. Izicikizi eziphathwayo zingajinjwa ngommomo nokuba khona koqwembe lokuchofoza loqobo. Izinhlobo ezimbili
|
egalelo/mphumela ezinye ezinawo. Izibhebhe zanamuhla zifuze omakhalipha (smartphones), umehluko okhona owokuthi izibhebhe zinkulu kunomakhalipha, zinezihenqo ezingaba amacentimitha ayi-18 noma ukweqa, uma zilinganiswa bulungangoni, futhi kungenzeka zingabi nofikelelo kuxhoxho lwekhukhu (cellular network). Ngokungafani nezicikizi ezigonwayo (laptops), izibhebhe imvama zisebenza ngenhleleliso efana neyomakhalipha. Umbukiswano wesihenqo esithintwayo ugidingwa emiqanguzo yezandla egunundwa umunwe noma ipeni lezezibhangqiwe (isicikici), kunokuthi kube nesikhombi (mouse), isibheqe esithintwayo, noqwembe lokuchofoza lwezicikizi ezinkulu. Izicikizi eziphathwayo zingajinjwa ngommomo nokuba
|
30472
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmFefenyeko%20wesiCikizi
|
UmFefenyeko wesiCikizi
|
eklanyelwe ukubikezela ukucondoza, noma imiphumela, yesimiso sangempela noma esenzeka ngokoqobo. Ukwethembeka konongo lomchazazibalo kunganqunywa ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yalo kanye nemiphumela eyenzeka ngokoqobo elihlose ukuyiqagula. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi seyiphenduke usizo ekunongeni ngokomchazazibalo izimiso zemvelo eziningi kwezomchazandalo (physics) (umchazandalo wokucikiza), umchazazinyezi (astrophysics), umchazazulu (climatology), umchazatho (chemistry), umchazampilo (biology) nakwezokukhiqiza, kanye nasezimisweni zabantu kwezomnotho, kwezomchazangqondo (psychology), inzululwazi yomphakathi, ezempilo nezobunjiniyela. Umfefenyeko
|
elihlose ukuyiqagula. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi seyiphenduke usizo ekunongeni ngokomchazazibalo izimiso zemvelo eziningi kwezomchazandalo (physics) (umchazandalo wokucikiza), umchazazinyezi (astrophysics), umchazazulu (climatology), umchazatho (chemistry), umchazampilo (biology) nakwezokukhiqiza, kanye nasezimisweni zabantu kwezomnotho, kwezomchazangqondo (psychology), inzululwazi yomphakathi, ezempilo nezobunjiniyela. Umfefenyeko wesimiso umelelwa njengokusebenza konongo lwesimiso. Ungasetshenziswa ukuhlwaya nokuzuza ubuhlakani obusha kwezobuchwepheshe ezintsha, kanye nokuqagela ukugunundwa kwezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuxazula ngokuhlaziywa. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi yenziwa ngokugununda izinhleleliso zesicikizi ezingaba zincane, ezigununda ngokushesha ezilekelelini ezincane, noma izinhleleliso
|
30473
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhlaziya%20Imininingo
|
Ukuhlaziya Imininingo
|
ekunongeni izibalo nokuvubukukwa kolwazi ngezinjongo yokubikezela kunokuchazisa, kuyilapho ubuhlakani bohwebo buhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwemininingo encike kakhulu ekubumbutheni (aggregation), ngokugxila kakhulu ekwazisweni kohwebo. Ekusebenzeni kwezibalo, ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kungahlukaniswa kube izibalo ezichazisayo (descriptive statistics), ukuhlaziya imininingo okuhlwayayo (exploratory data analysis (EDA)), kanye nokuhlaziya imininingo okuqinisekisayo (confirmatory data analysis (CDA)). i-EDA igxila ekuvubukuleni ulwangu olusha emininingweni kuyilapho i-CDA igxila ekuqinisekiseni noma ekumbuluziseni isihlawumbiselo esikhona. Uhlaziyo olubikezelayo
|
kunendima ekwenzeni izinqumo zibe ezenzululwazi kakhudlwana nasekusizeni izihwebi (businesses) zigidinge ngokufanele. Ukuvukuza imininingo kungubuchule bokuhlaziywa kwemininingo ngokukhethekile obugxila ekunongeni izibalo nokuvubukukwa kolwazi ngezinjongo yokubikezela kunokuchazisa, kuyilapho ubuhlakani bohwebo buhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwemininingo encike kakhulu ekubumbutheni (aggregation), ngokugxila kakhulu ekwazisweni kohwebo. Ekusebenzeni kwezibalo, ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kungahlukaniswa kube izibalo ezichazisayo
|
30474
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMininingo
|
IMininingo
|
nencazelo eyengeziwe, futhi zingase zisetshenziswe njengemininigo ezinhlakeni ezinkulu. Imininingo ingasetshenziswa njengeziguquki enqubweni yokucikiza . Iminingo ingase imelele amasu ayizicabango noma izilinganiso eziphathekayo. Imininingo ivame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ezezimali, cishe nakuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemsebenzi engokwenhlangano yabantu. Izibonelo zamaqoqo emininingo zifaka izintengo zesitoko, amazinga obugebengu, amazinga okungasebenzi, amazinga emfundo, nemininingo yokubalwa kwabantu . Imininingo imelela amaqiniso angahleliwe kanye nezibalo ezingasetshenziswa ngendlela eyenza kugcinwe ukwaziswa okuwusizo kuwo. Imininingo iqoqwa kusetshenziswa ubuchule obufana nokulinganisa, ukuqapha, ukubuza, noma ukuhlaziya, kanye imvama ngokumelelwa amanani noma izimpawu nazo ngokuqhubekayo ezingahidaniswa. Imininingo yasebaleni iyimininingo eqoqwe esimweni esingalawuleki. Imininingo yomgcanso iwumniningo ophehlwe enkambisweni
|
yasebaleni iyimininingo eqoqwe esimweni esingalawuleki. Imininingo yomgcanso iwumniningo ophehlwe enkambisweni yomgcanso wenzululwazi olawulwayo. Imininingo ihlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana noqaqululo, ukuhluza, ukuxoxa, ukwethula, ukukhangelisa (visualization), noma ezinye izinhlobo zangemva kwenhlaziyo. Ngaphambi kwenhlaziyo, imininingo engahluziwe imvama iyahlanzwa: Imininingo ingabukwa njengezingcezu ezincane zokwaziswa okuyisiminya engasetshenziswa njengesiseko sokuqaqulula, ukuhluza, noma ukuxoxa. Imininingo ingahluka kusuka kumasu ayimikhanyango (abstract ideas) kuya ezilinganisweni zoqobo, kuhlanganisa nezibalomniningo (statistics). Imininingo exhunywe ngezihloko eyethulwa ngomongo ofanelekayo ingathathwa njengokwaziswa. Izingcezu zokwaziswa
|
30475
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULwazi
|
ULwazi
|
lubizwe ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, luvame ukuchasiswa njengokholo lweqiniso oluhlukile embonweni noma ingqagelweni ngenxa yesihlanguzo esihle. Nakuba kunokuvumelana okubanzi phakathi kosonjulalwazi ukuthi ulwazi lwesiphakamiso luwuhlobo lokholo lweqiniso, izimpikiswano eziningi zenjulalwazi zigxila esihlanguzweni: ukuthi ingabe luyadingeka ngempela, nokuthi singaluqonda kanjani, nokuthi ingabe kukhona okunye okudingekayo kunalo. Lezi zimpikiswano zanda ngamandla ngenxa yochunge lwemigcanso yokucabanga eyenziwa nguEdmund Gettier futhi zahlokoloza izichasiso ezinye ezihlukile. Ezinye zazo zilandula ukuthi isihlanguzo siyindingeko futhi zifaka ezikhundleni saso, ngokwesibonelo, ukwethembeka
|
ngenxa yochunge lwemigcanso yokucabanga eyenziwa nguEdmund Gettier futhi zahlokoloza izichasiso ezinye ezihlukile. Ezinye zazo zilandula ukuthi isihlanguzo siyindingeko futhi zifaka ezikhundleni saso, ngokwesibonelo, ukwethembeka noma ukubonkaliswa kwezici zokuqonda. Ezinye ziphika ngokuthi isihlanguzo siyadingeka kodwa zicabayo izimfuneko ezengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abekho abanqobi bokholo noma ngokuthi umuntu akanakuba nokholo uma lungamanga. Ulwazi lungakhiqizwa ngezindlela eziningi. Umtombo obalulekile wolwazi lobungcweti ubizwa intshwayo, engukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa. Osomibono abaningi abahlanganisa nokuzihlola ngaphakathi izimo zomqondo njengomthombo wolwazi. Eminye imithombo okuhlale kuxoxwa ngayo ihlanganisa inkumbulo, isazela senhluzeko, ukugigiyela, nobufakazi. Ngokwemfundiso yosisekelo, eminye imithombo eliyisiseko ngomqondo wokuthi ikwazi ukuhlanguza izinkolelo ngaphandle kokuncika ezimweni zomqondo. Lesibizelo siyalandulwa ikakhulu yolabo benhlezekelo (coherentists),
|
30477
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxoza
|
Inxoza
|
banzi. Inxoza ivame ukusetshenziswa uma kukhiqizwa ezinye izithako. Izithako zomngcikisho eziqatha zivame ukuhlanganisa nenxoza, ngokwesibonelo, inxoza yomcalahle kanye namagcezihwe anobunzima bamachembe
|
INxoza iyisiqa semvelo noma sokuzakhela (esimbulu) eside ngokuphawulekayo kunokuba banzi. Inxoza ivame ukusetshenziswa uma kukhiqizwa ezinye izithako. Izithako zomngcikisho eziqatha zivame ukuhlanganisa nenxoza, ngokwesibonelo, inxoza yomcalahle kanye namagcezihwe anobunzima bamachembe aphezulu (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene). Izinxoza ezididiyelwe zivame
|
30478
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INtuhla
|
INtuhla
|
lesOhwe kanye nenye inhlwa. Intuhla ngokwayo iyisihonyo (ion) esinemilelesa ephikayo emibili yesOhwe. Imvama
|
kanye nenye inhlwa. Intuhla ngokwayo iyisihonyo (ion) esinemilelesa ephikayo emibili yesOhwe. Imvama yegobohla likaNomkhubulwane liqukethe izintuhla. Ngisho nezithako
|
30479
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMininingo%20%28isayensi%20yesicikizi%29
|
IMininingo (isayensi yesicikizi)
|
amabhangqa ('1' and '0'), esikhundleni sokumelelwa iNzuko (analog). Ezinhlelweni zesiCikizi zanamuhla (emva kowe-1960), yonke imininingo ingeyezezibhangqiwe. Imininingo itholakala ngezimo ezintathu: Imininingo ephumule, imininingo emdiki, imininingo eqebethayo. Imininingo ephakathi IsiCikizi kwesiCikizi, imvama, ihamba njengemininingo elungene. Imininingo ephumayo noma engenayo esiCikizini, imvama, ihamba njengemininingo eluhidi. Imininingo ethathwe kusiLekelelei senzuko, esifana neNzwi yesilinganisi kushisa, ingaguqulelwa kwezezibhangqiwe ngokusebenzisa isibhensi (modem). Imininingo emelela amanani, izigqabo noma izimpawu ukuze isiCikizi
|
emelela amanani, izigqabo noma izimpawu ukuze isiCikizi siwenze imigidingo, iyalondolozwa futhi iqoshwa kunzisa yokuqopha yewonga, yeBonanyo, yamazuba noma eyinguxa, futhi izodluliswa ngesimo seziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe zamazuba noma iziyabizo zeBonanyo. Imininingo ingena futhi iphume phakathi kwesiCikizi ngeziLekeleli ezixhunywayo. Izici zenkumbulo yesiCikizi zoqobo zibandakanya ikheli nencu (byte)
|
30493
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhehlwa
|
IPhehlwa
|
ekhulwini. Ezingeni lokushisa legunbi isetshenziswa njengesigcobi, esincibilikiswa njengesinandisi, futhi lisetshenziswa njengamafutha ekubhakeni, ekwenzeni (sauce), ekuchachambiseni ngomcengezi, nakwezinye izinkambiso zokupheka.
|
zamafutha nezakhamzimba zolaza oluphehliwe. Lingumhlenge (emulsion) onquma kancane ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, oqukethe ngokwenanifuphi amafuthephehlwa angama-80 ekhulwini. Ezingeni lokushisa
|
30494
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBhobe
|
UBhobe
|
esibilisiwe. Ngokwesikothi, kwakungamanzi ayesala ngemuva kokuphehlwa kwePhehlwa
|
kulaza. Emazweni asentshona, iphehlwa
|
30495
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmQungo
|
UmQungo
|
olunesithokelo esikahle nenjimbili ewulaza
|
Umqungo umkhiqizo wobisi oluqungiwe olunesithokelo
|
30502
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPhathanzuba
|
IsiPhathanzuba
|
nobungako obuhlukene, kusuka kumakhukhwana amancane afukuthisa izilekeleli zokuzwa (hearing aids) nabomazisinkathi bohlakala, kuya kuziphathanzuba-ngodla ezinkulu ezilingana negumbi ezihlinzeka ngesidlakalasi esigciniwe noma amandla aphuthumayo izikhungo zemininingo yesicikizi neminano yocingo. Iziphathanzuba zinesidlakalasi esicacile esiphansi uma ziqhathaniswa nezivuthisi ezivamile ezifana namafuthetshe. uMlando Iziqambo Eminyakeni yowe-1930s, umqondisi weNgcinamagugu yase-Bagdad noMnyango wezaNguna e-Iraq u-Wilhelm König, wabika ukuthi sekuvubukulwe isiphathanzuba sase- Baghdad, inguxa yangekhulu lokuqala equkethe ikhamba le-ceramic, usokhele, nensimbi. Waqazikela ukuthi sasisetshenziselwa inqubo ye-electroplating, kodwa imibono yakamuva isikisela ukuthi kwakuyinguxa esetshenziswa ukulapha ngamazuba.
|
kwisibanikazi (flashlight) nakwezinye izilekeleli zamazuba eziningi. IziPhathanzuba zesibili yilezi ezifukuthwabusha (rechargeable) ezileleseka ezikhathi eziningana ngobuzuba; lapho ukwakheka kwezizubisi kungabuyiswa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa isiphathanzuba sesimunyu somthofu esisetshenziswa ezithuthini kanye neziphathanzuba zomthanya-sihonyo osetshenziswa kuzilekeleli eziphathwayo zamazuba ezifana neziGonwa (laptops) kanye noMakhalekhukhwini. Iziphathanzuba ziza ngemimo nobungako obuhlukene, kusuka kumakhukhwana amancane afukuthisa izilekeleli zokuzwa (hearing aids) nabomazisinkathi bohlakala, kuya kuziphathanzuba-ngodla ezinkulu ezilingana negumbi ezihlinzeka ngesidlakalasi esigciniwe noma amandla aphuthumayo izikhungo zemininingo
|
30504
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULaza
|
ULaza
|
lamafutha ongulwe ngaphezu kobisi ngaphambi kokudidiyelwa. Ubisi olungadidiyelwe, okungamafutha, olungesona isiluthe, luqhubeka nokukhuphukela phezulu. Ekukhiqizweni
|
Emazwenu amaningi, luthengiswa ngamazinga ambalwa kuye ngesamba sesiqikili samafuthephehlwa. Lungomisiwa lube umkhumuza ukuze luthunyelwe ezindayini ezikude, futhi
|
30505
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuku
|
Usuku
|
angama -24 ) noma ukundiyaza okukodwa
|
angama -24 ) noma ukundiyaza okukodwa kwezinye izinto ezinkulu
|
30506
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucwaningo
|
Ucwaningo
|
ngokuthi ucwaningo-ngqo. uMsuka Ibizo elithi ucwaningo livela esenzweni sokucwaninga, esisho 'ukucusumbula, ukuhlukanisa ngemininingwane,' lihlobene nelinye ibizo elithi 'ukuhlwaya', umuntu ocwaningayo kungashiwo kuthiwe uyahlwaya, okungukuthi ufuna into ethile ngokuphenya aze ayithole. Izincasiselo Ucwaningo luye lwachasiswa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, nakuba zonke zinokufana okuthile, kubonakala ingekho incasiselo eyodwa ehlanganisa kwasani neyamukelwa yibo bonke abenza ucwaningo. Ucwaningo ngamazwi alula kuwukuhlwaya iqiniso nokuhlwaya ulwazi. Ngomqondo osemthethweni, kuwukufundwa okuhleliwe kwenkinga ehlangatshezwa ngeqhingasu elikhethiwe okuleka ngokuqoma insondelo yokulungisa umklamo nokwenza okushoyo ngokuklama isihlawumbiselo socwaningo, ukukhetha
|
ehlukayo kokubili ngaphakathi nasenqekeni yezabantu nezenzululwazi. Kukhona izinhlobo zocwaningo eziningana: lwenzululwazi, lwezabantu, lwezobuciko, lwezomnotho, lwezomphakathi, lwezezihwebi, lwezokuhuhisa, ucwaningo lwezochwepheshe, lwempilo, lwezobuchwepheshe, njll. Isifundo senzululwazi socwaningo saziwa ngokuthi ucwaningo-ngqo. uMsuka Ibizo elithi ucwaningo livela esenzweni sokucwaninga, esisho 'ukucusumbula, ukuhlukanisa ngemininingwane,' lihlobene nelinye ibizo elithi 'ukuhlwaya', umuntu ocwaningayo kungashiwo kuthiwe uyahlwaya, okungukuthi ufuna into ethile ngokuphenya aze ayithole. Izincasiselo Ucwaningo luye lwachasiswa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, nakuba zonke zinokufana okuthile, kubonakala ingekho incasiselo eyodwa ehlanganisa kwasani neyamukelwa
|
30507
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukukhanya
|
Ukukhanya
|
elithi "ukukhanya" lingabhekisela kabanzi kumiyonzi yenzubawonga yanoma iliphi ibangacuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iyabonakala noma cha. Ngalowomqondo, imisebentathu, amagu X, amachadaza, namaza omsakazo konke kungukukhanya. Izakhi eziyinhloko zokukhanya ziyi-intensity, ukuhlakazeka kokuqombotha (propagation of direction), umungco womjingo noma ibangacuphi kanye nokuluthuzeka. Ijubane lokukhanya elinyeni, amamitha ayizi- 299 792 458 ngomzuzwana (m/s), kuyingxenye yenzinzo (constants) eliyisisekelo semvelo. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zemiyonzi yenzubawonga, ukukhanya okubonakalayo busabalala ngezinhlayiyana ezingenasisindo ezibizwa amabane ezimelela imingako yenzubawonga (electromagnetic field), futhi zingahlaziywa
|
direction), umungco womjingo noma ibangacuphi kanye nokuluthuzeka. Ijubane lokukhanya elinyeni, amamitha ayizi- 299 792 458 ngomzuzwana (m/s), kuyingxenye yenzinzo (constants) eliyisisekelo semvelo. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zemiyonzi yenzubawonga, ukukhanya okubonakalayo busabalala ngezinhlayiyana ezingenasisindo ezibizwa amabane ezimelela imingako yenzubawonga (electromagnetic field), futhi zingahlaziywa kokubili njengamaza nanjengezinhlayiyana. Umthombo oyinhloko wokukhanya kwemvelo emhlabeni ilanga. Ngokomlando, omunye umthombo wokukhanya kubantu bekungumlilo, kusuka kumathezi asendulo kufika ezibanini zanamuhla
|
30509
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuxhumana
|
Ukuxhumana
|
kusukela kumthumeli kuya kumthunyelwa/abathunyelwa ngokusebenzisa enye yezindlela ezilandelayo zokuxhumana. • Ukuxhumana okubonwayo (ngokusebenzisa ukuma komzimba nezandla) • Ukuxhumana ngemisindo (njengolimi lwabantu, kodwa kungaba
|
(ngokusebenzisa ukuma komzimba nezandla) • Ukuxhumana ngemisindo (njengolimi lwabantu, kodwa kungaba nangokukhonkotha kwenja) • Ukuxhumana ngokuthinta • Ngokusebenzisa iphunga • Ngokubhala Ukuxhumana
|
30511
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibhakela
|
Isibhakela
|
iminwe ngokuqinile phakathi nendawo yesundu bese ubambelela isithupha phezu kwamaphalange aphakathi nendawo; ngokungafani nalesi isibhakela "esivaliwe", umuntu ugcina isibhakela "sivuleke" ngokubamba isithupha ngasohlangothini lomunwe wenkomba. Umuntu usebenzisa isibhakela esivaliwe ukushaya ama-phalanges aphansi phezulu, noma ukushaya ngohlangothi oluncane lwesithende sesandla; umuntu usebenzisa isibhakela esivulekile ukungqongqoza ngesigaxa esiphakathi somunwe ophakathi. uChazomzimba Ukwenza isibhakela cishe akwaziwa phakathi kwazinye izilwane ezibuchophokhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi
|
ugcina isibhakela "sivuleke" ngokubamba isithupha ngasohlangothini lomunwe wenkomba. Umuntu usebenzisa isibhakela esivaliwe ukushaya ama-phalanges aphansi phezulu, noma ukushaya ngohlangothi oluncane lwesithende sesandla; umuntu usebenzisa isibhakela esivulekile ukungqongqoza ngesigaxa esiphakathi somunwe ophakathi. uChazomzimba Ukwenza isibhakela cishe akwaziwa phakathi kwazinye izilwane ezibuchophokhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngenkathi "iningi lezinyamazane zinde entendeni nasemunweni [futhi] zishoda ngesithupha", ubukhulu buphikisana nabantu. Okungenani ucwaningo olulodwa luye lwasho
|
30512
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibane
|
Ibane
|
ukuchaza ukuthi kuza kanjani ukuba uTho nemiyonzi yenzubawonga zibe sekulinganeni komchadamezo (thermal equilibrium) ndawonye, u-Planck waphakamisa ukuthi isidlakathi esigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesithako kufanele sithathwe njengesakhiwa izingxenye ezilingana ubungako, ezilubandlu. Ukuze achaze umthelela wenzubabane, u-Einstein wavela nesu lokuthi ukukhanya ngokwako kwakhiwa izingxenye ezincane zesidlakathi. Ngokomphumela eminye imigcanso eminingi yaqinisekisa incazelo ka-Einstein. KuNongo oluyiNdinganiso lomchazandalo wezinhlayiyana, amabane nezinye izinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo achaziswa njengomphumela oyindingeko wemithetho yendalo onesilinganiso esithile emkhathini. Izakhi eziyizakhi eziyingxenye yezinhlayiyana, ezifana nomlelesa, isisindo nokumpimpiliza, zinqunywa umlinganiso (guage symmetry). Isicabango sebane siye saholela ekuphuculweni kweqophelo eliphezulu lomchazandalo wemigcanso nemibono, kuhlanganisa izicwazi, imijiyo kaBose-Einstein, umbono wenkundla yomngako, nokuhlakahlwa ngamanani kwezobunguxa yomngako. Ngaphezu kwalokho amabane
|
buthwalwa amabane lapho buhamba emkhathini. Kwezobunguxa bomngako (quantum mechanics) ibane ngalinye linesici sempekumpeku yomngako encike emjingeni: Ibane eliyamaniswa nokukhanya emjingeni ophezulu lizoba nesidlakalasi esiningi (futhi lizoyamaniswa nokukhanya kubangacuphi elifuphi). Njengezinye ezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko, amabane achazwa ingqanda ngezobunguxa bomngako futhi akhipha ububili benhlayiya-maza, ukucondoza kwawo kunolwangu lwezakhi zakho kokubili izinhlayiyana namaza. Isicabango sanamuhla sebane sadabuka eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngomsebenzi owawenziwa ngu-Albert Einstein, owakade akhela phezu kocwaningo luka-Max Planck. Ngesikhathi ezama ukuchaza ukuthi kuza kanjani ukuba uTho nemiyonzi yenzubawonga zibe
|
30513
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuluthuzeka%20%28amaza%29
|
Ukuluthuzeka (amaza)
|
nentambo, kuncike ekutheni intambo iyocwa kanjani. Ngokuphambene, amaza ajijekile (longitudinal waves), afana namaza womsindo aphakathi koketshezi noma uhowo, ukukhwebuka kwezinhlayiya emcikazweni kuhlale kusekuqombotheni kokusabalala, ngalokho lamaza awakuvezi ukuluthuzeka. Amaza
|
komdiki weza. Isibonelo esilula seza elilutsheku eliluthuziwe imiqhikizeko ekhenketha eduze nentambo eqinile; ngokwesibonelo, ensimbini yomculo efana nesiginxi. Imiqhikizeko ingaqombotha lukeke (horizontal) noma iqombothe mveku (vertical), noma ibe ingoni
|
30514
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlakanipho
|
Inhlakanipho
|
uLwazi, ubungcweti, ukuqonda okusobala, nokukhalipha. Inhlakanipho iyamaniswa nezimfanelo ezifana
|
Inhlakanipho iyamaniswa nezimfanelo ezifana nokwahlulela okungachemile, uzwelo, ukuzazi siqu, nokungazinameki kanye nezinye ezilungile ezifana
|
30515
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlakani
|
Ubuhlakani
|
eziningi: amandla okukhanyanga, umhluzamqondo, ukuqonda, ukuzilumuka, ukufunda, ulwazi lomzwelo, ukuhluza, ukuhlela, ubuchule, ukucabanga okujulile kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ngokuvamile, bungachaziswa njengekhono lokuqonda ukwaziswa, kanye nokubugcina njengolwazi oluzosetshenziswa emicondozeni ezivumelanisa nesimo phakathi komongo othile. Ubuhlakani bucwaningwa kakhulu kubantu
|
amandla okukhanyanga, umhluzamqondo, ukuqonda, ukuzilumuka, ukufunda, ulwazi lomzwelo, ukuhluza, ukuhlela, ubuchule, ukucabanga okujulile kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ngokuvamile, bungachaziswa njengekhono lokuqonda ukwaziswa, kanye nokubugcina njengolwazi oluzosetshenziswa emicondozeni ezivumelanisa nesimo phakathi komongo othile.
|
30516
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incasiselo
|
Incasiselo
|
ukunikeza umqondo webizo), kanye nezincasiselo ezibanzi (ezilinga ukubalula izinto ezichaziswa ibizo). Omunye umunxa obalulekile wezincasiselo umjijo wezincasiselo ezicacile, ezidlulisa incazo yebizo ngokuveza
|
umushwana, noma izimpawu). Izincasiselo zingajinjwa zibe iminxa emibili: izincasiselo ezicinene (ezilinga ukunikeza umqondo webizo), kanye
|
30517
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoyambulunga
|
Umoyambulunga
|
umnyondo umkhulu futhi izingalokushisa lomoyambulunga liphansi. Umoyambulunga wenkanyezi buyindwawana engaphandle yenkanyezi, ehlanganisa ubuhalalazi obungaphezu kwebanembulunga elingakhanyi; izinkanyezi ezinezingalokushisa
|
umoyambulunga lapho umnyondo umkhulu futhi izingalokushisa lomoyambulunga liphansi. Umoyambulunga wenkanyezi buyindwawana engaphandle yenkanyezi, ehlanganisa ubuhalalazi obungaphezu kwebanembulunga elingakhanyi; izinkanyezi ezinezingalokushisa eliphansi kungenzeka
|
30518
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqhwambulunga
|
Iqhwambulunga
|
isiziba esiyiqhwa, umfuka oyiqhwa, isivalo seqhwa, amaqheqheba, isimbozo seqhwa, isibheqe seqhwa, kanye nezwe elikhazisiwe. Ngalokho,
|
lapho amanzi asesimweni esinqumile, ezihlanganisa ulwandle oluyiqhwa, isiziba esiyiqhwa, umfuka oyiqhwa, isivalo seqhwa, amaqheqheba, isimbozo seqhwa,
|
30519
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UXhoxho%20lwezokuxhumana
|
UXhoxho lwezokuxhumana
|
lokulihlonza nokubona ukuthi likuphi oxhoxhweni. Iqoqo lamakheli oxhoxhweni libizwa umkhathi wekheli loxhoxho. Izibonelo zamaxhoxho ezokuxhumana zihlanganisa amaxhoxho esicikizi, uxhakaxholo, uxhoxho locingo oluqhebezwa sobala, uxhoxho lwe-Telex
|
Iqoqo lamakheli oxhoxhweni libizwa umkhathi wekheli loxhoxho. Izibonelo zamaxhoxho ezokuxhumana zihlanganisa amaxhoxho esicikizi, uxhakaxholo, uxhoxho locingo oluqhebezwa sobala, uxhoxho lwe-Telex lomhlaba, uxhoxho lwe-ACARS kwezokundiza, kanye namaxhoxho omsakazo angenantambo wabahlinzeka ngezokuxhumana kukamakhalekhukhwini.
|
30520
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyosi
|
Inyosi
|
ezihlobene eduze neminyovu nezintuthwane, ezaziwa ngeqhaza lazo ekusakazeni
|
eduze neminyovu nezintuthwane, ezaziwa ngeqhaza lazo ekusakazeni impova, futhi
|
30522
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INelesi
|
INelesi
|
iyinhlayiyana yechwe ezinzile, enophawu p, H +, noma 1 H + enomlelesa wamazuba ovumayo +1 e (Ubuzuba) . Isisindo sayo sincane kunesentunge futhi inesisindo esiphindwa izikhathi ezíyi-1836 kunesenzuba (isilingano sesisindo senelesi nenzuba). Izinelesi nezintunge, ngazodwa zinesisindo esiyicishelo elilodwa lesisindo sechwe, ngokuhlanganyela zibizwa ngokuthi 'ezasenuzini' (izinhlayiyana zenuzi
|
sesisindo senelesi nenzuba). Izinelesi nezintunge, ngazodwa zinesisindo esiyicishelo elilodwa lesisindo sechwe, ngokuhlanganyela zibizwa ngokuthi 'ezasenuzini' (izinhlayiyana zenuzi lechwe). INelesi elilodwa noma ukweqa, ziyingxenye yeNuzi lechwe. Yizona ezihlinzeka ngesiphoqi esiwumnyombo wokuhhuhha komzuba okubhonqa iziNzuba zechwe. Inani lezinelesi enuzini liyisakhi esichasisayo enhlweni, futhi lubizwa ngokuthi
|
30523
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INhlayiyana%20yeChwe
|
INhlayiyana yeChwe
|
ezinanana ngayo. Imigcanso ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kungacondoza njengendululo yezinhlayiyana (ezibizwa amabane) futhi kuveze izakhi ezifana nezomsebe. Lokhu kwaholela esicabangweni sobubili benhlayiyana-msebe ukuze kuveze ukuthi izinhlayiyana zomlinganiso womngako zicondoza njengezinhlayiyana nangeZa; ingakho ngesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiyamaza
|
(isb. intunge, ibane). Umchazandalo wenhlayiyana nomchazandalo wenuzi ucwaninga lezinhlayiyana nendlela ezinanana ngayo. Imigcanso ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kungacondoza njengendululo yezinhlayiyana (ezibizwa amabane) futhi kuveze izakhi ezifana nezomsebe. Lokhu kwaholela esicabangweni sobubili
|
30524
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INhlayiyana%20eyisiseko
|
INhlayiyana eyisiseko
|
babethatha amachembe njengamalumbo womchazazibalo, notho njengolwakhiwa impekumpeku. Izakhi zechwe zahlonzwa okokuqala eminyakeni yowe-1930 nokweva; inzuba nenelesi, kanye nebane inhlayiyana yomiyonzi wenzubawonga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvela kobunguxa bomngako kwakuguqula isicabangelo ngenhlayiyana, njengoba inhlayiyana eyodwa yayingagcwala indawo njengoba kwenza iza, okusayisixakaxaka esingenancazelo egculisayo. Ngokombono womngako (quantum theory), izinelesi nezintunge kwatholwa ukuthi ziqukethe izinkemfe - izinkemfe eziphezulu nezinkemfe eziphansi – manje ezithathwa njengezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko. Futhi ngaphakathi kwechembe, amazinga amathathu enkululeko yenzuba (umlelesa, ukumpininiza, uzungezo) angahlukana ngokusebenza kweza abe izinhlayiyanaze
|
engakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana. Izinhlayiyana kuyimanje okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinzuba, ezikafelimi eziyisiseko (izinkemfe, izinhlamvana, iziphikazinkemfe, iziphikazinhlamvana, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana zotho nezinjelwane zotho), kanye nezikaboshu eziyisisekelo, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana eziyiziphoqi ezihlanganisa okwenanana phakathi kwezikafelimi. Inhlayiyana equkethe izinhlayiyana eziyisiseko ezimbili noma ukweqa ibizwa inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo. Ngokuvamile utho lwakhiwa amachwe, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayizinhlayiyana zesiseko, okwenza
|
30527
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoklele
|
Usoklele
|
Usoklele ocwebile olulaza ebusweni unombala othanda ukuba ndwebu-ntshungwa. Usoklele usetshenziswa njengesakhi seziqungo
|
amazuba nokushisa. Usoklele ocwebile olulaza ebusweni unombala othanda ukuba ndwebu-ntshungwa. Usoklele usetshenziswa
|
30528
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imifino
|
Imifino
|
nomkleshe (spinach). Izitshalo ezisakhuni zemiqhinqo ehlukile nazo zinawo amahlamvu adliwayo. Amacembe amaningi ezitshalo eziwukudla kwezilwane ayadliwa nangabantu, kodwa imvama zidliwa ngaphansi kwezimo zesomiso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa (alfalfa), (clover), neningi lotshani olungamafuzadla (Poaceae grasses), ahlanganisa ukolweni (wheat)
|
eziphila isikhashana ezifana nomSenge (lettuce) nomkleshe (spinach). Izitshalo ezisakhuni zemiqhinqo ehlukile nazo zinawo amahlamvu adliwayo. Amacembe amaningi ezitshalo eziwukudla kwezilwane ayadliwa nangabantu, kodwa imvama
|
30530
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuGombelakwesakhe
|
UbuGombelakwesakhe
|
Emnothweni wendayi, izinqumo notshalomali kwenziwa abanikazi bomcebo, impahla, noma ikhono lokuvivisa imali noma ikhono lokukhiqiza lwemali noma izindayi zezimali, kuyilapho izintengo nokusatshalaliswa kwezimpahla ezikhiqizwayo nezinkonzo kuyizinto ngokuyinhloko ezinqunywa ukuncintisana ezindayini zezimpahla nezinkonzo. Izazi zomnotho, izazi zomlando, osomnotho bombusazwe kanye nezazi zomphakathi bathathe imibono engafani ekuhlaziyeni kwabo ubugombelakwesakhe futhi bathole kunezindlela ezihlukile zokusebenza kwabo. Lezi zihlanganisa uthelawayeka noma ubugombelakwesakhe bendayi ekhululekile, ubugombelakwesakhe obungenazithiyo, ubugombelakwesakhe bombuso kanye nobugombelakwesakhe benhlakahle. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zobugombelakwesakhe zinolwangu lwamazinga angafani othelawayeka, ubunikazi obusobala, izithiyo zokuncintisana ngokukhululekile kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezenziwa umbuso. Izinga lokuncintisana
|
kwabo. Lezi zihlanganisa uthelawayeka noma ubugombelakwesakhe bendayi ekhululekile, ubugombelakwesakhe obungenazithiyo, ubugombelakwesakhe bombuso kanye nobugombelakwesakhe benhlakahle. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zobugombelakwesakhe zinolwangu lwamazinga angafani othelawayeka, ubunikazi obusobala, izithiyo zokuncintisana ngokukhululekile kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezenziwa umbuso. Izinga lokuncintisana ezindayini kanye neqhaza lokungenelela nokulawulwa kanye nobukhulu bobunikazi bombuso ziyahluka onongweni oluhlukahlukene lobugombelakwesakhe. Izinga lezindayi ezihlukene ezikhululeke ngalo nemithetho echasisa impahla esisulu kuyizindaba zombusazwe nezinqubomgomo. Iningi leminotho ekhona yobugombelakwesakhe ihlanganisa izici zezindayi ezikhululekile
|
30531
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCosulelwano
|
UCosulelwano
|
buchaza imibono yezomnotho, ezembusazwe nezenhlalo kanye nemibuthano eyamaniswa nokugunundwa kwalezo zinhlelo. Ubunikazi bomphakathi kungaba obombuso, umphakathi, beqoqodwane, bobambiswano, noma umsebenzi. Njengoba kungekho neyodwa incasiselo ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zocosulelwano eziningi, ubunikazi bomphakathi buyisici ezifana ngaso. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zocosulelwano ziyahluka
|
Njengoba kungekho neyodwa incasiselo ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zocosulelwano eziningi, ubunikazi bomphakathi buyisici ezifana ngaso. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zocosulelwano ziyahluka ngeqhaza lezindayi nokuhlelwa ekucosulelaneni izinsiza, ohlakeni lwezokuohatha ezinhlanganweni, kanye nasendleleni yokuphatha kusuka phezulu kuya ezansi noma ukusuka ezansi kuya
|
30532
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanele%20Sifuba
|
Zanele Sifuba
|
esiShayamthetho ngenyanga efanayo. uSifuba uyilungu le- African National Congress . Umsebenzi USifuba usebenze njengothisha
|
uSifuba uyilungu le- African National Congress . Umsebenzi USifuba usebenze njengothisha kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2019. Uphinde wasebenza
|
30534
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkampani%20esisulu
|
Inkampani esisulu
|
yilawa: umshumanqa ophethwe sisulu (closely held corporation), umshumanqa ongacashuniwe (unquoted company), nelithi umshumanqa ongekho ohlwini (unlisted company). Nakuba ingabonakali kunaleyo ehwetshwa sobala, imishumanqa esisulu ibamba iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Ngowezi-2008, imishumanqa esisulu emikhulu engama-441 eMelika yayidanda (accounted)) imali engaba-US$1,800,000,000,000
|
umshumanqa ongekho ohlwini (unlisted company). Nakuba ingabonakali kunaleyo ehwetshwa sobala, imishumanqa esisulu ibamba iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Ngowezi-2008, imishumanqa esisulu emikhulu engama-441 eMelika yayidanda (accounted)) imali engaba-US$1,800,000,000,000 ($1.8 yezaca) kwengenayo futhi iqasha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6.2, ngokombiko we-Forbes. Ngokuhlukile, yonke imishumanqa okungeyona eyombuso ithathwa ngokuthi imishumanqa esisulu. Lomqondo uhlanganisa kokubili
|
30535
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGciwane
|
IGciwane
|
yonke, inoma isiphi isiphili noma isenzi esingakhiqiza
|
ngomqondo omdala nobanzi kunayo yonke,
|
30536
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaLumulondo
|
AmaLumulondo
|
lwezithelo, esidlweza zezilinywa (cultivars) ezivamile zamaqobolondo (Phaseolus vulgaris), nakuba
|
(Phaseolus coccineus), iqobolondo legceke (Vigna unguiculata subsp.
|
30537
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPambano%20%28isiShomo%29
|
ImPambano (isiShomo)
|
ikuphi emhlabeni wonke. Singesinye sezishomo ezisobala kakhulu nesiqaphelekayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Izinkanyezi zaso ezigqame
|
kakhulu nesiqaphelekayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Izinkanyezi zaso ezigqame kakhulu iPhisi
|
30538
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhisi%20%28inkanyezi%29
|
IPhisi (inkanyezi)
|
kunezelanga lethu, bese ibangandilinga lona libe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa isisindo sawo sikhulu kuneselanga
|
ibangandilinga lona libe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa isisindo sawo sikhulu kuneselanga izikhathi eziphindwe
|
30539
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNyezibomvu
|
UNyezibomvu
|
esenzeka lapho inyanga isithezwa isithunzi somhlaba, okwenza inyanga ibe lufifi. Lokhu kuqondana kwenzeka ngesikhathi esimisweni
|
isehlakalo sasemkhathini esenzeka lapho inyanga isithezwa isithunzi somhlaba, okwenza inyanga ibe lufifi. Lokhu kuqondana kwenzeka
|
30543
|
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhlinzwa%20ngosizo%20lwesithununu
|
Ukuhlinzwa ngosizo lwesithununu
|
zokuhlinza ezenziwa kusetshenziswa
|
kusetshenziswa izinqubo zesithununu ezenziwa ngezimiso
|