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The Independent Jane
For all the love, romance and scandal in <PERSON> books, what they are really about is freedom and independence. Independence of thought and the freedom to choose.
<PERSON>’s refusal of Mr. <PERSON> offer of marriage showed an independence seldom seen in heroines of <DATE_TIME>. Her refusal of Mr. <PERSON> while triggered by anger showed a level of independence that left him shocked and stunned.
The freedom she exhibited in finally accepting him in direct defiance of <PERSON> and knowing her father would <IN_PAN> was unusual even for Austen. In her last book <PERSON> is persuaded to refuse Captain <PERSON> at Lady <PERSON>’s <IN_PAN>.
Although <PERSON> played by the rules of <DATE_TIME>, all of her writing is infused with how she wanted life to be. She ‘screams’ her outrage at the limitations for women in <PERSON>.
When accosted by Mrs. <PERSON>, <PERSON> says,
“Excuse me, ma’am, but this is by no means my intention; I make no inquiry myself, and should be sorry to have any made by my friends. When I am quite <IN_PAN> as to the time, I am not at all afraid of being long <IN_PAN>. There are places in town, offices, where inquiry would soon produce something — offices for the sale, not quite of human flesh, but of human intellect.”
“Oh! my dear, human flesh! You quite shock me; if you mean a fling at the slave-trade, I assure you Mr. <PERSON> was always rather a friend to the abolition.”
“I did not mean, I was not thinking of the slave-trade,” replied <PERSON>; “<IN_PAN>trade, I assure you, was all that I had in view; widely different certainly, as to the guilt of those who carry it on; but as to the greater misery of the victims, I do not know where it lies.”
That same sentiment is <IN_PAN> in <PERSON>’s shock when Mrs. <PERSON> tells her of <PERSON> secret <IN_PAN> to <PERSON>.
“Good God!” cried <PERSON>, “<PERSON> actually on the point of going as governess! What could he mean by such horrible <IN_PAN>? To suffer her to engage herself — to suffer her even to think of such a measure!”
I find it interesting that at the moment of <PERSON>’s birth or there about, <PERSON> left his farm in <LOCATION> for the Continental Congress in <LOCATION>. Doesn’t sound particularly interesting, I know but consider this.
<PERSON> left his home in <DATE_TIME> to attend an unprecedented meeting of colonial representatives to consider severing ties with their mother country and her monarch; a decision that culminated in a document unlike any ever written. In the mother country, <DATE_TIME> in that same cold <DATE_TIME> a baby girl was born at <LOCATION>. Her cry was heard by only the people in the house but the years to come would see her pen create works unlike any the world had ever seen.
Comparing <PERSON>’s words with <PERSON> may seem a trivialization but I believe that <PERSON>’s impact on the world is no less important than <PERSON>’s. The effect of <PERSON>’s writing maybe more subtle than that of the <LOCATION> but it is no less influential.
<PERSON>’s words instigated and promoted a revolution, a war of independence. <PERSON>’s words had no such excessive consequence. Still in her own quiet, genteel yet powerful way she declared and promoted the same principles of freedom and self-regulated independence as our <NRP> forefathers. In all her novels <PERSON> advocates independence of person and thought, the rights of all and acceptance of responsibility for those rights.
<PERSON> may not have incited military action as <LOCATION> did but even as an avowed royalist, I doubt not that <PERSON> firmly believed in his declaration of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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Taking Play Seriously
By ROBIN MARANTZ HENIG
Published: <DATE_TIME>
On a drizzly <DATE_TIME> in <DATE_TIME>, 200 people came out to hear a psychiatrist talk rhapsodically about play -- not just the intense, joyous play of children, but play for all people, at all ages, at all times. (All species too; the lecture featured touching photos of a polar bear and a husky engaging playfully at a snowy outpost in northern <LOCATION>.) <PERSON>, president of the National Institute for Play, was speaking at the New York Public Library's main branch on <LOCATION>. He created the institute in <DATE_TIME>, after <DATE_TIME> of psychiatric practice and research persuaded him of the dangerous long-term consequences of play deprivation. In a sold-out talk at the library, he and <PERSON>, host of the public-radio program ''Speaking of Faith,'' discussed the biological and spiritual underpinnings of play. <PERSON> called play part of the ''developmental sequencing of becoming a human primate. If you look at what produces learning and memory and well-being, play is as fundamental as any other aspect of life, including sleep and dreams.''
The message seemed to resonate with audience members, who asked anxious questions about what seemed to be the loss of play in their children's lives. Their concern came, no doubt, from the recent deluge of eulogies to play . Educators fret that school officials are hacking away at recess to make room for an increasingly crammed curriculum. Psychologists complain that overscheduled kids have no time left for the real business of childhood: idle, creative, unstructured free play. Public health officials link insufficient playtime to a rise in childhood obesity. Parents bemoan the fact that kids don't play the way they themselves did -- or think they did. And everyone seems to worry that without the chance to play stickball or hopscotch out on the street, to play with dolls on the kitchen floor or climb trees in the woods, <DATE_TIME>'s children are missing out on something essential.
The success of ''The Dangerous Book for Boys'' -- which has been on the best-seller list for <DATE_TIME> -- and its step-by-step instructions for activities like folding paper airplanes is testament to the generalized longing for play's good old days. So were the questions after <PERSON> library talk; one woman asked how her children will learn trust, empathy and social skills when their most frequent playing is done online. <PERSON> told her that while video games do have some play value, a true sense of ''interpersonal nuance'' can be achieved only by a child who is engaging all five senses by playing in the three-dimensional world.
This is part of a larger conversation <NRP> are having about play. Parents bobble between a nostalgia-infused yearning for their children to play and fear that time spent playing is time lost to more practical pursuits. Alarming headlines about <LOCATION> students falling behind other countries in science and math, combined with the ever-more-intense competition to get kids into college, make parents rush to sign up their children for piano lessons and test-prep courses instead of just leaving them to improvise on their own; playtime versus r?m?uilding.
Discussions about play force us to reckon with our underlying ideas about childhood, sex differences, creativity and success. Do boys play differently than girls? Are children being damaged by staring at computer screens and video games? Are they missing something when fantasy play is populated with characters from <LOCATION>'s imagination and not their own? Most of these issues are too vast to be addressed by a single field of study (let alone a magazine article). But the growing science of play does have much to add to the conversation. Armed with research grounded in evolutionary biology and experimental neuroscience, some scientists have shown themselves eager -- at times perhaps a little too eager -- to promote a scientific argument for play. They have spent <DATE_TIME> learning how and why play evolved in animals, generating insights that can inform our understanding of its evolution in humans too. They are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent play is a luxury that can be dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the growing brain, and to what extent it is central to how that brain grows in the first place.
Scientists who study play, in animals and humans alike, are developing a consensus view that play is something more than a way for restless kids to work off steam; more than a way for chubby kids to burn off calories; more than a frivolous luxury. Play, in their view, is a central part of neurological growth and development -- one important way that children build complex, skilled, responsive, socially adept and cognitively flexible brains.
Their work still leaves some questions unanswered, including questions about play's darker, more ambiguous side: is there really an evolutionary or developmental need for dangerous games, say, or for the meanness and hurt feelings that seem to attend so much child's play? Answering these and other questions could help us understand what might be lost if children play less.
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How do you get HIV?
HIV can be passed on when infected bodily fluid, such as blood or semen, is passed into an uninfected person. Semen is the liquid which is released from a man's penis during sex which carries sperm. It can be infected with HIV or AIDS when someone is HIV positive or is carrying the AIDS virus. This can happen during unprotected sex. For example when two people have sex without using a condom when one partner is already infected, or between drug users who inject and share needles.
It can't be transmitted by things like coughing, sneezing, kissing, sharing a toilet seat, swimming pools, sweat and tears.
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CTComms sends on average 2 million emails <DATE_TIME> on behalf of over 125 different charities and not for profits.
Take the <IN_PAN> of <IN_PAN> and stir in the <IN_PAN> of the legal system and what do you get? Software licenses! If you've ever attempted to read one you know how true this is, but you have to know a little about software licensing even if you can't parse all of the fine print.
By: <PERSON>
<DATE_TIME>
A software license is an agreement between you and the owner of a program which lets you perform certain <IN_PAN> which would otherwise <IN_PAN> an infringement under copyright law. The software license usually answers questions such as:
The price of the software and the licensing fees, if any, are sometimes discussed in the licensing agreement, but usually it's described elsewhere.
If you read the definitions below and you're still <IN_PAN> your head, check out <IN_PAN> of Free and Non-Free Software which includes a helpful diagram.
Free vs Proprietary:
When you hear the phrase "free software" or "free software license," "free" is referring to your rights and permissions ("free as in freedom" or "free as in free speech"). In other words, a free software license gives you more rights than a proprietary license. You can usually copy, modify, and redistribute free software without paying a fee or obtaining <IN_PAN> from the <IN_PAN> and distributors. In most cases "free software" won't cost you anything, but that's not always the case – in this instance the word free is making no assertion <IN_PAN> about the price of the software. Proprietary software puts more restrictions and limits on your legal <IN_PAN> to copy, modify, and <IN_PAN> the program.
Free, Open-Source or FOSS?
In everyday conversation, there's not much <IN_PAN> between "free software," "open source software," and "FOSS (Free and Open-Source Software)." In other words, you'll hear these terms used interchangeably, and the <IN_PAN> of free software and the <IN_PAN> of open-source software agree with one another on most issues. However, the official <IN_PAN> of free software differs somewhat from the official <IN_PAN> of open-source software, and the philosophies <IN_PAN> those definitions differ as well. For a short description of the <IN_PAN>, read Live and Let License. For a longer <IN_PAN> from the "free software" side, read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software. For the "open-source" perspective, read Why Free Software is Too Ambiguous.
Public domain and copyleft.
These terms refer to different <IN_PAN> of free, unrestricted licensing. A copyleft license allows you all the freedoms of a free software license, but adds one restriction. Under a copyleft license, you have to release any modifications under the same terms as the original software. In effect, this blocks companies and <IN_PAN> who want to alter free software and then make their altered version proprietary. In practice, almost all free and open-source software is also <IN_PAN>. However, technically you can release "free software" that isn't <IN_PAN>. For example, if you developed software and released it under a "public domain" license, it would qualify as free software, but it isn't copyleft. In effect, when you release something into the public domain, you give up all <IN_PAN> and rights of ownership.
Shareware and freeware.
These terms don't really refer to licensing, and they're confusing in light of the <IN_PAN> of free software above. Freeware refers to software (usually small utilities at sites such as <URL>) that you can download and install without paying. However, you don't have the right to view the source code, and you may not have the right to copy and redistribute the software. In other words, freeware is proprietary software. Shareware is even more restrictive. In effect, shareware is trial software. You can use it for a limited amount of time (usually <DATE_TIME>) and then you're expected to pay to continue using it.
End User Licensing Agreement (EULA).
When you acquire software yourself, directly from a vendor or retailer, or directly from the vendor's Web site, you usually have to indicate by clicking a box that you accept the licensing terms. This "click-through" agreement that no one ever reads is commonly known as a EULA. If you negotiate a large purchase of software with a company, and you sign a contract to seal the agreement, that contract usually replaces or <IN_PAN> the EULA.
Most major vendors of proprietary software offer some type of bulk <IN_PAN> and volume licensing mechanism. The terms vary widely, but if you order enough software to qualify, the benefits in terms of cost and convenience are significant. Also, not-for-profits sometimes qualify for it with very small initial purchases.
Some of the benefits of volume licensing include:
Lower cost. As with most products, software costs less when you buy more of it.
Ease of installation. Without volume licenses, you usually have to enter a separate <IN_PAN> code (also known as a product key or license key) for each installed copy of the program. On the other hand, volume licenses provide you with a single, organisation-wide <IN_PAN> code, which makes it much easier to find when you need to reinstall the software.
Easier tracking of licenses. Keeping track of how many licenses you own, and how many copies you've actually installed, is a tedious, difficult task. Many volume licensing programs provide an online account which is automatically updated when you obtain or activate a copy of that company's software. These accounts can also <IN_PAN> licensing across multiple offices within your organisation.
To learn more about volume licensing from a <IN_PAN> vendor, check out some of the resources below:
Qualified not-for-profits and libraries can receive donated volume licenses for Microsoft products through TechSoup. For more information, check out our introduction to the Microsoft Software Donation Program, and the Microsoft Software Donation Program FAQ. For general information about the volume licensing of Microsoft software, see Volume Licensing Overview.
If you get Microsoft software from TechSoup or other software distributors who work with not-for-profits, you may need to go to the eOpen Web site to locate your Volume license keys. For more information, check out the TechSoup Donation Recipient's Guide to the Microsoft eOpen Web Site.
Always check TechSoup Stock first to see if there's a volume licensing donation program for the software you're <IN_PAN> in. If TechSoup doesn't offer that product or if you need more copies than you can find at TechSoup, search for "volume licensing not-for-profits software" or just "not-for-profits software." For example, when we have an inventory of Adobe products, <IN_PAN> and eligible not-for-profits can obtain four <IN_PAN> products or one copy of Creative Suite 4 through TechSoup. If we're out of stock, or you've used up your <DATE_TIME> Adobe donation, you can also check TechSoup's special Adobe donation program and also Adobe Solutions for <IN_PAN> for other discounts available to not-for-profits. For more software-hunting tips, see A Quick Guide to <IN_PAN> Software Programs.
Pay close attention to the options and licensing requirements when you acquire server-based software. You might need two different types of license – one for the server software itself, and a set of licenses for all the "clients" accessing the software. Depending on the vendor and the licensing scenario, "client" can refer either to the end users <IN_PAN> (for example, employees, contractors, clients, and anyone else who uses the software in question) or their computing devices (for example, laptops, desktop computers, smartphones, PDAs, etc.). We'll focus on Microsoft server products, but similar issues can arise with other server applications.
Over <DATE_TIME>, Microsoft has released hundreds of server-based applications, and the licensing terms are slightly different for each one. Fortunately, there are common license types and licensing <IN_PAN> across different products. In other words, while a User CAL (Client Access License) for Windows Server is distinct from a User CAL for <IN_PAN> Server, the <IN_PAN> terms and rights are very similar. The TechSoup product pages for Microsoft software do a good job of <IN_PAN> the differences between products, so we'll focus on the common threads in this article.
Moreover, Microsoft often lets you license a single server application in more than one way, depending on the needs of your organisation. This allows you the flexibility to choose the licenses that best reflect your organisation's usage patterns and thereby cost you the least amount of money. For example, for Windows Server and other products you can acquire licenses on a per-user basis (for example, User CALs) or <IN_PAN> basis (for example, Device CALs).
The license required to install and run most server applications usually comes bundled with the software itself. So you can install and run most applications "out of the box," as long as you have the right number of client licenses (see the section below for more on that). However, when you're running certain server products on a computer with multiple <IN_PAN>, you may need to get <IN_PAN> licenses. For example, if you run Windows Server <DATE_TIME> <IN_PAN> edition on a server with two <IN_PAN>, you need a separate license for each processor. SQL Server <DATE_TIME> works the same way. This type of license is referred to as a processor license. Generally you don't need client licenses for any application that's licensed this way.
Client Licenses for Internal Users
Many Microsoft products, including Windows Server <DATE_TIME> and Windows Server <DATE_TIME>, require client access licenses for all authenticated internal users (for example, employees, contractors, <IN_PAN>, etc.). On the other hand, SQL Server <DATE_TIME> and other products don't require any client licenses. Read the product description at CTXchange if you're looking for the details about licensing a <IN_PAN> application.
User CALs: User CALs allow each user access to all the instances of a <IN_PAN> server product in an organisation, no matter which device they use to gain access. In other words, if you run five copies of Windows Server <DATE_TIME> on five separate servers, you only need one User CAL for each person in your organisation who access those servers (or any software installed on those servers), whether they access a single server, all five servers, or some number in between. Each user with a single CAL assigned to them can access the server software from as many devices as they want (for example, desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, etc.). User CALs are a popular licensing option.
Device CALs: Device CALs allow access to all instances of a <IN_PAN> server application from a single device (for example, a desktop computer, a laptop, etc.) in your organisation. Device CALs only make sense when multiple employees use the same computer. For example, in <DATE_TIME> call centres different employees on different shifts often use the same machine, so Device CALs make sense in this situation.
Choosing a licensing mode for your Windows Server CALs: With Windows Server <DATE_TIME> and Windows Server <DATE_TIME>, you use a CAL (either a User CAL or a Device CAL) in one of two licensing modes: per seat or per server. You make this decision when you're <IN_PAN> your Windows Server products, not when you acquire the CALs. The CALs <IN_PAN> don't have any mode designation, so you can use either a User CAL or a Device CAL in either mode. Per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most <IN_PAN>. The description of User CALs and Device CALs above describes the typical per seat mode. In "per server" mode, Windows treats each license as a "simultaneous <IN_PAN>." In other words, if you have 40 CALs, Windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. The 41st user will be denied access. However, in per server mode, each CAL is tied to a <IN_PAN> instance of Windows Server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs Windows. Therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements.
You don't "install" client licenses the way you install software. There are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses <IN_PAN>, but the server software can't refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. The licenses don't leave any "digital footprint" that the server software can read. An exception to this occurs when you license Windows Server in per server mode. In this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access (though anonymous users can still access services).
Some key points to remember about client licensing:
The licensing scenarios described in this section arise less <IN_PAN>, and are too complex to cover <IN_PAN> in this article, so they're described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources.
You don't need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. In other words, if someone accesses your Web site, and that site runs on Internet Information Server (IIS), Microsoft's Web serving software, you don't need a client license for any of those anonymous users.
If you have any authenticated external users who access services on your Windows-based servers, you can obtain CALs to cover their licensing requirements. However, the External Connector License (ECL) is a second option in this scenario. The ECL covers all use by authenticated external users, but it's a lot more expensive than a CAL, so only get one if you'll have a lot of external users. For example, even if you get your licenses through the CTXchange donation program, an ECL for Windows Server <DATE_TIME> has an £76 administrative fee, while a User CAL for Windows Server <DATE_TIME> carries a £1 admin fee. If only a handful of external users access your Windows servers, you're better off acquiring User CALs. Also, an ECL only applies to external users and devices. In other words, if you have an ECL, you still have to get a CAL for all employees and contractors.
Even though Terminal Services (TS) is built into Windows Server <DATE_TIME> and <DATE_TIME>, you need to get a separate TS CAL for each client (i.e. each user or each device) that will access Terminal Services in your organisation. This TS license is in addition to your Windows Server CALs.
Microsoft's System Centre products (a line of <IN_PAN>-level administrative software packages) use a special type of license known as a <IN_PAN> license (ML). Applications that use this type of licensing include <LOCATION> Manager <DATE_TIME> and System Center <IN_PAN> Manager <DATE_TIME>. Any desktop or workstation managed by one of these applications needs a client <IN_PAN> license. Any server managed by one of these applications requires a server <IN_PAN> license, and there are two types of server <IN_PAN> licenses – standard and <IN_PAN>. You need one or the other but not both. There are also special licensing requirements if you're managing virtual instances of Windows operating systems. For more information, see TechSoup's Guide to System Center Products and Licensing and Microsoft's white paper on <LOCATION> licensing.
Some Microsoft server products have two client licensing modes, standard and <IN_PAN>. As you might imagine, an <IN_PAN> CAL grants access to more advanced features of a product. Furthermore, with some products, such as Microsoft Exchange, the licenses are additive. In other words, a user needs both a Standard CAL AND an <IN_PAN> CAL in order to access the advanced features. See Exchange Server <DATE_TIME> Editions and Client Access Licenses for more information.
With virtualisation technologies, multiple operating systems can run simultaneously on a single physical server. Every time you install a Microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an "instance" of that application. The number of "instances" of <IN_PAN> application that you can run using a single license varies from product to product. For more information see the Volume Licensing Briefs, Microsoft Licensing for Virtualization and the Windows Server Virtualization <IN_PAN>. For TechSoup Stock products, see the product description for more information.
There are a lot of nuances to Microsoft licensing, and also a lot of excellent resources to help you <IN_PAN> different scenarios.
About the Author:
<PERSON> is a former <IN_PAN> writer and <IN_PAN> analyst for TechSoup for Libraries, which aims to provide IT <IN_PAN> guidance to libraries. His previous <IN_PAN> includes working at <IN_PAN> State Library as a <IN_PAN> and <IN_PAN> trainer, and at the <PERSON> and Melinda Gates <IN_PAN> as a <IN_PAN> trainer and tech support analyst. He received his M.L.S. from the <IN_PAN> of Michigan in <DATE_TIME>.
<IN_PAN> posted here.
Copyright © <DATE_TIME> CompuMentor. This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
The latest version of Microsoft Office Professional Plus is an integrated collection of programs, servers, and services designed to work together to enable optimised information work.
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Hold the salt: UCLA engineers develop revolutionary new desalination membrane
Process uses atmospheric pressure plasma to create filtering 'brush layer'
Desalination can become more <IN_PAN> and used as a viable alternate water resource.
By <PERSON>
<IN_PAN> published in UCLA Newsroom
Researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have unveiled a new class of reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination that resist the clogging which typically occurs when seawater, brackish water and waste water are purified.
The highly permeable, surface-<IN_PAN> membrane can easily be incorporated into <DATE_TIME>'s <IN_PAN> system, the researchers say, and could help to significantly reduce desalination operating costs. Their findings appear in the current issue of the Journal of Materials Chemistry.
Reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination uses high pressure to force polluted water through the pores of a membrane. While water molecules pass through the pores, mineral salt ions, bacteria and other <IN_PAN> cannot. Over time, these particles build up on the membrane's surface, leading to clogging and membrane damage. This scaling and fouling places higher energy demands on the pumping system and necessitates costly cleanup and membrane replacement.
The new UCLA membrane's novel surface <IN_PAN> and chemistry allow it to avoid such drawbacks.
"Besides <IN_PAN> high water permeability, the new membrane also shows high rejection characteristics and long-term stability," said <PERSON>, a UCLA Engineering senior <IN_PAN> and the study's lead author. "Structuring the membrane surface does not require a long reaction time, high reaction temperature or the use of a vacuum chamber. The anti-scaling property, which can increase membrane life and decrease operational costs, is superior to existing <IN_PAN> membranes."
The new membrane was synthesized through a <IN_PAN> process. First, researchers synthesized a polyamide thin-film composite membrane using conventional interfacial polymerization. Next, they activated the polyamide surface with atmospheric pressure plasma to create active sites on the surface. Finally, these active sites were used to initiate a graft polymerization reaction with a monomer solution to create a polymer "brush layer" on the polyamide surface. This graft polymerization is carried out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and <IN_PAN>.
"In <DATE_TIME>, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber," said <PERSON>, UCLA professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and a corresponding author of the study. "It wasn't practical for large-scale commercialization because thousands of meters of membranes could not be synthesized in a vacuum chamber. It's too costly. But now, with the advent of atmospheric pressure plasma, we don't even need to initiate the reaction <IN_PAN>. It's as simple as brushing the surface with plasma, and it can be done for almost any surface."
In this new membrane, the polymer chains of the tethered brush layer are in constant motion. The chains are <IN_PAN> anchored to the surface and are thus more thermally stable, relative to <IN_PAN> coated polymer films. Water flow also adds to the brush layer's movement, making it extremely difficult for bacteria and other colloidal matter to anchor to the surface of the membrane.
"If you've ever snorkeled, you'll know that sea kelp move back and forth with the current or water flow," <PERSON> said. "So imagine that you have this varied structure with <IN_PAN> movement. Protein or bacteria need to be able to anchor to multiple spots on the membrane to attach <IN_PAN> to the surface — a task which is extremely difficult to attain due to the constant motion of the brush layer. The polymer chains protect and screen the membrane surface <IN_PAN>."
Another factor in <IN_PAN> adhesion is the surface charge of the membrane. <PERSON>'s team is able to choose the chemistry of the brush layer to impart the desired surface charge, enabling the membrane to repel molecules of an opposite charge.
The team's next step is to expand the membrane synthesis into a much larger, <IN_PAN> process and to optimize the new membrane's performance for different water sources.
"We want to be able to narrow down and create a membrane selection system for different water sources that have different fouling <IN_PAN>," <PERSON> said. "With such knowledge, one can optimize the membrane surface <IN_PAN> with different polymer brush layers to delay or prevent the onset of membrane fouling and scaling.
"The cost of desalination will therefore decrease when we reduce the cost of chemicals [used for membrane cleaning], as well as process operation [for membrane replacement]. Desalination can become more <IN_PAN> and used as a viable alternate water resource."
<PERSON>'s team, in collaboration with the UCLA Water <IN_PAN> Research (WaTeR) Center, is currently carrying out specific studies to test the performance of the new membrane's fouling <IN_PAN> under field <IN_PAN>.
"We work directly with industry and water agencies on <IN_PAN> that we're doing here in water <IN_PAN>," <PERSON> said. "The reason for this is simple: If we are to <IN_PAN> the transfer of knowledge <IN_PAN> from the <IN_PAN> to the real world, where those solutions are needed, we have to make sure we address the real issues. This also provides our students with a <IN_PAN> opportunity to work with industry, <IN_PAN> and local agencies."
A paper providing a preliminary introduction to the new membrane also appeared in the Journal of Membrane Science <DATE_TIME>.
Published: <DATE_TIME>
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Not Just for Kids
The Hunt for Falling Leaves...
Nature's Color on the Ground
by <PERSON>
Being a reporter, I am always looking for an adventure. <DATE_TIME>, I found one.
I left work to go on a simple journey, but it turned out to be much more.
First, I crossed a <IN_PAN> stream. Then, I came face to face with flying creatures, fighting to get near me. I even endured webmakers spinning my hair into a shiny maze.
Where did I go? Into the woods, of course. Why? I wanted to gather some fallen leaves.
My luck was good that day. I was able to spy lots of different kinds of leaves lying on the ground. Some were leaves I had never seen. Some were still green, while others were changing to their autumn colors.
Have you ever hunted for leaves? I wonder if you know the names of five of the trees that live in your neighborhood? I bet the answer is no.
Well, me neither. So I had five of the leaves analyzed. I had found the leaves from an oak, a beech, a sweet gum tree and more.
Now, I invite you to make this journey.
Narrow body with pointy edges
Narrow body with pointy edges
May grow berries
Good for sap & color
3 distinct <NRP>
May grow nuts
This is your task...
Travel to the deep, dark woods (in the daylight) to find these 5 leaves. Cut out the page and take it with you. Make sure you can match your discovery with mine. Happy leaf-hunting!
Stone Soup <DATE_TIME> (11:30am)-Enjoy lunch and a show. After you eat peanut butter & jelly, watch <PERSON>, performed by the Lost Caravan. Lunch is at <DATE_TIME>; show starts at <DATE_TIME>. <LOCATION>, Off Rt. 50 approaching <LOCATION>: <DATE_TIME>.
All Aboard <DATE_TIME> (2pm)-Chug a chug to Zany Brainy for train fun. Listen to stories and sing railroad songs. Build your own trains. Ages 3+. Zany Brainy, <LOCATION>. <PERSON>. Ctr.: <DATE_TIME>.
Tiny Tots Fall for Nature Tues. <DATE_TIME> (<DATE_TIME>) Three- to <DATE_TIME> (and their adult) hike into the woods to hear autumn stories, gather leaves and make a craft. Bring a bag lunch to enjoy w/apple cider @ King's <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>. $3 rsvp: <PHONE_NUMBER>.
Spooky Stories in the Woods Tues. <DATE_TIME> (10:30-noon)-Hike with a ranger to a clearing in the woods. Listen to autumn stories and drink warm apple cider. <PERSON> leaves to make a craft. Bring a bag lunch. Kings <LOCATION>, Huntingtown: <PHONE_NUMBER>.
Musical Minds Wed. <DATE_TIME> (4-4:45pm)-Music makes the world go round. So sing, listen to stories and play musical instruments. Ages 2-4. <IN_PAN> Children's Museum, Festival at Riva. $8.50; rsvp: <DATE_TIME>.
Nature Designs Deadline <DATE_TIME>-Create your favorite nature scene out of clay or on paper to win prizes. Age <IN_PAN> are 3-5, 6-8 and <DATE_TIME>. Place winners win nature books or statues. All art forms accepted. Take your masterpiece to <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>: <PHONE_NUMBER>.
Tiny Tots get in Touch with Mother Nature Sat. <DATE_TIME> (10-10:30am)
Tiny tots (2-3 w/adult) learn nature by touch, feeling the many different
textures rough and soft in the world around us. @ <LOCATION>,
Prince Frederick: <PHONE_NUMBER>.
| Issue 40 |
Volume VII Number 40
<DATE_TIME>
New Bay Times
| Homepage |
| Back to Archives |
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The Solar and <LOCATION> (SOHO) <IN_PAN> is expected to discover its 1,000TH comet <DATE_TIME>.
The SOHO <IN_PAN> is a joint effort between NASA and the European Space Agency. It has accounted for approximately one-half of all comet discoveries with computed orbits in the history of astronomy.
"Before SOHO was launched, only 16 sun grazing comets had been <IN_PAN> by space observatories. Based on that <IN_PAN>, who could have predicted SOHO would discover more than 60 times that number, and in <DATE_TIME>," said Dr. <PERSON>. He is senior project scientist for NASA's Living With a Star program at the agency's Goddard Space Flight Center, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION> "This is truly a <IN_PAN> achievement!"
About 85 percent of the comets SOHO <IN_PAN> belongs to the Kreutz group of sun grazing comets, so named because their orbits take them very close to <LOCATION>'s star. The Kreutz sun grazers pass within 500,000 miles of the star's visible surface. Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, is about 36 million miles from the solar surface.
SOHO has also been used to discover three other well<IN_PAN> comet groups: the <PERSON>, with at least 55 members; <PERSON>, with at least 21 members; and the <PERSON>, with 24 members. These groups are named after the astronomers who suggested the comets are related, because they have similar orbits.
Many comet discoveries were made by amateurs using SOHO images on the Internet. SOHO comet hunters come from all over the world. <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, and <LOCATION> are among the many countries whose citizens have used SOHO to chase comets.
Almost all of SOHO's comets are <IN_PAN> using images from its Large Angle and <LOCATION> (LASCO) <IN_PAN>. LASCO is used to observe the faint, multimillion-degree outer <IN_PAN> of the sun, called the corona. A disk in the <IN_PAN> is used to make an <IN_PAN> eclipse, blocking direct light from the sun, so the much fainter corona can be seen. Sun grazing comets are <IN_PAN> when they enter LASCO's field of view as they pass close by the star.
"Building coronagraphs like LASCO is still more art than science, because the light we are trying to detect is very faint," said Dr. <PERSON>, <LOCATION> project scientist for SOHO at Goddard. "Any imperfections in the optics or dust in the <IN_PAN> will scatter the light, making the images too noisy to be useful. Discovering almost 1,000 comets since SOHO's launch on <DATE_TIME> is a testament to the skill of the LASCO team."
SOHO successfully completed its primary mission in <DATE_TIME>. It has enough fuel to remain on station to keep hunting comets for <DATE_TIME> if the LASCO continues to function.
For information about SOHO on the Internet, visit:
Explore further: Long-term warming, short-term variability: Why climate change is still an issue
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<LOCATION>: Coca-chewing protest outside <LOCATION> embassy
<IN_PAN> activists in <LOCATION> have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice.
Hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the <LOCATION> embassy in <LOCATION> and in other cities across the country.
<LOCATION> wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the <LOCATION>.
But the <LOCATION> has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine.
The <IN_PAN> outside the <LOCATION> embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, <IN_PAN>, sweets and ointments.
They were <IN_PAN> a <NRP> <IN_PAN> campaign to amend the <DATE_TIME> UN Single <IN_PAN> on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf.
The <IN_PAN> that coca-chewing be <IN_PAN> within <DATE_TIME> of the <IN_PAN> coming into effect in <DATE_TIME>.
<LOCATION> says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the <URL>adication
The <LOCATION> is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production.
In a statement, the <LOCATION> embassy said <LOCATION> recognised coca-chewing as a "traditional custom" of <LOCATION>'s indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment.
"The position of the <LOCATION> government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking," it said.
The <LOCATION> is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the <LOCATION> for <DATE_TIME>.
<LOCATION> is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after <LOCATION> and <LOCATION>, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug.
<NRP> President <PERSON> has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine.
As well as being <LOCATION>'s first indigenous head of state, Mr <PERSON> is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union.
The <NRP> amendment would come into effect on <DATE_TIME> only if there were no objections.
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Breaking the COX code
Using the team approach
Editor’s Note: This story, first published in <DATE_TIME>, has been updated.
Prostaglandins, which were first isolated from the prostate gland in <DATE_TIME>, are very rapidly metabolized, or broken down, making measurement in the blood difficult. Researchers at <IN_PAN> led by <PERSON>, <PERSON>, developed methods for measuring levels of prostaglandin metabolites (breakdown products) in the urine using mass spectrometry.
Using this technique, the research team—which by <DATE_TIME> included <PERSON>, M.D.—<IN_PAN> prostaglandin <US_DRIVER_LICENSE> as a product of the human mast cell and demonstrated its release during allergic asthma.
With <IN_PAN> including <PERSON>, <LOCATION>, now chair of Pharmacology at the <IN_PAN> of Pennsylvania, <PERSON> and <PERSON> showed that low doses of aspirin blocked the <IN_PAN> of thromboxane, a prostaglandin made by platelets that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. Their findings supported the use of low dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks.
In <DATE_TIME>, <IN_PAN> researchers led by <PERSON>, <LOCATION>, Ph.D., <IN_PAN> a link between the COX-2 enzyme and colon cancer. That work helped lead to current tests of COX-2 <IN_PAN> as a potential way to prevent cancer.
In <DATE_TIME> another group led by the late <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>, <PERSON>, director of the <IN_PAN>-Oncology division at <IN_PAN>, reported that urine levels of a prostaglandin <IN_PAN> called PGE-M could predict the effectiveness of a COX-2 inhibitor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. This suggests, Morrow said in <DATE_TIME>, “that the measurement of these inflammatory ‘mediators’ and their suppression may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer.”
COX enzymes also may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to prostaglandins, the COX pathway can lead to the <IN_PAN> of highly reactive molecular compounds called levuglandins, which, in turn, can form “adducts,” or irreversible attachments to proteins that may be toxic to nerve cells.
Also in <DATE_TIME>, <PERSON> and his colleagues at Vanderbilt and Johns Hopkins University reported that they found a 12-fold increase in the level of adducts in the brains of patients who had Alzheimer’s disease compared to age-matched control brains.
“These are the first clear data showing that COX products are elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease,” says <PERSON>, <PERSON> Professor of Medicine and professor of Pharmacology.
Vanderbilt currently is participating in a national trial to see if long-term use of COX inhibitors will reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or <IN_PAN> of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional <IN_PAN>.
<DATE_TIME>
Explanation: As seen from <PERSON> island in northern <LOCATION> the Sun did set <DATE_TIME>. From that location below <LOCATION> it settled slowly behind the northern horizon. During the sunset's <DATE_TIME>, this remarkable sequence of 7 images follows the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappears against a distant tree line, capturing both a green and blue flash. Not a myth even in a land of runes, the colorful but elusive glints are caused by atmospheric refraction enhanced by long, low, sight lines and strong atmospheric temperature gradients.
Authors & editors:
<PERSON> (UMCP)
NASA Official: <PERSON> Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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Network With <LOCATION>
Join us on Facebook to get the latest news and updates.
<PERSON> Story
Using Think-Alouds to Get Inside <PERSON> Head
Over <DATE_TIME> of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where I have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. I've always been able to turn to <URL> for hands-on, engaging lessons. For example, I knew I wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. While searching through the myriad options on <PERSON>, I came upon "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds."
At first, I planned to use the lesson exactly as written: Read <PERSON> poem "Dream Variation" and model a think-aloud with students; then have the students try their hand at some think-alouds using other poetry. After working out all of the details, I realized I could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. After completing the think-aloud to "Dream Variation," I broke students into selected groups. Each group was given a different <PERSON> poem and asked to complete a think-aloud. <DATE_TIME>, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their Langston Hughes poem conveyed. Based on the meanings behind their group mates' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and "Dream Variation," students were asked to figure out who <PERSON> was as a man. What did he stand for? What were his beliefs? What did he want out of life? Students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head-shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who Hughes could be. This simple lesson of working with poems and think-alouds turned into <DATE_TIME> of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study!
Without great lessons available on <URL>, such as "Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds," my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time.
Grades 6 – 8 | Lesson Plan | Standard Lesson
Students learn components of think-alouds and type-of-text interactions through teacher modeling. In the process, students develop the ability to use think-alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks.
<PERSON> describes how she used ReadWriteThink in her classroom.
I have been teaching seventh- and eighth-grade language arts in <LOCATION> for <DATE_TIME>. I grew up in <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, but have called <LOCATION> my home since completing my undergraduate and master’s work at the University of Delaware. Teaching and learning have become my prime passions in life, which is why my days are spent teaching English, directing plays, organizing the school newspaper, and teaching yoga in the evenings.
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King <PERSON> of <LOCATION> (who was also <PERSON> of <LOCATION>) inherited the throne in <DATE_TIME> upon the death of his brother, <PERSON>. <PERSON> was unpopular because of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the <NRP> faith. Deposed in the "Glorious <IN_PAN>" of <DATE_TIME>, he fled to <LOCATION>. His daughter and <IN_PAN> succeeded him as Queen <PERSON> and King <PERSON>. <PERSON> died in <DATE_TIME>.
Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at <URL>. Your purchase through these links will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the <URL> site.
<PERSON> by <PERSON>. <PERSON> from the Yale English Monarchs series.
<PERSON>: The Triumph and the Tragedy by <PERSON>. Charts <PERSON>' life using little-known material from the UK National Archives. Includes <PERSON>' own description of the Battle of Edgehill, his reasons for his <IN_PAN> to Catholicism, and his correspondence with <PERSON>.
A Court in Exile: The <PERSON> in <LOCATION>, <DATE_TIME> by Edward Corp. After <PERSON> was deposed, he established his court in <LOCATION>. The book describes his court and the close relationships between the <NRP> and <NRP> royal families.
King in Exile: <PERSON> Warrior, King and <PERSON> by <PERSON>. <IN_PAN> <PERSON>'s strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, <IN_PAN> a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim.
<PERSON> and the Trial of the Seven Bishops by <PERSON>. The trial of seven bishops in <DATE_TIME> was a prelude to the Glorious Revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread welcome for <PERSON> invasion.
The Making of King <PERSON> by <PERSON> is about the formative years of the fallen king. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris.
The <PERSON> and <PERSON> of <LOCATION> and King <PERSON> by <PERSON>. Novel about <PERSON>, a royal mistress forced to make the most perilous of choices: to remain loyal to the king, or to <LOCATION>.
The Crown for a Lie by <PERSON>. Novel about how <PERSON> lost his throne. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris.
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RWJF Priority: Use pricing strategies—both incentives and disincentives—to promote the purchase of healthier foods
Prices can significantly affect family food choices and are emerging as an important strategy in the movement to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, when healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are more affordable, children are less likely to gain excess weight. And leading health authorities, including the Institute of Medicine, recommend new policies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are one of the top sources of calories in the <NRP> diet.
The resources below, from RWJF grantees and partners, explore the possible health and economic impacts of using pricing strategies to promote consumption of healthy foods and beverages and discourage consumption of unhealthy products.
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This section provides primary sources that document how <NRP> and <NRP> men and one English and one <NRP> woman have described the practice of sati, or the self-<IN_PAN> of <NRP> widows.
Although they are all critical of self-<IN_PAN>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, Lord <PERSON>, and Rev. <LOCATION> present four different <NRP> perspectives on the practice of sati and what it <IN_PAN> about <NRP> culture in general, and the <NRP> religion and <NRP> women in <IN_PAN>. They also indicate <IN_PAN> in <NRP> attitudes toward <LOCATION> and the <NRP> religion in general. It would be useful to compare the attitudes of <LOCATION> and <LOCATION> as representing the secular and sacred aspects of <NRP> criticism of sati. A <IN_PAN> of <PERSON>’s minute with the <IN_PAN> legislation also reveals differences in tone between private and public documents of colonial officials. Finally, a <IN_PAN> between <PERSON> and the three men should raise <IN_PAN> on whether or not the gender and social status of the writer made any <IN_PAN> in his or her appraisal of the practice of self-<IN_PAN>.
The three sources by <NRP> men and one by an <NRP> woman <IN_PAN> the diversity of their attitudes toward sati. The Marathi source illuminates the material concerns of relatives of the <NRP> widow who is urged to adopt a son, so as to keep a potentially lucrative office within the extended family. These men are willing to undertake intense and delicate negotiations to secure a suitably related male child who could be adopted. This letter also documents that adoption was a <IN_PAN> practice among <NRP>, and that <NRP> women as well as men could adopt an heir. <PERSON>’s argument illustrates a rationalist effort to reform <NRP> customs with the <IN_PAN> of <NRP> legislation. <PERSON> illustrates one of the many ways in which <NRP> collaborate with <NRP> political power in order to secure change within <NRP> society. He also enabled the <NRP> to counter the arguments of orthodox <NRP> about the <IN_PAN> basis for the <IN_PAN> of self-<IN_PAN> of <NRP> widows. The petition of the orthodox <NRP> community in <LOCATION>, the capital of the Company’s territories in <LOCATION>, documents an early effort of <NRP> to keep the <NRP> colonial power from legislating on matters <IN_PAN> to the private sphere of <NRP> family life. Finally, Pandita Ramabai reflects the ways in which ancient <NRP> <IN_PAN> and their interpretation continued to dominate debate. Students should consider how Ramabai’s effort to raise funds for her future work among child widows in <LOCATION> might have <IN_PAN> her <IN_PAN> of sati.
Two key issues should be <IN_PAN>. First, both <NRP> <IN_PAN> and <NRP> and <NRP> opponents of the practice of self-<IN_PAN> argue their positions on the bodies of <NRP> women, and all the men involved appeal to <NRP> <IN_PAN> to <IN_PAN> their support or <IN_PAN>. Second, the voices of <NRP> women were filtered through the sieve of <NRP> and <NRP> men and a very few <NRP> women until <DATE_TIME>.
- How do the written and visual sources portray the <NRP> women who commit self-<IN_PAN>? Possible aspects range from physical <IN_PAN> and age, <IN_PAN>, evidence of physical pain (that even the most devoted woman must suffer while burning to death), to any evidence of the agency or autonomy of the <NRP> widow in deciding to commit sati. Are any differences discernible, and if so, do they seem related to gender or nationality of the observer or time period in which they were observed?
- How are the brahman priests who preside at the self-<IN_PAN> portrayed in <NRP> and <NRP> sources? What might account for any similarities and differences?
- What reasons are used to deter <NRP> widows from <IN_PAN> sati? What do these reasons reveal about the nature of family life in <LOCATION> and the relationships between men and women?
- What do the reasons that orthodox <NRP> provide to <NRP> observers and to <NRP> reformers reveal about the significance of sati for the practice of the <NRP> religion? What do their arguments reveal about orthodox <NRP> attitudes toward women and the family?
- How are <NRP> <IN_PAN> used in various ways in the debates before and after the prohibition of sati?
- What is the tone of the petition from 800 <NRP> to their <NRP> governor? Whom do they claim to represent? What is their justification for the ritual of self-<IN_PAN>? What is their attitude toward the <PERSON> empire whose <NRP> rulers had preceded the <NRP>? What is their characterization of the petitioners toward those <NRP> who support the prohibition on sati? How do the petitioners envision the proper relationship between the state and the practice of religion among its subjects?
- Who or what factors do <NRP> observers, <NRP> officials, and <NRP> opponents of sati hold to be responsible for the continuance of the practice of sati?
- What were the reasons that widows gave for <IN_PAN> sati? Were they religious, social or material motives? What is the evidence that the widows were voluntarily <IN_PAN> sati before <DATE_TIME>? What reasons did the opponents of sati give for the decisions of widows to commit self-immolation? What reasons did opponents give for widows who tried to escape from their husbands’ pyres?
- What are the reasons that Lord <PERSON> and his Executive Council cite for their decision to declare the practice of sati illegal? Are the arguments similar to or different from his arguments in <DATE_TIME>? What do these reasons reveal about <NRP> attitudes toward their role or mission in <LOCATION>? Do they use any of the arguments cited by <PERSON> or Pandita Ramabai?
- What do these sources, both those who oppose sati and those who advocate it, reveal about their attitudes to the <NRP> religion in particular and <NRP> culture in general?
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<urn:uuid:672e69ee-fd10-42dc-8e01-f4fde95914a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson5/lesson5.php?menu=1&c=strategies&s=0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957252
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|
<DATE_TIME>
CDC Releases New Report on Autism <IN_PAN> in <LOCATION>
Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health contributed to a new Centers for Disease Control and <IN_PAN> (CDC) report that estimates the <IN_PAN> of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as affecting 1 in 88 <LOCATION> children overall, and 1 in 54 boys.
This is the third such report by the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities <IN_PAN> Network (ADDM), which has used the same surveillance methods for <DATE_TIME>. Previous ADDM reports estimated the rate of ASDs at 1 in 110 children in the <DATE_TIME> report that looked at data from <DATE_TIME>, and 1 in 150 children in the <DATE_TIME> report, which covered data from <DATE_TIME>. The current <IN_PAN> estimate, which analyzed data from <DATE_TIME>, <IN_PAN> a 78 percent increase since <DATE_TIME>, and a 23 percent increase since <DATE_TIME>.
ASDs include diagnoses of autistic disorder, <PERSON> disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). ASDs encompass a wide spectrum of <IN_PAN>, all of which affect communication, social and <IN_PAN> skills. The causes of these developmental disorders are not <IN_PAN>, although studies show that both environment and genetics play an important and complex role. There is no known cure for ASDs, but studies have shown that <IN_PAN> interventions, particularly those begun early in a child’s life, can greatly improve learning and skills.
The latest CDC report, “<IN_PAN> of Autism Spectrum Disorders – Autism and Developmental Disabilities <IN_PAN> Network, 14 Sites, <LOCATION>, <DATE_TIME>,” provides autism <IN_PAN> estimates from different areas of <LOCATION>, including <LOCATION>. The purpose of the report is to provide high-quality data on the extent and distribution of ASDs in the <LOCATION> <IN_PAN>, to promote better planning for health and educational services, and to inform the further development of research on the causes, progression, and <IN_PAN>.
“We continue observing increases in <IN_PAN> since the inception of the project in <DATE_TIME>,” said <PERSON>, PhD, a psychiatric epidemiologist with the Bloomberg School"s Departments of Epidemiology and Mental Health and the principal investigator for the <IN_PAN> project’s <LOCATION> site. “In <LOCATION>, we found 27 percent of children with ASDs were never diagnosed by professionals. So, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in <DATE_TIME>.”
The new report, which focuses on <DATE_TIME> because that is an age where most children with ASD have been <IN_PAN>, shows that the number of those affected varies widely among the 14 participating states, with <LOCATION> having the the highest overall rate (1 in <DATE_TIME>) and <LOCATION> the lowest (1 in 210). Across all sites, nearly five times as many boys as girls are affected. Additionally, growing numbers of minority children are being diagnosed, with a 91 percent increase among black <NRP> children and a 110 percent increase for <NRP> children. Researchers say better screening and diagnosis may <IN_PAN> to those increases among minority children.
The overall rate in <LOCATION> is 1 in 80 children; 1 in 49 boys and 1 in 256 girls. In <LOCATION>, the <IN_PAN> has increased 85 percent from <DATE_TIME>. The increase was 41 percent <DATE_TIME>, and 35 percent <DATE_TIME>.
The data were gathered through collaboration with the Maryland State <IN_PAN> of Education and participating schools in <PERSON>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION> and <LOCATION> counties, as well as clinical sources such as Kennedy Krieger Institute, Mt. <IN_PAN> Pediatric Hospital, and <IN_PAN> of Maryland Medical System.
While the report focuses on the numbers, its authors acknowledge that the reasons for the increase are not <IN_PAN> and that more research is needed. They note that the increase is likely due in part to a broadened <IN_PAN> of ASDs, greater awareness among the public and professionals, and the way children receive services in their local communities. “It’s very difficult, if not <IN_PAN>, to tease these factors apart to quantify how much each of these factors contributed to the increase,” Dr. <PERSON> said.
But whatever the cause, “This report paints a picture of the magnitude of the condition across our country and helps us <IN_PAN> how communities identify children with autism. One thing the data tell us with certainty – there are more children and families that need help,” said CDC Director <PERSON>, <LOCATION>, MPH.
Researchers also <IN_PAN> the median age of ASD diagnosis, <IN_PAN> in records. In <LOCATION>, that age was <DATE_TIME> and <DATE_TIME>, compared with <DATE_TIME>, <DATE_TIME> <IN_PAN>. Across all sites, children who have autistic disorder tend to be <IN_PAN> earlier, while those with <PERSON> tend to be diagnosed later. Given the <IN_PAN> of early intervention, ADDM researchers carefully track at what age children receive an ASD diagnosis.
“Unfortunately, most children still are not diagnosed until after they reach <DATE_TIME>. We’ve heard from too many parents that they were concerned long before their child was diagnosed. We are working hard to change that,” said <PERSON>, PhD, MSHyg, director of CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.
To see the full report: <URL>
To the Community Report with state <IN_PAN>: <URL>
Media contact for Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: <PERSON> at <UK_NHS> or <EMAIL_ADDRESS>
|
<urn:uuid:c63d3de8-6d63-4687-b45d-41b137a97594>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2012/lee-autism-prevalence.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946067
| 1,200
| 2.8125
| 3
|
- Yes, this is a good time to plant native grass seed in the ground. You may have to supplement with irrigation if the rains stop before the seeds have germinated and made good root growth.
- Which grasses should I plant? The wonderful thing about <LOCATION> is that we have so many different ecosystems; the challenging thing about <LOCATION> is that we have so many different ecosystems. It’s impossible for us to know definitively which particular bunchgrasses used to grow or may still grow at your particular site, but to make the best guesses possible, we recommend the following:
- <LOCATION> scenario is to have bunchgrasses already on the site that you can augment through proper mowing or grazing techniques.
- Next best is to have a nearby site with native bunchgrasses and similar elevation, aspect, and soils, that you can use as a model.
- After that, go to sources such as our pamphlet Distribution of Native Grasses of <LOCATION>, by <PERSON>, $7.50.
- Also reference local floras of your area, available through the California Native Plant Society.
Container growing: We grow seedlings in pots throughout <DATE_TIME>, but ideal planning for growing your own plants in pots is to sow <DATE_TIME> before you want to put them in the ground. Though restorationists frequently use plugs and liners (long narrow containers), and they may be required for large areas, we prefer growing them the horticultural way: first in flats, then transplanting into 4" pots, and when they are sturdy little plants, into the ground. Our thinking is that since they are not tap-rooted but fibrous-rooted (one of their main advantages as far as deep erosion control is concerned) square 4" pots suit them, and so far our experiences have borne this out.
In future newsletters, we will be reporting on the experiences and opinions of <LOCATION> ranchers <PERSON> and <PERSON>, who are working with UC Berkeley researcher <PERSON> on a study of carbon sequestration and bunchgrasses. So far, it’s very promising. But more on that later. For now, I’ll end with a quote from <PERSON>, who grows, eats, nurtures, lives, and sleeps bunchgrasses, for the health of their land and the benefit of their cows.
“It takes a while. But it’s so worth it.”
|
<urn:uuid:c183066d-32a9-42eb-91b6-191fdb0980c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://judithlarnerlowry.blogspot.com/2009/02/simplifying-california-native.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956731
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| 2.515625
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I’m struggling a bit to teach my children to pack for themselves. I want them to learn how to be self-reliant, but I also want to make sure they have everything they need for <DATE_TIME>. If I don’t triple check every detail, they’re likely to be fully prepared for snack time but missing important papers or sports equipment. What’s the right thing to do?
Your desire to raise self-reliant children is fantastic. But there’s no doubt that passing the baton can be tough. The first question has to be: how old are your children? A good general rule of thumb is, if they’re old enough to read, they’re old enough to pack their own bags. Assuming your little ones are old enough, the most effective thing to do is give them some time frame to take complete responsibility for getting themselves ready, ask questions to help prompt them if you think they aren’t paying attention to something crucial, and most importantly, when things aren’t crucial (e.g. do they have the right uniform packed), letting them fail. Nothing teaches quite like experience. As you let go of the reigns a bit, here are some more ideas to guide you.
• Planning Starts <DATE_TIME>. Mornings are not the right time to teach your children how to pack themselves. You’re rushed, and they’re often bleary-eyed and grumpy. The ideal time to sit down with them, explain what you are trying to accomplish, and get them to start preparing for <DATE_TIME> is after homework but before TV time. That way you have time to ask them questions and offer un-stressed help in the initial stages. This is a process that will take time and spending time in the evenings helping them learn how to become responsible for themselves is time well spent.
• Explain as You Go. You need to develop a checklist with them and then go through the items. Don’t criticize or watch over the task being done. Accept that the task will not be done exactly the way you would do it but recognize that as long as it is accomplished and done on time, that it is okay. In the beginning, be prepared to patiently ask and answer a lot of questions! Why do emergency numbers need to be in the backpacks? Because you might need to call someone. Why does lunch have to be prepared? So that mom knows they are eating healthy and, besides, too much sugar will make them feel bad, Why do you keep asking about permission slips or projects that need to go with them? Because it’s important they do not miss out on something the rest of the class is doing. This is just a primer but you get the idea.
• Provide Feedback. Once the task has been completed, give constructive feedback to the person. As a guideline, tell your son or daughter five great things about the job for every one criticism. If after some time you notice they are consistently sloppy or forgetful, be patient but firm and make sure there are consequences for actions.
|
<urn:uuid:c2dcc337-4538-4bf9-8838-d2005b03e76d>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.mommytracked.com/node/4457/print
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964187
| 638
| 2.59375
| 3
|
<URL> - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Table of contents
Bluetooth is an <IN_PAN> specification for wireless data transfer. Bluetooth connectivity is often found in high-end keyboards and mice. Bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in <IN_PAN> to RF <IN_PAN>.
DPI and FPS
DPI (dots per inch) and FPS (frames per second) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. These figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse's sensor. The greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more <IN_PAN> and precisely the surface can be tracked. To detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface.
Currently 400 and 800 DPI optical mice as well as 800 DPI laser mice are very popular, but some high-end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even <DATE_TIME> DPI tracking speeds.
The Personal System/2 or PS/2 was the designation for IBM's second generation of personal computers. The PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. PS/2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color-coded on <DATE_TIME>'s systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. Most desktop motherboards still provide PS/2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using USB ports.
Radio Frequency (RF) is a wireless communication technology. Using RF technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables.
The USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is a popular I/O interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. It is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy-chained peripheral devices simultaneously. The latest USB 2.0 specification can deliver 480Mbps data transfer bandwidth. In addition, USB provides plug-and-play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on. <DATE_TIME>, many keyboard and mice use the USB interface.
|
<urn:uuid:cc2f6ff5-32a8-4803-8794-bd3c0c07dc53>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.newegg.com/Product/CategoryIntelligenceArticle.aspx?articleId=94
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925089
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| 2.5625
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|
exactly located (exactlyLocated)
The actual, minimal location of an
Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate
SUMO / BASE-ONTOLOGY
Related WordNet synsets
- the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street"
Agar obj is partly located in region, to yah <PERSON>, <PERSON> is a part of obj aur subobj is exactly located in region.
(partlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
(part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
(exactlyLocated ?SUBOBJ ?REGION))))
Agar obj is exactly located in region, to yah kuch <PERSON>, <PERSON> otherobj is exactly located in region aur otherobj is not equal to obj.
(exactlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
(exactlyLocated ?OTHEROBJ ?REGION)
(equal ?OTHEROBJ ?OBJ))))))
"thing <PERSON>" is equal to region agar hai thing is exactly located in region during time.
(WhereFn ?THING ?TIME)
(exactlyLocated ?THING ?REGION)))
|
<urn:uuid:c9bd6a3e-3426-45f4-8eec-ef2af2ae747f>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://virtual.cvut.cz/kifb/hindi/concepts/exactly_located.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895518
| 279
| 3.359375
| 3
|
<PERSON> - the external expression of respect
In Iaido dojo you will practice with a wooden sword (<PERSON>), or a training sword (Iaito), or even a real <NRP> sword with a cutting blade (<PERSON>). There will be numerous people practicing, all in one room. Following the rules of etiquette ensures that no one gets injured. Also, following the rules of etiquette enhances practice in other ways. The teacher can more quickly determine skill levels when students line up in the order of rank. The ceremonial bowing serves as a concentration and focusing point; when bowing, practitioners shows respect for others. Maintaining observant silence allows students to focus their attention and practice reading body language. Cleaning the dojo after practice leaves it ready for the next group.
Always remember, reishiki comes from the heart and without sincere respect it will be only an empty gestures.
- Be on time.
- Do not make class wait.
- Finger and toe nails must be cut short and all jewelry removed.
- Remove shoes before entering.
- A sword should be untied and held in the right hand.
- Step directly in to the dojo.
- Do not block doorway.
- Stop and bow to <LOCATION>.
- Avoid drawing or pointing a sword toward <LOCATION>.
- Before practice, be sure your sword is in proper shape.
- Check the <PERSON>.
- Place it at <PERSON> (opposite side of room from shinzen) with the Ha to the wall.
- Never touch a sword without the owner's permission.
- Do not knock or step over any sword.
- The floor must be cleared and swept.
- Leave the Dojo ready for those who practice after you.
- Eating, drinking, and smoking are not allowed on the Dojo floor.
- When on the practice floor do not have private conversations other than iaido related subjects.
- Tell the teacher of any injuries or problems, or of having to leave early.
- Do not leave without permission.
- Do not speak when teacher is speaking.
- Thank the teacher.
- Show respect to other iaidoka (students)
- Do not draw directly towards others.
- Do not do anything that may distract or injure a fellow practitioner or spectator.
|
<urn:uuid:566c0f69-f932-4d46-abcd-00f058076cf6>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.artofiaido.com/etiquette
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.853047
| 483
| 2.796875
| 3
|
- Enter a word for the <IN_PAN>.
From The Collaborative International <IN_PAN> of English v.0.48:
Nectarine \Nec`tar*ine"\ (n[e^]k`t[~e]r*[=e]n"), <PERSON> F. nectarine. See Nectar.] (Bot.) A smooth-skinned variety of peach. [<DATE_TIME> <PERSON>] Spanish nectarine, the plumlike fruit of the <NRP> tree Chrysobalanus Icaco; -- also called cocoa plum. It is made into a sweet conserve which is largely exported from <LOCATION>. [<DATE_TIME> <PERSON>]
|
<urn:uuid:8026eb8e-2045-4425-bfb5-1eb355f7472a>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.crosswordpuzzlehelp.net/old/dictionary.php?q=Spanish%20nectarine
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.782571
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|
Throughout life there are many times when outside influences change or influence decision-making. The young child has inner motivation to learn and explore, but as he matures, finds outside sources to be a motivating force for development, as well. Along with being a beneficial influence, there are moments when peer pressure can overwhelm a child and lead him down a challenging path. And, peer pressure is a real thing – it is not only observable, but changes the way the brain behaves.
As a young adult, observational learning plays a part in development through observing and then doing. A child sees another child playing a game in a certain way and having success, so the observing child tries the same behavior. <PERSON> was a leading researcher in this area. His famous <PERSON> doll studies found that the young child is greatly influenced by observing other’s actions. When a child sees something that catches his attention, he retains the information, attempts to reproduce it, and then feels motivated to continue the behavior if it is met with success.
Observational learning and peer pressure are two different things – one being the observing of behaviors and then the child attempting to reproduce them based on a child’s own free will. Peer pressure is the act of one child coercing another to follow suit. Often the behavior being pressured is questionable or taboo, such as smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol.
Peer Pressure and the Brain
Recent studies find that peer pressure influences the way our brains behave, which leads to better understanding about the impact of peer pressure and the developing child. According to studies from Temple University, peer pressure has an effect on brain signals involved in risk and reward department, especially when the teen’s friends are around. Compared to adults in the study, teenagers were much more likely to take risks they would not normally take on their own when with friends. Brain signals were more activated in the reward center of the brain, firing greatest during at risk behaviors.
Peer pressure can be difficult for young adults to deal with, and learning ways to say “no” or avoid pressure-filled situations can become overwhelming. Resisting peer pressure is not just about saying “no,” but how the brain functions. Children that have stronger connections among regions in their frontal lobes, along with other areas of the brain, are better equipped to resist peer pressure. During adolescence, the frontal lobes of the brain develop rapidly, causing axioms in the region to have a coating of fatty myelin, which insulates them and causes the frontal lobes to more effectively communicate with other brain regions. This helps the young adult to develop judgment and self-control needed to resist peer pressure.
Along with the frontal lobes contributing to the brain and peer pressure, other studies find that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in how teens respond to peer pressure. Just as with the previous study, children that were not exposed to peer pressure had greater connectivity within the brain as well as abilities to resist peer pressure.
Working through Peer Pressure
The teenage years are exciting years. The young adult is often going through physical changes due to puberty, adjusting to new friends and educational environments, and learning how to make decisions for themselves. Adults can offer a helping and supportive hand to young adults when dealing with peer pressure by considering the following:
Separation: Understanding that this is a time for the child to separate and learn how to be his own individual is important. It is hard to let go and allow the child to make mistakes for himself, especially when you want to offer input or change plans and actions, but allowing the child to go down his own path is important. As an adult, offering a helping hand if things go awry and being there to offer support is beneficial.
Talk it Out: As an adult, take a firm stand on rules and regulations with your child. Although you cannot control whom your child selects as friends, you can take a stand on your control of your child. Setting specific goals, rules, and limits encourages respect and trust, which must be earned in response. Do not be afraid to start talking with your child early about ways to resist peer pressure. Focus on how it will build your child’s confidence when he learns to say “no” at the right time and reassure him that it can be accomplished without feeling guilty or losing self-confidence.
Stay Involved: Keep family dinner as a priority, make time <DATE_TIME> for a family meeting or game time, and plan family outings and vacations regularly. Spending quality time with kids models positive behavior and offers lots of opportunities for discussions about what is happening at school and with friends.
If at any time there are concerns a child is becoming involved in questionable behavior due to peer pressure, ask for help. Understand that involving others in helping a child cope with peer pressure, such as a family doctor, youth advisor, or other trusted friend, does not mean that the adult is not equipped to properly help the child, but that including others in assisting a child, that may be on the brink of heading down the wrong path, is beneficial.
By <PERSON>. <PERSON> is an art educator and parent. Visit <PERSON>’s website here.
Read More →
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<urn:uuid:4fafe4c1-2dd0-49fd-8b1b-41d1829f7cdf>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.funderstanding.com/category/child-development/brain-child-development/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963305
| 1,062
| 3.8125
| 4
|
Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery:
Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery India offers information on Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery in <LOCATION>, Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery cost <LOCATION>, Ptosis <LOCATION> hospital in <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, Hyderabad & Bangalore, Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgeon in <LOCATION>.
Ptosis is the medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid, a condition that may affect one or <LOCATION>.
The ptosis may be mild - in which the lid partially covers the pupil; or severe - in which the lid <IN_PAN> covers the pupil.
When does Ptosis occur?
Ptosis can occur at any age. When present since birth it is called <IN_PAN> ptosis. When present in the elderly it is called acquired ptosis.
What causes Ptosis?
While the cause of <IN_PAN> ptosis is often unclear, the most common reason is improper development of the levator muscle. The levator muscle is the major muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid. In adults ptosis is generally due to weakening / <IN_PAN> of the levator muscle. It may also occur following injury to the muscle as after lid injuries and eye surgeries. Rarely it may be due to <IN_PAN> gravis ( a condition where there is progressive weakness of muscles).
Why should Ptosis be treated?
Children with significant ptosis may need to tilt their head back into a chin-up position, lift their eyelid with a finger, or raise their eyebrows in an effort to see from under their drooping eyelid. Children with <IN_PAN> ptosis may also have amblyopia ("lazy eye"), <IN_PAN> or squint (eyes that are not properly aligned or straight), <IN_PAN> errors, astigmatism, or blurred vision. In addition, drooping of the eyelid may result in an undesired facial <IN_PAN> and difficult social life. In moderate ptosis there is a loss of the upper field of vision by the drooping upper lid.
How is Ptosis treated?
The eye condition Ptosis is trated by a specified sugery called ptosis surgery.
Ptosis is treated <IN_PAN>, with the specific operation based on the severity of the ptosis and the strength of the levator muscle. If the ptosis is not severe, surgery is generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age (the "<IN_PAN>" years). However, when the ptosis <IN_PAN> with the child's vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development. Ptosis repair is usually completed under general <IN_PAN> in infants and young children and under local <IN_PAN> in adults.
What to expect after surgery ?
Most patients will tolerate the procedure very well and have a rapid recovery. Cold packs may need to be applied to the operated eyelid for <DATE_TIME> following surgery. <IN_PAN> ointments applied to the incision are sometimes recommended. The elevation of the eyelid will often be immediately <IN_PAN>, though in some cases bruising and swelling will obscure this finding. Most patients will have sutures that need removing <DATE_TIME> following surgery. In children, <IN_PAN> sutures are often used.
The bruising and swelling <IN_PAN> with the surgery will usually resolve in <DATE_TIME>. Some patients may need <IN_PAN> of the sutures to better align the lid height. This may or may not require <IN_PAN> anaesthesia or a trip to the operating room.
<LOCATION> Surgery Ptosis,Ptosis <IN_PAN>, <LOCATION> Cost Price Ptosis, Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery, Ptosis <IN_PAN>, <LOCATION> Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery, India Cost Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery, Low Cost <IN_PAN> Ptosis <IN_PAN> Mumbai,, <LOCATION> Low Cost Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery Hospital, <IN_PAN> Ptosis <IN_PAN> Hospital Mumbai, Health Care, Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery, Eyelid Surgery, Drooping, Treatment On Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery, <LOCATION> Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery Surgeons, Ptosis <IN_PAN> Surgery Doctors
Call: <PHONE_NUMBER> (<DATE_TIME>. To <DATE_TIME>. IST)
Email : <EMAIL_ADDRESS> (Preferred)
(Only for international patients seeking treatment in <LOCATION>)
|
<urn:uuid:5bf543a8-f7b4-40fe-ba47-2b49b4e5396f>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.indiasurgerytour.com/india-eye-surgery/india-surgery-ptosis-correction.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926745
| 852
| 3.25
| 3
|
<DATE_TIME>. 17 Issue 6
<IN_PAN> (Single Limb) Stance Test
The <IN_PAN> Stance Test (OLST)1,2 is a simple, easy and effective method to screen for balance impairments in the older adult <IN_PAN>.
You may be asking yourself, "how can standing on one leg provide you with any information about balance, after all, we do not go around for extended periods of time standing on one leg?"
True, as a rule we are a dynamic people, always moving, our world always in motion, but there are instances were we do need to maintain single limb support. The most obvious times are when we are <IN_PAN> our everyday <IN_PAN>.
Stepping into a bath tub or up onto a curb would be difficult, if not <IN_PAN> to do without the ability to maintain single limb support for a given amount of time. The ability to switch from two- to one-leg standing is required to perform turns, climb stairs and dress.
As we know, the gait cycle requires a certain amount of single limb support in order to be able to progress ourselves along in a normal pattern. When the dynamics of the cycle are disrupted, loss of balance leading to falls may occur.
This is <IN_PAN> true in older individuals whose gait cycle is altered due to normal and potentially abnormal changes that occur as a result of aging.
The <IN_PAN> Stance Test measures postural stability (i.e., balance) and is more difficult to perform due to the narrow base of support required to do the test. Along with five other tests of balance and mobility, reliability of the <IN_PAN> Stance Test was examined for 45 healthy females <DATE_TIME> and found to have "good" <IN_PAN> correlations coefficients (ICC range = .95 to .099). Within raters ICC ranged from 0.73 to <NRP>
To perform the test, the patient is <IN_PAN> to stand on one leg without support of the upper extremities or bracing of the <IN_PAN> leg against the stance leg. The patient begins the test with the eyes open, <IN_PAN> once or twice on each side with his gaze fixed straight ahead.
The patient is then <IN_PAN> to close his eyes and maintain balance for up to 30 seconds.1
The number of seconds that the patient/client is able to maintain this position is recorded. Termination or a fail test is recorded if 1) the foot touches the support leg; 2) hopping occurs; 3) the foot touches the floor, or 4) the arms touch something for support.
Normal ranges with eyes open are: 60-69 yrs/22.5 ± 8.6s, 70-79 yrs/14.2 ± 9.3s. Normal ranges for eyes closed are: <DATE_TIME> yrs/10.2 ± 8.6s, 70-79 yrs/4.3 ± 3.0s.4 <PERSON> and <IN_PAN> reported balance times on the <IN_PAN> Stance Test in females <DATE_TIME> for dominant and nondominant legs.
Given the results of this data, there appears to be some <IN_PAN> in whether individuals use their dominant versus their nondominant leg in the youngest and oldest age groups.
When using this test, having patients choose what leg they would like to stand on would be appropriate as you want to record their "best" performance.
It has been reported in the <IN_PAN> that individuals increase their chances of <IN_PAN> an injury due to a fall by two times if they are unable to perform a <IN_PAN> Stance Test for five seconds.5 Other studies utilizing the <IN_PAN> Stance Test have been conducted in older adults to assess static balance after strength training,6 performance of <IN_PAN> of daily living and platform sway tests.7
Interestingly, subscales of other balance measures such as the Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment8 and <PERSON> Scale9 utilize unsupported single limb stance times of <DATE_TIME> respectively, for older individuals to be <IN_PAN> to have "normal" balance.
Thirty percent to 60 percent of <IN_PAN>dwelling elderly individuals fall <DATE_TIME>, with many experiencing multiple falls.10 Because falls are the leading cause of injury-related deaths in older adults and a significant cause of <IN_PAN> in this <IN_PAN>, <IN_PAN> of falls and <IN_PAN> injuries is a <IN_PAN> endeavor.11
The <IN_PAN> Stance Test can be used as a quick, reliable and easy way for <IN_PAN> to screen their patients/clients for fall risks and is easily incorporated into a comprehensive <IN_PAN> for older adults.
1. <PERSON>, <NRP>, <PERSON>, M., Birch, <NRP>, <PERSON>, J., & Shaddeau, S. (<DATE_TIME>). Balance performance among noninstitutionalized elderly women. Physical Therapy, 69(9), 748-756.
2. <PERSON>, W., & <PERSON>, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). <IN_PAN> tools for assessing balance and gait impairments. Topics in <LOCATION>, 15(1), 66-83.
3. Franchignoni, F., <PERSON>, L., Martino, M., & Ricupero, C. (<DATE_TIME>). Reliability of four simple, quantitative tests of balance and mobility in healthy elderly females. Aging (<LOCATION>), <DATE_TIME>), 26-31.
4. <PERSON>, <NRP>, <PERSON>, P., <PERSON>, A., & Singer, J. (<DATE_TIME>). Decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. Physical Therapy, <DATE_TIME>, 1067-1070.
5. <PERSON>, B., Wayne, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <NRP>, et al. (<DATE_TIME>). One-leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, <DATE_TIME>, 735-738.
6. Schlicht, J., Camaione, D., & Owen, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Medicine and Science, 56A(5), <DATE_TIME>.
7. <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, U., <PERSON>, U., & Grimby, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). <IN_PAN> balance tests in <DATE_TIME> in relation to performance, <IN_PAN> of <DATE_TIME> living and platform tests. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitative Medicine, 27(4), 231-241.
8. Tinetti, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, T., & Mayewski, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. American Journal of Medicine, <DATE_TIME>, 429-434.
9. <PERSON>, <PERSON>, et al. (<DATE_TIME>). Measuring balance in the elderly: Preliminary development of an <IN_PAN>. Physio Therapy <LOCATION>, 41(6), 304-311.
10. <PERSON>, L., & Josephson, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). The epidemiology of falls and syncope. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, <DATE_TIME>, 141-158.
11. National Safety Council. (<DATE_TIME>). Injury Facts. <LOCATION>, IL: Author.
Dr. <PERSON> is a physical therapist in private practice and president of Premier Physical Therapy of <LOCATION>. She lectures exclusively for GREAT Seminars and Books, Inc. Dr. <PERSON> is also the author of numerous textbooks. Her Website address is <URL>. Dr. <PERSON> is an assistant professor in the physical therapy program at the <IN_PAN> of South Florida dedicated to the area of geriatric rehabilitation. She lectures exclusively for GREAT Seminars and Books in the area of geriatric function.
APTA <IN_PAN> by Cap <IN_PAN>
New process grants automatic <IN_PAN> to beneficiaries needing care the most
Calling it "a good first step toward ensuring that Medicare beneficiaries continue to have coverage for the physical therapy they need," <PERSON>, <PERSON>, PT, MA, president of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), expressed optimism that the new <IN_PAN> process will allow a significant number of Medicare patients to receive services exceeding the $1,740 <DATE_TIME> financial cap on Medicare therapy coverage. The new procedure, <IN_PAN> by Congress in the recently enacted Deficit Reduction Act (PL 109-171), will be available to Medicare beneficiaries on <DATE_TIME> under rules released <DATE_TIME> by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
"APTA is <IN_PAN> by the new therapy cap <IN_PAN> process," <PERSON> said. "CMS has made a good effort to ensure that Medicare beneficiaries who need the most care are not harmed by an arbitrary cap."
As APTA recommended, the process includes automatic <IN_PAN> and also grants <IN_PAN> to beneficiaries who are receiving both physical therapy and speech language pathology (the services are currently combined under one $1,740 cap).
"We have yet to see how well Medicare contractors will be able to implement and apply this process. Even if it works well, Congress only <IN_PAN> this new process through <DATE_TIME>. Congress must address this issue again <DATE_TIME>, and we are confident that this <IN_PAN> will demonstrate to legislators that they must <IN_PAN> repeal the caps and provide a more permanent solution for Medicare beneficiaries needing physical therapy," <PERSON> continued.
The therapy caps went into effect on <DATE_TIME>, limiting Medicare coverage on <IN_PAN> rehabilitation services to $1,740 for physical therapy and speech therapy combined and $1,740 for occupational therapy.
The American Physical Therapy Association is a national professional organization representing more than 65,000 members. Its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapy practice, research and education.
<PERSON> Helps With Pain
Doctors in <LOCATION> are studying whether a new type of mouthwash will help alleviate pain for patients suffering from head and neck cancer who were treated with radiation therapy, according to a new study (International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, <DATE_TIME>).
Fifty patients, suffering from various forms of head and neck cancer and who received radiation therapy, were observed during the course of their radiation treatment. <PERSON>, or inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth, is the most common side effect yet no additional therapy has been identified that successfully reduces the pain.
This study sought to discover if a mouthwash made from the local anesthetic tetracaine was able to alleviate the discomfort associated with head and neck cancer and if there would be any negative side effects of the mouthwash. The doctors chose to concoct a tetracaine-based mouthwash instead of a lidocaine-based version because it was found to be four times more effective, worked faster and produced a prolonged relief.
The tetracaine was administered by a mouthwash <DATE_TIME> before and after meals, or roughly six times a day. Relief of oral pain was reported in 48 of the 50 patients. Sixteen patients reported that the mouthwash had an unpleasant taste or altered the taste of their food.
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Hypertension is often diagnosed during a visit to your doctor. Blood pressure is measured using a cuff around your arm and a device called a sphygmomanometer. Your doctor may ask you to sit quietly for <DATE_TIME> before checking your blood pressure.
If your blood pressure reading is high, you will probably be asked to come back for repeat blood pressure checks. If you have three visits with readings over 140/90 mmHG, you will be diagnosed with high blood pressure.
Some people’s blood pressure goes up when they are at the doctor’s office. If your doctor suspects that may be occurring, he or she may ask you to get some blood pressure readings at home. In some cases, he or she may recommend that you wear an <IN_PAN> blood pressure monitor. This device measures your blood pressure regularly <IN_PAN> <DATE_TIME> as you go about your <IN_PAN>. It is usually worn for <DATE_TIME>, even while sleeping.
- Reviewer: <PERSON>, DO
- Review Date: <DATE_TIME> -
- Update Date: 00/91/2012 -
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Engineer your first step to a <DATE_TIME> degree at Edmonds Community College
Engineers Make a Difference
Engineering is the art of applying scientific and mathematical principles, experience, judgment, and common sense to make things that benefit people. Engineers solve problems. They improve and develop products to meet consumer and societal needs. They find ways for existing products to work better, last longer, operate more safely and cost less.
They also look for innovative solutions to global problems. Engineers design bridges and important medical equipment as well as processes for cleaning up toxic spills and systems for mass transit.
It's a Fact
Engineering professions requiring a <DATE_TIME> degree are among the highest paying jobs in <LOCATION> according to the office of Labor Market and Economic Analysis. Source: <URL>
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Information for Students
Welcome to the Flint Regional Science Fair! We look forward to seeing you at the Fair in <DATE_TIME>.
Taking part in a science fair is fun, educational, and rewarding. This part of our web site provides information and links that can help you get started, conduct your research and enter <LOCATION>.
The FASF is held every Spring. This means you should begin planning in the Fall and <DATE_TIME> prior to the Fair to ensure you pick a good research topic, and have plenty of time to do a good job and present a quality project.
Parents, teachers, and mentors are important helpers to identify projects, collect the resources required for your project, and track your progress. Ask your parents and your teachers for assistance. They are your best bet for one-on-one direction and support in your Science Fair experience.
Elementary Division and Junior Division projects follow simpler rules than Senior Division projects.
More Web Student Science Resources
Questions? Email <EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
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<PERSON>, <PERSON>. Illuminating News: What You Don't Know About Lightning Might
Come As Shock. <IN_PAN> Sunday Journal. <DATE_TIME>.
Abstract: This article explains some common misconceptions about
lightning. For example, one misconception is that lightning never strikes
the same place twice. This is untrue. Once lightning discovers an easy target
it will likely strike again. The article also provides important safety
precautions. The safest place during a thunderstorm is inside a house away
from windows or inside a closed car.
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| 0.854436
| 110
| 2.75
| 3
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Problems of Philosophy
Chapter 5 - Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description
After distinguishing two types of knowledge, knowledge of things and knowledge of truths, <PERSON> devotes this fifth chapter to an elucidation of knowledge of things. He further distinguishes two types of knowledge of things, knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. We have knowledge by acquaintance when we are directly aware of a thing, without any inference. We are immediately conscious and acquainted with a color or hardness of a table before us, our sense-data. Since acquaintance with things is logically independent from any knowledge of truths, we can be acquainted with something immediately without knowing any truth about it. I can know the color of a table "perfectly and completely when I see it" and not know any truth about the color in itself. The other type of knowledge of things is called knowledge by description. When we say we have knowledge of the table itself, a physical object, we refer to a kind of knowledge other than immediate, direct knowledge. "The physical object which causes such-and-such sense-data" is a phrase that describes the table by way of sense-data. We only have a description of the table. Knowledge by description is predicated on something with which we are acquainted, sense-data, and some knowledge of truths, like knowing that "such- and-such sense-data are caused by the physical object." Thus, knowledge by description allows us to infer knowledge about the actual world via the things that can be known to us, things with which we have direct acquaintance (our subjective sense-data).
According to this outline, knowledge by acquaintance forms the bedrock for all of our other knowledge. Sense-data is not the only instance of things with which we can be immediately acquainted. For how would we recall the past, <PERSON> argues, if we could only know what was immediately present to our senses. Beyond sense-data, we also have "acquaintance by memory." Remembering what we were immediately aware of makes it so that we are still immediately aware of that past, perceived thing. We may therefore access many past things with the same requisite immediacy. Beyond sense-data and memories, we possess "acquaintance by introspection." When we are aware of an awareness, like in the case of hunger, "my desiring food" becomes an object of acquaintance. Introspective acquaintance is a kind of acquaintance with our own minds that may be understood as self-consciousness. However, this self-consciousness is really more like a consciousness of a feeling or a particular thought; the awareness rarely includes the explicit use of "I," which would identify the Self as a subject. <PERSON> abandons this strand of knowledge, knowledge of the Self, as a probable but unclear dimension of acquaintance.
<PERSON> summarizes our acquaintance with things as follows: "We have acquaintance in sensation with the data of the outer senses, and in introspection with the data of what may be called the inner sense—thoughts, feelings, desires, etc.; we have acquaintance in memory with things which have been data either of the outer senses or of the inner sense. Further, it is probable, though not certain, that we have acquaintance with Self, as that which is aware of things or has desires towards things." All these objects of acquaintance are particulars, concrete, existing things. <PERSON> cautions that we can also have acquaintance with abstract, general ideas called universals. He addresses universals more fully later in chapter 9.
<PERSON> allocates the rest of the chapter to explaining how the complicated theory of knowledge by description actually works. The most conspicuous things that are known to us by description are physical objects and other people's minds. We approach a case of having knowledge by description when we know "that there is an object answering to a definite description, though we are not acquainted with any such object." <PERSON> offers several illustrations in the service of understanding knowledge by description. He claims that it is important to understand this kind of knowledge because our language uses depends so heavily on it. When we say common words or proper names, we are really relying on the meanings implicit in descriptive knowledge. The thought connoted by the use of a proper name can only really be explicitly expressed through a description or proposition.
<LOCATION>, or "the first Chancellor of the German Empire," is <PERSON>'s most cogent example. Imagine that there is a proposition, or statement, made about <LOCATION>. If <LOCATION> is the speaker, admitting that he has a kind of direct acquaintance with his own self, <LOCATION> might have voiced his name in order to make a self-referential judgment, of which his name is a constituent. In this simplest case, the "proper name has the direct use which it always wishes to have, as simply standing for a certain object, and not for a description of the object." If one of <LOCATION>'s friends who knew him directly was the speaker of the statement, then we would say that the speaker had knowledge by description. The speaker is acquainted with sense-data which he infers corresponds with <LOCATION>'s body. The body or physical object representing the mind is "only known as the body and the mind connected with these sense-data," which is the vital description. Since the sense-data corresponding to <LOCATION> change from moment to moment and with perspective, the speaker knows which various descriptions are valid.
Still more removed from direct acquaintance, imagine that someone like you or I comes along and makes a statement about <LOCATION> that is a description based on a "more or less vague mass of historical knowledge." We say that <LOCATION> was the "first Chancellor of the German Empire." In order to make a valid description applicable to the physical object, <LOCATION>'s body, we must find a relation between some particular with which we have acquaintance and the physical object, the particular with which we wish to have an indirect acquaintance. We must make such a reference in order to secure a meaningful description.
To usefully distinguish particulars from universals, <PERSON> posits the example of "the most long-lived of men," a description which wholly consists of universals. We assume that the description must apply to some man, but we have no way of inferring any judgment about him. <PERSON> remarks, "all knowledge of truths, as we shall show, demands acquaintance with things which are of an essentially different character from sense-data, the things which are sometimes called 'abstract ideas', but which we shall call 'universals'." The description composed only of universals gives no knowledge by acquaintance with which we might anchor an inference about the longest-lived man. A further statement about <LOCATION>, like "The first Chancellor of the German Empire was an astute diplomatist," is a statement that contains particulars and asserts a judgment that we can only make in virtue of some acquaintance (like something heard or read).
Statements about things known by description function in our language as statements about the "actual thing described;" that is, we intend to refer to that thing. We intend to say something with the direct authority that only <LOCATION> himself could have when he makes a statement about himself, something with which he has direct acquaintance. Yet, there is a spectrum of removal from acquaintance with the relevant particulars: from <LOCATION> himself, "there is <LOCATION> to people who knew him; <LOCATION> to those who only know of him through history" and at a far end of the spectrum "the longest lived of men." At the latter end, we can only make propositions that are logically deducible from universals, and at the former end, we come as close as possible to direct acquaintance and can make many propositions identifying the actual object. It is now clear how knowledge gained by description is reducible to knowledge by acquaintance. <PERSON> calls this observation his fundamental principle in the study of "propositions containing descriptions": "Every proposition which we can understand must be composed wholly of constituents with which we are acquainted."
Indirect knowledge of some particulars seems necessary if we are to expressively attach meanings to the words we commonly use. When we say something referring to <PERSON>, we clearly have no direct acquaintance with the man. Rather, we are thinking of such descriptions as "the man who was assassinated on the Ides of <DATE_TIME>" or "the founder of the Roman Empire." Since we have no way of being directly acquainted with <PERSON>, our knowledge by description allows us to gain knowledge of "things which we have never experienced." It allows us to overstep the boundaries of our private, immediate experiences and engage a public knowledge and public language.
This knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description theory was a famous epistemological problem-solver for <PERSON>. Its innovative character allowed him to shift to his moderate realism, a realism ruled by a more definite categorization of objects. It is a theory of knowledge that considers our practice of language to be meaningful and worthy of detailed analysis. <PERSON> contemplates how we construct a sense of meaning about objects remote from our experience. The realm of acquaintance offers the most secure references for our understanding of the world. Knowledge by description allows us to draw inferences from our realm of acquaintance but leaves us in a more vulnerable position. Since knowledge by description also depends on truths, we are prone to error about our descriptive knowledge if we are somehow mistaken about a proposition that we have taken to be true.
Critics of this theory have held that <PERSON>'s hypothesis of knowledge by description is confusing. His comments when defining sense-data, that the physical world is unknowable to us, contradict his theory of knowledge by descriptions. He implies that "knowledge by description" is not really a form of knowledge since we can only know those things with which we are acquainted and we cannot be acquainted with physical objects. <PERSON>'s theory amounts to the proposition that our acquaintance with mental objects appears related in a distant way to physical objects and renders us obliquely acquainted with the physical world. Sense-data are our subjective representations of the external world, and they negotiate this indirect contact.
While innovative, <PERSON>'s theory of knowledge by description is not an attractive theory of knowledge. It is clearly unappealing because our impressions of the real world, on his view, are commensurate with muddy representations of reality. Though we have direct access to these representations, it seems impossible to have any kind of direct experience of reality. Reality, rather, consists in unconscious, inferential pieces of reasoning.
Readers' Notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our SparkNotes—and to discuss those ideas with one another. Have a novel take or think we left something out? Add a Readers' Note!
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What are managed lanes?
Highway facilities or a set of lanes where operational strategies are proactively implemented and managed in response to changing conditions.
Transportation agencies are faced with growing challenges of congestion and a limited ability to expand freeway capacity due to construction costs, right-of-way constraints, and environmental and societal impacts. Transportation officials are taking advantage of opportunities to address mobility needs and provide travel options through a combination of limited capacity expansion coupled with operational strategies that seek to manage travel demand and improve transit and other forms of ridesharing. The managed lanes concept is gaining interest around the country as an approach that combines these elements to make the most effective and efficient use of a freeway facility.
The distinction between managed lanes and other traditional forms of freeway lane management is the operating philosophy of "active management." Under this philosophy, the operating agency proactively manages demand and available capacity on the facility by applying new strategies or modifying existing strategies. The agency defines from the outset the operating objectives for the managed lanes and the kinds of actions that will be taken once pre-defined performance thresholds are met.
You will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader to view the PDFs on this page.
United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration
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Dengue Fever in <LOCATION>
04 <DATE_TIME>
Dengue fever is a growing concern in <LOCATION>. In <DATE_TIME>, 247 deaths were recorded as a result of dengue fever <IN_PAN>.
Latest data on disease <IN_PAN> released by the Health Ministry shows a significant rise in the incidence of dengue fever from 18 860 cases in <DATE_TIME>, to 49 606 in <DATE_TIME>.
Around 1700 dengue cases were reported from <LOCATION> in <DATE_TIME>.
Advice for Travellers
<LOCATION> is a popular tourist destination and travellers should be aware of the risk of dengue fever. Avoidance of mosquito bites, particularly during <DATE_TIME>, by covering up with clothing, the use of bite avoidance measures such as repellent and bed nets is advised. Elimination of breeding sites around hotel rooms/houses is advised for longer term stays.
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Intellectual knowledge appears to be innate and privy to the few, but in fact, access to information, development of intellectual work skills, time investment, and the maintenance of intellectual appearances are key to being perceived as an intellectual.
To make education more equitable, professors must go beyond knowledge transmission and instruct students in the concrete skills of knowledge acquisition and knowledge presentation. Instruction in intellectual skills-acquisition implies the breakdown of the traditional professor-student relationship and of the academic intellectual hierarchy and professors must learn to cope with the consequences of adopting new pedagogies. If we wish to share the secrets of our professions, how do we prepare our students for such a democratic approach and at the same time maintain our professional status?
The author, a professor of Spanish language and literature, presents strategies for democratizing education and demystifying intellectual work through the application of skills-based pedagogical methodologies to the teaching of literature. The implications that these strategies have for a new type of learning and the impact that they have on social stratification will also be discussed.
|Keywords:||Democratizing Education, Demystifying Intellectual Work, Knowledge Acquisition Skills, Interpretative Skills, Teaching Literature, Skills Based Teaching|
Assistant Professor of Spanish, Department of Literature and Languages, Roosevelt University, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>
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(<URL>)—Controlling "mixing" between acceptor and donor layers, or domains, in polymer-based solar cells could increase their <IN_PAN>, according to a team of researchers that included <IN_PAN> from North Carolina State <IN_PAN>. Their findings shed light on the inner workings of these solar cells, and could lead to further improvements in <IN_PAN>.
Polymer-based solar cells consist of two domains, known as the acceptor and the donor layers. <PERSON>, the energy particles created by solar cells, must be able to travel quickly to the interface of the donor and acceptor domains in order to be harnessed as an energy source. Researchers had believed that keeping the donor and acceptor layers as pure as possible was the best way to ensure that the excitons could travel unimpeded, so that solar cells could capture the maximum amount of energy.
<LOCATION> physicist <PERSON> and his group worked with teams of <IN_PAN> from <LOCATION>, <LOCATION> and <LOCATION> to examine the physical structure and improve the <IN_PAN> of polymer-based solar cells. In findings published in two separate papers appearing <DATE_TIME> online in Advanced Energy Materials and Advanced Materials, the researchers show that some mixing of the two domains may not be a bad thing. In fact, if the <IN_PAN>, or structure, of the mixed domains is small, the solar cell can still be quite efficient.
According to <PERSON>, "We had <IN_PAN> found that the domains in these solar cells weren't pure. So we looked at how additives affected the <IN_PAN> of these cells. When you manufacture the cell, the relative rate of evaporation of the solvents and additives <IN_PAN> how the active layer forms and the donor and acceptor mix. Ideally, you want the solvent to evaporate slowly enough so that the materials have time to separate – otherwise the layers 'gum up' and lower the cell's <IN_PAN>. We utilized an additive that slowed evaporation. This <IN_PAN> the mixing and domain size of the active layer, and the portions that mixed were small."
The <IN_PAN> of those mixed layers was excellent, leading to speculation that perhaps some mixing of the donor and acceptor isn't a problem, as long as the domains are small.
"We're looking for the perfect mix here, both in terms of the solvents and additives we might use in order to manufacture polymer-based solar cells, and in terms of the physical mixing of the domains and how that may affect <IN_PAN>," <PERSON> says.
Explore further: Femtosecond 'snapshots' reveal a dramatic bond <IN_PAN> in photo-excited gold complexes
More information: "From Binary to Ternary Solvent: <IN_PAN> Fine-tuning of D/A Blend in PDPP3T-based Polymer Solar Cells", Advanced Materials, <DATE_TIME>.
In <DATE_TIME>, great success has been achieved in bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) in which donor/acceptor (D/A) bi-continuous interpenetrating networks can be formed and in some recent reports, power conversion efficiency (PCE) even approach 8%. In addition to the intrinsic properties of active layer materials, such as band gaps and molecular energy levels, morphological properties of the D/A blends including crystallinity of polymers, domain size, materials miscibility, hierarchical structures, and molecular orientation, are also of great importance for photovoltaic performance of the devices. Therefore, several strategies including slow growth, solvent annealing, thermal annealing, selection of solvent or mixed solvent have been applied to modify or control of the morphology of the D/A blends. Among these, binary solvent mixtures have been successfully used in morphology control. For example, the dichlorobenzene (DCB) or chlorobenzene (CB)/1, 8-diiodooctane (DIO) binary solvent system has been widely applied in PSC device fabrication process. By mixing a few volume percent of DIO with the host solvent (DCB or CB), efficiencies of many kinds of polymers can be improved dramatically. Besides DIO, other solvents, like 1, 8-octanedithiol (OT), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-chloronaphthalene (CN), chloroform (CF), can also be used. According to these works, it can be concluded that crystallinity, as well as domain size in the blends can be tuned effectively by using binary solvent mixtures, and thus binary solvent mixtures play a very important role in high performance PSCs.
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Heel Bursitis is another type of heel pain. The sufferer of this kind of heel pain experiences pain at the back of the heel when the patient moves his joint of the ankle. In the heel bursitis type of heel pain there is swelling on the sides of the <PERSON>’ tendon. In this condition the sufferer may experience pain in the heel when his feet hit the ground. Heel bruises are also referred as heel bumps they are usually caused by improper shoes. The constant rubbing of the shoes against the heel.
What is bursitis?
Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa. Normally, the bursa provides a slippery surface that has almost no friction. A problem arises when a bursa becomes inflamed. The bursa loses its gliding capabilities, and becomes more and more irritated when it is moved.
When the condition called bursitis occurs, the normally slippery bursa becomes swollen and inflamed. The added bulk of the swollen bursa causes more friction within an already confined space. Also, the smooth gliding bursa becomes gritty and rough. Movement of an inflamed bursa is painful and irritating.
“Itis” usually refers to the inflammation of a certain part of the body, therefore Bursitis refers to the constant irritation of the natural cushion that supports the heel of the foot (the bursa). Bursitis is often associated with Plantar Fasciitis, which affects the arch and heel of the foot.
What causes bursitis?
- Bursitis and Plantar Fasciitis can occur when a person increases their levels of physical activity or when the heel’s fat pad becomes thinner, providing less protection to the foot.
- Ill fitting shoes.
- Biomechanical problems (e.g. mal-alignment of the foot, including over-pronation).
- Rheumatoid arthritis.
Bursitis usually results from a repetitive movement or due to prolonged and excessive pressure. Patients who rest on their elbows for long periods or those who bend their elbows frequently and repetitively (for example, a custodian using a vacuum for <DATE_TIME> at a time) can develop elbow bursitis, also called olecranon bursitis. Similarly in other parts of the body, repetitive use or frequent pressure can irritate a bursa and cause inflammation.
Another cause of bursitis is a traumatic injury. Following trauma, such as a car accident or fall, a patient may develop bursitis. Usually a contusion causes swelling within the bursa. The bursa, which had functioned normally up until that point, now begins to develop inflammation, and bursitis results. Once the bursa is inflamed, normal movements and activities can become painful.
Systemic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, may also lead to bursitis. These types of conditions can make patients susceptible to developing bursitis.
- Cold presses or ice packs.
- Anti-inflammatory tablets.
- Cushioning products.
- Massaging the foot / muscle stimulation.
- Stretching exercises.
- Insoles or orthotics.
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EVEN a material 10 billion times as strong as steel has a breaking point. It seems neutron stars may shatter under extreme forces, <IN_PAN> puzzling X-ray flares.
Neutron stars are dense remnants of stars gone supernova, packing the mass of the sun into a sphere the size of a city. Their cores may be fluid, but their outer surfaces are solid and extremely tough - making graphene, the strongest material on <LOCATION>, look like tissue paper by <IN_PAN>.
These shells may shatter, though, in <DATE_TIME> before a pair of neutron stars merges to form a black hole - a union thought to generate <IN_PAN> known as short gamma-ray bursts.
<PERSON> of the <IN_PAN> Institute of <IN_PAN> in <LOCATION> and <IN_PAN> have <IN_PAN> how the mutual gravitational pull of such stars will distort their shape, creating moving tidal bulges. As the stars spiral towards each other, orbiting ever faster, they squeeze and stretch each other ever faster too.
<DATE_TIME> before the stars merge, the frequency of this squeezing and <IN_PAN> matches the frequency at which one of the stars vibrates most easily. This creates a resonance that boosts the <IN_PAN> dramatically, causing the star's crust to crack in many places - just as a wine glass may shatter when a certain note is sung, the team says (Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.<US_DRIVER_LICENSE>).
The star's gravity is too powerful to let the pieces fly away, but the sudden movement can disturb its magnetic field, accelerating electrons and leading to a powerful X-ray flare. That could explain observations by NASA's Swift satellite in which a blast of X-rays preceded some short gamma-ray bursts by <DATE_TIME>.
Combining observations of X-ray flares with those of gravitational waves emitted by the stars as they spiral together could fix the exact frequency at which the shattering occurs, which would reveal more about the stars' mysterious interiors, says <PERSON>.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
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When he shot President <PERSON>, <PERSON> was <DATE_TIME>, and one of the nation’s most famous actors. (<PERSON>/National Portrait Gallery)
<PERSON>, a <LOCATION> native, spent the war <IN_PAN> in <IN_PAN> productions. But the conflict was never far from his mind. In a letter to his mother, he expressed chagrin that he hadn’t joined the Confederate army, writing, “I have … begun to deem myself a coward, and to despise my own existence.” He was outraged by the <IN_PAN> of Lincoln, whom he viewed as the <IN_PAN> of all the country’s woes. <DATE_TIME> after the inauguration, <PERSON> learned that Lincoln would be attending a performance at Ford’s Theatre on <DATE_TIME>. <DATE_TIME>, he crept into Lincoln’s theater box and shot him in the back of the head. It was the first time a president had been murdered. “Wanted” posters were issued for <PERSON>, and on <DATE_TIME>, he was cornered in a tobacco barn and shot by a federal sergeant, acting against orders to bring him in alive.
<DATE_TIME>, <PERSON>, a frequent contributor, sought to make sense of the assassination—speculating that the plot may have been hatched in <LOCATION> (where a number of secessionist schemes had <IN_PAN>) and hinting at evidence that the plan had been endorsed at the highest levels of the Confederate <IN_PAN>.—Sage Stossel
The assassination of President <PERSON> threw a whole nation into mourning … Of all our <IN_PAN> since <LOCATION>, Mr. <PERSON> had excited the smallest amount of that feeling which places its object in personal danger. He was a man who made a <IN_PAN> favorable <IN_PAN> on those who <IN_PAN> him, <IN_PAN> in that respect President <PERSON>, who often made warm friends of bitter foes, when circumstances had forced them to seek his presence; and it is probable, that, if he and the honest chiefs of the Rebels could have been brought face to face, there never would have been civil war,—at least, any contest of grand proportions; for he would not have failed to convince them that all that they had any right to claim, and therefore all that they could expect their fellow-citizens to fight for, would be more secure under his <IN_PAN> than it had been under the governments of such men as <PERSON> and <PERSON>, who made use of sectionalism and slavery to promote the selfish interests of <IN_PAN> and their party … Ignorance was the parent of the civil war, as it has been the parent of many other evils,—ignorance of the character and purpose of the man who was chosen President in <DATE_TIME>, and who entered upon official life with less animosity toward his opponents than ever before or since had been felt by a man elected to a great place after a bitter and exciting contest …
That one of the most insignificant of [the secessionists’] number should have murdered the man whose election they declared to be cause for war is nothing strange, being in perfect keeping with their whole course. The wretch who shot the chief <IN_PAN> of the Republic is of hardly more account than was the weapon which he used. The real murderers of Mr. <PERSON> are the men whose action brought about the civil war. <PERSON>’s deed was a logical <IN_PAN>, following strictly from the <IN_PAN> avowed by the Rebels, and in harmony with their course during <DATE_TIME>. The fall of a public man by the hand of an assassin always affects the mind more strongly than it is affected by <DATE_TIME> thousands of men in battle; but in <IN_PAN>, <PERSON>, vile as his deed was, can be held to have been no worse, morally, than was that old gentleman who insisted upon being allowed the privilege of firing the first shot at <LOCATION>. <PERSON>’s act is not so <IN_PAN> as <PERSON>’s; but of the two men, <PERSON> exhibited the greater courage,—courage of the basest kind, indeed, but sure to be attended with the heaviest risks, as the hand of every man would be directed against its exhibitor. Had the Rebels succeeded, <PERSON> would have been honored by his fellows; but even a <IN_PAN> Southern Confederacy would have been too hot a country for the abode of a wilful murderer. Such a man would have been no more <IN_PAN> situated even in <LOCATION> than was <PERSON> in <LOCATION>. And as he chose to become an assassin after the event of the war had been decided, and when his victim was bent upon sparing <NRP> feeling so far as it could be spared without injustice being done to the country, <PERSON> must have expected to find his act condemned by every rational <NRP> man as a worse than useless crime, as a blunder of the very first magnitude. Had he succeeded in getting abroad, Secession exiles would have shunned him, and have treated him as one who had brought an ineffaceable stain on their cause, and also had rendered their restoration to their homes <IN_PAN>. The pistol-shot of Sergeant <PERSON> saved him from the gallows, and it saved him also from the denunciations of the men whom he thought to serve. He exhibited, therefore, a species of courage that is by no means common; for he not only risked his life, and rendered it <IN_PAN> for honorable men to <IN_PAN> with him, but he ran the hazard of being denounced and cast off by his own party … All <NRP> who retain any self-respect must rejoice that one whose doings brought <IN_PAN> ignominy on a cause that could not well bear it has passed away and gone to his account. It would have been more satisfactory to loyal men, if he had been reserved for the gallows; but even they must admit that it is a terrible trial to any people who get <IN_PAN> of an odious criminal, because they may be led so to act as to disgrace <IN_PAN>, and to turn sympathy in the direction of the evil-doer … Therefore the shot of <PERSON> is not to be regretted, save that it gave too honorable a form of death to one who had earned all that there is of disgraceful in that mode of dying to which a peculiar stigma is attached by the common consent of mankind.
Whether <PERSON> was the agent of a band of conspirators, or was one of a few vile men who sought an odious immortality, it is <IN_PAN> to say. We have the authority of a high <IN_PAN> official for the statement that “the President’s murder was organized in <LOCATION> and approved at <LOCATION>”; but the evidence in support of this extraordinary announcement is, doubtless for the best of reasons, withheld at the time we write. There is nothing <IN_PAN> in the supposition that the assassination plot was formed in <LOCATION>, as some of the vilest <IN_PAN> of the Secession side have been allowed to live in that country … But it is not probable that <NRP> subjects had anything to do with any <IN_PAN> of this kind. The <NRP> error was in allowing the scum of Secession to abuse the “right of hospitality” through the pursuit of hostile action against us from the territory of a neutral …
That a plan to murder President <PERSON> should have been approved at <LOCATION> is nothing strange; and though such approval would have been supremely foolish, what but supreme folly is the chief characteristic of the whole <NRP> movement? If the seal of <LOCATION>’s approval was placed on a plan formed in <LOCATION>, something more than the murder of Mr. <PERSON> was intended. It must have been meant to kill every man who could legally take his place, either as President or as President pro tempore. The only persons who had any title to step into the <IN_PAN> on Mr. <PERSON>’s death were Mr. <PERSON>, who became President on <DATE_TIME>, and Mr. <PERSON>, one of the <LOCATION> Senators, who is President of the Senate … It does not appear that any attempt was made on the life of Mr. <PERSON>, though Mr. <PERSON> was on the list of those doomed by the assassins; and the savage attack made on Mr. <PERSON> shows what those assassins were capable of. But had all the members of the Administration been struck down at the same time, it is not at all probable that “anarchy” would have been the effect, though to produce that must have been the object aimed at by the conspirators. Anarchy is not so easily brought about as persons of an <IN_PAN> turn of mind suppose. The training we have gone through since the close of <DATE_TIME> has fitted us to bear many rude assaults on order without our becoming disorderly. Our conviction is, that, if every man who held high office at <LOCATION> had been killed on <DATE_TIME>, things would have gone pretty much as we have seen them go, and that thus the <NRP> people would have vindicated their right to be considered a self-governing race. It would not be a very flattering thought, that the peace of the country is at the command of any dozen of hardened ruffians who should have the capacity to form an assassination plot, the discretion to keep silent respecting their purpose, and the boldness and the skill requisite to carry it out to its most minute details: for the neglect of one of those details might be fatal to the whole project. Society does not exist in such peril as that.
<PERSON>, a <LOCATION> native, spent the war performing in theatrical productions. But the conflict was never far from his mind. In a letter to his mother, he expressed chagrin that he hadn’t joined the Confederate army, writing, “I have … begun to deem myself a coward, and to despise my own existence.” He was outraged by the reelection of Lincoln, whom he viewed as the instigator of all the country’s woes.
<DATE_TIME> after the inauguration, <PERSON> learned that Lincoln would be attending a performance at Ford’s Theatre on <DATE_TIME>. <DATE_TIME>, he crept into Lincoln’s theater box and shot him in the back of the head. It was the first time a president had been murdered. “Wanted” posters were issued for <PERSON>, and on <DATE_TIME>, he was cornered in a tobacco barn and shot by a federal sergeant, who acted against orders to bring him in alive.
<DATE_TIME>, <PERSON>, a frequent <LOCATION> contributor, sought to make sense of the assassination—speculating that the plot may have been hatched in <LOCATION> (where a number of secessionist schemes had originated) and hinting at evidence that the plan had been endorsed at the highest levels of the Confederate government.
Read the full text of this article here.
This article available online at:
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On <DATE_TIME>, citizens living in southern <LOCATION> will vote on a <IN_PAN> to secede from the northern part of the country. A clock in the town of <LOCATION>, the political center of southern <LOCATION>, counts down to this <IN_PAN>, <IN_PAN> of the locals’ <IN_PAN> to part from the hegemonic north. Nearby, the <LOCATION> genocide crisis that continues to plague the area is not an isolated event. It’s all related, part of two brutal civil wars that have been for <DATE_TIME> tearing the nation apart; as of late, literally.
<LOCATION> has traditionally been seen by many as the bridge between the <NRP> and the <NRP> worlds—one not particularly easy to cross. The north and the south of <LOCATION> are just about as <IN_PAN> and religiously different from each other as you could possibly imagine. In the north, <NRP> culture dominates, and the majority religion is Islam. In the south, the predominant culture is more traditionally sub-Saharan <NRP>, and the primary religions are animist belief systems and <NRP>. Ever since the country gained independence from <LOCATION> in <DATE_TIME>, the cultural and religious systems of the north have been heavily imposed on the whole of <LOCATION>, resulting in southern <IN_PAN> and the ongoing strife.
In <IN_PAN>, this <IN_PAN> of a differing set of beliefs can in large part be <IN_PAN> to the current <NRP> president, <PERSON>. <PERSON> arose to power in <DATE_TIME> through a bloodless coup, and <DATE_TIME>, won the first <IN_PAN> election the nation has held in <DATE_TIME>. I hesitate to call the election <IN_PAN> because many believe that <PERSON>, who is notorious for his <IN_PAN>, rigged it in his favor. While there is no proof, it is generally not unsafe to consider that leaders who are in power through a coup have significant sway in any following elections. Whether he is <IN_PAN> in power or not, <PERSON> has imposed northern ideals <IN_PAN> the whole nation, a primary cause of the <NRP> civil wars. Many attribute the <LOCATION> genocide, just a single episode of the extensive bloodshed since <LOCATION>’s independence, to <PERSON>. Because of these accusations, he is currently on trial for war crimes, the only current head of state in such a predicament. To drive home his impositional <IN_PAN> further, <PERSON> has said that if the south secedes, he will impose Shari’a in the north, in an effort to make northern <LOCATION> <IN_PAN> an <NRP> state.
My first response to this situation was wondering: How did two peoples so immensely different from one another end up together in the first place? This is not the same as the American Civil War, where regional differences led to ideological differences, which in turn led to secession. In the <NRP> case, ideological and cultural differences existed long before the country gained independence. Thus, one should look to colonialism as the primary cause of <LOCATION>’s problems. It seems to me that <LOCATION>’s independence process was dangerously arbitrary; occurring at the time of mass <NRP> decolonization in <LOCATION>. It’s as if <LOCATION> backed out of the region and drew a national border at random. And now, after <DATE_TIME>, the people want that to change.
Despite the <IN_PAN> on schedule for <DATE_TIME>, the potential new border still has not been set. Money, of course, is a factor. <LOCATION> is one of the most oil-rich nations of <LOCATION>, but most of the country’s oil is found in the south. On the one hand, the north might not want to draw a new boundary where the south gets all of the resource wealth, a potential cause for even more strife. On the other hand, some see oil as a potential area that could keep the two sides friendly if they do end up splitting. Mutual desire for the oil wealth may bring the two sides together diplomatically if the split ends up happening <IN_PAN>.
As you can see, this situation is extremely complex, far more so than the south simply saying “we want to secede” and secession then happening. To better <IN_PAN> the context, one needs to consider the past, but one should also consider the future: what will happen if the current nation of <LOCATION> does in fact split? I am wondering particularly about those who have their roots in the south but live in the north. Since the <IN_PAN> was announced, many of these people have moved back to the south, but a fair number still remain in the north. What will happen to these primarily <NRP> people (and <NRP> alike) if the north does in fact impose Shari’a on <PERSON> whim? <PERSON> will go from an imposer of northern <NRP> and <NRP> values to being <IN_PAN> of this significant minority in his newly allotted half of <LOCATION>, and the results would be tragic.
What message would a <NRP> split portray to the rest of <LOCATION>, the rest of the world? The African Union fears that a <NRP> split would incite other secessionists around the continent. Other nations <IN_PAN> similar domestic, regional conflicts of interest may feel not only that they have a right to secede, but may even feel <IN_PAN> to do so. Is this kind of outright division the right answer to such a complicated <IN_PAN> struggle?
Is there even a right answer? Experts seem to agree that the nation will <IN_PAN> split. Whether this bifurcation happens via a timely, <IN_PAN>, and peaceful <IN_PAN> or through <IN_PAN> bloodshed is a matter that only time will tell. I will certainly be following this issue in <DATE_TIME>, and I wrote this article before the scheduled <IN_PAN> in the hope to spark more interest on the issue. I urge you to follow it in the news; the results affect a much wider area than simply <LOCATION>.
Stay tuned for my next column, where I will compare and contrast two leaders in <LOCATION> on opposite sides of the political spectrum and compare their <IN_PAN> political systems to that of <LOCATION>.
Latest posts by <PERSON> (see all)
- Should <LOCATION> be a part of "<LOCATION>?" - <DATE_TIME>
- <IN_PAN> Extreme: Ideological Flexibility in <NRP> Politics - January 27, 2011
- When One Nation Becomes <DATE_TIME>
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<PERSON> begins <DATE_TIME> on <DATE_TIME>, at sundown. Be honest. When I say “Hanukkah,” the first thing you think of is the <PERSON> song, talking about “eight crazy nights.” If you are a little more connected to <NRP> culture, you may also think about a dreidel or potato latkes (pancakes). While it’s commonly called the “Festival of Lights,” a better translation is “Dedication.” Being <NRP> (circumcised at <DATE_TIME>, <LOCATION> at <DATE_TIME>) and a Christ-follower (for <DATE_TIME>), I’d like to give a brief explanation of <DATE_TIME>, and why it’s a meaningful opportunity to help me worship the Lord.
Here’s the story of Hanukkah: In <DATE_TIME> BC, Antiochus Epiphanes gained control over parts of <LOCATION>, including <LOCATION> (<LOCATION>). He erected an altar to <PERSON> in the <LOCATION> in <LOCATION>, and sacrificed pigs there, which are unclean to <NRP>. The <PERSON> family led a revolt, finally liberating <LOCATION> and the Temple in 165 BC. Before God could be properly worshiped in the Temple, it had to be cleaned and dedicated. The menorah (lamp) had to burn continuously for <DATE_TIME> for the purification process. Despite there only being enough olive oil for <DATE_TIME>, the oil miraculously lasted for <DATE_TIME> and nights. That is why <PERSON> is celebrated for <DATE_TIME>.
Most people consider this miracle to be the end in itself, and I think the bigger meaning is missed. The point isn’t just that God did a miracle, but that the miracle was the means to allow Him to be properly worshiped. The Temple needed to be purified in order for <PERSON> to be worshiped, but it couldn’t be purified unless He worked a miracle. <PERSON> worked a miracle so that His people could be near Him in worship.
Let us not miss that meaning, as we celebrate the Advent of Jesus Christ, the Light of the world (<PERSON>). I don’t think we need merely to reflect on the birth of <PERSON>, but we need to consider why the Father sent His <PERSON>. <PERSON> performed a miracle (the Incarnation) not as an end to itself, but as a means to allow us to be near Him in worship (through <PERSON>’s redemptive sacrifice for our sins). <PERSON> did not come only to be marveled at as a baby, but to pour out His life and blood, to open the way for a new covenant with Him.
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by <PERSON>
Let’s expand the universe of <DATE_TIME> Fellow by <IN_PAN> a plant for the first time! And what could be a better choice to start than the famous <IN_PAN>’s Baobab? Belonging to the species <PERSON>, this tree is one of the <IN_PAN> of <LOCATION>, being the biggest species of this genus found in the island.
Reaching up to 30 m in height and having a massive trunk only branched at the very top, it has a unique look and is found only at southwestern <LOCATION>. However, despite being so <IN_PAN> and famous, it is <IN_PAN> as an <IN_PAN> species by IUCN Red List, with a declining <IN_PAN> by agriculture expansion.
This tree is also heavily exploited, having vitamin C-rich fruits which can be consumed fresh and seeds used to extract oil. Its bark can also be used to make ropes and many trees are found with scars due to the <IN_PAN> of part of the bark.
Having a fibrous trunk, baoabs are able to deal with drought by <IN_PAN> storaging water inside them. There are no seed <IN_PAN>, which can be due to the extiction of the original dispersor by human <IN_PAN>.
<IN_PAN> occuring close to temporary water bodies in the dry deciduous forest, <DATE_TIME> many large trees are found in always dry terrains. This probably is due to human impact that changed the local ecosystem, letting it to become drier than it was. Those areas have no or very poor ability to <IN_PAN> and probably will never go back to what they were and, once the old trees die, there will be no more baobabs there.
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Baum, <PERSON> (<DATE_TIME>). A <IN_PAN> Revision of Adansonia (Bombacaceae) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, <DATE_TIME>, 440-470 DOI: 10.2307/<US_DRIVER_LICENSE>
Wikipedia. <PERSON>. Available online at <<URL>>. Access on <DATE_TIME>.
World Conservation <IN_PAN> Centre <DATE_TIME>. <PERSON>. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of <IN_PAN> Species. Version 2012.1. <<URL>>. Access on <DATE_TIME>.
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<PERSON> (Mitzvot)
For more teachings on this portion, see the archives to this blog, below at <DATE_TIME>.
This <DATE_TIME>’s parasha is best known for the dramatic and richly meaningful story of <LOCATION> and the Divine anger, of <PERSON>’ pleading on behalf of <LOCATION>, and the eventual reconciliation in the mysterious meeting of <PERSON> with God in the Cleft of the Rock—subjects about which I’ve written at length, from various aspects, in <DATE_TIME>. Yet the first third of the reading (Exod 30:11-31:17) is concerned with various practical mitzvot, mostly focused on the ritual worship conducted in the Temple, which tend to be skimmed over in light of the intense interest of the Calf story. As <DATE_TIME> we are concerned specifically with the mitzvot in each parasha, I shall focus on this section.
These include: the giving by each <NRP> [male] of a half-shekel to the Temple; the making of the laver, from which the priests wash their hands and feet before engaging in Divine service; the compounding of the incense and of the anointing oil; and the Shabbat. I shall focus here upon the washing of the hands.
Hand-washing is a familiar <NRP> ritual: it is, in fact, the first act performed by pious <NRP> upon awakening in the morning (some people even keep a cup of water next to their beds, so that they may wash their hands before taking even a single step); one performs a ritual washing of the hands before eating bread; before each of the <DATE_TIME> prayers; etc. The section here dealing with the laver in <LOCATION>) is also one of the four portions from the <NRP> recited by many each morning, as part of the section of the liturgy known as korbanot, chapters of Written and Oral <NRP> reminiscent of the ancient sacrificial system, that precede Pesukei de-Zimra.
Sefer ha-Hinukh, at §<DATE_TIME>, explains the washing of hands as an offshoot of the honor due to the Temple and its service—one of many laws intended to honor, magnify, and glorify the Temple. Even if the priest was pure and clean, he must wash (literally, “sanctify”) his hands before engaging in avodah. This simple gesture of purification served as a kind of separation between the Divine service and everyday life. It added a feeling of solemnity, of seriousness, a sense that one was engaged in something higher, in some way separate from the mundane activities of regular life. (One hand-washing by kohanim, in the morning, was sufficient, unless they left the <LOCATION> grounds or otherwise lost the continuity of their sacred activity.) Our own netilat yadaim, whether before prayer or breaking bread, may be seen as a kind of halakhic carryover from the Temple service, albeit on the level of Rabbinic injunction.
What is the symbolism of purifying one’s hands? Water, as a flowing element, as a solvent that washes away many of the things with which it comes in contact, is at once a natural symbol of both purity, and of the renewal of life. <PERSON>—living waters—is an age old association. <PERSON> is compared to water; water, constantly flowing, is constantly returning to its source. At <DATE_TIME>, “the land will be filled with knowledge of the Lord, like waters going down to the sea.” A small part of this is hinted in this simple, everyday gesture.
“See that this nation is Your people”
But I cannot pass over <PERSON> without some comment on the incident of <LOCATION> and its ramifications. <DATE_TIME>, reading through the words of the parasha in preparation for a shiur (what <PERSON>, founder of Alma, a secularist-oriented center for the study of <NRP> in <LOCATION>, called “barefoot reading”—that is, naïve, without preconceptions), I discovered something utterly simple that I had never noticed before in quite the same way.
At <DATE_TIME>, God tells <PERSON>, who has been up on the mountain with Him, “Go down, for your people have spoiled” (32:7). A few verses later, when <PERSON> asks leave of <PERSON> (!) to destroy them, <PERSON> begs for mercy on behalf of the people with the words “Why should Your anger burn so fiercely against Your people…” (v. 11). That is, God calls them <PERSON>’ people, while <PERSON> refers to them as God’s people. Subsequent to this exchange, each of them refers to them repeatedly in the third person, as “the people” or “this people” (העם; העם הזה). Neither of them refers to them, as God did in the initial revelation to <PERSON> at the burning <PERSON> (<PERSON> 3:7 and passim) as “my people,” or with the dignified title, “the children of Israel”—as if both felt a certain alienation, of distance from this tumultuous, capricious bunch. Only towards the end, after God agrees not to destroy them, but still states “I will not go up with them,” but instead promises to send an angel, does <PERSON> says “See, that this nation is Your people” (וראה כי עמך הגוי הזה; 33:13).
What does all this signify? Reading the peshat carefully, there is one inevitable conclusion: that God wished to nullify His covenant with the people <LOCATION>. It is in this that there lies the true gravity, and uniqueness, of <LOCATION> incident. We are not speaking here, as we read elsewhere in the Bible—for example, in the two great Imprecations (tokhahot) in <PERSON> and Deut 28, or in the words of the prophets during the First Temple—merely of threats of punishment, however harsh, such as drought, famine, pestilence, enemy attacks, or even exile and slavery. There, the implicit message is that, after a period of punishment, a kind of moral purgation through suffering, things will be restored as they were. Here, the very covenant itself, the very existence of an intimate connection with God, hangs in the balance. God tells <PERSON>, “I shall make of you a people,” i.e., instead of them.
This, it seems to me, is the point of the second phase of this story. <PERSON> breaks the tablets; he and his fellow Levites go through the camp killing all those most directly implicated in worshipping the Calf; God recants and agrees not to destroy the people. However, “My angel will go before them” but “I will not go up in your midst” (33:2, 3). This should have been of some comfort; yet this tiding is called “this bad thing,” the people mourn, and remove the ornaments they had been wearing until then. Evidently, they understood the absence of God’s presence or “face” as a grave step; His being with them was everything. That is the true importance of the <LOCATION> in the desert and <LOCATION>, where <PERSON> speaks with God in the pillar of cloud (33:10). God was present with them there in a tangible way, in a certain way continuing the epiphany at <LOCATION>. All that was threatened by this new declaration.
<PERSON> second round of appeals to God, in Exod 33:12-23, focuses on bringing God, as it were, to a full reconciliation with the people. This is the significance of the Thirteen Qualities of Mercy, of what I have called the Covenant in the Cleft of the Rock, the “faith of <DATE_TIME>” as opposed to that of Shavuot (see HY I: <PERSON>; and note Prof. <PERSON>’s observation that this chapter stands in the exact center, in a literary sense, of the unit known as the Hextateuch—<NRP> plus the Book of Joshua).
But I would add two important points. One, that this is the first place in the <LOCATION> where we read about sin followed by reconciliation. After <PERSON> and <PERSON> ate of the fruit of the Garden, they were punished without hope of reprieve; indeed, their “punishment “ reads very much like a description of some basic aspects of the human condition itself. <PERSON>, after murdering <PERSON>, was banished, made to wander the face of the earth. The sin of the brothers in selling <PERSON>, and their own sense of guilt, is a central factor in their family dynamic from then on, but there is nary a word of God’s response or intervention. It would appear that God’s initial expectation in the covenant at <LOCATION> was one of total loyalty and fidelity. The act of idolatry was an unforgivable breach of the covenant—much as adultery is generally perceived as a fundamental violation of the marital bond.
<PERSON>, in persuading God to recant of His jealousy and anger, to give the faithless people another chance, is thus introducing a new concept: of a covenant that includes the possibility of even the most serious transgressions being forgiven; of the knowledge that human beings are fallible, and that teshuvah and forgiveness are essential components of any economy of men living before a demanding God.
The second, truly astonishing point is the role played by <PERSON> in all this. <PERSON>, “the man of God,” is not only the great teacher of <LOCATION>, the channel through which they learn the Divine <NRP>, but also, as it were, one who teaches God Himself. It is God who “reveals His Qualities of Mercy” at the Cleft of the Rock; but without <PERSON> cajoling, arguing, persuading (and note the numerous midrashim around this theme), “were it not for my servant <PERSON> who stood in the breach,” all this would not have happened. It was <PERSON> who elicited this response and who, so to speak, pushed God Himself to this new stage in his relation with <LOCATION>—to give up His expectations of perfection from His covenanted people, and to understand that living within a covenant means, not rigid adherence to a set of laws, but a living relationship with real people, taking the bad with the good. (Again, the parallel to human relationships is obvious)
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“A remote <NRP> village is responding to global warming-induced water shortages by creating large masses of ice, or “artificial glaciers,” to get through <DATE_TIME>. (See a map of the region.)
Located on the western edge of the <NRP> plateau, the village of Skara in the <LOCATION> region of <LOCATION> is not a common tourist destination.
“It’s beautiful, but really remote and difficult to get to,” said <PERSON>, a graduate student at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies who worked on the artificial glacier project.
“A lot of people, when I met them in <LOCATION> and I said I was going to <LOCATION>, they looked at me like I was going to the moon,” said <PERSON>, who is also a National Geographic grantee.
People in Skara and surrounding villages survive by growing crops such as barley for their own consumption and for sale in neighboring towns. In the past, water for the crops came from meltwater originating in glaciers high in the <LOCATION>.”
Read more: National Geographic
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<LOCATION>'s oil and natural gas industry is committed to <IN_PAN> the environment and to continuously improving its hurricane preparation and response plans. After any hurricane or tropical storm, the goal is to return to full <IN_PAN> as quickly and as safely as possible. For the <DATE_TIME>, the industry continues to build upon critical lessons learned from <DATE_TIME>'s major <IN_PAN>, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, as well as other powerful storms, such as <DATE_TIME>'s Katrina and <PERSON> and <DATE_TIME>'s <PERSON>.
API plays two primary roles for the industry in preparing for <IN_PAN>. First, it helps the industry gain a better understanding of the environmental <IN_PAN> in and around <LOCATION> during hurricane or tropical storm activity and then assists industry in using that knowledge to make offshore and onshore <IN_PAN> less <IN_PAN>. Second, API collaborates with member companies, other <IN_PAN> and with federal, state and local governments to prepare for <IN_PAN> and return <IN_PAN> as quickly and as safely as possible.
API member companies also independently work to improve preparedness for <IN_PAN> and other natural or manmade disasters. They have, for example, reviewed and updated emergency response plans, established redundant communication paths and made pre-arrangements with suppliers to help ensure they have adequate resources during an emergency.
The API Subcommittee on Offshore Stuctures, the International Association of Drilling Contractors, and the Offshore Operators Committee, serve as a liaison to <IN_PAN> agencies, <IN_PAN> industry review of critical design standards and provide a forum for sharing lessons learned from previous <IN_PAN>.
These combined efforts are critical since <LOCATION> accounted for about 23 percent of the oil and 8 percent of total natural gas produced in <LOCATION> (approximately 82 percent of the oil supply comes from deepwater <IN_PAN>), and <LOCATION> region is home to almost half of the <LOCATION> refining capacity.
Upstream (Exploration and <IN_PAN>)
During the major <DATE_TIME> <IN_PAN>, waves were higher and winds were stronger than anticipated in deeper parts of the <LOCATION> so the industry moved away from viewing it as a uniform body of water. <IN_PAN> the effects of those and other storms, helped <IN_PAN> discover that <LOCATION> of <LOCATION> was more prone to <IN_PAN> because it acts as a gathering spot for warm currents that can <IN_PAN> a storm.
The revised wind, wave and water current measurements ("metocean" data) prompted API to reassess its recommended practices (RPs) for industry <IN_PAN> in the region.
- The upstream segment continues to integrate the updated environmental (metocean) data on how powerful storms affect <IN_PAN> in <LOCATION> into its offshore structure design standards. This effort led to the publication in <DATE_TIME> of an update to RP 2SK, Design and Analysis of Stationkeeping Systems for Floating <IN_PAN>, that provides guidance for design and operation of Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) mooring systems in <LOCATION> during <DATE_TIME>. API RP 95J, Gulf of Mexico Jack-up <IN_PAN> for Hurricane Season, which <IN_PAN> locating <PERSON>-up rigs on more stable areas of the sea floor, and positioning platform decks higher above the sea surface, was also updated.
API publications are available at our (Search and Order
API in <DATE_TIME> also has issued a number of bulletins to help better prepare for and bring <IN_PAN> back online after <LOCATION> <IN_PAN>. These include:
<IN_PAN> and <IN_PAN> (steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm)
- Bulletin 2TD, <IN_PAN> for Tie-downs on Offshore <IN_PAN> for Hurricane Season, which is aimed at better-securing separate platform equipment.
- <DATE_TIME>, Interim Guidance on Hurricane <IN_PAN> in <LOCATION>, which provides updated metocean data for four regions of the <LOCATION>, including wind <IN_PAN>, deepwater wave <IN_PAN>, ocean current information, and surge and tidal data.
- <DATE_TIME>, Interim Guidance for Design of Offshore <IN_PAN> for Hurricane <IN_PAN>, which explains how to apply the updated metocean data during design.
- <DATE_TIME>, Interim Guidance for <IN_PAN> of Existing Offshore <IN_PAN> for Hurricane <IN_PAN>, which assists owners/operators and engineers with existing <IN_PAN>.
- Bulletin 2HINS, Guidance on Post<IN_PAN> of Offshore <IN_PAN>, which provides guidance on determining if a structure sustained <IN_PAN>induced damage that affects the safety of personnel, the primary <IN_PAN> integrity, or its ability to perform the purpose for which it was intended.
<IN_PAN> and Pipelines
- Days in advance of a tropical storm or hurricane moving toward or near their drilling and <IN_PAN>, companies will evacuate all non<IN_PAN> personnel and begin the process of shutting down <IN_PAN>.
- As the storm gets closer, all personnel will be evacuated from the drilling rigs and platforms, and <IN_PAN> is shut down. <IN_PAN> may relocate to a safe location. <IN_PAN> in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often will be shut down as well because storms can change direction with little notice.
- After a storm has passed and it is safe to fly, operators will initiate "flyovers" of onshore and offshore <IN_PAN> to evaluate damage from the air. For onshore <IN_PAN>, these "flyovers" can identify flooding, facility damage, road or other infrastructure problems, and spills. Offshore "flyovers" look for damaged drilling rigs, platform damage, spills, and possible pipeline damage.
- Many offshore drilling rigs are equipped with GPS locator systems, which allow federal officials and drilling contractors to remotely monitor the rigs' location before, during and after a hurricane. If a rig is pulled offsite by the storm, locator systems allow crews to find and recover the rig as quickly and as safely as possible.
- Once safety concerns are addressed, operators will send <IN_PAN> crews to offshore <IN_PAN> to <IN_PAN> assess the <IN_PAN> for damage.
- If <IN_PAN> are undamaged, and ancillary <IN_PAN>, like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas, are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin <IN_PAN>. Drilling rigs will commence <IN_PAN>.
Despite <IN_PAN> unprecedented damage and supply outages during <DATE_TIME> and <DATE_TIME> <IN_PAN>, the industry quickly and safely brought refining and pipeline <IN_PAN> back online, <IN_PAN> to consumers near-record levels of gasoline and record levels of <IN_PAN> (diesel and heating oil) in <DATE_TIME>. The oil and oil-product pipelines operating on or near <LOCATION> continue to review their assets and <IN_PAN> to minimize the potential impacts of storms and shorten the time it takes to recover. While there have been some shortages caused by <IN_PAN>, supply disruptions have been temporary despite extensive damage to <IN_PAN> infrastructure, such as electric power <IN_PAN> and distribution, <IN_PAN> shut-ins and refinery shutdowns. Pipelines need a steady supply of crude oil or refined products to keep product flowing to its intended destinations.
To prepare for future severe storms, refiners and pipeline companies have
<IN_PAN> and <IN_PAN> (steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm)
- Worked with utilities to clarify <IN_PAN> for electric power restoration critical to <IN_PAN> and to help minimize significant disruptions to fuel distribution and delivery.
- Secured backup power <IN_PAN> equipment and worked with federal, state and local governments to ensure that pipelines and <IN_PAN> are <IN_PAN> "critical" infrastructure for back-up power purposes.
- Established redundant communications systems to support <IN_PAN> of <IN_PAN> and locate employees.
- Worked with vendors to pre-position food, water and transportation, and updated emergency plans to secure other emergency supplies and services.
- Provided <IN_PAN> training for employees who have participated in various exercises and drills.
- <IN_PAN> and improved emergency response and business <IN_PAN> plans.
- Strengthened onshore buildings and elevated equipment where appropriate to minimize potential flood damage.
- Worked with the states and local emergency <IN_PAN> officials to provide documentation and credentials for employees who need access to disaster sites where access is <IN_PAN> during an emergency.
- Participated in industry conferences to share best practices and improvement opportunities.
Pipelines and <IN_PAN> (steps industry takes to prepare for and return after a storm)
- Refiners, in <DATE_TIME> before a large storm makes landfall, will usually evacuate all non<IN_PAN> personnel and begin shutting down or reducing <IN_PAN>.
- <IN_PAN> in areas not forecast to take a direct hit from the storm often are shut down or curtailed as a <IN_PAN> because storms can change direction with little notice.
- Once safe, teams come in to assess damage. If damage or flooding has occurred, it must be repaired and dealt with before the refinery can be brought back on-line.
- Other factors that can cause delays in <IN_PAN> include the availability of crude oil, electricity to run the plant and water used for cooling the process units.
- <IN_PAN> are complex. It takes more than a flip of a switch to get a refinery back up and running. Once a decision has been made that it is safe to restart, it can take <DATE_TIME> before the facility is back to full operating levels. This is because the process units and <IN_PAN> equipment must be returned to operation in a staged manner to ensure a safe and <IN_PAN> startup.
- If <IN_PAN> are undamaged or necessary repairs have been made, and ancillary <IN_PAN> - like pipelines that carry the oil and natural gas - are undamaged and ready to accept shipments, operators will begin <IN_PAN>.
- Pipeline <IN_PAN> can be impacted by storms, primarily through power outages, but also by direct damage.
- Offshore pipelines damaged require the hiring of divers, repairs and safety inspections before supplies can flow. Damaged onshore pipelines must be assessed, repaired and inspected before resuming <IN_PAN>.
- Without power, crude oil and petroleum products cannot be moved through pipelines. Operators routinely hold or lease back-up <IN_PAN> but need time to get them onsite.
- If there is no product put into pipelines because <LOCATION> of <LOCATION> crude or natural gas <IN_PAN> has been curtailed, or because of refinery shutdowns, the crude and products already in the pipelines cannot be pushed out the other end.
- Wind damage to above ground tanks at storage terminals can also impact supplies into the pipeline.
: The <DATE_TIME> hurricane season was very active, with 16 named storms, of which eight became <IN_PAN> and five of those were major <IN_PAN>. For the <LOCATION> oil and natural gas industry, the two most serious storms of <DATE_TIME> were <PERSON>, which made landfall in <DATE_TIME> near <LOCATION>, <LOCATION>, and Hurricane Gustav, which made landfall on <DATE_TIME> in <LOCATION>.
Hurricane Gustav, a strong Category 2 storm, kept off-line oil and natural gas delivery systems and <IN_PAN> platforms that had not yet been fully restored from a smaller storm <DATE_TIME>, and brought significant flooding as far north as <LOCATION>. <PERSON>, another strong Category 2 hurricane, caused significant portions of the <IN_PAN>, <IN_PAN>, and pipeline infrastructure along <LOCATION> in <LOCATION> and <LOCATION> to shut down. <PERSON> caused significant destruction to electric transmission and distribution lines, and these damages delayed the restart of major <IN_PAN> plants, pipelines, and <IN_PAN>. As many as 3.7 million customers were without electric power following the storm, with about 2.5 million in <LOCATION> alone.
At the peak of disruptions, more than 20 percent of total <LOCATION> refinery capacity was idled. The Minerals <IN_PAN> Service - now called Bureau of Ocean Energy <IN_PAN>, <IN_PAN> and Enforcement (BOEMRE)
estimated that 2,127 of the 3,800 total oil and natural gas <IN_PAN> platforms in <LOCATION> were exposed to hurricane <IN_PAN>, with winds greater than 74 miles per hour, from <IN_PAN> Gustav and <PERSON>. A total of 60 platforms were destroyed as a result of <IN_PAN> Gustav and <PERSON>. Some platforms which had been <IN_PAN> reported as having extensive damage were <IN_PAN> and <IN_PAN> to be destroyed. The destroyed platforms produced 13,657 barrels of oil and 96.5 million cubic feet of natural gas <DATE_TIME> or 1.05 percent of the oil and 1.3 percent of the natural gas produced daily in <LOCATION>.
: The <DATE_TIME> was the most active in recorded history, <IN_PAN> previous records. According to the <IN_PAN> of Energy, <IN_PAN> in the path of <IN_PAN> Katrina and <PERSON> <IN_PAN> for about 29 percent of <LOCATION> refining capacity were shut down at the peak of disruptions. Offshore, the Minerals <IN_PAN> Service (MMS) estimated 22,000 of the 33,000 miles of pipelines and 3,050 of the 4,000 platforms in the <LOCATION> were in the direct paths of the two Category 5 storms. Together the storms destroyed 115 platforms and damaged 52 others.
Even so, there was no loss of life among industry workers and contractors. An MMS report found "no accounts of spills from <IN_PAN> on the federal Outer Continental Shelf that reached the shoreline; oiled birds or mammals; or involved any discoveries of oil to be collected or cleaned up".
: Hurricane Ivan was the strongest hurricane of <DATE_TIME> and among one of the most powerful <LOCATION> hurricanes on record. It moved across <LOCATION> to make landfall in <LOCATION>. <PERSON> then looped across <LOCATION> and back into the <LOCATION>, regenerating into a new tropical system, which moved into <LOCATION> and <LOCATION>.
The MMS estimated approximately 150 offshore facilities and 10,000 miles of pipelines were in the direct path of <PERSON>. Seven platforms were destroyed and 24 others damaged. The oil and natural gas industry submitted numerous damage reports to MMS, including for mobile drilling rigs, offshore platforms, producing wells, topside systems including wellheads and production and processing equipment, risers, and pipeline systems that transport oil and gas ashore from offshore facilities.
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This section provides a short description of all the major characters in the book. This can be printed out as a study guide for students, used as a "key" for leading a class discussion, or you can jump to the quiz/homework section to find worksheets that incorporate these descriptions into a variety of question formats.
<PERSON> character is the son of a farmer who is stolen from <LOCATION> and sold as a slave.
<PERSON> - This character is a slave on the <LOCATION> plantation in <LOCATION> who never has a freedom dream.
<PERSON> character is intelligent and forward thinking and dreams of making enough money to help his family hold onto <LOCATION>.
<PERSON> This character is tall and dark-skinned. He/she has ideas of his/her own and does not want to move to <LOCATION> with his/her...
This section contains 570 words|
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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Fun Learning with Printable Flash Cards
Here you will find our selection of free printable flash cards for preschool learning (and beyond!). Flash cards are a great way for kids to learn the basic elements and memorize them through short repeat sessions. You’ll find helping them learn their first abc, animal names and numbers incredibly rewarding.
<DATE_TIME> here, <DATE_TIME> there, whether at home, traveling, in the park or at Auntie’s it’s learning on the go. These lovely cards turn learning into playing (… but we also love decorating kids’ rooms by sticking them on the wall or putting them in picture frames.)
We’ve made all our printable flash cards here free for everybody and of course you can print them as many times as you like!
Alphabet Flash Cards
Helping the little one’s first learning fun and sweet!
Vocabulary Flash Cards
Learning new words and concepts is great fun!
Number & Math Flash Cards
Various flash cards for all your math activities.
Shapes & Colors Flash Cards
Try combining abstract shapes and pretty colors with various colorful activities.
We have a growing selection of children’s resources for preschool, homeschool & classroom learning activities. Please check back soon to see what’s new. Thank you!
We’d also love to hear from parents and teachers with suggestions.
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<urn:uuid:3bcc3f8d-efc9-4c16-87f0-df69d12c3b5a>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.mrprintables.com/printable-flash-cards.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
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• Incubation: <DATE_TIME>
• Clutch Size: 4 eggs
• Young Fledge: <DATE_TIME> after hatching
• Typical Foods: insects, aquatic invertebrates and seeds
Female red phalaropes are stunning -- they are a rich chestnut color with a dark crown and white face. However, virtually all <LOCATION> birds are in drab non-breeding plumage.
Habitat and Habits
This species prefers the open waters of <LOCATION>. It is most typically found along stone jetties and breakwalls in sheltered harbors. The flight call is similar to that of the red-necked phalarope, but generally higher pitched.
Reproduction and Care of the Young
Breeding takes place in <LOCATION> and northern <LOCATION>. Nests are hollows in the ground of marshy tundra. The male raises the young.
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<urn:uuid:5822656d-7af7-48bb-9307-359a74f2061e>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/species_a_to_z/redphalarope/tabid/17697/Default.aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.899401
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Learn something new every day More <NRP>... by email
A predicate is part of a sentence or clause in English and is one of two primary components that serves to effectively complete the sentence. Sentences consist of two main components: subjects and predicates. Subjects are the primary “thing” in a sentence which the rest of the words then describe through either a direct description or by indicating what type of action that subject is performing. The predicate is this secondary aspect of the sentence and usually consists of a verb or adjective, though complicated sentences may have multiple verbs and a number of descriptions affecting the subject.
It can be easiest to understand predicates by first understanding subjects and how sentences are constructed. A sentence just about always has a subject, though it can be implied in some way and not necessarily directly stated. In a simple sentence like “The cat slept,” the subject is “the cat,” which is a noun phrase consisting of the direct article “the” and the noun “cat.” Subjects can be longer and more complicated, but they are usually fairly simple in nature.
The predicate of a sentence is then basically the rest of the sentence, though this is not always the case for longer and more complicated sentences. In “The cat slept,” the predicate is quite simple and merely consists of the word “slept.” This is simple because “slept” is an intransitive verb, which means that it requires no further description or objects to make it complete. The sentence could be expanded as “The cat slept on the bed,” but this is not necessary and merely adds a descriptive component to the predicate through the prepositional phrase “on the bed.”
In a somewhat more complicated sentence, such as “The man gave the ball to his son,” the subject of the sentence is still quite simple: “The man.” The predicate in this sentence, however, has become substantially more complicated and consists of the rest of the sentence: “gave the ball to his son.” This has been made more complicated because the verb “gave” is transitive, specifically ditransitive, which indicates both a direct object and an indirect object.
The act of “giving” requires that there is a direct object, which is the item given, and an indirect object, which is who or what it is given to. In this instance, the predicate consists of the verb “gave” and the direct object “the ball” with a connecting preposition “to” and the indirect object “his son.” Predicates can become even more complicated as an idea expands, such as a sentence like “The rock rolled off the table, landed on top of a skateboard, and proceeded to roll down the hill until it was stopped by a wall.” In this sentence, the subject is only “The rock,” which means that the rest of the sentence is the predicate.
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<urn:uuid:b6182938-d2ed-4d47-a28c-9ae9952dbc8d>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-predicate.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971761
| 633
| 4.59375
| 5
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