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# 10th Tank Corps
The 10th Tank Corps was a tank corps of the Red Army, formed twice.
## First Formation
In May–June 1938, the 7th Mechanized Corps headquarters was relocated from Novy Petergof to Luga and converted into the 10th Tank Corps when the Red Army mechanized forces transitioned from a mechanized corps structure to a tank corps structure. On 4 August 1938, the 107th Separate Air Liaison Flight was formed as part of the corps at Luga. On 27 September 1939, the corps was relocated to the Pskov area on the Estonian border, to back up threats of force against that country. On 2 October it was moved to the Latvian border to threaten Latvia as well. Both of these movements were made to force the two Baltic states into signing the Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty and the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, respectively, which established Soviet military bases on the territory of both countries. On 10 October, the 18th Light Tank Brigade was transferred to another unit and replaced by the 1st Light Tank Brigade. The corps' other brigades were the 13th Light Tank Brigade and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade.
On 13 October the corps was transferred back to the Leningrad Military District from the 8th Army and returned to Luga. By 30 November, in preparation for the Winter War, the Soviet attack on Finland, the 10th was relocated to the Finnish border as part of the 7th Army. On 30 November, the corps crossed the border at the beginning of the invasion, with its headquarters in the Korkiamyaki area, then at Rautu and Liipua. Between 13 and 16 December the 10th Tank Corps was transferred to advance towards Vyborg, concentrating in the Baboshino area. Its units were pulled out of combat and moved to Baboshin, with the headquarters at Tomilla by 20 December.
The Red Army command considered the performance of the large tank corps to be unsatisfactory and ordered all of them, including the 10th, disbanded in January 1940 by an order dated 17 January. The corps headquarters was moved to Kingisepp to be used to form an army group under the command of Dmitry Pavlov.
## Second Formation
The corps was reformed in April 1942 and was part of Steppe Front for the Battle of Kursk. Fatyh Zaripovich Sharipov appears to have won the Hero of the Soviet Union while operating with the corps.
10th Tank Corps was subsequently assigned to the 5th Guards Tank Army, but by April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, the 10th Tank Corps was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). It comprised the 178th, 183rd, and 186th Tank Brigades, and the 11th Motor Rifle Brigade.
It should not be confused with 30th Tank Corps, which became 10th Guards Tank Corps.
Postwar it became the 10th Tank Division. On 30 April 1957, it became the 34th Heavy Tank Division. In March 1965, it became the 34th Tank Division. On 20 March 1992, it was taken over by Belarus. The division became the 34th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, part of North Western Operational Command.
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{{short description|Tank corps of the Soviet military}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 10th Tank Corps
| dates = {{plainlist|
*1st formation: 1938–1940
*2nd formation: 1942–1945
}}
| country = {{flag|Soviet Union}}
| branch = [[Red Army]]
| type = Armor
| battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Operation Gallop]]
*[[Battle of Kursk]]
*[[Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation]]
*[[Battle of the Dnieper]]
*[[Battle of Kiev (1943)]]
*[[East Prussian Offensive]]
| decorations = {{OrderSuvorov2ndClass}} 2nd class
| battle_honours = Dnieper
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
*[[Vasily Mikhailovich Alexeyev]]
*[[Alexey Panfilov]]
*[[Matvey Shaposhnikov]]
}}
}}
The '''10th Tank Corps''' was a [[Tank corps (Soviet)|tank corps]] of the [[Red Army]], formed twice.
== First Formation ==
In May–June 1938, the [[7th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)|7th Mechanized Corps]] headquarters was relocated from Novy Petergof to [[Luga, Leningrad Oblast|Luga]] and converted into the 10th Tank Corps when the Red Army mechanized forces transitioned from a mechanized corps structure to a tank corps structure. On 4 August 1938, the 107th Separate Air Liaison Flight was formed as part of the corps at Luga. On 27 September 1939, the corps was relocated to the [[Pskov]] area on the Estonian border, to back up threats of force against that country. On 2 October it was moved to the Latvian border to threaten Latvia as well. Both of these movements were made to force the two Baltic states into signing the [[Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty]] and the [[Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty]], respectively, which established Soviet military bases on the territory of both countries. On 10 October, the 18th Light Tank Brigade was transferred to another unit and replaced by the [[1st Light Tank Brigade (Soviet Union)|1st Light Tank Brigade]]. The corps' other brigades were the [[13th Light Tank Brigade]] and the 15th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mechcorps.ru/files/before_41/pages/07_mk_10_tk.htm|title=7 механизированный корпус с 1938 г. – 10 танковый корпус|last=Drig|first=Yevgeny|date=12 October 2013|website=mechcorps.ru|language=Russian|trans-title=7th Mechanized Corps, from 1938 10th Tank Corps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182302/http://mechcorps.ru/files/before_41/pages/07_mk_10_tk.htm|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
On 13 October the corps was transferred back to the [[Leningrad Military District]] from the [[8th Army (Soviet Union)|8th Army]] and returned to Luga. By 30 November, in preparation for the [[Winter War]], the Soviet attack on Finland, the 10th was relocated to the Finnish border as part of the [[7th Army (Soviet Union)|7th Army]]. On 30 November, the corps crossed the border at the beginning of the invasion, with its headquarters in the [[Korkiamyaki]] area, then at [[Rautu]] and [[Liipua]]. Between 13 and 16 December the 10th Tank Corps was transferred to advance towards [[Vyborg]], concentrating in the Baboshino area. Its units were pulled out of combat and moved to Baboshin, with the headquarters at [[Tomilla]] by 20 December.<ref name=":0" />
The Red Army command considered the performance of the large tank corps to be unsatisfactory and ordered all of them, including the 10th, disbanded in January 1940 by an order dated 17 January. The corps headquarters was moved to [[Kingisepp]] to be used to form an army group under the command of [[Dmitry Pavlov (general)|Dmitry Pavlov]].<ref name=":0" />
== Second Formation ==
The corps was reformed in April 1942<ref>[http://www.dupuyinstitute.org/ubb/Forum4/HTML/000040.html Dupuy Institute Forum Discussion on Tank/Mech Corps]</ref> and was part of [[Steppe Front]] for the [[Battle of Kursk]]. [[Fatyh Zaripovich Sharipov]] appears to have won the [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] while operating with the corps.
10th Tank Corps was subsequently assigned to the [[5th Guards Tank Army]], but by April 1945 during the [[Battle of Berlin]], the 10th Tank Corps was part of the [[Reserve of the Supreme High Command]] (RVGK).<ref>Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 апреля 1945 г. and Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 мая 1945 г. See [[Combat composition of the Soviet Army]].</ref> It comprised the 178th, 183rd, and 186th Tank Brigades, and the 11th Motor Rifle Brigade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niehorster.org/012_ussr/45-04-03_Berlin/2-Byelo/Corps_010-Tank.html|title=Battle of Berlin: Soviet Order of Battle: 10th Tank Corps, 3 April 1945|last=Niehorster|first=Leo|date=1 January 2010|website=niehorster.org|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
It should not be confused with 30th Tank Corps, which became [[10th Guards Tank Corps]].
Postwar it became the [[10th Tank Division (Soviet Union)|10th Tank Division]]. On 30 April 1957, it became the 34th Heavy Tank Division. In March 1965, it became the [[34th Tank Division#Second formation|34th Tank Division]]. On 20 March 1992, it was taken over by Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/td/34td.htm|title=34th Tank Division|last=Holm|first=Michael|website=www.ww2.dk|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> The division became the 34th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, part of [[North Western Operational Command]].
==References==
<references/>
{{Soviet Union corps}}
[[Category:Tank corps of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1938]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1940]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
| 1,167,219,203 |
[{"title": "10th Tank Corps", "data": {"Active": "- 1st formation: 1938\u20131940 - 2nd formation: 1942\u20131945", "Country": "Soviet Union", "Branch": "Red Army", "Type": "Armor", "Engagements": "World War II - Operation Gallop - Battle of Kursk - Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation - Battle of the Dnieper - Battle of Kiev (1943) - East Prussian Offensive", "Decorations": "Order of Suvorov 2nd class", "Battle honours": "Dnieper"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Notable \u00b7 commanders": "- Vasily Mikhailovich Alexeyev - Alexey Panfilov - Matvey Shaposhnikov"}}]
| false |
# 1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125.
## Treaty and preparations
In 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa. In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics. The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae ('for strengthening [their] alliance and friendship'). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the usagium and the jus naufragii in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times).
The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God. Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact. The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade.
The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy. Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines. In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille.
The fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113. Paschal had also granted the Pisans the Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"), and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit. Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Empúries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona. The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships. Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated. Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 morabatins from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition.
## Conquest and loss
The combined Crusader fleet raided Ibiza in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The Liber maiolichinus also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in careae (probably caves), on Formentera. Ibiza was under Crusader control by August. The Crusaders invested Palma de Majorca in August 1114. As the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Empúries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and Pietro Moriconi, the Archbishop of Pisa, interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of parias (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege.
Muslim reinforcements, Almoravids from the Iberian port of Denia, surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier. In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim taifa ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive. The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy.
The conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1115 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.
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1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
| partof = the [[Crusades]]
| image = Location map Taifa of Mallorca.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The ''taifa'' of the Balearics (green), with its capital (Mallorca), the Crusaders' chief target, indicated.
| date = 1113–1115
| place = [[Balearic Islands]]
| result = Christian victory
| combatant1 = [[Republic of Pisa]]<br>[[Catalan counties]]<br>[[County of Provence]]<br>[[Giudicato of Torres]]<br>[[Papal States]]
| combatant2 = [[Taifa of Majorca]]<br>[[Almoravids]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Pietro Moriconi]]<br>[[Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona]]<br>[[Hug II of Empúries]]<br>[[Saltaro of Torres]]
| commander2 = [[Abu-l-Rabi Sulayman]]{{POW}}<br>[[Abu al-Mundhir]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 300 Pisan ships<br>150 Catalan and Provençal ships
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = High
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Reconquista}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Almoravid Empire battles}}
In 1114, an '''expedition to the [[Balearic Islands]]''', then a [[Muslim]] ''[[taifa]]'', was launched in the form of a [[Crusade]]. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the [[Republic of Pisa]] and [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona]], the expedition had the support of [[Pope Paschal II]] and the participation of many lords of [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]] and [[Occitania]], as well as contingents from northern and central [[Italy]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Corsica]]. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the [[Norwegian king]] [[Sigurd I of Norway|Sigurd I's]] attack on [[Formentera]] in 1108 or 1109 during the [[Norwegian Crusade]].<ref>Gary B. Doxey (1996), "Norwegian Crusaders and the Balearic Islands", ''Scandinavian Studies'', 10–11. In the ''Liber maiolichinus'' the Norwegian king is referred to only as ''rex Norgregius'', and is recorded as sailing with 100 ships, though the later [[saga]]s record sixty.</ref> The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan ''[[Liber maiolichinus]]'', completed by 1125.
==Treaty and preparations==
In 1085 [[Pope Gregory VII]] had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa.<ref name=bishko>Charles Julian Bishko (1975), [http://libro.uca.edu/bishko/spr1.htm "The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492"], ''A History of the Crusades, Vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries'', ed. Harry W. Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press), 405.</ref> In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to [[Majorca]] was put off course by a storm and ended up near [[Blanes]] on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics.<ref>Silvia Orvietani Busch (2001), ''Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 to 1235'' (BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-12069-6}}), 207. The fleet had left Pisa in August.</ref> The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of [[Sant Feliu de Guíxols]], where on 7 September they signed a treaty ''causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae'' ('for strengthening [their] alliance and friendship'). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the ''[[usagium]]'' and the ''[[jus naufragii]]'' in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though [[Arles]] and [[Saint-Gilles, Gard|Saint-Gilles]], in the recently acquired [[March of Provence]], were singled out for special mention (three times).<ref name=busch208>Busch, 208.</ref>
The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of [[James I of Aragon|James I]] granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God.<ref>It records the Providential meeting of Pisans and Catalans as ''divino ducatu in portu Sancti Felicis prope Gerundam apud Barcinonam ''[''Pisanorum exercitus'']'' applicuisset'' (Busch, 207).</ref> Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact.<ref>Busch, 208 n4. Enrica Salvatori, [http://www.stm.unipi.it/clioh/tabs/libri/6/02-salvatori_13-32.pdf "Pisa in the Middle Ages: the Dream and the Reality of an Empire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224214431/http://www.stm.unipi.it/clioh/tabs/libri/6/02-salvatori_13-32.pdf |date=2009-02-24 }}, ''Empires Ancient and Modern'', 19, likewise believes the familiarity of the author of the ''Liber maiolichinus'' with Catalan and Occitan geography points to longer and earlier Pisan contacts.</ref> The attribution of the meeting to [[Divine Providence|Providence]] alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade.<ref name=busch208/>
The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy.<ref>Doxey, 13. The memory of Sigurd's abundant spoils may have played a secondary rôle.</ref> Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct [[siege engines]].<ref name=busch210>Busch, 210. During their winter in Catalonia, many Pisan knights reportedly wandered abroad into southern France (''Provintia'', [[Provence]], to the author of the ''Liber'') as far as [[Nîmes]] and Arles.</ref> In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at [[Marseille]].<ref>Many of the Pisans killed were buried at the [[Abbey of Saint Victor, Marseille|Abbey of Saint Victor]] in Marseille on the return trip, cf. Salvatori, 19.</ref>
The fleet brought with it [[Boso of Sant'Anastasia|Cardinal Bosone]], an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a [[Papal bull|bull]] as early as 1113.<ref name=bishko/> Paschal had also granted the Pisans the ''Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum'' ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"),<ref>This is almost certainly the ''vexillum sancti Petri'' ("banner of Saint Peter") used by papal armies on other occasions. The pope also gave a processional cross to the Pisan archbishop, who gave it to a certain layman, Atho, to carry. Cf. [[Carl Erdmann]] (1977), ''The Origin of the Idea of Crusade'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 186, who points out that the banner of Saint Peter is not the basis for the later white cross on a red field associated with Pisa.</ref> and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit. Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of [[Florence]], [[Lucca]], [[Pistoia]], [[Rome]], [[Siena]], and [[Volterra]], and from Sardinia and Corsica under [[Saltaro of Torres|Saltaro]], the son of [[Constantine I of Logudoro]]. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, [[Hug II of Empúries]], and [[Ramon Folc II of Cardona]].<ref name=busch210n12>Busch, 210 n12.</ref> The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the [[Count of Toulouse]], [[Alfonso Jordan]]: [[William V of Montpellier]], with twenty ships; [[Aimeric II of Narbonne]], with twenty ships; and [[Raymond I of Baux]], with seven ships.<ref name=busch210n12/> [[Bernard Ato IV]], the chief of the [[Trencavel]] family, also participated.<ref name=salvatori19>Salvatori, 19.</ref> Ramon Berenguer and his wife, [[Douce I of Provence|Douce]], borrowed 100 ''[[morabatins]]'' from the [[Ramon Guillem (Bishop of Barcelona)|Ramon Guillem]], the [[Bishop of Barcelona]], to finance the expedition.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
==Conquest and loss==
The combined Crusader fleet raided [[Ibiza]] in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The ''Liber maiolichinus'' also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in ''careae'' (probably caves), on Formentera.<ref name=doxey11>Doxey, 11.</ref> Ibiza was under Crusader control by August.<ref name=salvatori19/> The Crusaders [[:wikt:invest#Verb|invested]] [[Palma de Majorca]] in August 1114.<ref name=busch211>Busch, 211.</ref> As the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Empúries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and [[Pietro Moriconi]], the [[Archbishop of Pisa]], interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of ''[[parias]]'' (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege.<ref name=busch211/>
Muslim reinforcements, [[Almoravids]] from the Iberian port of [[Denia]], surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier.<ref name=doxey11/> In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim ''taifa'' ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive.<ref>Giuseppe Scalia (1980), "Contributi pisani alla lotta anti-islamica nel Mediterraneo centro-occidentale durante il secolo XI e nei prime deceni del XII", ''Anuario de estudios medievales'', '''10''', 138.</ref> The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
The conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1115 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.<ref name=busch211/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFTJAwAAQBAJ&dq=On+30+May+Almoravid+troops+under+Ibn+al-Hajj+encountered+little+resistance+when+they+entered+and+put+an+end+to+the+last+of+the+Taifa+states.++Offensive+expeditions+continued+in+west+and+east%3A+Sir+b.+Abi+Bakr+led+an+expedition+in+1111+which+secured+the+Tagus+frontier+in+Portugal+with+the+occupation+of+Lisbon+and+Santarem%2C+and+in+1112+Ibn+al-Hajj+used+his+new+base+in+Zaragoza+to+raid+north+of+the+city+of+Huesca%2C+recendy+taken+by+the+Aragonese.+It+was+the+last+time+a+Muslim+army+was+ever+to+reach+the+foothills+of+the+Pyrenees&pg=PT135 |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87040-1 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Pisa, Catalonia, and Muslim Pirates: Intercultural Exchanges in the Balearic Crusade of 1113–1115 |first=Matthew E. |last=Parker |pages=77–100 |journal=Viator |volume=45 |issue=2 |year=2014|doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103913 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1113-15 Balearic Islands expedition}}
[[Category:1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition| ]]
[[Category:1110s conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1113]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1114]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1115]]
[[Category:Republic of Pisa]]
[[Category:12th-century crusades]]
[[Category:Crusades]]
| 1,265,898,312 |
[{"title": "1113\u20131115 Balearic Islands expedition", "data": {"Date": "1113\u20131115", "Location": "Balearic Islands", "Result": "Christian victory"}}, {"title": "Belligerents", "data": {"Republic of Pisa \u00b7 Catalan counties \u00b7 County of Provence \u00b7 Giudicato of Torres \u00b7 Papal States": "Taifa of Majorca \u00b7 Almoravids"}}, {"title": "Commanders and leaders", "data": {"Pietro Moriconi \u00b7 Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona \u00b7 Hug II of Emp\u00faries \u00b7 Saltaro of Torres": "Abu-l-Rabi Sulayman (POW) \u00b7 Abu al-Mundhir \u2020"}}, {"title": "Strength", "data": {"300 Pisan ships \u00b7 150 Catalan and Proven\u00e7al ships": "Unknown"}}, {"title": "Casualties and losses", "data": {"Unknown": "High"}}]
| false |
# 11665 Dirichlet
11665 Dirichlet, provisional designation 1997 GL28, is a Griqua asteroid and a 2:1 Jupiter librator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.8 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 April 1997, by astronomer Paul Comba at the Prescott Observatory in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.
## Orbit and classification
Dirichlet is a Griqua asteroid, a small dynamical group of asteroids located in the otherwise sparsely populated Hecuba gap (2:1 resonance with Jupiter), which is one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,169 days; semi-major axis of 3.28 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1994.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859), who was the successor of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the predecessor of Bernhard Riemann at the University of Göttingen. His contributions include the first rigorous proof that the Fourier series converges. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 November 1999 (M.P.C. 36951).
## Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dirichlet measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Dirichlet has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
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enwiki/16428850
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enwiki
| 16,428,850 |
11665 Dirichlet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11665_Dirichlet
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2024-07-16T17:07:13Z
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en
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Q2626367
| 81,994 |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 11665 Dirichlet
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Paul Comba|P. G. Comba]]
| discovery_site = [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott Obs.]]
| discovered = 14 April 1997
| mpc_name = (11665) Dirichlet
| alt_names = {{mp|1997 GL|28}}
| pronounced =
| named_after = [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><br />{{small|(German mathematician)}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]<ref name="MPC-object" />{{·}}({{small|[[Kirkwood gap|outer]]}})<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Griqua group|Griqua]]<ref name="Roig-2002" /><ref name="AstDys-object" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 27 April 2019 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 23.97 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (8,756 d)
| aphelion = 3.7625 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.7963 AU
| semimajor = 3.2794 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1473
| period = 5.94 yr (2,169 d)
| mean_anomaly = 298.55[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1660|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 15.787°
| asc_node = 215.21°
| arg_peri = 309.39°
| tisserand = 3.0980
| mean_diameter = {{val|6.803|0.358|ul=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="Ferret" />
| rotation =
| albedo = {{val|0.087|0.014}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
| spectral_type =
| abs_magnitude = 14.1<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
}}
'''11665 Dirichlet''', provisional designation {{mp|1997 GL|28}}, is a [[Griqua asteroid]] and a [[Orbital resonance|2:1 Jupiter librator]] from the outermost regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|6.8|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 14 April 1997, by astronomer [[Paul Comba]] at the [[Prescott Observatory]] in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after German mathematician [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Dirichlet'' is a [[Griqua asteroid]], a small dynamical group of asteroids located in the otherwise sparsely populated [[Hecuba gap]] (2:1 [[Orbital resonance|resonance]] with [[Jupiter]]), which is one of the largest [[Kirkwood gap]]s in the asteroid belt.<ref name="Roig-2002" /><ref name="AstDys-object" /> It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 11 months (2,169 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.28 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.15 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 16[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins prior to its official discovery observation with a [[precovery]] taken by [[Spacewatch]] in October 1994.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after German mathematician [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] (1805–1859), who was the successor of [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] and the predecessor of [[Bernhard Riemann]] at the [[University of Göttingen]]. His contributions include the first rigorous proof that the [[Fourier series]] converges. The official {{MoMP|11665|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 23 November 1999 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 36951}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
== Physical characteristics ==
According to the survey carried out by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Dirichlet'' measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.09.<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="Ferret" /> As of 2018, no rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Dirichlet'' has been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations. The body's [[rotation period]], [[Poles of astronomical bodies|pole]] and shape remain unknown.<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2018-10-16 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 11665 Dirichlet (1997 GL28)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2011665
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 11665 Dirichlet (1997 GL28)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=11665
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 11665 Dirichlet
|work = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=11665+Dirichlet
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid (11665) Dirichlet – Proper elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=11665&pc=1.1.6
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Roig-2002">{{Cite journal
|first1 = F. |last1 = Roig
|first2 = D. |last2 = Nesvorný
|first3 = S. |last3 = Ferraz-Mello
|date = September 2002
|title = Asteroids in the 2 : 1 resonance with Jupiter: dynamics and size distribution [ Erratum: 2002MNRAS.336.1391R ]
|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
|volume = 335
|issue = 2
|pages = 417–431
|bibcode = 2002MNRAS.335..417R
|doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05635.x
|doi-access = free
}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096
|access-date= 4 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (11665) Dirichlet
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=11665%7CDirichlet
|access-date = 4 December 2018}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs010001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|11665}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |11664 Kashiwagi |number=11665 |11666 Bracker}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dirichlet}}
[[Category:Griqua asteroids|011665]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Paul G. Comba]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1997|19970414]]
| 1,234,887,116 |
[{"title": "11665 Dirichlet", "data": {"Discovered by": "P. G. Comba", "Discovery site": "Prescott Obs.", "Discovery date": "14 April 1997"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(11665) Dirichlet", "Named after": "Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet \u00b7 (German mathematician)", "Alternative designations": "1997 GL28", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 Griqua"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "23.97 yr (8,756 d)", "Aphelion": "3.7625 AU", "Perihelion": "2.7963 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.2794 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.1473", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.94 yr (2,169 d)", "Mean anomaly": "298.55\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 9m 57.6s / day", "Inclination": "15.787\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "215.21\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "309.39\u00b0", "TJupiter": "3.0980"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "6.803\u00b10.358 km", "Geometric albedo": "0.087\u00b10.014", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "14.1"}}]
| false |
# 1159 Granada
1159 Granada, provisional designation 1929 RD, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada.
## Orbit and classification
Granada is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.
## Physical characteristics
Although Granada is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo (see below) for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids.
### Slow rotation
In September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Granada was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Granada's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Granada measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).
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enwiki/13779768
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enwiki
| 13,779,768 |
1159 Granada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1159_Granada
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2024-07-07T13:14:56Z
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en
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Q752794
| 138,303 |
{{Short description|Dark background asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1159 Granada
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discoverer = [[Karl Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]]
| discovery_site = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
| discovered = 2 September 1929
| mpc_name = (1159) Granada
| alt_names = 1929 RD{{·}}1931 AR<br />1940 RS
| pronounced =
| named_after = [[Granada]] <ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(Spanish city and province)}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|inner]])}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 87.84 yr (32,083 days)
| aphelion = 2.5184 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.2409 AU
| semimajor = 2.3797 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0583
| period = 3.67 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,341 days)
| mean_anomaly = 35.176[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2685|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 13.031°
| asc_node = 347.89°
| arg_peri = 313.33°
| dimensions = {{val|27.839|0.283}} km<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|28.641|0.460}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />29.94 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|29.98|0.9}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|30.14|9.34}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|30.26|0.11}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|30.26|0.29}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|34.65|12.83}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| rotation = {{val|31}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Binzel-1987b" /><br />{{val|72.852|0.2429}} h<ref name="Waszczak-2015" />
| albedo = {{val|0.028|0.014}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|0.031|0.002}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|0.0379|0.0038}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.00}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.02}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />0.0439 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.047|0.001}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.0471|0.003}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]] {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] {{=}} 0.680<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|U–B]] {{=}} 0.360<ref name="jpldata" />
| abs_magnitude = {{val|11.385|0.001}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2015" />{{·}}11.55<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}11.58<ref name="Nugent-2016" />{{·}}11.63<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="Binzel-1987b" />{{·}}{{val|11.78|0.43}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}11.81<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
}}
'''1159 Granada''', provisional designation {{mp|1929 RD}}, is a dark background [[asteroid]] and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer [[Karl Reinmuth]] at the [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in southwest Germany.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of [[Granada]].<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Granada'' is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known [[asteroid family]]. It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|inner]] main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.06 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 13[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
Although ''Granada'' is an assumed [[S-type asteroid]],<ref name="lcdb" /> it has a notably low albedo ''(see below)'' for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most [[C-type asteroid|carbonaceous]] asteroids.
=== Slow rotation ===
In September 1984, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Granada'' was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer [[Richard Binzel]]. Lightcurve analysis gave a [[rotation period]] of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Binzel-1987b" /> In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the [[Palomar Transient Factory]] gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /> While not being a [[List of slow rotators (minor planets)|slow rotator]], ''Granada''{{'}}s period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Granada'' measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.028 and 0.0471.<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 11.63.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after [[Granada]], city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''[[The Names of the Minor Planets]]'' by [[Paul Herget]] in 1955 ({{small|[[Herget's discovery circumstances|H 108]]}}).<ref name="springer" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-07-05 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1159 Granada (1929 RD)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001159
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1159) Granada
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 98
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1160 |chapter = (1159) Granada }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 1159 Granada (1929 RD)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1159
|access-date = 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096
|s2cid = 118745497 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1159) Granada
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1159%7CGranada
|access-date = 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|s2cid = 46350317 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = J. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = E. |last7 = Kramer
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = R. |last9 = Stevenson
|first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright
|date = December 2015
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015ApJ...814..117N
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 814
|issue = 2
|page = 13
|bibcode = 2015ApJ...814..117N
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117
|arxiv = 1509.02522
|s2cid = 9341381 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer
|first4 = R. M. |last4 = Cutri
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = J. |last7 = Masiero
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = E. L. |last9 = Wright
|date = September 2016
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 152
|issue = 3
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2016AJ....152...63N
|doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63
|arxiv = 1606.08923
|doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1159 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|volume = 12
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|access-date = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407|s2cid = 35447010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Binzel-1987b">{{Cite journal
|author = Binzel, R. P.
|date = October 1987
|title = A photoelectric survey of 130 asteroids
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1987Icar...72..135B
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 72
|issue = 1
|pages = 135–208
|issn = 0019-1035
|bibcode = 1987Icar...72..135B
|doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90125-4
|access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal
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|first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
|first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
|first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher
|first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci
|first6 = David |last6 = Levitan
|first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace
|first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
|first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
|first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
|first11 = George |last11 = Helou
|first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
|first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
|date = September 2015
|title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015AJ....150...75W
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 150
|issue = 3
|page = 35
|bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W
|doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
|arxiv = 1504.04041
|s2cid = 8342929 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
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|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1159}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1158 Luda |number=1159 |1160 Illyria}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Granada}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|001159]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1929|19290902]]
| 1,233,136,867 |
[{"title": "1159 Granada", "data": {"Discovered by": "K. Reinmuth", "Discovery site": "Heidelberg Obs.", "Discovery date": "2 September 1929"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1159) Granada", "Named after": "Granada \u00b7 (Spanish city and province)", "Alternative designations": "1929 RD \u00b7 1931 AR \u00b7 1940 RS", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (inner)"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "87.84 yr (32,083 days)", "Aphelion": "2.5184 AU", "Perihelion": "2.2409 AU", "Semi-major axis": "2.3797 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.0583", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "3.67 yr (1,341 days)", "Mean anomaly": "35.176\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 16m 6.6s / day", "Inclination": "13.031\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "347.89\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "313.33\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "27.839\u00b10.283 km \u00b7 28.641\u00b10.460 km \u00b7 29.94 km (derived) \u00b7 29.98\u00b10.9 km \u00b7 30.14\u00b19.34 km \u00b7 30.26\u00b10.11 km \u00b7 30.26\u00b10.29 km \u00b7 34.65\u00b112.83 km", "Synodic rotation period": "31 h \u00b7 72.852\u00b10.2429 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.028\u00b10.014 \u00b7 0.031\u00b10.002 \u00b7 0.0379\u00b10.0038 \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.00 \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.02 \u00b7 0.0439 (derived) \u00b7 0.047\u00b10.001 \u00b7 0.0471\u00b10.003", "Spectral type": "S (assumed) \u00b7 B\u2013V = 0.680 \u00b7 U\u2013B = 0.360", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "11.385\u00b10.001 (R) \u00b7 11.55 \u00b7 11.58 \u00b7 11.63 \u00b7 11.78\u00b10.43 \u00b7 11.81"}}]
| false |
# 119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning August 5, 1862 and mustered in August 15, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker.
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah to June 1865.
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out on June 19, 1865.
## Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., August 31 – September 1. Duty in the defenses of Washington until October. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., until October 29, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29 – November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. At White Oak Church until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 – May 2. Bernard House April 29. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3–4. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 – July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2–4. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At and near Funkstown, Md., July 10–13. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 – December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4 – June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 17–18. Weldon. Railroad June 22–23. Siege of Petersburg until July 9. Moved to Washington, D. C, July 9–11. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12. Pursuit of Early July 14–22. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 – April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army, Moved to Danville April 23–27, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington May 23 – June 3. Corps review June 8.
## Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 213 men during service; 9 officers and 132 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 71 enlisted men died of disease.
## Commanders
- Colonel Peter Clarkson Ellmaker – resigned January 12, 1864
- Lieutenant Colonel Gideon Clark – commanded the regiment following Col Ellmaker's resignation until muster out
|
enwiki/52497218
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enwiki
| 52,497,218 |
119th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment
|
2025-01-27T04:31:50Z
|
en
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Q28449202
| 22,006 |
{{short description|Union Army infantry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
| image =
| caption =
| dates = August 5, 1862 – June 19, 1865
| country = [[United States of America]]
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Infantry]]
| size = 1,216
| equipment = <!-- Culture and history -->
| battles = [[Battle of Fredericksburg]]<br/>[[Battle of Chancellorsville]]<br/>[[Battle of Brandy Station]]<br/>[[Battle of Gettysburg]]<br/>[[Bristoe Campaign]]<br/>[[Mine Run Campaign]]<br/>[[Battle of the Wilderness]]<br/>[[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House]]<br/>[[Battle of Totopotomoy Creek]]<br/>[[Battle of Cold Harbor]]<br/>[[Siege of Petersburg]]<br/>[[Battle of Fort Stevens]]<br/>[[Third Battle of Winchester]]<br/>[[Battle of Fort Stedman]]<br/>[[Appomattox Campaign]]<br/>[[Third Battle of Petersburg]]<br/>[[Battle of Appomattox Court House]]
}}
The '''119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].
==Service==
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] beginning August 5, 1862 and mustered in August 15, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under the command of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Peter Clarkson Ellmaker]].
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, [[VI Corps (Union Army)|VI Corps]], [[Army of the Potomac]], to February 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and [[Union Army of the Shenandoah|Army of the Shenandoah]] to June 1865.
The 119th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out on June 19, 1865.
==Detailed service==
Moved to Washington, D.C., August 31 – September 1. Duty in the defenses of Washington until October. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., until October 29, 1862. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29 – November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. At White Oak Church until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 – May 2. Bernard House April 29. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3–4. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 – July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2–4. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. At and near Funkstown, Md., July 10–13. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 – December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4 – June 12. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 17–18. Weldon. Railroad June 22–23. Siege of Petersburg until July 9. Moved to Washington, D. C, July 9–11. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12. Pursuit of Early July 14–22. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 – April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army, Moved to Danville April 23–27, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington May 23 – June 3. Corps review June 8.
==Casualties==
The regiment lost a total of 213 men during service; 9 officers and 132 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 71 enlisted men died of disease.
==Commanders==
* Colonel [[Peter Clarkson Ellmaker]] – resigned January 12, 1864
* [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Gideon Clark – commanded the regiment following Col Ellmaker's resignation until muster out
==See also==
{{portal|American Civil War|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of Pennsylvania Civil War Units]]
* [[Pennsylvania in the Civil War]]
==References==
* ''The 119th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers' Association'' (Philadelphia: The Association), 1889.
* Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
* Maier, Larry B. ''Rough and Regular: A History of Philadelphia's 119th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the Gray Reserves'' (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press), 1997. {{ISBN|1-5724-9082-9}}
;Attribution
* {{CWR}}
==External links==
* [http://gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/union-monuments/pennsylvania/pennsylvania-infantry/119th-pennsylvania/ 119th Pennsylvania Infantry monuments at Gettysburg Battlefield]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Pennsylvania]]
| 1,272,101,485 |
[{"title": "119th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry", "data": {"Active": "August 5, 1862 \u2013 June 19, 1865", "Country": "United States of America", "Allegiance": "Union", "Branch": "Infantry", "Size": "1,216", "Engagements": "Battle of Fredericksburg \u00b7 Battle of Chancellorsville \u00b7 Battle of Brandy Station \u00b7 Battle of Gettysburg \u00b7 Bristoe Campaign \u00b7 Mine Run Campaign \u00b7 Battle of the Wilderness \u00b7 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House \u00b7 Battle of Totopotomoy Creek \u00b7 Battle of Cold Harbor \u00b7 Siege of Petersburg \u00b7 Battle of Fort Stevens \u00b7 Third Battle of Winchester \u00b7 Battle of Fort Stedman \u00b7 Appomattox Campaign \u00b7 Third Battle of Petersburg \u00b7 Battle of Appomattox Court House"}}]
| false |
# 120s
The 120s was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 120, to December 31, AD 129.
During this decade, the Roman Empire was ruled by Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138). In the prior decade, he had succeeded Emperor Trajan, who had expanded the empire to its greatest extent. Hadrian, in contrast, adopted a more defensive foreign policy, focusing on consolidating the empire's borders and improving its infrastructure, such as Hadrian's Wall in Britain. There was almost a renewed war with Parthia, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace in 123 (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed). Furthermore, Hadrian enacted, through the jurist Salvius Julianus, the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the Perpetual Edict, according to which the legal actions of praetors became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor.
The Chinese Eastern Han dynasty saw the death of regent Deng Sui in 121, after which Emperor An took on the reins of the imperial administration. In 121, there were again Qiang and Xianbei rebellions, which would continue to plague Emperor An for the rest of his reign. The only border where there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia)—where Ban Chao's son Ban Yong (班勇) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms. Emperor An was succeeded by Marquess of Beixiang in 125, who reigned for a short time before being succeeded by Emperor Shun of Han that same year. At the start of Emperor Shun's reign, the people were hopeful that he would reform the political situation from the pervasive corruption under the Yans. However, the teenage emperor proved to be a kind but weak ruler. While he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power.
## Events
### 120
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
- Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
- A Kushan ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
- Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
- Approximate date
- Legio IX Hispana last known to be in existence.
- The Market Gate of Miletus is built at Miletos (moved in modern times to Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung).
###### Asia
- Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
- The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.
### 121
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany, is first mentioned.
- Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.
- Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome.
###### Asia
- Era name changes from Yongning (2nd year) to Jianguang in the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.(Needs clarification or deletion)
### 122
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.[4]
- Vindolanda, a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) in northern England, is garrisoned by cohort VIII Batavorum.
- September 13 – The building of Hadrian's Wall begins.
- Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland.
###### Asia
- Change of era name from Jianguang (2nd year) to Yanguang of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
### 123
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).[5]
- Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.
- Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.
- The Temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra is dedicated somewhere between this year and 164 AD.
###### Asia
- In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.
- The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin.
###### Africa
- Hadrian leads a punitive campaign against Berbers who had been raiding Roman towns in Roman Mauretania.[6]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons.
### 124
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- January 1 – Gaius Bellicius Torquatus and Manius Acilius Glabrio begin the year as the new consuls, but the two are replaced in April.
- May – Aulus Larcius Macedo, the former Governor of Galatia; and Publius Ducenius Verres take office for four month as the suffect consuls to succeed Bellicius and Glabrio, and serve until the end of August.
- September – Gaius Valerius Severus and Gaius Julius Gallus replace consuls Larcius and Ducenius and serve until the end of the year.
- Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.
- Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire.
- During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the Eleusinian Mysteries.
###### Asia
- In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas.
### 125
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- The Pantheon is constructed (in Rome) as it stands today, by Hadrian.
- Emperor Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion. (in 131-32)
- Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers.[citation needed]
- Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, starts to be built (approximate date).
###### Africa
- Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. (or was it around 125 BC[7])
###### Asia
- Last (4th) year of the Yanguang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
- Change of emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi.
- Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast.
- Zhang Heng of Han dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.
- The epoch of the Javanese calendar begins.[citation needed]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (panem et circenses) keep the Roman people happy.
###### Religion
- Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition.
### 126
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).
###### Asia
- First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
### 127
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces.
- Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.
###### India
- Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date).
#### By topic
###### Religion
- The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.
### 128
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.
- Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.
- Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land.
- Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.
- Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.
###### Asia
- King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula (until 166).[8]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.
- The Pantheon in Rome is finished.
### 129
#### By place
###### Roman Empire
- A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III Augusta.
- Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.
#### By topic
###### Songs
- The song "Angel's Hymn" is made.[9]
###### Religion
- Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.
## Significant people
- Hadrian, Roman Emperor (117–138)
## Births
120
- February 8 – Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer (d. 175)
- Irenaeus, Greek bishop and apologist (approximate date)
- Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist (approximate date)
- Tatian, Syrian Christian writer and theologian (d. 180)
121
- April 26 – Marcus Annius Verus, later Emperor Marcus Aurelius (d. 180)
123
- Annia Cornificia Faustina, sister of Marcus Aurelius (d. 158)
124
- Apuleius, Numidian novelist, writer, public speaker (approximate date)[10]
125
- Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (approximate date)
- Lucian, Syrian satirist and rhetorician (approximate date)
- Lucius Ferenius, Dutch potter in Heerlen (approximate date)
- Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Roman politician (d. 193)
126
- August 1 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193)[11]
- Lu Kang, Chinese politician and prefect (d. 195)
127
- Zheng Xuan, Chinese politician, philosopher (d. 200)[12]
128
- Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 190)[13]
129
- Chen Ji, Chinese official, chancellor (d. 199)
- Galen, Greek physician, anatomist (d. c. 200/216)
- Liu Hong, Chinese official, astronomer (d. 210)
## Deaths
120
- Ban Zhao, Chinese historian and philosopher (b. AD 49)
- Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian (approximate date)
- Faustinus and Jovita, Roman Christian martyrs
- Getulius, Roman officer and Christian martyr
- Hermes, Greek Christian martyr and saint
- Marcian of Tortona, Roman bishop (or 117)
- Matthias of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem
- Nicomachus, Greek mathematician (b. AD 60)
- Plutarch, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
- Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist (b. AD 50)
- Tacitus, Roman historian[14]
121
- Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process (b. AD 50)[15]
- Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. AD 81)[16]
- Eleutherius and Antia, Roman Christian martyrs and saints
124
- Marcus Annius Verus, father of Marcus Aurelius
- Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians (approximate date)
- Sixtus I, bishop of Rome according to Roman Catholic tradition (possible date)[17]
125
- April 30 – An of Han, Chinese emperor (b. AD 94)
- December 10 – Shao (or Liu Yi), Chinese emperor
- Servius Sulpicius Similis, Roman governor
- Thamel, Roman Christian priest and martyr[18]
126
- Domitia Longina, Roman empress (b. c. 53 AD)
- Yan Ji (or Ansi), Chinese empress
127
- Juvenal, Roman poet (approximate year)[19]
- Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)[20]
- Publius Metilius Nepos, Roman politician (b. AD 45)
128
- Giru of Baekje, Korean ruler[8]
129
- June 19 – Justus of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch
- King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire
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{{Short description|Decade}}
[[File:Section of Hadrian's Wall 1.jpg|thumb|258x258px|A view of [[Hadrian's Wall]], which began construction in 122.]]
{{Decadebox|12}}
The '''120s''' was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 120, to December 31, AD 129.
During this decade, the [[Roman Empire]] was ruled by Emperor [[Hadrian]] (r. 117–138). In the prior decade, he had succeeded Emperor [[Trajan]], who had expanded the empire to its greatest extent. Hadrian, in contrast, adopted a more defensive foreign policy, focusing on consolidating the empire's borders and improving its infrastructure, such as [[Hadrian's Wall]] in Britain. There was almost a renewed war with Parthia, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace in 123 (according to the ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', disputed).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doležal |first=Stanislav |date=2017 |title=Did Hadrian Ever Meet a Parthian King? |url=https://www.academia.edu/33969517 |journal=AUC Philologica |volume=2017 |issue=2 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.14712/24646830.2017.16 |issn=2464-6830|doi-access=free }}</ref> Furthermore, Hadrian enacted, through the jurist [[Salvius Julianus]], the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the [[Praetor's Edict|Perpetual Edict]], according to which the legal actions of [[praetor]]s became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor.<ref>Laura Jansen, ''The Roman Paratext: Frame, Texts, Readers'', Cambridge University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-107-02436-6}} p. 66</ref><ref>Kathleen Kuiper (Editor), ''Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion'', New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-61530-207-9}} p. 133</ref>
The Chinese [[Eastern Han dynasty]] saw the death of regent [[Deng Sui]] in 121, after which [[Emperor An of Han|Emperor An]] took on the reins of the imperial administration. In 121, there were again [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] and [[Xianbei]] rebellions, which would continue to plague Emperor An for the rest of his reign. The only border where there were Han accomplishments during Emperor An's reign was on the northwestern front—the Xiyu (modern [[Xinjiang]] and former Soviet [[central Asia]])—where [[Ban Chao]]'s son [[Ban Yong]] ({{lang|zh|班勇}}) was able to reestablish Han dominance over a number of kingdoms. Emperor An was succeeded by [[Marquess of Beixiang]] in 125, who reigned for a short time before being succeeded by [[Emperor Shun of Han]] that same year. At the start of Emperor Shun's reign, the people were hopeful that he would reform the political situation from the pervasive corruption under the Yans. However, the teenage emperor proved to be a kind but weak ruler. While he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power.
{{Events by year for decade|12}}
==Significant people==
* [[Hadrian]], Roman Emperor ([[AD 117|117]]–[[AD 138|138]])
{{Births and deaths by year for decade|12}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:120s}}
[[Category:120s| ]]
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[]
| false |
# 12 Lacertae
12 Lacertae is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located roughly 1,260 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric radial velocity of –12.5. It is a probable member of the I Lacertae OB association (Lac OB1).
The primary component is a Beta Cephei variable with a stellar classification of B1.5III, matching a B-type star with the luminosity class of a giant star. It has been known to be variable for more than a century and has been extensively studied. The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by W. S. Adams in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The pulsational nature of the variability was shown by P. Ledoux in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed.
The variable star designation of the primary is DD Lacertae, while 12 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of 4.63 hours. As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a frequency of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence. It is a hybrid pulsator, showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a slowly pulsating B-type star.
The primary is a massive star, having 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and an age of only 22 million years old. It has about 8.4 times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface magnetic field is (2,352.3±1,604.9)×10−4 T. It is radiating 8,877 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,809 K. The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is 52±5 km/s; about 10% of its break-up velocity. However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to 100 km/s, and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation.
The companion is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an angular separation of 69″ from the primary. There is a faint infrared nebulosity at a separation of 0.6 light-years from the pair that is most likely a bow shock.
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{{short description|Star in the constellation Lacerta}}
{{Starbox begin}}
{{Starbox image
| image = [[Image:DDLacLightCurve.png|250px]]
| caption = A [[light curve]] for DD Lacertae, plotted from [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite|''TESS'']] data<ref name=MAST/>
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000
| constell = [[Lacerta (constellation)|Lacerta]]
| ra = {{RA|22|41|28.64920}}<ref name=GaiaEDR3/>
| dec = {{DEC|+40|13|31.6192}}<ref name=GaiaEDR3/>
| appmag_v = 5.228<ref name=hohle2010/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| type =
| class = B1.5III<ref name=Lesh1968/>
| b-v = −0.142<ref name=hohle2010/>
| u-b =
| variable = [[Beta Cephei variable|β Cep]]<ref name=Handler2006/>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = {{Val|−12.5|2.2}}<ref name=Anderson2012/>
| prop_mo_ra = −2.005
| prop_mo_dec = −4.512
| om_footnote = <ref name=GaiaEDR3/>
| parallax = 2.5877
| p_error = 0.1327
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=GaiaEDR3/>
| absmag_v = −3.02<ref name=Anderson2012/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass = {{Val|9.5|0.3}}<ref name=Tetzlaff2011/>
| radius = 8.4<ref name=CADARS/>
| temperature = {{Val|23809|450|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Huang2010/>
| luminosity_bolometric = 8,877<ref name=hohle2010/>
| rotational_velocity = {{Val|44|6}}<ref name=Lefever2010/>
| gravity = {{Val|3.817|0.047}}<ref name=Huang2010/>
| metal_fe = −0.41<ref name=Gies1992/>
| age_myr = {{Val|21.8|3.1}}<ref name=Tetzlaff2011/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | F=12 Lac | V=DD Lac | BD=+39°4912 | GC=31670 | HD=214993 | HIP=112031 | HR=8640 | SAO=72627 | WDS=J22415+4014A }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = 12+Lac
}}
{{Starbox end}}
'''12 Lacertae''' is a wide [[binary star]]<ref name=Eggleton2008/> system in the northern [[constellation]] of [[Lacerta (constellation)|Lacerta]], located roughly 1,260 [[light year]]s away from the Sun based on [[stellar parallax|parallax]].<ref name=GaiaEDR3/> It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 5.23.<ref name=hohle2010/> The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric [[radial velocity]] of –12.5.<ref name=Anderson2012/> It is a probable member of the I Lacertae [[OB association]] (Lac OB1).<ref name=Lesh1969/><ref name=Wolff2007/><ref name=Kaltcheva2009/>
The primary component is a [[Beta Cephei variable]]<ref name=Handler2006/> with a [[stellar classification]] of B1.5III,<ref name=Lesh1968/> matching a [[B-type star]] with the [[luminosity class]] of a [[giant star]]. It has been known to be [[variable star|variable]] for more than a century and has been extensively studied.<ref name=Desmet2009/> The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by [[Walter Sydney Adams|W. S. Adams]] in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The [[Stellar pulsation|pulsational]] nature of the variability was shown by [[Paul Ledoux|P. Ledoux]] in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed.<ref name=Handler2006/>
The [[variable star designation]] of the primary is '''DD Lacertae''',<ref name=Samus2017/> while ''12 Lacertae'' is the [[Flamsteed designation]].<ref name=SIMBAD/> In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2|disp=out|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Samus2017/> As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a [[frequency]] of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence.<ref name=Handler2006/> It is a [[hybrid pulsator]], showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a [[slowly pulsating B-type star]].<ref name=DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013/>
The primary is a [[massive star]], having 9.5<ref name=Tetzlaff2011/> times the [[mass of the Sun]] and an age of only 22<ref name=Tetzlaff2011/> million years old. It has about 8.4<ref name=CADARS/> times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface [[stellar magnetic field|magnetic field]] is {{Val|2352.3|1604.9|e=−4|ul=T|fmt=commas}}.<ref name=Bychkov2003/> It is radiating 8,877<ref name=hohle2010/> times the [[luminosity of the Sun]] from its [[photosphere]] at an [[effective temperature]] of 23,809 K.<ref name=Huang2010/> The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is {{Val|52|5|u=km/s}};<ref name=Dziembowski2008/> about 10% of its break-up velocity.<ref name=DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013/> However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to {{Val|100|u=km/s}}, and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation.<ref name=Dziembowski2008/>
The companion is an [[A-type main-sequence star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an [[angular separation]] of {{Val|69|ul=arcsecond}} from the primary.<ref name=Eggleton2008/> There is a faint [[infrared]] [[nebulosity]] at a separation of {{Convert|0.19|pc|ly|1|disp=out|abbr=off}} from the pair that is most likely a [[bow shock]].<ref name=Bodensteiner2018/>
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=MAST>{{cite web |title=MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes |url=https://mast.stsci.edu/portal/Mashup/Clients/Mast/Portal.html |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad | title=12 Lac | access-date=2019-06-27 }}</ref>
<ref name=GaiaEDR3>{{Cite Gaia EDR3|1932278646577186688}}</ref>
<ref name=Kaltcheva2009>{{citation
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| volume=121 | issue=884 | pages=1045–1053 | date=October 2009
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<ref name=Tetzlaff2011>{{citation
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| last2=Neuhäuser | first2=R. | last3=Hohle | first3=M. M.
| title=A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun
| journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| volume=410 | issue=1 | pages=190–200 | date=January 2011
| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2011MNRAS.410..190T
| postscript=. | arxiv=1007.4883 | s2cid=118629873 }}</ref>
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| last5=Decin | first5=L. | last6=Briquet | first6=M.
| title=Spectroscopic determination of the fundamental parameters of 66 B-type stars in the field-of-view of the CoRoT satellite
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| bibcode=2010A&A...515A..74L | arxiv=0910.2851
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| title=Masses and luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red supergiants
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}}</ref>
<ref name=Desmet2009>{{citation
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}}
{{Stars of Lacerta}}
<!-- Properties -->
{{DEFAULTSORT:12 Lacertae}}
[[Category:B-type giants]]
[[Category:Beta Cephei variables]]
[[Category:Slowly pulsating B-type stars]]
[[Category:A-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Binary stars]]
<!-- Catalogues -->
[[Category:Lacerta]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD+39 4912]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Lacertae, 12]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|214993]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|112031]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|8640]]
[[Category:Objects with variable star designations|Lacertae, DD]]
| 1,235,314,401 |
[{"title": "Observation data \u00b7 Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000", "data": {"Constellation": "Lacerta", "Right ascension": "22h 41m 28.64920s", "Declination": "+40\u00b0 13\u2032 31.6192\u2033", "Apparent magnitude (V)": "5.228"}}, {"title": "Characteristics", "data": {"Spectral type": "B1.5III", "B\u2212V color index": "\u22120.142", "Variable type": "\u03b2 Cep"}}, {"title": "12 Lacertae", "data": {"Radial velocity (Rv)": "\u221212.5\u00b12.2 km/s", "Proper motion (\u03bc)": "RA: \u22122.005 mas/yr \u00b7 Dec.: \u22124.512 mas/yr", "Parallax (\u03c0)": "2.5877\u00b10.1327 mas", "Distance": "1,260 \u00b1 60 ly \u00b7 (390 \u00b1 20 pc)", "Absolute magnitude (MV)": "\u22123.02"}}, {"title": "12 Lacertae", "data": {"Mass": "9.5\u00b10.3 M\u2609", "Radius": "8.4 R\u2609", "Luminosity (bolometric)": "8,877 L\u2609", "Surface gravity (log g)": "3.817\u00b10.047 cgs", "Temperature": "23,809\u00b1450 K", "Metallicity [Fe/H]": "\u22120.41 dex", "Rotational velocity (v sin i)": "44\u00b16 km/s", "Age": "21.8\u00b13.1 Myr"}}, {"title": "Other designations", "data": {"Other designations": "12 Lac, DD Lac, BD+39\u00b04912, GC 31670, HD 214993, HIP 112031, HR 8640, SAO 72627, WDS J22415+4014A"}}, {"title": "Database references", "data": {"SIMBAD": "data"}}]
| false |
# 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.
## Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.
## Bibliography
- Dyer, Frederick H. (1959). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. New York and London. Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher. LCCN 59-12963.
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135th Indiana Infantry Regiment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment
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2024-11-01T00:12:11Z
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en
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Q16824199
| 16,132 |
{{Use American English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name=135th Indiana Infantry Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates=May 23 – September 29, 1864
|country={{flag|United States|1864|23px}}
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<!-- Commanders -->
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|commander2_label=
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The '''135th Indiana Infantry Regiment''' served in the [[Union Army]] between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the [[American Civil War]].
== Service ==
The regiment was organized at [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to [[Tennessee]] and [[Alabama]] for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.<ref name="Dyer, 1959, p. 1,157">Dyer (1959), Volume 3. p. 1,157.</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of Indiana Civil War regiments]]
== References ==
{{portal|American Civil War|Indiana}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* Dyer, Frederick H. (1959). ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion''. New York and London. Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher. {{LCCN|5912963}}.
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Indiana]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1864]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1864]]
[[Category:1864 disestablishments in the United States]]
| 1,254,645,761 |
[{"title": "135th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "data": {"Active": "May 23 \u2013 September 29, 1864", "Disbanded": "September 29, 1864", "Country": "United States", "Allegiance": "Union", "Branch": "Infantry", "Size": "Regiment", "Engagements": "American Civil War"}}]
| false |
# 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the American Civil War.
## Service
The regiment was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, with a strength of 852 men, and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864. On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General William Rosecrans.
From there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the Iron Mountain railroad. Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the Gasconade railroad crossing and a further two companies stationed at the Osage railroad crossing of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and at Jefferson City, Missouri. The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864. During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.
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135th Illinois Infantry Regiment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_Illinois_Infantry_Regiment
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|
en
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Q4549181
| 34,909 |
{{Use American English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name=135th Illinois Infantry Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates=June 6–September 28, 1864
|country={{flag|United States|1864|23px}}
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|disbanded=September 28, 1864
|flying_hours=
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<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1=John S. Wolfe<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 55">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 55.</ref>
|commander1_label=[[Colonel]]
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}}{{Military unit sidebar
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}}
The '''135th Illinois Infantry Regiment''' was an [[infantry regiment]] from [[Illinois]] that served in the [[Union Army]] between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the [[American Civil War]].
== Service ==
The regiment was organized at [[Mattoon, Illinois]], with a strength of 852 men,<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 72.</ref> and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864.<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 4">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 4.</ref><ref name="Dyer, 1959, Volume 3 p. 1,101">Dyer (1959), Volume 3 p. 1,101.</ref> On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General [[William Rosecrans]].<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 72.</ref><ref name="Dyer, 1959, Volume 3 p. 1,101">Dyer (1959), Volume 3 p. 1,101.</ref>
From there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the [[Iron Mountain, Missouri|Iron Mountain]] railroad.<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 72.</ref><ref name="Dyer, 1959, Volume 3 p. 1,101">Dyer (1959), Volume 3 p. 1,101.</ref> Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the [[Gasconade County, Missouri|Gasconade railroad crossing]] and a further two companies stationed at the [[Osage County, Missouri|Osage railroad crossing]] of the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]] and at [[Jefferson City, Missouri]].<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 72.</ref><ref name="Dyer, 1959, Volume 3 p. 1,101">Dyer (1959), Volume 3 p. 1,101.</ref> The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864.<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 p. 72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 p. 72.</ref><ref name="Dyer, 1959, Volume 3 p. 1,101">Dyer (1959), Volume 3 p. 1,101.</ref> During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.<ref name="Reece, 1900, Volume 7 pp. 55–72">Reece (1900), Volume 7 pp. 55–72.</ref><ref group="note">According to Frederick H. Dyers' (1959) ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' Compendium set, the regiment had two men killed and seventeen men died of disease.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of Illinois Civil War Units]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
== References ==
{{portal|American Civil War|Illinois}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* [[Frederick H. Dyer|Dyer, Frederick H.]] (1959). ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion''. New York and London. Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher. {{LCCN|5912963}}.
* Reece. Brigadier General J.N. (1900). ''[https://archive.org/details/reportofadjutant07illi1 The Report of Illinois from Military and Naval Department of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois. Containing Reports for the Years 1861–1866]''. [[Springfield, Illinois]]. Journal Company, Printers and Binders.
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Illinois]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1864]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1864]]
| 1,254,671,647 |
[{"title": "135th Illinois Infantry Regiment", "data": {"Active": "June 6\u2013September 28, 1864", "Disbanded": "September 28, 1864", "Country": "United States", "Allegiance": "Union", "Branch": "Infantry", "Size": "Regiment", "Engagements": "American Civil War"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Colonel": "John S. Wolfe"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"Previous": "Next", "134th Illinois Infantry Regiment": "136th Illinois Infantry Regiment"}}]
| false |
# 1420 in Ireland
Events from the year 1420 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Lord: Henry V
## Events
- Luttrellstown Castle was completed.
## Births
- 24 November – James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant (d. 1461)[1]
## Deaths
- Giolla na Naomh O hUidhrin, Irish historian and poet
- Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond
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1420 in Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1420_in_Ireland
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2024-12-22T18:52:46Z
|
en
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Q4549672
| 141,723 |
{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Use Hiberno-English|date=December 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{YearInIrelandNav | 1420 }}
Events from the year '''1420 in Ireland'''.
==Incumbent==
*[[Lordship of Ireland|Lord]]: [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]
==Events==
* [[Luttrellstown Castle]] was completed.
==Births==
*[[24 November]] – [[James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde]], [[Lord Lieutenant]] (d. [[1461 in Ireland|1461]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Crone |first=John Smyth |date=1928 |title=A Concise Dictionary of Irish Biography |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ngYAQAAIAAJ&q=1420 |location=New York |publisher=[[Longman|Longman's, Green and Company]] |page=24 |access-date=February 26, 2024}}</ref>
==Deaths==
* [[Giolla na Naomh O hUidhrin]], Irish historian and poet
* [[Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Ireland}}
{{Year in Europe|1420}}
[[Category:1420s in Ireland]]
[[Category:1420 by country|Ireland]]
[[Category:Years of the 15th century in Ireland]]
{{Ireland-year-stub}}
| 1,264,635,052 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1419 - 1418 - 1417 - 1416 - 1415": "1420 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Ireland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1421 - 1422 - 1423 - 1424 - 1425", "Centuries": "13th 14th 15th 16th 17th", "Decades": "1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s", "See also": "Other events of 1420 \u00b7 List of years in Ireland"}}]
| false |
# 141st meridian west
Download coordinates as:
- KML
- GPX (all coordinates)
- GPX (primary coordinates)
- GPX (secondary coordinates)
The meridian 141° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 141st meridian west forms a great circle with the 39th meridian east.
Most of the border between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada is defined by the meridian, meaning the western extremity of Canada lies on this meridian.
## From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 141st meridian west passes through:
| Co-ordinates | Country, territory or sea | Notes |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 90°0′N 141°0′W / 90.000°N 141.000°W | Geographical North Pole in the Arctic Ocean | |
| 73°40′N 141°0′W / 73.667°N 141.000°W | Beaufort Sea | |
| 69°39′N 141°0′W / 69.650°N 141.000°W | United States / Canada border | Alaska / Yukon |
| 60°19′N 141°0′W / 60.317°N 141.000°W | United States | Alaska (Yakutat City and Borough) |
| 59°46′N 141°0′W / 59.767°N 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Eiao island, French Polynesia (at 8°0′S 140°43′W / 8.000°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Napuka atoll, French Polynesia (at 14°11′S 141°10′W / 14.183°S 141.167°W) · Passing just west of Fangatau atoll, French Polynesia (at 15°49′S 140°53′W / 15.817°S 140.883°W) · Passing just west of Amanu atoll, French Polynesia (at 17°51′S 140°50′W / 17.850°S 140.833°W) |
| 18°4′S 141°0′W / 18.067°S 141.000°W | French Polynesia | Hao atoll |
| 18°11′S 141°0′W / 18.183°S 141.000°W | Pacific Ocean | Passing just west of Paraoa atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°7′S 140°43′W / 19.117°S 140.717°W) · Passing just east of Manuhangi atoll, French Polynesia (at 19°12′S 141°13′W / 19.200°S 141.217°W) |
| 60°0′S 141°0′W / 60.000°S 141.000°W | Southern Ocean | |
| 75°35′S 141°0′W / 75.583°S 141.000°W | Antarctica | Unclaimed territory |
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Q1187492
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{{Short description|Line of longitude}}
{{Location map-line|lon=-141}}
{{kml}}
[[File:yukonwikimap.PNG|thumb|right|260px|The western border of [[Yukon]] (with [[Alaska]]) is defined by the meridian.]]
The '''meridian 141° west of [[Prime Meridian|Greenwich]]''' is a line of [[longitude]] that extends from the [[North Pole]] across the [[Arctic Ocean]], [[North America]], the [[Pacific Ocean]], the [[Southern Ocean]], and [[Antarctica]] to the [[South Pole]].
The 141st meridian west forms a [[great circle]] with the [[39th meridian east]].
Most of the border between [[Alaska|Alaska, United States]] and [[Yukon|Yukon, Canada]] is defined by the meridian, meaning the western extremity of Canada lies on this meridian.<ref>[http://www.adn.com/article/20140727/trail-monuments-men-border-crews-cut-20-foot-swath-alaska-yukon-line On the trail of the monuments men: Border crews cut 20-foot swath on Alaska-Yukon line]</ref>
==From Pole to Pole==
Starting at the [[North Pole]] and heading south to the [[South Pole]], the 141st meridian west passes through:
:{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | {{Coord|90|0|N|141|0|W|type:waterbody|name=Arctic Ocean}}
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | [[North Pole|Geographical North Pole]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]]
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | {{Coord|73|40|N|141|0|W|type:waterbody|name=Beaufort Sea}}
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | [[Beaufort Sea]]
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| {{Coord|69|39|N|141|0|W|type:country|name=United States / Canada border}}
! scope="row" | {{USA}} / {{CAN}} border
| [[Alaska]] / [[Yukon]]
|-
| {{Coord|60|19|N|141|0|W|type:country|name=United States}}
! scope="row" | {{USA}}
| [[Alaska]] ([[Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska|Yakutat City and Borough]])
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | {{Coord|59|46|N|141|0|W|type:waterbody|name=Pacific Ocean}}
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | [[Pacific Ocean]]
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of [[Eiao]] island, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|8|0|S|140|43|W|type:isle|name=Eiao}})<br/> Passing just east of [[Napuka]] atoll, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|14|11|S|141|10|W|type:isle|name=Napuka}})<br/> Passing just west of [[Fangatau]] atoll, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|15|49|S|140|53|W|type:isle|name=Fangatau}})<br/> Passing just west of [[Amanu]] atoll, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|17|51|S|140|50|W|type:isle|name=Amanu}})
|-valign="top"
| {{Coord|18|4|S|141|0|W|type:country|name=French Polynesia}}
! scope="row" | {{PYF}}
| [[Hao (French Polynesia)|Hao]] atoll
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | {{Coord|18|11|S|141|0|W|type:waterbody|name=Pacific Ocean}}
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | [[Pacific Ocean]]
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of [[Paraoa]] atoll, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|19|7|S|140|43|W|type:isle|name=Paraoa}})<br/> Passing just east of [[Manuhangi]] atoll, {{PYF}} (at {{Coord|19|12|S|141|13|W|type:isle|name=Manuhangi}})
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | {{Coord|60|0|S|141|0|W|type:waterbody|name=Southern Ocean}}
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | [[Southern Ocean]]
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| {{Coord|75|35|S|141|0|W|type:country|name=Antarctica}}
! scope="row" | [[Antarctica]]
| [[List of Antarctic territorial claims|Unclaimed territory]]
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[140th meridian west]]
*[[142nd meridian west]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{geographical coordinates|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Meridians (geography)|w141 meridian west]]
[[Category:Canada–United States border]]
[[Category:Borders of Alaska]]
[[Category:Borders of Yukon]]
| 1,110,500,280 |
[]
| false |
# 1640 in science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events.
## Botany
- John Parkinson publishes Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent.[1]
## Mathematics
- The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the hexagrammum mysticum in his Essai pour les coniques which he sends to Mersenne.
- October 18 – Fermat states his "little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, a p − a will be divisible by p.
- December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime p is expressible as the sum of two squares.
## Technology
- The micrometer is developed.
- A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike.
- The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting.
## Births
- April 1 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (died 1697)
- December 13 (bapt.) – Robert Plot, English naturalist and chemist and illustrator of the first dinosaur fossil (died 1696)
- Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (died 1693)
## Deaths
- December 22 – Jean de Beaugrand, French mathematician (born c. 1584)
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Q722681
| 31,766 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1640|science}}
{{Science year nav|1640}}
The year '''1640 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events.
==Botany==
* [[John Parkinson (botanist)|John Parkinson]] publishes ''Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Linh|last=Tran|title=Theatrum Botanicum: The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent|url=http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cushing/Parkin1.htm|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] Bioinformatics Working Group|accessdate=2011-04-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081105001300/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cushing/Parkin1.htm| archivedate=November 5, 2008<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref>
==Mathematics==
* The 16-year-old [[Blaise Pascal]] demonstrates the properties of the ''[[hexagrammum mysticum]]'' in his ''Essai pour les coniques'' which he sends to [[Marin Mersenne|Mersenne]].
* October 18 – [[Fermat]] states his "[[Fermat's little theorem|little theorem]]" in a letter to [[Bernard Frénicle de Bessy|Frénicle de Bessy]]: if ''p'' is a [[prime number]], then for any [[integer]] ''a'', ''a''<sup> ''p''</sup> − ''a'' will be divisible by ''p''.
* December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the [[Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares|theorem on sums of two squares]] in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an [[Even and odd numbers|odd]] [[prime number|prime]] ''p'' is expressible as the sum of two squares.
==Technology==
* The [[Micrometer (device)|micrometer]] is developed.
* A form of [[bayonet]] is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the [[pike (weapon)|pike]].
* The [[reticle telescope]] is developed and initiates the birth of [[sharpshooting]].
==Births==
* April 1 – [[Georg Mohr]], [[Danish people|Danish]] [[mathematician]] (died [[1697 in science|1697]])
* December 13 (''bapt.'') – [[Robert Plot]], [[English people|English]] [[naturalist]] and [[chemist]] and illustrator of the first [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]] (died [[1696 in science|1696]])
* [[Elias Tillandz]], Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (died [[1693 in science|1693]])
==Deaths==
* December 22 – [[Jean de Beaugrand]], [[French people|French]] mathematician (born c. 1584)
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1640 in science| ]]
[[Category:17th century in science]]
[[Category:1640s in science]]
| 1,244,774,717 |
[]
| false |
# 1645 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Works published
### Great Britain
- Francis Quarles, Solomon's Recantation, entitled Ecclesiastes Paraphrased[1]
- Sir Robert Stapylton, translator, Erotopagnion, translated from the original Latin of the Musaeus[1]
- Edmund Waller, Poems[1]
- George Wither, Vox Pacifica: A Voice Tending to the Pacification of God's Wrath[1]
### Other
- Adrián de Alesio, El Angélico ("The Angel"), dedicated to Saint Thomas Aquinas
- Sheikh Muhammad, Yoga-samgrama
## Works incorrectly dated this year
- John Milton, Poems of Mr John Milton, Both English and Latin, published 1646, according to The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, notwithstanding the book's title page[1]
## Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes (died 1697), Spanish-born Peruvian poet and author
## Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- March 10 – William Strode (born c.1602), English poet
- April 3 (bur.) – Emilia Lanier, also spelled "Aemilia Lanyer" (born 1569), English
- July 7 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (born 1569), German officer and poet
- July 13 – Marie de Gournay, also known as Marie le Jars, demoiselle de Gournay (born c. 1566), French writer, author of feminist tracts and poet; a close associate of Michel de Montaigne; buried in the Saint-Eustache Church in Paris
- August 28 – Hugo Grotius (born 1583), Dutch jurist, philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright and poet
- August 31 – Francesco Bracciolini (born 1566), Italian
- September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo (born 1580), Spanish nobleman, politician and Golden Age poet
- William Browne (born 1590), English pastoral poet
- Feng Menglong (born 1574), Chinese writer and poet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1645_in_poetry
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2024-06-27T19:39:28Z
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en
|
Q4551475
| 34,312 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1645|poetry|literature}}
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, [[Irish poetry|Irish]] or [[French poetry|France]]).
==Events==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Works published==
===[[English poetry|Great Britain]]===
* [[Francis Quarles]], ''Solomon's Recantation, entitled Ecclesiastes Paraphrased''<ref name=cocel>Cox, Michael, editor, ''The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature'', Oxford University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-860634-6}}</ref>
* Sir [[Robert Stapylton]], translator, ''Erotopagnion'', translated from the original [[Latin poetry|Latin]] of the ''Musaeus''<ref name=cocel/>
* [[Edmund Waller]], ''Poems''<ref name=cocel/>
* [[George Wither]], ''Vox Pacifica: A Voice Tending to the Pacification of God's Wrath''<ref name=cocel/>
===Other===
* [[Adrián de Alesio]], ''El Angélico'' ("The Angel"), dedicated to Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Sheikh Muhammad]], ''Yoga-samgrama''
==Works incorrectly dated this year==
* [[John Milton]], ''[[Milton's 1645 Poems|Poems of Mr John Milton, Both English and Latin]]'', published [[1646 in poetry|1646]], according to ''The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature'', notwithstanding the book's title page<ref name=cocel/>
==Births==
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* April 11 – [[Juan del Valle y Caviedes]] (died [[1697 in poetry|1697]]), [[Spanish poetry|Spanish]]-born [[Peruvian literature|Peruvian]] poet and author
==Deaths==
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* March 10 – [[William Strode (poet)|William Strode]] (born c.[[1602 in poetry|1602]]), [[English poetry|English]] poet
* April 3 ''(bur.)'' – [[Emilia Lanier]], also spelled "Aemilia Lanyer" (born [[1569 in poetry|1569]]), [[English poetry|English]]
* July 7 – [[Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim]] (born [[1569 in poetry|1569]]), [[German poetry|German]] officer and poet
* July 13 – [[Marie de Gournay]], also known as Marie le Jars, demoiselle de Gournay (born c. [[1566 in poetry|1566]]), [[French poetry|French]] writer, author of feminist tracts and poet; a close associate of [[Michel de Montaigne]]; buried in the [[Église Saint-Eustache, Paris|Saint-Eustache Church]] in Paris
* August 28 – [[Hugo Grotius]] (born [[1583 in poetry|1583]]), [[Dutch poetry|Dutch]] jurist, philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright and poet
* August 31 – [[Francesco Bracciolini]] (born [[1566 in poetry|1566]]), [[Italian poetry|Italian]]
* September 8 – [[Francisco de Quevedo]] (born [[1580 in poetry|1580]]), [[Spanish poetry|Spanish]] nobleman, politician and [[Spanish Golden Age|Golden Age]] poet
* [[William Browne (poet)|William Browne]] (born [[1590 in poetry|1590]]), [[English poetry|English]] pastoral poet
* [[Feng Menglong]] (born [[1574 in poetry|1574]]), Chinese writer and poet
==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[Poetry]]
* [[17th century in poetry]]
* [[17th century in literature]]
* [[Cavalier poets]] in England, who supported the monarch against the puritans in the English Civil War
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:17th-century poetry]]
[[Category:1645|Poetry]]
[[Category:1645 poems|*]]
| 1,231,333,010 |
[]
| false |
# 1695 in England
Events from the year 1695 in England.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – William III
## Events
- 13 January – Princess Anne returns to court to act as royal hostess.[1]
- 7 March – Sir John Trevor, Speaker of the House of Commons, is found guilty of taking a bribe and expelled from the Commons.[2][3]
- April – Parliament decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643 requiring press censorship.[1]
- 30 April – William Congreve's comedy Love for Love opens the New Theatre, Lincoln's Inn Fields.[4]
- 3 May – Parliament passes the Corrupt Practices Act to tackle bribery in general elections.[5]
- 16 May – Thomas Tenison enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the first Primate of All England since the Reformation to be installed in person at Canterbury Cathedral.[6]
- 24 June – a commission of enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe reports to Parliament, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".
- 1 September
- Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur in the Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance led by King William III of England following the 2-month Siege of Namur.[5]
- HMS Winchester (1693) founders in the Florida Keys with the loss of 400.[7]
- 7 September – English pirate Henry Every in the Fancy perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
- November – general election results in victory for the Whigs.[1]
- 31 December – the window tax is imposed.[5]
### Undated
- Quakers Act ("An Act that the Solemne Affirmation & Declaration of the People called Quakers shall be accepted instead of an Oath in the usual Forme") permits Quakers (who conscientiously object to taking an oath) to substitute an affirmation in certain legal proceedings.
- Wren Library, Cambridge, the library of Trinity College, designed by Christopher Wren, is completed.
## Births
- 2 February – William Borlase, naturalist (died 1772)
- 20 November – John Bevis, physician and astronomer (died 1771)
## Deaths
- 5 March – Henry Wharton, writer (born 1664)
- 5 April – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, writer and statesman (born 1633)
- 27 April – John Trenchard, statesman (born 1640)
- 21 November – Henry Purcell, composer (born 1654)
- 28 November – Anthony Wood, antiquarian (born 1632)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1695_in_England
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2025-01-28T14:58:30Z
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en
|
Q4551948
| 78,152 |
{{Year in England|1695}}
Events from the year '''[[1695]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]]'''.
==Incumbents==
* [[English monarch|Monarch]] – [[William III of England|William III]]
==Events==
* 13 January – [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne]] returns to court to act as royal hostess.<ref name=CBH/>
* 7 March – Sir [[John Trevor (speaker)|John Trevor]], [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]], is found guilty of taking a bribe and expelled from the Commons.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Book about Lawyers|url=https://archive.org/details/abookaboutlawye03jeafgoog|last=Jeaffreson|first=John Cordy|year=1867|publisher=G.W. Carleton|pages=[https://archive.org/details/abookaboutlawye03jeafgoog/page/n111 106]–109}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=17th Century Speaker's downfall|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8058326.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2009-05-19|access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref>
* April – Parliament decides not to renew the [[Licensing Order of 1643]] requiring press [[censorship]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=198–200|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* 30 April – [[William Congreve]]'s comedy ''Love for Love'' opens the [[Lisle's Tennis Court|New Theatre, Lincoln's Inn Fields]].<ref>{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama|volume=4|first=Stanley|last=Hochman|page=542}}</ref>
* 3 May – [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] passes the [[Corrupt Practices Act 1695|Corrupt Practices Act]] to tackle bribery in [[general election]]s.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/287 287]}}</ref>
* 16 May – [[Thomas Tenison]] enthroned as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the first Primate of All England since the [[English Reformation|Reformation]] to be installed in person at [[Canterbury Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web|first=William|last=Marshall|title=Tenison, Thomas (1636–1715)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27130|access-date=2012-06-01|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27130}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
* 24 June – a commission of enquiry into the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] reports to Parliament, blaming Sir [[John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair|John Dalrymple]], [[Secretary of State over Scotland]], and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".
* 1 September
** [[Nine Years' War]]: [[Kingdom of France|France]] surrenders [[Namur (city)|Namur]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] to forces of the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]] led by King [[William III of England]] following the 2-month [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Siege of Namur]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/>
** {{HMS|Winchester|1693}} founders in the [[Florida Keys]] with the loss of 400.<ref>Lavery, Brian (1983) ''The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850''. Conway Maritime Press. {{ISBN|0-85177-252-8}}.</ref>
* 7 September – English [[pirate]] [[Henry Every]] in the ''[[Fancy (ship)|Fancy]]'' perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''. In response, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
* November – [[1695 English general election|general election]] results in victory for the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]].<ref name=CBH/>
* 31 December – the [[window tax]] is imposed.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/>
===Undated===
* [[Quakers Act 1695|Quakers Act]] ("An Act that the Solemne Affirmation & Declaration of the People called Quakers shall be accepted instead of an Oath in the usual Forme") permits [[Quakers]] (who conscientiously object to taking an [[oath]]) to substitute an [[Affirmation in law|affirmation]] in certain legal proceedings.
* [[Wren Library, Cambridge]], the library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], designed by [[Christopher Wren]], is completed.
==Births==
* 2 February – [[William Borlase]], naturalist (died 1772)
* 20 November – [[John Bevis]], physician and astronomer (died 1771)
==Deaths==
* 5 March – [[Henry Wharton (writer)|Henry Wharton]], writer (born 1664)
* 5 April – [[George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax]], writer and statesman (born 1633)
* 27 April – [[John Trenchard (Secretary of State)|John Trenchard]], statesman (born 1640)
* 21 November – [[Henry Purcell]], composer (born 1654)
* 28 November – [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]], antiquarian (born 1632)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{England year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1695}}
[[Category:1695 in England| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in England]]
| 1,272,418,039 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1694 - 1693 - 1692": "1695 \u00b7 in \u00b7 England \u00b7 \u2192 - 1696 - 1697 - 1698", "Centuries": "15th 16th 17th 18th 19th", "Decades": "1670s 1680s 1690s 1700s 1710s", "See also": "Other events of 1695"}}]
| false |
# 1636 in France
Events from the year 1636 in France
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Louis XIII[1]
## Events
- 20 March – Treaty of Wismar
- 5 August – Crossing of the Somme
## Births
### Full date missing
- Noël Bouton de Chamilly, Marshal of France (died 1715)[2]
- Charles de La Fosse, painter (died 1716)
## Deaths
### Full date missing
- Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, trader and adventurer (born 1585)
- Paul Hay du Chastelet, magistrate, orator and writer (born 1592)
- Crespin Carlier, organ builder (born c.1560)
- Louise Bourgeois Boursier, midwife (born 1563)
- Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, diplomat (born 1552)
|
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| 47,758,765 |
1636 in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1636_in_France
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2024-09-12T07:56:14Z
|
en
|
Q2808547
| 149,420 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in France header}}
Events from the year '''1636 in [[France]]'''
==Incumbents==
* [[List of French monarchs|Monarch]] – [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturdy |first1=David |title=Richelieu and Mazarin: A Study in Statesmanship |date=14 March 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-31732-1 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_VGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 |language=en}}</ref>
==Events==
*20 March – [[Treaty of Wismar]]
*5 August – [[Crossing of the Somme]]
==Births==
[[File:Heim - Noël Bouton de Chamilly (1636-1715) - MV 1058.jpg |thumb |right |150 px |[[Noël Bouton de Chamilly]] ]]
===Full date missing===
*[[Noël Bouton de Chamilly]], [[Marshal of France]] (died [[1715 in France|1715]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chamilly, Noël Bouton de |encyclopedia=[[Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon]] |volume=4 |year=1916 |edition=2 |editor=Blangstrup, Chr. |editor-link=Christian Blangstrup |publisher=J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel |location=Copenhagen |language=da |url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/4/0804.html |access-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Charles de La Fosse]], painter (died 1716)
==Deaths==
===Full date missing===
*[[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]], trader and adventurer (born 1585)
*[[Paul Hay du Chastelet]], magistrate, orator and writer (born 1592)
*[[Crespin Carlier]], organ builder (born c.1560)
*[[Louise Bourgeois Boursier]], midwife (born 1563)
*[[Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul]], diplomat (born 1552)
==See also==
{{Portal bar|France|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{France year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1636}}
[[Category:1630s in France]]
{{France-hist-stub}}
| 1,245,311,896 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1635 - 1634 - 1633 - 1632 - 1631": "1636 \u00b7 in \u00b7 France \u00b7 \u2192 - 1637 - 1638 - 1639 - 1640 - 1641", "Decades": "1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s", "See also": "Other events of 1636 \u00b7 History of France \u2022 Timeline \u2022 Years"}}]
| false |
# 1656 in Denmark
Events from the year 1656 in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Frederick III[1]
- Steward of the Realm – Joachim Gersdorff
## Births
- 11 September – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Queen consort of Sweden (died 1693 in Sweden)
## Deaths
- 24 April – Thomas Fincke, mathematician and physicist (b. 1561)
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enwiki/37475200
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enwiki
| 37,475,200 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1656_in_Denmark
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2024-09-08T01:48:03Z
|
en
|
Q4551577
| 80,148 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in Denmark|1656}}
Events from the year '''1656 in [[Denmark]]'''.
== Incumbents ==
* Monarch – [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Frederick III: king of Denmark and Norway|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-III-king-of-Denmark-and-Norway|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=18 November 2019|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Steward of the Realm (Denmark)|Steward of the Realm]] – [[Joachim Gersdorff]]
== Events ==
{{Empty section|date=October 2022}}
== Births==
* 11 September – [[Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark]], Queen consort of Sweden (died [[1693 in Sweden]])
== Deaths ==
{{Empty section|date=October 2022}}
* 24 April – [[Thomas Fincke]], mathematician and physicist (b. [[1560s in Denmark|1561]])
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Denmark year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1656}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1656 Denmark}}
[[Category:1656 in Denmark| ]]
[[Category:1656 by country|Denmark]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in Denmark]]
| 1,244,605,939 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1655 - 1654 - 1653": "1656 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Denmark \u00b7 \u2192 - 1657 - 1658 - 1659", "Decades": "1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s", "See also": "Other events of 1656 \u00b7 List of years in Denmark"}}]
| false |
# 1725 in Ireland
Events from the year 1725 in Ireland.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George I
## Events
- June 24 – first recorded meeting of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in Dublin, making it the second most senior Grand Lodge in world Freemasonry, and the oldest in continuous existence.[1]
- Irish Presbyterian ministers who refuse to subscribe at ordination to the Westminster Confession form the Presbytery of Antrim.
## Births
- May 15 – James Fortescue, politician (d. 1782)
- September 27 – Patrick d'Arcy, mathematician (d. 1779)
- September 28 (possible date) – Arthur Guinness, brewer and founder of the Guinness Brewery business and family (d. 1803)
- December 20 – John Parr, Governor of Nova Scotia (d. 1791)
- Robert Hellen, English-born lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
- Alexander McNutt, British Army officer and coloniser of Nova Scotia (d. 1811)
## Deaths
- March 31 – Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton, Chancellor of the Exchequer of England and Lord Treasurer of Ireland (b. 1669)
- April 16 – James Barry, politician (b. 1661)
- December 26 – Katherine FitzGerald, Viscountess Grandison, heiress (b. 1660)
- James Terry, Jacobite officer of arms.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1725_in_Ireland
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2024-09-24T02:16:32Z
|
en
|
Q4552572
| 136,660 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{YearInIrelandNav | 1725 }}
Events from the year '''1725 in Ireland'''.
==Incumbent==
*[[Irish monarch|Monarch]]: [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]
==Events==
*[[June 24]] – first recorded meeting of the [[Grand Lodge of Ireland]] in [[Dublin]], making it the second most senior [[Grand Lodge]] in world [[Freemasonry]], and the oldest in continuous existence.<ref>''Dublin Weekly Journal'' 26 June 1725. {{cite web|title=History of Freemasonry in Ireland|url=http://www.freemasonsnorthmunster.com/Freemasonry_History.htm|work=Freemasonry in North Munster|publisher=Provincial Grand Lodge of North Munster|access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref>
*Irish [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] ministers who refuse to subscribe at ordination to the [[Westminster Confession]] form the [[Presbytery (church polity)|Presbytery]] of Antrim.
==Births==
*[[May 15]] – [[James Fortescue (politician)|James Fortescue]], politician (d. [[1782 in Ireland|1782]])
*[[September 27]] – [[Patrick d'Arcy]], [[mathematician]] (d. [[1779 in Ireland|1779]])
*[[September 28]] ''(possible date)'' – [[Arthur Guinness]], brewer and founder of the [[Guinness]] Brewery business and [[Guinness family|family]] (d. [[1803 in Ireland|1803]])
*[[December 20]] – [[John Parr (governor)|John Parr]], [[Governor of Nova Scotia]] (d. [[1791 in Ireland|1791]])
*[[Robert Hellen]], [[England|English]]-born lawyer and politician (d. [[1793 in Ireland|1793]])
*[[Alexander McNutt (colonisation)|Alexander McNutt]], [[British Army]] officer and coloniser of [[Nova Scotia]] (d. [[1811 in Ireland|1811]])
==Deaths==
*[[March 31]] – [[Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton]], [[Chancellor of the Exchequer of England]] and [[Lord Treasurer of Ireland]] (b. [[1669 in Ireland|1669]])
*[[April 16]] – [[James Barry (Irish MP, 1661–1725)|James Barry]], politician (b. [[1661 in Ireland|1661]])
*[[December 26]] – [[Katherine FitzGerald, Viscountess Grandison]], heiress (b. [[1660 in Ireland|1660]])
*[[James Terry (officer of arms)|James Terry]], [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] [[officer of arms]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Years in Ireland}}
{{Year in Europe|1725}}
[[Category:1725 in Ireland| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Ireland]]
[[Category:1725 by country|Ireland]]
[[Category:1720s in Ireland]]
| 1,247,386,429 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1724 - 1723 - 1722 - 1721 - 1720": "1725 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Ireland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1726 - 1727 - 1728 - 1729 - 1730", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th 20th", "Decades": "1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s", "See also": "Other events of 1725 \u00b7 List of years in Ireland"}}]
| false |
# 1725 in Norway
Events in the year 1725 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Frederick IV.[1]
## Events
- 8 March – The Dutch merchant ship Akerendam sinks near the island of Runde during its maiden voyage, the entire ship's crew of 200 people dies in the sinking.[2]
## Arts and literature
- The construction of the Oslo Ladegård is complete.[3]
## Births
- 11 February – Johan Frederik Classen, industrialist and philanthropist (died 1792).[4]
- 8 March – Jens Boalth, educator (died 1780).[5]
- 22 September – Gunder Gundersen Hammer, government official (died 1772).[6]
- 19 November – Magnus Theiste, government official (died 1791)
|
enwiki/36052331
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enwiki
| 36,052,331 |
1725 in Norway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1725_in_Norway
|
2024-12-09T05:51:14Z
|
en
|
Q4552573
| 86,846 |
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates |date=December 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1725}}
Events in the year '''1725 in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Frederik 4. |first=Finn Erhard |last=Johannessen |first2=Magnus A. |last2=Mardal |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Frederik_4._-_dansk-norsk_konge |language=no |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
*8 March – The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] merchant ship [[VOC ship Akerendam|Akerendam]] sinks near the island of [[Runde]] during its maiden voyage, the entire ship's crew of 200 people dies in the sinking.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Runde Treasure: Norway’s Largest Coin Finds |first=Anette Broteng |last=Christiansen |website=thornews.com |url=https://thornews.com/2012/08/30/the-runde-treasure-norways-largest-coin-finds/ |access-date=30 July 2020 }}</ref>
==Arts and literature==
*The construction of the [[Oslo Ladegård]] is complete.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Oslo Ladegård |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Oslo_Ladegård |language=no |access-date=8 September 2020 }}</ref>
==Births==
[[File:Johan Frederik Classen.jpg|thumb |right |120 px |[[Johan Frederik Classen]]]]
*11 February – [[Johan Frederik Classen]], industrialist and philanthropist (died [[1792 in Denmark|1792]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/Johan_Frederik_Classen |title=J.F. Classen |encyclopedia=[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|Den Store Danske]]|language=da |access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>
*8 March – [[Jens Boalth]], educator (died [[1780 in Norway|1780]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jens Boalth |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Anders Bjarne |last=Fossen |editor=[[Knut Helle|Helle, Knut]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Jens_Boalth/utdypning |language=no |access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>
*22 September – [[Gunder Gundersen Hammer]], government official (died [[1772 in Norway|1772]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1892 |title=Hammer, Gunder |first=H J |last=Huitfeldt-Kaas |encyclopedia=[[Dansk biografisk Lexikon]] |volume=VI |editor1-link=Carl Frederik Bricka |editor-last=Bricka |editor-first=Carl Frederik |publisher=Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag |location=Copenhagen |url=https://runeberg.org/dbl/6/0533.html |page=531|language=da|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
*19 November – [[Magnus Theiste]], government official (died [[1791 in Denmark|1791]])
==Deaths==
{{main|Deaths in 1725}}
{{Further|Category:1725 deaths}}
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1725}}
[[Category:1725 in Norway| ]]
| 1,262,024,510 |
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1724 - 1723 - 1722": "1725 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1726 - 1727 - 1728", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th 20th", "Decades": "1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s", "See also": "1725 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false |
# 174th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 174th Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during the Second World War. Originally formed to man beach defence batteries, it was later converted to field artillery. It served in Home Forces and supplied trained gunners to the fighting fronts, but saw no active service. It was disbanded in 1943.
## 8th Defence Regiment
After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk and the United Kingdom was threatened with invasion, a crash programme of installing coastal artillery batteries was implemented in the summer of 1940.
Later, as the Home Defence strategy developed, the Royal Artillery formed a number of 'Defence Batteries' to deploy around the coastline for general beach defence. These were not part of the RA's Coast Artillery branch, nor were they included in the field forces under Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, but equipped with whatever old guns were available they freed up scarce field artillery from static beach defence for the mobile counter-attack forces. Most of these batteries were formed on 1 September 1940, and they were grouped into regiments from 4 October. 8th Defence Regiment was formed at Leven, East Riding of Yorkshire, with 930–934 Defence Batteries. On 15 March 1941 931 and 934 Defence Btys were disbanded.
## 174th Field Regiment
By the beginning of 1942 the imminent threat of invasion had passed, the coast artillery batteries were fully established, and the RA required gunners for the field forces. The remaining Defence Regiments in the UK were disbanded or converted into field artillery. On 12 January 1942 8th Defence Rgt at Neswick Hall, Driffield, East Riding, was converted into 174th Field Regiment, and 930, 932 and 933 Defence Btys were designated A, B and C Btys. A, B and C Btys were redesignated P, Q and R on 11 March. At this period the establishment of a field regiment was three batteries, each of two troops of four 25-pounder guns.
On 25 July 1942 the regiment was assigned to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had recently been placed on a lower establishment as a home defence formation with no immediate prospect of overseas service. At the time the division was in Northern Command, moving at the beginning of 1943 to South Western District.
On 1 January 1943 the regiment's batteries were numbered as 159, 160 and 161 Field Btys. But on 9 January the batteries were mobilised as independent batteries and later posted to units in Middle East Forces as follows:
- 159 Field Bty – joined 32nd Field Rgt, converted to 32nd Heavy Rgt 18 September 1943[13][14][15]
- 160 Field Bty – joined 57th (Home Counties) Field Rgt 10 June 1943[16]
- 161 Field Bty – joined 121st (West Riding) Field Rgt 20 June 1943[17][18]
Regimental HQ (RHQ) of 174th Field Rgt remained without any batteries to command until 10 March when it was disbanded and the personnel used to reform RHQ of the disbanded 52nd (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt at Fleetwood in Lancashire, with new batteries formed from coast artillery personnel.
## Footnotes
1. ↑ A previous 160 Bty had existed in the Royal Field Artillery between 1919 and 1920.[10][11]
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=8th Defence Regiment, RA<br>174th Field Regiment, RA
|image=Koning_Soldaat.,_item_60.jpg
|image_size=250px
|caption=Royal Artillery cap badge
|dates= 4 October 1940–10 March 1943
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|type=
|role= [[Field artillery]]
|size=3 [[Artillery battery|Batteries]]
|command_structure=[[55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division]]
|garrison=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|notable_commanders=
|current_commander=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|identification_symbol =
|identification_symbol_label =
}}
The '''174th Field Regiment''' was a unit of Britain's [[Royal Artillery]] (RA) during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Originally formed to man beach defence batteries, it was later converted to field artillery. It served in Home Forces and supplied trained gunners to the fighting fronts, but saw no active service. It was disbanded in 1943.
==8th Defence Regiment==
After the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] was [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated from Dunkirk]] and the United Kingdom was threatened with invasion, a crash programme of installing coastal artillery batteries was implemented in the summer of 1940.<ref>Farndale, Annex B.</ref><ref>Maurice-Jones, pp. 227–32.</ref><ref name = CollierVIII>[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-8.html Collier, Chapter VIII.]</ref>
Later, as the Home Defence strategy developed, the Royal Artillery formed a number of 'Defence Batteries' to deploy around the coastline for general beach defence. These were not part of the RA's Coast Artillery branch, nor were they included in the field forces under [[Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces]], but equipped with whatever old guns were available they freed up scarce field artillery from static beach defence for the mobile counter-attack forces. Most of these batteries were formed on 1 September 1940, and they were grouped into regiments from 4 October. '''8th Defence Regiment''' was formed at [[Leven, East Riding of Yorkshire]], with 930–934 Defence Batteries. On 15 March 1941 931 and 934 Defence Btys were disbanded.<ref name = CollierVIII/><ref>Farndale, p. 103.</ref><ref name = FarnM>Farndale, Annex M.</ref><ref name = Frederick931>Frederick, pp. 931–3.</ref>
==174th Field Regiment==
[[File:IWM-H-8241-Morris-C8-19410320.jpg|right|thumb|A 25-pounder gun and [[Morris C8|Quad]] [[Artillery tractor|tractor]] on a training exercise in the UK.]]
By the beginning of 1942 the imminent threat of invasion had passed, the coast artillery batteries were fully established, and the RA required gunners for the field forces. The remaining Defence Regiments in the UK were disbanded or converted into field artillery. On 12 January 1942 8th Defence Rgt at Neswick Hall, [[Driffield]], East Riding, was converted into '''174th Field Regiment''', and 930, 932 and 933 Defence Btys were designated A, B and C Btys. A, B and C Btys were redesignated P, Q and R on 11 March.<ref name = FarnM/><ref name = Frederick931/><ref name = Frederick538>Frederick, p. 538.</ref> At this period the establishment of a field regiment was three batteries, each of two troops of four [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounder]] guns.<ref>Farndale, p. 99.</ref>
[[File:55 inf div -vector2.svg|thumb|left|[[Divisional insignia of the British Army|Divisional insignia]] of 55th (West Lancashire) Division.]]
On 25 July 1942 the regiment was assigned to [[55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division]], which had recently been placed on a lower establishment as a home defence formation with no immediate prospect of overseas service. At the time the division was in [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern Command]], moving at the beginning of 1943 to South Western District.<ref name = Joslen55>Joslen, pp. 90–1.</ref>
On 1 January 1943 the regiment's batteries were numbered as 159, 160{{efn|A previous 160 Bty had existed in the [[Royal Field Artillery]] between 1919 and 1920.<ref name = Frederick486/><ref>Frederick, p. 501.</ref>}} and 161 Field Btys. But on 9 January the batteries were mobilised as independent batteries and later posted to units in [[Middle East Command|Middle East Forces]] as follows:<ref name = Frederick538/><ref name = Frederick486>Frederick, p. 486.</ref><ref>Joslen, p. 486.</ref>
* 159 Field Bty – joined 32nd Field Rgt, converted to 32nd Heavy Rgt 18 September 1943<ref>Frederick, p. 511.</ref><ref name = Frederick557>Frederick, p. 557.</ref><ref>Joslen, pp. 487, 504.</ref>
* 160 Field Bty – joined [[57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery|57th (Home Counties) Field Rgt]] 10 June 1943<ref>Frederick, p. 516.</ref>
* 161 Field Bty – joined [[121st (West Riding) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery|121st (West Riding) Field Rgt]] 20 June 1943<ref>Frederick, p. 529.</ref><ref>Joslen, p. 506.</ref>
Regimental HQ (RHQ) of 174th Field Rgt remained without any batteries to command until 10 March when it was disbanded and the personnel used to reform RHQ of the disbanded [[52nd (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery|52nd (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt]] at [[Fleetwood]] in [[Lancashire]], with new batteries formed from coast artillery personnel.<ref name = Frederick538/><ref name = Frederick557/>
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References==
* {{cite book | last=Collier | first=Basil | author-link = Basil Collier | chapter = The Defence of the United Kingdom | title = History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Military Series | editor-first = J. R. M. | editor-last = Butler | publisher=Naval & Military Press | publication-place=London | date=2004 | chapter-url = https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/index.html| isbn=1-84574-055-6 | oclc=499176250}}
* Sir [[Martin Farndale]], ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, {{isbn|1-85753-080-2}}
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{isbn|1-85117-009-X}}
* {{Joslen-OOB}}
* K. W. Maurice-Jones, ''The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army'', London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1959/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, {{isbn|978-1-845740-31-3}}
[[Category:Field regiments of the Royal Artillery]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
| 1,136,950,535 |
[{"title": "8th Defence Regiment, RA \u00b7 174th Field Regiment, RA", "data": {"Active": "4 October 1940\u201310 March 1943", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Branch": "British Army", "Role": "Field artillery", "Size": "3 Batteries", "Part of": "55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division"}}]
| false |
# 174 Phaedra
174 Phaedra is a sizable, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2, 1877, and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology.
The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.84 years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35 km. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel, Indiana, during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 5–16° away from the plane of the ecliptic.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet= yes
| mpc_name= (174) Phaedra
| background= #D6D6D6
| name= 174 Phaedra
| alt_names= A877 RA
| pronounced={{IPAc-en|'|f|iː|d|r|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| image= 174Phaedra (Lightcurve Inversion).png
| image_scale =
| caption= A three-dimensional model of 174 Phaedra based on its light curve.
| discoverer= [[James Craig Watson|J. C. Watson]]
| discovered= 2 September 1877
| mp_category= [[Asteroid belt|Main belt]]
| orbit_ref= <ref name="JPL"/>
| semimajor= {{Convert|2.8615|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| perihelion= {{Convert|2.4572|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| aphelion= {{Convert|3.2658|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| period= 4.84 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1768.0 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| inclination= 12.124°
| eccentricity= 0.14128
| rotation= {{Convert|5.744|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| spectral_type= [[S-type asteroid|S]]
| abs_magnitude= 8.48
| albedo= {{val|0.1495|0.021}}
| epoch= 31 July 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457600.5)
| asc_node= 327.69°
| arg_peri= 289.08°
| mean_anomaly= 330.70[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion= {{Deg2DMS|0.20362|sup=ms}} / day
| observation_arc= 138.61 yr (50629 d)
| uncertainty= 0
| mean_radius= {{val|34.62|2.2}} [[Kilometre|km]]
| moid= {{Convert|1.47439|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| jupiter_moid= {{Convert|1.99981|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| tisserand= 3.254
}}
'''174 Phaedra''' is a sizable, rocky [[Asteroid belt|main belt]] [[asteroid]] that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer [[James Craig Watson]] on September 2, 1877, and named after [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], the tragic lovelorn queen in [[Greek mythology]].
The asteroid is orbiting the [[Sun]] with a [[orbital period|period]] of 4.84 years and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35 km. [[Photometry (astronomy)|Photometric]] observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in [[Carmel, Indiana]], during 2009 gave a [[light curve]] with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008.<ref name="Ruthroff2009"/> The asteroid's [[Poles of astronomical bodies|pole]] of rotation lies just 5–16° away from the [[plane of the ecliptic]].<ref name=Marciniak2011/>
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="JPL">{{Citation
| first1 = Donald K.
| last1 = Yeomans
| title = 174 Phaedra
| work = JPL Small-Body Database Browser
| publisher = [[NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=174
| accessdate= 6 May 2016
| postscript= .}}</ref>
<ref name="Ruthroff2009">{{Citation
| last1 = Ruthroff
| first1 = John C.
| title = Photometric Observations and Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids 129 Antigone, 174 Phaedra, 232 Russia, 291 Alice, and 343 Ostara
| journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
| volume = 36
| issue = 3
| pages = 121–122
| bibcode = 2009MPBu...36..121R
| postscript= .
|date=July 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=Marciniak2011>{{citation
| title=Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids. VIII. Low-pole asteroids
| display-authors=1 | last1=Marciniak | first1=A.
| last2=Michałowski | first2=T. | last3=Polińska | first3=M.
| last4=Bartczak | first4=P. | last5=Hirsch | first5=R.
| last6=Sobkowiak | first6=K. | last7=Kamiński | first7=K.
| last8=Fagas | first8=M. | last9=Behrend | first9=R.
| last10=Bernasconi | first10=L. | last11=Bosch | first11=J. -G.
| last12=Brunetto | first12=L. | last13=Choisay | first13=F.
| last14=Coloma | first14=J. | last15=Conjat | first15=M.
| last16=Farroni | first16=G. | last17=Manzini | first17=F.
| last18=Pallares | first18=H. | last19=Roy | first19=R.
| last20=Kwiatkowski | first20=T. | last21=Kryszczyńska | first21=A.
| last22=Rudawska | first22=R. | last23=Starczewski | first23=S.
| last24=Michałowski | first24=J. | last25=Ludick | first25=P.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=529 | id=A107 | pages=14 | date=May 2011
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015365 | bibcode=2011A&A...529A.107M | doi-access=free }}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
==External links==
* {{AstDys|174}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |173 Ino |number=174 |175 Andromache}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:000174}}
[[Category:Background asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoveries by James Craig Watson|Phaedra]]
[[Category:Named minor planets|Phaedra]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1877|18770902]]
[[Category:Phaedra (mythology)]]
{{S-beltasteroid-stub}}
| 1,258,500,493 |
[{"title": "Discovery", "data": {"Discovered by": "J. C. Watson", "Discovery date": "2 September 1877"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(174) Phaedra", "Pronunciation": "/\u02c8fi\u02d0dr\u0259", "Alternative designations": "A877 RA", "Minor planet category": "Main belt"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "138.61 yr (50629 d)", "Aphelion": "3.2658 AU (488.56 Gm)", "Perihelion": "2.4572 AU (367.59 Gm)", "Semi-major axis": "2.8615 AU (428.07 Gm)", "Eccentricity": "0.14128", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "4.84 yr (1768.0 d)", "Mean anomaly": "330.70\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 12m 13.032s / day", "Inclination": "12.124\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "327.69\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "289.08\u00b0", "Earth MOID": "1.47439 AU (220.566 Gm)", "Jupiter MOID": "1.99981 AU (299.167 Gm)", "TJupiter": "3.254"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean radius": "34.62\u00b12.2 km", "Synodic rotation period": "5.744 h (0.2393 d)", "Geometric albedo": "0.1495\u00b10.021", "Spectral type": "S", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "8.48"}}]
| false |
# 1778 in music
## Events
- January 1 – Première of William Boyce's "When rival nations great in arms", at St James's Palace, London.[1]
- January 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer Georg Joseph Vogler.[1]
- January 27 – Niccolò Piccinni's first French opera, Roland, is premièred at the Paris Opera.[1]
- February 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, Leopold Mozart, telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.[1]
- February 17 – Ignaz Umlauf’s Die Bergknappen becomes the first singspiel by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.[1]
- March 1 – Christoph Willibald Gluck returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.[1]
- March 2 – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's opera buffa company gives its final performance.[1]
- March 15 – Thomas Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.[1]
- March 20 – Jiří Antonín Benda leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[1]
- March 26 – Seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.[1]
- April 8 – Antonio Salieri leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.[1]
- May 1 – Anna Maria Mozart complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.[1]
- June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm’d with her native force", an ode composed by William Boyce for the occasion, is performed for the first time.[1]
- July 9 – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.[1]
- July 13 – Leopold Mozart learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.[1]
- July 24 – The première of Giovanni Paisiello’s Lo sposo burlato takes place at the Russian court.[1]
- August 1 – First publication (in London) of the song "To Anacreon in Heaven" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by John Stafford Smith which becomes "The Star-Spangled Banner" is uncertain but probably about this time.
- August 3 – Teatro alla Scala, Milan, opens with a performance of Antonio Salieri's latest opera, Europa riconosciuta.[1]
- August 27 – Mozart meets Johann Christian Bach in Paris.[1]
- October 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.[1]
## Classical music
- Carl Philip Emanuel Bach
- Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477
- Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478
- Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber
- Johann Christian Bach – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15
- Jean-Frédéric Edelmann – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord
- Felice Giardini
- 6 String Trios, Op. 20
- 6 Quartets, Op. 21
- François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments"
- Joseph Haydn
- Little Organ Mass
- Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54
- Il maestro e lo scolare, Hob.XVIIa:1
- František Kocžwara – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f
- Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296
- Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299
- Violin Sonatas No. 18-23, K. 301-306
- Ah se in ciel, K.538
- Symphony No. 31 in D "Paris"
- Piano Sonata No.8 in A Minor, K. 310/300d
- Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13
- Antonio Salieri – Sinfonia Veneziana
- Johann Abraham Peter Schulz – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2
- Hans Hinrich Zielche – 6 Flute Sonatas
## Opera
- Carl Christian Agthe – Martin Velten
- Johann Christian Bach – La Clemenza di Scipione
- Anton Bachschmidt – Antigono
- Pierre Joseph Candeille – Les Deux comtesses
- Christian Cannabich – Azakia
- Domenico Cimarosa
- Il ritorno di Don Calandrino
- Le stravaganze d'amore
- Charles Dibdin – The Shepherdess of the Alps
- André Grétry – Le jugement de Midas
- Niccola Piccinni – Roland
- Antonio Sacchini – Erifile
- Antonio Salieri
- Europa riconosciuta
- La scuola de' gelosi
## Published popular music
- The Singing Master's Assistant – William Billings, including "Africa"
## Methods and theory writings
- William Billings – The Singing Master's Assistant
- Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek
- Mussard – Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere
- Ignacio Ramoneda – Arte de canto-llano
## Births
- January 5 – Fortunato Santini, composer
- January 9 – Dede Efendi, composer
- January 13 – Anton Fischer, composer
- February 12 – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer
- February 14 – Fernando Sor, guitarist and composer
- February 17 – Vincenzo Pucitta, Italian composer (d. 1861)[2]
- March 8 – Friedrich August Kanne, composer and music critic(d. 1833)[3]
- April 6 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (d. 1862)[4]
- May 8 – Johann Gansbacher, composer (d. 1844)[5]
- May 28 – Friedrich Westenholz, composer
- July 10 – Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm, Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. 1858)
- July 29 – Carl Borromaus Neuner
- September 3 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer
- November 14 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel, composer
## Deaths
- February 15 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, organist and composer (b. 1697)
- March 5 – Thomas Arne, composer, best known for "Rule Britannia" (b. 1710)
- May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, physician and music writer (b. 1711)
- July 2 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712)
- July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1720; typhoid)[1]
- August 5 – Thomas Linley the younger, composer, aged 22
- August 14 – Augustus Montague Toplady, hymn-writer (b. 1740)
- August 24 – Johannes Ringk, organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717)
- September 20 – Quirino Gasparini, composer (b. 1721)
- October 30 – Davide Perez, opera composer (b. 1711)
- November 11 – Anne Steele, hymn-writer (b. 1717)
- December – Samuel Linley, oboist and singer (b. 1760)
- December 12 – Hermann Raupach, composer (b. 1728)
- date unknown
- Americus Backers, piano maker
- Giovanni Battista Costanzi, Italian composer (born 1704)
- Célestin Harst, organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)
|
enwiki/502898
|
enwiki
| 502,898 |
1778 in music
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778_in_music
|
2024-10-18T06:34:22Z
|
en
|
Q3301967
| 58,838 |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1778|music}}
== Events ==
*[[January 1]] – Première of [[William Boyce (composer)|William Boyce]]'s "When rival nations great in arms", at [[St James's Palace]], London.<ref name="musicandhistory">[http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/37-1778.html Music And History - 1778] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828142141/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/37-1778.html |date=2012-08-28 }}. Accessed 13 December 2013</ref>
*[[January 14]] – [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer [[Georg Joseph Vogler]].<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[January 27]] – [[Niccolò Piccinni]]'s first French opera, ''Roland'', is premièred at the Paris Opera.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[February 14]] – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, [[Leopold Mozart]], telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[February 17]] – [[Ignaz Umlauf]]’s ''Die Bergknappen'' becomes the first ''singspiel'' by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[March 1]] – [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[March 2]] – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's [[opera buffa]] company gives its final performance.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[March 15]] – [[Thomas Arne]] is buried at [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]], London.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[March 20]] – [[Jiří Antonín Benda]] leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[March 26]] – Seven-year-old [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[April 8]] – [[Antonio Salieri]] leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[May 1]] – [[Anna Maria Mozart]] complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[June 4]] – King [[George III of the United Kingdom]] celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm’d with her native force", an ode composed by [[William Boyce (composer)|William Boyce]] for the occasion, is performed for the first time.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[July 9]] – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[July 13]] – [[Leopold Mozart]] learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[July 24]] – The première of [[Giovanni Paisiello]]’s ''Lo sposo burlato'' takes place at the Russian court.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[August 1]] – First publication (in London) of the song "[[To Anacreon in Heaven]]" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by [[John Stafford Smith]] which becomes "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" is uncertain but probably about this time.
*[[August 3]] – [[La Scala|Teatro alla Scala, Milan]], opens with a performance of [[Antonio Salieri]]'s latest opera, ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]''.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[August 27]] – Mozart meets [[Johann Christian Bach]] in Paris.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[October 14]] – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
== Classical music ==
*[[Carl Philip Emanuel Bach]]
**Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477
**Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478
**''Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber''
*[[Johann Christian Bach]] – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15
*[[Jean-Frédéric Edelmann]] – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord
*[[Felice Giardini]]
**6 String Trios, Op. 20
**6 Quartets, Op. 21
*[[François Joseph Gossec]] – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments"
*[[Joseph Haydn]]
**''[[Little Organ Mass]]''
**Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54
**''Il maestro e lo scolare'', Hob.XVIIa:1
*[[Frantisek Kotzwara|František Kocžwara]] – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
**Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f
**Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296
**[[Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra (Mozart)|Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299]]
**[[Violin Sonata No. 18 (Mozart)|Violin Sonatas No. 18]]-23, K. 301-306
**''Ah se in ciel'', K.538
**[[Symphony No. 31 (Mozart)|Symphony No. 31 in D]] "Paris"
**[[Piano Sonata No. 8 (Mozart)|Piano Sonata No.8 in A Minor, K. 310/300d]]
*[[Chevalier de Saint-Georges|Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges]] – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13
*[[Antonio Salieri]] – ''Sinfonia Veneziana''
*[[Johann Abraham Peter Schulz]] – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2
*[[Hans Hinrich Zielche]] – 6 Flute Sonatas
== Opera ==
*[[Carl Christian Agthe]] – ''Martin Velten''
*[[Johann Christian Bach]] – ''La Clemenza di Scipione''
*[[Anton Bachschmidt]] – ''Antigono''
*[[Pierre Joseph Candeille]] – ''Les Deux comtesses''
*[[Christian Cannabich]] – ''Azakia''
*[[Domenico Cimarosa]]
**''[[Il ritorno di Don Calandrino]]''
**''Le stravaganze d'amore''
*[[Charles Dibdin]] – ''[[The Shepherdess of the Alps]]''
*[[André Grétry]] – ''Le jugement de Midas''
*[[Niccola Piccinni]] – ''Roland''
*[[Antonio Sacchini]] – ''Erifile''
*[[Antonio Salieri]]
**''[[Europa riconosciuta]]''
**''[[La scuola de' gelosi]]''
==Published popular music ==
*''The Singing Master's Assistant'' – [[William Billings]], including "[[Africa (William Billings)|Africa]]"
== Methods and theory writings ==
* [[William Billings]] – ''The Singing Master's Assistant''
* [[Johann Nikolaus Forkel]] – ''Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek''
* [[Mussard (composer)|Mussard]] – ''Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere''
* [[Ignacio Ramoneda]] – ''Arte de canto-llano''
== Births ==
*[[January 5]] – [[Fortunato Santini]], composer
*[[January 9]] – [[Dede Efendi]], composer
*[[January 13]] – Anton Fischer, composer
*[[February 12]] – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer
*[[February 14]] – [[Fernando Sor]], guitarist and composer
*[[February 17]] – [[Vincenzo Pucitta]], Italian composer (d. [[1861 in music|1861]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-pucitta|website=Dizionario-Biografico|title=Pucitta, Vincenzo|author=Daniele Carnini|publisher=Treccani|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
*[[March 8]] – [[Friedrich August Kanne]], composer and music critic(d. [[1833 in music|1833]])<ref>{{ÖBL|3|217||Kanne Friedrich August|}}</ref>
*[[April 6]] – [[Joseph Funk]], composer and music teacher (d. [[1862 in music|1862]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Andrew Hostetler|title=God Uses Ink: The Heritage and Mission of the Mennonite Publishing House After Fifty Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2mcPpi0ptYC|year=1958|publisher=Herald Press|page=20}}</ref>
*[[May 8]] – [[Johann Gansbacher]], composer (d. [[1844 in music|1844]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Philip James Bone|title=The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyc3AQAAMAAJ|year=1914|publisher=Schott|page=128}}</ref>
*[[May 28]] – Friedrich Westenholz, composer
*[[July 10]] – [[Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm]], Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. [[1858 in music|1858]])
*[[July 29]] – Carl Borromaus Neuner
*[[September 3]] – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer
*[[November 14]] – [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]], composer
== Deaths ==
*[[February 15]] – [[Johann Gottlieb Görner]], organist and composer (b. 1697)
*[[March 5]] – [[Thomas Arne]], composer, best known for "[[Rule Britannia]]" (b. 1710)
*[[May 8]] – [[Lorenz Christoph Mizler]], physician and music writer (b. 1711)
*[[July 2]] – [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712)
*[[July 3]] – [[Anna Maria Mozart]], mother of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (b. 1720; typhoid)<ref name="musicandhistory"/>
*[[August 5]] – [[Thomas Linley the younger]], composer, aged 22
*[[August 14]] – [[Augustus Montague Toplady]], hymn-writer (b. 1740)
*[[August 24]] – [[Johannes Ringk]], organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717)
*[[September 20]] – [[Quirino Gasparini]], composer (b. 1721)
*[[October 30]] – [[Davide Perez]], opera composer (b. 1711)
*[[November 11]] – [[Anne Steele]], hymn-writer (b. 1717)
*December – [[Samuel Linley]], oboist and singer (b. 1760)
*[[December 12]] – [[Hermann Raupach]], composer (b. 1728)
*''date unknown''
**[[Americus Backers]], piano maker
**[[Giovanni Battista Costanzi]], Italian composer (born 1704)
**[[Célestin Harst]], organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1778 in music| ]]
[[Category:18th century in music]]
[[Category:Music by year]]
| 1,251,814,392 |
[]
| false |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
This is an updated and better extracted version of the wikimedia/Wikipedia dataset originally released in 2023. We carefully parsed Wikipedia HTML dumps from August of 2025 covering 325 languages.
This dataset:
- fully renders templates as it was extracted from HTML and not markdown dumps
- removes redirects, disambiguation, and other non main article pages
- includes detailed metadata such as page ID, title, last modified date, wikidate ID, version and markdown version of the text
- preserves elements and formatting such as headings, lists, code/pre blocks, tables and math content
- notably,
wikimedia/Wikipediaremoves all tables and math content - excludes most of the "References", "See also", "Notes", "External links", and similar citations/notes sections across all languages
- besides keeping all math content, pages containing math are flagged with a
has_mathmetadata attribute - extracts infoboxes (the summary high-level information boxes on the right of some wikipedia pages) in a structured format into the metadata, for RAG and other uses
- only keeps pages whose script (writing alphabet) matches the expected list for that language
- for non-English wikis, any page fully or mostly in English is removed (common issue for Language Identifiers/classifiers training)
Visualize and Compare
You can explore the dataset, compare it to wikimedia/Wikipedia and preview the live Wikipedia pages on our space.
Available subsets
| Subset | Name | Size | Pages |
|---|---|---|---|
en |
English | 35.1 GB | 6,614,655 |
de |
German | 13.1 GB | 2,713,646 |
fr |
French | 12.1 GB | 2,566,183 |
ru |
Russian | 10.7 GB | 1,817,813 |
ja |
Japanese | 9.9 GB | 1,354,269 |
es |
Spanish | 8.5 GB | 1,948,965 |
it |
Italian | 7.4 GB | 1,799,759 |
uk |
Ukrainian | 5.4 GB | 1,239,253 |
zh |
Chinese (writtenvernacular Chinese) | 5.1 GB | 1,295,955 |
pl |
Polish | 4.4 GB | 1,543,918 |
ceb |
Cebuano | 4.4 GB | 5,647,436 |
pt |
Portuguese | 4.3 GB | 1,135,383 |
nl |
Dutch | 3.5 GB | 2,072,865 |
ca |
Catalan | 3.5 GB | 962,290 |
ar |
Arabic | 3.4 GB | 1,230,456 |
sv |
Swedish | 2.9 GB | 2,470,063 |
cs |
Czech | 2.2 GB | 534,563 |
fa |
Persian | 2.2 GB | 1,021,336 |
vi |
Vietnamese | 2.1 GB | 1,279,087 |
hu |
Hungarian | 2.1 GB | 515,004 |
ko |
Korean | 2.0 GB | 582,035 |
he |
Hebrew | 2.0 GB | 372,053 |
sr |
Serbian | 2.0 GB | 664,345 |
id |
Indonesian | 1.8 GB | 723,099 |
tr |
Turkish | 1.6 GB | 629,762 |
fi |
Finnish | 1.5 GB | 572,900 |
no |
Norwegian (Bokmål) | 1.3 GB | 620,802 |
el |
Greek | 1.2 GB | 242,517 |
hy |
Armenian | 1.2 GB | 309,820 |
ro |
Romanian | 1.2 GB | 493,462 |
| ... | |||
| Total | 184.7 GB | 61,550,610 |
A detailed list is available here.
How to download and use 🌐 FineWiki
See the tables above for the subset of the language you want to download.
We currently do not provide smaller sample versions, but by setting limit or using streaming=True you can easily fetch a sample of the data. If there is interest from the community we might upload smaller sampled versions later on.
Using 🏭 datatrove
from datatrove.pipeline.readers import ParquetReader
# limit determines how many documents will be streamed (remove for all)
# this will fetch the Portuguese data
data_reader = ParquetReader("hf://datasets/HuggingFaceFW/finewiki/data/ptwiki", limit=1000)
for document in data_reader():
# do something with document
print(document)
###############################
# OR for a processing pipeline:
###############################
from datatrove.executor import LocalPipelineExecutor
from datatrove.pipeline.readers import ParquetReader
from datatrove.pipeline.filters import LambdaFilter
from datatrove.pipeline.writers import JsonlWriter
pipeline_exec = LocalPipelineExecutor(
pipeline=[
ParquetReader("hf://datasets/HuggingFaceFW/finewiki/data/ptwiki", limit=1000),
LambdaFilter(lambda doc: "hugging" in doc.text),
JsonlWriter("some-output-path")
],
tasks=10
)
pipeline_exec.run()
Using huggingface_hub
from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
folder = snapshot_download(
"HuggingFaceFW/finewiki",
repo_type="dataset",
local_dir="./finewiki/",
# download the English subset
allow_patterns=["data/enwiki/*"])
Using datasets
from datasets import load_dataset
# get Spanish data
fw = load_dataset("HuggingFaceFW/finewiki", name="eswiki", split="train", streaming=True)
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Example from the English subset (values truncated for readability):
{
"text": "# 10th Tank Corps\nThe 10th Tank Corps was a tank corps of the Red Army, formed twice.\n\n## First Formation\nIn May–June 1938, ...",
"id": "enwiki/32552979",
"wikiname": "enwiki",
"page_id": 32552979,
"title": "10th Tank Corps",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Tank_Corps",
"date_modified": "2023-07-26T12:32:03Z",
"in_language": "en",
"wikidata_id": "Q12061605",
"bytes_html": 115017,
"wikitext": "{{short description|Tank corps of the Soviet military}}\n\n{{Infobox military unit...",
"version": 1167219203,
"infoboxes": "[{\"title\": \"10th Tank Corps\", \"data\": {\"Active\": \"...\"}}]",
"has_math": false
}
Data Fields
text(string): cleaned, structured article text preserving headings, lists, code/pre blocks, tables and math. Has some markdown formatting (headings, tables, lists)id(string): dataset‑unique identifier; typically<wikiname>/<page_id>wikiname(string): wiki project name, e.g.,enwiki,ptwikipage_id(int): MediaWiki page identifiertitle(string): article titleurl(string): canonical article URLdate_modified(string): ISO‑8601 timestamp of the last page revisionin_language(string): article language code (e.g.,en,pt)wikidata_id(string|null): Wikidata QID associated with the pagebytes_html(int): size in bytes of the original HTML bodywikitext(string): original wikitext when availableversion(int|string): revision/version identifier of the pageinfoboxes(string): JSON‑encoded array of extracted infobox objects with title and key‑value datahas_math(bool): whether math content was detected on the page
Data Processing
The full pipeline processing code is available here. It runs on datatrove. While we tried to offer robust support for most language variants of Wikipedia, the lack standardization on the HTML level means that for some subsets the extraction might be sub-optimal. If this is the case for the languages you are interested in, we recommend adapting our code to address your specific concerns.
Downloading
We used the Wikimedia Enterprise HTML dump API (https://api.enterprise.wikimedia.com/v2/snapshots) and downloaded main-namespace (NS0) snapshots for the different language versions of Wikipedia. We intentionally relied on pre-rendered HTML over the more commonly used wikitex/markdown dumps:
wikitext often encodes templates and formatting as parser functions/macros, which makes large sections of wikipages harder to reconstruct faithfully, whereas the Enterprise HTML already expands those structures. Snapshots from August of 2025 were used. We record rich per‑page attributes (IDs, titles, URLs, language, version, timestamps, Wikidata IDs) as part of the metadata.
Extraction
We heavily adapted mwparserfromhtml to parse the HTML content into a clean, structured text representation that preserves meaningful formatting. Redirect and disambiguation pages are removed reliably (via redirect markers in wikitext/HTML and disambiguation signals, including Wikidata IDs and page‑props). Reference‑like sections filled with non-article unnatural content (e.g., “References”, “Notes”, “External links”, localized per language) are excluded using a curated heading list and structural cues (reference list containers), so citations/notes are dropped without harming the main body. Visual/navigation boilerplate (ToC, navboxes, messageboxes, authority control, categories) is filtered out, while infoboxes are carefully extracted into the metadata into key-value structured data that can be useful for knowledge search applications. We additionally strive to keep math content (and mark pages containing it with a has_math flag) as well as tables, where much of the Wikipedia knowledge is contained.
Filtering
One common issue with low-resource language Wikipedias is the large prevelance of content from other languages, particularly English (often from articles or boilerplate pages copied over from the English Wikipedia). To ensure language quality and consistency, we apply language‑ and script‑aware checks tailored to each wiki. Pages are kept only if their predicted writing system matches the expected scripts for that language. For non‑English wikis, pages that are predominantly English above a confidence threshold are removed to reduce cross‑language leakage. We also drop ultra‑short pages without infoboxes to avoid low‑signal content.
Licensing Information
This dataset contains text from Wikipedia, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) and also available under GFDL. See Wikipedia’s licensing and Terms of Use: https://dumps.wikimedia.org/legal.html
Our processed release is an adaptation of that text and is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Citation Information
@dataset{penedo2025finewiki,
author = {Guilherme Penedo},
title = {FineWiki},
year = {2025},
publisher = {Hugging Face Datasets},
url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/finewiki},
urldate = {2025-10-20},
note = {Source: Wikimedia Enterprise Snapshot API (https://api.enterprise.wikimedia.com/v2/snapshots). Text licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution to Wikipedia contributors.}
}
- Downloads last month
- 2,655
Size of downloaded dataset files:
198 GB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
198 GB
Number of rows:
61,550,610
Models trained or fine-tuned on HuggingFaceFW/finewiki
