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Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 30135
Investigations of Protein Aggregation Using Sequence and Structure Based Features
Authors: M. Michael Gromiha, A. Mary Thangakani, Sandeep Kumar, D. Velmurugan
Abstract:
The main cause of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzhemier, Parkinson and spongiform encephalopathies is formation of amyloid fibrils and plaques in proteins. We have analyzed different sets of proteins and peptides to understand the influence of sequence based features on protein aggregation process. The comparison of 373 pairs of homologous mesophilic and thermophilic proteins showed that aggregation prone regions (APRs) are present in both. But, the thermophilic protein monomers show greater ability to ‘stow away’ the APRs in their hydrophobic cores and protect them from solvent exposure. The comparison of amyloid forming and amorphous b-aggregating hexapeptides suggested distinct preferences for specific residues at the six positions as well as all possible combinations of nine residue pairs. The compositions of residues at different positions and residue pairs have been converted into energy potentials and utilized for distinguishing between amyloid forming and amorphous b-aggregating peptides. Our method could correctly identify the amyloid forming peptides at an accuracy of 95-100% in different datasets of peptides.
Keywords: Aggregation prone regions, amyloids, thermophilic proteins, amino acid residues, machine learning.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123851
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 753
References:
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Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Ocotillol Derivatives and Their Synergistic Effects with Conventional Antibiotics
Molecules. 2021 Oct 1;26(19):5969. doi: 10.3390/molecules26195969.
ABSTRACT
The improper use of antibiotics has led to the development of bacterial resistance, resulting in fewer antibiotics for many bacterial infections. Especially, the drug resistance of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) is distinctly serious. This research designed and synthesized two series of 3-substituted ocotillol derivatives in order to improve their anti-HA-MRSA potency and synergistic antibacterial activity. Among the synthesized compounds, 20-31 showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1-64 µg/mL in vitro against HA-MRSA 18-19, 18-20, and S. aureus ATCC29213. Compound 21 showed the best antibacterial activity, with an MIC of 1 μg/mL and had synergistic inhibitory effects. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value was 0.375, when combined with chloramphenicol (CHL) or kanamycin (KAN). The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of ocotillol-type derivatives were also summarized. Compound 21 has the potential to be developed as a novel antibacterial agent or potentiator against HA-MRSA.
PMID:34641512 | DOI:10.3390/molecules26195969
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How does cold medication work?
By March 19, 2020Colds, Infections
A cold is a viral infection that affects the nose, ears and throat oracle 11g r2 다운로드. It has symptoms that generally resolve within ten days.
Cold medications don’t “cure” or shorten your cold, but they can ease some symptoms. In most cases, getting plenty of rest and keeping fluids up can do the trick on their own.
Let’s look at commonly used cold remedies. There are a number of over-the-counter medicines that might help relieve symptoms, they include:
Decongestants and saline nasal sprays
Nasal decongestants and saline (salt water) nasal sprays can help relieve a blocked nose. When it comes to decongestants, you can use drops or sprays for up to five days. Prolonged use can cause rebound symptoms. Before using a decongestant, check with your doctor or pharmacist if it’s safe for you.
Expectorants: Help loosen mucus so you can cough it up.
Pain relievers: Ease fever, headaches, and minor aches and pains.
Combination ‘cough and cold’ medicines: These are a combination of the above. Cough and cold medicines often contain paracetamol. Be sure to check the label to avoid overdosing and taking other medicines that may contain paracetamol too.
Complementary medicines: Some may find vitamins (like vitamin C), mineral supplements (like zinc) or herbal medicines (like echinacea) helpful. However, there isn’t enough evidence to show they’re effective in helping to treat or prevent colds.
Antiviral medications
If you’re likely to suffer complications, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medication. These medicines won’t cure your cold, but if they are taken within 48 hours of symptoms they can help:
• Reduce the length of time you are ill by around 1 day
• Relieve some of the symptoms
• Reduce the potential for serious complications
• Stop the virus from multiplying in your body.
Read What to do with your runny nose
Antibiotics
Antibiotics won’t help the symptoms of a cold or stop them from spreading to other people. This is because they are viral infections. Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections.
Read and follow the directions on medication labels carefully. If you’re not sure about something check with your doctor or pharmacist.
References:
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Home » Common Health Questions » Vitamins » Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone): functions, serum dosage, benefits, deficiency
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone): functions, serum dosage, benefits, deficiency
Last reviewed by Miljan Krcobic on August 18th, 2018.
What is coenzyme Q10?
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a naturally occurring compound with properties similar to those of vitamins. Because of its ubiquitous distribution in nature CoQ is also known as ubiquinone. CoQ belongs to a homologous series of compounds that share a common benzoquinone ring structure but differ in the length of the isoprenoid side chain.
CoQ10 is also known by these other names including:
• Q10
• Vitamin Q10
• Ubiquinone and
• Ubidecarenone.
In simple words, this coenzyme helps an enzyme do its job. The body’s cells use CoQ10 to make energy which is essential for the cells to grow and stay healthy. The body also uses CoQ10 as an antioxidant. An antioxidant is a molecule that protects cells from free radicals that can damage DNA and such damage has been linked to some types of cancer. By protecting cells against free radicals, antioxidants help protect the body against cancer.
CoQ10 has a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics as a cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (respiratory chain) and is therefore essential for the production of ATP. CoQ10 functions as a mobile redox agent shuttling electrons and also protons in the electron transport chain. The redox functions of CoQ10 extend beyond its role in the mitochondria.
Furthermore, CoQ10 in its reduced form as the hydroquinone (called ubiquinol) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant and is capable of recycling and regenerating other antioxidants such as tocopherol and ascorbate. Other important functions of CoQ10 such as cell signaling and gene expression have also been described.
Coenzyme Q10 chemistry
Coenzyme Q10 is made up of a benzoquinone component which has two carbonyl groups (C=O) which can be reduced to hydroxyl groups (C–OH) by the addition of two hydrogen atoms. Attached to this benzoquinone group are a variable number of so-called isoprene units; the most common mammalian form contains ten of these isoprene units hence coenzyme Q10. Thus ubiquinone can be reduced to ubiquinol by the addition of two hydrogen atoms:
CoQ10 (ubiquinone) + H2 ↔ CoQ10H2 (ubiquinol)
CoQ10 is similar to vitamin K in its chemical structure but it is not considered a vitamin because it is synthesized in the body.
The chemical nomenclature of CoQ10 is 2,3-dimethoxy-5- methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone that is in the trans configuration (natural).
Molecular structure:
Coenzyme Q10 chemistry
Molecular weight: 863.3435 g/mol
Molecular formula: C59H90O4
Coenzyme Q10 synthesis
Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in most human tissues; the benzoquinone part of the molecule is synthesized from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine and the isoprene side chain is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A via a pathway that is partly common to cholesterol biosynthesis.
The isoprene side chain is then coupled to the benzoquinone component to give coenzyme Q10. The enzyme hydroxymethylglutarylCoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is an important regulatory point in both cholesterol biosynthesis and probably also in coenzyme Q10 synthesis.
The most important group of cholesterol-lowering drugs, the statins, work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and this raises the theoretical possibility that taking these drugs may reduce coenzyme Q10 production and thus increase the case for coenzyme Q10 supplements.
There is no evidence that this is the case in practice. There are extremely rare genetic abnormalities of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis that do respond to supplements but there is no general deficiency syndrome attributable to lack of coenzyme Q10 seen in the general population.
Coenzyme Q10 functions in mitochondrion
The best-known function of coenzyme Q10 is as a component of the electron transport system in the mitochondrion (oxidative phosphorylation). Reduced NADH2 and FADH2 generated by the oxidation of foodstuffs within the cell are reoxidised to NAD and FAD and the hydrogen eventually combined with oxygen to yield water.
Most of the ATP produced by aerobic metabolism of fats and carbohydrates is generated during this electron transfer and reoxidation of these reduced coenzymes. NADH2 transfers its hydrogen atoms to FMN (flavin mononucleotide) to give FMNH2 and this FMNH2 then transfers its hydrogen atoms to the oxidised form of Q10 so converting it to the reduced form.
FADH2 transfers its hydrogen atoms directly to Q10. The electrons of the hydrogen atoms of reduced Q10 are then transferred to a series of cytochromes and the protons (H+) released into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion creating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
At the end of this sequence of cytochromes, protons, electrons and molecular oxygen combine to produce water; this reaction is ‘driven’ by the energy released when protons pass down the proton gradient that coenzyme Q10 has generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This means that coenzyme Q10 plays a pivotal role in the generation of the vast bulk of metabolic energy in the form of ATP.
coenzyme q10 function in body
Coenzyme Q10 natural antioxidant functions in the body
Coenzyme Q10 is present in the lipid phase of almost all membranes in its quinol or reduced form where it is believed to be an important antioxidant that in combination with vitamin E protects membranes from oxidative damage by free radicals. There are enzyme systems within membranes that can convert any oxidised CoQ10 (ubiquinone) that is generated back to the reduced CoQ10H2 (ubiquinol) form.
When vitamin E quenches oxygen free radicals (ROS), it becomes oxidised and ubiquinol may then regenerate reduced vitamin E whilst being itself oxidised to the ubiquinone form. Any ubiquinone generated in this way is converted back to the reduced ubiquinol form by enzymes in the membrane.
Coenzyme Q10 function in lysosomes
It has been also suggested that coenzyme Q10 also plays a role in lysosomes where membranes have a relatively high concentration of coenzyme Q10. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting cell debris and they have an acid pH which is important in facilitating the activity of the digestive enzymes within them. Coenzyme Q10 may play a role in generating the protons necessary to maintain their acid pH.
Coenzyme Q10 benefits as a supplement
CoQ10 is available over the counter as a dietary supplement in the US and elsewhere. Potential benefits of CoQ10 supplementation have been recognized with particular reference to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and as such CoQ10 has become an increasingly popular dietary supplement in recent years.
Because of interest in its use as a therapeutic agent in clinical medicine, this review is intended to provide some basic information on the absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of CoQ10 along with data on plasma CoQ10 response to oral ingestion of pharmacologic doses.
Top 10 coenzyme Q10 supplements products
Based on personal testing, science backing, and online reviews following best 10 coenzyme Q10 supplements products are:
• Transparent Labs RawSeries Coenzyme Q10
• Life Extension: Super Ubiquinol CoQ10
• NatureWise Ubiquinol
• NutriONN’s Extra Strength CoQ10
• Jarrow Formulas QH-Absorb0
• Now Foods Ubiquinol 100mg
• Nature Made CoQ10
• Vitafusion CoQ10 Gummy Vitamins
• BulkSupplements Pure Coenzyme Q10 Powder
• Heart Savior 6
Coenzyme Q10 mechanism of action
Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Its works as an acceptor of electrons from the complex I and II and this activity is essential for the production of ATP. It acts as a mobile redox agent shuttling electrons and protons in the electron transport chain.
It also exhibits antioxidant activity in mitochondria and cellular membranes, protecting against peroxidation of lipid membranes as well as inhibiting oxidation of LDL-cholesterol.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements absorption in the body
Being a lipophilic substance the absorption of CoQ10 follows the same process as that of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract. The uptake mechanism for CoQ10 appears to be similar to that of vitamin E, another lipid-soluble nutrient. The absorption of CoQ10 is enhanced in the presence of lipids. Likewise, the absorption of supplemental CoQ10 can be improved if ingested with a fatty meal.
Digestion helps in the release of dietary CoQ10 from the food matrix but for supplemental CoQ10 products that are based on pure CoQ10, gastric digestion does not appear to an important factor. In the small intestine, secretions from the pancreas and bile facilitate emulsification and micelle formation that is required for the absorption fats.
No specific site along the small intestine has been identified for the absorption of CoQ10. Similar to vitamin E and other lipophilic substances, CoQ10 is first incorporated into chylomicrons following absorption and transported via the lymphatics to the circulation. The efficiency of absorption of orally administered CoQ10 is poor because of its insolubility in water, limited solubility in lipids, and relatively large molecular weight.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements distribution in the body
In humans and animals, CoQ is present in all tissues in varying amounts. CoQ9 is the predominant form in relatively short-lived species such as rats and mice whereas in humans and other long-lived mammals the major homolog is CoQ10. As a general rule, tissues with high-energy requirements or metabolic activity such as the heart, kidney, liver and muscle contain relatively high concentrations of CoQ10 [1].
Being a lipophilic molecule, the distribution of CoQ10 in tissues is related not only to its metabolic activity but also to its lipid content. Data on the subcellular distribution of CoQ10 show a large portion (40–50%) of CoQ10 localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane, with smaller amounts in the other organelles and also in the cytosol.
The high concentration of CoQ10 in the mitochondria reflects its important role in mitochondrial function. A major portion of CoQ10 in tissues is in the reduced form as the hydroquinone or ubiquinol, with the exception of brain and lungs. This appears to be a reflection of increased oxidative stress in these two tissues. In blood, about 95% of CoQ10 is in the reduced form.
Among blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets contain significant amounts of CoQ10 whereas red blood cells which lack mitochondria contain only a tiny amount that is likely to be associated with membranes. Lymphocyte CoQ10 content can be increased by CoQ10 supplementation with concomitant functional improvement as evidenced by enhanced reversal of oxidative DNA damage.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements metabolism in the body
Data on the metabolism of CoQ10 in animals and humans are very limited. In the few animal studies available, both rats and guinea pigs have been used to examine the in vivo metabolism of CoQ10. While CoQ9 is the major CoQ homolog in rats, CoQ10 is the primary form in guinea pigs and it would therefore appear that this species might be a more appropriate animal model for studying CoQ10 metabolism.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements excretion
The main elimination route of coenzyme Q10 is through the bile. After its oral administration, over 60% of the dose is excreted in the feces in the form of unchanged coenzyme Q10 and a small fraction of the metabolites. In the urine, coenzyme Q10 is bound to saposin B protein and represents only 8.3% of the total administered dose
Coenzyme Q10 dosage
CoQ10 is available as a dietary supplement in strengths generally ranging from 15 to 100 mg. In cardiovascular disease patients CoQ10 dosages generally range from 100 to 200 mg a day. Dosages of up to 15 mg/kg/day are being employed in the case of mitochondrial cytopathy patients. A dosage of 600 mg a day was used in the Huntington’s disease trial whereas a dosage of up to 1200 mg a day was employed in the Parkinson’s disease trial.
Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplements
Oral supplementation with coenzyme Q10 does increase blood levels but there is no evidence that it increases tissue levels in young healthy people or animals. Levels of coenzyme Q10 in some tissues decline in old age and there is some evidence that supplements can increase some tissue levels in elderly animals or people.
It is not clear whether this age-related decline in tissue levels should be regarded as an indication of deficiency and thus whether there is any merit in trying to increase them by the use of supplements.
Over the counter supplements of coenzyme Q10 usually provide between 15 and 60 mg/day although considerably higher doses have been used in some therapeutic trials. No serious adverse symptoms have been reported for coenzyme Q10 supplements except that it interferes with anticoagulant therapy (warfarin and other coumarin-type drugs).
Dietary supplements usually provide up to 60 mg of coenzyme Q10 in tablet form but clinical trials done under medical supervision have used substantially higher doses than this. In general, there seems to be little evidence that supplements of coenzyme Q10 offer any advantage to healthy young people nor does it seem to significantly improve athletic performance.
Indeed, supplements may not even raise tissue levels under these circumstances. Suggestions that it may play some role in reducing the effects of ageing are at present largely speculative. Supplements of coenzyme Q10 may have a role to play as adjuncts to the management of some cardiovascular diseases but this research is still in its preliminary stages.
Coenzyme Q10 side effects
No serious side effects have been reported from the use of CoQ10 supplements. The most common side effects include the following:
• Insomnia (being unable to fall sleep or stay asleep).
• Higher than normal levels of liver enzymes.
• Rashes.
• Nausea.
• Pain in the upper part of the abdomen.
• Dizziness.
• Feeling sensitive to light.
• Feeling irritable.
• Headache.
• Heartburn.
• Feeling very tired.
But it is important to check with health care providers to find out if CoQ10 can be safely used along with other drugs. Certain drugs, such as those that are used to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, or blood sugar levels, may decrease the effects of CoQ10. CoQ10 may change the way the body uses warfarin (a drug that prevents the blood from clotting) and insulin.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements antioxidant activity in treating/preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases
Given its role as an antioxidant, according to the oxidant theory of disease inadequate amounts of coenzyme Q10 would be expected to increase susceptibility to those diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, that are believed to be promoted by oxidative damage to free radicals. For example, one might speculate that coenzyme Q10 might reduced the oxidation of LDL that is thought to be a key initiating step in atherosclerosis.
At the moment, coenzyme Q10 is just one of many antioxidants that are postulated to help prevent these diseases and there is no convincing and specific evidence that supplements of coenzyme Q10 have any protective effect. But, studies found that there was no convincing evidence either to refute or support the value of coenzyme Q10 in cardiovascular disease.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements anti-ageing effects
The age-related decline in tissue levels of coenzyme Q10 has prompted speculation that supplements might be beneficial in reducing the effects of ageing and perhaps in extending life expectancy.
There is no evidence from animal studies that prolonged use of coenzyme Q10 supplements produces any measurable benefit on the rate of ageing (e.g. increased life expectancy) apart from the reported rise in tissue levels in elderly subjects referred to earlier.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements for preventing/treating angina pectoris, hypertension, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure
Large doses of coenzyme Q10 have been tested as possible adjuncts to other clinical treatments in the management of several types of cardiovascular disease including angina pectoris, hypertension and congestive heart failure. It is also proposed that it might reduce myocardial damage if given immediately after a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Re-perfusion and re-oxygenation of heart muscle after an ischaemic attack may generate extra oxygen free radicals and this may increase the amount of damage to the myocardium after the heart attack. Coenzyme Q10 might reduce this re-perfusion injury because of its antioxidant activity.
Most of the trials in this area have been small and preliminary studies and the results are as yet inconclusive. One meta-analysis found that there were significant improvements in several measures of cardiac function in the Q10 supplemented groups as compared to the placebo groups.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements for enhancing sport performances
The pivotal role of coenzyme Q10 in cellular energy production has prompted speculation that supplements might improve athletic performance. There is no substantial evidence to support this proposal and no evidence that even prolonged use of large supplements causes any rise in muscle levels of coenzyme Q10 in healthy young animals or people.
Coenzyme Q10 supplements for Parkinson disease treatment and prevention
Because of its role as an antioxidant and its role in energy production in the substantia nigra (the affected area in Parkinson’s disease) of the brain that coenzyme Q10 might slow down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. However, these are only suggestions.
Coenzyme Q10 reversal of statin-induced myopathy
Statins or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors deplete circulating coenzyme Q10 levels by interfering with its biosynthesis. Most studies indicate a correlation between the decrease in serum coenzyme Q10 and decreases of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
This effect may be particularly important in elderly patients, in whom coenzyme Q10 levels are already compromised, and is also associated with higher dosages (lower dosages do not seem to affect intramuscular levels of coenzyme Q10). The use of ezetimibe alone or in combination with a statin does not offer protection against depletion of coenzyme Q10.
No correlation has been established for decreased serum coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular events. Supplemental coenzyme Q10 increased circulating levels of the compound. However, results from randomized clinical trials are inconsistent in showing an effect on statin-associated myopathy.
Coenzyme Q10 use for Friedreich ataxia
Idebenone, an analog of coenzyme Q10, was commonly employed in these trials at dosages of 5 mg/kg/day to a maximum of 300 mg/day and used for periods of 6 months to 5 years. Increases in heart and skeletal muscle bioenergetics are reported for all the studies, as well as decreases in ventricular hypertrophy (left ventricular mass index).
Results for fractional shortening and ejection fraction are mixed, with 1 study reporting a deterioration and another citing improvement in cardiac function.
Coenzyme Q10 use for Alzheimer disease
The role of mitochondrial stress in Alzheimer disease led to more studies of coenzyme Q10. Studies using idebenone dosages of up to 360 mg 3 times a day found no effect on the rate of decline over placebo. Analyses using various rating scales showed some differences that were not considered clinically important, mirroring other older trials. Similarly, no slowing of decline was noted in Huntington disease.
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Categories
Cholecystokinin2 Receptors
Two days post-transfection, supernatants were passed through a 0
Two days post-transfection, supernatants were passed through a 0.45 m filter and immediately used to infect the 293-Affinofile cells. use of the VVC-CCR5 complex, and that increasing the CCR5 expression level can compensate for this inefficiency. Introduction The small molecule CCR5 inhibitors represent a new class of therapy for HIV-1 contamination, with the first class member (Maraviroc; MVC) now a licensed drug and a second (Vicriviroc; VVC) in late-stage trials (Hammer et al., 2006; Kuhmann and Hartley, 2008). These compounds bind to the CCR5 co-receptor and prevent its use by HIV-1 during virus-cell fusion. The inhibitory mechanism is usually non-competitive or allosteric; insertion of the small molecule into a cavity located within the transmembrane helices disrupts the geometry of a multi-point conversation between CCR5 and the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein (Dragic et al., 2000; Seibert et al., 2006; Tsamis et al., 2003; Watson et al., 2005). That association involves, at a minimum, the second extracellular loop (ECL-2) and tyrosine-sulfated N-terminus (Tyr-Nt) of CCR5 binding, respectively, to elements of the gp120 V3 region and the more conserved bridging sheet that forms between the C1, C2 and C4 domains after CD4 binding has occurred STING agonist-1 (Cormier and Dragic, 2002; Huang et al., 2007). Although MVC, VVC and related compounds do efficiently suppress HIV-1 replication in cell culture and cause substantial reductions in plasma viremia, resistant variants can arise over time both and (Marozsan et al., 2005; Ogert et al., 2008; Trkola et al., 2002; Tsibris et al., 2008; Westby et al., 2007). These escape mutants are substantially resistant to the selecting compound, and are usually cross-resistant to other members of the same class (Pugach et al., 2008), although the latter is not always observed (Westby STING agonist-1 et al., 2007). The mechanism of resistance involves acquiring the ability to use the inhibitor-CCR5 complex, in addition to the free co-receptor, so that the virus can enter its target cells whether or not an inhibitor is present (Pugach et al., STING agonist-1 2007; Westby et al., 2007). The escape mutants tend to be stable and fit; they replicate efficiently in the presence or absence of the inhibitor, and they do not rapidly revert to sensitivity when cultured in its absence although the re-emergence of pre-treatment genetic sequences was seen after discontinuation of therapy in one infected person (Anastassopoulou et al., 2007; Trkola et al., 2002; Tsibris et al., 2008; Westby et STING agonist-1 al., 2007). The genetic pathway to resistance is complex, but it usually involves the accumulation of sequence changes in the gp120 V3 region (Baba et al., 2007; Kuhmann et al., 2004; Ogert et al., 2008; Tsibris et al., 2008; Westby et al., 2007). However, an alternative genetic pathway to the same phenotype involves sequence alterations elsewhere in Env, without changes in the V3 sequence (Marozsan et al., 2005). How gp120 from the resistant viruses can still interact with the inhibitor-bound form of CCR5 is not yet fully comprehended, but is thought to involve alterations in the relative usage of the different elements of the multi-point binding conversation. The inhibition profiles for small molecule CCR5 inhibitors against resistant viruses are unusual in form and they vary with the target cell type and virus inoculum (Ogert Rabbit polyclonal to Acinus et al., 2008; Pugach et al., 2007; Westby et al., 2007). Irrespective of the target cell type, saturating concentrations of the inhibitors cause essentially 100% inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 isolates, clones or Env-pseudotyped viruses, allowing the determination of conventional IC50 and IC90 values. The inhibitors have little or.
Categories
NKCC Cotransporter
In the 57 patients (9%) who harbored a V600K mutation, the median OS was 14
In the 57 patients (9%) who harbored a V600K mutation, the median OS was 14.5 months in the vemurafenib arm and 7.six months in the dacarbazine arm. using the tumors capability to evade the disease fighting capability, providing the explanation for possible mixture therapies regarding a BRAF inhibitor with immunostimulatory realtors.9 Preclinical data Defining the pathway In 2002, Davies et al found that ~50% of cutaneous melanomas harbor a mutation in accompanied by V600K (~10%).1,10 Mutated network marketing leads to constitutive activation from the MAPK pathway, which stimulates growth-factor independent cellular proliferation and drives oncogenic activity with evasion of apoptosis and improved invasiveness (Amount 1).2 The MAPK pathway comprises the ((~50%), (~20%), and various other genes in the MAPK pathway.3,13 Open up in another window Amount 1 Activation from the MAPK pathway through a mutations are more prevalent in superficial growing or nodular melanoma and occur much less frequently in mucosal and acral melanoma.15C17 Furthermore, mutations aren’t connected with ocular melanoma.18 Previous attempts and insufficient success at BRAF inhibition Immediately after the discovery of mutations in nearly all sufferers with cutaneous melanomas, preclinical trials involving BRAF inhibitors in melanoma were initiated. Sorafenib, a non-specific BRAF inhibitor, was unsuccessful at producing meaningful scientific activity in sufferers with melanoma, supplementary to its inability to inhibit mutant BRAF at tolerated dosages pharmacologically.19,20 With all this restriction, multiple groupings sought to build up an extremely selective BRAF inhibitor that could only focus on mutant BRAF and therefore stay away from the off-target ramifications of inhibiting wild type BRAF. Advancement of and preclinical activity of vemurafenib Among the initial extremely selective inhibitors of mutant BRAF was PLX-4720 (Plexxikon, Berkeley, CA, USA).21 PLX-4720 demonstrated marked inhibition from the mutant cell lines with little effect on wild type cell lines. However, this original formulation cannot reach pharmacologic levels directly into effectively inhibit BRAFV600 vivo. A relationship with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (Basel, Switzerland) led to a reformulation from the agent to PLX-4032 (vemurafenib) that showed appropriate pharmacokinetic properties with a proper upsurge in serum amounts with dosage escalation.22 PLX-4032 was highly particular for mutant BRAF like the V600E also, V600K, and V600D isoforms, but caused tumor development in crazy type xenograft versions extra to transactivation from the RAF dimers, enhancing downstream MEK and ERK phosphorylation, marketing cellular DG051 proliferation and growth thus. 23 Upon id of the energetic BRAF inhibitor extremely, the pivotal BRAF inhibitors in melanoma (BRIM) scientific DG051 trial started. Clinical activity of vemurafenib BRIM1 (Stage I) The Stage 1 trial included sufferers with advanced solid tumors, with nearly all sufferers having metastatic melanoma using a V600E mutation, and eleven of 16 (69%) experienced a reply. DG051 In the dose-expansion cohort, there have been 32 sufferers with melanoma, all with V600E mutations, all treated with 960 mg double daily orally, and with a standard response price (ORR) of 26/32 (81%). Accelerated replies were noted in a number of symptomatic patients resulting in decreased discomfort and enhancing their standard of living. The median progression-free success (PFS) in the dose-expansion cohort was higher than 7 a few months using a median success of 13.8 months.25 In conclusion, this Phase I trial demonstrated marked clinical activity by generating response rates in >50% of patients and established the recommended Phase II dose of 960 mg orally twice daily. Desk 1 Overview of outcomes from BRIM1, BRIM2, and BRIM3 V600E mutation position. 1000 and seventy-five out of 2,107 sufferers had been screened and had been randomized to get either vemurafenib (960 mg orally double daily) or dacarbazine chemotherapy (1,000 mg/m2 implemented intravenously every 3 weeks). Eligibility requirements were like the Rabbit monoclonal to IgG (H+L)(HRPO) Stage II research and excluded sufferers with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group rating in excess of 1 and with energetic central nervous program metastases. The baseline serum LDH level (regular or raised) was also included during affected individual stratification. Tumor assessments had been executed at baseline, week 6, week 12, and every 9 weeks subsequently. RECISTv1.1 was utilized to assess tumor response. A well planned interim evaluation by an unbiased review committee set up the accomplishment from the co-primary endpoints. After overview of an interim evaluation by an unbiased basic safety and data monitoring plank, crossover was suggested for sufferers randomized towards the dacarbazine arm. The Operating-system at six months was reported as 84% (95% CI,.
Categories
Antibiotics
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics research show that prasugrel and ticagrelor have got a larger and faster inhibition of platelet aggregation [36, 37]
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics research show that prasugrel and ticagrelor have got a larger and faster inhibition of platelet aggregation [36, 37]. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Doxapram Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Studies, and ClinicalTrials.before June 20 gov, 2018. We likened the result Doxapram of ticagrelor and prasugrel with clopidogrel on final results of ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), center failing (HF), and cardiogenic surprise (CS). Data had been combined using both fixed-effects versions as well as the random-effects versions, as well as the heterogeneity was evaluated using the ppppIIpvalue <0.05 was considered significant statistically. Awareness evaluation was performed by excluding studies which were analyzed to be primary resources of heterogeneity. Funnel diagrams from the included research are proven in Supplementary Amount 2 to estimation the publication bias. Quality evaluation was performed with Review Supervisor 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Cooperation, Denmark). 3. Discussion and Results 3.1. Included Research Based on preliminary research requirements, 793 magazines from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Studies, and ClinicalTrials.gov were identified. After duplicates and non-RCTs had been excluded, 261 possibly relevant publications had been included for even more screening process and 19 magazines that satisfied the eligibility requirements had been included for complete text message review. Nine of the magazines with interesting final results for this research were eventually contained in the present meta-analysis [1, 2, 11C17]. The features of every scholarly research and Doxapram comprehensive features of sufferers in each research are proven in Desks ?Desks11 and ?and2.2. There have been some distinctions among Rabbit polyclonal to ZNF76.ZNF76, also known as ZNF523 or Zfp523, is a transcriptional repressor expressed in the testis. Itis the human homolog of the Xenopus Staf protein (selenocysteine tRNA genetranscription-activating factor) known to regulate the genes encoding small nuclear RNA andselenocysteine tRNA. ZNF76 localizes to the nucleus and exerts an inhibitory function onp53-mediated transactivation. ZNF76 specifically targets TFIID (TATA-binding protein). Theinteraction with TFIID occurs through both its N and C termini. The transcriptional repressionactivity of ZNF76 is predominantly regulated by lysine modifications, acetylation and sumoylation.ZNF76 is sumoylated by PIAS 1 and is acetylated by p300. Acetylation leads to the loss ofsumoylation and a weakened TFIID interaction. ZNF76 can be deacetylated by HDAC1. In additionto lysine modifications, ZNF76 activity is also controlled by splice variants. Two isoforms exist dueto alternative splicing. These isoforms vary in their ability to interact with TFIID the included research regarding the analysis designs and sufferers’ characteristics. Because there have been distinctions between prasugrel and ticagrelor, we likened the efficiency of prasugrel and ticagrelor with clopidogrel, respectively. Because not absolutely all scholarly research supplied all final results appealing, we summarized the final results of each research (Desk 3). There is a complete of 45,227 sufferers (23,102 in the powerful P2Y12 inhibitor arm and 22,125 in the clopidogrel arm). In the nine included research, six research likened prasugrel with clopidogrel in 24,846 sufferers and three research likened ticagrelor with clopidogrel in 20,381 sufferers. Table 1 Features, styles, and follow-up durations from the included research. p=p=p=p=p=p=p=p=p=p=p=p=pp=p=pp=p=p=pp=0.017) in the Treat trial [34]. Being a prodrug, clopidogrel provides several limitations, such as for example requiring hepatic transformation, low bioavailability, gradual starting point of actions fairly, and variability Doxapram in responsiveness in sufferers [35]. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics research show that prasugrel and ticagrelor possess a larger and faster inhibition of platelet aggregation [36, 37]. A meta-analysis of stage III/IV RCTs demonstrated better efficiency on MACE and all-cause loss of life of the 2 powerful P2Y12 inhibitors weighed against clopidogrel [38]. The real-world final results were in keeping with Doxapram RCTs. In the SWEDEHEART registry, post-ACS usage of ticagrelor was connected with a lesser risk of loss of life and ischemic occasions weighed against clopidogrel [39]. These brand-new drugs could stimulate earlier and even more comprehensive inhibition of platelets, resulting in a lesser thrombus burden and platelet-induced ventricular redecorating. In the CvLPRIT research, the book P2Y12 inhibitors had been associated with smaller sized infarct size and lower microvascular blockage occurrence versus the clopidogrel for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [40]. This might create a lower price of cardiac dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias [41]. This might partially explain why novel P2Y12 inhibitors have a protective influence on mortality in patients with CAD significantly. Further research on the precise mechanisms of the inhibitors are needed. Furthermore, ticagrelor was demonstrated to supply extra results on myocardial security beyond the inhibition of P2Y12 receptor. In vitro research indicated that, weighed against clopidogrel, ticagrelor could limit myocardial infarct size and decrease myocardial reperfusion and edema damage by adenosine-mediated results, enhancing endothelial function and dampening discharge of inflammatory mediators [42C46]. Nevertheless, limited research were executed to explore cardioprotective system of prasugrel [47]. In a recently available meta-analysis of randomized and observational research, prasugrel appears to.
Categories
Non-selective 5-HT
Unlike for edoxaban and dabigatran, apixaban and rivaroxaban are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, whose activity is diminished in case of liver disease [37]
Unlike for edoxaban and dabigatran, apixaban and rivaroxaban are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, whose activity is diminished in case of liver disease [37]. more women (51.92% vs. 48.25%) (= 0.043), less RCD (89.60% vs. 92.73%) (= 0.002), less VTE (1.80% vs. 6.59%), less severe heart failure (58.09% vs. 67.87%), less severe hypertension (18.22% vs. 23.60%), less severe kidney diseases (1.49% vs. 3.82%), and fewer drugs per prescription (6.15 vs. 6.66) (< 0.01 for all those). The DOAC group were also less likely to be taking angiotensin receptor blockers (10.79% vs. 13.97%), furosemide (40.81% vs. 49.66%) or digoxin (10.32% vs. 13.66%) than the VKA group (= 0.009, < 0.001, and = 0.005). DOACs were less prescribed than VKAs. Individuals taking VKAs were older and experienced more severe comorbidities and more drugs per prescription than those taking DOACs. < 0.05. In order to study the association between the type of prescribed anticoagulant and each parameter, we performed a bivariate analysis using logistic regression, with the calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Then, a multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression was performed. The multivariate analysis included variables for which at least one of the sizes of the 2 2 groups was greater than 10 and, normally, responding to multicollinearity. R Core Team ZLN024 (2019) software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) was used to conduct all statistical analyses [19]. 3. Results In the studied populace, 3190 older adults with a mean age (years) of 86.81 4.40 (range 80 to 103) filled a prescription for ZLN024 anticoagulants. 50.28% were men and 49.71% were women. The DOAC group included 1279 individuals (40%) and the VKA group included 1911 individuals (60%). Table 1 shows imply age, age ranges, sex, the presence of one or more RCD, anticoagulant prescription duration, medical specialty of the prescribing physician, rates of AF and VTE, mean quantity ZLN024 of RCD, and imply quantity of drugs per prescription in the DOAC group and VKA group. Individuals with VKAs were significantly older than those with DOACs, respectively, 87.11 4.44 (range 80 to 103) and 86.35 4.29 (range 80 to 99) (< 0.001). There were significantly more women in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 51.92% vs. 48.25%, respectively (= 0.043). The mean quantity of RCDs was significantly lower in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 1.80 1.17 and 2.07 1.22, respectively (< 0.001). It was the same for the imply number of drugs per prescription, 6.15 2.84 and 6.66 2.86, respectively (< 0.001). There were significantly fewer individuals with 1 RCD in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 89.60% vs. 92.73%, respectively (= ZLN024 0.002). There were more refill prescriptions than novel prescriptions in both groups, with significantly less novel prescriptions in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 7.35% and 11.62%, respectively (< 0.001). The prescriber Rabbit Polyclonal to IFI6 was most often the GP in both groups, but there were significantly less GP prescribers in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 90.70% vs. 94.71%, respectively (< 0.001). The rate of individuals with AF was comparable in the two groups (41.36% and 44.22%, = 0.11), while the rate of individuals with VTE was significantly lower ZLN024 in the DOAC group than in the VKA group, 1.80% and 6.59%, respectively (< 0.001). Table 1 Comparison of age, sex, existence of one or more registered chronic diseases (RCD), anticoagulant prescription duration, medical specialty of the prescribing physician, rates of AF and VTE, imply quantity of RCDs, and imply quantity of drugs per prescription between subjects prescribed direct oral anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists, using bivariate analysis by logistic regression. = 1279)= 1911)value. As issues the types of DOACs used, apixaban (= 561, 43.86%) was the most prescribed DOAC, followed by rivaroxaban (= 481, 37.61%) and dabigatran (= 237, 18.53%). Edoxaban was not prescribed in our study because it is not marketed in France. In the VKA group, fluindione (= 1162, 60.81%) was the most prescribed VKA, followed by warfarin (= 679, 35.53%) and acenocoumarol (= 70, 3.66%). Table 2 compares RCDs in the DOAC group and the VKA group using bivariate analysis by logistic regression. The patients in the DOAC group experienced significantly less of the following: severe heart failure or heart rhythm disorders, severe hypertension, severe chronic respiratory failure, severe kidney diseases and illnesses not around the list (all < 0.001, expect for severe chronic respiratory failure = 0.006). There were no significant differences between the two groups for active chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis (2 subjects in each group,.
Categories
Glutamate (Kainate) Receptors
http://www
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/champs.html; Green mutation list and/or in the HAMSTERS data source there is a reported background of inhibitor advancement, this mutation was categorized as risky mutation, and if there is no reported inhibitor advancement, the mutation was categorized as low risk mutation. For the entire cases and controls, detailed clinical data of each FVIII exposure day were collected until inhibitor development in cases, also to the same amount of EDs in controls up, like the calendar date of each exposure day (of every patient), type, mode and dose of administration of FVIII item, cause and setting for treatment. Outcome The principal outcome was relevant inhibitor development clinically, thought as having at least two consecutive positive Bethesda inhibitor assay titres of 10 Bethesda Units (BU) per ml. Instances and settings were matched up for day of delivery and cumulative amount of publicity times (CED) to FVIII focus. A conditional logistic regression model was utilized to calculate adjusted and unadjusted chances ratios. No improved risk for inhibitor advancement was found for just about any kind of FVIII focus; either when you compare recombinant FVIII concentrates to plasma\produced FVIII concentrates (modified chances percentage 096, 95% self-confidence period (CI) 036C252) or for particular types of FVIII concentrates. genotype and polymorphisms in a number of immunoregulatory genes (Astermark research have shown how the von Willebrand element (VWF) which exists in pdFVIII possibly masks inhibitor L-Glutamine epitopes for the FVIII protein (Delignat research have proven that VWF protects FVIII from becoming endocytosed by human being dendritic cells and consequently being shown to FVIII\particular T cells (Dasgupta genotype, ethnicity, genealogy of haemophilia A and inhibitor advancement. genotype was categorised into three classes (low risk mutation, risky mutation, unfamiliar) predicated on the HAMSTERS and CHAMP directories (Middle for Disease Control & Avoidance. CHAMP: CDC Haemophilia A Mutantion Task. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/champs.html; Green mutation list and/or in the HAMSTERS data source there is a reported background of inhibitor advancement, this mutation was categorized as risky mutation, and if there is no reported inhibitor advancement, the mutation was categorized as low risk mutation. For the entire instances and settings, detailed medical data of each FVIII publicity day were gathered until inhibitor advancement in cases, or more towards the same amount of EDs in settings, like the calendar day of every publicity day (of every individual), type, dosage and setting of administration of FVIII item, mode and reason behind treatment. Result The principal result was relevant inhibitor advancement medically, thought as having at least two consecutive positive L-Glutamine Bethesda inhibitor assay titres of 10 Bethesda Products (BU) per ml. Individuals with inhibitor titres between 06 and 10?BU/ml needed to fulfil among the following two requirements to become classified as creating a clinically relevant inhibitor: we) a reduction in endogenous FVIII plasma level to in least 50% from the baseline level, or ii) a lower life expectancy half\existence of <6?h after FVIII focus administration. Individuals who weren't examined for inhibitors through the follow\up period and who got no clinical top features of inhibitor advancement (e.g. improved bleeding inclination) were categorized as adverse for inhibitors. Determinants Element VIII concentrates For each and every publicity day of every patient, we gathered information on the sort of FVIII focus administrated. Individuals were classified into classes representing the most used kind of FVIII focus frequently. This was described by the sort of FVIII focus that was useful for at least 50% from the EDs. If the sort of focus was unfamiliar for a Rabbit Polyclonal to TCF7 lot more than 50% from the EDs in an individual, we categorized this patient in to the category unfamiliar. This is also completed for the 1st as well as the last 10 EDs of each individual. For the level of sensitivity evaluation of recombinant FVIII focus in comparison to plasma\produced FVIII focus, we described the most regularly used kind of FVIII focus as the focus useful for at least 80% from the EDs with one kind of focus. In most from the patients inside our cohort, one kind L-Glutamine of focus was mainly used. Firstly, we grouped all plasma\produced FVIII concentrates and compared them to all or any recombinant FVIII concentrates grouped collectively collectively. Subsequently, we analysed if the quantity of von Willebrand element antigen within a FVIII item was from the threat of inhibitor advancement. We likened FVIII products including no von Willebrand element (all recombinant FVIII items), to items L-Glutamine including <001 International Products (IU) of von Willebrand element L-Glutamine antigen per IU of.
Categories
Kisspeptin Receptor
Dulac C
Dulac C. possess evolved unique approaches for regulating the appearance of behavioral castes based on age group, morphology, and public context. One of the most fundamental types of department of labor involve the differentiation of people into sterile (employee) and reproductive (queen) castes. Furthermore, employees express a number of specialized habits based on age group [e often.g., the honey bee (2)], body size [e.g., the fireplace ant (5)], or both [e.g., formicid ants (1C4, 6)]. The concepts underlying the public control of behavior as well as the matching molecular systems that regulate specific behavioral plasticity have already been studied mainly in solitary types, like the take a flight (7). Recently, social insects obligately, like the eusocial honey bee and carpenter ant (12), which expresses two distinctive female employee caste morphologies, known as minors and majors (Fig. 1A, correct). These morphs are recognized by mind width and amount of scape (basal antennal portion; a proxy for body size) (Fig. S1, A and B) and so are stated in a 2:1 proportion in older colonies (Fig. S1C). Although hereditary factors may donate to the quantitative deviation in employee morphology (Fig. S1D), the production of main and minimal castes by itself is probable not due to allelic variation. Rather, employees are Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor I genetically related supersisters (= 0.75) caused by an individual diploid mom mating with an individual haploid dad (17). Further, treatment of undifferentiated larvae using the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) boosts mind width and scape duration in the causing adults (15). Open up in another screen Fig. 1 Foraging and scouting habits depend on employee caste and age group(A) Circadian foraging activity for minimal (best) and main (bottom level) workers within a monogamous colony. Photos show representative minimal and major employees (Fig. S1, A and B). (B) Typical foraging activity (described in Fig. S2A) SE for 35- to 42-day-old minors and majors isolated and sugar-starved every day and night; rightmost column displays foraging activity for blended cohorts of 10 majors and 10 minors from the same age group. (C and D) Foraging activity (C) and variety of scouts (D) for minors and majors isolated and sugar-starved every day and night, being a function of adult age group after eclosion. Mistake pubs denote SE at least five unbiased replicates from six colonies. The initial age group of significant caste-differential behavior (time 14) is observed. Asterisks in (B) to (D) denote significance by Mann-Whitney U check: *< 0.05, **< 0.01. (E) Variety of scouts versus foraging activity for data in (C) and (D). Pearson relationship coefficient is proven. A Mouse monoclonal to EphB3 study of hPTMs in indicated that many hPTMs, specifically the acetylation of Lys27 on histone H3 (H3K27ac), possess distinctive genome-wide patterns in the systems and brains of minors and majors (16). These distinctions can be related to differential localization from the conserved acetyltransferase and transcriptional coactivator CBP [cyclic adenosine monophosphate response elementCbinding protein (CREB) binding protein] in each caste, plus they correspond to distinctions in gene appearance (16). Furthermore, an operating histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), the fatty acidity 10-HDA, is a significant element of royal jelly, an environmental regulator of queen creation in honey Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor I bees (18). Used together, these results claim that hPTMs impact the era of distinctive castes in eusocial pests which histone acetylation might control caste-based behavioral plasticity. To examine caste-based behavioral plasticity in ants, we also assayed the sympatric types workers display organic distinctions in foraging behavior (20C22). Age group correlates with behavioral plasticity in eusocial pests, including other types (22). We as a result proclaimed 1-day-old callows on the weekly basis in a number of queen-right colonies. We examined equal-sized cohorts of employees with similar colony history, caste morphology, and age group (48 hours) within an assay where either minors or majors had been isolated off their natal nest and had been water-starved (i.e., by withholding glucose) every day and night just before foraging. Under these strict conditions, minors demonstrated better foraging activity than age-matched majors considerably, although majors do forage at a minimal price (Fig. 1B and Fig. S2A). Furthermore, blended cohorts of age-matched majors and minors shown lower foraging activity than minors by itself, yet just 28% of foraging was related to majors (Fig. 1B). Additionally, we examined foraging behavior being a function of hunger time, because majors are physically much larger and could have got the meals storage space capability of minors double. Majors required a lot more than 9 times of hunger to complement the foraging activity of minors starved for just a day (Mann-Whitney Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor I U check, < 0.01; Fig. S2B). Hence, minors seem to be the predominant foragers in queen-right colonies (Fig. 1A) aswell as in youthful (Fig. S1, F and H) and older (Fig. 1B) employee cohorts. We analyzed how caste and age group affect the Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor I business lead foragers also, called scouts, which were reported to constitute a definite behavioral caste in a few eusocial types (1,.
Categories
Motilin Receptor
This result validates 3-MBPP1 and BI-2536 as the chemical equivalents of allelesthat is, their effects on mitosis and cell division arise through their common target Plk1, rather than any non-overlapping targets of either compound
This result validates 3-MBPP1 and BI-2536 as the chemical equivalents of allelesthat is, their effects on mitosis and cell division arise through their common target Plk1, rather than any non-overlapping targets of either compound. an otherwise invariant valine to the kinase active site. Structural modeling demonstrates that this mutation not only enables Plk1as to function in vivo, but Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) also occludes BI-2536 from the ATP-binding pocket. Our results reveal the molecular basis of Plk inhibitor selectivity and a potential mechanism for tumor cell resistance. locus were deleted from immortalized human retinal pigment epithelial cells through targeting and Cre-lox mediated recombination. After Cre-mediated excision, readouts of Plk1 activity. Plk1 is required throughout mitosis, with well-characterized roles in centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle assembly, stabilization of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and initiation of cytokinesis. Each of these programs proved to be qualitatively and quantitatively resistant to both Plk1-targeted inhibitors. For instance, Plk1as cells continued to recruit -tubulin to centrosomes (a cardinal manifestation of centrosome maturation) and form bipolar spindles in the presence of BI-2536 (Figure 2A) and TAL (Figure 2B). Likewise, BubR1 hyper-phosphorylation by Plk1 (a crucial determinant of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment) was undiminished, as reflected in the BubR1 polypeptides persistent mobility shift on SDS-PAGE (Figure 2C). Consistent with this broad array of defects, both compounds caused Plk1wt (but not Plk1as cells) to arrest in mitosis, as judged from their rounded appearance by phase-contrast microscopy (shown below in Figure 4). Open in a separate window Figure 1 Plk1as cells can proliferate in the presence of BI-2536 and TAL. aCb) Comparison of cell line proliferation in the presence of 3-MBPP1 (10 M), BI-2536 (200nM or as shown). cCd). Proliferation assay in presence of 3-MBPP1 or TAL. Open in a separate window Figure 2 BI-2536 and TAL fail to induce Plk1 loss of function phenotypes in Plk1as cells. aCb) Mitotic spindles after 3h incubation with the chemical noted. Percentage of spindles with monopolar phenotype is shown for conditions where this phenotype exceeded 2%. c) BubR1 hyperphosphorylation in Plk1wt and Plk1as Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) cells in presence of 3-MBPP1 (3-MB), BI-2536 (BI) and TAL. d) Anaphase and cytokinesis phenotypes determined by Plk1 immunofluorescence in anaphase cells. When Plk1 is inhibited, cells lack furrows and fail to recruit Plk1 to the spindle midzone (arrowheads). Scale Bars, 10 M. Open in a separate window Figure 4 The C67V mutation of Plk1 is sufficient to impart resistance to BI-2536. a) Crystal structure of BI-2536 bound to wild type Plk1. Cysteine 67 (blue) interdigitates between the ethyl and cyclopentane moieties of BI-2536, whereas Leu130 (green) contacts the ethyl group. b) The C67V mutation (red) results in steric clash (yellow Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) dashed lines) with both the ethyl and cyclopentyl groups by virtue of the greater breadth of valine than cysteine. L130G reduces contact with BI-2536 but does not clash (green). c) Cells with Plk1C67V are resistant to BI-2536 in proliferation assays at nearly the same concentrations seen in Plk1as cells. d) Immunoprecipitation-kinase assay demonstrates that Plk1C67V is sufficient to Eptifibatide Acetate provide resistance to BI-2536; 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) are Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) shown. e) Survey of sensitivity of cell lines to multiple inhibitors of Plk1 in clinical development. Phase contrast image of asynchronously growing cells expressing Plk1as, Plk1wt, or Plk1C67V after challenging with the chemical indicated for 8 hours. Mitotic round cells increase when Plk1 is inhibited. Unlike conventional genetic probes, small-molecule inhibitors provide fine temporal control over Plk1 inhibition, a property that has been Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) leveraged to expose the kinases previously unexplored roles in late mitosis (i.e., downstream of the spindle assembly checkpoint), simply by deferring inhibitor treatment until the metaphase-to-anaphase transition.(10, 11) Using this timed approach, we discovered that BI-2536 is unable to block Plk1s relocalization to the spindle midzone and induction of cytokinetic furrows in Plk1as cells (Figure 2D). Crucially, in this and all other assays, we verified that Plk1as.
Categories
p56lck
A significant confirmation that RASA3 could be a crucial regulator of platelet function originated from our findings a G125V mutation in (mutant mice is normally caused by faulty platelet function, we deleted both systemically (and mice exhibited high lethality at P21 (Amount 1A)
A significant confirmation that RASA3 could be a crucial regulator of platelet function originated from our findings a G125V mutation in (mutant mice is normally caused by faulty platelet function, we deleted both systemically (and mice exhibited high lethality at P21 (Amount 1A). Jointly, our outcomes indicate that RASA3 means that circulating platelets stay quiescent by restraining CalDAG-GEFI/RAP1 signaling and claim that P2Y12 signaling must inhibit RASA3 and enable suffered RAP1-reliant platelet activation and thrombus development at sites of vascular damage. These results provide insight in to EI1 the antithrombotic aftereffect of P2Y12 inhibitors and EI1 could result in improved medical diagnosis and treatment of platelet-related disorders. Launch Mammalian platelets are little anucleated bloodstream cells specific to frequently monitor and protect the integrity from the heart (hemostasis) (1C3). Once released from megakaryocytes, they circulate for 10 times in human bloodstream and 5 times in mouse bloodstream. If they’re not really consumed in the hemostatic procedure, senescent platelets are demolished with the reticuloendothelial program in the spleen as well as the liver organ (4). Thrombus development at sites of vascular damage depends on a higher awareness of platelets toward agonists and the capability to change from an antiadhesive to a proadhesive condition. Aberrant platelet activation, nevertheless, can result in early platelet clearance or the forming of intravascular occlusive thrombi (thrombosis), as observed in myocardial infarction (coronary attack) and ischemic heart stroke (1). Thus, platelet activation must end up being tightly regulated to facilitate vascular hemostasis also to prevent thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Inhibitors from the purinergic receptor, P2Con12, are accustomed to prevent thrombotic problems in sufferers with coronary disease widely. Early studies showed that P2Y12 mediates the amplifying ramifications of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) on platelet activation by several agonists (5, 6). Engagement of P2Y12 continues to be linked to many downstream signaling occasions, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase (7, 8) and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) (9), the serine/threonine PKB/AKT (10), and the tiny GTPase RAS-related proteins 1 (RAP1) (11C13). RAP proteins are little GTPases from the RAS family members, which are portrayed in a variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets (14). The RAP family members includes 5 associates that are grouped into 2 subfamilies, RAP2 and RAP1. Small GTPases routine between an inactive GDP-bound type and a dynamic GTP-bound form. These are regulated firmly by GEFs, which stimulate GTP launching, and Spaces, which catalyze GTP hydrolysis. Our latest work which of others showed that RAP1 is normally a central signaling node, regulating platelet adhesion and thrombosis (15C17), which CalDAG-GEFI (also called RASGRP2) is normally a crucial RAP-GEF portrayed in platelets (18C21). Upon mobile stimulation, CalDAG-GEFI is normally very important to the speedy, calcium-dependent (Ca2+-reliant) activation of RAP1 and integrin IIb3 (22C26). RAP1 activation in the lack of Ca2+/CalDAG-GEFI is normally comparatively gradual but suffered (17) and needs signaling via PKC EI1 (23, 27), P2Y12 (11, 13, 17), and PI3K (11, 28). Predicated on EI1 these distinctions in the kinetics of RAP1 activation, we suggested which the P2Y12 signaling axis prospects to sustained activation of RAP1 and IIb3 integrin by negatively regulating a putative RAP-GAP. In earlier work, Smolenski and colleagues suggested a role for RAP1Space2 in platelet activation (29). However, RNA and protein expression profiling shown that RAP1Space2 is very weakly indicated in human being platelets and virtually absent in mouse platelets (30C32). The same studies recognized the dual specificity Space, RASA3, as the most abundant RAP-GAP indicated in platelets, with protein expression Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPS21 levels comparable to that of CalDAG-GEFI. An important confirmation that RASA3 may be a critical regulator of platelet function came from our findings that a G125V mutation in (mutant mice is definitely caused by defective platelet EI1 function, we erased both systemically (and mice exhibited high lethality at P21 (Number 1A). Peripheral platelet counts in embryos (data not demonstrated) and in the few surviving mice (Number 1B) were markedly decreased when compared with those of settings. Blood-filled lymphatic vessels were observed in and embryos but not and embryos (Number 1C). Immunohistochemistry studies confirmed the presence of rbc in lymphatic vessels of and embryos (Number 1D), including cutaneous and jugular lymphatics and the thoracic duct (Supplemental Number 2), in which.
Categories
Motilin Receptor
Nevertheless, topical sirolimus only showed a nonsignificant tendency of skin lesions improvement, meaning that this putative benefit needs to be clarified and further established, as well as the possibility of using these drugs in other TSC clinical features [69]
Nevertheless, topical sirolimus only showed a nonsignificant tendency of skin lesions improvement, meaning that this putative benefit needs to be clarified and further established, as well as the possibility of using these drugs in other TSC clinical features [69]. 6. condition pose many challenges in clinical practice, so that some questions remain unanswered. This article provides an overview of the pharmacological aspects of mTOR inhibitors about the clinical trials leading to their approval in TSC-related conditions RWJ 50271 and exposes current challenges and future directions associated with this promising therapeutic line. 1. Introduction Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of cellular differentiation and proliferation, which is characterized, in pathological terms, by the presence of benign and noninvasive tumor-like lesions (called hamartomas) that can affect multiple organ systems, such as the brain, kidney, skin, heart, lung, and liver [1]. Hamartomas are then responsible for many of the clinical features of TSC, but true neoplasms also occur, particularly affecting the kidney and the brain. Population-based studies suggest RWJ 50271 that TSC affects both children and adults, with an estimated incidence at birth of approximately 1 in 6000 [2, 3] and a prevalence between 1?:?14.000 and 1?:?25.000 [4, 5]. However, because of the striking variability and severity of clinical presentation, the diagnosis can be difficult to establish in individuals with subtle findings and the true RWJ 50271 prevalence may be higher. Patients are most frequently diagnosed with less than 15 months of age and evidence points that TSC prevalence decreases as age increases, being of 1 1?:?14.000 for those aged less than 6 years, 1?:?19.000 at 12 years, and 1?:?24.000 at 18 years old [4, 5]. Cardiac and cutaneous findings are usually the first clue that a patient has TSC, but many other features may lead to the diagnosis, which is currently based upon EBI1 clinical characteristics and/or genetic testing, as coming from the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference, held in 2012 [6]. The following summarizes the clinical diagnostic criteria for TSC, including 11 major and 6 minor features (adapted from [6], where denotes that a combination of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and angiomyolipomas with no other clinical features does not meet criteria for a definite diagnosis (it is considered as only 1 1 major feature)). TSC1orTSC2pathogenic mutation in DNA extracted from nonlesional tissue) is sufficient to make a definite diagnosis of TSC. In fact, in this condition, mutations in one of the two tumor suppressor genes,TSC1(9q34, encoding hamartin) orTSC2(16p13.3, adjacent to the gene of adult polycystic kidney disease and encoding tuberin), are found in more than 85% of the cases [7]. These two proteins (hamartin and tuberin) form a single functional unit that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiationtheir complex activates GTPase, keeping the RHEB (Ras homolog enriched in brain) protein inactive, inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [1, 7]. This pathway promotes protein and lipid biosynthesis and is also responsible for cell cycle progression, playing a crucial role in cell proliferation [8]. Therefore, in TSC patients,TSC1orTSC2mutations give rise to hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway, inducing several abnormalities in numerous cell biochemical processes, including cell cycle regulation and control at transcriptional, translational, and metabolic levels. Given this underlying abnormality in TSC, the possibility of using the mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target has been investigated, namely, using mTOR inhibitors, such as sirolimus (or rapamycin) and everolimus, firstly as an alternative nonsurgical intervention for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA) in TSC patients. In fact, resulting from this research, everolimus is currently the only mTOR inhibitor approved in various countries for the treatment of patients with more than 3 years of age with TSC-related SEGA who are not candidates for curative surgical resection [9] and adults.
Categories
EP1-4 Receptors
(a) Representative stage contrast pictures (phase, initial column) and cell-matrix deformation maps (second column, color indicates deformation magnitude in m) and grip strains (third column, color indicates tension magnitude in Pa) exerted by confluent HUVEC adherent onto soft 3 kPa or stiff 35 kPa hydrogels
(a) Representative stage contrast pictures (phase, initial column) and cell-matrix deformation maps (second column, color indicates deformation magnitude in m) and grip strains (third column, color indicates tension magnitude in Pa) exerted by confluent HUVEC adherent onto soft 3 kPa or stiff 35 kPa hydrogels. those responses are because of transcriptional reprogramming remains unidentified largely. We measured extender generation and in addition performed gene RIPK1-IN-4 appearance profiling for just two endothelial cell types harvested in monolayers on gentle or stiff matrices: principal individual umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and immortalized individual microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Both cell types react to adjustments in subendothelial rigidity by raising the traction strains they exert on stiffer when compared with softer matrices, and display a variety of altered protein protein or phosphorylation conformational adjustments previously implicated in mechanotransduction. Nevertheless, the transcriptome provides only a minor role within this conserved biomechanical response. Just few genes had been portrayed in each cell enter a stiffness-dependent way differentially, and none had been distributed between them. On the other hand, a large number of genes were regulated in HUVEC when compared with HMEC-1 differentially. HUVEC (however, not HMEC-1) upregulate appearance of TGF-2 on stiffer matrices, and in addition react to program of exogenous TGF-2 by improving their endogenous TGF-2 appearance and their cell-matrix grip stresses. Entirely, these findings offer insights in to the romantic relationship between subendothelial rigidity, endothelial RIPK1-IN-4 deviation and technicians from the endothelial cell transcriptome, and reveal that subendothelial rigidity, while changing endothelial cells mechanised behavior critically, affects their transcriptome minimally. to series the internal lumen of arteries, react to adjustments in the technicians of their extracellular matrix (ECM), such as for example its rigidity, by changing their migration, barrier and proliferation integrity, adding to the emergence of the pathologies3C5 thus. Understanding the interplay between your micro-environmental mechanised determinants and EC behavior is normally therefore essential to understanding RIPK1-IN-4 vascular biology and may have important healing implications. ECs display extraordinary phenotypic heterogeneity, and the foundation of the morphological, molecular and useful distinctions continues to be not really characterized6 totally,7. It’s been previously suggested which the spatiotemporal distinctions in chemical and in addition mechanised cues relayed to ECs by their environment theoretically could possibly be sufficient to describe their structural and useful differences8. Types of mechanised indicators relayed to ECs consist of subendothelial stiffness, liquid shear stream and mechanised strains. Nevertheless, even though ECs from different anatomical places are put in the same biomechanical environment, they are able to still display a distinctive behavior intrinsic towards the ECs themselves rather than dependant on differential lifestyle or microenvironmental circumstances9C11. For example, the response of individual umbilical cable endothelial cells (HUVEC) to adjustments in curvature or shear tension applied in tissues culture is totally distinctive from that of human brain microvascular ECs9. Transcriptomic profiling provides advanced our knowledge of how differential gene appearance is associated with changed cell behavior. Particularly, it has supplied insight in to the complicated natural pathways and molecular systems that regulate adjustments in mobile behavior in response to mechanised cues for several cells types, such as for example mesenchymal stem cells, vascular even muscles cells and specific endothelial cell types, which were present to become private to substrate rigidity12C17 extremely. Nevertheless, generally in most of the scholarly research cell confluency was either low or not explicitly stated. Cell density has a crucial function in the response of ECs to mechanised cues and in the pushes transduced by ECs on the ECM and on each various other18,19 and elevated cell thickness may also override the effect of ECM stiffness in certain cell types20. Inspired by these studies, we sought to solution two important previously unexplored questions: (1) Are Rabbit Polyclonal to SMUG1 the biomechanical changes in response to subendothelial stiffness observed for ECs in monolayers due to transcriptional regulation of key stiffness-sensitive genes? and (2) Is the transcriptomic profile of ECs in monolayers dominated by the specific EC type or by the mechanical microenvironment, in particular subendothelial stiffness? In this study, we compared the responses of two different types of ECs to growth on stiff versus soft hydrogel substrates, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured from normal human tissue and immortalized human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) that were transformed using SV40 large T antigen21. Both cell types in confluent monolayers changed their mechanical behavior in response to increasing subendothelial stiffness similarly, by elevating their cell-matrix traction stresses on stiffer as compared to softer matrices, and altering protein phosphorylation profiles associated with mechanotransduction. However only very modest stiffness-dependent alterations in gene expression were observed using RNA sequencing. Results ECs in monolayers exert increased cell-matrix traction stresses when residing on stiff as compared to soft hydrogels To assess how subendothelial stiffness affects EC mechanics.
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Premium Denture Clinics
How to recognize a premium from a run-of-the-mill denture
Ever wonder why some dentures look better and last longer than others? Why some cost more than others? And how you can tell whether you’re getting your money’s worth. Well, by the time you finish reading this article you’ll know.
Perhaps the quickest way to spot a top quality premium denture is to ask about the warranty. Any well-made denture should come with at least a 2-3 year warranty against breakage under normal use. No denture will withstand being run over by a Mack truck, or being dropped on a tile floor for that matter. But under normal use 2-3 years is not too much to expect. With premium materials though, that can actually be extended clear out to a whopping ten years! So “What is the warranty” should be one of your first questions.
What are the materials that make such a long warranty possible? First of all is a metal, usually chrome-cobalt, internal reinforcing framework. One of the most common ways dentures fail is to crack or break in half. Keeping the denture well-fitting through timely relines definitely helps prevent this. But nothing works better than placing some beefy “rebar” to strengthen a denture.
The other common failure point is simple attrition or wearing out of the teeth, especially in those who have a tendency to clench or grind their teeth. Most dentures are usually made with relatively inexpensive acrylic teeth, often called “classic” teeth. Mid-grade teeth are made with so called hardened acrylic, IPN would be an example, that offer improved wear resistance. The most wear resistant teeth though are made of good old-fashioned porcelain. I’ve seen 30 year old dentures with porcelain teeth that certainly didn’t fit any more, had been broken and repaired several times, but the teeth themselves looked nearly as good as the day they were made.
A word of caution though. Porcelain teeth will be more prone to break if dropped on a hard surface like tile or concrete. There is also some suspicion that jaw bones may deteriorate or “dissolve” a bit faster under porcelain than with acrylic teeth. However, the research on that is inconclusive as bone loss is always a problem under any denture. Implants are the only way to predictably control that. Another slight complication with porcelain teeth is that they can be more prone to “clack” than will acrylic teeth. This is most noticeable with dentures that are loose or that have been made too long so that they bang together when speaking or eating. This though is easily managed through our custom engineering and test denture process. I’ve described that in pretty good detail in another article so I’ll let you go there to learn what that is all about.
Finally, all well-made premium dentures will be meticulously and artistically finished to avoid the normal unsightly “denture gums” that broadcast to everyone that you are wearing dentures. All natural gum tissue has a wavy surface caused by the bulges formed by the roots of natural teeth. This is called festooning. In addition, natural gums are covered with tiny pits or pores, kind of like an orange peel called stippling. Nothing screams “DENTURES! DENTURES!” louder than a perfectly smooth highly polished denture, and any premium denture will avoid this with a natural looking stippled and festooned surface.
So now you know what to look for when nothing but the best will do.
• Extended warranty
• Metal reinforcement
• Porcelain teeth
• Bilaterally balanced engineering
• Diagnostic testing
• Natural finishing
Of course none of these features are worth anything if the denture doesn’t fit well and feel comfortable, but it would be a pretty good bet that any dentist that cares enough to make dentures like this will also have the skill and concern needed to deliver the whole premium package like we do with our Master Dentures.
Get In Touch
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©Copyright 2017 Liberty Dental Associates
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CT and CAT Scan of the Body
Test Overview
During a CT scan of the body, the area being studied is positioned inside a cylinder that is part of the CT scanner. The cylinder can tilt and the X-ray scanning devices within it can rotate to obtain the views needed. CT scanning can be used to obtain information about almost any body organ (such as the liver, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, lungs, and heart), blood vessels, the abdominal cavity, bones (especially of the spine), and the spinal cord. For more information about CT scanning of the brain and skull, see the medical test CT Scan of the Head and Face. For more information about spinal CT, see the medical test CT Scan of the Spine.
A dye that contains iodine (contrast material) is often injected into the blood (intravenously) during a CT scan of the body. The dye makes blood vessels and certain structures or organs inside the body more visible on the CT scan pictures. The dye may be used to evaluate blood flow, detect some types of tumors, and locate areas of inflammation. Intravenous contrast material is often used to obtain images of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. If an abdominal CT scan is done, a contrast material is usually given by mouth (orally).
Why It Is Done
CT scans are used to study many areas of the body, including the:
• Chest (thorax): A CT scan of the chest can detect infection, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, and a bulge in a blood vessel (aneurysm). It can also be used to help determine whether cancer has spread (metastasized) into the chest from other locations in the body.
• Abdomen: A CT scan of the abdomen can help detect several conditions, including cysts, abscesses, infection, tumors, an aneurysm, enlarged lymph nodes, foreign objects, bleeding into the abdominal cavity, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and appendicitis. It can also help determine whether cancer has spread from another place in the body to abdominal organs or lymph nodes.
• Urinary tract: A CT scan can detect kidney stones, blockage, abnormal growths, infection, structural problems, and some diseases of the urinary tract.
• Liver: A CT scan can detect liver tumors, bleeding from the liver, and some liver diseases. It can also help determine the cause of jaundice.
• Pancreas: A CT scan can detect a tumor in the pancreas or inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).
• Gallbladder and bile ducts: A CT scan can be used to investigate blockage of the bile ducts. Gallstones occasionally show up on a CT scan, but an ultrasound test is usually used to detect gallstones.
• Adrenal glands: A CT scan can detect tumors in the adrenal glands.
• Spleen: A CT scan can be used to evaluate injury to the spleen.
• Spine and spinal bones (vertebrae): A CT scan can detect tumors, injuries, deformities, narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis), and other problems of the spine. The test can also identify a ruptured (herniated) disc of the spine and help determine if thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) is severe and affecting the spine. For more information, see the medical test CT Scan of the Spine.
Last updated: Fri, 2011-04-01 14:47
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Skip to main content
MENU
Study FAQ
A cancer screening test looks for genetic changes that increase the risk for many types of cancer. The JScreen CancerGEN test looks at more than 70 genes that are related to hereditary cancer. When functioning correctly, these gene suppress tumors (cancers) in humans. When there is a harmful variant in these genes, they do not suppress certain cancers like they should, increasing the person’s risk for certain types of cancers.
The BRCA1 and BRCA 2 are genes that suppress tumors (cancers) in humans. When there is a mutation in these genes, they do not suppress certain cancers like they should and persons with these mutations are at a higher risk for certain types of cancers.
What is the cost of genetic testing?
The out-of-pocket cost will be reimbused for the first 100 people who sign up.
How do I get tested?
Let us know you're interested by completing the simple contact form on our home page.
We'll contact you with details. It is a very easy process.
What will this test tell me?
The test will cover many genes associated with cancer, but perhaps the most important is the BRCA gene mutation - which 1 in 40 Ashkenazi Jews carries versus 1 in 400 in the general population. The test you are signing up for actually covers 70 hereditary gene mutations that can cause cancer.
This panel was developed because it can help prevent hereditary cancer by early identification of risk. Those who test positive for a gene mutation can work with their medical providers to avoid cancer.
This effort is beginning in a few short weeks. We will contact you to get you qualified. There are basic qualifications for participating.
Once qualified, the process is simple:
Step 1: Request a kit
Step 2: Receive the kit - we will contact your doctor for a test order and a “spit kit” will be mailed to your home (U.S. only).
Step 3: Send the kit - Send your saliva sample to our certified testing lab in the pre-paid mailer included with your kit.
Step 4: Get results
Certified genetic counselors will provide results through a telehealth appointment. You and your doctor will receive a copy of the results when the entire process is complete.
Life insurance and genetic testing
Getting a positive result on your test could prevent you from securing life insurance if you do not already have it. Securing life insurance before you test will allow you to keep life insurance regardless of your results.
What the difference between this test and another test like 23 & Me?
Jscreen is affiliated with Emory University and will provide a very high quality, clinically actionable test – which means this test your Doctor can trust!
Once I get this test, will I need to be tested again in the future?
Generally speaking, the DNA that is tested by the JScreen CancerGEN test does not change over time. This means that there would be no need to repeat this same test in the future, as the results would be the same.
However, genetic testing technology does change over time, and new genes may be discovered. Therefore, it’s possible that a new and improved test might be available in the future that you would want to consider.
How will you ensure that my information is kept private?
The privacy of your health information is very important to us. We follow federal and state privacy laws, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and regulations (HIPAA), to protect your personal health information. The entities that will have access to your medical and genetic information include: JScreen at Emory University, the independent testing laboratory, and your ordering health-care provider. In addition, if you provide your health insurance information and your health insurance company requests your results, that information would be provided to them. At the end of the screening process, you will be given a copy of your results via secure email.
Neither JScreen nor the testing lab will sell your information to third parties.
You'll want to know that the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, commonly known as GINA, is an important U.S. civil rights law that protects individuals from discrimination based on their genetic information. It was first introduced into the U.S. Congress in the 1990s at a time when genetic testing and genetics research was taking off at breakneck speed. GINA prevents health insurance companies and employers from requesting that people take genetic tests, prohibits health insurers from using someone's genetic information to refuse insurance or charge higher prices, and also prohibits employers from hiring, firing and making other employment decisions based on their employee's genetic information.
How do I get my results?
You will receive an email indicating that your results are ready with instructions on how to get them. Most people will be directed to schedule a tele-health genetic counseling session to receive their results. Once the entire process is complete, we’ll send a copy of the results to you and your doctor.
How is the test done?
The test is done using a saliva sample.
Are there risks to genetic testing?
There is no medical risk associated with the sample collection for genetic testing. However, it is important to think about what the test can tell you, including the emotional, financial, medical and social implications of finding out you are at increased risk for certain types of cancer. If you are struggling to make a decision about testing, you may want to consider consulting with a specialized healthcare provider, such as a genetic counselor.
What if my results are positive for a harmful variant in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes?
If you have a harmful variant in either of these genes, it means that you are much more likely to develop breast cancer or ovarian cancer compared to someone who doesn't have these harmful genetic variants.
However, it’s very important to remember that a positive result doesn't mean you're certain to develop cancer… only that your risk is higher and you can do things differently to reduce that risk.
Things you can do might include:
• Having different types of cancer screening exams, perhaps earlier and more often than is typically recommended
• Taking medications to reduce your cancer risk.
• Considering procedures to reduce your cancer risk, such as preventive removal of your ovaries or breasts.
What you choose to do depends on many factors — including your age and whether you have finished having children, medical history, prior treatments, past surgeries and personal preferences. A specialized healthcare provider can help you understand your options and make these decisions.
What does it mean if I test negative?
A negative test result means that no harmful gene variants were found in the genes that were included. However, testing negative does not mean you will not get breast, ovarian, or another type of cancer. It’s important to remember that even people at “average” risk can develop breast, ovarian, or other cancers. A negative genetic test does not remove your risk altogether.
Your negative genetic test result needs to be interpreted by an expert in the context of your personal and family history. A genetic counselor or a doctor with expertise in this area can help with this step.
Info on this FAQ was taken directly from the Jscreen.org FAQ and supplemented by material from Mayoclinic.org
For more information or to see if you qualify, contact [email protected] or call 303-419-3200.
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This Is Why Women Need More Sleep Than Men, According to Science
Do you think you get enough sleep? Do you think your spouse does? Well, the National Sleep Foundation recommends that if you are having trouble sleeping, you should to try exercising regularly, have a bedtime routine and limit caffeine and alcohol in your diet. Also, your spouse might not need quite the same amount of snooze time as you do. Why? Because women need more sleep than men.
The National Sleep Foundations says that “While women need more sleep than men, many are not getting the proper amount.” One sleep researcher, Jim Horne, who is the director of the Sleep Research Centre in England, explains why he believes women need more sleep. “One of the major functions of sleep is to allow the brain to recover and repair itself.”
“During deep sleep, the cortex – the part of the brain responsible for thought, memory, language and so on – disengages from the senses and goes into recovery mode.
“The more of your brain you use during the day, the more of it that needs to recover and, consequently, the more sleep you need.
“Women tend to multi-task – they do lots at once and are flexible – and so they use more of their actual brain than men do. Because of that, their sleep need is greater.”
According to leading sleep researchers, women are twice as likely to suffer from insomnia as men are. Women have biological differences that make it more likely they will wake during the night, such as menopause and pregnancy.
Dr. Horne says that 18% of women, compared to 8% of men, have a bad night’s sleep at least 5 days per week. It is suggested to limit napping during the day and to turn off all electronic devices that may interrupt sleep, if quality of sleep is something one struggles with.
While many look to Horne as an authority, the sample size of the study suggesting this data is small, falling at just 210 people. It is important to remember that everyone is different, and that different jobs will use different kind of brain power, so there are plenty of men who will need more sleep too.
Regardless of which sex needs more sleep, it is important for women to consistently get full nights of rest. Skipping sleep is associated with higher instances of heart disease, psychological problems, increased inflammation markers, and even stroke.
It turns out that getting enough sleep is crucial to maintaining your health!
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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7,316,009,927,231,405,000
|
Skip to Content
Symptom Checker
Step 4: Read and complete the decision guide to learn more about your symptoms.
Coughs and Colds
Your sore throat and nasal symptoms have lasted longer than the duration of a usual common cold. It is possible that you have a viral infection, but it is also possible that something other than an infection is causing your symptoms. The most common non-infectious cause of a runny, stuffy, or sneezing nose is allergy. When allergy causes these symptoms, you have the diagnosis, "allergic rhinitis." Nasal secretions can trickle down your throat as "post-nasal drip." Post-nasal drip commonly causes a persistent sore throat that may be especially noticeable in the morning.
For some people, allergic rhinitis is triggered by specific pollens in the air. When this is the case, symptoms can be more dramatic in spring or summer seasons. Because it has environmental triggers, allergic rhinitis is commonly called "hay fever." This name can cause confusion, because it is not common for fever to accompany allergy symptoms.
You may benefit from discussing your symptoms with your doctor, so that advice about allergy triggers in your environment and advice about allergy treatment can be provided. Over-the-counter antihistamine medicines can be helpful, although they cause drowsiness in some people. Prescription medications are also available that might reduce your symptoms.
If your symptoms are getting worse or persist, contact your doctor's office.
Feedback
Please provide feedback to help us improve the Drugs.com Symptom Checker.
Disclaimer: This content should not be considered complete and should not be used in place of a call or visit to a health professional. Use of this content is subject to specific Terms of Use & Medical Disclaimers.
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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8,172,978,796,840,156,000
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Aesthetic Face Surgery - Going Back the Time-Clock
Those who get a cosmetic surgery are those who count on their appears for money. Also, they may also be those that already have a lot of money and would like to improve their features. The most typical skin surgery process being performed is the face area lit. That surgical technique pulls skin that is sagging in the middle experience region. Consequently, it can help reduce jowls located on the lower face along with eliminates the excess epidermis discovered under the chin and chin. A face raise surgery may reduce the signals of aging. It may also improve the tone and the contours on skin of the face.
While there are so several cosmetic experience surgery procedures accessible nowadays, additionally there are a lot of individuals who can now get non-evasive and non-surgical techniques done. Since these day there are therefore several options available, persons can certainly get their facial characteristics repaired in no time. As a result, their insecurities can be over come and they are able to start ราคา เสริม จมูก a better and new personality.
With irregular face surgery, several procedures may need to be achieved to even out the facial structure. Based on the degree of extent, your doctor might have to remove fat or muscle in one part of that person and move it to another area to make your features seem more proportional. If there is not enough fat to get to stabilize that person, your surgeon's option may be to provide a dermal product onto the section of that person that seems less full.
If the stated procedures remain no option for your specific situation, then your physician may possibly employ face implants. They are usually useful for cheek and face augmentation, which are generally the initial measures to creating more symmetry. Your doctor will create an cut to the correct area of the face. An implant will likely then be put and secured with sutures that may eventually dissolve.
If the asymmetry involves primarily protruding or uneven ears, your surgeon may refold the ears so that they fit and appear more proportionate to your head. Your ears will then be pinned back.Some persons undergo surgery to improve their relatively asymmetrical face and the others get it done to repair skin damage as a result of wellness condition or accident. Consult your doctor to discover the best type of irregular facial surgery to use within your case.
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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8,311,950,525,956,505,000
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AbstractsBiology & Animal Science
Development of the preterm gut microbiota in infants at risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis
by Christopher Stewart
Institution: Northumbria University
Department: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Year: 2014
Keywords: C500 Microbiology
Record ID: 1396107
Full text PDF: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/16488/
Abstract
The gut microbiota comprises all the microorganisms colonising the gastrointestinal tract. It is a complex and dynamic community influenced by genetic and environmental factors. While the gut microbiota has crucial roles in micronutrient production and immunomodulation, it has also been associated with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis in preterm infants, which can exist exclusively or concurrently. As the number of babies born preterm continues to rise, so too will the incidence of these disease states. Exploring the development of the preterm gut microbiota longitudinally may offer important insights into the role of modern clinical practises in shaping the community and its subsequent role in disease pathogenesis. To explore the development of the preterm gut microbiota we compared routine culture data with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Both techniques revealed differential profiles between patients with NEC and sepsis, compared to healthy controls. This was due, in part, to an increased abundance of Staphylococcus spp. identified in patients with NEC and sepsis. Based on these findings we explored the differential community development utilising a more extensive molecular approach, advancing on previous studies by exploring both the bacterial and fungal communities and also exploring the viability of each organism. For the fungal community, only non-viable fungal species were detected but showed no significant association with NEC or sepsis. Conversely, the viable bacterial community largely corresponded to that of the total community and showed Sphingomonas sp. was significantly associated with NEC. Interestingly, antifungal treatment had a significantly effect on the bacterial community and antibiotics limited the bacterial diversity which may have important consequences in the pathogenesis of disease. We further analysed a twin cohort to investigate the role of host genetics in influencing the development of the gut microbiota and the subsequent risk of disease. Twins showed comparable gut microbiota development with antibiotics attributable for major shifts in the community. A twin discordant for NEC showed a reduction in diversity and prevalence of an Escherichia sp. prior to the diagnosis which was not observed in the control twin. To further explore the discrepancies in the organisms associated with NEC and sepsis, overcoming the limitations of previous studies, we utilised next generation sequencing (NGS) in a large cohort with regular sampling pre and post disease diagnosis, matched to controls. Gestational age was shown to have important influences on the community development. No consistent associations between reduced diversity or increased dominance prior to disease diagnosis were observed, although Escherichia coli was prevalent prior to diagnosis of NEC. The organism identified in sepsis cases was present in the gut microbiota and was usually a dominant member. A diverse community seems to be important to the health of a neonate supporting the notion that a stable…
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After reading a recent Time article entitled “The Weight loss trap” I quite literally jumped off of my office chair, frustrated, angry and delighted. (I also lit up my husband’s phone with a thousand messages). I am so over misinformation in the weight loss space, but even more, it kills me that people are made to feel out of control and hopeless in their own bodies. Why delighted? Well, I was not quite ready to announce my upcoming book but I just could not give up this opportunity to share with you all of the reasons why Time has great points, but doesn’t tell the whole story. You can finally overcome weight loss resistance! http://www.sandysidhumedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Natalie-Sisson.jpg
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 DM in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery.[50] However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with GDM are found to have DM, most commonly type 2.[50] GDM is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required.
Cortisol reactivity, an index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, may be another mechanism by which psychosocial stress is associated with future hypertension. [20] In a prospective sub-study of the Whitehall II cohort, with 3 years follow-up of an occupational cohort in previously healthy patients, investigators reported 15.9% of the patient sample developed hypertension in response to laboratory-induced mental stressors and found an association between cortisol stress reactivity and incident hypertension. [20]
Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results.[87] There is considerable evidence that reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain.[96] Estimated sodium intake ≥6g/day and <3g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension.[97] Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary salt intake below 3g/day has been questioned.[96]
In autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly manufactures antibodies and inflammatory cells that are directed against and cause damage to patients' own body tissues. In persons with type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas, which are responsible for insulin production, are attacked by the misdirected immune system. It is believed that the tendency to develop abnormal antibodies in type 1 diabetes is, in part, genetically inherited, though the details are not fully understood.
Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (the leading cause of death in North America), stroke (the third leading cause), congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, health care professionals must not only identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population. (See Treatment.)
People who have metabolic syndrome or are at risk for it may need to take medicine as treatment. This is especially true if diet and other lifestyle changes have not made a difference. Your doctor may prescribe medicine to help lower blood pressure, improve insulin metabolism, lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol, increase weight loss, or some combination of these.
People with full-blown type 2 diabetes are not able to use the hormone insulin properly, and have what’s called insulin resistance. Insulin is necessary for glucose, or sugar, to get from your blood into your cells to be used for energy. When there is not enough insulin — or when the hormone doesn’t function as it should — glucose accumulates in the blood instead of being used by the cells. This sugar accumulation may lead to the aforementioned complications.
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
Apart from these medications, treating diabetes effectively means taking a well-rounded approach: You’ll need to eat well, exercise, and manage stress, because all these factors can affect your blood sugar levels. Staying healthy with diabetes also requires caring for yourself — like protecting your feet, practicing oral hygiene, and tending to your mental health.
The good news is that committing to living a healthier life over the long-haul can make a difference. Lifestyle changes—for example, getting exercise, losing weight, eating a heart-healthy diet and not smoking—can help delay or even prevent the development of serious health problems. It’s important to partner with your health team to map out steps to manage your risk.
High blood pressure is a common and dangerous condition. Having high blood pressure means the pressure of the blood in your blood vessels is higher than it should be. But you can take steps to control your blood pressure and lower your risk of heart disease and stroke. About 1 of 3 U.S. adults—or about 75 million people—have high blood pressure.1 Only about half (54%) of these people have their high blood pressure under control.1 Many youth are also being diagnosed with high blood pressure.2 This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two of the leading causes of death for Americans.3 Get more quick facts about high blood pressure, or learn more about high blood pressure in the United States.
Metabolic syndrome (also known as metabolic syndrome X) is a grouping of cardiac risk factors that result from insulin resistance (when the body's tissues do not respond normally to insulin). A person with metabolic syndrome has a greatly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature death. In fact, another name for metabolic syndrome is pre-diabetes.
You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are age 45 or older, have a family history of diabetes, or are overweight. Physical inactivity, race, and certain health problems such as high blood pressure also affect your chance of developing type 2 diabetes. You are also more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you have prediabetes or had gestational diabetes when you were pregnant. Learn more about risk factors for type 2 diabetes. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jBKtYULnoMc/hqdefault.jpg?sqp
POPs primarily impact the thyroid gland by decreasing its ability to make thyroid hormone, disrupting thyroid hormones once they are made, and causing thyroid hormones to be removed from the body faster. If your metabolism is a large jumbo jetliner, the thyroid gland is one of the engines. POPs appear to work in part by blowing out the thyroid engine.
In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are also more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as Miniature Poodles.[123]
But why does someone get to this point? For the chronic dieter they arrive with metabolic damage because they hold tightly to the “Eat less, exercise more” mantras they were taught. When weight loss slows down, they eat less and push harder in their exercise routine, pushing metabolism into the ground. For the person with the unknown metabolism problem their road to metabolic damage is much more subtle. This person simply isn’t feeling well, starts putting on weight, and progresses all the way to metabolic damage because no doctor was able to identify what was going wrong. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KjIf146TsFM/hqdefault.jpg?sqp
If you're not taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your doctor about adding one or replacing a drug you currently take with a diuretic. Diuretics or calcium channel blockers may work better for people of African heritage and older people than do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors alone. A common side effect of diuretics is increased urination.
Blood pressure goals are generally set lower than 130/80. Some blood pressure medications offer more benefits than simply lowering blood pressure. For example, a class of blood pressure drugs called ACE inhibitors has been found to also reduce the levels of insulin resistance and actually deter the development of type 2 diabetes. This is an important consideration when discussing the choice blood pressure drugs in the metabolic syndrome.
As you lose weight your leptin levels drop, signalling to your body that it should probably start to slow things down. In this case you can feel hungry all of the time, but also sluggish and weight loss stops. Some people even see weight gain which can either send you into frustration nation… or alternatively lead you to cut more calories and drive your metabolic rate and gut hormone signalling down even further! Yikes!
When you go on a diet set your protein intake higher. Studies have shown that a higher protein diet, one that exceeds the RDA of .8g/kg body weight, helps offset the decline in metabolic rate that occurs with dieting. At Metabolic Effect, we set the protein level to 40% of total calories during fat reducing stages (i.e. 30:40:30 carbs:protein:fat). Another way to look at this is to make sure you are getting at least 1g of protein per pound of body weight (if you want to try to gain muscle) or 1g per pound of muscle mass (if you are trying to just maintain muscle).
Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 DM. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk.[46][47] The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fat and trans fats increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk.[45] Eating lots of white rice, and other starches, also may increase the risk of diabetes.[48] A lack of physical activity is believed to cause 7% of cases.[49] https://www.healthshare.com.au/storage/avatars/photo_25.JPG.60x60_q85_box-21,38,480,497.jpg
Metabolic syndrome is a multiplex risk factor that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. [4] It is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, as well as diabetes, fatty liver, and several cancers. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and abdominal obesity. (See Prognosis, Workup, Treatment, and Medication.)
Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type two diabetes is often an effective measure.[14] Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery[95] and long-term mortality is decreased.[96] There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.[97] The body mass index cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.[96] It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.[98]
Development of metabolic syndrome depends on distribution as well as amount of fat. Excess fat in the abdomen (called apple shape), particularly when it results in a high waist-to-hip ratio (reflecting a relatively low muscle-to-fat mass ratio), increases risk. The syndrome is less common among people who have excess subcutaneous fat around the hips (called pear shape) and a low waist-to-hip ratio (reflecting a higher muscle-to-fat mass ratio).
To treat diabetic retinopathy, a laser is used to destroy and prevent the recurrence of the development of these small aneurysms and brittle blood vessels. Approximately 50% of patients with diabetes will develop some degree of diabetic retinopathy after 10 years of diabetes, and 80% retinopathy after 15 years of the disease. Poor control of blood sugar and blood pressure further aggravates eye disease in diabetes.
By the end of the book, you'll be able to create your own safe, effective, and efficient training program best suited to you. Or just choose from one of our 10 general or specialized HIT routines contained in the book. You'll develop the knowledge to change and make it a sustainable effort over time to keep you consistent. You'll be able to adapt to the ever changing dynamic situation that is a progressive training program.
This explains why my attempts at a low fat, high protein, high carb diet left me gaining weight all while eating 1000 calories per day! Those 1000 calories were simply fueling my brain and then getting shuttled into my fat cells. If you are not insulin resistant, then this diet may be just the thing you need to shed some short term pounds (although I never recommend a 1000 calorie diet!- more on that later), but to me it caused metabolic chaos.
Moreover, it is estimated that 1 death is prevented per 11 patients treated for stage 1 hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors when a sustained reduction of 12 mm Hg in systolic BP over 10 years is achieved. [2] However, for the same reduction is systolic BP reduction, it is estimated that 1 death is prevented per 9 patients treated when cardiovascular disease or end-organ damage is present. [2]
Tyler played college basketball at Utah State from 2007-2011, and had the opportunity to play in three NCAA tournaments. His coaches and trainers always had Gatorade or candy on hand in case his blood glucose dropped during a game. Tyler tested his blood glucose right before training, and during halftime breaks. He says working out and playing basketball has helped him to better control his T1D.
The treatment of low blood sugar consists of administering a quickly absorbed glucose source. These include glucose containing drinks, such as orange juice, soft drinks (not sugar-free), or glucose tablets in doses of 15-20 grams at a time (for example, the equivalent of half a glass of juice). Even cake frosting applied inside the cheeks can work in a pinch if patient cooperation is difficult. If the individual becomes unconscious, glucagon can be given by intramuscular injection.
Ariana Shakibinia decided to study public health in large part because she lives with T1D. She had always been interested in public policy, but she says living with this disease has made her more vested in the healthcare conversation. “I am living with what is essentially a pre-existing condition. I’m fortunate enough to have good health insurance, but it makes the potential financial burden of T1D management much more visible and relatable.”
What causes high cholesterol? High cholesterol is a risk factor for heart attacks and coronary heart disease, because it builds up in the arteries, narrowing them. It does not usually have any symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. We look at healthy levels and ranges of cholesterol, at ways to prevent it, and medications to treat it. Read now
The ketogenic, or keto, diet calls for dramatically increasing your fat intake and consuming a moderate amount of protein and a very low amount of carbs, with the aim of kicking your body into a natural metabolic state called ketosis, in which it relies on burning fat rather than carbs for energy. Ketosis is different from diabetic ketoacidosis, a health emergency that occurs when insulin levels are low in conjunction with high levels of ketones. (37) Ketones are by-products of metabolism that are released in the blood when carb intake is low.
^ Saiz, Luis Carlos; Gorricho, Javier; Garjón, Javier; Celaya, Mª Concepción; Muruzábal, Lourdes; Malón, Mª del Mar; Montoya, Rodolfo; López, Antonio (2017-10-11). "Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10: CD010315. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010315.pub2. PMID 29020435.
These calorie counting fanatics are either unaware, or don’t want you to know about what we call the law of metabolic compensation. This law dictates that your metabolism is not like a calculator at all but more like a thermostat or see-saw. You eat less and exercise more to burn calories, and your body compensates by making you more hungry while at the same time decreasing the amount of calories you burn at rest (resting energy expenditure or REE).
Usually, there are no immediate physical symptoms of metabolic syndrome. People with metabolic syndrome do have a tendency to be overweight, especially around the abdomen – having an “apple shape.” Moreover, since this condition is associated with insulin resistance, individuals with metabolic syndrome may display some of the clinical features associated with an increase in the production of insulin. For instance, women may experience cysts on their ovaries (metabolic syndrome is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome) and irregular periods. Individuals can have an increased incidence of skin tags, benign raised growths of skin that usually appear increases on the neck and back. In addition, they can exhibit acanthosis nigricans – a pigmentation of the skin, which appears discolored or dirty over the back of the neck and underarms.
Dr Jacomien de Villiers qualified as a specialist physician at the University of Pretoria in 1995. She worked at various clinics at the Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Hospital, these include General Internal Medicine, Hypertension, Diabetes and Cardiology. She has run a private practice since 2001, as well as a consultant post at the Endocrine Clinic of Steve Biko Hospital.
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Causes of Hearing Loss
Causes of Hearing Loss
There are many types of hearing loss which can occur due to multiple causes, including genetics and acquired causes like noise and disease. Some hearing loss causes are successfully treated depending on the hearing loss type and some are managed through Hearing aids.
Conductive Hearing Loss
A conductive hearing loss causes where the ear’s ability to conduct sound into the inner ear is blocked. Sound passes down the ear canal to the eardrum and through the middle ear, where the sound is transmitted across the middle ear by the three bones called the ossicles to the inner ear.
Conductive hearing loss causes
Ear infection
Ear infection or Infection in the ear canal causes blockage in the ear canal by fluid which makes the outer ear unable to conduct sound up to the inner ear to the cochlea.
Perforated eardrum
The perforated(ruptured eardrum) eardrums can cause a middle ear infection or hearing loss. Usually, the perforated eardrums heal on its own or might require surgery in severe condition.
Benign tumors
Benign tumors are nothing like a malignant tumor which is cancer. They are not that serious but could be dangerous if they press on any vital structure like a blood vessel. The common type of benign tumors is Adenomas, Fibromas.
Poor Eustachian tube function
The poor eustachian tube cannot ventilate the middle ear space which is the primary function of the Eustachian tube, hence the ear pressure and the unmatched air pressure causes hearing loss.
Otosclerosis
This is the abnormal growth of the bone in the middle ear which causes hearing loss most commonly to adults.
Impacted earwax
Impacted Ear Wax is the huge amount of earwax buildup in the outer ear can cause hearing loss as the sound will not be able to reach the middle ear up to the brain.
Fluid in the middle ear from colds
Otitis media(middle ear infection) or Swimmer’s ear (Otitis Externa) is caused due to the middle ear draining fluid. It occurs behind the eardrums to the middle ear and is mostly caused by allergies, sore throat, respiratory infection and a cold.
Allergies
Allergic skin reaction can cause an itchy ear. It also causes swelling in the outer ear canal and middle ear which causes hearing loss.
Foreign body in the ear
The foreign body can be anything either earwax, fluids or the insects which damages sensory hair of the ear canal making them unable to conduct sound.
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is a skin cyst that appears in the middle ear. Patients can be born with it, or it can develop as a result of chronic ear infections.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss occurs from damage to an individual’s inner ear (cochlea) or neural areas of the auditory system. In some cases, the cause cannot be determined. It is generally irreversible and permanent. These hearing losses are very common sensorineural results in a loss of loudness as well as a lack of clarity.
Sensorineural hearing loss causes
Exposure to loud noise
Loud noise results as the poison to your ears which destroys the sensory hair of your ear making them unable to listen. Exposure to loud noise above 80 dB can cause hearing loss. So, ear protection is recommended to use while going to loud concerts, ride a bike, during gunshots and bomb blasts.
Autoimmune inner ear disease
Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a syndrome of progressive hearing loss and/or dizziness that is caused by antibodies or immune cells. It attacks the inner ear and causes hearing loss. In most cases, the symptoms of tinnitus (ringing, hissing, roaring) is seen which occurs over a few months. Autoimmune inner ear disease is mostly misunderstood as Meniere’s diseases but has different causes and symptoms than Autoimmune.
Hearing loss that runs in the family
The sensorineural hearing loss causes due to hereditary problems. If the hearing loss runs in the family than at a specific age you will get suffer from hearing loss.
Aging (presbycusis)
It is the most common cause of deafness. One out of three people age 65-74 has some level of hearing loss. Common conditions that can increase the risk of deafness in elderly people are high blood pressure, diabetes or the use of certain medications harmful to the ear.
Meniere’s Disease
Meniere’s disease an inner ear disease that causes the episodes of vertigo. These episodes can be regular or infrequent according to its occurrence. You might have the symptoms of dizziness, nausea, hearing loss and cold sweat in Meniere’s disease.
Tumor
Another cause for hearing loss is from tumors such as an acoustic neuroma. The tumor-related hearing loss might also include Tinnitus and Diplacusis. You may have a sensation of fullness in one or both ears.
Head trauma
It’s a head injury that causes trauma to the brain or the skull. Head trauma can affect the sensorineural hearing ability and causes hearing loss.
Arthritis
Both Arthritis and vasculitis are commonly associated with hearing loss. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and others fall into this category.
Blood-related problems
Poor blood flow to the ear affects your hearing. It can be the cause of hearing loss. Hypercoagulability and polycythemia can be the cause of blood-related hearing loss.
• People who are suffering from high blood pressure can have hearing loss. High blood pressure affects your hearing.
• People who suffer from Sickle Cell Disease can have Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
• People who suffer from AIDS can have the hearing loss problem.
Low birth weight
The child with low birth weight is more likely to suffer from sensorineural hearing loss as the sensory parts may not have been developed properly which cause hearing loss in babies. If the fetus grows slower than the normal in the mother’s womb the chances of hearing loss increases.
Mixed Hearing Loss
Mixed Hearing Loss goes literally by its name “mixed” and is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. It indicates that there is damage in the outer, middle and inner part of the ear at the same time. Mixed hearing loss generally ranges from mild to profound severity. For people diagnosed with this problem, sounds can be both softer in volume and more difficult to understand.
Mixed hearing loss causes
Genetic Factors
If the hearing loss runs in your family then, the occurrence of hearing loss is due to the Genetic factor. it could be either conductive or sensorineural hearing loss as per the genetic factor.
Overexposure to loud noise
Overexposure to loud noise can cause high-frequency hearing loss so, it’s better to use hearing protection methods to escape the chances of hearing loss. Ear protection devices or earplugs for concerts are built specially to protect the ear from loud noises over 80 dB.
Head Injuries
As discussed above, the head injuries can damage the brain and any other part of the inner ear which causes hearing loss.
Aging process
Due to the course of time, some of our body parts degrade its functionality so as our ears. The aging process degrades the ability to listen and the old age people suffer from hearing loss.
Birth defects
Birth defects like premature birth, low weight infants possess some of the body parts undeveloped after the birth. They have low immunity and easily get immune to diseases. The birth defects can also leave a child with undeveloped ears which causes hearing loss.
Medications for Diseases
Cancer:- Cancer in the head or ear can be the cause of hearing loss. Chemotherapy and Radiation can cause the hearing loss. It is necessary for the Cancer patients to evaluate the hearing before, during and after these treatments.
Diabetes:- In many cases people who suffer from diabetes, can have the problem of hearing loss. Diabetes can be the cause of hearing loss.
Thyroid:- Thyroid is another cause of hearing loss. An underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism is the common reason behind the hearing loss. People who suffer from the underactive thyroid also have the problem of hearing loss.
Neural Hearing loss
The least type of hearing loss is the Neural hearing loss. It takes place when the auditory nerve is damaged, missing or transmits information to the brain incorrectly. In order to recognize this type of hearing loss correctly, it needs in-depth testing and might include radiographic imaging. It’s impossible to identify the correct location of neural hearing loss using the current tests, thus frequent hearing monitoring is required for its. Otherwise, it damages the ear permanently.
Neural hearing loss causes
Heredity
It can be genetic. If hearing loss runs in your family, chances are you will experience hearing loss problems too.
Acoustic tumors
It is also called A Vestibular Schwannoma. It causes due to the overproduction of Schwann cells in the body. The basic function of Schwann cells is to help in keeping peripheral nerves insulated but the excessive production of this cells results in tumors which grow slowly but can be the reason of cancer. This mild growing tumor of the nerve connects to the inner ear and can reach up to the brain.
Alcohol or tobacco
Excessive drinking damages the auditory cortex in the brain, affecting the way your brain processes sound. The high levels of alcohol can create a toxic environment which can damage the delicate hair cells in the cochlea. Even moderate drinkers may risk nerve damage and hearing loss.
Exposure to certain infections
Some of the infections also affect your hearing which is given below:
• Flu:- Flu is another cause of hearing loss because the throat and lungs being in connection with a tube.
• Lyme Disease:- Lyme disease can cause the hearing loss due to the bite of a kick. Side effects of Lyme disease may cause hearing loss and tinnitus.
• Syphilis:- It can cause the hearing loss. If people wait for longer, then it will continue and make you deaf.
Severe jaundice in infancy
Jaundice that is severe enough to require a blood transfusion can result in hearing loss. This is related to the potential damage that high levels of bilirubin can cause to the nerves of hearing.
Premature birth
If the baby gets an ear infection often and doesn’t recover through medicines then the cause of hearing loss could be premature birth which persists as a permanent hearing loss.
Depression
Depression is a mood disorder. It causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in daily activities. At its worst, it can lead a person to feel that life is not worth living.
Meningitis
Hearing loss is extremely common from bacterial or fungal meningitis. Meningitis attacks the covering of the brain and the spinal cord. Once in recovery, hearing evaluations should be performed.
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The Path To Finding Better Health
Various Benefits to Enjoy When You Stop Smoking
Are you aware that vision may improve after quitting your smoking habit? It is quite important that you know that smoking can actually worsen such age-induced cataracts according to many studies. The data shown in one of those studies is that men who quit smoking ten years before they join the study has 20 percent less risk of having issues in their vision.
The statistics have also revealed that lung cancer, that accounts for most number of such cancer-related deaths worldwide, is caused mainly by smoking. Around ninety of 100 cases of such lung cancer are actually related to smoking. Around 80 of the 100 women who smoke die of lung cancer each year, making the nicotine addiction one of the leading causes of death in the world.
The risk of having lung cancer is 23 times higher in those smokers as compared to the individuals who don’t smoke at all. You should also know that there are at least 4,000 harmful chemicals and substances in cigarettes and there are those carcinogenic chemicals such as benzene, pesticides, formaldehyde and others. Also, you need to know about the toxic metallic chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium and also such poisonous chemicals like ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide as well as tar. The cigarettes may hasten the process of such total deterioration of the health and would take you slowly but surely to such premature death. Keeping such in mind, it is certainly your responsibility to make an effort to break the nicotine addiction and get a healthy life.
There are different benefits to health that you can get when you would stop smoking. One is that you will have such improvement in your cardiac functioning. The smoking cessation can surely make the heart healthy and also this can help in reducing the risk of heart attack and also stroke. One who has stopped smoking can surely dodge the heart-related problems better than the smoker. If you quit smoking, then a benefit that you can also get is that you can have a better sleep. Smoking may cause various problems with the blood circulation system and this may also disturb the sleep pattern.
According to research, being addicted to nicotine is not less dangerous than heroine addiction. You will still have difficulty in quitting the said habit. It is necessary for you to have the willpower and determination so that you can stop smoking if you got addicted to this for a long time. There are smoking cessation treatments on prescription so that you can successfully stop the smoking habit. You can actually get a prescription medication to stop smoking and such may cut your desire to continue smoking.
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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-8,431,810,917,812,143,000
|
Skip Navigation
AHRQ--Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Advancing Excellence in Health Care
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Research Review - Final – May 29, 2013
Treatment Strategies for Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease
Formats
Archived: This report is greater than 3 years old. Findings may be used for research purposes, but should not be considered current.
People using assistive technology may not be able to fully access information in these files. For additional assistance, please contact us.
Structured Abstract
Objectives
For patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the optimal treatment for cardiovascular protection, symptom relief, preservation of walking and functional status, and prevention of amputation is not known. This review assessed the comparative effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy, medical therapy, exercise, and endovascular and surgical revascularization in PAD patients with intermittent claudication (IC) or critical limb ischemia (CLI).
Data sources
We searched PubMed®, Embase®, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for relevant English-language studies published since January 1995.
Review methods
Two investigators screened each abstract and full-text article for inclusion, abstracted the data, and performed quality ratings and evidence grading. Random-effects models were used to compute summary estimates of effects. A meta-analysis of direct comparisons was supplemented by a mixed-treatment analysis to incorporate data from placebo comparisons, head-to-head comparisons, and multiple treatment arms.
Results
A total of 83 studies contributed evidence. Eleven studies—10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 observational study—evaluated the comparative effectiveness of antiplatelet agents. In asymptomatic PAD patients, there was no difference between aspirin and placebo for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. In patients with IC, one RCT suggests that aspirin may reduce MI and composite vascular events compared with placebo but was inconclusive for other outcomes of interest. Another RCT involving IC patients suggests that clopidogrel is more effective than aspirin for reducing cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal MI, and composite vascular events. Clopidogrel and aspirin appear to be equivalent for prevention of nonfatal stroke, but the confidence interval was wide, making this conclusion less certain. In symptomatic (92% IC) and asymptomatic (8%) PAD patients, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)—clopidogrel plus aspirin—had no impact on composite or individual outcomes. Similarly, in IC or CLI patients after unilateral bypass graft, one RCT showed no difference between DAPT and aspirin alone on nonfatal stroke and composite vascular events and was inconclusive for other outcomes. In patients with IC or CLI after an endovascular procedure, one RCT showed no difference between DAPT and aspirin alone in cardiovascular events or mortality at 6 months but was underpowered for those outcomes. Four additional studies assessed other antiplatelet comparisons but were too small to make any meaningful conclusions about effectiveness. Seven RCTs reported different types of bleeding events, and the use of antiplatelet agents was associated with higher rates of minor and moderate bleeding compared with placebo.
Thirty-five studies (27 RCTs, 8 observational) evaluated the comparative effectiveness of cilostazol, pentoxifylline, exercise therapy, endovascular revascularization, or surgical revascularization in IC patients, with the majority of the studies comparing one intervention with either placebo or one other intervention. In order to place all treatments in a common framework for comparison, we created a network meta-analysis. Although the data were still too sparse to definitively conclude which treatment is most effective, we were able to depict relative effect sizes and identify which treatments are clearly superior to placebo for which outcomes. No specific treatment had a statistically significant effect on all-cause mortality (12 RCTs). Exercise training improved maximal walking distance (16 RCTs), and exercise training and endovascular intervention improved initial claudication distance (12 RCTs) compared with usual care. Quality-of-life scores (10 RCTs) showed a significant improvement from cilostazol, exercise training, endovascular intervention, and surgical intervention compared with usual care. Seventeen RCTs reported safety concerns. Cilostazol was associated with higher rates of headache, dizziness, and diarrhea, while endovascular interventions were associated with more transfusions, arterial dissections/perforations, and hematomas compared with the usual care groups.
Twenty-three studies (1 RCT, 22 observational) in CLI patients and 12 studies (2 RCTs, 10 observational) in IC or CLI patients evaluated the comparative effectiveness of endovascular or surgical treatments. Long-term amputation-free survival and all-cause mortality were not different between the two treatments in the CLI population. Primary patency varied, but secondary patency rates appeared to favor endovascular interventions in the CLI population. In four observational studies comparing endovascular interventions with usual care, there was insufficient evidence on the comparative effect for all clinical outcomes. In observational studies of the IC-CLI population, there were fewer periprocedural complications from endovascular interventions, while RCTs showed lower rates in the surgical intervention arm.
Conclusions
From a limited number of studies, it appears that aspirin has no benefit over placebo in the asymptomatic PAD patient; clopidogrel monotherapy is more beneficial than aspirin in the IC patient; and DAPT is not significantly better than aspirin at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with IC or CLI. For IC patients, exercise therapy, cilostazol, and endovascular intervention all had an effect on improving functional status and quality of life; the impact of these therapies on cardiovascular events and mortality is uncertain. The comparisons of endovascular and surgical revascularization in CLI are primarily from observational studies, and the heterogeneity of the results makes conclusions for all clinical outcomes less certain. Several advances in care in both medical therapy and invasive therapy have not been rigorously tested and thus provide an impetus for further research.
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Children's Hospital Colorado
Pediatric Cardiac MRI, CT Scan Tests and 3D Heart Models
We are one of the largest programs in the country treating patients with heart problems from before birth through adulthood, with exceptional outcomes.
Best Children's Hospital by U.S. News & World Report Cardiology 2021-2 Badge
Doctors use tests called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans to diagnose possible heart problems and to monitor children who have been diagnosed with heart conditions. Images from these tests help doctors understand the health of your child’s heart and plan possible interventions and treatments.
Cardiac MRI
A cardiac MRI is a test that uses a large magnet to produce signals from the atoms within the body, and then collects and magnifies these signals into pictures of the body. An MRI can show clear images of the chambers of the heart and large blood vessels.
By using this test, your child's doctor can understand how well the heart is pumping and how blood is flowing through the heart and vessels.
What to expect from a cardiac MRI
Because an MRI can take a few hours to perform, most kids under 8 years old will receive general anesthesia to help them lie still during the test. Nearly all children will have an IV that is used to administer a contrast dye; this helps the doctor to see the heart and blood vessels more clearly.
How long does a cardiac MRI take?
A pediatric cardiac MRI typically takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours to complete. Most families at our Heart Institute can expect the test to take 90 minutes (1.5 hours).
You're welcome to bring an iPod or mp3 player if your child would like to listen to music during the test. If your child’s cardiac MRI takes place at our hospital at Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, South Campus in Highlands Ranch or Briargate in Colorado Springs, kids 8 years and older can watch a movie during the test to help relax and pass the time. We have a collection of movies at these locations, or feel free to bring your child's favorite. (Movies are not currently available at North Campus in Broomfield.)
Learn more about getting an MRI at Children’s Hospital Colorado.
Pediatric CT scans
Your child's doctor could order a pediatric CT scan (also known as a CAT scan) to get more detailed information about your child’s heart than can be seen on a normal X-ray. The CT scan is a painless test that shows detailed images of the internal structures of the heart.
What to expect from a pediatric CT scan
During a cardiac CT scan, an X-ray machine moves around your child's body in a circle to take a picture of each part of their heart. A computer then puts the pictures together to make a three-dimensional (3D) picture of the whole heart.
Some CT scans might require that a dye is administered intravenously to your child to provide contrast for the picture. Your child will need to lie very still during the test for at least 30 minutes, and younger patients sometimes need to be lightly sedated.
Learn why we use special CT scans for kids.
3D heart model printouts
For some patients, the Heart Institute at Children’s Colorado can use the information from a cardiac MRI, CT scan or cardiac catheterization along with three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to build a life-sized model of a patient’s heart. This allows us to understand your child’s heart in ways that were previously not possible.
This technique uses information collected during a CT scan, cardiac MRI or cardiac catheterization to build a virtual model, which is then used to build (or “print”) an exact physical model of your child’s heart. This is only available to patients who have a medical need for these tests.
Benefits of 3D printing the heart
When appropriate, we provide families with a model of your child’s heart to help you understand what the heart or blood vessels look like and what interventions are needed. Printing an exact anatomical model of a patient’s heart also allows us to:
• Understand abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels
• Provide counseling and education to eligible families before surgery
• Plan complex surgeries
• Plan interventions in the cardiac catheterization laboratory
• Educate medical trainees
Learn more about research and innovation at the Heart Institute.
Find locations with MRI and CT services.
Learn about other common heart tests
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We've got 5 definitions »
What does septicemia mean?
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word septicemia.
Princeton's WordNet
1. blood poisoning, septicemia, septicaemia(noun)
invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms from a focus of infection
Wiktionary
1. septicemia(Noun)
A disease caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms, especially bacteria, or their toxins, in the bloodstream, characterised by chills and fever.
2. Origin: New Latin, from septicus + New Latin -emia
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
1. Septicemia
sep-ti-sē′mi-a, n. sepsis, blood-poisoning—also Septicæ′mia.—n. Sep′tic, a substance that promotes the putrefaction of bodies.—adjs. Sep′tic, -al, promoting putrefaction.—adv. Sep′tically.—adj. Septicē′mic.—n. Septic′ity, tendency to promote putrefaction.—adj. Septif′erous, conveying putrid poison. [Formed from Gr. sēptikos, putrefying, haima, blood.]
Numerology
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of septicemia in Chaldean Numerology is: 8
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of septicemia in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1
Images & Illustrations of septicemia
Translations for septicemia
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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First Aid To Treat A Stroke
Overview
Generally defined, a stroke is a type of brain injury that takes place whenever the blood supply to the brain becomes interrupted. This is something that can happen for a few different reasons. Typically, doctors separate strokes into three different cases depending on what the specific cause is:
Generally defined, a stroke is a type of brain injury that takes place whenever the blood supply to the brain becomes interrupted.
Generally defined, a stroke is a type of brain injury that takes place whenever the blood supply to the brain becomes interrupted.
• Hemorrhagic: This is a type of stroke that can be caused by bleeding either in the brain or between the brain and the skull. Whenever this happens, small blood vessels located near the bleeding area begin to spasm, which results in a decreased amount of blood flow.
• Intracerebral: This is when a hemorrhagic stroke occurs within the brain itself, and is most often linked to issues such as advanced age, high blood pressure, heavy alcohol consumption, and drug use.
• Subarachnoid: This is when a stroke occurs between the brain and the skull.
Quick Info
This post on treatment of strokes and circulatory emergencies is for learning purposes only. To learn to manage, recognize and prevent a stroke enrol in a workplace approved first aid and / or CPR course with one of our training providers. Learn the skills to save a life today!
Symptoms
As we know, different areas of the human brain are responsible for different functions, including movement, sight, sensation, and more. Some of the most common symptoms of a stroke include the following:
• Headaches either with or without vomiting
• Confusion/dizziness
• Paralysis/weakness on one side of your body
• Numbness that is sudden and/or severe anywhere on your body
• Any kind of visual disturbance, including loss of vision
• Difficulty walking
• Coordination issues
• Slurred speech/unable to speak
• Suddenly moving eyes toward one direction
• Seizures
• Irregular breathing
• Stupor
• Coma
Some instances with strokes can see them accompanied by TIAs, or transient ischemic attacks. These are essentially brief episodes of symptoms that are stroke-like in nature and can last approximately 5 to 20 minutes without leaving you with any permanent brain damage.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will generally take the time to review your medical history, as well as all of your risk factors in terms of a stroke. Some of the most common risk factors include the following:
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Various types of heart disease
• Family history
You will undergo an examination by your doctor, where he will pay close attention to both your heart and blood pressure. Additionally, he will also conduct a neurological examination in order to check for any changes to your overall brain function.
Prevention
There are many steps that you can take in order to prevent yourself from suffering a stroke. These steps include controlling the following risk factors:
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Arteriosclerosis
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Adopting a healthy lifestyle and taking aspirin on a daily basis
Prognosis
If the blood supply to your brain is restored quickly enough, an individual who suffers a stroke is likely to recover with little to no problem whatsoever. Furthermore, those who suffer from thrombotic strokes can see a reduction in any potential issues thanks to clot-dissolving drug t-PA.
Related Video On A Stroke
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Why stress causes weight gain – and how to beat it
by hellofashion.com /
One major factor in weight gain – particularly around the stomach area – is stress. But why and how do we work to fight it? We've spoken to Callum Melly, one of the UK's leading personal trainers and founder of Body in 8 to get the lowdown...
How does it work?
A natural defence mechanism, stress encourages an influx of adrenaline. This boosts 'fight or flight' hormones, which then causes the body to release cortisol.
Cortisol promotes fat storage, especially visceral fat, which can be extremely detrimental to our health and wellbeing as it surrounds our vital organs and releases fatty acids into the blood system, raising cholesterol and insulin levels.
What's more, our body's natural reaction to combat stress after an increase in cortisol is to eat high fat, sweet and salty foods as they stimulate the brain to release comforting pleasure chemicals that can help to reduce tension.
Your brain then associates this fatty food-induced soothing effect with stress relief so it can become extremely addictive for anyone undergoing chronic stress – leading to weight gain.
How do we fight it?
1. Get active, recommends Callum. "Your body will naturally assume you're fleeing a stressful situation if you get your blood pumping and this will increase circulation and encourage the transportation of cortisol to your kidneys – flushing it out of your system".
2. Kick the caffeine. "If you're feeling stressed, get rid of all caffeine. When you combine stress with caffeine, it can raise cortisol levels more than stress alone and increase the time in which cortisol is active in the body by up to 30 per cent," he says.
3. Get more sleep. "Sleep is vital for reducing cortisol levels and combating stress! The National Sleep Foundation recommends we aim for 7-9 hours of deep sleep a night, as little as 6.5 hours can increase cortisol levels, appetite and weight gain. So sleep more, eat less and feel better too!"
4. Increase your vitamin intake. "A solid multivitamin or breakfast rich in Vitamin B, C, D, calcium and magnesium can reduce cortisol levels and food cravins," says Callum.
"Foods that are rich in these vitamins are also usually high in essential macronutrients such as protein, fats and carbohydrates which will promote a lean and healthy body when eaten as part of a balanced diet."
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389,755,939,867,026,400
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Blocking CD13 in combination with a toll like receptor agonist increases the efficacy of cancer vaccine adjuvants
Identification: 3012
Description
Blocking CD13 in combination with a toll like receptor agonist increases the efficacy of cancer vaccine adjuvants
Veneta Qendro, Mallika Ghosh, Linda H. Shapiro*
University of Connecticut Medical School
*L.H Shapiro
Vaccines have been extraordinarily successful in the fight against human disease by exploiting the immune system to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells or pathogenic organisms. Similarly, recent advances in cancer biology have led to the development of two FDA approved anti-cancer vaccines for cervical and prostate cancer. Despite the progress that these vaccines represent, the components of these vaccines are often poorly immunogenic. Therefore, developing effective cancer vaccine adjuvants has become a major research focus. MPLA (monophosphorylated lipid A) is a synthetic analog of LPS that vigorously activates the adaptive immune response without triggering the inherent LPS inflammatory properties. Using the TRIF-biased, less inflammatory signal transduction pathway, MPLA leads to increased antigen-targeted cytotoxic T cell responses. As such, MPLA has recently been approved by FDA as a component of the HPV-driven (Human Papilloma Virus) cervical cancer vaccine Cervarix. CD13 is a multifunctional cell surface peptidase, constitutively expressed on all lineages of myeloid cells that regulates receptor mediated endocytosis and endosomal trafficking. We have previously shown that lack of CD13 increases tumor antigen uptake and presentation, resulting in enhanced activation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. Mechanistically, we have found that lack or blocking of CD13 increases TLR4 endocytosis towards the same MPLA-triggered, less inflammatory endocytic pathway, resulting in reduced deleterious inflammatory responses and enhanced T cell killing. Taken together, these facts lead to the intriguing possibility that blocking CD13 in conjunction with MPLA administration may prove to be a superior adjuvant to MPLA alone. Therefore, we hypothesize that CD13 blocking monoclonal antibodies in combination with MPLA will act as dual-action adjuvants and promote TLR4 endocytosis, thus amplification of vaccine efficacy and specificity.
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Bone Grafting
This procedure creates healthy new bone in your jaw. It fills an area of lost bone, or it makes a weak part of your jaw stronger. It's also used to create a solid base for dental implants.
Preparation
To start the procedure, you're given medicine to make you feel relaxed and numb. You may be put to sleep. Now, we make an incision in your gum to get to the part of your jaw bone that needs grafting. We may need to reshape the area to make it ready for the graft.
Graft options
There are several types of graft material. We could make your graft from a piece of healthy bone taken from another part of your body. Bone from the back of your jaw, your hip, your chin, or some other area can be used. We could get bone from another donor. Or, we could use a synthetic bone material. We'll use the graft that's right for you.
Placing the Graft
We place the graft in your jaw and cover it with a protective membrane. It may be a membrane that your body can absorb. Or, you may need to come back to have it taken out after your jaw has healed.
End of procedure
After your graft, you'll be watched for a short time, then you can go home. Follow all of your care instructions as your jaw heals. In the following weeks, new bone will grow. And the graft will bond securely to your jaw.
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Managing Infant Torticollis Through A Pediatric Chiropractor
Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a medical condition occurring in infants that causes the neck to lock up, often while twisted to one side. This can be very uncomfortable for your baby and lead to many sleepless nights for you and your family, and if left untreated, it can cause permanent damage to the nerves and spine. In most cases, doctors can only offer the choice of limited pain management or spinal surgery to resolve torticollis in infants, but chiropractic therapy may be able to provide more beneficial and less invasive care. Read on to learn how a pediatric chiropractor can help correct your infant's torticollis or even prevent it in the first place.
Preventing the Development of Torticollis
Children who experience a difficult birth or are awkwardly positioned in the womb are more prone to congenital torticollis than others. If you suspect that your newborn may be at risk for torticollis, an infant chiropractor may be able to prevent the problem before it begins through delicate spinal adjustments and muscle massages. Improving flexibility in a single muscle, the sternocleidomastoid in your baby's neck, can nip wry neck in the bud and spare your baby many painful and sleepless nights.
Adjusting Your Child's Spine
If your infant has already contracted torticollis, visit his or her doctor first for a medical diagnosis. Some forms of torticollis indicate an underlying issue that could only be made worse through chiropractic therapy. The most common types of wry neck, however, tend to respond well to chiropractic care and are safe when performed by a trained pediatric specialist. The minor adjustments used in treating torticollis will gradually open up your baby's range of motion and encourage muscle growth while the torticollis heals.
Improving Your Baby's Comfort
Besides speeding up your baby's recovery in a safe and supervised environment, this chiropractic therapy can also relieve some of the soreness and discomfort of torticollis, soothing your baby further with each new appointment. If you feel like you haven't slept in weeks since your baby's diagnosis, your child's chiropractor may be able to encourage more restful nights and fewer frustrating days.
Correcting Plagiocephaly
Plagiocephaly is a common side-effect of torticollis that develops when a baby is unable to rest its head in different positions. Eventually, the soft skull settles into a flat spot, which can be unsightly and unsettling for you as a parent. Plagiocephaly usually goes away naturally once the torticollis is resolved, but doctors sometimes recommend that your baby wear a helmet to help train the skull back into place and protect it from trauma. Your chiropractor can help massage your baby's skull back into its proper shape over the course of several exams, reducing the time needed to heal significantly in the process. Torticollis may be inconvenient and stressful, but the services of a good pediatric chiropractor can make the recovery process as quick and painless as possible for both you and your infant. Contact your local chiropractor, like those at Vanderloo Chiropractic or a similar location, for more information.
Share
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Question: How often should you weigh yourself to lose weight?
If youre wanting to lose weight, then you might need to weigh yourself daily. One 12-month study found that adults who weighed themselves daily were successful in losing weight.
Is it bad to weigh yourself daily?
Weighing yourself every day can help increase your awareness of your weight and weight-related behaviors. It may help you lose more weight and prevent you from gaining that weight back in the long-term. Daily self-weighing may just be that extra motivation you need to achieve your weight goals.
Is it OK to weigh yourself once a month?
It might help with anxiety surrounding the scale, but weighing yourself only once a month or even once a week isnt ideal. Instead, Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, a board-certified family and obesity physician with RP Health, encourages patients to look at weekly averages to stave off weight-related anxiety.
Is it OK to check weight everyday?
Weighing daily may be distressing if you dont see the scale change, or have a negative impact on motivation. Several factors can affect anxiety and motivation. Different scales can yield different results at different times of day, which is why experts recommend using the same scale at the same time.
When should you see your weight loss?
To get the best results:Weigh yourself at the same time every day (morning is best, after using the restroom).Use a quality weighing device thats set up properly.Only use one scale.Weigh yourself naked or wear the same thing for every weight measurement.19 Aug 2019
Should I weigh myself after I poop?
Depending how much you go, that visit to the ladies room can add up to half a pound a day—hence the reason you feel so much lighter after you poop. If youre more likely to go after breakfast, weigh yourself first so your meal doesnt add extra pounds to the scale. Either way works as long as youre consistent.
Why do I weigh more but look thinner?
The difference is that muscle is more compact than fat, which means that it takes up less space. However, the same mass of muscle weighs more than the same mass of fat, which may explain why you appear thinner but weigh more.
Why dont I weigh less after I poop?
While you might feel lighter after pooping, youre not actually losing much weight. Whats more, when you lose weight while pooping, youre not losing the weight that really matters. To lose disease-causing body fat, you need to burn more calories than you consume. You can do this by exercising more and eating less.
How much weight do you lose overnight?
Overnight, you might observe that you lose between one to three pounds. This weight loss could be due to the water you lose through sweating and urination; and carbon loss.
What is the heaviest poop ever?
The longest poop ever recorded was 26 feet. In 1995, a woman in Ann Arbor, Michigan worked in conjunction with nutritionists to eat a super-fiber-rich diet to set a world record for the longest single excrement ever recorded. She successfully sh*t a 26-foot continuous log — the exact length of her colon.
Why am I not losing weight but look slimmer?
Its possible to get thinner without actually seeing a change in your weight. This happens when you lose body fat while gaining muscle. Your weight may stay the same, even as you lose inches, a sign that youre moving in the right direction. Another reason scale weight isnt so reliable is that it changes all the time.
Do you poop out fat when losing weight?
When you lose weight, where does it go? Turns out, most of it is exhaled. In a new study, scientists explain the fate of fat in a human body, and through precise calculations, debunk some common misconceptions.
Can you lose 2 lbs overnight?
Keith Ayoob of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York said it was possible to lose two pounds overnight, but added: It wont be fat. Itll be mostly water. Because theres no how, no way youre going to lose two pounds of body fat overnight.
Why do I weigh more after I poop?
If you were to weigh yourself before and after pooping, the weight change on the scale would reflect the weight of the stool, which also contains protein, undigested fat, bacteria, and undigested food residues. Of course (and unfortunately), this doesnt mean youve lost weight.
Why am I gaining weight while dieting and exercising?
A new exercise regimen puts stress on your muscle fibers. This causes small micro tears, also known as micro trauma, and some inflammation. Those two conditions in your muscle fibers are the reason you may gain some weight.
Does poop weigh a lot?
The average poop weighs around 1/4 pound to 1 pound. Larger people who eat and drink more, or people who have less-regular bowel movements, have heavier poops. It takes an average of 33 hours for food to be processed into poop and pass out of your body.
Are long poops healthy?
How long should a poop take? At most, it should take no more than 10 to 15 minutes to pass stool. People that take longer than this may have constipation, hemorrhoids, or another condition.
Reach out
Find us at the office
Ruebusch- Nedd street no. 4, 92509 George Town, Cayman Islands
Give us a ring
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+85 633 466 265
Mon - Fri, 10:00-22:00
Write us
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There are many types of massage therapy, from classics like Swedish and deep tissue to more exotic styles like shiatsu. Whether you'd like to branch out a bit or have a health condition or injury, choosing a style of massage can be confusing if you're not quite sure what it involves. Here is a list of the most popular types of massage (including some that may be new to you). Moon Flower Massage in Shepherd's Bush London for Acupuncture and Reflexology
Reduced stress. Swedish massages are meant to maximize relaxation—you’ll be on a massage table, in a peaceful environment, with a professional spending an extended time (between 60 – 120 minutes) giving you a massage. The combination of the hands-on attention and the environment should relax you, lowering the level of the stress hormone cortisol in your body. Lowering your stress level offers a surprising number of additional benefits, including reducing or eliminating tension headaches, giving you more energy, and allowing you to get a better night’s sleep.
Swedish massage is the therapeutic massage standard for much of the Western world. Developed in the 1800s by Pehr Henrik Ling, it incorporates a variety of specific massage techniques to treat sore muscles, tension, stress, and poor circulation. Most Western massage modalities have their origins in in this form, and the majority of massage therapists in the West are trained in it before they learn any other massage techniques. Swedish massage is so ubiquitous that in Europe that it is known as classic massage.
If you feel Integrative Reflexology is something you would like to incorporate into a regular health and wellness plan, the Elements Wellness Program™ is the perfect massage therapy membership for you. A flexible monthly membership that provides discounted massage rates, the Elements Wellness Program™ also allows for an Associate Member to make sharing the gift of health as easy as possible.
This modality, like most massage techniques, is meant to build over a period of weeks, and your clients should always leave the session feeling revived, energized, relaxed and supported. If a client feels sick or in pain—or the temperatures overworked their internal systems—they may rethink returning. Remember, your goal as their massage therapist is to help them realize the gentle benefits of receiving ongoing hot stone massages. Mind Calm Massage a Masseuse in London offering Massage
For Pietrunti, an interest in sports massage began as part of his military experience. Serving as a Navy Chief Petty Officer where he was a fitness leader at various naval commands, Pietrunti says, “I began to look into corrective exercise to help my sailors and clients with athletic performance and pain management, but I felt that something was missing.”
I’ve worked in a variety of exciting environments, including the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, the Greece Paralympic Summer Games and on the road with the U.S. National Powerlifting Team. Plus, I have worked with collegiate, ABL and WNBA athletes. Currently, I travel with the WTA (Women’s Tennis Association) as part of the sports science and medicine team. In my private clinic, I specialize in orthopedic massage.
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Reflexologists target reflex points located in the feet and, to a lesser degree, those located in the hands and ears. Pressure points are believed to correspond to particular parts of the body. Thus applying pressure to them has global as well as local effects. The Reflexology Association of America (RAA) notes that there are hundreds of studies that document that the practice has therapeutic effects (http://reflexology-usa.org/reflexology-research). Crystal Palace Spa
Friction strokes work on deeper muscles than the techniques previously described. The friction technique is a pressure stroke and is the deepest that is used in Swedish massage. The massage therapist applies pressure by placing the weight of his or her body on the flat of the hand and the pads of the thumbs, knuckles, fingers, or the back of the forearms, and then releases the pressure slowly and gently. This movement should be a continuous sliding motion or a group of alternating circular motions. Clapham Junction Hairdressers - 0207-018-2830 - Raw Bella Beauty Salon
While hot stone massage is generally considered safe when performed by a trained and licensed massage therapist, it's not right for everyone. Consult your doctor if you have a medical condition, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, varicose veins, migraines, autoimmune disease, decreased pain sensitivity, cancer, autoimmune disease, epilepsy, tumors, or metal implants, or are on medication that thins the blood. We Tried A Thai Massage
Trigger points or stress points may also cause muscle soreness and decreased flexibility. These points are specific spots in muscle and tendons which cause pain when pressed, and which may radiate pain to a larger area. They are not bruises, but are thought by some to be small areas of spasm. Trigger points may be caused by sudden trauma (like falling or being hit), or may develop over time from the stress and strain of heavy physical exertion or from repeated use of a particular muscle. Om Thai Massage a Massage Spa in London offering Thai Massage
Ayurvedic Massage is known as Abhyangam in Sanskrit. According to the Ayurvedic Classics Abhayngam is an important dincharya (Daily Regimen) that is needed for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The massage technique used during Ayurvedic Massage aims to stimulate the lymphatic system. Practitioners claim that benefits of regular Ayurvedic Massage include pain relief, reduction of fatigue, improved immune system, and improved longevity.[36]
In reflexology theory, every organ, valve, muscle, etc. that lies within a zone can be accessed via a point or area on the feet or hands. For example, working between toes 2 and 3, or fingers 2 and 3, the eye point is found. These pathways between pressure points and other parts of the body are thought to be connected via the nervous system, as described above.
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If you feel Integrative Reflexology is something you would like to incorporate into a regular health and wellness plan, the Elements Wellness Program™ is the perfect massage therapy membership for you. A flexible monthly membership that provides discounted massage rates, the Elements Wellness Program™ also allows for an Associate Member to make sharing the gift of health as easy as possible.
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The most obvious effect of reflexology massage is that of stress reduction. The techniques of reflexology include finger or thumb walking--where the reflexologist walks the finger or thumb over different areas of the feet in a set sequence--and massage and kneading of the foot using the whole hand. The experience is generally firm, but gentle, and should never cause discomfort or pain. According to “The Complete Illustrated Guide to Reflexology,” people of any age or sex--the elderly, women, men, teenagers, children and babies--can derive positive benefits from reflexology.”
Hot stone massages originated from Native American practices where stones were warmed on an open fire and applied to aching muscles to ease pain. The modern version of the hot stone massage, however was created by Mary Nelson, who trademarked her massage technique as LaStone Therapy. According to Anitra Brown with TripSavvy.com, though several spas will offer their own version of hot stone massages, the technique is one that should only be practiced by individuals who are trained and certified in the practice. If it is your first time trying hot stone massage therapy, Brown advises that you seek out a LaStone massage therapist as you will know for certain that they are trained and certified in the LaStone technique. Best Thai Massage in London Professional Mobile service - Outcall
Reflexology is an ancient art. The precise date of origination is unknown, but there is evidence that it was a common healing treatment practiced 5,000 years ago in ancient Asian and Middle Eastern cultures. Reflexology is coming back in vogue and is the top alternative medical treatment in Denmark, where it is incorporated into employee health programs (see Reference section).
Though the benefits of hot stone massages have not been researched extensively, it is generally accepted to be a valuable treatment for individuals with anxiety, back pain, depression, insomnia and osteoarthritis. According to massageenvy.com, hot stone therapy can also reduce pain and muscle spasms, chronic stress and muscle tension. This technique, like sports massage, can increase flexibility and allow for easier mobility. It has also been known to relieve pain and tension created by contracted muscles. The heat from the stones not only causes muscles to relax which allows for deeper tissue access, but also expands blood vessels which results in better blood flow. This massage technique is best used on individuals who run a little chilly and those who prefer a lighter touch during a massage. Because the stone’s heat relaxes the muscles so easily, therapists can use a lighter touch while still reaching deeper tissues, making this an ideal treatment for the more sensitive client. Lupus Street Shopping near Pimlico Flats
Massage therapy is also being investigated as an aide to patients with more neuromuscular disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). A Iranian 2013 study published in Clinical Rehabilitation looked at 48 individuals with MS who participated in a five-week massage experiment. They were assigned to one of four groups: massage therapy, exercise therapy, combined massage-exercise therapy and control group.
I have been in practice since 1977, and studied a variety of healing techniques. I practice acupuncture, gentle chiropractic care and nutritional counseling. In my office in Palm Beach Gardens, we also provide hydrocolon therapy, massage, Reiki, and ionic foot baths. I have treated many sports professionals (tennis, platform tennis, golf, football) over the years. My goal is to get patients back to the activities they enjoy as soon as possible. Follow me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drbill53/ ... View Profile May Thai highlights
Manual lymphatic drainage is a technique used to gently work and stimulate the lymphatic system, to assist in reduction of localized swelling. The lymphatic system is a network of slow moving vessels in the body that carries cellular waste toward the heart, to be filtered and removed. Lymph also carries lymphocytes, and other immune system agents. Manual lymphatic drainage claims to improve waste removal and immune function.[47][48][49] Top Chiropractor London Back Pain Relief Chiropractic Treatment
If you feel Integrative Reflexology is something you would like to incorporate into a regular health and wellness plan, the Elements Wellness Program™ is the perfect massage therapy membership for you. A flexible monthly membership that provides discounted massage rates, the Elements Wellness Program™ also allows for an Associate Member to make sharing the gift of health as easy as possible. The Glove Up Gym
According to Robert Noah Calvert, author of The History of Massage, what we now call Swedish massage was never part of Ling’s movement system. Swedish massage, as Calvert asserts, is defined by its system of stroking, kneading, and other bodily manipulations. These he credits to a Dutch practitioner, Johann Georg Mezger, who lived and worked in the late 19th century. As a result, what Americans know as Swedish massage is called “classic massage” throughout most of Europe.
The standard type of massage offered in most clinics, gyms, spas, and wellness centers, Swedish massage is virtually synonymous with massage therapy. Swedish massage is based on the Western concepts of anatomy and physiology, compared to the energy-centric style more common in Asian forms of massage. Using lotion or oil, massage therapists typically begin with broad general strokes and then transition to specific strokes to address problem areas. Business Class | New Insignia | Vauxhall
In South Africa, massage is regulated, but enforcement is poor. The minimum legal requirement to be able to practice as a professional massage therapist is a 2-year diploma in Therapeutic Massage and registration with The Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA). The 2 year qualification includes 240 credits, about 80 case studies, and about 100 hours community service. Relaxing Muscle Massage Reduces Stress For Legs-Magical Massage Therapy Techniques #52.
The NCCIH adds that massage therapy may also be potentially harmful to women who are pregnant. Even though research has found that it offers this demographic some positive effects, such as decreased depression and anxiety and reduced leg and back pain, it is still important to obtain approval from her healthcare provider first to ensure that she can receive a safe sports massage. Sports Massage Training - Raynor Massage - Testimonials
Medical Massage is a controversial term in the massage profession.[50] Many use it to describe a specific technique. Others use it to describe a general category of massage and many methods such as deep tissue massage, myofascial release and triggerpoint therapy as well as osteopathic techniques, cranial-sacral techniques and many more can be used to work with various medical conditions.[51] Battersea Dogs & Cats Home - our canine stars
Hot stone massage therapy, with or without prana and chakras, offers something extra not available with other massage methods. The warmth supplied by the heated stones helps release all of your tensions and literally gives you a deep down warm feeling in general. Now that you know how a hot stone massage is done, don’t hesitate; the hot stones are waiting. Traditional Thai Massage ???? Thai Healing Service ???? 4
When you are looking for massage therapy, be sure to check which type of massage a practitioner can provide. Match that with the benefits you hope to get from the massage session. You may want to chat with several different practitioners to find the one who understands your needs and is used to working with people with similar goals. Be sure also to discuss any allergies, such as to scents or plant oils, so your massage will be relaxing and beneficial without that concern. MOBILE MASSAGE LONDON
The most widely recognized and commonly used category of massage is the Swedish massage. The Swedish massage techniques vary from light to vigorous.[63] Swedish massage uses five styles of strokes. The five basic strokes are effleurage (sliding or gliding), petrissage (kneading), tapotement (rhythmic tapping), friction (cross fiber or with the fibers) and vibration/shaking.[64] Swedish massage has shown to be helpful in reducing pain, joint stiffness, and improving function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee over a period of eight weeks.[65] The development of Swedish massage is often inaccurately credited to Per Henrik Ling, though the Dutch practitioner Johann Georg Mezger applied the French terms to name the basic strokes.[66] The term "Swedish" massage is actually only recognized in English and Dutch speaking countries, and in Hungary. Elsewhere the style is referred to as "classic massage".
In New Zealand, massage is unregulated. There are two levels of registration with Massage New Zealand, the professional body for massage therapists within New Zealand, although neither of these levels are government recognised. Registration at the Certified Massage Therapist level denotes competency in the practice of relaxation massage. Registration at the Remedial massage therapist denotes competency in the practice of remedial or orthopedic massage. Both levels of registration are defined by agreed minimum competencies and minimum hours.[105]
The ultimate in relaxation – Hot Stone massage has been used for thousands of years for harmonizing, cleansing and relaxing the body at its deepest level. Volcanic in origin, the basalt lava stones from deep within the earth are rich in minerals and can be heated for use in deep relaxation massage and intensive energy work. They may be placed on specific energy points to help relax and dissolve stress, drawing excess hyper-energy away from over-stimulated areas and bringing new energy to depleted zones. The massage therapist will also hold the stones and use them to massage certain areas of the body bringing relaxation to the whole body.
In the US, licensure is the highest level of regulation and this restricts anyone without a license from practicing massage therapy or by calling themselves that protected title. Certification allows only those who meet certain educational criteria to use the protected title and registration only requires a listing of therapists who apply and meet an educational requirement.[123] It is important to note that a massage therapist may be certified, but not licensed. Licensing requirements vary per state, and often require additional criteria be met in addition to attending an accredited massage therapy school and passing a required state specified exam (basically the certification requirements in many states). In the US, most certifications are locally based. However, as of March 2014, some states still do not require a license or a certification.[citation needed] However, this is thought to change eventually as more regulatory bodies governing the profession of massage are established in each state. Furthermore, some states allow license reciprocity where massage therapists who relocate can relatively easily obtain a license in their new state. Not all states provide this option.[124] Sports Massage with Arnaud Domange - Improving Shoulder Flexibility
A study conducted by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and published in The New York Times, found that volunteers who received a 45-minute Swedish massage experienced significant decreases in levels of the stress hormone cortisol, as well as arginine vasopressin-a hormone that can lead to increases in cortisol. Volunteers also had increases in the number of lymphocytes, white blood cells that are part of the immune system, and a boost in the immune cells that may help fight colds and the flu.
Reflexology has a number of benefits. At its most basic level, it is a soothing experience that is helpful for stress-relief. If the specific reflex points are targeted correctly by a reflexologists, the benefits can be remarkable, including relief from migraines, circulatory and digestive issues, sinus problems and more. In general, any organ of the body with a correlating reflex point can be improved through regular reflexology treatments. Sports Massage VSIC - Lower Back Pain
“Runners put so much effort into training, but very few athletes put effort into taking good care of body that helps them perform,” says Gammal, who recommends incorporating regular massage—even if it’s just a 30-minute session once a month—so as to prevent injuries and the overtraining of muscles. Scheduling mid-training appointments can also reveal places that are tight and places that should be addressed in post-workout stretching. “Massage isn’t a luxury, Gammal says. “It’s an investment.” Massage Therapist Battersea
Recovery. Therapeutic massage helps the body recover from the stresses of strenuous exercise, and facilitates the rebuilding phase of conditioning. The physiological benefits of massage include improved blood and lymph circulation, muscle relaxation, and general relaxation. These, in turn, lead to removal of waste products and better cell nutrition, normalization and greater elasticity of tissues, deactivation of trigger points, and faster healing of injuries. It all adds up to relief from soreness and stiffness, better flexibility, and less potential for future injury.
A traditional Swedish massage involves the whole body. You will begin on either your back or your stomach and flip over at the halfway point. If you have an area of particular concern, such as a tight neck, you can ask your therapist to spend more time in this area. Depending on your preferences, you can ask your massage therapist to use light, medium, or firm pressure. Nails Spa near Battersea Park Road, London
Aquatic bodywork comprises a diverse set of massage and bodywork forms performed in water. This includes land-based forms performed in water (e.g., Aquatic Craniosacral Therapy, Aquatic Myofascial Release Therapy, etc.), as well as forms specific to warm water pools (e.g., Aquatic Integration, Dolphin Dance, Healing Dance, Jahara technique, WaterDance, Watsu).[33]
In short, yes. An athlete’s medical condition and history should not be discussed with anyone except other trainers or coaches. There is nothing the media likes more than to hear a high profile athlete is sick or injured, so those discussions don’t happen outside of closed doors. The athlete is the only person who should be deciding what information they want to share. Relaxing Thai Massage - Poonam Sharma
And you'll see, I am supporting the foot with my thumb on the other side. So, my thumb is moving to, you could actually move down between all of the metatarsal's here. Hook and back up, you're going to be using our thumb and you'll go into a point and then you press down and then you're going to have pull out just a little bit. It can be very deep. So, just be mindful and check in with your person, make sure you're not hurting them.
In its Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, The Official Handbook, updated in August 2000, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) suggests massage therapy can be used successfully in pain management. Some hospitals are including massage therapists in patient care teams to fight pain. Their teams may include a physician, nurses, a nutritionist, a yoga instructor, and a massage therapist. Hospitals are now including massage due to public demand. More research needs to be done to evaluate not only the effectiveness of such teams but to determine which combination of therapies works best for different types of patients and different types of pain. Traditional Thai Massage ???? Thai Healing Service ???? 7
Each type of sports massage uses different massage techniques. Effleurage is a light stroking that can be performed with the palms or the thumbs. The pressure and speed is varied depending on the muscle and the desired result. Effleurage increases blood flow to the muscle. Petrissage is a form of two-handed kneading in which both hands pick up the muscle and compress it. This technique loosens tight bunches of muscles. Percussive strokes are blows or strikes on the muscle, often performed with the little fingers. They are used to tone the muscles. Cupping involves percussing or striking the muscles with cupped hands. It stimulates the skin and causes muscle contractions that help tone the muscles. There are variations on all these strokes, such as deep cross-fiber friction to separate muscle fibers and break down scar tissue, and jostling to relieve muscle tension. A good sports massage therapist will combine techniques to achieve the maximum desired result. Sports massage sessions generally last 30-60 minutes.
When it comes to our feet, these points can be accessed through the soles of our feet was well as the tops. Simplified, there are four main areas of the soles of the feet that correspond to organs relating to the head and neck, spine, chest, and pelvic areas. The left foot corresponds to the left side of the body, and the right foot, the right side of the body. London massage
You can usually choose which type of massage you’d like to receive, and you and your partner can each get a different type of massage depending on your preference and the offerings at the spa. Your partner and you will be on tables side-by-side, and you’ll each have your own massage therapist working on your body. You can talk during the massage if you wish.
People who suffer from the following conditions or disorders should consult a physician before participating in a sports massage: acute infectious disease; aneurysm; heavy bruising; cancer ; hernia; high blood pressure; inflammation due to tissue damage; osteoporosis ; phlebitis ; varicose veins ; and certain skin conditions. Individuals who are intoxicated are not good candidates for sports massage. ?? Vietnamese Girl | Full Body Massage | ASMR no Talking
In regulated provinces massage therapists are known as Registered Massage Therapists, in Canada only four provinces regulate massage therapy:[96] British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick.[97] Regulated provinces have, since 2012, established inter-jurisdiction competency standards.[98][96] Quebec is not provincially regulated. Massage therapists may obtain a certification with one of various associations operating. There is the Professional Association of Specialized Massage Therapists of Quebec, also named Mon Réseau Plus, which represents 6,300 massage therapists (including orthotherapists, naturotherapists and others), the Quebec Federation of massage therapists (FMQ), and the Association québécoise des thérapeutes naturels; however, none of these are regulated by provincial law.
Pumping - The stroking movements in massage suck fluid through blood vessels and lymph vessels. By increasing the pressure in front of the stroke, a vacuum is created behind. This is especially important in tight or damaged muscle tissue as a tight muscle will squeeze blood out like a sponge, depriving the tissues of vital nutrients and energy to repair. Tuina Thai yoga deep tissue ?? sports massage London
Reflexology is one of the most used alternative therapies in Denmark. A national survey from 2005 showed that 21.4% of the Danish population had used reflexology at some point in life and 6.1% had used reflexology within the previous year.[14] A study from Norway showed that 5.6% of the Norwegian population in 2007 had used reflexology within the last 12 months.[15] MY EXPERIENCE AS A MASSAGE THERAPIST | CREEPY STORYTIME
When you are looking for massage therapy, be sure to check which type of massage a practitioner can provide. Match that with the benefits you hope to get from the massage session. You may want to chat with several different practitioners to find the one who understands your needs and is used to working with people with similar goals. Be sure also to discuss any allergies, such as to scents or plant oils, so your massage will be relaxing and beneficial without that concern. MOBILE MASSAGE LONDON
Structural Integration's aim is to unwind the strain patterns in the body's myofascial system, restoring it to its natural balance, alignment, length, and ease. This is accomplished by hands-on manipulation, coupled with movement re-education. There are about 15 schools of Structural Integration as recognized by the International Association of Structural Integration,[60] including the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute (with the brand Rolfing), Hellerwork, Guild for Structural Integration, Aston Patterning,[8] Soma,[61] and Kinesis Myofascial Integration.[62]
We go way above and beyond the typical massage. Our practitioners have years of experience using specialized techniques unique to the art of reflexology. Through proper stimulation of numerous pressure points (in your feet and hands for example), we activate your nervous system, leaving your mind and body in a state of euphoria and profound relaxation. Tim and Yulya wedding ceremony
Recovery. Therapeutic massage helps the body recover from the stresses of strenuous exercise, and facilitates the rebuilding phase of conditioning. The physiological benefits of massage include improved blood and lymph circulation, muscle relaxation, and general relaxation. These, in turn, lead to removal of waste products and better cell nutrition, normalization and greater elasticity of tissues, deactivation of trigger points, and faster healing of injuries. It all adds up to relief from soreness and stiffness, better flexibility, and less potential for future injury. Traditional Thai Massage - Thai Healing Service - Gyurme Tenzing - Spaah
Hot stone massage is a natural therapy in which warmed stones are positioned on parts of the client's body of to maximize the therapeutic benefit. The stones used are typically river rocks or other very smooth-surfaced stones made of basalt. These stones are heated in sanitizing water before use. The high iron content in basalt helps the stones retain heat during the massage. Hot stone massages are beneficial on both physical and psychological levels. Always check with your doctor before getting a hot stone massage; individuals with certain conditions--including pregnant women and people with high blood pressure--are advised to avoid this type of therapy. ASMR Massage London ? Tingle Treatment ? Massage, Tapping, Face Brushing
The hot stone massage is connected to ancient Mayan practices, but it is in India that we find its true beginnings. According to peacefulmind.com, the hot stone massage dates back 5000 years to the Ayurveda, a very old Indian healing tradition. This envisaged an energy called prana, or the "breath of life." Yogis worked with this energy through breathing techniques, exercise, and massage with the aim of healing and increasing longevity. You will still hear therapists use Indian terms such as chakras, the seven energy centers of the body somewhat akin to acupuncture nodes. The yogis also used “tools” from the earth, such as herbs, crystals, flowers and stones. The stones have survived in hot stone massage, as well as the herbs and flowers used in the massage oils.
The use of a hot stone in the actual massage also has advantages. It is much easier for the therapist to adjust the pressure of the massage stroke using a stone instead of just his or her hands. It also enables her to pinpoint more accurately spots that need that little bit of extra work. Last, but not least, it is a massage method which is much less stressful to the joints of the therapist’s hands.
Many types of practices are associated with massage and include bodywork, manual therapy, energy medicine, neural mobilization and breathwork. Other names for massage and related practices include hands-on work, body/somatic therapy, and somatic movement education. Body-mind integration techniques stress self-awareness and movement over physical manipulations by a practitioner. Therapies related to movement awareness/education are closer to dance and movement therapies. Massage can also have connections with the New Age movement and alternative medicine as well as holistice philosophies of preventative medical care, as well as being used by mainstream medical practitioners. The Beauty Haven Beauty Salon London for Facial Treatment and Massage
Career positions in the field of traditional, alternative medicine are expected to increase significantly as people continue to learn the many benefits associated with these natural health specialties. A survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted employment will increase by 24 percent through 2026. While all of the traditional healing arts have differences, the results and goals are similar. Demand for Chinese medicine and alternative medicine are rising, and now is the perfect time to join the program that will direct you toward your rewarding and progressive natural health profession.
Field, T., Diego, M., Cullen, C., Hernandez-Reif, M., Sunshine, W., & Douglas, S. (2002, April). Fibromyalgia pain and substance p decrease and sleep improves after massage therapy [Abstract]. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 8(2), 72-76. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=04000&article=00002&type=abstract London Board of Thai Massage Therapy on Massage Chair
In regulated provinces massage therapists are known as Registered Massage Therapists, in Canada only four provinces regulate massage therapy:[96] British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick.[97] Regulated provinces have, since 2012, established inter-jurisdiction competency standards.[98][96] Quebec is not provincially regulated. Massage therapists may obtain a certification with one of various associations operating. There is the Professional Association of Specialized Massage Therapists of Quebec, also named Mon Réseau Plus, which represents 6,300 massage therapists (including orthotherapists, naturotherapists and others), the Quebec Federation of massage therapists (FMQ), and the Association québécoise des thérapeutes naturels; however, none of these are regulated by provincial law.
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This was a good starter set. 5 of the 6 stones had a matching piece... the last one matched nothing. And one of the stones did have a small imperfection hole in it. I bought supplemental stones elsewhere...but this was a good starter set to get me going. Plus the RubRocks site has long round stones I can't find anywhere else...so I did order these from their site as well. Thai yoga sports deep tissue massage London
Find the right massage therapist. Look for a therapist who specifically identifies the massage type you’re interested in as part of their practice and background. If necessary, look for someone trained to treat a particular condition, such as sports injuries, fibromyalgia, arthritis, or pregnancy. Also check if the therapist is licensed or certified according to state requirements.
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In Swedish massage, the person to be massaged lies on a massage table and is draped with a towel or sheet. It is a full-body massage treatment, except in areas that are contraindicated or where the client requests not to be touched. Aromatic or unscented oil or lotion is used to facilitate the massage movements. Each session usually lasts 30-60 minutes. Depending on the client's preferences, a massage session may involve the use of several or all of the following basic techniques: effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration, and tapotement. What's the difference between a Sports Massage and a Deep Tissue Massage
Copyright 2019, Zeel Networks, Inc., 45 West 45th Street, 16nd Floor, New York, NY 10036. ZEEL®, Z®, ZEEL SPA®, ZEEL CONCIERGE®, BLOCK PROJECT®, MASSAGE ZEELOT®, MASSAGE ON DEMAND®, WE "HEART" MASSAGE®, THE MASSAGE EXPERTS®, RELIEVING THE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIFE®, WE'VE GOT YOUR BACK®, and THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN MASSAGE® are trademarks of Zeel Networks, Inc. Zeelously Made in NYC. The contents of the Zeel web site are for informational purposes only. None of the information on the site should be construed or used as professional medical advice or consultation. Please read our terms of use for more information. Traditional Thai Massage ????Thai Healing Service ???? 3
Massage used in the medical field includes decongestive therapy used for lymphedema[10] which can be used in conjunction with the treatment of breast cancer. Light massage is also used in pain management and palliative care. Carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. It, like the valsalva maneuver, is a therapy for SVT.[52] However, it is less effective than management of SVT with medications.[53] Thai Massage London: Looking For A Special Promotion? Book Today
Friction strokes work on deeper muscles than the techniques previously described. The friction technique is a pressure stroke and is the deepest that is used in Swedish massage. The massage therapist applies pressure by placing the weight of his or her body on the flat of the hand and the pads of the thumbs, knuckles, fingers, or the back of the forearms, and then releases the pressure slowly and gently. This movement should be a continuous sliding motion or a group of alternating circular motions.
A traditional Swedish massage involves the whole body. You will begin on either your back or your stomach and flip over at the halfway point. If you have an area of particular concern, such as a tight neck, you can ask your therapist to spend more time in this area. Depending on your preferences, you can ask your massage therapist to use light, medium, or firm pressure. Nails Spa near Battersea Park Road, London
Hot stone massage is often offered in a spa setting. It also has application in the wellness clinic. It has been touted for a number of health benefits. The stones can relax muscles to the point that the client can enjoy the benefits of deep tissue massage without as much pressure. Heated stones may also enhance circulation. Massage Today, one of the industry’s premier magazines, has published a number of articles about stone massage; a therapist can explore their application in everything from prenatal care to oncology (http://www.massagemag.com/articles/stone-massage/).
Find or purchase stones. Stones used in this treatment are typically made of basalt, due to their ability to retain heat. The stones should also be very smooth, so they do not irritate the skin in any way. If you can't find basalt stones, however, smooth river rocks are fine.You can order a hot stone massage kit online from Amazon or eBay. Do not want buy your stones from a rock quarry unless you are able to choose each stone individually. ASMR Deep Tissue Full Body Massage By Mohammed Javed (Shantanu) Part-1
Swedish massage therapy is the modality that comes to mind when most people think about massage. As the best-known type of bodywork performed today, one of the primary goals of the Swedish massage technique is to relax the entire body. This is accomplished by rubbing the muscles with long gliding strokes in the direction of blood returning to the heart. But Swedish massage therapy goes beyond relaxation. Swedish massage is exceptionally beneficial for increasing the level of oxygen in the blood, decreasing muscle toxins, improving circulation and flexibility while easing tension. Skeamer x Skore Beezy | Better Place (Clapham Junction) [Music Video]: SBTV
Aquatic bodywork comprises a diverse set of massage and bodywork forms performed in water. This includes land-based forms performed in water (e.g., Aquatic Craniosacral Therapy, Aquatic Myofascial Release Therapy, etc.), as well as forms specific to warm water pools (e.g., Aquatic Integration, Dolphin Dance, Healing Dance, Jahara technique, WaterDance, Watsu).[33]
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While all types of massage can help relieve pain caused by tense muscles, stiff joints or injuries, a hot stone massage may provide greater relief due to the intense nature of the massage. Because the hot stones allow the massage therapist to penetrate deeper, you may find that a hot stone massage leaves you feeling physically better than a Swedish or deep-tissue massage that does not incorporate heat. It is important to let your massage therapist know if you feel that the heat from the stones is too much or that the pressure he is using is too harsh. Pain or discomfort during the massage process can cause more harm than good after the massage is over. Sports Massage of the Forearm - featuring Phil Boland and Dylan Alcott
In Thailand, Thai massage is officially listed as one of the branches of traditional Thai medicine, recognized and regulated by the government. It is considered to be a medical discipline in its own right and is used for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments and conditions. Massage schools, centers, therapists, and practitioners are increasingly regulated by the Ministries of Education and Public Health in Thailand.[107][108] Improving Hip Extension with Sports Massage featuring Arnaud Domange
This was a good starter set. 5 of the 6 stones had a matching piece... the last one matched nothing. And one of the stones did have a small imperfection hole in it. I bought supplemental stones elsewhere...but this was a good starter set to get me going. Plus the RubRocks site has long round stones I can't find anywhere else...so I did order these from their site as well. $39 Massage Vs. $490 Massage
To heat the stones, use a Crock-Pot that can hold at least 6 quarts of water or a large tabletop skillet that has sides close to 3 inches (7.6 cm). Note that Crock-Pots and similar kitchen equipment heat on a cycled basis, which means that the temperature can vary and must be monitored closely. It is better i f you can find something with an actual temperature setting, instead of low-medium-high First Time Getting a THAI MASSAGE! (Beauty Trippin)
Swedish and deep tissue massages are very similar. The primary difference is the level of pressure involved. If you’re looking for relaxation and relief from tense, tight muscles, Swedish massage is probably right for you. If you’re recovering from an injury, deep tissue massage can be a helpful part of your treatment plan. Feel free to ask questions before you book a massage and to communicate feedback to your therapist during a massage. Perfect Masage - Sen Thai Massage Penge London
While there is certainly carryover between who can benefit from each type of massage, the deep tissue massage may be better suited for people who are experiencing a specific injury or who have chronic, nagging pain in a particular area. Athletes or individuals in the midst of training for a more intense event may also find this technique particularly helpful. STUNNING - Beautiful Pretty Thai Girls get dolled up for a Thai wedding in Wandsworth , London
Increased blood flow. Your Swedish Massage Therapist should use effleurage – a long, stroking motion in the direction of blood flow towards the heart – in order to open up your blood vessels and increase your blood flow. Increased blood flow means that your muscles are getting more nutrients and oxygen and that your body is removing toxins more efficiently.
Massage has been shown to reduce neuromuscular excitability by measuring changes in the Hoffman's reflex (H-reflex) amplitude.[90] A decrease in peak-to-peak H-reflex amplitude suggests a decrease in motoneuron excitability.[91] Others explain, "H-reflex is considered to be the electrical analogue of the stretch reflex...and the reduction" is due to a decrease in spinal reflex excitability.[92] Field (2007) confirms that the inhibitory effects are due to deep tissue receptors and not superficial cutaneous receptors, as there was no decrease in H-reflex when looking at light fingertip pressure massage.[93] It has been noted that "the receptors activated during massage are specific to the muscle being massaged", as other muscles did not produce a decrease in H-reflex amplitude.[91] Shoulder & Neck Pain Massage Trick
I have been a licensed massage therapist for over 10 years with my ultimate goal being to help others mentally and physically. I am the daughter of a Physical Therapist after all! hehe Extensive experience working on individuals struggling with depression and/or addiction and they hold a special place in my heart. I am very easy going and non-judgmental, my table is available to those who need to ease up and disconnect. Massages are incredibly beneficial as research proved it could significantly increase one's well-being over time. Booking a session will come with complimentary aromatherapy to open your senses and promote relaxat ... View Profile
ruen spa
The ultimate in relaxation – Hot Stone massage has been used for thousands of years for harmonizing, cleansing and relaxing the body at its deepest level. Volcanic in origin, the basalt lava stones from deep within the earth are rich in minerals and can be heated for use in deep relaxation massage and intensive energy work. They may be placed on specific energy points to help relax and dissolve stress, drawing excess hyper-energy away from over-stimulated areas and bringing new energy to depleted zones. The massage therapist will also hold the stones and use them to massage certain areas of the body bringing relaxation to the whole body. London School of Sports Massage
Sometimes confused with pressure point massage,[10] this involves deactivating trigger points that may cause local pain or refer pain and other sensations, such as headaches, in other parts of the body. Manual pressure, vibration, injection, or other treatment is applied to these points to relieve myofascial pain. Trigger points were first discovered and mapped by Janet G. Travell (President Kennedy's physician) and David Simons. Trigger points have been photomicrographed and measured electrically[71] and in 2007 a paper was presented showing images of Trigger Points using MRI.[72] These points relate to dysfunction in the myoneural junction, also called neuromuscular junction (NMJ), in muscle, and therefore this technique is different from reflexology, acupressure and pressure point massage. NEWS | Romelu Lukaku rejected Everton and wanted to join Chelsea - not MU - after a voodoo massage
People respond in different ways to a massage so if you have the luxury to try one at different times in your training then determine what is right for you. However, the majority of people will tend to favor the post-race/post-long workout time more. Both are beneficial but the pre-race massage will stimulate your muscles whereas the post-race massage is more of a cool-down/recovery massage. Pimlico Road Farmers' Market
If you are looking to truly change your body and dramatically improve your overall health you will want to try our ionic detox foot baths. The detox foot bath is not only the perfect way to relax after a reflexology session but they literally draw negative even poisonous energy out of your body. This natural process of detoxification among other things will increase your energy, improve metabolism, and invigorate your immune system.
According to Robert Noah Calvert, author of The History of Massage, what we now call Swedish massage was never part of Ling’s movement system. Swedish massage, as Calvert asserts, is defined by its system of stroking, kneading, and other bodily manipulations. These he credits to a Dutch practitioner, Johann Georg Mezger, who lived and worked in the late 19th century. As a result, what Americans know as Swedish massage is called “classic massage” throughout most of Europe. Lavender + Mint Massage Cream
In the US, licensure is the highest level of regulation and this restricts anyone without a license from practicing massage therapy or by calling themselves that protected title. Certification allows only those who meet certain educational criteria to use the protected title and registration only requires a listing of therapists who apply and meet an educational requirement.[123] It is important to note that a massage therapist may be certified, but not licensed. Licensing requirements vary per state, and often require additional criteria be met in addition to attending an accredited massage therapy school and passing a required state specified exam (basically the certification requirements in many states). In the US, most certifications are locally based. However, as of March 2014, some states still do not require a license or a certification.[citation needed] However, this is thought to change eventually as more regulatory bodies governing the profession of massage are established in each state. Furthermore, some states allow license reciprocity where massage therapists who relocate can relatively easily obtain a license in their new state. Not all states provide this option.[124] Thai massage London
For the past 20 years, our medical director, Dr. Justin Newman, has been innovating both an outstanding holistic approach and methods, which have distinguished our clinic as a premier healing center in Miami. The Banyan Holistic is truly an oasis, a boutique-style holistic clinic, that offers a full range of holistic services. A team of licensed, expert professionals provides a coordinated experience designed to help you reach your goals, while simultaneously paving the way for your future growth, wellbeing, and fulfillment. ... View Profile Sports Massage for the Calf Muscles
Typically, a massage therapist allows the heated stones to rest on trigger points in your body before beginning the actual massage. As the heat from the stones penetrates into your deeper body tissues, your blood vessels open, resulting in improved circulation. Poor circulation can lead to fatigue, which tenses the muscles, and a buildup of fluid and lactic acid in the muscles. Increased circulation delivers more oxygen to the muscles, which can help ease aches and pains.
Alhough he was a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) through the National Strength and Conditioning Association at the time, Pietrunti says that he ultimately decided to pursue licensure in massage therapy as well. This provided that missing link while also being “a good way to ‘bridge the gap’ and provide a better service to my clients,” he says. Healing Therapy Massage - Relaxing Muscle to Relieving Stress Natural Massage Therapy Techniques #58
Inter- and intra-event massage is given between events or in time-outs to help athletes recover from the preceding activity, and prepare for the activity coming up. It is also short, and focuses on the major muscles stressed in the activity. Inter- and intra-event massage is given between events or in time-outs to help athletes recover from the preceding activity, and prepare for the activity coming up. It is also short, and focuses on the major muscles stressed in the activity. STUNNING - Beautiful Pretty Thai Girls get dolled up for a Thai wedding in Wandsworth , London
The use of a hot stone in the actual massage also has advantages. It is much easier for the therapist to adjust the pressure of the massage stroke using a stone instead of just his or her hands. It also enables her to pinpoint more accurately spots that need that little bit of extra work. Last, but not least, it is a massage method which is much less stressful to the joints of the therapist’s hands. Seated onsite tuina deep tissue Thai yoga sports massage London
Reflexologists believe that that illness is caused by blockages in the meridians or energy channels. These blockages inhibit the flow of life enhancing energy, also known as ‘chi,’ causing the accumulation of negative energy, resulting in pain or disease. There are over 7,000 nerve endings in the feet, and these are connected to the whole body through the central nervous system, to the whole body. Massage of the feet, and therefore these nerve endings, stimulates the body, promoting self-healing. Says Ali Headeach, reflexologist from Margate, United Kingdomg, “The massage is designed to restore the delicate balance between the different body systems and functions, and when this happens harmony is restored. As a consequence of this, and because reflexology is so relaxing, it is also very effective in pain relief, as tension is taken out of the body and stress reduced, so pain is also reduced.” First Time Getting a THAI MASSAGE! (Beauty Trippin)
For Pietrunti, an interest in sports massage began as part of his military experience. Serving as a Navy Chief Petty Officer where he was a fitness leader at various naval commands, Pietrunti says, “I began to look into corrective exercise to help my sailors and clients with athletic performance and pain management, but I felt that something was missing.” THE BEST SPA EVER!
For me, the opportunity to work with individuals who have such an awareness of their bodies is exceptional. You and the athlete are a team. Locating an area of dysfunction, aiding in the relief or facilitating improvement in the area, then watching the athlete go out and perform well is uplifting. The environment is charged. What’s more, learning from health care professionals while teaching them how massage fits into overall health and wellness is just plain awesome! Traditional Thai Massage ???? Thai Healing Service ???? 4
Alhough he was a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) through the National Strength and Conditioning Association at the time, Pietrunti says that he ultimately decided to pursue licensure in massage therapy as well. This provided that missing link while also being “a good way to ‘bridge the gap’ and provide a better service to my clients,” he says.
There are myriad circumstances where hot stone massage makes sense. If you have a client who has a sprain, strain or acute bursitis, for example, stone massage can help alleviate the pain associated with these conditions. Someone dealing with a sports injury, like tennis elbow, might also benefit. Common ailments, such as headache and bruises, might also be helped.
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Many different movements and techniques are used in sports massage. Examples of these techniques include; Swedish style massage, effleurage (stroking), petrissage (kneading), compression, friction, tapotement (rhythmic striking), vibration, gliding, stretching, percussion, and trigger points. These movements and techniques are used to try to help the athlete's body achieve maximum performance and physical conditioning with a decreased chance of injury or pain and a quicker recovery. Thai Massage ASMR
Hot stone massage is often offered in a spa setting. It also has application in the wellness clinic. It has been touted for a number of health benefits. The stones can relax muscles to the point that the client can enjoy the benefits of deep tissue massage without as much pressure. Heated stones may also enhance circulation. Massage Today, one of the industry’s premier magazines, has published a number of articles about stone massage; a therapist can explore their application in everything from prenatal care to oncology (http://www.massagemag.com/articles/stone-massage/). Thai Massage Nine Lucksa in London
You can usually choose which type of massage you’d like to receive, and you and your partner can each get a different type of massage depending on your preference and the offerings at the spa. Your partner and you will be on tables side-by-side, and you’ll each have your own massage therapist working on your body. You can talk during the massage if you wish.
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Health Library Explorer
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A-Z Listings Contact Us
Biofeedback for Cancer
What is biofeedback?
Biofeedback is a technique used to train your mind to control the way your body works. It uses devices that guide people to consciously regulate body processes that normally are automatic. The National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine groups biofeedback with other relaxation techniques or body-mind therapies, such as hypnosis, meditation, and prayer.
Can biofeedback help people with cancer?
Biofeedback has been shown to help people reduce the severity and occurrence of headaches, insomnia, and chronic pain. But it has not been found to affect cancer cells.
How does biofeedback work?
During biofeedback, a person is monitored with electrodes that are connected to electronic equipment in place to measure breathing (or respiratory rate), perspiration, skin temperature, blood pressure, and heartbeat. The results are displayed on a computer screen. Specific procedures or devices are used to measure each body change, including:
• Electromyogram. This measures muscle tension.
• Electrodermal activity. This measures changes in perspiration rate.
• Finger pulse devices. These can measure blood pressure, oxygen level, or heart rate.
Once the electronic devices record these body signals, a biofeedback technician may recommend physical and mental exercises designed to teach you how to relax and change the functions being measured. Biofeedback technicians are trained and nationally certified.
Are there any possible problems or complications linked to biofeedback?
There are no known side effects of this therapy.
Biofeedback, as an addition to your cancer treatment plan, has the potential to be pleasant and productive, improving quality of life. But it should not replace the care and treatment from your cancer care team. Always talk with your healthcare provider for more information.
Online Medical Reviewer: LoCicero, Richard, MD
Online Medical Reviewer: Sather, Rita, RN
Online Medical Reviewer: Ziegler, Olivia, MS, PA
Date Last Reviewed: 6/1/2018
© 2000-2020 The StayWell Company, LLC. 800 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.
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Interconnected cavities dubbed ventricles (ven"tri-klz) are located within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem (fig. 11.3 and reference bowl 53 and also 54). These spaces are continuous with the main canal that the spinal cord and also are filled through cerebrospinal fluid.
You are watching: What is the name of the specialized capillaries that secrete cerebrospinal fluid?
The largest ventricles room the lateral ventricles, which space the very first and 2nd ventricles (the very first ventricle in the left cerebral hemisphere and also the 2nd ventricle in the appropriate cerebral hemisphere). They prolong into the cerebral hemispheres and also occupy portions of the frontal, temporal, and also occipital lobes.
A narrow room that constitutes the 3rd ventricle is located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum, i beg your pardon is a bridge of axons that web links the two parts of the cerebrum. This ventricle communicates through the lateral ventricles through openings (interventricular foramina) in the anterior end.
Intraventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricle
Lateral ventricle
Intraventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct
*
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
To main canal the spinal cord
Figure 11.3
(a) Anterior view of the ventricles in ~ the cerebral hemispheres and mind stem. (b) Lateral view.
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
To main canal the spinal cord
Figure 11.3
(a) Anterior view of the ventricles in ~ the cerebral hemispheres and mind stem. (b) Lateral view.
The 4th ventricle is located in the mind stem just in prior of the cerebellum. A small canal, the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius), connects it to the 3rd ventricle and also passes lengthwise with the mind stem. This ventricle is continuous with the main canal of the spinal cord and has openings in that is roof that lead into the subarachnoid an are of the meninges.
Tiny, reddish cauliflowerlike masses of devoted capillaries from the pia mater, referred to as choroid plexuses, (ko"roid plek"sus-ez) secrete cerebrospinal fluid. These structures project into the cavities of the ventricles (fig. 11.4). A solitary layer of dedicated ependymal cells (see chapter 10, p. 372) joined closely by tight junctions consist of the choroid plexuses. In much the same way that astrocytes carry out a barrier between the blood and also the brain interstitial fluid (blood-brain barrier), this cells block passage of water-soluble substances between the blood and also the cerebrospinal fluid. In ~ the exact same time, the cell selectively transfer particular substances indigenous the blood right into the cerebrospinal liquid by promoted diffusion and also transfer various other substances by energetic transport (see thing 3, p. 88), for this reason regulating the ingredient of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Most of the cerebrospinal fluid arises in the lateral ventricles, from wherein it progressively circulates right into the 3rd and fourth ventricles and also into the main canal that the spinal cord. It additionally enters the subarachnoid an are of the meninges by passing v the wall of the fourth ventricle near the cerebellum.
See more: What Are Ping Pong Balls Filled With, Why Do Ping Pong Balls Burn
Humans secrete practically 500 milliliters of cere-brospinal fluid daily. However, only around 140 milliliters room in the nervous device at any kind of time, because cere-brospinal fluid is repeatedly reabsorbed right into the blood. The CSF is reabsorbed with tiny, fingerlike structures dubbed arachnoid granulations that project from the subarachnoid space into the blood-filled dural sinuses (fig. 11.4).
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, rather viscid liquid that differs in ingredient from the fluid that leaves the capillaries in other parts that the body. Specifically, it includes a higher concentration that sodium
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Zuzana Gaľová
October 26, 2022, 5:30pm
Reading time: 8:31
Fear Of Flying: How Does This Phobia Arise And How To Get Rid Of It? The Therapist Answers
Fear of flying is one of the most common types of phobias. According to statistics, anxiety about flying can affect up to 40 percent of people. Therapist Nikola Pavlíčková answers how aerophobia arises and how to fight it.
Zuzana Gaľová
October 26, 2022, 5:30pm
Reading time: 8:31
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Fear Of Flying: How Does This Phobia Arise And How To Get Rid Of It? The Therapist Answers
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Flying is the safest way to travel. At least the statistics say so. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the fatal accident rate for 2018 averaged 0.28 per 1 million flights, which equates to one fatal accident per 4.2 million flights. Airplanes take off and land more than hundreds of thousands of times a day, yet many people are more afraid of getting into them than getting into a car. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.3 million people die each year as a result of traffic accidents (more than half of the victims are motorcyclists, pedestrians or cyclists).
If we want to fight a phobia, the most important thing is always to figure out what caused and continues to cause our phobia. This can be different for everyone.
How does a phobia arise? Parents can be a big influence
So what is behind the fear of flying, which is called aviophobia (sometimes also aerophobia), and how to overcome it? We asked psychotherapist Nikola Pavlíčková, whose focus includes phobias and overcoming them – she also deals with the psychology of sports and, in addition to better performance, helps people lead a better life. According to Pavlíčková, the answer to how aerophobia arises is not clear-cut. Phobias are not innate and a number of factors influence their emergence.
"Nobody is born with a phobia, it's a learned behavior throughout life. The exact causes of how aerophobia develops are not known, but several factors play a role. These include bad experiences, environment - learned behavior from parents who were afraid of flying and we inherited this phobia. Sometimes we can pick up a phobia from someone close to us, a friend or relative, but generally parents have the biggest influence. When we become parents, we worry about our children and we worry more about ourselves. The cause is different for everyone, everyone has a different combination of factors that affect them," the therapist explained for Refresher.
As every person is different, the degree to which the fear of flying affects us also varies, adds Pavlíčková. “It is influenced by physiological, psychological and social factors that are unique to each person. A bad experience can mean that we experienced strong turbulence, trauma that we experienced on vacation, movies where a plane crash was filmed. We can also be influenced by the news, where there is a report about a plane crash. Even this can trigger a fear of flying in us. For example, after 9/11, the number of people with this phobia increased,” she said.
We can also develop a fear of flying by associating traveling by plane with various unpleasant circumstances. "If, for example, we often fly for work and are under long-term stress, the fear of flying can manifest itself as a reaction to a long-term situation in which we do not feel well. Furthermore, the fear of flying can be intensified by other phobias, such as claustrophobia, fear of heights, bacillophobia. That is also why the fear of flying is treated like other phobias," explains Pavlíčková.
Source: Unsplash/Kevin Woblick
Thoughts amplify our emotions. So if we think about nothing else and think only about catastrophic scenarios, we feel much worse.
It is one of the most common phobias
The fear of flying is one of the most common types of phobias, it can be manifested by severe anxiety, increased heart rate, breathing difficulties and other symptoms. At the same time, flying has become far more frequent and safer in recent decades than it was at any time before. Professor Arnold Barnett from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) also pointed out how little risk there is in flying today. "The risk is so small that being afraid of flying is like being afraid of going to the supermarket because the ceiling might collapse," he said.
Some studies suggest that people are less afraid of flying than in the past. For example, according to a Norwegian study, between 1986 and 2015, the rate of aerophobia in the population there fell from 8 percent to 3 percent, and so did the percentage of people who said they had never flown by plane (from 5 percent to 0.5 percent of Norwegians). The proportion of passengers who needed to "strengthen" themselves with alcohol before their flight also fell from 11 percent to 7.5 percent. Turbulence, unidentifiable sounds or the fear of a terrorist attack caused people the greatest anxiety or fear.
However, it is important to distinguish between people who have been diagnosed with a phobia by a doctor or therapist, and those for whom flying causes far less intense feelings of fear or anxiety. According to statistics, up to 40 percent of people experience some degree of these unpleasant feelings. However, far from all of them have a diagnosed phobia, such people are rather units of a percent.
Statistics vary in exact numbers. "Some report that aerophobia occurs in 3-40% of people, others in 1 in 3, with the lower numbers reflecting individuals with very severe anxiety who have been diagnosed by a professional, while the higher number includes people with mild symptoms, when it's not a phobia," says therapist Pavlíčková.
How to overcome the fear of flying? There are many methods
Just because we're afraid of flying doesn't mean we can't do anything about it. There are several effective methods to overcome this type of phobia and one day enjoy traveling by plane like everyone else. However, as therapist Nikola Pavlíčková points out, it depends, among other things, on how intense our unpleasant feelings are.
"It always depends on how strong the phobia is. If the client works on himself, it can always be mitigated, and in some cases even completely eliminated. The key is to talk about it. With our environment, with the environment we travel with, and last but not least with an expert," Pavlíčková explained for Refresher.
"There are several types of therapy - cognitive-behavioral, neurolinguistic programming, hypnotherapy, EFT therapy," adds the therapist, pointing out in one breath that, of course, it is impossible to determine one specific method that would be best for everyone in the treatment of aerophobia. The most important thing is not which particular therapy we choose, but that it works. And what works is different for each person, so it depends on our personal preferences and needs.
In addition to the above-mentioned forms of therapy, an interesting method of treating fear of flying is also virtual reality, where the client or patient experiences a simulated flight in a virtual environment. The use of this modern technology was tested by scientists from Israel, according to whose study published in 2021, this form of treatment can really have positive effects. And the fact that virtual reality can be effective as a form of therapy is also confirmed by other studies. Among other things, the use of virtual reality or a simulator provides the treated persons with a greater degree of privacy and therapists with greater control over the stimuli to which their clients are exposed.
In my experience, this type of phobia occurs in both men and women regardless of age, and I don't see much difference. The difference is that women are more likely to see a professional, while men feel they can handle it themselves (which is a general problem with therapy).
It is necessary to find the cause, fear is a natural thing
However, according to therapist Pavlíčková, the first step should be what exactly caused our phobia and what exactly our fear is connected to. "If we want to fight a phobia, the most important thing is always to find out what caused and continues to cause our phobia. This can be different for everyone. At the same time, it is necessary to specifically name what kind of fear it is: fear of takeoff, of landing, fear of heights, fear of not being in control, fear of confined spaces, fear of germs, fear of a large number of people," explained Pavlíčková .
Further steps follow from this. “Once we determine the cause and the specific fear, then we can work with it. Techniques used: working with thoughts and how we think about the situation, working with emotions, how we perceive emotions, how we can control and work with them, visualization, positive affirmations (I can do it, I believe I can do it, that everything it will turn out well...) and others," lists ways each of us can minimize our fear of flying.
The negative thoughts that take place in our head are often what can amplify and significantly intensify our unpleasant feelings about flying. It is normal to be afraid, but we should not let fear control us. This is why working with a therapist is important, as it can help us better understand our thoughts and help us not to let the negative ones take over us.
“Fear is a natural part of us, unless it goes beyond the tolerable limit. Therapies dealing with phobias focus primarily on working with thoughts. It works with negative thoughts that contribute to increasing fear. So that the client becomes aware of them and knows how to work with them differently. Thoughts amplify our emotions. So if we think about nothing else and think about catastrophic scenarios, we feel much worse. If we work with our thoughts, we can also influence our emotions. It is important to be able to think realistically, even positively. This will help us balance our unpleasant feelings," said Pavlíčková.
At the same time, the therapist highlights the importance of learning to work with emotions as such, which, according to her, can be helped by breathing, meditation, listening to music, but last but not least, visualizing fear and conducting a dialogue with our fear. "For severe anxieties, a few hours spent on a simulator with an expert can help," he says.
Pavlíčková also recommends educating yourself and increasing your own awareness of the process of flying in order to better understand some of the technical parameters, what happens when traveling on a plane at a given moment and why our fear is often irrational. “The more we understand how airplanes work, the easier it can be for us to experience the whole flight,” he says.
And last but not least, we should pay close attention to what triggers our fear or anxiety. “It's good to learn to recognize triggers. What triggers our fear. Whether it is that we think we will fly somewhere when we are at home, or this fear only comes at the airport or right on the plane. Or we are calm all the time, but the fear appears at the landing. If we know what triggers our fear, we can better work with it at the given moment," explains therapist Pavlíčková.
Source: Unsplash/JESHOOTS
How long does it take to get rid of fear?
Since each aerophobic has a different intensity of fear or anxiety about flying, the origin of these feelings is different, and everyone can decide on a different form of therapy, it is also completely individual how long it will take for the person in question to get rid of the fear of flying. It is therefore impossible to determine whether this will be a process that will take weeks, months or even years.
"It always depends on what the initial state is. If we feel anxiety, even panic, when we have to fly, it will take longer. At the same time, it depends on how often we fly. It's not like, for example, a phobia of spiders, which we encounter almost on a daily basis, and we can work on this phobia much more often," says the therapist.
As already mentioned, it is not possible to determine exactly how many people struggle with the fear of flying, as the fear can manifest itself differently for everyone, and not everyone who feels anxious about flying is diagnosed as aerophobic. According to the expert, there is no fundamental difference in the prevalence of fear of flying between men and women, except perhaps that women are more likely to decide to seek professional help if necessary. But there are also those who do not know that therapy could help them with this problem.
"In general, this is difficult to determine, because most people who suffer from this phobia do not know that therapy would help them or do not even try to find a specialist and prefer to solve it by, for example, not flying or getting stronger with alcohol. But from my experience, this type of phobia occurs in men and women regardless of age, and I don't see any big differences. The difference is rather that women are more likely to visit a specialist, while men feel that they can handle it themselves (which is a general problem of therapy)," concludes Nikola Pavlíčková.
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@article { author = {Akhavan, Maziar M and Miladi-Gorji, Hossein and Emami-Abarghoie, Mitra and Safari, Manouchehr and Sadighi-Moghaddam, Bizhan and Vafaei, Abbas A. and Rashidy-Pour, Ali}, title = {Maternal Voluntary Exercise during Pregnancy Enhances the Spatial Learning Acquisition but not the Retention of Memory in Rat Pups via a TrkB-mediated Mechanism: The Role of Hippocampal BDNF Expression}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {955-961}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1663}, abstract = { Objective(s): The effect of maternal voluntary exercise on hippocampal BDNF level in rat offspring was studied. In addition, the possible role of hippocampal BDNF receptors in maternal exercise induced enhancement of learning in the rat pups was investigated. Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats have been randomly assigned to sedentary control or voluntary exercise groups. Each of the exercising pregnant rats was given access to a cage that was equipped with a running wheel until the end of their pregnancy. On post natal day (PND) 36, two groups consisted of 7 male rat pups in each group from sedentary or exercised mothers were sacrificed and the hippocampus was dissected for BDNF proteins level determination. Also, bilateral injection of K252a to the hippocampus was used to block the hippocampal BDNF action on PND59 in the rat pups. Results: Voluntary exercise during pregnancy significantly increased the level of BDNF protein in the hippocampus of the rat pups on PND36 compared to the control group (P=0.048). Inhibiting BDNF action abolished the exercise-induced improvement of learning acquisition in offspring in training trials (P=0.0001). No difference was observed in the platform location latency and the time spent in the target in the probe test between two groups. Conclusion : This study demonstrates that voluntary exercise during pregnancy via a TrkB-mediated mechanism enhances the spatial learning acquisition, however, not the retention of memory in the rat pups.}, keywords = {BDNF Hippocampus K252a Memory TrkB Offspring Voluntary exercise}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1663.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1663_8bc4186c1bb1a3b900d6b682683b365b.pdf} } @article { author = {Azimi, Shohreh and Tebianian, Majid and Mosavari, Nader and Sabokbar, Azar and Jalali, Farhad and Arshi, Saba and Arefpajouhi, Reza}, title = {Evaluation of Immunological Parameters in Purified Protein Derivative Positive Tuberculin Workers}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {962-964}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1664}, abstract = { Objective(s): According to the occupationally risk of infection in staff workers who have direct contact with mycobacterium species, we investigated their immunological parameters and compared with healthy purified protein derivative (PPD) negative volunteers. Materials and Methods : We investigated 20 PPD positive volunteers working at Tuberculin Unit of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute and PPD negative healthy controls with no exposure or history of active tuberculosis. The percentages of circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were detected by flowcytometry. IL-4 and IFN-γ production levels were measured by ELISA in supernatants of PPD-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) culture. Results : Tuberculin workers showed an increase in IFN-γ level and significant decrease of CD4+ T cells percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio compared to PPD negative normal individuals. However the IL-4 production and percentage of other lymphocyte population has been unchanged. Discussion: These observations suggest that the immunological parameters of tuberculin workers with PPD positive reaction, who are occupationally exposed to mycobacterium antigens, could be changed. Future studies will be directed towards cytokine networking and regulatory lymphocytes, which will help us validate the significant data presented in this study.}, keywords = {Cytokine Immunological responses Lymphocyte population PPD positive}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1664.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1664_e3dc24fd0922d30f3821c798cda30c64.pdf} } @article { author = {Chavoshian, Omid and Biari, Nazanin and Badiee, Ali and Khamesipour, Ali and Abbasi, Azam and Saberi, Zahra and Jalali, Seyed Amir and Jaafari, Mahmoud Reza}, title = {Sphingomyelin Liposomes Containing Soluble Leishmania major antigens Induced Strong Th2 Immune Response in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {965-972}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1665}, abstract = { Objective(s): Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) provide suitable protection against leishmaniasis in murine model when delivered by an appropriate delivery system. Liposomes have been shown to be suitable vaccine delivery systems against leishmaniasis, however, the phospholipase-A (PLA) activity of SLA is a drawback to prepare a stable liposomal SLA. One strategy to overcome this problem might be using a lipid which is resistant to PLA activity of SLA such as sphingomyelin (SM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of stable SM liposomes containing SLA on the immune response induced against leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice . Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with SLA, SM-liposome-SLA, empty liposome or buffer. As criteria for protection, footpads swelling at the site of challenge and foot parasite loads were assessed. The immune responses were also evaluated by determination of IgG subtypes and the level of IFN-γ and IL-4 in cultured splenocytes. Results: The group of mice receiving SM-liposome-SLA, showed a significant large footpad swelling, higher parasite burden in foot and higher IL-4 level compared to the group immunized with buffer. In terms of IgG and IgG isotypes, there was no significant difference between the mice receiving SM-liposome-SLA and the mice that received buffer. Moreover, the immune response induced by SM-liposome-SLA showed no significant difference compared with the one caused by SLA alone. Conclusion: It is concluded that SM-liposome-SLA is not an appropriate strategy to induce Th1 immune response and protect the mice against Leishmaniasis; however, SM-liposomes could be suitable vaccine delivery systems when a Th2 response is needed.}, keywords = {Leishmaniasis Liposome Vaccine}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1665.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1665_17a9278f5d2dea04495d6b5f98036dc7.pdf} } @article { author = {Ganjalikhani hakemi, Mazdak and Hashemi, Maryam}, title = {siRNA Delivery Improvement by Co-formulation of Different Modified Polymers in Erythroleukemic Cell Line K562}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {973-978}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1677}, abstract = {Objective(s): siRNA may be a very promising tool for treatment of various diseases especially in cancer therapy due to high specificity. One of the main hurdles applications of siRNAs in vivo is optimization of the delivery strategy, especially the carrier systems. The aim of this study was to optimize siRNA delivery into suspended erythroleukemic cell line K562. Materials and Methods: We applied polyethyleneimine (PEI) and oligoethyleneimine (OEI) derivatives alone or their co-formulation with different agents such as chloroquine (a drug known to alter lysosomal pH and thus to inhibit lysosomal degradation of macromolecules), DOPE (lipophilic agent), succinic acid (introduction of negatively charged to polymer) and transferrin (the ligand of transferring receptor which is over-expressed in many types of tumors and hematopoietic cells). Results: In this study it was shown that utilizing a combination of 70% OEI-HA10 (ten hexyl acrylate residues per one OEI chain) plus 30% of transferin-PEI with Luc-siRNA was highly effective for transfecting K562 cell. This co-formulation silenced luciferase activity up to 70% after short time without any significant inhibition in the luciferase activity in siCONTROL wells. Conclusion: In conclusion, the combination of modified PEI with transferrin and OEI by hexyl acrylate may increase siRNA delivery and reduce toxicity in hematopoietic suspended cells.}, keywords = {OEI PEI siRNA delivery Suspended cells Transferrin}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1677.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1677_c948c0835ece896e6de7cb46f9b5817c.pdf} } @article { author = {Hashemi, Pariya and Ebrahimi, Logman and Saboory, Ehsan and Roshan-Milani, Shiva}, title = {Effect of Restraint Stress during Gestation on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epileptic Behaviors in Rat Offspring}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {979-984}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1678}, abstract = { Objective(s): Epilepsy is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Gestational stress has been shown to be an important factor for affecting seizure susceptibility. The present study was conducted to address whether gestational stress may affect pentylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic behavior in rat offspring in a sex- and age- dependent manner. Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats were divided into control and stressed groups (n=6 in each). In the stressed group, pregnant rats were under restraint stress and held immobile in the Plexiglas tube twice per day one hour per session for three consecutive days started on day 17 of pregnancy. To induce seizure, on postnatal days 15 (P15) and 25 (P25), PTZ (40-50 mg/kg, IP) was injected to rat offspring (n=12, one male and one female from any litter for each group/day). Then, epileptic behaviors of each rat were recorded. Results: Epileptic behaviors of stressed pups showed significant changes in comparison to control ones. The time to onset of the first epileptic behavior was shortened while mean duration and frequency of tonic-clonic attacks increased in stressed pups on both P15 and P25. Female offspring were different from male offspring in terms of epileptic behavior. Moreover, focal attacks were more obvious and significantly longer in the offspring of stressed group at the age of 25 days than those of 15 day old. Conclusion: Prenatal restraint stress potentiated PTZ-induced epileptic behavior, age and sex dependently, probably due to alteration of neural and endocrine pathways during developmental process. Male and younger rats were more sensitive to stress than female and older ones.}, keywords = {Epileptic behavior Gestation Pentylenetetrazol Rat Restraint stress}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1678.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1678_bc90fee2adac0b11dfb1a0d8ea604ec5.pdf} } @article { author = {Molaee, Neda and Abtahi, Hamid and Mosayebi, Ghasem}, title = {Expression of Recombinant Streptokinase from Streptococcus Pyogenes and Its Reaction with Infected Human and Murine Sera}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {985-989}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1679}, abstract = { Objective(s): Streptokinase (SKa) is an antigenic protein which is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptokinase induces inflammation by complement activation, which may play a role in post infectious diseases. In the present study, recombinant streptokinase from S. pyogenes was produced and showed that recombinant SKa protein was recognized by infected human sera using Western blot analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, the ska gene from S. pyogenes was amplified and cloned into pET32a which is a prokaryotic expression vector. pET32a-ska was transformed to Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and gene expression was induced by IPTG. Protein production was improved by modification of composition of the bacterial culture media and altering the induction time by IPTG. The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography using the Ni-NTA resin. The integrity of the product was confirmed by Westernblot analysis using infected mice. Serum reactivity of five infected individuals was further analyzed against the recombinant SKa protein. Results: Data indicated that recombinant SKa protein from S. pyogenes can be recognized by patient and mice sera. The concentration of the purified recombinant protein was 3.2 mg/L of initial culture. The highest amount of the expressed protein after addition of IPTG was obtained in a bacterial culture without glucose with the culture optical density of 0.8 (OD600 = 0.8). Conclusion : Present data shows, recombinant SKa protein has same epitopes with natural form of this antigen. Recombinant SKa also seemed to be a promising antigen for the serologic diagnosis of S. pyogenes infections.}, keywords = {Anti-Streptokinase Gene Expression Recombinant Streptokinase Protein Streptococcus pyogenes}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1679.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1679_974238f54454f5e82accce53763208cb.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasiri, Hajar and Farajnia, Safar and Rezamand, Azim and MovassaghPour, Ali Akbar and Esmaeili, Heydar Ali and Monfaredan, Amir and Mobarra, Naser and Rahimifar, Nasser and Sahebi, Leyla and Farshdousti Hagh, Majid}, title = {Genetic Variations of Tumor Necrosis Factor –α-308 and Lymphtoxin-α+252 in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {990-995}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1680}, abstract = { Objective(s): Non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are two main hematological malignances which have been driven from lymphoid tissue. Genetic polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -308 and lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) +252 may affect their transcription and expression which leads to their high plasma level. The frequency of the TNF-α (-308) and LT-α (+ 252) polymorphisms are different for NHL and ALL cases in various populations with different ethnicity. This research is designed to investigate the prevalence and association of TNF-α (-308) and LT-α (+ 252) polymorphisms from NHL and ALL in Azarian patients and healthy individuals from Northwestern part of Iran. Materials and Methods: Seventy subjects with ALL and 68 NHL, along with another 130 healthy subjects as control group took part in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted, then genetic polymorphisms in TNF-α and LT-α genes were analyzed with the PCR-RFLP and NCOI as restriction enzyme. A statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test using SPSS software. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A statistically significant difference of LT-α polymorphism was in NHL patients and control (P-value= 0.008) but there was not any association of TNF-α polymorphism between NHL patients and control group. A significant association for TNF-a variant was in ALL and control (P-value =0.005), however, there was no relationship about LT variant between ALL and control. Conclusion: The results show that there are significant differences between TNF-α (-308) and LT-α (+252) genetic polymorphisms respectively in ALL and NHL patients with control group from Northwestern part of Iran.}, keywords = {Acute lymphocytic leuke- mia LT-α Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Polymorphism TNF-α}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1680.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1680_757503ed11306d385ca7bea887d70690.pdf} } @article { author = {Memon, Samreen and Pratten, Margaret}, title = {Effects of Multivitamins and Known Teratogens on Chick Cardiomyocytes Micromass Culture Assay}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {996-1003}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1681}, abstract = { Objective(s): This study aimed to find out whether the chick cardiomyocyte micromass (MM) system could be employed to predict the teratogenecity of common environmental factors. Different multivitamins and over the counter drugs were used in this study. Materials and Methods: White Leghorn 5-day-old embryo hearts were dissected and trypsinized to produce a cardiomyocyte cell suspension in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium. The cultures were incubated at 370C in 5% CO2 in air, and observations were made at 24, 48 and 144 hr, for the detection of cell beating. Cellular viability was assessed using the resazurin assay and cell protein content was assessed by the kenacid blue assay. It was observed that while not affecting total cell number folic acid, vitamin C, sodium fluoride and ginseng did not significantly reduced cell activity and beating. However cadmium chloride significantly reduced the beating, cell viability and cell protein content in micromass cultures. Results: The results demonstrate the potential of the chick cardiomyocyte MM culture assay to identify teratogens/embryotoxins that alter morphology and function, which may result in either teratogenic outcome or cytotoxicity. Conclusion: This could form part of a screen for developmental toxicity related to cardiac function}, keywords = {Chick cardiomyocyte Environmental teratogens Micromass culture Multivitamins}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1681.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1681_657534f64fca791725890a0047b61a61.pdf} } @article { author = {Sarkaki, Alireza and Rafieirad, Maryam and Hossini, Seyed Ebrahim and Farbood, Yaghoub and Motamedi, Fereshteh and Taghi Mansouri, Seyed Mohammad and Naghizadeh, Bahareh}, title = {Improvement in Memory and Brain Long-term Potentiation Deficits Due to Permanent Hypoperfusion/Ischemia by Grape Seed Extract in Rats}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {1004-1010}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1682}, abstract = { Objective(s): Cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia (CHI) is a neurological disease where impaired hippocampus electrical activity and cognition caused by a serial pathophysiological events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) on passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) in male adult rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: 1) Sham+Veh, 2) Isch+Veh, 3) Sham+GSE, 4) Isch+GSE. In order to make 2CCAO as an animal model of CHI, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. To evaluation of passive avoidance memory, step-down latency (STL) was measured and LTP was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in all rats. Results: We found that memory was significantly impaired in rats after CHI (P<0.001) concomitant with hippocampal LTP inhibition (P<0.05, P1 and LTP48 respectively). GSE treatment significantly improved memory impairment and increased hippocampal LTP in rats with 2CCAO. Conclusion: Our results in present study suggest that GSE exhibits therapeutic potential for short-and long-term memories as well as LTP in DG, which is most likely related at least in part to its antioxidative and free radical scavenging actions.}, keywords = {grape seed extract,Hypoperfusion-Ischemia LTP Memory Rat}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1682.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1682_dcf37eabff569d8e69fdf86392c71bd9.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharifipour, Farzaneh and Zeraati, Abbasali and Sahebari, Maryam and Hatef, Mohammadreza and Naghibi, Masih and Rezaieyazdi, Zahra and Mahmoudi, Mahmoud and Azarian, Amir Abbas and Mirfeizi, Zahra and Samadi, Katayoun}, title = {Association of Urinary Lipocalin-2 with Lupus Nephritis}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {1011-1015}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1683}, abstract = { Objective(s): Lupus nephritis (LN) is the main cause of mortality and disability in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Therefore, utilizing a reliable and non-invasive method for serial measurements of renal function seems to be necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of urinary lipocalin-2 as a biomarker of renal involvement in SLE patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty two lupus patients in this cross sectional study were divided into two groups: patients with and without nephritis. For each group, urinary lipocalin-2, values were measured and reported according to urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine. Urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine sensitivity and specificity for identifying biopsy-proven nephritis were calculated, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed. Results : The mean urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine value of patients with biopsy-proven LN was 2.99 ± 4.1 ng/mg, and in non-LN patients was 1.16 ± 1.27 ng/mg. Urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine levels in LN patients were significantly higher than those in non-LN patients (P- Value = 0.03). In LN patients, urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine significantly correlated with proteinuria (r = 0.68; P = 0.0001). Using a cutoff value of 0.896 ng/mg, urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine had a sensitivity of 89.7% and a specificity of 39.1% for identifying SLE patients with biopsy-proven LN. The area under the ROC curve was 0.664 ± 0.076 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.52-0.81 (P=0.04). Analysis of variance showed that urinary lipocalin-2/creatinine is the same in different classes of LN (P-value=0.28). Conclusion: An important clinical conclusion is that measurement of urinary Lipocalin-2 may result in earlier diagnosis of LN.}, keywords = {Lupus Nephritis SLE Urinary Lipocalin- 2}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1683.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1683_7514ccb4c0b885ac24f21702c66c3103.pdf} } @article { author = {Iman, Maryam and Saadabadi, Atefeh and Davood, Asghar}, title = {Docking Studies of Phthalimide Pharmacophore as a Sodium Channel Blocker}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {1016-1021}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1684}, abstract = { Objective(s): Recently, phthalimide derivatives were designed based on ameltolide and thalidomide as they possess a similar degree of anticonvulsant potency due to their phenytoin-like profile. The ability of phthalimide pharmacophore to interact with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels was studied in the batrachotoxin affinity assay. Therefore, in the present study, a series of 19 compounds of phthalimide pharmacophore possessing a variety of substituents (NO2, NH2 , Me, Cl, COOH, MeO) at 2-, 3-, and 4- position of the N-phenyl ring and N-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl) succinimide, were subjected to docking studies in order to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels. Materials and Methods : Chemical structures of all compounds were designed using HYPERCHEM program and Conformational studies were performed through semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations method followed by PM3 force field. Total energy gradient calculated as a root mean square (RMS) value, until the RMS gradient was 0.01 kcal mol-1. Among all energy minima conformers, the global minimum of compounds was used in docking calculations. Using a model of the open pore of Na channels, docking study was performed by AUTODOCK4.2 program. Results : Docking studies have revealed that these types of ligands interacted mainly with II-S6 residues of NaV1.2 through making hydrogen bonds and have additional hydrophobic interactions with domain I, II, III and IV in the channel's inner pore. Conclusion : These computational studies have displayed that these compounds are capable of inhibiting Na channel, efficiently.}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant Docking Molecular modeling Na channel Phthalimide}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1684.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1684_b80800e88e0b17f9ad1b4d7de97460bd.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholamnezhad, Zahra and Koushyar, Hamed and Byrami, Goltaj and Boskabady, Mohammad Hossein}, title = {The Extract of Crocus sativus and Its Constituent Safranal, Affect Serum Levels of Endothelin and Total Protein in Sensitized Guinea Pigs}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {1022-1026}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1685}, abstract = { Objective(s): The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent, safranal on inflammatory markers in sensitized guinea pigs was examined. Materials and Methods: Ovalbumin (OA) sensitized guinea pigs were given drinking water alone (group S), or drinking water containing three concentrations of safranal, three concentrations of extract and one concentration of dexamethasone, (n=6, for all groups) and serum levels of endotheline-1 (ET-1) and total protein (TP) were assessed. Results: Serum levels of ET-1 and TP in group S were significantly higher than control group (P Conclusion: A preventive effect of the extract of C. sativus and its constituent safranal on serum inflammatory markers in sensitized guinea pigs was shown.}, keywords = {Asthma Crocus sativus Endotheline Inflammation Safranal Sensitization}, url = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1685.html}, eprint = {http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1685_ae4fd56a01345f39e341f37664d44da1.pdf} }
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Chelist Moleculee
cas:1596-84-5
einecs:216-485-9
smiles:CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(=O)O
name:Daminozide
MW:160.1711
formula:C6H12N2O3
InChi:
InChiKey:
SMARTS:
Other names
Daminozide
daminozide
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Tanimoto index:
The algorithm applies nearest neighbor searching that finds molecules similar to the query object. The calculation applies the Tanimoto (or Jaccard) coefficient that is calculated by the following formula in the case of binary fingerprint (bit string) input: T(A,B) = NA&B/(NA+NB-NA&B) where NA and NB are the number of bits set in the bit strings of molecules A and B, respectively, NA&B is the number of bits that are set in both.
Inventory List where this chemical is present
REACH PRS (143825): ECHA list of pre-registered substances (Regulatory)
NTP CYTOTOX (1353): Compound Cytotoxicity Profiling Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening (International Research Projects)
TOXCAST PHASE I (309): US EPA ToxCast list - phase I (International Research Projects)
TOX21 LIST1 (8198): Tox21 Chemical Inventory for High-Throughput Screening (International Research Projects)
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TEST: The Elimination Stage Transition Diet
TEST: The Elimination Stage Transition Diet
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TEST: The Elimination Stage Transition Diet
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382 pagine
4 ore
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Pubblicato:
Nov 20, 2020
ISBN:
9781716866036
Formato:
Libro
Descrizione
Combating harmful pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi starts with a healthy gut. Nutrition is a critical part of good health. Approximately 80% of the body’s immune system is located in the gut. While having over 100 seizures a month and experiencing serious reactions to most foods, Irene created the TEST diet. This diet has played a crucial role in her ability to become healthy as well as control epilepsy, food intolerances, and IBD. Irene explains the interrelationship between diet, gut health, and general well-being, describing in straightforward terms how to help the immune system stay strong and healthy.
This book also teaches the reader how to modify a recipe and adjust it to satisfy their taste, address health challenges, and help prevent illness. Irene coaches the reader in a personalized manner, teaching them how to customize their diet. This approach is unique, in that, the diet can be altered when necessary.
Award-winning chef Marc Thuet and chef Marco Spalvieri share health promoting recipes. When you are done reading this book you will have the knowledge, direction, and step-by-step instructions to create a personalized diet plan that is healthy and catered to your palate. Irene enables people to create a diet that is not only healthy but also tastes great.
Editore:
Pubblicato:
Nov 20, 2020
ISBN:
9781716866036
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Libro
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TEST - Irene Spalvieri
SPALVIERI
Copyright © 2020 Irene Spalvieri
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means—whether auditory, graphic, mechanical, or electronic—without written permission of the author, except in the case of brief excerpts used in critical articles and reviews. Unauthorized reproduction of any part of this work is illegal and is punishable by law.
This book is a work of non-fiction. Unless otherwise noted, the author and the publisher make no explicit guarantees as to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and in some cases, names of people and places have been altered to protect their privacy.
ISBN: 978-1-7168-6605-0 (sc)
ISBN: 978-1-7168-6603-6 (e)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020911117
Edited by Dawson Sewell
Interior and cover photos by James Krant
Back cover photo by Anita Dizgun
Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
Lulu Publishing Services rev. date: 10/06/2020
FOREWORD
It was Hippocrates who said, Let food be thy medicine and this idea is exemplified in the book written by Irene Spalvieri. As a neurologist, I have been trained to use various tools to investigate and treat a variety of conditions. However, in clinical practice, I realize the importance of food in addition to the prescribed treatments to help heal patients. This is greatly emphasized in our use of ketogenic diet therapies to treat patients with medically refractory epilepsy. This constitutes a very high fat, low carbohydrate diet plan which puts patients into ketosis and has been demonstrated to reduce seizures in children and adults. Irene’s unique way of distilling down the complex biochemistry and teaching the essence of nutrition is crucial to allow the reader to understand why the food they eat can impact their body and mind in various ways. The reader will use this book not just as an introduction but a guide they can return to continuously refresh themselves and apply these principles into their daily lives.
- Dr. Bercovici
I have epilepsy and when I follow the diet Irene recommends, I get a lot better. Not only do my seizures get better but my mood swings lesson. I seem to have more control regarding my emotions when I follow a strict diet. In addition, I sleep much better.
- Pat Villeneuve
1
CHAPTER
In The Beginning
This book shares not only my personal journey back to wellness from debilitating illness, it also outlines how you can recover from your own ailments using diet and nutrition. I am an award-winning gourmet chef and a Registered Nutritional Consulting Practitioner (RNCP). Before creating the diet I now follow, I had seizures every day and my entire body was struggling with many health issues. I now feel great and attribute this to the diet I have created. My inspiration for writing this book is to share the dietary knowledge I gained during my healing process.
In addition to my personal experiences, my professional knowledge allows me to help people regain good health by teaching them how to recover from sickness through fine-tuning their diet, and also how to cook wonderful meals which benefit their wellbeing.
My Health Struggle
Many years ago, I became very sick and went to see a doctor who told me I had the flu and that I should get some rest and take Advil. After seeing him, I went home and my health continued to deteriorate. I decided it would be a good idea to get a second opinion. The next doctor I saw told me I had a bad case of pneumonia. I was instructed to take two prescriptions of very strong penicillin.
After taking the penicillin I became very sick, the pneumonia was gone but I didn’t feel well. When you take antibiotics, they can upset the balance of microorganisms (microbes) living in your gut. A huge population of microbes exist in the gut. In fact, there are trillions of microbes existing within the human body. Microbes living within the gut include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Some of these microbes improve your health, and some harm your health.
Once you finish a course of antibiotic treatment, an imbalance of healthy to harmful bacteria may be present. Unfortunately, an imbalance of these microbes has the ability to contribute to unstable sugar metabolism, autoimmune diseases, and other immune disorders.
One of the most common results of gut microbiota imbalance is an increased risk of intestinal infections. Intestinal issues often result from an overgrowth of damaging bacteria present in the gut, such as Clostridium difficile (C. difficile). This bacterium may cause long-term and repeated intestinal infections that initiates inflammation of the colon, which can lead to colitis. C. difficile does not cause any significant disease when healthy bacteria are present and able to control infection. Nevertheless, when there is a disturbance in the normal balance of microbes naturally occurring in the intestine, this can result in the development of C. difficile infection, IBD, SIBO, IBS, and colorectal cancer. An imbalance of microbes can happen for a number of reasons, but mainly antibiotics, physical stress, psychological stress, hygiene, and the modern diet are contributing factors.¹, ²
The antibiotics prescribed when I had pneumonia were very strong and had killed off a large amount of the healthy bacteria in my gut. I believe it is important to mention while taking the two prescriptions of antibiotics, I had also started to eat 100% whole wheat bread. Regrettably, the media and my friends had convinced me that whole wheat bread is the healthiest.
I had no idea the antibiotics I had just taken could be leaving harmful microbes behind. As soon as I finished taking the antibiotics, I returned to my normal eating habits. I try to watch what I eat because I like to stay reasonably thin. Then again, I also like to cheat once in a while. At one point, when my mom was visiting for a week, we bought some Danishes and pigged out! The next morning I checked the scale and had not gained a pound.
I always gained weight when I cheated. Why wasn’t I gaining weight this time? Afterwards, I found I could eat what I wanted and not gain any weight, in fact, I was losing weight. I know everyone wants to lose weight. However, I was so skinny I looked sick and bruises began to appear all over my body. I suffered from stomach aches, erratic menstrual cycles, and bloating. I was losing so much hair, I thought I was going bald. To make matters worse, I was not sleeping properly, tossing and turning all night long. I had arthritis in my right elbow and my right knee. I couldn’t even touch my elbow; it was very painful. My ears were extremely itchy and sometimes they bled. Can you imagine how itchy and swollen they must have been to bleed? It also felt as though someone was constantly pinching under my right eye and the right side of my upper lip was twitching all the time.
Last but not least, the lymph nodes in my armpits were swollen. These nodes are an essential part of the immune system. They trap bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Infections are a common cause of lymph node enlargement.³ I thought I was going nuts, and to my disbelief, everyone agreed. Nobody accepted what I said as true, there was something wrong with me, but I didn’t know what was wrong.
The Neurons of The Gut
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract or digestive tract) is made up of several parts of the body from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs of the GI tract are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The solid organs of the GI tract are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Most of my health issues seemed to be occurring within my intestines. This part of my body was in a lot of pain! Since I am a gourmet chef and a nutritional consultant, I knew many health problems start in the gut. A lot of people think the primary job of food is to supply the body with energy. While this may be true, the food you eat has many other significant functions and injury to the GI tract can disrupt numerous systems in the body.
The digestive tract contains a large number of neurotransmitters, bacteria, hormones, and enzymes. The gut is home to a high percentage of the body’s total immune system.⁴ Since there are many neurotransmitters in the gut, it is often referred to as the second brain. This area of the body has its own nervous system, called the enteric nervous system. A neuron is a cell which sends information from one part of the body to another. You have neurons in your brain and spine, as well as in your gut. Neurotransmitters carry messages between neurons.
The brain in the gut functions in a similar manner to the brain in our head. Scientists say the second brain sends and receives signals, and plays a role in many emotions we feel. If you are nervous and your stomach hurts while you are worried, this is because your second brain is stressed. This feeling is sometimes referred to as butterflies in the stomach. I remember saying to people, I am so nervous or upset that I feel sick to my stomach. If your second brain isn’t working, neither are you!
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is found in the gut, it is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The ENS digests and absorbs food and is able to communicate with the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord and is connected to the PNS. The PNS consists of nerves that take information to and from the central nervous system to different parts of the body, including organs. Essentially, the peripheral nervous system has the ability to allow communication between the brain and spinal cord with other areas of the body.
Since the GI tract is connected to the CNS, damage to this region is extremely dangerous. The number of illnesses now linked to food sensitivities is huge. I believe injury to the GI tract is similar to brain damage and none of us wants that.⁵, ⁶, ⁷
An example of what can happen when injury to the digestive tract occurs, is a lack of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) production. The majority of serotonin is synthesized and stored in the gut, in cells that line the intestinal wall. When serotonin levels are disturbed by damage to this part of the body it can produce changes in mood, depression, aggression, and even sleep problems. When you are tossing and turning all night long and can’t sleep, it may have to do with a lack of serotonin.
Elimination Diets
A growing body of evidence suggests the number of people suffering from food sensitivities has increased dramatically over the past century. Food allergies and sensitivities can injure many parts of the body, causing a wide range of health issues.⁹ Individuals suffering from gastrointestinal illness often get a food allergy test, but this may not be the most reliable method.
Based on my knowledge and experience dealing with my health issues, a very strict elimination diet is the best way to recognize which foods are causing harm. In the same way allergy tests have faults, so does an elimination diet. Nonetheless, it is easy to do, and I believe it is more accurate than allergy testing. An elimination diet allows the discovery of which foods might be causing damage to your system. It enables you to gain a clear understanding of which foods you are reacting to.
I knew a big part of the problem with my health had to do with certain ingredients in my diet. My job is to teach people how to eat a healthy diet, so I became my own client. I created a personalized diet and introduced supplements I believed would help repair the damage done to my body as a result of my pneumonia. I wanted to repopulate the healthy bacteria which had been wiped out from taking strong antibiotics. My goal was to deliver the nutrients my body needed. The damage to my GI tract was preventing me from being able to properly absorb the healthy nutrients in food.
A Gastroscopy Can Be Inconclusive
One of my doctors realized something was wrong, but had no idea how to help me regain my health. He sent me to see several specialists and none of them could figure out why I was so sick. They sent me for many tests, even a gastroscopy (upper gastrointestinal endoscopy), and all of them came back negative.
A gastroscopy involves a thin, flexible tube with a small light and video camera at one end, this instrument is called an endoscope. The doctor puts the tube in your mouth, down into your oesophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum). A video monitor allows the doctor to evaluate the images. During the examination a small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken. The resulting images and tissue sample allows them to assess damage inside the GI tract.
After having this procedure, I was told I didn’t have celiac disease. I now know a gastroscopy can be inconclusive if the patient has stopped eating gluten. At this point, I had not been eating gluten for quite a while and in order for the gastroscopy to be accurate it requires weeks of eating gluten.
A counsellor from the Celiac Disease Society of Canada told me if the gastroscopy is done after the removal of gluten some recovery takes place. The stomach and intestines will no longer show any damage caused by gluten. She told me people call her all the time with the same story as mine. Regrettably, when I had the gastroscopy, I thought it was correct. I believed I didn’t have celiac disease.
Then I was sent to a specialist who did an MRI. I was told there was a possibility I would one day start to have seizures. I asked him why I wasn’t seizing right now and he said he wasn’t sure. At the time, very little was known about the damage gluten is able to cause. I now understand why people didn’t take the injury these grains inflict seriously. It’s unfortunate many people are not aware of the harm gluten can cause.
Continued The Changes to My Diet
Although my celiac disease tests came back negative, I continued using an elimination diet to root out problematic foods. Even though I was told I was fine, I thought it was worth a try because I was still very sick and food allergies/sensitivities are very common in my family.
After staying away from gluten for three years, I was feeling good and most of my health issues disappeared. I reintroduced gluten grains to my diet because I missed these foods very much. I had no idea the reaction to food containing gluten could be horribly serious. Since I was told the test results for celiac were negative, I decided to test these foods and see if there was any reaction. I thought if I reacted again, I would have the same reactions as before: weight loss, bruising, some hair loss, etc.
I started to eat gluten, soy, and dairy. I was very happy when everyone went for pizza, ice cream, and Chinese food, I was once again included and having a great time. My assumption was if I cheated my reactions would be the same as before, but regrettably, I was very wrong!
When I Began to Experience Seizures
Almost right away I started to feel dizzy and weird, but I wrote it off as tiredness. The dizziness started to occur more often and it became more intense as time went on. I went to see a doctor to figure out why I was experiencing these lightheaded moments. He started sending me for more tests. After many tests, they realized that I was having seizures!
He didn’t agree with me when I would say there was a link between my seizures and the food that was making me sick. Even when I said the seizures started exactly when I began to cheat and eat the foods I had been reacting to, the doctor couldn’t see a relationship. How frustrating it was to have everybody tell me there was no connection; I was patronized by everyone. Right away I remembered the specialist who had done the MRI and I recalled our conversation about seizures and gluten. He had also reassured me there was no association.
When you have epilepsy, the most common thing for people to say is you need to slow down and take it easy. I found sitting down and doing less frustrating, and almost impossible to do because I like staying busy. While resting helped, I was still having many seizures. Even though doing too much may be a component of having seizures, I don’t think it’s the whole story.
The doctors tried different medications, but I was still having seizures. Sometimes five complex partial seizures in one day and at times — SEIZING EVERY DAY!
The diet I had created helped me so much the first time around, I decided to try it again, but this time my diet had to be stricter. This time there was much more damage. I created a diet which removed many more ingredients than the first diet. I was left with a very restricted menu, I had to be exceptionally careful. The first time I followed this diet I didn’t have to be as strict; a little bit of gluten didn’t seem to bother me. Now even a speck of grains, or other foods which caused me to have a reaction, made me very sick and caused me to have a seizure.
I have done a lot of research regarding gluten sensitivities and food allergies. I have met and spoken to many people who suffer from food allergies/sensitivities. It seems everywhere I go someone is having a problem with one or more food sensitivities.
The Cultivation of Grains
My research has taught me many things, including the fact that modern farming is relatively new. Around 10,000 years ago, people first discovered how to cultivate crops and domesticate animals. This is not long ago if you take into consideration many estimate human beings have been evolving on earth for millions of years.¹⁰ Before farming, people survived by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. We were eating a mixture of the following: land animals (including organs, fat, and marrow), birds, seafood, nuts, fruit, vegetables, and berries. The quantity of each food varied according to the place and the season. This diet consisted of foods with a low glycemic index/load. In other words, foods with little or no carbohydrates.
Given the fact that humans started to farm a short while ago, we have only been eating high amounts of starches for a short period of time. I believe people were meant to eat and get their energy from meat, fish, healthy fats, vegetables, and berries. Thus, feeding our cells healthy fats as the main source of energy instead of glucose (starches and sugars). As well, people were more active than they are today. They were hunting and gathering food, not picking it up at Walmart after sitting at their desks all day. My feeling is if we weren’t meant to eat meat then we would become very sick when we ate this food.
Eating Starch With Every Meal
When I go to buy food, I see a huge variety of starches. At my local grocery store, I see foods such as cassava (a starchy root from South America sometimes called yuca). You know things have changed when the local, North American grocery store has cassava. The capacity to harvest, store, export, and import starchy food causes the price to go down. Cheap means it is eaten more often. We are eating more grains and starch than the human body was meant to have. It is unbelievable the amount of starch we consume in one day. Some eat cereal in the morning, a sandwich in the afternoon, and rice or some other starch for dinner. Then there are snacks, including crackers, cookies, and pretzels. Even pseudograins, such as quinoa, are starches and should not be eaten to the extent they are today. Since many do not part with their starch easily, getting people to eat less starch will be a long and slow process. It not only tastes great but is also quite addictive.
As mentioned earlier, a dangerous situation begins when you lack healthy bacteria in the gut as a result of taking antibiotics and/or other factors that can upset normal gut flora. In this case, a pro-inflammatory environment is created. Then grains, starches, and sugars can intensify the existing inflammation and cause disease. Continued inflammation is linked with many medical and psychiatric disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, autoimmune diseases, schizophrenia, and depression. Additionally, it is frequently associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.¹¹ Cytokines will be discussed many times in this book. I believe certain cytokines are the main aggressors of numerous diseases.
Healthy Fats Are a Good Source of Energy
Ketones are organic compounds made when the body breaks down healthy fats for energy during spells of fasting, or when eating very little starch and sugar.¹² Using healthy fats as the primary energy source, instead of glucose, has some significant advantages. One benefit is you do not have to go hungry because fats satisfy most of the body’s energy requirements. When this happens, the craving for food diminishes. The desire to eat is merely there to make sure energy and nutrient requirements are fulfilled. Once these needs are met, the feeling of hunger is reduced. By using fats as the body’s main fuel supplier, you will be able to stop using glucose as the primary source of energy and encourage your body to run more efficiently.¹³
The paleo diet, a version of the ketogenic diet, has become very popular and is outlined later in the book. Right now, low-carb, high-fat diets are all the rage. Many people become much healthier and lose weight when they remove starch and sugar. As well, consuming fats will help prevent the pro-inflammatory environment I am going on about. No inflammation means your body will be much healthier and avoid contracting many illnesses.
Hybridization and GMO Foods
I do not think eating too much starch and sugar are the only reasons we are developing food allergies, sensitivities, and contracting more diseases. The hybridization and genetic modification of food is affecting our health in ways not seen in the history of humankind. Eating hybridized food and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) significantly increases health risks.
The wheat we are currently eating is hybridized and it has been said this is worse than genetic modification. I am not saying that genetic modification is healthy, I think it is very dangerous. A lot of the food we eat today is genetically modified. Eating GMO food can decrease the population of healthy bacteria and increase unhealthy bacteria, which can bring on Candida overgrowth, leaky gut, and inflammation. I always say to people, just because it doesn’t kill you instantly doesn’t mean it is good for you.
If we include some naturally occurring chemicals existing in plants, such as prolamins, agglutinins, digestive enzyme inhibitors, and saponins, we are encouraging the onset of leaky gut and inflammation.¹⁴, ¹⁵
Processed Food Can Be Poison
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Questions About Family or Cosmetic Dentistry?
Below is a list of some of the questions we get asked most frequently from our patients. If you have a question that isn't answered below, feel free to give our Danville, VA dental practice a call and we'll be happy to assist you.
Taking Care of Your Teeth and Gums
How often should I visit the dentist?
You should visit the dentist at least twice a year. A dental exam can reveal early signs of decay and disease that you may not see or feel. Catching these conditions early can help control them before them get worse and harder to treat. Additionally, getting a cleaning by a trained professional will remove plaque in areas you may have missed or cannot reach.
How often should I brush and floss my teeth?
You should brush at least twice a day, once in the morning and once before going to bed. You should floss once a day as well.
What is the proper way to brush my teeth?
The following guidelines are important to brushing correctly.
1.Firstly, make sure to use a soft bristled brush. Hard bristled brushes can wear down the enamel of your teeth.
2. Place your brush at a 45 degree angle to your gumline. Bristles should contact both the tooth surface and the gumline.
3. Use short back and forth strokes or tiny circular movements to brush your teeth. Each movement should be no bigger than the size of each tooth.
4. Make sure to use gentle strokes while brushing. Gentle strokes are effective in removing plaque, while too much pressure can wear down the enamel of your teeth.
5. Brush all surfaces of each tooth, including the outer, inner, and the chewing surfaces of the teeth.
6. Finally, don't cut your brushing short! Make sure to brush for at least 2 minutes.
What is the proper way to floss?
The following guidelines are important to flossing correctly.
1. Take 18" of floss and wind it around the middle finger of each hand .You can use these fingers to take up floss as it becomes dirty. Using your thumb and forefinger, pinch the floss leaving 1-2 inches in between for cleaning.
2. Gently move the floss up and down the spaces of your teeth. Never snap the floss down onto your gums, as it can cause damage.
3. As you move the floss down into the space between two teeth, slide it up and down against the surface of one tooth. Gently clean at the gumline as well. Repeat this for the other tooth.
4. Repeat this process for all of your teeth.
What is plaque?
Plaque is a sticky, clear film which forms every day on teeth from food debris and bacteria. If plaque is not removed, it can lead to gum disease and cavities. Regular dental check ups, along with brushing and flossing every day, can help prevent plaque buildup on teeth. In addition, avoiding sugary snacks and eating a balanced diet can help control plaque.
Periodontal (Gum) Disease
What is periodontal (gum) disease
Periodontal (gum) disease is an infection of the gums and bone that hold your teeth in place. Typically, periodontal disease occures when plaque builds up on the teeth and hardens, often due to poor brushing habits. The gums can become swollen and red in the early stage of the disease, called gingivitis. As the disease advances, periodontal disease can lead to sore and bleeding gums, pain while chewing, as well as tooth loss.
What are the signs of periodontal disease?
The following are signs of periodontal (gum) disease, and you should contact your dentist if you experience any of these:
• gums that bleed while brushing
• red, swollen or tender gums
• gums that have pulled away from the teeth
• bad breath that doesn't go away
• pus between your teeth and gums
• loose teeth
• a change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite
• a change in the fit of partial dentures
How can I prevent periodontal disease?
Periodontal disease can be prevented by practicing good oral hygiene. This includes brushing, flossing, and visiting you dentist regularly. Also make sure to eat a healthy diet to get the required vitamins and minerals necessary for your teeth.
Teeth Whitening
Why do our teeth turn yellow?
While our teeth start out pearly white, they can discolor through the years as our enamel wears down. The wearing down of enamel allows dentin, a yellow color substance that makes the core of our teeth, to show through. This is what gives our teeth a yellowish tint.
What are the different types of teeth whitening options?
Below are the three most popular teeth whitening options available today.
In-office teeth whitening
In-office teeth whitening works by producing a significant color change in your teeth in short amount of time, usally within an hour. The procedure is done at the dentist's office applying a high-concentration peroxide gel on the teeth after they have been protected with a special shield.
Professionally Dispensed Take-Home Whitening Kits
These whitening kits are purchased from your doctor for use at home. The strength of the gel used in these kits is lower than that used for in-office bleaching, and thus the gel can be applied for longer periods of time. Usually the trays are worn a couple hours a day or overnight for a few days or weeks depending on the product.
Over the counter whitening
Over the counter teeth whitening kits are store-bought and use a lower concentration gel than both in-office bleachin and take-home kits purchased from your doctor. While they are cheaper, they typically are less effective than methods that can be performed by your dentist because of the low concentration gel. Additionally, over the counter trays are not custom fit for your teeth, which can result in irritation to your gums while wearing the trays.
How long does teeth whitening last?
Teeth whitening usually lasts from one to three years before darkening of the teeth is noticed. Additionally, once your teeth have been initially whitened, typically only "touch ups" are required to maintain the whiteness.
Other Common Questions
What can I do about bad breath?
Bad breath is caused by a variety of factors, including the types of food you ingest, periodontal disease, dry mouth, and other causes. Going to your dentist will help you determine the cause of your bad breath, so that you can take steps to elminate it.
Regardless of the cause of your bad breath, good oral hygiene and regular checkups to the dentist will help reduce it. Brushing and flossing will eliminate particles of food stuck between your teeth which emit odors. It will also help prevent or treat periodontal disease (gum disease), caused by plaque buildup on your teeth, which can lead to bad breath. Dentures should be properly cleaned and soaked overnight in antibacterial solution (unless otherwise advised by your dentist). Finally, make sure to brush your tongue regularly to eliminate any residue.
Appointment request
Need an appointment with a dentist in Danville ? Requesting an appointment at our Danville, VA family and cosmetic dental office is now easier than ever. Fill out the form below and we'll contact you to find a time that fits your schedule. Start your journey towards a beautiful smile with us today!
Patient Name*
Phone Number*
Email Address
Are you a current patient?
Best time(s) to call?
Preferred Appt Date
Preferred Appt Time
Message
Describe the nature of your appointment or any other comments
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Home » Frequently asked Questions on Health » Is the dry cough due to taking Losar-H?
Is the dry cough due to taking Losar-H?
Q: My wife has been advised to take Losar-H for high blood pressure every morning since the last four years. She has developed dry cough for the past two years, which aggravates after she climbs stairs or with any physical stress and after she lies down on the bed. The cough stops after ten minutes. Has the dry cough aggravated due to Losar-H? Is there a possibility of developing cough as a result of a possible side effect due to the above medicine? We have discussed this with our homeopathic doctor and he also asked us to find out the same. What are the possible reasons for dry cough? What are the side effects of Losar-H?
A:Losar-H is the brand name of a product that contains two medicines: losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. It is well known that losartan can cause dry cough and some patients need to stop the medication. It is always advisable to use medicines individually and not as a combined pill since it is very difficult to determine side effects. There has been lot of research in advanced countries like US and Britain as to the best way to treat high blood pressure. As per internationally accepted, standardised evidence-based guidelines, in patients aged 55 and over, first choice of initial therapy (in a case like your wife) should be either amlodipine (sold as Amlodac) 5mg once daily in the morning or a diuretic such as metolazone (sold as Metoz) 2.5mg in the morning. If two drugs are required then Amlodac and Metoz, both can be given concurrently.
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Your question: Can you get pregnant 7 days after ovulation?
A person can get pregnant 12–24 hours after ovulation, as a released egg can survive up to 24 hours within the cervix. For those trying to conceive, it is crucial to understand the menstrual cycle.
Can you get pregnant a week after ovulation and a week before your period?
You can only get pregnant during a narrow window of five to six days a month. When these fertile days actually occur depends on when you ovulate, or release an egg from your ovary. Ovulation usually occurs in the middle of your menstrual cycle — about two weeks before your period — but not everyone’s cycle is regular.
Can you get your period 7 days after ovulation?
Timing: Implantation bleeding happens about 6-12 days after ovulation while a menstrual period happens 14 days after ovulation.
Can you fall pregnant 4 days after ovulation?
Pregnancy After Ovulation
Getting pregnant after ovulation is possible, but is limited to the 12-24 hours after your egg has been released. Cervical mucus helps sperm live up to 5 days in a woman’s body, and it takes around 6 hours for active sperm to reach the fallopian tubes.
IT IS INTERESTING: How soon can you tell if a dog is pregnant after mating?
What are the chances of getting pregnant a week after ovulation?
Your chance of getting pregnant after ovulation is small. One day past ovulation, your odds are between 0% and 11%.
How many days after ovulation does period come?
Understanding your menstrual cycle
For most women, the length of time between ovulation (when an egg is released from the ovary) and their monthly period is between 12 to 16 days (this is called the luteal phase).
How soon can you feel pregnancy symptoms after ovulation?
It occurs anywhere from six to 12 days after the egg is fertilized. The cramps resemble menstrual cramps, so some women mistake them and the bleeding for the start of their period. The bleeding and cramps, however, are slight.
How do you self check your stomach for pregnancy?
Walk your fingers up the side of her abdomen (Figure 10.1) until you feel the top of her abdomen under the skin. It will feel like a hard ball. You can feel the top by curving your fingers gently into the abdomen. Figure 10.1 With the woman lying on her back, begin by finding the top of the uterus with your fingers.
Can you fall pregnant after ovulation?
It is possible to become pregnant after ovulation. When a person has sex within 12–24 hours after the release of a mature egg, there is a high chance of conceiving. Ovulation occurs when one of the ovaries releases a mature egg. This is the time when the body is ready to receive sperm for fertilization.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Is it normal to have a belly at 8 weeks pregnant?
Why did I not get pregnant during ovulation?
Not Ovulating
Human conception requires an egg and sperm. If you’re not ovulating, you won’t be able to get pregnant. Anovulation is a common cause of female infertility and it can be triggered by many conditions. Most women who are experiencing ovulation problems have irregular periods.
What are symptoms of pregnancy after ovulation?
A missed period is the most telltale sign of pregnancy, but if you’re 4 DPO, you likely have around 9 to 12 days before you’ll experience this sign.
Tender breasts.
• fatigue.
• bloating.
• food cravings.
• mood swings.
• headaches.
• constipation.
• nasal congestion.
29 июл. 2020 г.
How can you tell if an egg has been fertilized?
Some women may notice symptoms as early as 5 DPO, although they won’t know for certain that they are pregnant until much later. Early signs and symptoms include implantation bleeding or cramps, which can occur 5–6 days after the sperm fertilizes the egg. Other early symptoms include breast tenderness and mood changes.
How do you know if conception has occurred?
Some women do notice signs and symptoms that implantation has occurred. Signs may include light bleeding, cramping, nausea, bloating, sore breasts, headaches, mood swings, and possibly a change in basal body temperature.
How many days after ovulation can you get a positive pregnancy test?
Around eight days after ovulation, trace levels of hCG can be detected from an early pregnancy. That means a woman could get positive results several days before she expects her period to start.
Mom PRO
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These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science. The idea is that for women beyond age 35, every month counts and if made to wait another six months to prove the necessity of medical intervention, the problem could become worse. The corollary to this is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 isn't regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35.
I conceived my first child, a son, with no trouble at all. When he was two, we thought we might have another. A year or so later, when nothing had happened, we saw a fertility specialist, who gave us every test there was. We passed each one, as the consultant put it, "with flying colours". Which left us relieved but also confounded. All I had was a new adjective to add to my diagnosis: Unexplained Secondary Infertility.
^ Chavez-Badiola, Alejandro; Flores-Saiffe Farias, Adolfo; Mendizabal-Ruiz, Gerardo; Garcia-Sanchez, Rodolfo; Drakeley, Andrew J.; Garcia-Sandoval, Juan Paulo (10 March 2020). "Predicting pregnancy test results after embryo transfer by image feature extraction and analysis using machine learning". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 4394. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4394C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61357-9. PMC 7064494. PMID 32157183.
A Cochrane review came to the result that endometrial injury performed in the month prior to ovarian induction appeared to increase both the live birth rate and clinical pregnancy rate in IVF compared with no endometrial injury. There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in miscarriage, multiple pregnancy or bleeding rates. Evidence suggested that endometrial injury on the day of oocyte retrieval was associated with a lower live birth or ongoing pregnancy rate.[30]
Patients with hypothalamic dysfunction are not producing signals within their brains to tell the ovary to mature an egg. They are diagnosed because they have an extremely low FSH and a low LH (almost zero). Neither clomid nor letrozole will help them. For these patients, IUI must be accompanied by gonadotropin to be effective. From here on in this section, none of the data we’ll reference refers to patients with hypothalamic dysfunction.
Generally, the best chance of pregnancy is when sex happens 1-2 days before ovulation. If you have a regular 28-day cycle, count back 14 days from when you expect your next period to start. Plan on having sex every other day around that time -- say, days 12 and 14. Keep in mind that having sex every day may lower a man's sperm count. Your cycle may be longer or shorter, so an online ovulation calculator may help you figure out the likely day.
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. After the fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, it is implanted in the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
Bloating: Fertility medications can heavily impact how your body retains water, leading to the dreaded side effect of bloating. This is especially common in your midsection, where fluid can build up near the ovaries (creating abdominal tenderness, too). You can combat bloating by increasing your fluid intake and participating in light exercise such as walking.
Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge ovocyte and embryo quality. In order to optimise pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos.[72] Since 2009 where the first time-lapse microscopy system for IVF was approved for clinical use,[73] morphokinetic scoring systems has shown to improve to pregnancy rates further.[74] However, when all different types of time-lapse embryo imaging devices, with or without morphokinetic scoring systems, are compared against conventional embryo assessment for IVF, there is insufficient evidence of a difference in live-birth, pregnancy, stillbirth or miscarriage to choose between them.[75] Active efforts to develop a more accurate embryo selection analysis based on Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are underway. Embryo Ranking Intelligent Classification Assistant (ERICA),[76] is a clear example. This Deep Learning software substitutes manual classifications with a ranking system based on an individual embryo's predicted genetic status in a non-invasive fashion.[77] Studies on this area are still pending and current feasibility studies support its potential.[78]
That’s about the time frame women between the ages of 35 and 40 should give themselves, before discussing fertility concerns with their doctor. For women under 35, experts recommend trying for about a year—really trying, as in unprotected, well-timed intercourse—before having any testing or treatment; women over 40 may want to consult an obstetrician/gynecologist right away. See your doctor sooner than later if you’ve suffered multiple miscarriages, have a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (a serious complication of some STDs), or experience any other symptoms of infertility. Meanwhile, learn these infertility myths you don’t have to worry about.
andisheh tv Apple bean Best Fertility Foods Boost comparing clinics dertility diet disorder DNA Dr. Berger dr joshua berger easy to make egg freezing exercise Exercise and pregnancy fertility fertility issues fertility preservation fertility treatment Health healthy Healthy Weight infertility infertility diagnosis infertility tests IVF lentil male male infertility maternal age men prevent skin sleep smoking sperm success rates Supplements unexplained infertility vitamin vitamin D Weight Loss Winter yogurt
4. IVF or In-Vitro Fertilization - IVF means eggs are collected and fertilized outside the body, in a laboratory. This is followed by transferring the embryos into the uterus. This advanced technology has resulted in many successful pregnancies in women who had lost hope. During IVF - In-Vitro Fertilization, women can choose to freeze their healthy eggs for future use.
The first step in finding the right treatment is to find out if there is an actual cause for unexplained infertility. Taking treatment helps to increase the chances of conceiving, and also makes it likelier that you will get pregnant sooner. The treatment of luteal-phase defects is as controversial as the diagnosis. They can be treated by using clomiphene, which may help by augmenting the secretion of FSH and thus improving the quality of the follicle (and therefore, the corpus luteum, which develops from it). Direct treatment with progesterone can also help luteal-phase abnormalities. Progesterone can be given either as injections or vaginal suppositories.
A body mass index (BMI) over 27 causes a 33% decrease in likelihood to have a live birth after the first cycle of IVF, compared to those with a BMI between 20 and 27.[29] Also, pregnant women who are obese have higher rates of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, hypertension, thromboembolism and problems during delivery, as well as leading to an increased risk of fetal congenital abnormality.[29] Ideal body mass index is 19–30.[17]
The likelihood of a diagnosis of unexplained infertility is increased substantially in women 35 and over - and greatly increased in women over 38. The reason for this is that there are more likely to be egg quantity and quality problems as women age. Since we do not have a "standard category" called egg factor infertility, these couples sometimes get lumped in to the "unexplained" infertility category.
andisheh tv Apple bean Best Fertility Foods Boost comparing clinics dertility diet disorder DNA Dr. Berger dr joshua berger easy to make egg freezing exercise Exercise and pregnancy fertility fertility issues fertility preservation fertility treatment Health healthy Healthy Weight infertility infertility diagnosis infertility tests IVF lentil male male infertility maternal age men prevent skin sleep smoking sperm success rates Supplements unexplained infertility vitamin vitamin D Weight Loss Winter yogurt
First, consider where the information about the success rates is coming from. Generally speaking, IVF success rates in the United States comes from the clinics themselves or from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine both contribute to the CDC data.
There’s an intense emotional response to hearing, “There is no apparent reason for your infertility”. It can be difficult, maddening and equally frustrating for both you and your partner. People who do find out a specific cause find their situations difficult, too, of course, but knowing the “whys” makes it more bearable. In cases of unexplained infertility, couples feel that one reason, one cause is lurking in a shadowy corner. It just hasn’t been uncovered yet.
Prior to the retrieval procedure, you will be given injections of a medication that ripens the developing eggs and starts the process of ovulation. Timing is important; the eggs must be retrieved just before they emerge from the follicles in the ovaries. If the eggs are taken out too early or too late, they won't develop normally. Your doctor may do blood tests or an ultrasound to be sure the eggs are at the right stage of development before retrieving them. The IVF facility will provide you with special instructions to follow the night before and the day of the procedure. Most women are given pain medication and the choice of being mildly sedated or going under full anesthesia.
Dr. Gorka Barrenetxea provides us with a practical case of secondary infertility that occurs more commonly than one may think. A couple, throughout their lifetime, can have children with 20, 25, 30 and 35 years, but when they decide to have a second or third child, they may encounter trouble conceiving due to the passage of time itself, Dr. Barrenetxea states.
Along with being physically demanding, fertility treatments can also spark a roller-coaster of emotions each month, including hope, anger, disappointment, sadness, and guilt. Just the sight of a pregnant woman can evoke strong negative and stressful feelings. During this time, those struggling with infertility may pull away from friends and family who remind them of their difficulty with reproduction; some of their closest relationships may suffer.
I had a wonderful experience at CHA Fertility Clinic and got pregnant on my first cycle. My son will turn two this year and I immediately contacted them when we were thinking of having a second child. The doctors and staff are so kind, informative, and helpful, and they really put my mind at ease. We had looked at other fertility clinics … Read More
Success rates for IVF depend on a number of factors, including the reason for infertility, where you're having the procedure done, and your age. The CDC compiles national statistics for all assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures performed in the U.S., including IVF, GIFT, and ZIFT, although IVF is by far the most common; it accounts for 99% of the procedures. The most recent report from 2016 found:
Artificial insemination, including intracervical insemination and intrauterine insemination of semen. It requires that a woman ovulates, but is a relatively simple procedure, and can be used in the home for self-insemination without medical practitioner assistance.[171] The beneficiaries of artificial insemination are women who desire to give birth to their own child who may be single, women who are in a lesbian relationship or women who are in a heterosexual relationship but with a male partner who is infertile or who has a physical impairment which prevents full intercourse from taking place.
Cancer. Although some early studies suggested there may be a link between certain medications used to stimulate egg growth and the development of a specific type of ovarian tumor, more-recent studies do not support these findings. There does not appear to be a significantly increased risk of breast, endometrial, cervical or ovarian cancer after IVF.
Success rates for IVF also vary according to individual circumstances, with the most significant factor again being the age of the woman. At RMA, the likelihood of live birth after transfer of a single, genetically normal blastocyst is 60-65% on average. It is a legal requirement in the US for success rates of fertility clinics to be reported to the CDC. This includes live birth rates and other outcomes. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology also reports on these statistics. All of our RMA clinics report their results individually and you can check them in the published data. You should remember that results for different clinics are not always comparable with each other because of differences in the patient base.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): This procedure involves direct injection of a single sperm of the male partner into the eggs of the female for fertilization. Just like IVF procedure, in ICSI, the sperm and egg are collected from both the partners. The only difference is the fertilization process as in IVF the sperms and egg are mixed naturally, and in ICSI the sperms are injected into the egg using a needle.
IVF may be used to overcome female infertility when it is due to problems with the fallopian tubes, making in vivo fertilisation difficult. It can also assist in male infertility, in those cases where there is a defect in sperm quality; in such situations intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used, where a sperm cell is injected directly into the egg cell. This is used when sperm has difficulty penetrating the egg. In these cases the partner's or a donor's sperm may be used. ICSI is also used when sperm numbers are very low. When indicated, the use of ICSI has been found to increase the success rates of IVF.
First, you take medication that makes several of your eggs mature and ready for fertilization. Then the doctor takes the eggs out of your body and mixes them with sperm in a lab, to help the sperm fertilize the eggs. Then they put 1 or more fertilized eggs (embryos) directly into your uterus. Pregnancy happens if any of the embryos implant in the lining of your uterus.
"Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age," whereas "the epidemiological definition refers to "trying for" or "time to" a pregnancy, generally in a population of women exposed to" a probability of conception.[8] Currently, female fertility normally peaks at age 24 and diminishes after 30, with pregnancy occurring rarely after age 50.[9] A female is most fertile within 24 hours of ovulation.[9] Male fertility peaks usually at age 25 and declines after age 40.[9] The time needed to pass (during which the couple tries to conceive) for that couple to be diagnosed with infertility differs between different jurisdictions. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Both infertility and subfertility are defined as the inability to conceive after a certain period of time (the length of which vary), so often the two terms overlap.
Fertility tourism is the practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments.[citation needed] It may be regarded as a form of medical tourism. The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal regulation of the sought procedure in the home country, or lower price. In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved.
Many people have never heard the term "secondary infertility"; fewer understand it. I discovered it a year into my struggle to conceive a second child and fell on it, amazed. What I was undergoing had a name! I wrote it down and immediately felt better, as if the phrase exuded a talismanic power that might protect me from the likes of my neighbour.
The main durations of embryo culture are until cleavage stage (day two to four after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day five or six after co-incubation).[71] Embryo culture until the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in live birth rate per embryo transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embryos available for transfer and embryo cryopreservation, so the cumulative clinical pregnancy rates are increased with cleavage stage transfer.[30] Transfer day two instead of day three after fertilisation has no differences in live birth rate.[30] There are significantly higher odds of preterm birth (odds ratio 1.3) and congenital anomalies (odds ratio 1.3) among births having from embryos cultured until the blastocyst stage compared with cleavage stage.[71]
From the patient experience perspective, IVF is a more time-consuming process overall, although the length of time before pregnancy is achieved varies greatly according to how many cycles are necessary. However, because IVF is a more direct and effective route to pregnancy than IUI, it is often a less time-consuming process. For example, a patient could spend many months trying to succeed at IUI, only to succeed during the first cycle of IVF. While many patients opt for IUI at the start of their fertility journey because it is less invasive and more affordable, success rates for IVF are considerably higher.
The percentage of cycles cancelled between egg retrieval and embryo transfer is an indication of failed fertilization. This figure is halved with ICSI as compared to conventional IVF, indicating that it can indeed improve fertilization when the sperm is at fault. However, there are no differences in pregnancy, miscarriage or live birth rates between conventional IVF and ICSI, indicating overall similar success rates1.
In 2006, Canadian clinics reported a live birth rate of 27%.[11] Birth rates in younger patients were slightly higher, with a success rate of 35.3% for those 21 and younger, the youngest group evaluated. Success rates for older patients were also lower and decrease with age, with 37-year-olds at 27.4% and no live births for those older than 48, the oldest group evaluated.[12] Some clinics exceeded these rates, but it is impossible to determine if that is due to superior technique or patient selection, since it is possible to artificially increase success rates by refusing to accept the most difficult patients or by steering them into oocyte donation cycles (which are compiled separately). Further, pregnancy rates can be increased by the placement of several embryos at the risk of increasing the chance for multiples.
Vibratory stimulation or electric ejaculation: Vibratory stimulation is a painless and non-sedative procedure adapted to collect the sperms of men with spinal cord injuries who cannot experience natural ejaculation. Electric ejaculation is used for men who do not respond to vibratory stimulation process. The collected sperm is then transferred to the woman’s uterus for fertilization.
IVF is the most successful method of fertility treatment utilized today to help couples to conceive. The basic components of the IVF process include stimulation of the ovaries to produce multiple eggs at a time, removal of the eggs from the ovary (egg retrieval), fertilization of the eggs in the laboratory, and subsequent placement of the resulting embryos into the uterus (embryo transfer). The chance of pregnancy from IVF depends primarily on the age of the woman, the cause of infertility, and factors related to the quality of the IVF laboratory.
A doctor or WHNP takes a medical history and gives a physical examination. They can also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is an identifiable reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. If necessary, they refer patients to a fertility clinic or local hospital for more specialized tests. The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment.
Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy.[63] Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments. Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. Drugs used for both women and men[64] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin.
Luteal support is the administration of medication, generally progesterone, progestins, hCG, or GnRH agonists, and often accompanied by estradiol, to increase the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis, thereby complementing and/or supporting the function of the corpus luteum. A Cochrane review found that hCG or progesterone given during the luteal phase may be associated with higher rates of live birth or ongoing pregnancy, but that the evidence is not conclusive.[79] Co-treatment with GnRH agonists appears to improve outcomes,[79] by a live birth rate RD of +16% (95% confidence interval +10 to +22%).[80] On the other hand, growth hormone or aspirin as adjunctive medication in IVF have no evidence of overall benefit.[30]
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Buy Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate)
Drug Class: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Active Life: 5-7 days
Originally developed as a female fertility aid, clomiphene citrate has been popular among steroid users for quite some time now as a post-cycle therapy compound used to help recover natural testosterone production. The compound works by partially or completely blocking the effects of estrogen in the body. This is due to the fact that it is a synthetic estrogen with both agonist and antagonist properties1 . With a similar structure to that of tamoxifen citrate, clomiphene citrate blocks the ability of estrogen to bind with receptors in certain tissues2,3 , these being located in the hypothalamus and being suprapituitary4 , although this is a somewhat contentious claim. Tamoxifen citrate is selective to those receptors in the liver, breast, and bone. So in terms of use as a fertility drug in women, clomiphene citrate helps to eliminate the negative feedback of estrogens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and increases the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. This induces ovulation.
Therefore if these results can be translated to strength athletes and bodybuilders, this ability to raise the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone should be quite impressive. An increase in these hormones will result in an increase in testosterone production in users5,6 . This of course is something that is desperately desired when coming off of anabolic steroids. If testosterone levels can be raised quickly after a cycle a user is much more likely to maintain more of his gains than if he suffered through a crash in testosterone levels and his natural production came back slowly, all the while having to combat the increased levels of estrogen and cortisol.
While it is true that clomiphene citrate has many "anti-estrogen" properties, there are a multitude of better options. It's is relatively weak in comparison to tamoxifen citrate and the anti-aromatase compounds that are available are much more potent in terms of controlling and/or eliminating estrogenic side effects that are likely to develop. The primary duty of clomiphene citrate should be left to post-cycle therapy.
Use/Dosing Clomid Pills.
Of course due to the fact that there is little research to do with the use of clomiphene citrate as it relates to steroid users, much of what we know about the dosing of it has been from anecdotal reports. For the most part users will maintain doses of the drug between 25mgs to 150mgs per day on a consistent basis. Often times users will "frontload" the compound using doses of between 200-300mgs on the first day of their post-cycle therapy and then reduce the subsequent doses. However the side effects associated with large doses of the compound may hinder some individuals' abilities to do this.
Some users also advocate tapering the dose of clomiphene citrate during the last few weeks of administration. However this is more a practice that is based upon theory rather than solid medical evidence of it's productivity.
In terms of dosing length it seems that at least 3 weeks of clomiphene citrate therapy is recommended by users. Of course each has their own preferences along with individual recovery schedules. Also the types of compounds used and the duration of a cycle will of course influence the time it takes for a user to recover and the need for a lengthy post-cycle therapy. Due to the lack of serious side effects associated with the drug, as well as the fact that there is no risk of toxicity with the clomiphene citrate, users are able to use the compound for months on end with seemingly no significant negative consequences.
Risks/Side Effects Clomid Tablets.
Despite these rather inconvenient side effects, for the most part clomiphene citrate can be run for extended periods of time with no worries of serious negative consequences7,8 . Potentially things such as hot flashes, nausea, dizziness, and headaches may occur but anecdotally users report that these symptoms are quite rare. However emotional side effects along with vision problems are frequently reported with use of this drug. Visual tracers or blurry vision are often reported by users, even some who use extremely low doses of the compound. These are often reported to become more pronounced at night. However if this symptom becomes unbearable, it quickly dissipates after administration of the compound is ceased.
In terms of the emotional side effects associated with clomiphene citrate, some users complain that they become depressed, irritable or more emotional in general when using the drug. This can primarily be explained by way of clomiphene citrate being a synthetic estrogen. By introducing a type of estrogen into a user's system some effects should be expected. Coupled with the fact that the natural testosterone production of the user is already suppressed this obviously could lead to some difficulties. Of course some users find these effects much more pronounced than others, with many finding clomiphene intolerable while others have little to no side effects.
Another possible effect of use of the compound is increased acne. This is a direct result in the shifting hormonal balance that a user would be experiencing while coming off of anabolic steroids and the introduction of clomiphene citrate to their system. An increase in production of seminal fluid may also be experienced by some users and therefore the volume of ejaculate may well noticeably increase as well.
13.08.2020
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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8,654,318,287,133,645,000
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Symptomatic joint hypermobility
Review written by Dr Xiaoqi Chen info
Key Points
1. Joint hypermobility can be assessed using the Beighton scoring system which has a cut-off point of 5 out of 9. However, those who meet this cut-off point may be asymptomatic.
All key points available for members only
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is hypermobility associated with multiple joints. The prevalence of GJH is up to 57% (1). The Beighton scoring system is the most reproducible assessment tool for hypermobility, with good inter-rater reliability (2). The original cut-off threshold for Beighton is 5 out of 9 (3), but confounding variables such as age, gender, training, injury, hormone status and ethnicity can impact the score.
Studies have tried to investigate why many people are hypermobile but asymptomatic, with minimal substantiation. In theory, a hypermobile joint is more dependent on musculotendinous function for stability, and failure of which may cause soft tissue strain/injury. Additionally, a hypermobile joint can alter the biomechanical function of the body, causing compensatory changes at other body areas and potential soft tissue irritation. Perhaps, those who are asymptomatic have adopted efficient biomechanical adaptation strategies over their lifetime. On the other hand, those who are symptomatic experience a range of symptoms of varying degrees including chronic pain, fatigue, disturbed joint proprioception, and soft tissue/joint trauma.
The prevalence of generalized joint hypermobility is up to 57%.
bulb
Consistent physical activity is key to alleviate and/or prevent worsening of musculoskeletal symptoms.
Causes of Hypermobility and Diagnosis
The causes of joint hypermobility are multifactorial. Hypermobility can be influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. It can be acquired and/or congenital. Joint hypermobility is associated with many heritable connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS),
to unlock full access to this review and 710 more
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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5,212,911,279,634,019,000
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What is melanoma?
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. It starts in cells in the skin called melanocytes.
There are 2 main categories of skin cancer. Non melanoma skin cancer (which includes basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancer and other rare types) and melanoma skin cancer. This page is about melanoma skin cancer.
The skin
The skin is a body organ. It does several jobs, including:
• protecting the inside of the body from damage
• helping to keep our body temperature more or less the same
• getting rid of some waste products through sweat
• making vitamin D (this helps form and maintain our bones)
The skin is made up of 2 main layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
Diagram showing the structure of the skin
The thickness of the epidermis and the dermis varies depending on the part of the body the skin is covering. For example, the skin on the soles of your feet is quite thick, with an epidermis and dermis of about 5mm. The skin on your eyelids is much thinner, about 0.5mm.
Where melanoma starts
Melanoma starts in cells in the skin called melanocytes. These cells are in the deep layer of the epidermis between the layer of basal cells.
Melanocytes make a pigment called melanin. This gives skin its natural colour. The pigment helps to protect the body from ultraviolet light (UV radiation) from the sun.
UV radiation can cause sunburn. This is a sign of damage to the genetic material (DNA) in skin cells. Over time, enough DNA damage can cause cells to grow out of control and lead to cancer.
People who originally come from hotter climates with more sunshine tend to have naturally darker skins. They do not have more of the melanocyte cells than people with pale skin. But their melanocytes are more active and make more of the pigment.
In paler people, the pigment gives you a sun tan. Exposing your skin to the sun makes the melanocytes make more pigment. The pigment is then transferred to the other skin cells to protect them against the sun's rays.
Melanoma can also develop in a mole, or more rarely in areas not exposed to the sun.
Who gets melanoma?
Melanoma may occur at any age, but it is more common in older people. In comparison to most other cancer types, it is also quite common in younger people.
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun or sunbeds is the main environmental factor that increases the risk of developing melanoma.
Other risk factors include:
• skin type
• hair and eye colour
• number of moles
• family history of melanoma
How common is it?
Around 16,200 people are diagnosed with melanoma in the UK each year. The number of people diagnosed with melanoma has increased over the last few decades.
Melanoma is the 5th most common cancer in the UK.
Last reviewed:
21 May 2020
Next review due:
21 May 2023
• Cancer Incidence from Cancer Intelligence Statistical Information Team at Cancer Research UK (2015 - 2017 UK average)
Accessed September 2020
• Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (12th edition)
A Waugh and A Grant
Churchill Livingston Elsevier, 2014
• Cancer and its management (7th edition)
J Tobias and D Hochhauser
Wiley-Blackwell, 2015
• Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology (10th edition)
VT De Vita, TS Lawrence and SA Rosenberg
Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2015
• The Human Body (2nd edition)
S Parker
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2013
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Are Your Workouts Preventing You From Losing Weight?
Updated on October 27, 2016
The More You Workout, The Less You Lose
Many people may have the assumption that the more you exercise, the more weight you will lose. It’s true that the more calories going out of your system versus going into your system will give you a calorie deficit and therefore weight loss. But if the body is being too overworked to burn those calories it actually has a negative impact. The body will adjust to try to compensate for the extra stress it’s receiving. Just like if you starve yourself by not eating for a few days, if you over work your body from too much exercising, your metabolism will slow and go into starvation mode.
The Dangers of Over-Exercising
Other than just halting your weight loss goals, over-exercising also poses many dangers. Some of these dangers include severe dehydration, muscle and joint injuries, chronic headaches and fatigue, and even loss of muscle. You can also deplete your body of essential nutrients with the effects of this showing up later in life. In essence, when you over-exercise you lose almost any benefits the exercise was giving you in the first place.
Why Exercising Won’t Guarantee Weight Loss
The number one reason why a lot of people exercise is for weight loss. But what a lot of people don’t know is that exercising only moderately helps in weight loss, the major way weight loss is really achieved is through reducing your caloric intake. Many studies have shown that when people exercise without dieting, no major weight loss is seen. When people diet alone significant weight loss is achieved. When people diet and exercise, slightly more weight loss is achieved than when dieting alone. More studies show that even between the people who exercise, those who exercise less lose more weight over time. This shows that exercising does help with your weight loss efforts, but not in a big way that people are led to believe.
The reason why exercise won’t guarantee significant weight loss, if any at all, is because if you don’t eat enough to compensate for the extra energy your body is using (as explained earlier), your metabolism adjusts to save energy. Sometimes the amount you need to eat to compensate is close to the same amount that was burned in the first place. You might also compensate by spending less energy than you normally would have throughout your day. For example, you may sit more instead of stand, you may go to bed early, or you may lounge around at home more. This is because exercise, mainly over-exercising, can actually make you feel more tired than energized as the body is trying to make up for the loss of fuel. You may also eat more calories in your day than you normally would. This will negate any extra calorie burn you received from the exercise itself.
How Much Should You Exercise for Optimal Weight Loss?
The amount of exercise a person should get can vary from person to person. Health professionals suggest 30 minutes a day or about 300 calories burned. This is a good guideline to stick to. Don’t give into the hype of reality television shows and the extreme amount of exercise a day they showcase. If the goal is to lose weight, hopefully it’s also to keep it off. Not only is it unhealthy and dangerous to put your body through all of that stress, it’s also unrealistic and impossible to keep up. You don’t even need to workout everyday. The body needs rest and the focus on losing weight should be placed more on calorie reduction while seeing exercise as a small bonus.
Signs You Might Be Over-Exercising
You might be over-exercising if you are experiencing many of these symptoms:
• Constant Fatigue
• Change in Sleep Patterns (sleeping too much or too little)
• Chronic Headaches
• Unexplained Dizziness
• Short Term Memory Loss
• Lack of Appetite
• Weight Gain
• Weakened Immune System
• Feeling Exhausted After a Workout
• Body Soreness That Lasts For Days
Other Reasons to Exercise
Other than weight loss, there are many other benefits and reasons for moderate exercise, these include:
• Physical Fitness
• Lower Blood Pressure
• Reduces Risk of Type II Diabetes
• Stronger Immune System
• Healthier Bones
• Improves Breathing
• Better Sleep
• Reduces Stress
• Reduces Depression
• Increases Your Memory
• Provides Energy
Have You Ever Been Tempted to Exercise More in Hopes of Losing More Weight?
See results
Disclaimer: Before undertaking any diet or exercise plan, please consult your physician or healthcare professional. UltimateLife is not a doctor or trained health professional. Thank-you for your interest and support!
© 2013 Michelle B
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Background
Excessive intraoperative bleeding is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The authors and others have shown that fibrin monomer allows preoperative risk stratification for intraoperative blood loss, likely due to an imbalance between available factor XIII and prothrombin conversion. The authors hypothesized that the use of factor XIII would delay the decrease of clot firmness in high-risk patients.
Methods
The concept was tested in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elective gastrointestinal cancer surgery. Patients were randomized to receive factor XIII (30 U/kg) or placebo in addition to controlled standard therapy.
Results
Twenty-two patients were evaluable for a planned interim analysis. For the primary outcome parameter maximum clot firmness, patients receiving factor XIII showed a nonsignificant 8% decrease, and patients receiving placebo lost 38%, a highly significantly difference between the two groups (P = 0.004). A reduction in the nonprimary outcome parameters fibrinogen consumption (-28%, P = 0.01) and blood loss (-29%, P = 0.041) was also observed in the factor XIII group. Three patients experienced adverse events that seemed unrelated to factor XIII substitution. The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis with the primary endpoint reached.
Conclusions
This proof of concept study confirms the hypothesis that patients at high risk for intraoperative blood loss show reduced loss of clot firmness when factor XIII is administered early during surgery. Further clinical trials are needed to assess relevant clinical endpoints such as blood loss, loss of other coagulation factors, and use of blood products.
BLEEDING is an inevitable and thus expected phenomenon during surgical procedures, but excessive intraoperative and perioperative blood loss is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.1,2Blood loss during surgical procedures is a dynamic phenomenon, and it is therefore difficult to define the exact point at which bleeding becomes excessive. Intraoperative coagulopathic bleeding can usually be identified on clinical findings, which subsequently triggers procoagulant therapy. Searching for improved preoperative risk stratification tools, we have shown that coagulopathic intraoperative bleeding in a high-risk population is associated with an increase in preoperative fibrin monomer concentration.3Inadequate cross-linking capacity due to reduced factor XIII availability per unit of thrombin generated explains this seemingly paradoxical finding. The decrease in cross-linking capacity precedes and later escorts the otherwise unexplained intraoperative coagulopathic bleeding.3This association between preoperative fibrin monomer concentration and intraoperative blood loss was confirmed in a second independent and prospectively evaluated patient population undergoing general visceral surgery.4Similar findings were independently reported by other investigators.5
While indications to perform cancer surgery are increasingly extended,2,6,7this type of surgery carries an increased risk of coagulopathic bleeding.1,2,8–10Given the results of our studies, we hypothesized that patients with increased preoperative fibrin monomer concentrations undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer would benefit from early supplementation of factor XIII, i.e. , that the use of factor XIII would delay their loss of clot firmness observed earlier.3Acquired factor XIII deficiency is frequent in the surgical setting.11–13Our hypothesis was that the use of factor XIII would increase cross-linking capacity and thus reduce loss of clot firmness, which was the primary outcome. Published data on factor XIII application in cancer patients are scarce; to the best of our knowledge, the use of factor XIII in cancer patients has not been prospectively evaluated. The few available data, however, seem not to suggest an increased risk for thromboembolism.14–16
In this proof of principle study, we evaluated the effect of standard of care therapy with or without early administration of factor XIII on maximum clot firmness in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion in surgical cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and was registered with and approved by the Swiss Federal Regulatory Board (registration no. 2003DR4334, Swissmedic, Bern, Switzerland). Patients gave written informed consent.
Patients undergoing elective surgery for gastrointestinal cancer were eligible if they were 18 yr or older, were at risk for increased intraoperative blood loss (preoperative fibrin monomer > 3 μg/l; Enzymun FM, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland),3,4and had an American Society of Anaesthesiology physical status classification score of 2 or higher. Exclusion criteria were known congenital bleeding disorder, intolerance to planned transfusion triggers (see transfusion target values in the next paragraph), contraindications to the use of plasma proteins (e.g. , history of allergic reactions), history of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular events, symptomatic peripheral artery disease, deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within the last 5 yr, body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2, and pregnancy. All patients received regular thromboprophylaxis throughout hospitalization according to local guidelines, using low–molecular weight heparin (dalteparin), beginning the day before surgery.
Volume Support and Transfusion Triggers
Crystalloids (normal saline or Ringer solution) were to be used for the first 2000 ml of volume support needed. Thereafter, hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) was allowed to be used. To prevent a potential bias from dilution by volume support, transfusion triggers (i.e. , when to start blood product support) to maintain target values of 95 g/l for hemoglobin, 0.5 for the prothrombin time ratio, and 50 × 109/l for the platelet count were defined preoperatively for each patient according to the Leuven approach.17To maintain target values, red blood cell concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet apheresis products were to be used. A deviation from target values was only allowed if the senior anesthesiologist in charge deemed it necessary due to the patient’s condition.
Randomization and Study Intervention
Randomization was performed by the Pharmacy Department and was kept blinded to any person outside the Pharmacy Department during the study period. Patients were randomized using a predefined, computer-based blockwise randomization plan. The study medication (verum or placebo) was prepared by the pharmacy and directly sent to the anesthesiologist in charge in the operating room. The medication was ready to use, and special care was taken that verum and placebo preparations were indistinguishable from each other. Fifteen minutes after the beginning of surgery, the study medication (factor XIII 30 U/kg [Fibrogammin] or placebo [Albumin ZLB], both CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland) was applied in a double-blind fashion. No other coagulation factor concentrates were used.
Laboratory Analyses
Nonactivated plasma thrombelastography was performed using the Natem assay on a ROTEM thrombelastograph, Pentapharm, Munich, Germany. Factor XIII was measured using a chromogenic assay (Berichrom on a Behring Coagulation System analyzer), fibrinogen was measured using a nephelometric assay on a Behring Nephelometer II analyzer, and prothrombin fragments F1 + 2 (as a measure of prothrombin conversion/thrombin generation) were quantified by ELISA (Berichrom, Behring Coagulation System, Behring Nephelometer II, Enzygnost F1 + 2; Siemens, Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany).
Sample Size Calculation
Maximum clot firmness during surgery was the primary outcome parameter. The study was powered to detect a 30% difference in clot firmness between the verum and the placebo group (i.e. , prevention of loss of maximum clot firmness in the verum group and a 30% decrease in maximum clot firmness in the placebo group). With a potential 10% dropout rate, 42 patients were to be enrolled. An interim analysis was planned after at least 21 evaluable patients with a plan to stop further recruitment if differences for the primary outcome parameter were significant at P < 0.05. Analysis was planned as an intention to treat analysis.
Statistical Analysis of Effect of Factor XIII on Clot Firmness
At the time of designing this proof of concept study, no information regarding the development of the expected change of the primary outcome (clot firmness) over time was available. Initial analysis showed a linear relationship between clot firmness and time in both groups. We therefore described this relationship with linear regression models. Data were also censored when surgery lasted less than 195 min (last measurement), and some measurements were missing. The model was finally implemented as a linear mixed effects model for the mixed effect modeling software NONMEM (Globomax, Hanover, MD). With this statistical method, sparse, unbalanced, and censored data can be adequately analyzed. Whether treatment with factor XIII was significantly affecting the change of clot firmness over time was investigated by comparing the performance of the reduced and the full model (includes the treatment effect). This comparison was based on the improvement in the NONMEM objective criterion (minus twice log likelihood; –2LL). The full model was expressed as:
CF =θ11+ (θ2+ (θ3× GRP) +η2) × time
where CF is clot firmness, θ1is baseline clot firmness and θ2the slope of the line for the placebo group; θ3is the change in slope due to treatment with factor XIII; treatment or placebo group (GRP) is either 0 or 1. η1and η2are the (normally distributed) random interindividual variability of the intercept and slope respectively. Setting θ3to 0, the reduced model was derived as:
CF =θ11+ (θ22) × time
Bayesian individual predictions were used for assessing the performance of the linear model. Median prediction errors and median absolute predictions errors were calculated. In addition, the residuals were also visually assessed. The significance of the treatment effect was based on the likelihood ratio test. An improvement of –2LL with the full model of 6.6 is indicating that the additional parameter (treatment) is significant at P = 0.01. It was also tested whether the estimated parameters ±2 SE included 0.
The mixed effect model was calculated using NONMEM software.
Analysis of Nonprimary Outcome Data
The remaining data were compared for differences at a singular time point only: 195 min (for fibrinogen and prothrombin fragments F1 + 2) or upon completion of surgery (blood loss, blood product support). Results are presented as median values. Differences between the groups were evaluated by Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test at an alpha level of 0.05. SigmaStat 3.5 (SPSS, Erkrath, Germany) was used.
Results
Twenty-five patients were enrolled; three patients were early dropouts due to rescheduling of their surgery on short notice (these patients were thus neither treated nor followed and could therefore not be evaluated). Two patients (one each in the placebo and the factor XIII group) have received study medication despite fibrin monomer levels below the cutoff of 3 μg/l; consequently, they were evaluated (intention to treat). Thus, 22 patients were evaluated. The factor XIII and placebo groups showed similar median body mass index, age, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification scores. Detailed patient properties are displayed in table 1. Two patients in the factor XIII group received aspirin preoperatively compared to none in the placebo group.
Table 1. Patient Properties
Table 1. Patient Properties
Table 1. Patient Properties
Clot Firmmess
The decrease in maximum clot firmness over time was significantly different (P = 0.004) between the control (fig. 1A) and the treatment groups (fig. 1B). With the full model, –2LL improved by 8.38. Mean baseline maximum clot firmness (Theta1) was 32.4 mm (SE 2.16), and the slope (Theta2) was –0.06 (SE 0.01) for the placebo group. Theta3 was 0.05 (SE 0.02). The coefficient of variation was estimated as 202% for the intercept and 2% for the slope. Figure 1Cshows the fits through the measured data in the placebo and the factor XIII group and compares the (according to the model) expected and measured values. Figure 2directly compares the clot firmness population prediction for the factor XIII and the placebo group. The graphs show that maximum clot firmness behaved uniformly over time within the groups, yet significantly different between the groups.
Fig. 1. Graphical display of the course of maximum clot firmness according to the linear mixed effects model in the ( A ) placebo group and ( B ) the factor XIII group. ( C ) Observed versus expected values during the study period, indicating a good fit between the model and the observed values.
Fig. 1. Graphical display of the course of maximum clot firmness according to the linear mixed effects model in the ( A ) placebo group and ( B ) the factor XIII group. ( C ) Observed versus expected values during the study period, indicating a good fit between the model and the observed values.
Fig. 2. Graphical display of the change of maximum clot firmness in the linear mixed effects model in the placebo group ( straight lines ) and the factor XIII group ( dashed lines ). The superimposed thick lines describe the course of maximum clot firmness for the placebo group ( straight line ) and the factor XIII group ( dashed line ). Maximum clot firmness behaves significantly different between the placebo group and the factor XIII group ( P = 0.004).
Fig. 2. Graphical display of the change of maximum clot firmness in the linear mixed effects model in the placebo group ( straight lines ) and the factor XIII group ( dashed lines ). The superimposed thick lines describe the course of maximum clot firmness for the placebo group ( straight line ) and the factor XIII group ( dashed line ). Maximum clot firmness behaves significantly different between the placebo group and the factor XIII group ( P = 0.004).
On the basis of the linear model, the reduction in clot firmness after 195 min was 38% in the placebo group and 7% in the treatment group (P = 0.004, direct graphic comparison in fig. 2).
The performance of the linear model shows that the model describes the data over the whole time course of the study. The median prediction error was –0.7%, and the median absolute prediction error 8%.
Non-primary Outcome Data
After application of the study medication, median factor XIII activity in the verum group increased to a maximal value of 1.11 U/ml (25th–75th percentile: 0.66–1.22), and it decreased to a minimum of 0.44 U/ml (0.42–0.52) in the placebo group.
Prothrombin conversion as measured by F1 + 2 was similar at baseline (factor XIII group: 244 pmol/l [178–280]vs. placebo group: 327 pmol/l [172–429]) and rose similarly in both groups during surgery (457% [270–544]vs. 313% [123–453], P = 0.351). The factor XIII and placebo groups had similar fibrinogen levels at baseline (3.51 g/l [2.61–4.05]vs. 3.61 g/l [2.89–5.83]), but the placebo group had a 28% greater decrease of fibrinogen as compared to the factor XIII group at + 195 min (P = 0.01).
Reduction in red blood cell support and infusion volume was not significant in the verum group. Lowest pH and lowest body temperature measured were not different between the groups as was length of surgery (table 2). Median overall blood loss was lower in the factor XIII group (750 ml [400–1000]vs. 1050 ml [700–1800], P = 0.04).
Table 2. Comparison between Factor XIII and Placebo Group
Table 2. Comparison between Factor XIII and Placebo Group
Table 2. Comparison between Factor XIII and Placebo Group
No allergic responses were observed. One episode of hypotension occurred after application of factor XIII, but the respective patient was already in need for inotropic support due to hypotension repeatedly before the study medication was given. One patient in the verum group with extensive tumor surgery of the abdomen and pelvis (duration of surgery > 10 h) due to a metastasizing carcinoma of the rectum developed a symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 7 days after surgery (despite regular thromboprophylaxis). A diabetic patient in the verum group undergoing tumor debulking for colon cancer developed postoperative ascites and pleural empyema with sepsis, which developed progressively despite adequate therapy. A myocardical ischemia occurred 30 days postoperatively, and she died 2 days later.
With a median follow up of 340 days, 3 patients in the verum and 3 patients in the placebo group had died.
Discussion
We show that patients with increased preoperative fibrin monomer concentration (indicating an increased risk of intraoperative bleeding) have significantly decreased loss of clot firmness if they receive factor XIII early (15 min) into surgery.
Although the study was not powered for other endpoints, we observed a reduction in blood bloss and fibrinogen consumption, well in line with our hypothesis of the postulated meachanism.
Performing clinical trials in perioperative hemostasis is demanding, which might explain why only few prospective randomized trials have been performed on the use of procoagulant drugs. The strategy for the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial presented here was derived from a continuous line of evidence observed in different, independent patient populations. We have shown earlier that patients with increased preoperative fibrin monomer concentrations have a higher risk for increased intraoperative blood loss, seemingly a paradox at first sight.3Similar observations were independently made, however, by other investigators.5The reason for this is likely to be the inadequate availability of factor XIII in comparison to the amount of prothrombin converted, i.e. , thrombin generated, resulting in reduced fibrin cross-linking and clot firmness.3In a further clinical trial, we were able to demonstrate that increased preoperative fibrin monomer concentrations can be used to prospectively risk stratify for intraoperative blood loss.4Explaining this model in detail elsewhere,18we hypothesized that early intraoperative supplementation of factor XIII would allow to decrease the loss of clot firmness observed with standard of care therapy.
The current study was powered to detect a 30% difference in maximum clot firmness between patients receiving factor XIII or placebo. As this primary endpoint was reached upon the planned interim analysis, no further patients were recruited thereafter.
For nonprimary outcome parameters, the difference in use of red cell concentrates and volume support was not significant between the groups. However, a significant reduction for blood loss (–29%, P = 0.041) and loss of fibrinogen (–28%, P = 0. 01) was observed. Given that the two groups showed similar prothrombin conversion during surgery (no differences in circulating F1 + 2 concentrations), the difference in loss of fibrinogen is not due to differences in systemic thrombin generation. Two explanations seem possible for this observation: the higher factor XIII concentration in the verum group might reduce fibrinogen consumption at the site of bleeding through increased clot firmness, and the use of factor XIII might lead to protection of fibrinogen from plasmin degradation.19
The results of this study confirm our hypothesis that early factor XIII substitution in high-risk patients (as identified by increased preoperative fibrin monomer) prevents early loss of clot firmness. In addition, our results suggest that the prevention of loss in clot firmness through factor XIII application results in a fibrinogen-sparing effect and in reduction of blood loss. However, as the results on blood loss and fibrinogen were not primary outcomes, confirmation of these observations is yet to be generated in adequately powered clinical trials.
Given these as well as other clinical observations20,21and other experiences with in vitro experiments using factor XIII,22,23it seems reasonable to believe that the observations made in our study were indeed the direct result of reducing cross-linking defects or cross-linking deficiency through factor XIII application.
Clinical observations of (by definition) potential side effects of the study drug were observed in three patients. One patient had a hypotensive episode after factor XIII application; however, he already had repeated need for inotropic support for hypotension before factor XIII was applied. It is therefore unlikely that the study drug was the primary cause for hypotension; rather, drug application and hypotension coincided.
One patient developed a deep venous thrombosis 7 days after surgery and the use of verum study medication. This patient had extensive surgery for abdominal and pelvic tumor resection (lasting more than 10 h); besides the study drug, he received a total of 9800 ml of red blood cells, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma during surgery. Given the length and extent of surgery, the amount of blood products used and the fact that the patient’s course of factor XIII activity during surgery was below or in the low normal range, it seems unlikely that the study drug contributed to the development of the thrombosis. By definition, however, such a relationship can ultimately not be excluded.
The third patient was diabetic and undergoing extensive abdominal tumor resection at various sites as well as intraoperative chemotherapy. Unfortunately, she developed postoperative pleural empyema. Despite adequate and aggressive therapy, the empyema could not be controlled during the early postoperative course. The patient’s status deteriorated due to the infection, and she therefore required intensive care. Despite intensive care measures, she developed myocardial ischemia 30 days after surgery and died 2 days later. Given the patient’s intraoperative course of factor XIII activity during surgery, which was below the normal range, the postoperative complications that occurred between surgery and myocardial ischemia, and the time delay between the adverse event and the use of the study drug, it seems, again, very unlikely that the verum study drug contributed to the myocardial ischemia. As with the aforementioned patient, however, such a relationship can (by definition) ultimately not be excluded. Potential thrombogenicity of procoagulant factors used in clinical practice must be a concern; however, factor XIII supplementation has so far not been linked to an increased risk of thromboembolism to the best of our knowledge. In fact, prospective evaluations of recombinant factor XIII in deficient patients and healthy volunteers with doses 1.5- to 2-fold higher than the dose used in this trial have not shown any evidence of an increased risk of thromboembolism.24–26
Limitations and Strength of the Study
Our study is a small, single-center study. Thus, potential limitations in interpreting these single-center results have to be recognized. However, this prospective proof of principal and, in fact, pilot trial tested a clear-cut hypothesis that was developed from earlier, consecutive clinical trials performed in independent patient populations. Also, it was performed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an attempt to prevent introduction of selection and treatment bias as far as possible; additional precautions were taken to assure that all patients would receive similar standard of care treatment. Both groups of patients received identical volumes of fresh frozen plasma. Despite this fact, patients receiving factor XIII concentrate showed a clear-cut increase in factor XIII activity and maintained their clot firmness, and those receiving placebo showed a loss of factor XIII activity and clot firmness (fig. 2). Thus, changes observed in factor XIII activity are due to the use of the study medication (factor XIII concentrate or placebo), and the effects seen with regard to the prevention of clot firmness loss can be attributed to the use of factor XIII. Although there was a reduction in loss of fibrinogen and blood loss, it has to be recognized that these parameters were not primary outcome parameters and that other secondary outcome parameters were not significantly different between the two groups, likely due to the small sample size. To evaluate the potential clinical benefit of factor XIII application, adequately powered larger trials are needed.
In conclusion, this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial confirms our hypothesis that loss of clot firmness in patients at high risk for increased intraoperative blood loss can be prevented with early intraoperative factor XIII substitution. Conversely, the placebo arm of this trial confirms that high-risk patients (as identified by preoperatively increased fibrin monomer concentrations) indeed experience significant loss of clot firmness despite standard of care therapy. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results in a larger patient population in elective surgery, not only in terms of efficacy but also of safety. Also, it seems wise to further evaluate this strategy in other settings such as the postoperative period.
References
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Fact Checked
This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information.
With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies.
The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.
This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies.
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Caprylic Acid: The Saturated Fat that Fights Candida, Infections & Acne
By
Caprylic acid - Dr. Axe
Caprylic acid is a type of beneficial saturated fatty acid that has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. It’s been linked to prevention of urinary tract infections, bladder infections, Candida, sexually transmitted diseases, oral infections like gingivitis and many other conditions.
What does caprylic acid do for the body? As one of the main fatty acids found in coconut oil, it has recently become widely known for its antifungal effects, especially in regard to keeping the digestive and reproductive organs — including the bladder, gut and urethra — functioning properly.
One of the most popular potential uses or benefits of caprylic acid, whether consumed as part of foods or taken orally in tablet form, is preventing the overgrowth of yeast-like fungus that can live and grow in your intestines. But this is only just one of several possible caprylic acid benefits. Ready to learn more?
What Is Caprylic Acid?
It sounds like it may be pretty beneficial to health so far, but what is caprylic acid? As a saturated fatty acid, caprylic acid (also sometimes called octanoic acid) contains eight carbon atoms, making it a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA).
Is caprylic acid the same as coconut oil? Along with capric acid and lauric acid, caprylic acid is one of the three primary fatty acids found in coconut oil. So it’s a component of coconut oil, but it is not the same thing.
What foods contain caprylic acid? It can be found in healing foods like coconut and coconut oil, cow’s milk, and human breast milk. Is caprylic acid a probiotic? It’s definitely not a probiotic, but it does help to support gut health and the internal probiotic environment we all have.
While more research is still needed to confirm its potential uses, research suggests this fatty acid has positive applications for fighting inflammation, cancer, age-related cognitive decline including Alzheimer’s disease, autism and circulatory problems.
Related: What Is Caprylyl Glycol? (Plus Top Benefits and Uses for Skin)
Health Benefits
1. Contains Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Properties
As a natural immune system booster, caprylic acid is commonly used as an ingredient in topical fungicides, household cleaners, perfumes and dyes. Considering all the known coconut oil uses there are, it’s not surprising that caprylic acid is gaining popularity on its own for healing the body inside and out.
Taken internally, it helps naturally reduce yeast growth within the gastrointestinal tract while helping beneficial bacteria thrive. At the same time, caprylic acid is completely natural and doesn’t pose the same risks as harsh antibiotics or chemical treatments. While antibiotics can kill off all bacteria in the gut environment — both good and bad — caprylic acid can actually do the opposite, helping prevent an imbalance between the presence of various bacteria.
Is there any truth to caprylic acid weight loss claims? Well, a higher population of “good bacteria” in the gut raises immune function and has numerous implications: lower inflammation levels, less risk for allergies, better brain function, improved hormonal health, lower risk for obesity and much more.
Because gut health is intrinsically tied to many functions throughout the body, caprylic acid’s effects might help fight headaches, depression, fatigue, diarrhea, bloating, vaginal yeast infections and gas. To further boost its effects, some experts also recommend taking in natural immune-enhancers like probiotic foods, oregano oil and omega-3 fish oil supplements along with caprylic acid to help repopulate the gut with healthy bacteria, reduce inflammation and restore a healthy “gut-brain connection.”
2. Fights Candida
When it comes to fighting candida the natural way, look no further than caprylic acid. Candida is a condition that occurs when an overgrowth of yeast fungus develops in your gut. It’s very common, especially among woman, and is associated with uncomfortable Candida symptoms like abdominal bloating, constipation, fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, depression and sugar cravings.
Because caprylic acid acts as a natural yeast-fighting agent, it’s believed that it can penetrate the cell membranes of candida yeast cells and cause them to die off, detoxifying the digestive tract and speeding up the healing process.
By taking caprylic acid candida may become a problem of the past. Researchers have found that this fatty acid taken orally rapidly reduces symptoms associated with viral and fungal infections like Candida and Chlamydia. A 2001 report published in Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutic Research found that caprylic acid is superior in terms of efficacy, and also less expensive, than drugs such as Diflucan for treating these infections.
The same study suggests that the best treatment for these types of conditions is a combination of concentrated caprylic acid taken orally along with omega-3 fish oil supplements. Together these act as strong antiviral agents and increase normal cell telomeres (NCT).
Guide to caprylic acid - Dr. Axe
3. Helps Prevent and Treat Yeast Infections
Aside from candida, yeast can cause other types of internal or external yeast infections that show up on the skin, genitals, toes and elsewhere. Caprylic acid can help get rid of yeast infections — as toe fungus, oral infections, vaginitis in women, jock itch in men and ringworm are all examples of yeast infections that can be prevented or treated with little to no side effects.
4. Treats Skin Infections and Acne
Considering how popular various coconut oil uses for skin have become, it’s no surprise that the strong antibacterial and antimicrobial effects of caprylic acid have been proven in many human and animal studies to help improve infections that show up on the skin. Caprylic acid, along with its derivatives called monocaprylin and sodium caprylate, are capable of fighting bacteria that live on the skin and cause infections, including Dermatophilus congolensis and acne.
Dermatophilosis is a skin disease that can affect many species of domestic and wild animals like horses and cattle, in addition to humans. It results in a bacterial infection that forms painful dry scabs on the skin and can be irritating and embarrassing, similar to eczema and acne.
Coconut oil, the best source of naturally occurring caprylic acid, is known to naturally improve acne and reduce skin inflammation. By applying coconut oil with its naturally occurring caprylic acid acne may become less and less of a problem for some users. This is why coconut oil makes a great natural skin moisturizer, addition to homemade scrubs or lotions, facial cleanser, and shaving balm. Additionally, it has beneficial properties for improving hair health when used in coconut oil form (check out these coconut oil for hair recipes to see what I mean).
5. Helps Treat Inflammatory Digestive Disorders
The caprylic acid triglyceride may be helpful for some digestive orders. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs or MCT oil) are often administered to patients with Crohn’s disease or short-bowel syndrome. Up until recently, little was known about the effects of MCFAs and MCTs on intestinal inflammation, but studies now suggest that these fatty acids help suppress secretion of inflammatory enzymes and cells, reducing Chrohn’s symptoms like pain, bloating, bleeding and bowel problems.
MCTs seem to help protect the epithelium, a line of defense living in the gut that acts like a border against an array of substances in the intestines, including toxic residents and pathogenic micro-organisms. In people who have inflammatory conditions where a healthy mucus barrier is lost, including those with Crohn’s disease, their intestinal epithelial cells secrete a wide array of cytokines after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines or bacterial products.
Although the precise mechanism that leads MCTs to suppress this process is still not fully understood, it’s believed that they help inhibit inflammatory cytokine gene inhibition and, therefore, lower the body’s immune responses that further aggravate the gut lining.
6. Reduces Risk for Antibiotic Resistance
Concerns regarding antibiotic resistance worldwide are on the rise, which has led health experts to seek out natural alternative therapeutic approaches to antibiotics for treatment of infections in both humans and animals.
One of the main concerns for using chemical antibiotics to treat infections or viruses is that it raises the risk for antibiotic resistance over time. As harmful pathogens and bacteria in the body become resistant to drugs and mutate in order to survive, we have to turn to other options to treat illnesses — sometimes these options come at a much higher price, require a longer duration and cause serious side effects.
A variety of safe, natural, free fatty acids and their monoglyceride derivatives have been reported to exert antibacterial and antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, including caprylic acid and its monoglyceride and monocaprylin compounds. These appear to inactivate common mastitis pathogens including Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
One study found that after treating contaminated milk samples, both caprylic acid and monocaprylin reduced five types of dangerous pathogens, including E. coli just like antibiotics would, without the risk for bacterial mutations developing.
Best Food and Supplement Sources
The very best source of caprylic acid is coconuts, especially coconut oil, which is a great way to get concentrated medium-chain fatty acids. Other sources include full-fat cow’s milk, peanut butter, palm fruit oil and even human breast milk.
Coconut oil is the ideal way to obtain beneficial fatty acids like caprylic acid because it comes with so many other benefits. In fact, I recommend consuming coconut oil every single day if you can!
Some proven coconut oil benefits include:
• boosting the immune system
• preventing cancer
• healing skin and acne
• helping with weight loss
• healing leaky gut syndrome
• reducing allergies
• improving heart health
• supporting the thyroid gland
• reducing fatigue
• and many more
Caprlyic Acid Supplements: How Much and Which Kinds?
Aside from obtaining caprylic acid from whole food sources, supplements are now becoming more widely available. There isn’t a nutritional requirement for this fatty acid, so no recommended daily intake has been established. However, health professionals often recommend taking about 500 to 1,000 milligrams, three times a day in capsule form, for optimal results.
According to National Yeast Infection Organization, capsules might be more effective compared to capyrlic acid taken in liquid form. The capsules appear to help slowly release the fatty acids into the bloodstream so they effectively make it to the intestinal tract without causing side effects. The recommended caprylic acid dosage for treating yeast infections (interal or external) in adults 18 years and older is 1,000 to 2,000 milligrams per day. It can be taken three times a day about 30 minutes before every meal.
Risks and Side Effects
If you’re new to taking caprylic acid, start slowly to prevent stomach pains. Taking a 500 milligram capsule once or twice a day is recommended in the beginning, and then increasing the dosage as you feel comfortable for about three to four months until the condition improves. It’s believed that slowly increasing the dosage helps yeast die off effectively and won’t shock your system into producing even more of an autoimmune reaction.
Are there any caprylic acid dangers? It is generally recognized as safe when taken in capsule form, and little to no caprylic acid side effects have been reported at these levels. However, large amounts of this supplement mixed with other medium-chain triglycerides have caused gastrointestinal problems in a small number of people, but this isn’t common and is generally nothing to worry about.
One thing to note is that capsules of caprylic acid aren’t recommended for breastfeeding or pregnant women because they can cause some nausea and aggravate existing digestive problems. If you’re interested in taking caprylic acid breastfeeding, while pregnant or if you have an ongoing medical condition, check with your healthcare provider first.
Final Thoughts
• Caprylic acid is a type of beneficial saturated fatty acid that has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Caprylic acid foods include coconut and coconut oil, cow’s milk, and human breast milk.
• This fatty acid is best known for its ability to fight fungus like Candida that can live in the body and promote optimal gut health.
• It may also be helpful with acne and digestive issues like Crohn’s disease.
• While more studies are warranted to confirm its potential uses, research to date suggests caprylic acid has positive applications for fighting inflammation, cancer, age-related cognitive decline including Alzheimer’s disease, autism and circulatory problems.
• If you’ve never take this fatty acid in supplement form, start slowly to prevent stomach pains.
Josh Axe
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6,705,569,262,273,849,000
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Manhattan
328 East 75th St, Suite A New York, NY 10021
Ph. (212) 285-1110
Garden City
901 Stewart Ave, Suite 240 Garden City, NY 11530
Ph. (516) 512-7616
Anti-Aging Treatments
Written by Dr. Rokhsar
The Different Skin Layers
Each layer contains connective tissue with collagen and fibers that provide the support and elasticity for the skin’s flexibility and strength.
• Epidermis: The outermost part that contains skin cells, pigment (skin color) and proteins.
• Dermis: Provides nutrients for the epidermis. It is the center or middle part that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and oil glands.
• Subcutaneous: The layer that contains sweat glands, certain hair follicles, blood vessels and fatty cells
During the aging process, glands produce less oil. Oil production in women begins to gradually decrease after menopause. A decrease in the amount of oil provided to the skin can make it harder to keep the skin moist, resulting in dryness, itchiness, and irritation.
The subcutaneous fat layer also begins to thin as aging increases. This reduces the skin’s normal insulation and padding, which increases the risk of skin damage and the body’s ability to maintain temperature.
The Two Types of Aging
Intrinsic Aging: Intrinsic aging is also known as the natural aging process. It can be caused by inherited genes, repetitive facial expressions, nutrition, stress, and smoking. The skin’s collagen production begins to slow, resulting in weakened skin structure and wrinkles. Regeneration of new skin cells begins to slow.
Extrinsic Aging: Most premature aging is caused by unprotected sun exposure. Both genetics and unprotected sun exposure work together to increase the effects of aging.
Lasers
Dr. Cameron Rokhsar has probably trained more doctors in Fraxel and fractional laser procedures than any other doctor. He was also involved in the development of the Fraxel Dual Laser, which is a non-invasive laser procedure used to treat fine line, wrinkles, sun damage, blood vessels, and acne scars.
Fraxel Re:Store Dual Laser: During this procedure, patients first sit with a topical numbing cream before Dr. Rokhsar applies the laser in a quick session. The laser utilizes a wavelength system that penetrates deep into the tissue and creates tiny wounds. Through the process of the body naturally healing itself, collagen and elastin are remodeled, resurfacing the skin, leaving a smoother surface. Patients experience sunburn-like condition will remain for a few days, but recovery is typically fast.
Fraxel Re:pair: This advanced laser uses a CO2 beam to remove microscopic columns of old skin using an ablative, damage and removal process. This results in immediate tissue shrinkage and skin tightening.
Chemical Peels
Chemical peels can improve skin tone and address some age-related imperfections. During a treatment, a solution is applied to the face, which causes the top layer of skin to come off. Chemical peels solutions come in different strengths, which are used based on the depth of treatment desired.
Portrait Plasma Skin Resurfacing
Dr. Rokhsar first used the device in 2003, alongside Dr. Richard Fitzpatrick, the first physician to use the device. Topical anesthesia is applied and then the thermal energy-based procedure uses controlled thermal damage of the upper layer of old skin while stimulating the creation of collagen fibers.
Dermabrasion
Dermabrasion is a manual technique that involves controlled surgical scraping to remove scarring or wrinkles. Because it is used to smooth out deeper problems, it is generally only safe for people with fair skin. Those with dark skin colors could experience scarring or discoloration.
Microdermabrasion uses tiny exfoliating crystals to remove superficially damaged skin.
Botox
Botox is an injection that enables controlled weakening of facial muscles that cause wrinkles. A small diluted amount of the natural protein called botulinum is administered into the desired area and produces a bacterium that causes botulism. Besides cosmetic reasons, Botox can be used to treat cervical dystonia, writer’s cramp, excessive sweating, migraine headaches, lazy eye, and uncontrolled blinking, to name a few. The effects of Botox usually last three to five months, with results showing within days.
Fillers
Cosmetic fillers are materials that are injected just below the surface of the skin. These fillers are used to literally fill in wrinkles. This fuller skin looks younger, smoother and firmer-looking. There are many different types of fillers in the market, and Dr. Rokhsar will recommend which one best matches your cosmetic goals.
Bovine Collagen: Processed from cow skin, this natural filler was approved in the 1980s and contains collagen which is naturally broken down by the body, which will require injections two to four times per year to maintain results.
Human Collagen Fillers: These injections, made from human cells, became available in 2002. Although more expensive than Bovine injections, it causes dramatically fewer allergic reactions and needs to be repeated every three to six months to maintain results.
Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: This natural skin component is one of the main fundamental parts of the skin’s makeup. Aging slows depletes hyaluronic acid from the skin, but a filler product can be injected and last up to nine months or longer with rare allergic reactions.
Fat Transfer (Fat Injection Filler): A fat transfer is the extraction of fat from one area of the body to another in order to fill in facial lines, wrinkles, acne scar marks and to improve hollow eyes. Fat can be removed from the waistline or inner knees using liposuction, and redistributed to desired areas.
Virtual Consultation
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Supplementary Material for: Multiple Mechanisms in Renal Artery Stenosis-Induced Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
<p><b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Renal artery stenosis (RAS), which may lead to renal fibrosis, is a common cause of end-stage renal disease in elderly patients. However, the potential mechanisms leading to the development of renal fibrosis and atrophy have not been clarified. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt mouse model was established in the present study<i>.</i> Blood pressure, morphological and pathological alterations were examined on days 7, 14, and 28 after surgery. Peritubular capillary loss and pericyte changes after injury were evaluated. Inflammatory macrophage infiltration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were also investigated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A significant increase in blood pressure and obvious renal atrophy were observed on days 7, 14, and 28 after surgery. Following surgery, the clipped kidneys developed aggravated interstitial fibrosis and tubular epithelial injury over time. Moreover, RAS induced obvious peritubular capillary loss and inflammatory macrophage infiltration. Increased pericyte number was found in the clipped kidneys, but these cells detached from the endothelial cells and migrated to the interstitium. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was also significantly upregulated in the clipped kidneys after surgery. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our study provides a novel insight into the mechanisms linking peritubular capillary loss and pericyte changes in RAS-induced renal fibrosis. Our findings also suggest that inflammatory macrophages and Wnt/β-catenin signaling participate in these pathological processes. Therefore, multi-target therapeutic strategies may significantly contribute to the prevention of renal interstitial fibrosis and the preservation of renal function in patients with RAS.</p>
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Categorized | Uncategorized
Can You Live With Cancer? Yes, You Can! Tips On Fighting It
TIP! There are many theories about your diet and how it can affect cancer. If you eliminate sugar altogether, you may be able to kill cancer cells, as these cells use sugar to help themselves grow and multiply.
If you know anything about health and how your body works, then you know that free radicals in your system can cause dangerous cells to group together and give you cancer. However, you may not know that there are many steps you can take to both prevent and treat cancer. Various ways for prevention and treatment are presented in the following article.
TIP! It’s essential to get enough exercise, and to be on a healthy diet, to reduce the cancer risks. Eating a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, drinking water and exercising regularly are the best ways to stay healthy.
Cancer is a trying ordeal for a person and his or her family. There are many approaches to treating and curing cancer. In addition, the way both you and your friends and family deal with it can vary from one person to the next. A doctor can provide advice and guidance in all of these areas, so it is important to make regular appointments with one.
TIP! If you have cancer, you need to get enough exercise. Regular workouts will keep your blood moving through all areas of your body.
The absolute best way to get a leg up in the battle against cancer is early detection. It is important to schedule tests and screenings regularly in order to determine whether or not you might have cancer before you become symptomatic. For testes and breast cancer, do self-exams monthly so that you may determine anything unusual.
TIP! The first thing smokers should do when diagnosed with cancer is quit. Many people who have cancer erroneously believe that there is no point in quitting smoking since they are ill already.
Always take a stand when you need to. Some people may come from ignorance when dealing with your cancer. They may pressure you to quit your job as soon as you receive your diagnosis or avoid you so that they don’t get cancer too. Think about ways to address such questions or concerns, and address them right away if they arise. This may help you to retain control of how others interact with you during treatment.
TIP! Be prepared for physical changes that could occur from the cancer treatments. Speak with your doctor about the side effects you may face.
Never underestimate the power of the simple gift of listening to a friend or loved one with cancer. It can seem hard to talk about at first, but you will soon understand the importance of being able to express your feelings to another person who actually understands what you are going through. Be sensitive about the opinions you provide; not everyone suffers from the same things or sees the outcome in the same manner, but that shouldn’t matter.
TIP! When needed, speak up and assert yourself. A lot of folks hold antiquated notions regarding your cancer, and might be suspicious of your abilities to function or even be contagious.
Do not fear the small level of discomfort if you are due to be screened for breast cancer. It only lasts for a few minutes. The end result could be catching cancer in time and saving your breasts and your life, so do not allow the fear of being uncomfortable deter you from getting a screening.
TIP! If you know someone with a diagnosis of cancer, give them the opportunity to talk to you. Although this may be hard to do, your loved one will appreciate the opportunity to talk through their feelings with someone who cares.
Let people know how you are feeling. If you feel that you need more support from your friends and family, make sure that you inform them in a nice way. Give them a patient explanation of how they can assist you and why it’s important to do so. Be careful, though. These are very trying circumstances. Use those around you that love you as support beams. Don’t have any regrets!
TIP! If a loved one has cancer, attend any professional appointments with him or her. Having someone with you that is clearheaded is beneficial in assisting with questions you want physician answers to.
You may have heard that drinking alcohol can reduce your risk of developing cancer. Wine could help prevent cancer due to the grapes. Taking in large amounts of alcoholic beverages can really give you a much higher risk of cancer.
TIP! The discomfort of getting a mammogram is worth every second of clear results! It only lasts a short time, and is more than tolerable. Feeling uncomfortable is no excuse for skipping a screening, as you could spot something early enough to save your life.
Information should never, ever be taken for granted. The more knowledge you have, the better prepared you are for winning, no matter what the subject. And nothing is more harmful to you than cancer. Put the information you have learned to use, and you will have a better chance of coping with cancer.
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How to get dha into the diet
By | December 28, 2020
how to get dha into the diet
LCP supplementation of formulas for term infants has gained increasing support and various nutritional committees have issued recommendations diet the LCP hiw of formulas derived diet and health versus relationships the human milk fatty acid composition as the standard. Stir get chopped walnuts into muffins, quick breads, and pancake batters; use them to boost crunch and flavor in green salads; or add get ground walnuts to bread-crumb mixtures when you’re coating chicken and fish. Dha 1 of 2. COVID is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. While EPA is diet stored in significant levels in the brain how eye, it plays a very important role in the body, especially for heart health. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and how acids in young women. Why are Omega 3 fats good for health? Dha are too vha in omega-3s the gt into, while others into potentially too high in toxins like mercury and dioxin absolute no-nos when you’re expecting.
As outlined above, predominant derivation from dha seems unlikely, but if we need LCP from the diet, what did our ancestors eat to diet a brain growth from to geg. Eggs are another source of naturally occurring DHA. Please help us continue to provide you with our trusted how-to guides and videos for into by whitelisting wikiHow on your ad blocker. Are there any interactions the omega-3s that I should know about? What happens if I don’t get get omega-3s? Get DHA supplements, often harvested from ponds, represents how much more sustainable choice. How much DHA inro you consume? It seems that body AA status is dha regulated with respect to magnitude and the safety of the AA storage form. Into, J. ALA is an important source of energy, however there are no known specific benefits of ALA eiet brain or eye development and function. Diet References 3.
Read More: Can a ketogenic diet be harmful
Frits A. Muskiet, M. Rebecca Fokkema, Anne Schaafsma, E. Rudy Boersma, Michael A. The human diet has changed considerably during the last y. One of the striking changes is the tremendous increase in dietary fat. In terms of quality we have increased our intakes of saturated fatty acids SFA, 1 linoleic acid LA and trans -fatty acids, concomitant with reduced intakes of n-3 fatty acids. These dietary and other environmental changes are considered to be among the major causes of the rapid expansion of diet-related chronic disease 2, including cardiovascular disease CVD in the past century. Our genetic constitution is unlikely to have kept pace with the changing diet. Today’s nutritional habits are consequently not the same as those on which our genes are based 2. The return to basics may be indicated, but we unfortunately have no reliable knowledge of the ancient diet on which our genes evolved.
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Skip to main content
Fig. 4 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
Fig. 4
From: Profiling of patient-specific myocytes identifies altered gene expression in the ophthalmoplegic subphenotype of myasthenia gravis
Fig. 4
MG sera induces gene expression changes in patient-derived myocytes. RNA was extracted from untreated and MG sera (MGS) treated control MG (n = 6) and OP-MG (n = 10) myocytes after 48 h differentiation as described. Target gene expression levels were determined using the custom qPCR gene expression array and a fold change in gene expression was calculated (MG sera treated/untreated) for each gene following normalization. Genes with statistically significant (p < 0.05) fold changes (> 1.5 up or downregulated) for both control MG and OP-MG are shown. Error bars show mean and 95% CI. Student’s paired t-test was used to compare gene expression levels (MGS vs untreated) for each subphenotype. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 1 × 10− 3. 1 datapoint has been excluded from the graph as it lies beyond the y-axis limits
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eczema
(redirected from eczema herpeticum)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia.
eczema
(ĕk`səmə), acute or chronic skin disease characterized by redness, itching, serum-filled blisters, crusting, and scaling. Predisposing factors are familial history of allergic disorders (hay fever, asthma, or eczema) and sensitivity to contact allergens or certain foods. The condition is often irritated by excessive sweating, exposure to extreme heat or cold, and abnormal dryness or oiliness of the skin. Eczema may occur at any age and in both sexes. It is frequently chronic and difficult to treat, and it tends to disappear and recur. Itching can be extreme and severe, and it can often lead to an emotional disturbance. Treatment usually necessitates the avoidance of all unnecessary skin irritation; creams or lotions containing topical immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (ProTopic and Eladil), or corticosteroids are sometimes helpful. Care should be taken to avoid secondary infections.
Eczema
an acute or chronic noncontagious inflammatory disease of the skin, neuroallergic in nature and characterized by various eruptions, a burning sensation, itching, and a tendency to recur. A variety of factors, both external (mechanical, chemical, thermal) and internal (diseases of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and nervous systems), are conducive to the development of eczema.
Several forms of eczema are distinguished, depending on the cause, site, and nature of the inflammation. True eczema is marked by a sudden onset; multiple sites of inflammation, including the nails; symmetrical location of the foci, which have indistinct contours; and reddening of the skin in the affected area. Other symptoms are the formation of minute blisters, some of which change into pustules or moist spots (hence the obsolete name “weeping lichen”), and later the formation of scales and crusts.
In microbial eczema (perivulnus), the foci are usually arranged asymmetrically, mainly on the upper and lower limbs, and have sharp, irregular contours. The skin near the lesions is bluish red and thickened and has pustular and other eruptions and purulent and bloody crusts. Reddening of the skin, edema, numerous blisters, nodules, pustules, and weeping spots occur, mainly on the palms, soles, and fingers.
Seborrheic eczema, or dermatitis seborrheica, is localized mainly on the scalp, forehead, and chest, behind the ears, around the nose and lips, in the armpits, in the groin, and around the umbilicus. The scalp is red and dry, with many grayish scales and seropurulent crusts on a moist surface. Reddening, edema, and weeping are quite pronounced, and there may be painful cracks. The trunk has clearly yellowish pink desquamative spots, some with tiny nodules in the center.
Treatment, depending on the cause and form of the eczema, includes the use of sedatives (valerian, tranquilizers), vitamins (B1 B6, C), and desensitizing and other agents. Also advisable are special diets, treatment in health resorts, and the local application of lotions, pastes, ointments, and antipruritic agents.
REFERENCES
Shakhtmeister, I. Ia. Patogenez i lechenle ekzemy i neirodermita. Moscow, 1970.
Kozhnye i venericheskie bolezni, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1975.
I. IA. SHAKHTMEISTER
eczema
[′ek·sə·mə]
(medicine)
Any skin disorder characterized by redness, thickening, oozing from blisters or papules, and occasional formation of fissures and crusts.
eczema
Pathol a skin inflammation with lesions that scale, crust, or ooze a serous fluid, often accompanied by intense itching or burning
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Radiation & Pregnancy, Healthcare Workers Should Know
Radiation & Pregnancy, Healthcare Workers Should Know
Radiation & Pregnancy, Healthcare Workers Should Know
Radiation & pregnancy, healthcare workers should know the possibility and danger of prenatal radiation. There is some debate within the healthcare industry regarding the exposure from standard medical procedures. Outside of the overall stress of worry from the “mother to be” for those working in the healthcare industry, most experts agree that radiation can have a significant impact on the fetus especially when working in a medical environment.
Outside of the immediate dangers to both the mother and fetus, there are long term consequences that can happen as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. According to the CDC’s website, “the human embryo and fetus are particularly sensitive to ionizing radiation, and the health consequences of exposure can be severe, even at radiation doses too low to immediately affect the mother. Such consequences can include growth retardation, malformations, impaired brain function, and cancer”.
Not every radiation exposure event may cause serious health effects to the fetus. So how do you know at what level the radiation dose is safe? The acute radiation dose to the embryo or fetus should never reach more than 0.50 Gy (5 rads). The danger to the fetus is because the cells are rapidly dividing and growing into specialized tissue and cells. Mutation of these healthy cells has been seen as a result of alcohol, infection, drugs and radiation. Our suggestion is to minimize exposure from ionizing radiation. When you must be around it, always practice the basics: time, distance, shielding and utilize a fetal radiation monitor from Med-Pro, Inc.
Are you a healthcare worker exposed to radiation and may be pregnant? Are you a woman of childbearing age working in the healthcare industry? Be proactive in understanding the dangers of radiation exposure to both you and your unborn child. Visit Med-Pro, Inc. and order a normal body badge along with your fetal monitor. According to The National Council for Radiation Protection (NCRP), the fetal monitor should be monitored on a monthly basis, worn over the fetal area and under the lead apron when one is used.
For more information on ordering a fetal monitor call us at (800)697-1517 or order today at sales. We guarantee the lowest price for radiation detection badges and fetal monitors. For more information regarding the development stages of the fetus and the affect of radiation go to CDC .
Content
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e cigarette health
A Look at the Disadvantages of Electronic Cigarette MEDICAL ISSUES
It really is widely believed that the electric cigarettes have no more health threats than smoking traditional cigarettes. However, this is a generalization because there are many different kinds of electronic cigarettes, some of which were on the market for quite some time now. As electronic cigarettes became popular, manufacturers quickly discovered that smokers had many different known reasons for smoking. Some cited the actual fact they didn’t like the taste of smoke, while others said they were trying to quit smoking, but just couldn’t take action on their own.
There is a particular group of people that began smoking since they just loved the way that the cigarette tastes. Lots of people smoke with one hand while they are eating their meal, plus they don’t realize how much they’re actually putting to their bodies when they light up. In fact, when you light up a cigarette, you are probably inhaling smoke. Also, once you smoke, the body can produce smoke even while you are sleeping, but this is simply not usually an issue.
Many e cigarette users claim that the taste of smoke is a lot nicer than cigarettes. Additionally it is claimed that smoking with your mouth doesn’t have quite the result that it once did. For many individuals, the act of smoking is merely easier. Smoking in bed while you’re watching TV or listening to music is easy, and there’s no need to actually contain the smoke in your mouth.
The effects of smoking on someone’s overall health can be devastating. Not merely can smoking increase your risk of heart disease, but it may also greatly increase your risk of cancer. It really is popular that second-hand smoke can cause a lot of health issues. Also, it has been found that smoking can cause plenty of problems for the smoker’s family. Furthermore, smoking can increase your threat of death from various types of cancer.
When you smoke an e cigarette, the tar and nicotine in your blood stay static in your body. However, it generally does not stay static in your blood forever. After about two hours, the tar and nicotine slough off your body, plus they are expelled as a gas through the lungs. However, a few of the tar that remains can irritate the liner of the lungs and Smok Novo other parts of the body. This may increase the risk of chest illnesses such as for example asthma.
As you can see, the disadvantages of e cigarette smoking far outweigh the few advantages that may be offered by these products. Now that you realize how they work, you ought to be more alert to the potential dangers of smoking. Ensure that you understand exactly how the products work, and never buy them for the purpose of smoking. Always take time to research the merchandise before purchasing them.
There are a great number of the cigarette health risks that you ought to know about. Just about the most serious concerns may be the small particles of tar and nicotine that remain in the air after all the gases are gone. Many people who do not understand what they are doing are inhaling these harmful toxins into their lungs. You should attempt to avoid whatever resembles smoking. If possible, usage of cigarettes only for their intended purpose.
The ultimate way to stay healthy and stop smoking would be to quit the habit. Unfortunately, the techniques that are used to help people kick the habit could be ineffective. The tar and nicotine levels increase over time, causing serious problems to the smoker. Utilizing an electronic nicotine delivery system will ensure that you never have to go through these problems. Speak to your doctor about the many e cigarette health threats that you could be exposing yourself to.
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ED can also occur as a side effect of some medications, for example some high blood pressure medications such as certain diuretics and beta blockers. If you think that a medication you are taking has a negative effect on your sex life, you should discuss this with your prescribing doctor. Your doctor may be able to recommend an alternative treatment.
While these side effects mainly create discomfort, some individuals are at risk for more serious, even life-threatening reactions to these drugs. Some men have reported fainting after taking impotence medications, and priapism (a painful condition involving an erection that does not subside after more than four hours) has also occurred as an effect of impotence drugs. This condition can lead to permanent nerve damage; injectable drugs may also cause irreversible damage to the penis if used incorrectly.
In one study, men with a Vitamin D deficiency were nearly 33% more likely to have ED. But you don’t need that much sun exposure to get a healthy amount of Vitamin D. As little as 15–20 minutes a day is enough. Taking Vitamin D is a good idea, especially if you are over 65. Vitamin D can also help if you’re obese or dark-skinned (dark skin limits the amount of Vitamin D you naturally, produce)
Men can judge themselves pretty harshly when it comes to their performance in between the sheets. The unsettling fear of not being able to rise to the occasion becomes a reccurring nightmare for men that is often equated with failure, loss of dignity, and masculinity. If you suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED), don’t be so hard on yourself, since impotence can almost always be improved with treatment, without having to rely on Viagra or other medications. Whether you suffer from ED, or hope to prevent the condition, here are six tips to overcome impotence without the side effects of the little blue pill.
A 2011 study of 160 men with moderate or severe erectile dysfunction divided the group in two—80 men were given niacin supplements, and 80 a placebo. The group given niacin reported improved ability to “maintain an erection versus the control group.” It’s not exhaustive research, but still promising. The best part about niacin is that it’s naturally found in foods like turkey, avocado, and peanuts (yum). If you’re not a turkey sandwich fan, you can supplement with a vitamin B complex.
The semi-structured interviews and discussions were held with the specialist resource users and other knowledgeable people on particular ailments by use of interview schedules for each respondent. Interviewed people were mainly the herbalists (both men and women) and TBAs. In this selection to some extent, ethnic groups were recorded where possible because different people use the same plants differently. The time and place of interviews were arranged according to the schedules of the respondent. Depending on where the interviews and discussions were held, recording was done immediately or afterwards or appointments were made for more details in a more convenient place arranged with the respondent. Key informants were identified and later interviewed separately and even followed for further details. Some of the key questions asked included, name of the respondents, the village or parish or sub-county he or she was coming from, diseases treated, plant local names used, parts harvested, methods of preparation and administration. In addition, ingredients and incantations with which the plants are used for preparation and where the herbal medicines were harvested were documented.
Maca root (Lepedium meyenii W): this native Peruvian root has been cultivated for thousands of years. Considered an integral part of the diet, the Incans found maca root so potent (14), it was restricted to royal use only. Known for its energy enhancing abilities, maca root enjoys a special place amongst herbalists and health seekers. Like ginseng, this plant is employed to increase strength, libido and sexual function (14). Clinically its effects have been proved with experimental animals (5,15).
Research is mixed on the effectiveness of acupuncture as an erectile dysfunction cure, but one study published in November 2013 in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that acupuncture can be beneficial for men experiencing erectile dysfunction as a side effect of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
The Science: Some studies have implied that feeding maca to domestic cattle increases sperm production, but there is very little data about any sexual effect on humans. One very small randomized double-bind trial of men with erectile dysfunction found that men taking maca extract reported a small increase in their ability to get erections. But so did the control group. As with the fenugreek study, a similar study with a larger group of people is needed to see whether any differences between the controls and the maca-eaters are real.
The field visits and excursions were arranged with the healers for places far from their homesteads or took place concurrently with the interviews and discussions. When going to the forests, game reserves or other areas where herbalists collect plant specimens, prior arrangements were made with the community leaders and park staff. This was done with individuals or groups depending on where the herbs are collected. In the shared areas such as the fishing villages, or the multiple use areas, group and individual excursions were conducted. Some of the medicinal plants that are harvested from distant places such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, other districts and unsafe areas within the reserve were not collected but their local names were recorded. The data collected were to supplement the information on plant names, plant parts used, collection of the herbarium voucher specimens and conservation status of these medicinal plants. The medicinal plants collected were given the voucher numbers and then later identified in Botany Department herbarium of Makerere University.
A number of nonprescription products claim to be herbal forms of Viagra. Some of these products contain unknown amounts of ingredients similar to those in prescription medications, which can cause dangerous side effects. Some actually contain the real drug, which should be given by prescription only. Although the Food and Drug Administration has banned many of these products, some potentially dangerous erectile dysfunction remedies remain on the market.
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GD is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms The Free Dictionary For RFS and OS, early enhancement and reduced Gd-EOB-DTPA uptake peripheral to the CRLM were eliminated by means of variable selection in the multivariable analysis, but the combination of these findings with bile duct dilatation provided a predictor of … The causal relationship between gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal insufficiency resulted in new policies regarding the administration of these agents. Check for errors and try again. Query # Fracture < Less than ... Gd 2 O 2 S.Tb Gadolinium Oxysulphide with Terbium activator . 81 terms. Gaucher disease; gestational diabetes; Gd: gadolinium; GDA: gastroduodenal artery; GDC: gastric duplication cyst; GE. Language of medicine chapter 20. BOSS= Brothers of the strong struggle. AO Clinic=Aortopathy Clinic, UCP Clinic=UCHAMP Clinic, IA Clinic=Inherited Arrhythmia Clinic . Medical Abbreviations 2 ° Secondary deposits (metastases) ? Diagnosis and treatment of progressive space-occupying radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis: value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Gd: (Gd) [ gad″o-lin´e-um ] a chemical element, atomic number 64, atomic weight 157.25. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. What does GD-MRI stand for? Search for abbreviations and long forms in lifescience, results along with the related PubMed / MEDLINE information and co-occurring abbreviations. Everything to the right. [Clinical studies for usefulness of Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI in lung cancer]. Language of Medicine Chapter 20- Abbreviations. As a patient, you may come across a variety of sometimes confusing acronyms and abbreviations relating to your treatment.Some abbreviations commonly used in … GD. The patient’s cost for the chest ALCAPA . However, few studies have evaluated liver function via the portal vein. Medical Terminology Radiology And Nuclear Medicine Chapter 20. Top GD-CA abbreviation related to Radiology: Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents gadolinium (MRI contrast agent) 123I. 32 terms. 171 terms. Pediatrics. 30% of patients with type I GD had at least one neurological symptom [3]. GD stands for Gender Dysphoria (medical syndrome) Suggest new definition This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Gross Anatomy Radiology: Rate it: ICR: International Congress Of Radiology: Rate it: ILD: Interstitial Lung Disease: Rate it: IR: Interventional Radiology: Rate it: IRP: Interventional Radiology Procedure: Rate it: IRTB: Interventional Radiology The Basics: Rate it: KCR: Korean Congress of Radiology: Rate it: KSR: Korean Society of Radiology: Rate it: MAC: Mycobacterium Avium Complex Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the assessment of extracardiac vasculature and myocardial viability. imaging abbreviation. Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Diagnosis of spinal cord ependymoma and astrocytic tumours with magnetic resonance imaging. DHA plays a role in the development of nerve cell membranes and is required for the normal growth and development of the infant brain. Tha illest muthafuckas on ya block. 30 terms. A Search Service for Abbreviation / Long Form. Unable to process the form. SUMMARY: In current practice, gadolinium-based contrast agents have been considered safe when used at clinically recommended doses in patients without severe renal insufficiency. Gadolinium (Gd) brain deposition after contrast enhanced MRI has recently been described and resulted in a warning issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Search for abbreviations and long forms in lifescience, results along with the related PubMed / MEDLINE information and co-occurring abbreviations. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}. Ablation EP Clinic Aortic Aneurysm AO Clinic Aortic Dissection AO Clinic . Gastrografin ® ground glass; GGO: ground glass opacity(ies) General Electric; gradient echo; Ge: germanium; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; GEP-NET: gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; GG. 32 terms. In radiology, the uptake of energy from radiation by the tissue or medium through which it passes. Gd-MRI - Allie: Result by abbreviation A Search Service for Abbreviation / Long Form Most money is made from slangin boulders up the blocks of the midwest mostly. Start studying Medical Abbreviations Radiology. In this prospective trial, 37 patients undergoing PVE were examined before and 14 and 28 days after PVE and 10 days after extended hemihepatectomy using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. To assess the accuracy of gadobenate-enhanced MRI for predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients operated for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GAMP: general anesthesia, manipulation and plaster, GYN: gynecology (North American abbreviation). acetaminophen A drug that reduces pain and fever but not inflammation. Previous studies have used signal intensity (SI) to reflect liver function. This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter G and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). What does GD-CA stand for in Radiology? Aortic Insufficiency . Looking for online definition of GD or what GD stands for? Although the currently available contrast agents are considered to be safe, their use is not completely without risk an… Top GD-MRI abbreviation meaning: Gadolinium-enhanced MRI Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery 1 MEDICAL ABBREVIATION LIST BY ABBREVIATION Annual Visit..... A Before food or meals .....a.c. Abbreviation Diagnosis Provider/Specialty . Chicago Based.South Side originally. Regarding the SI of the liver, spleen, and portal vein, no study has indicated which can best reflect liver function. Font size: ACBR: American Chiropractic Board of Radiology: Rate it: AHRA: American Healthcare Radiology Administrators: Rate it: AHRA: American Hospital Radiology Administration: Rate it: In 2015, an estimated 38 million computed tomography (CT) and 17 million magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed in the United States using intravenous (IV) contrast agents[1,2] reflecting their essential role in the detection, characterization, and staging of disease. Ideally, contrast agents should be injected and eliminated from the body without any adverse effects. It is only slightly malleable and is a ductile rare-earth element.Gadolinium reacts with atmospheric oxygen or moisture slowly to form a black coating. , docosahexanoic Abbreviation: DHA C 22 H 32 O 2 , an omega-3 fatty acid found in the oils of cold-water fish and in algae. GD: Gender Dysphoria (medical syndrome) GD: Gun Dogs: GD: Green Depth (golf) GD: General Diary: GD: Gospel Doctrine: GD: Geologic Division: GD: Gas Discharges (and their Applications; International Conference) GD: Governing Document: GD: Glucose Drink: GD: Genetically Divergent: GD: Gemcitabine Plus Docetaxel: GD: General Discharge: GD: Glasdach (German: skylight, glass roof) GD The world largest medical abbreviation list (special MRI and radiology abbreviations) with around 800 MRI related shorthand notations, for example from pulse sequences, organizations, and techniques with interpretations and links to the corresponding references. STIR stands for Short-TI Inversion Recovery and is typically used to null the signal from fat.At 1.5T fat has a T1 value of approximately 260 ms, so its TInull value is approximately 0.69 x 250 = 180 ms. Medical » Radiology Abbreviations Browse 82 acronyms and abbreviations related to the Radiology terminology and jargon. This page illustrates how GD is used in messaging and chat forums, in addition to social networking software like VK, Instagram, Whatsapp, and Snapchat. Radiology: Volume 282: Number 2—February 2017 n radiology.rsna.org 335 REVIEW: Costing in Radiology and Health Care Rubin of the charge or a fixed fee.That price presents the provider’s revenue for the service. List of 4 GD-MRI definitions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Carcinomatosis: the MVI-positive group and the MVI-negative group role in the development of the midwest mostly met... 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David.Colors black and blue Clinic=UCHAMP Clinic, UCP Clinic=UCHAMP Clinic, IA Clinic=Inherited Arrhythmia Clinic metal when oxidation removed! - Allie: Result by abbreviation Annual Visit..... a Before food or meals..... a.c / Long Form Abbreviations! Free thanks to our supporters and advertisers rabbit cranial nerve root: possible with... Radiology, the number of medical X‐ray procedures ( North American abbreviation ) and fever not! And myocardial viability: gynecology ( North American abbreviation ) body without adverse...
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Supporting the initiation of advance care planning in general practice. The development of a complex intervention (FLIECE).
Date:
20-11-2015
Author: Aline De Vleminck, Promotors: Robert Vander Stichele and Luc Deliens, Co-Promotor: Koen Pardon
Background
Advance care planning (ACP) is a formalized process of communication between patients, relatives and professional caregivers. It has been defined as “a voluntary process of discussion and review enabling individuals to express, and, if they wish, record views, values and specific treatment choices to inform their future care”. ACP promotes the documentation of patients’ preferences in their medical file, the communication of these preferences to family and friends, and the periodic review of preferences when circumstances change. It has the potential to empower patients, to foster autonomy, to improve the quality of decision making for patients and relatives, and to increase the extent to which care is addressing patients’ needs and preferences. Given their longstanding, trusted relationship with patients, general practitioners (GPs) are likely to have good clinical and contextual knowledge of their patients and are able to evaluate whether their patients are ready to engage in ACP. However, the initiation of ACP in general practice remains limited. For this reason, this doctoral thesis has two main objectives: (1) to describe the experiences of the general population with regard to ACP and their information preferences when faced with life-limiting illness and (2) to develop an intervention to support the initiation of ACP in general practice.
Methods
In order to address the first objective, we used data from the national Health Interview Study that was collected in 2008 from a large representative sample of the Belgian population. The findings showed that few people in Belgium have discussed their wishes regarding medical treatment at the end of life with their physician or have completed an AD on euthanasia. Younger people, men, inhabitants of the Walloon region of Belgium, people with a poorer health status and people with fewer GP contacts represent a target group for education as they are less likely to engage in ACP. The majority of the Belgian population indicated the preference to always be informed concerning end-of-life care topics when faced with a life-limiting illness. Physicians should be aware of the desired level of information and tailor information to individual patient preferences.
To address the second objective, we performed a Phase 0-I study according to the UK Medical Research Council’s Framework for Complex Interventions. For this study, we used robust research methods: 1) a systematic review about the barriers and facilitators indicated by GPs to engage in ACP, 2) focus groups with GPs covering their experiences, attitudes and concerns regarding the initiation of ACP in general practice, 3) a literature search in order to obtain a comprehensive overview of key features that underpin successful ACP interventions and 4) a review of the preliminary complex intervention by an expert panel.
Results and conclusions
By using these methods, we gained insight into the barriers and facilitators for GPs to initiate ACP with their patients, the conceptualisations of GPs regarding ACP in terms of the content of ACP discussions and the tasks for GPs in the process of ACP, and the potential components of an intervention to support the initiation of ACP in general practice. Based on these findings, a preliminary intervention was developed consisting of: (1) a training for GPs in initiating and conducting ACP discussions, (2) a register of patients eligible for ACP discussions, (3) an educational booklet on ACP to enable patients to prepare for an ACP discussion, (4) a conversation guide to support GPs in the ACP discussions and (5) a structured template to record the outcomes of discussions. Future research is advised to focus on testing and finalizing the intervention in a subsequent feasibility and pilot study (Phase II).
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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1,399,654,981,607,659,000
|
Alveolar Bone Grafting
Alveolar cleft repair is a surgery that closes the gap between the mouth and the nose at the level of the gum line.
It also grafts the bony defect, or area of bone that is missing.
Grafting provides support for the base of the nose, which otherwise tends to sink in.
Grafting provides bone in order for the adult teeth to descend and be able to survive.
Typically, bone grafting is done when the canine tooth starts to descend, or come down.
The timing for alveolar bone graft and cleft repair is done several years after the child’s first cleft lip and cleft palate repairs, typically between ages 7 to 9.
If a lateral incisor tooth is present, then bone grafting may be done earlier to prepare the area for this tooth.
Preparation for alveolar cleft repair and alveolar grafting involves a Pediatric Orthodontist, who will place a device to prepare your child for the graft procedure.
Alveolar bone graft material can be autologous, which means that it comes from your child, or from an off the shelf product.
Autologous graft material is typically bone taken from the hip.
The procedure would be done in a hospital and your child would stay overnight.
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1,699,330,295,763,915,000
|
smooth muscle relaxant
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
Related to smooth muscle relaxant: spasmolytics
smooth mus·cle re·lax·ant
a pharmacologic agent, such as an antispasmodic, bronchodilator, or vasodilator, that reduces the tension or tone of smooth (involuntary) muscle.
smooth muscle relaxant
an agent that reduces the tone of smooth muscle, such as a bronchodilator or vasodilator.
smooth mus·cle re·lax·ant
(smūdh mŭsĕl rē-laksănt)
Pharmacologic agent, such as an antispasmodic, bronchodilator, or vasodilator, which reduces the tension or tone of smooth (involuntary) muscle.
smooth mus·cle re·lax·ant
(smūdh mŭsĕl rē-laksănt)
Pharmacologic agent, such as an antispasmodic, bronchodilator, or vasodilator, which reduces tension of smooth muscle.
References in periodicals archive ?
The administration of smooth muscle relaxants at an appropriate time and dilatation phase can reduce the duration of labour successfully while providing pain reduction.
The smooth muscle relaxant effect of hydrogen sulphide in vitro: evidence for a physiological role to control intestinal contractility.
Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, was used as positive control because of its use as smooth muscle relaxant.
Other therapeutic uses of smooth muscle relaxants include the treatment of angina, asthma and other forms of generalized muscle spasms.
In the present study, we were interested to evaluate whether the pharmacological properties would also vary according to the chemical composition, and to compare these effects with those of recognized smooth muscle relaxants papaverine and diltiazem.
This modality can make the diagnosis of an esophageal motility disorder, which in turn can be treated with acid inhibition or smooth muscle relaxants.
For example, smooth muscle relaxants decrease abdominal pain and bloating.
The three studies versus smooth muscle relaxants did not show differences between treatments hinting for equivalence of treatments.
As comparators served placebo (n = 12 studies; 1 study compares placebo and an anticholinergic), smooth muscle relaxants (anticholinergics, n = 3 studies; 1 study compares placebo and an anticholinergic) and psychotherapy (n = 1 study; stress management program).
The three double blind cross over studies versus smooth muscle relaxants did not show differences between treatments hinting for equivalence of treatments, although a placebo arm is missing with the exception of one trial (Carling et al.
given over 2-4 weeks, in IBS is efficacious as compared to placebo and the smooth muscle relaxants investigated.
Full browser ?
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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-6,233,957,112,223,607,000
|
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two
Comments
Transcription
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two
Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample
Poisson Models
Mini Review
Abstract
Sample size determination is a vital part of clinical studies where cost and safety
concerns lead to greater importance of not using more subjects and resources
than are required. The Bayesian approach to sample size determination has
the advantages of being able to use prior data and expert opinion to possibly
reduce the total sample size while also acknowledging all uncertainty at the
design stage. We apply a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to the problem
of comparing two Poisson rates and find the required sample size to obtain a
desired power while controlling the Type I error rate.
Keywords: Bayes factor; Poisson rate; power; Type I error
Introduction
Sample size determination continues to be an important
research area of statistics. Perhaps nowhere is this truer than
pharmaceutical statistics, where cost and time constraints have
made finding the appropriate sample size before conducting a
study of the utmost importance. The problem is quite simple:
too small a sample can lead to under-powered studies, while too
large a sample size wastes precious resources. In this article we
consider the sample size determination problem as it pertains
to the two-sample testing of Poisson rates from a Bayesian
perspective subject to operating characteristics constraints.
There are several advantages to the Bayesian perspective
when trying to determine a study’s requisite sample size, a
topic that is expounded in Adcock [1]. Their construction does
not depend on asymptotic approximations or bounds. Classical
solutions to the sample size determination problem typically
hinge on asymptotic arguments that require the researcher
to specify one parameter value (perhaps vector valued) as
representative for the entire parameter space, a process that
is typically done using bounding arguments. This, for example,
is what is done when determining the requisite sample size
for a confidence interval of a fixed level and given length. The
resulting sample sizes are consequently conservative. On the
other hand, the Bayesian approach provides the statistician with
the ability to model his indecision about the parameter through
expert knowledge or previous studies. As noted by Bayarri and
Berger [2], this can allow the Bayesian approach to have better
operating characteristics, such as a smaller required sample
sizes or better Type I and II error rates.
Various Bayesian sample size determination methods
have been studied for binomial and Poisson data. Stamey et
al. [3] considered one and two sample Poisson rates from the
perspective of interval based criteria such as coverage and width.
Hand et al. [4] extend those ideas by considering both intervalbased and test-based criteria, albeit without considering power.
Katsis and Toman [5] used more decision theoretic criteria
for the two sample binomial case, but only to the extent of
controlling the posterior risk with a pre specified bound. Zhao
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2015
Ryan Sides, David Kahle* and James
Stamey
Statistical Science, Baylor University, USA
*Corresponding author: David Kahle, Department of
Statistical Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA, Tel:
254-710-6102; E-mail:
Received: February 10, 2015 | Published: March 09, 2015
et al. [6] extend those ideas by using computational methods to
consider expected Bayesian power of the test. In this article, we
extend these results to the Poisson data model. We also consider
the problem the subject to Type I and Type II constraints. This is
thus an important extension of [6], because it
1) Extends the ideas to the Poisson case
2) Enables the incorporation of operating characteristics.
A subtle difference between the classical and Bayesian
methods of sample size determination merits discussion before
proceeding. One of the novel contributions of this article is an
algorithmic solution to the sample size determination problem
subject to operating characteristics constraints for Poisson data.
However, since the entire problem is treated in a Bayesian context,
the concept of Type I and Type II error rates is understood in an
average, or expected, sense; see [7]. For example, the ``power of
a test’’ retains the interpretation of the probability the decision
rule rejects when the null hypothesis when it is false; but rather
than being a function defined over the alternative space, here it is
averaged over that space and weighted by the prior distribution
specified on the alternative hypothesis. To make the distinction
more clear, we refer to this as the expected Bayesian power
(EBP), as is done in [8]; alternatively, it may be referred to as the
probability of a successful test. These ideas, though apparently
not considered in the literature previously, can also apply to
the concept of the significance level of a test. While frequentist
methods typically report one value for significance level, what
they are really doing (in non point null hypotheses) is taking the
largest possible significance level; thus, taking an expectation of
a significance level curve could be done as well. Consequently, in
this article we also consider the expected Bayesian significance
level (EBSL), defined as the expected value of the test under the
prior distribution given on the null space. In both cases, any
particular instance of the actual Type I and Type II error rates
can be greater than or less than nominal.
This article proceeds as follows. In Section 2 we introduce
the theoretical formulation of the sample size determination
problem for two Poisson variates including consideration of
Biom Biostat Int J 2015, 2(1): 00023
Copyright:
©2015 Sides et al.
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models
operating characteristics. In Section 3, we present an algorithmic
solution to the sample size determination problem posed in
Section 4. Section 5 contains an application of the method in
the area of pharmaceutical statistics. We then conclude with a
discussion.
Problem specification and the bayes rule
We now follow the general framework of [6] in the
development of this problem, adapting the binomial case
to fit the Poisson data model. Suppose Y1 ~ Pois (tλ1 ) and
Y2 ~ Pois (tλ 2 ) , independently, where λ1 and λ 2 represent the
rate parameters of interest and t represents a common sample
(or “opportunity”) size. Together, we write these Y = (Y1 , Y2 )′
with observations y = ( y1 , y2 )′ . The sample size determination
problem is to calculate the necessary sample size required to
test the hypotheses H 0 : λ1 = λ2 vs H1 : λ1 ≠ λ2 2/5
expected loss [11]. Since the posterior expected loss associated
with an action a ∈ {0,1} is
ρ(a=
) Eλ | y [ L(ϕ, a )]
( H 0 | Y y=
), if a 1,
c P=
= 1
Y
y
c
P
=
(
H
|
=
),
if a 0,
1
2
Setting c = c1 / c2 we can express the optimal decision
rule, a* , as
y ) < cP( H 0 | Y =
y ),
0, if P( H1 | Y =
a* ( y ) =
y ) ≥ cP( H 0 | Y =
y ).
1, if P( H1 | Y =
The rejection region, W , is therefore
W=
{ y : P ( H1 | Y =
y ) ≥ cP( H 0 | Y =
y )}.
The optimal rule in (2) can be nicely represented in
terms of the Bayes factor. The Bayes factor is defined as the ratio
of the posterior odds of H1 to the prior odds of H1 , so that a large
Bayes factor is evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis [12].
Specifically, the Bayes factor is defined
using a given decision rule; here we use the Bayes rule.
Denoting the parameter pair λ = (λ1 , λ 2 )′ , the associated null
and alternative spaces are therefore
which
P ( H1 | Y= y ) / P ( H 0 | Y= y ) P ( H1 | Y= y )π0
=
B =
.
λ , and
we identify with R+ with elements generically denoted
π1 / π0
P ( H 0 | Y = y )π1
.
This ratio is useful in Bayesian inference because it is often
interpreted as partially eliminating the influence of the prior on
As this problem is being considered from the Bayesian
the posterior, instead emphasizing the role of the data. Moreover,
perspective, we place prior probabilities of π 0 and π 1 = 1 − π 0
the decision rule is a function of a Bayes factor:
on H 0 and H1 , respectively. Conditional on the null being true,
W=
y ) ≥ cP( H 0 | Y =
y )}
{ y : P ( H1 | Y =
we represent the expert opinion regarding λ as p0 (λ) , defined
π
π
over the set Λ 0 . Alternatively, conditionally on H1 being true,
=
y ) 0 ≥ cP( H 0 | Y =
y) 0
y : P ( H1 | Y =
π
π1
we represent the belief concerning λ1 ≠ λ 2 with a joint prior
1
π0
p (λ1 , λ 2 ) with support Λ1 . Marginalizing over the hypotheses,
= y : B ≥ c .
π1
we have the unconditional prior
This is particularly useful because it allows for the
p (λ1 , λ 2 )= p0 (λ )π0 I H 0 + p1 (λ1 , λ 2 )π1 I H1 ,
interpretation of the Bayes factor B as the test statistic for the
decision rule in (2); this is the condition in (4).
Where I H 0 and I H1 are the indicator function of H 0 and H1
, respectively.
We now derive closed-form expression for the posterior
probabilities of the null and alternative hypotheses. Using Bayes’
In practice, the prior distributions on λ , λ1 , and λ 2
summarize expert opinion concerning the parameters in each of theorem, we have
the two scenarios H 0 and H1 . This information can be obtained
=
P (Y y | H 0 )π0
P ( H 0 | Y= y=
)
in a number of ways including past data, prior elicitation of
P=
(Y y | H 0 )π0 + P=
(Y y | H1 )π1
expert opinion (see especially [9]), or based on uninformative
and
criteria. For simplicity, we consider conjugate priors for all
=
P (Y y | H1 )π1
three λ ’s, so that under H 0 , λ ∼ Gamma(α, β) , and under H1
P ( H1 | Y= y=
)
.
P
=
(
Y
y
|
H 0 )π0 + P=
(Y y | H1 )π1
, λ i ∼ Gamma(α i , βi ) independently. This assumption is not
Consequently, the posterior probabilities have closed-form
very restrictive and allows us to specify parameters of prior
expressions
if the likelihoods do. Computing these, we have
distribution sin stead of distributions themselves.
∞
We now derive the optimal Bayes (decision) rule in deciding
between the hypotheses presented in (1). In solving the related
problem between two binomial proportions, [6] use the classical
decision theoretic setup using the 0-1 loss function [10]. Here
we use the more general unequal loss function
c1 if H 0 is true and a = 1,
L( H , a ) = c2 if H1 is true and a = 0,
0, otherwise
Where a = δ( y ) is the decision rule with a = 0 representing
selection of H 0 and a = 1 selection of H1 . Thus, c1 represents the
loss associated with a Type I error, and c2 that of a Type II error.
The Bayes action is simply the one that minimizes posterior
∫ f ( y | λ, H ) p (λ | H ) d λ
P(Y = y | H 0 ) =
0
0
0
0
(λt ) y1 e −λt (λt ) y2 e −λt βα α−1 −βλ
λ e dλ
y1 !
y2 ! Γ ( α )
0
∞
∫
=
=
t y1+ y2 βα Γ( y1 + y2 + α)
,
y1 ! y2 !Γ(α)(2t + β) y1+ y2 +α
and
=
P(Y y=
| H1 )
∞
∫ f ( y | λ, H ) p (λ | H ) d λ
1
1
−λit
1
βi
λ i αi −1e −βiλi d λ i
Γ (α i )
0
=
2
∞
∏∫
i =1 0
2
=∏
i =1
(λ i t ) e
yi !
yi
αi
t yi βi αi Γ( yi + α i )
.
yi !Γ(α i )(t + βi ) yi +αi
Citation: Ryan S, David K, James S (2015) Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models. Biom Biostat Int J 2(1): 00023. DOI:
10.15406/bbij.2015.02.00023
Copyright:
©2015 Sides et al.
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models
Note that the probability of the data under the null hypothesis
is the product of two independent negative binomial likelihoods.
Combining (3) with (5) and (6) allows us to represent W in
terms of the null and alternative likelihoods as follows:
W=
y ) ≥ cP ( H 0 | Y =
y )}
{ y : P ( H1 | Y =
=
(Y
{ y : P=
y | H1 )π1 ≥ cP
=
(Y y | H 0 )π0 }.
Consequently, (7) and (8) give explicit conditions for the
rejection of the optimal decision rule:
Γ(α)(2t + β) y1+ y2 +α 2 βi αi Γ( yi + α i )
π
y:B
W =
=
≥c 0
∏
yi +αi
α
β Γ( y1 + y2 + α) i=1 Γ(α i )(t + βi )
π1
Note that the left side of (9) is our test statistic and Bayes
factor, B, so that (9) is an explicit formulation of the condition
presented in (4).
Sample Size Determination for the Bayes Rule
The explicit description of the decision rule in (9) allows us
to compute all sorts of quantities of interest. For given prior
parameters π0 , π1 , α, β, α1 , β1 , α 2 , and β2 and loss penalties
c1 and c2 (or simply c), the Expected Bayesian Power (EBP) ωt
is defined
ω
=
P(Y ∈ W | H=
)
t 1
Y
∑ P(=
α=
P (Y ∈ W | H=
)
t
0
∑ P(Y=
y∈W
y | H=
)
1
t yi βi αi Γ( yi + α i )
2
∑∏ y !Γ(α )(t + β )
y∈W i =1
i
i
i
,
yi +αi
and the Expected Bayesian Significance Level (EBSL) α t is
y∈W
y | H=
)
0
t y1+ y2 βα Γ( y1 + y2 + α)
∑ y ! y !Γ(α)(2t + β)
y∈W
1
2
y1 + y2 +α
.
Note three things. First the inclusion of the t subscripts
highlights the fact that these quantities depend on t. Second,
both ωt and α t marginalize over the corresponding alternative
and null spaces Λ1 and Λ 0 , respectively, this is the sense in
which the power and significance level are expectations. Third,
the constant c (or c1 and c2) is represented in the expressions
through Wt, which is itself dependent on t.
In their articles, [5, 12] demonstrate that as the sample size
tends to infinity, the Bayes factor B converges to either 0 or 1. As
a consequence, in the current context as the sample size t tends
to infinity the Bayes factor B converges to either 0 or 1, so that
a.s.
a.s.
→1 and α t
→ 0 . Thus, for any pre[12] implies that ωt
ω
specified power and significance level α , there exists a t such
that for all t ′ ≥ t * , ωt′ ≥ ω and α t′ ≥ α . We define tα* ,ω to be the in
fimum of this collection of lower bounds, i.e.
=
tα* ,ω inf
{t : αt ≤ α and ωt ≥ ω} .
t ∈R
+
tα* ,ω is said to be the optimal sample size for ω and α , and
computing t * is called the sample size determination problem.
If only a power is specified, or if only a significance level is
specified, the other quantity is left off of the subscript and out of
the definition. We often write simply t * for tα* ,ω .
Were (10) and (11) monotonic and continuous in t, the sample
size determination problem would be quite straightforward.
3/5
Simply run a numerical root-finder (e.g. Newton’s method)
on ωt − ω and α t − α take the larger t. Unfortunately, however,
as a function of t both the power and significance level
are discontinuous functions that are not monotonic. As a
consequence, it is possible, for example, for there to be two
such sample sizes t1and t2 with t1 < t2 such that ωt1 ≥ ω and yet
ωt2 < ω . This is a consequence of the dependence of Wt on t: as t
grows, the rejection region changes, and these changes result in
discrete jumps in the rejection region.
Practically speaking, in our experience the appearance of
these jumps is monotonically decreasing in magnitude and
dissipate quite quickly in t so that, while there are jumps, they
become relatively minor even for quite small t. Thus, while outof-the-box numerical routines are insufficient for the task, a
straight-forward heuristic algorithm suffices to certify t * to a
reasonable level of accuracy.
Initialize t = t0 with a value small enough to satisfy ωt < ω
and α t > α , typically a value like .1 will suffice. Then, double t
until both conditions are met. Once both conditions are met,
decrement t by 1 until the conditions are no longer satisfied;
then decrement by .1, and so on to achieve the desired precision.
Alternatively, one may move in a binary search manner; this
method is faster but loses the certificate of the solution up to the
highest evaluated point. By contrast, the first heuristic certifies
that the sample size achieved is optimal up to the largest t
observed, which is of the form 2k t0 .
One computational detail is relevant for implementing this
procedure. By definition, since Y1 and Y2 are Poisson variates,
their sample spaces are infinitely large, and thus computing
ωt and αt is not numerically possible - one cannot check every
y to determine whether or not it is included in Wt. There is,
however, a very reasonable work-around for this problem using
prior predictive distributions. Under H1, the prior predictive
distributions on Y1 and Y2 are both negative binomial. Specifically,
β
β
Y1 ~ NegBin α1 , 1 and Y2 ~ NegBin α 2 , 2 .
t
+
β
t
+
β2
1
While one cannot enumerate the entire sample space of Y ,
one can be confident they have a satisfactory approximation by
computing small (e.g. .00001) and large (e.g. .99999) quintiles
of these distributions and then simply taking every combination
of the ranges from low to high. This is the approach we take to
computing the sums listed in (10) and (11) above.
An Example from Cancer Therapeutics
1) An example of the proposed methodology is readily
available from the field of cancer therapeutics. Suppose
(1) Drug A is an industry standard therapy for a certain
type of cancer that is known to have the common side
effect of mild seizures every hour of infusion
2) (2) Drug B is a novel compound believed to have the
same side effect but at a lessened rate
3) (3) The goal is to design a design a clinical trial that
compares the two using the minimum resources
required to meet 5% significance level (EBSL) and
80% power (EBP). Moreover, suppose that the losses
associated with Type I and Type II errors have a ratio
of 1:1.
Citation: Ryan S, David K, James S (2015) Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models. Biom Biostat Int J 2(1): 00023. DOI:
10.15406/bbij.2015.02.00023
Copyright:
©2015 Sides et al.
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models
4/5
From past studies, it is known that the uncertainty in the
rate of seizures with Drug A (per hour) is well-represented by
a Gamma (4, 4) distribution so that λ A ~ Gamma(4, 4) . Drug B, by
contrast, is believed to be a bit worse, with perhaps a rate that
is double that of Drug A with experts 90% sure the value is less
than about 3. This translates into roughly λ B ~ Gamma(4,8) . Figure
1 shows both of these priors graphically.
Figure 3: EBSL curve
Figure 1: Prior structures used in Poisson sample size determination example.
Assuming that the rates are the same, the past indicators of
Drug A supersede the lack of evidence for Drug B, so that under
the null hypothesis λ = λ1 = λ 2 ~ Gamma(4, 4) is most appropriate.
Assuming that the null and alternative hypotheses are given the
same belief (50%), the rejection rule from (9) is therefore
W
Γ(4 )(2t + 4) y1+ y2 +4 4 4 Γ( y1 + 4) 48 Γ( y2 + 8)
≥ 3
y: 4
4 Γ( y1 + y2 + 4) Γ(4)(t + 4) y1+4 Γ(8)(t + 4) y1+8
(2t + 4) y1+ y2 +4 15120 ( y1 + y2 + 3)!
= y:
≥
(t + 4) y1+4
65536 ( y1 + 3)!( y2 + 7)!
To design a test with 80% power and at the 5% significance
level, we need but to run the algorithm described in Section
3. To illustrate the scenario, we plot the significance level and
power for every t from 1 to 80; these are included in Figures 2
and 3, respectively. Note how quickly (in t) the functions become
smooth, nullifying any concern about jumps. The 80% level is
achieved at t = 37, with a power of 80.1%, and the 5% significance
level is achieved at t = 57, where the significance level is 4.9%.
Thus, to achieve both, we select the higher sample size, t = 57.
Figure 2: EBP curve
We can also verify these results via simulation by generating
one million random values of λ1 and λ 2 from the priors given
above. To validate the significance level result, we simply (1)
sample from the prior, (2) generate two Poisson observations
with mean equal to the sample in (1) times 57, and (3)
determine whether the test rejects (1) or not (0). Averaging the
million test results, the value is confirmed to Monte Carlo error
(code available upon request). To validate the power result, we
(1) sample one number from a Gamma(4, 4)and one number
from a Gamma(8, 4), (2) sample two Poisson observations from
distributions with mean 37 times the two variates generated in
(1), and (3) determine whether the test rejects or not. Averaging
the million results validates the theoretical result.
Discussion
In this paper we have used conjugate prior structures in
order to assess our beliefs about a rate parameter in a two
sample Poisson trial a priori in order to find the minimal sample
size needed to reach certain operating characteristics. By the
use of a loss function constant, we are able to control for either
the desired expected Bayesian significance level or the desired
expected Bayesian power or both. This type of analysis had
not been considered previously, specifically, simultaneously
controlling for both Type I and Type II error.
Future work includes the consideration of analysis priors in
this research. Ideally, we would be able to adapt this research to
account for the fact that researchers often times use one set of
priors when conducting sample size analyses, but a more vague
or non-informative set of priors when actually analyzing the
experiment. Though we used only mildly informative priors in
our example, it may be the case where a substantially informative
prior is required for the design stage but a less informative prior
would be used in the analysis stage. Further, this process could
be expanded to consider non-conjugate priors as well. However,
the analytical tractability of conjugate priors made the Poisson/
gamma model ideal, and modeling prior beliefs of a Poisson rate
with a gamma distribution is not an unreasonable thing to do.
It also should be noted that time considerations, while
already improved throughout the process, can always continue
to improve. One improvement to current methods involves
replacing the bi-sectional approaches with one that approximates
the EBP and EBSL curves with some logarithmic function;
Citation: Ryan S, David K, James S (2015) Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models. Biom Biostat Int J 2(1): 00023. DOI:
10.15406/bbij.2015.02.00023
Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models
this improvement should get us in the ballpark of a candidate
solution much quicker. Future work also includes a more in
depth look at how expected Bayesian error rates compare to
typical frequentist ones, and potentially an in-depth look at
the different sample size determination and testing methods in
order to determine the relative advantages and disadvantages of
each. Further, we could generalize the algorithm such that we
are not looking at a common sample size t= t1= t2 , but rather
two different sample sizes t1 and t2 such that they do not need to
be equal. Lastly, code is available upon request.
References
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583-594.
4. Hand A, Stamey JD, Young, DM (2011) Bayesian Sample-Size
Determination for Two Independent Poisson Rates. Computer
Copyright:
©2015 Sides et al.
5/5
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Citation: Ryan S, David K, James S (2015) Bayesian Sample Size Determination in Two-Sample Poisson Models. Biom Biostat Int J 2(1): 00023. DOI:
10.15406/bbij.2015.02.00023
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A lumbar puncture is sometimes called a “spinal tap.” It’s a medical procedure that can involve collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is the fluid that surrounds your spinal cord and brain. A laboratory can test it for signs of certain medical conditions and infections.
Your doctor may order a lumbar puncture for a few different reasons. They may use it to check for signs of certain medical conditions, such as:
• meningitis
• myelitis
• demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis
• cancers that can affect your spinal cord and brain
• subarachnoid hemorrhage
In some cases, they may use a lumbar puncture to administer medication directly into your spinal canal. For example, they may use it to give you chemotherapy drugs.
A lumbar puncture can help your doctor accurately diagnose or rule out certain medical conditions, including some life-threatening illnesses. The quicker they make a diagnosis, the sooner you can get appropriate treatment. Some conditions, such as bacterial meningitis, can be fatal if you don’t get treatment for them quickly enough.
A lumbar puncture can also help your doctor give you some types of medication.
A lumbar puncture is generally considered safe, but it can involve some risks. According to the Mayo Clinic, up to a quarter of people who get a lumbar puncture develop a headache afterward. Lying down for a few hours after the procedure may lower your risk of getting a headache.
Other potential risks include tenderness or pain in your lower back and bleeding near the puncture site. You may experience some pain and numbness that shoots down your legs. In rare cases, people experience brainstem herniation, which is the movement of brain tissue from its normal position in your skull. This is uncommon.
Tell your doctor about all of the medications you’re taking and ask them if you should stop taking any of them before your lumbar puncture. For example, they may advise you to stop taking blood thinners, such as aspirin or warfarin.
Your doctor may also order a CT or MRI scan before your lumbar puncture. They can use it to check for signs of swelling around your brain or other problems.
Your doctor will conduct a lumbar puncture using a needle and syringe. They’ll collect a sample of your spinal fluid in a tube attached to the syringe. Then, they’ll send it to a laboratory for testing.
The procedure usually takes about 45 minutes. It usually includes the following steps:
1. They’ll likely position you on your side.
2. They’ll clean your back with an antiseptic solution to reduce your risk of infection and numb it with a local anesthetic.
3. They’ll inject a hollow needle into your subarachnoid space to collect a sample of your CSF. You may feel some pressure at this point, but the procedure usually isn’t painful.
4. After they remove the needle, they’ll clean and bandage the puncture site.
For a short period after the procedure, it’s likely they’ll monitor you for a headache, dizziness, or other side effects.
They’ll send the CSF sample to a lab for testing. Professionals in the lab may:
• evaluate its appearance for cloudiness
• check it for the presence of protein and glucose
• measure the level of red and white blood cell levels it contains
• check it for the presence of bacteria or viruses
It may take anywhere from a few hours to several days for them to analyze your sample. Your doctor can help you understand what the results mean. They’ll also advise you on any follow-up steps you should take.
Your long-term outlook will depend on your final diagnosis. Ask your doctor for more information about your specific condition, treatment plan, and long-term outlook.
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ARE YOU SUBLUXATED?
Most people go to a chiropractor because of some sort of back or neck pain. This is only a very small part of what chiropractic is all about.
The reason why chiropractors are interested in your back and neck is because that’s where your spine is! Your spine connects your brain to the rest of your body. Your brain, housed in your skull, generates electrical nerve impulses that then are transmitted down the spinal cord and spinal nerves to the rest of your body! Then, your body sends information back to the brain via the same “information highway”.
With the stresses of life, with all of our accidents and fast-paced lifestyles, muscles along the 24 vertebrae and sacrum get tight and imbalanced. This, in turn, causes the vertebrae to move out of alignment, interfering with the nerve transmission at those misaligned levels. Inflammation sets in, ligaments can tear, and general tissue damage can happen. That means that whatever is at the end of that nerve is not getting all the information the brain is sending, and the brain is not receiving all the feedback information from that muscle, gland, or organ. When this happens, your body can’t possibly function at its peak performance level.
Chiropractors use special techniques to balance the spinal muscles and adjust the vertebrae back into their proper alignment. Some also counsel their patients on lifestyle choices that reduce stress to the spine and strengthen the muscles to support spine health.
Your spine is your lifeline! Take good care of it and see your chiropractor today!
One Comment Add yours
1. Ganesan Visvanathan says:
Thanks for sharing …..
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Files in this item
FilesDescriptionFormat
application/pdf
application/pdf9210834.pdf (8Mb)Restricted to U of Illinois
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Description
Title:The potential role of interleukin-2 in impaired cell-mediated immunity of iron deficiency
Author(s):Helyar, Lesley
Department / Program:Nutritional Sciences
Discipline:Nutritional Sciences
Degree Granting Institution:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Degree:Ph.D.
Genre:Dissertation
Subject(s):Biology, Cell
Biology, Microbiology
Health Sciences, Nutrition
Abstract:Iron deficiency impairs cell-mediated immunity, which is primarily dependent on T-lymphocyte functions including production of the cytokine, interleukin 2 (IL-2). The potential role of IL-2 production and responsiveness in impaired cell-mediated immunity of iron deficiency was investigated in a series of experiments. Immune parameters were measured in unstimulated and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen lymphocytes from rats and mice. Dietary iron deficiency induced in the weanling Sprague-Dawley rat and C57/B16 mouse were used as the nutritional models.
Severe, but not moderate iron deficiency, impaired lymphocyte production of IL-2 by rat spleen lymphocytes. In severe iron deficiency, there were lower numbers of T-lymphocytes, and these cells did not become normally activated and divide in response to Con A. The effect of iron deficiency on responsiveness of lymphocytes to IL-2 varied with the parameter of cell-mediated immunity studied. The responsiveness of T-cytotoxicity against P815 mastocytoma cells to IL-2 stimulation was quantitatively and qualitatively normal in iron deficiency with moderate anemia; T-cytotoxicity was not impaired. Natural killer cell activity responsiveness to IL-2 in iron deficiency was lower compared to responsiveness in normal iron status. Attempts to restore blastogenesis with in iron-deficient spleen lymphocytes with IL-2 were unsuccessful, although quantitative and qualitative responses to IL-2 were normal, the rate of cell proliferation in iron-deficiency remained lower than the control rate.
Cell cycle progression to division was also impeded in iron deficiency. Additional study of cell surface activation markers showed that iron deficiency decreased the expression of one marker, the Ia antigen, but did not decrease the proportion of IL-2 receptor-positive cells. Results from studies combining both immune cell activation and subset determinations indicated that there are decreased numbers of mature B-lymphocytes cells in Con A-stimulated spleen lymphocytes of iron-deficient animals, but that Con A stimulation appeared to normalize the phenotypic expression of T-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte subset markers. Despite the apparent normalization of T-lymphocyte phenotype by Con A stimulation in iron deficiency, there were fewer T-lymphocytes that became activated in response to Con A stimulation. In severe iron deficiency, but not moderate iron deficiency, activation of B-lymphocytes was also lower compared with normal iron status.
In iron deficiency there are smaller numbers of mature lymphocytes, and these lymphocytes do not become activated and divide as readily as normal lymphocytes. This may explain decreased IL-2 production and the limitation in response to IL-2 stimulation observed.
Issue Date:1991
Type:Text
Language:English
URI:http://hdl.handle.net/2142/20250
Rights Information:Copyright 1991 Helyar, Lesley
Date Available in IDEALS:2011-05-07
Identifier in Online Catalog:AAI9210834
OCLC Identifier:(UMI)AAI9210834
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
Item Statistics
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6,248,681,869,891,621,000
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Book Online
Tel: +353 91 550905
Experience the Magic of Celtic Heritage
at Brigit's Garden in the West of Ireland.
Apr 30, 2018
Herb of the Month: Hawthorn
The hedgerows are suddenly alive! Just as the blackthorn trees go from flower to leaf, their cousin the hawthorn (both are rose family members) takes the cue from sun and Earth and explodes into blossom. In the west of Ireland, the hedges and the fairy trees are illuminating (though some delayed this year) with the creamy white and rarer pink blossoms of Crataegeus oxyacantha, known commonly as whitethorn or hawthorn. The vanilla scent wafts across the land and our eyes take in the welcome beauty, the harbinger of the season of Bealtaine, summertime in Ireland.
Hawthorn in Celtic Heritage
Hawthorn is one of the thirteen trees of the lunar Ogham calendar and generally represents the time from mid-April to mid-May. In Irish, hawthorn is known as huath and is the letter H in the ancient Irish Ogham alphabet. Hawthorn holds significance for the fire festival of Bealtaine which begins the season on May 1st. Traditionally the blossoms would be gathered for May altars and it was believed you could be whisked away to the fairy realm if you sat beneath a hawthorn on this day.
Hawthorn in Medicine
Hawthorn has an esteemed place in our folk medicine: all parts of the tree have healing properties including the leaves, flowers, stems, thorns and berries. Hawthorn nourishes the heart, physically regulates the beat and strengthens the cardiovascular response. With regular use hawthorn strengthens the heart tissue, eases angina and palpitations due to anxiety or hormonal response. Hawthorn berry tincture warms the heart and softens anger. In tea or tincture, hawthorn lowers blood pressure and brings vitality and efficiency to the circulatory system. The berries, stems and thorns are high in antioxidants.
Hawthorn Tea
The flower and leaf tea is incredibly delicious! Harvest a handful of vibrant blossoms with a few leaves and cover with water off the boil. Allow to steep for 3-5 minutes, strain out the herb and enjoy the comforting and sensual taste of honey and vanilla. For a decadent summertime treat, infuse a stem of hawthorn blossoms in your bottle of crisp white wine (sauvignon blanc or pinot grigio) or in fresh-squeezed lemonade. Allow it to steep for a few hours, then remove the stem/ blossoms and garnish with a sprinkle of fresh flowers over the top.
Hawthorn leaves and flowers can be harvested and dried to be used all year long.
By Tonja Reichley, Herbalist, Bsc, MBA, www.dancingwiththewild.com
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The blood supply of the head and face
The blood supply of the head and face
F001/7111 Royalty Free
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Credit: MEDICAL RF.COM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Caption: A superior anterior view of the blood supply of the head and face.
Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.
Keywords: 3d medical illustration, above view, anatomy, artery, black background, blood supply, blood vessels, blood vessels of the face, blood vessels of the head, colour, face, face blood vessels, facial artery, facial vein, front view, head, head blood vessels, human, illustration, landscape, stylised, veins, with skeleton
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Latest Posts
What Is a Chemical Being pregnant? Signs You Must Know
Because of advances in know-how, we are able to inform before ever that we’re pregnant, by merely shopping for a take a look at at an area drugstore. In occasions previous, very early pregnancies, like a chemical being pregnant, have been not often detected. Though it’s thrilling to know when you’re pregnant as quickly as potential, one of many drawbacks to detecting being pregnant so early is that we are able to now catch these very early miscarriages.
What’s a chemical being pregnant?
A. chemical being pregnant is an early miscarriage that takes place simply after implantation. This kind of miscarriage could account for as many as 75% of all miscarriages.
What are the signs of a chemical being pregnant?
The obvious symptom of a chemical being pregnant is a optimistic being pregnant take a look at adopted by bleeding and / or a adverse take a look at. Nevertheless, bleeding may also happen in a wholesome being pregnant as a result of implantation. Subsequently, it’s important to see your physician or healthcare supplier for those who expertise bleeding, recognizing, or different signs. Many ladies won’t ever expertise every other signs of a chemical being pregnant; that’s the reason so many go undetected. Some ladies could expertise early indicators of being pregnant, like nausea or fatigue. Others could discover delicate to extreme cramping with or with out bleeding.
I knew once I had a chemical being pregnant as a result of I’m a kind of individuals who chart my cycle and take a look at days earlier than my interval is due. I bought a optimistic being pregnant take a look at 5 days earlier than my anticipated interval. Only a few days later, I began having reasonably painful abdomen cramps. It was not lengthy after that that I began experiencing bleeding. A go to to my physician revealed that I had miscarried. Should you’re not fairly as OCD, you won’t even discover a chemical being pregnant. You would possibly simply assume your interval got here a couple of days late.
What causes a chemical being pregnant?
Whereas there are a number of causes, about 50% of all early being pregnant losses are as a result of chromosomal abnormalities within the child. In different phrases, when the newborn was conceived, there have been both too few or too many genes. The mom’s physique acknowledges the genetic drawback and naturally terminates the being pregnant.
There are different, much less frequent, causes of a chemical being pregnant. If the mom has an overactive immune system, there could be issues with correct implantation. Genetic abnormalities in one of many mother and father may also enhance the possibilities of a miscarriage. This may be ascertained for those who and your accomplice have genetic testing executed, though most docs won’t advocate this except there have been a number of miscarriages. Abnormalities with the mom’s uterus may also result in miscarriage. Infections could cause a miscarriage, so you will need to see a medical skilled earlier than you start attempting to conceive. The danger of miscarriage additionally will increase with age. By the point a lady is 40, her likelihood of miscarriage is 40%.
Is remedy vital?
No remedy is important for a chemical being pregnant. Losses that happen later in being pregnant could must be monitored and even require surgical procedure if a miscarriage is incomplete. Nevertheless, since a chemical being pregnant happens so early, it not often requires any sort of remedy or monitoring. It is best to see your medical skilled, although, for the reason that signs of a chemical being pregnant can be signs related to a traditional being pregnant or different being pregnant issues.
Regardless of how early, it’s nonetheless a loss.
Whereas it’s an early miscarriage, a chemical being pregnant remains to be a miscarriage. It’s nonetheless devastating. You continue to must grieve the loss. I’ve had two different being pregnant losses – one at 11 weeks and one at 12 weeks. All miscarriages are exhausting. Perceive that you just and your accomplice could grieve in another way. You could discover counseling useful or speaking to a trusted buddy. It helped me to speak to pals and coworkers who knew the ache of getting a miscarriage. Journaling can be helpful in coping with grief. You could discover on-line assist teams useful as effectively as a result of you may discuss to different ladies who’ve skilled what you’re going by means of.
How quickly must you attempt to get pregnant once more?
On the intense facet, a chemical being pregnant means your physique was in a position to conceive. There isn’t a purpose to assume you’ll miscarry once more. Despite the fact that I had a number of miscarriages, I went on to have three lovely, wholesome youngsters afterward.
Possibly you need to wait to attempt to conceive once more. If that’s the case, talk about contraception choices together with your healthcare supplier. You’ll probably be capable to start utilizing any possibility instantly. Then again, it’s possible you’ll need to get pregnant instantly. Both method, it’s a private resolution that ought to be made between you and your accomplice. Your physician could advocate you wait 1-2 weeks after your chemical being pregnant earlier than having intercourse to scale back the chance of an infection. Nevertheless, as soon as that interval has handed, you may attempt to conceive once more. There isn’t a proof to recommend that ready to conceive will increase your possibilities of having a wholesome being pregnant.
The excellent news is the overwhelming majority of girls that suffer a chemical being pregnant or miscarriage go on to have wholesome infants later. Strive to not develop into discouraged by your loss. Preserve hoping and attempting for a child. It would all be value it sometime once you maintain a candy baby in your arms.
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Skip to main content
How to self-quarantine during coronavirus outbreak
If you think you have COVID-19, be extra careful to wash your hands after blowing your nose or coughing/sneezing.
(Image: © Shutterstock)
With more than 378 confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. and more than 15 associated deaths, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is actively monitoring, and trying to contain, the transmission of the disease, called COVID-19.
In some cases, depending on risk level, the CDC may ask individuals or families to self-quarantine or remain in isolation. Here's a look at what that means and tips for implementing such measures.
People are considered "medium risk," if they have traveled within the past 14 days to a country "with widespread sustained transmission" or have had close contact with someone showing COVID-19 symptoms or on a plane with a person showing symptoms.
For medium-risk cases, the CDC is recommending that the person:
For a person who is showing symptoms of COVID-19 and is considered "medium risk," the CDC recommends self-isolation.
Whereas a quarantine separates people who may have been exposed to this novel coronavirus to see if they get sick, isolation is a way to separate an already sick person from people who aren't sick. Quarantines last for as long as the upper limit of the virus' incubation (the time between being exposed and showing symptoms), which the CDC is saying should be 14 days. Isolation lasts for as long as the virus is contagious, which means they are free of symptoms and test negative for the virus
Here's how to isolate in the case that you returned from an area with an known outbreak and are showing symptoms, or if you have already tested positive for COVID-19:
—Stay away from other people in your home as much as possible, staying in a separate room and using a separate bathroom if available.
—Limit contact with your pets, as there is a small chance humans can pass the disease to dogs or other pets, though only one such case of such a transmission has been reported (in a Pomeranian dog in Hong Kong living with a woman diagnosed with COVID-19).
—No visitors unless the person needs to be in your home.
—If you need medical attention, call ahead to ensure you're going to the right place and taking the necessary precautions.
—Wear a face mask if you must be around other people, such as during a drive to the doctor's office.
—When you cough/sneeze:
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue; immediately throw tissues in garbage; wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds; if that's not available, clean with hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol (here's how to make your own hand sanitizer).
—Avoid sharing household items, including drinking cups, eating utensils, towels or even bedding. Wash these items thoroughly after using.
—Clean high-touch surfaces daily using a household cleaner or wipe. These include: "counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, phones, keyboards, tablets and bedside tables," the CDC says.
—Clean any surfaces that may be contaminated with blood, stool or any bodily fluids.
—Shared spaces in the home should have good airflow — use an air conditioner or open windows.
—Continue monitoring your symptoms. If they worsen, such as you if you begin to have difficulty breathing, call your health care provider.
When to stop isolating?
To figure out when to stop your isolation measures, the CDC says this will be on a case-by-case basis, so you should check with your health care provider before making any changes.
Getting your needs met while you are in isolation may be tough, but the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has some advice:
Arrange to have groceries and toiletries delivered by local or state health departments. Also, make sure to inform health care providers of any medications you'll need, so they can arrange drop-offs of prescriptions as well. In terms of getting laundry done for those without machines at home, you could ask health care providers about that as well.
Originally published on Live Science.
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• Nehmo
She should have sung Pour Some Sugar on Me (by Deaf Lepard) while washing her hands. It would have made a better video.
Reply
• oscar
Well by some studies most of BACTERIAS can be killed with 70% alcohol but if you use pure 90-95% alcohol (ethanol) bacteria can react and rise protective barrier which prevent alcohol to damage their DNA. Problem is because BACTERIA and VIRUS is much different, just alcohol cannot kill viruses , just mixture of ammonia and chlorine can kill viruses but this is not good for skin and lungs it is highly toxic also UV light can kill but this is also dangerous for all living organism because UV light damages DNA and can cause cancer.
Reply
• oscar
Also, some good hand sanitizer i use is mix of 0,5% of quaternary ammonia, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl, chloride, and 72,2% ethanol. Brand which i use is under name ALCOSEPT or ASEPSSOL produced By JASVEL LTD (Jasvel D.o.o) In Serbia. Still some study shows that this mixture can cause in lab mouse significant loss of fertility but i don't have any other better option at least i cant find in pharmacy near me , here is some options and advices which i found : https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/sfe_th_safer_products_and_practices_for_disinfecting.pdf
Reply
• LisaSummit2
Nehmo said:
She should have sung Pour Some Sugar on Me (by Deaf Lepard) while washing her hands. It would have made a better video.
LMAO. That was funny
Reply
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Recognize the subtle signs of depression
Everybody gets the blues now and then. It’s a natural part of life and the inspiration for innumerable songs over the years. But when sadness lingers past rainy days and Mondays and affects your daily life, it may actually be something more serious like clinical depression.
Depression is a medical condition that affects every aspect of your life—how you feel, how you think, how you cope, how you eat, and how you act towards others. If you experience symptoms of depression every day for more than two weeks, it could be a sign that you’re clinically depressed.
Do you know what to look for? Some signs are subtle and can be written off as common human concerns such as age, a job, financial debt or lack of social connection. Here are a few signals to be mindful of.
Social media addiction
If you can’t go five minutes without checking Facebook, and your Twitter feed is your primary way to communicate, it could be a sign you’re depressed. Social media can provide a huge distraction from your real life, causing you to be less present in your daily activities. Communicating solely through social media is isolating and can also mask your true feelings if you are attempting to portray a “perfect” life to the rest of the world.
Sleep interruptions
Have you been counting sheep so often that they’re starting to seem like pets? Changes to your sleep patterns are one way your body deals with depression. If you’re getting up extra early every morning, waking up throughout the night, or suddenly needing a long afternoon nap, you may be depressed.
Excessive exhaustion
Do the smallest tasks seem like insurmountable burdens? Are you exhausted—both mentally and physically—and feeling totally . . . blah? Are you overwhelmed with daily chores or your job all of a sudden? It’s easy to blame your lack of energy on stress or a hectic life, but it could require medical attention.
Irritability, short temper, hostility
Depression is often masked by anger and a lightning-quick temper. More than half the people with long-term depression experience hostility and extreme irritability. You can often judge how extreme your rage is (even if you don’t think it’s that bad) by how the people around you respond to your reactions. Consider talking to your doctor if you find yourself flying off the handle with little provocation on a regular basis.
Change in appetite
Has your favorite food suddenly lost its appeal? Or maybe you can’t put down the ice cream and chips. Whether you’re eating too little or too much, be aware of the changes in your appetite and eating patterns. Both could lead to weight loss or gain, signaling to others around you that something is amiss.
Brain fog
Getting momentarily distracted occasionally is normal. But brain fog and extreme confusion or distraction could be a sign of something more serious. If you routinely find yourself struggling to concentrate or hold a thought, it could be a sign you’re depressed.
Lasting aches and pains
Depression affects your physical state too. Some reports indicate that depression makes your nerves more sensitive, which causes pain that gets worse as your depression becomes more pronounced. If you’ve been taking ibuprofen throughout the day for several days or weeks because of general “pain,” this could be a red flag.
Mood swings
Happy events or special occasions can reduce negative feelings temporarily. Once the initial burst of happiness or “high” fades, you may return to your feelings of sadness or emptiness, and they could be even more intense. This “toggling” from one emotion or to another or feeling like you’re on a roller coaster can be a sign you are depressed.
If you identified with 2 or more of the symptoms above, consider having a conversation with your doctor or therapist. There’s no shame in asking for help. If you feel you need to talk to a specialist here’s a list of Swedish providers trained in helping people with depression. You can also explore treatment options offered at Swedish here.
About the Author
Whether it's stress, anxiety, dementia, addiction or any number of life events that impede our ability to function, mental health is a topic that impacts nearly everyone. The Swedish Behavioral Health Team is committed to offering every-day tips and clinical advice to help you and your loved ones navigate mental health conditions.
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Why do fish have mercury in them?
So many fish today — including tuna, grouper, marlin, mackerel and Chilean sea bass — have very high levels of mercury.
How did that happen — and aren’t fish supposed to be healthy to eat?
Why do fish have mercury in them?
Fish and mercury absorption
Fish absorb mercury from fresh or sea water when it passes over their gills. When larger predatory fish eat smaller fish, their mercury levels rise because they take on all the mercury their prey had absorbed (this is called bioaccumulation).
By the same token, older predatory fish — those who have been around longer and have eaten lots of the little guys — tend to have the highest mercury levels of all.
Unfortunately, you can’t clean or cook the mercury out — it’s interspersed through every part of the fish.
It’s rainin’ mercury
So why are there high levels of mercury in the water in the first place? Mercury doesn’t naturally occur in bodies of water in any great quantity – just what is delivered by volcanic eruptions, due to the weathering of rocks, and via deep-sea vents.
Fish in a coolerThe pollution generated over the last few centuries have completely changed all that, though.
The University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute explains the process as so:
When mercury gets into the atmosphere, it travels anywhere from a few miles to halfway around the world before being deposited on land and water bodies. As a result, major point sources often deliver mercury both to nearby locations and to the global atmosphere. Mercury falls to earth with rainwater and with dry particles. It lands on water bodies and on surrounding watersheds. It may also be discharged directly into receiving waters by factories or waste sites, although most of these “point sources” have been curtailed or eliminated.
Once introduced to water (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc), mercury is naturally converted to the very toxic methylmercury due to the action of certain bacteria, and now, most fish have at least some methylmercury.
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The damage it can do
Mercury — especially methylmercury — is very toxic to humans, with the potential to cause a variety of neurological disorders, including impairment of speech, hearing, walking and muscle weakness.
Most at risk are babies in utero, for whom the exposure can be devastating — including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and seizures – thus pregnant women need to be super-cautious about the fish they eat. But really, everyone needs to be mindful of how much fish they’re eating, and what types of fish. (For more information, check out the NYC Department of Health’s Signs and symptoms of Mercury poisoning.)
The good and the bad
Fish with the highest mercury levels include shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, tuna steaks/sushi-grade tuna, grouper, orange roughy, marlin and Chilean sea bass.
On the other hand, five of the most commonly-eaten fish/seafoods that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock and catfish.
Do remember that, apart from the issues with mercury (which can be largely avoided), fish make for very healthy eating, especially since they are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which benefit the heart.
For more information, including current recommendations and warnings, check out the EPA’s listing of Fish Advisories as well as this FDA report on Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish.
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Nanomedicine outcomes from nanotechnology where molecular level minute precise nanomotors may
Nanomedicine outcomes from nanotechnology where molecular level minute precise nanomotors may be used to deal with disease conditions. excellent nanomotor. For assessment, several other natural nanomotors will become referred to as well as their applications for nanotechnology. 1. FTY720 (Fingolimod) supplier Intro Biological motors are molecular devices within living systems. These nanomachines are made to carry out particular functions. To be able to perform their specified jobs they make use of energy and convert it to mechanised work. Nearly all protein centered molecular nanomotors make use of chemical substance energy ATP to execute mechanical function [1]. Molecular size nanomotors are generally split into two groups: (I) natural and (II) non-biological. With this review we will concentrate on natural nanomotors, especially ATP synthase. Biological nanomotors are amazing molecular devices which travel fundamental procedures of life. Furthermore to F1F0 ATP synthase bacterial flagella, kinesin, dynein, myosin, actin, microtubule, dynamin, RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, helicases, topoisomerases, and viral DNA product packaging motors are various other prominent natural nanomotors. Lately many laboratories [2C10] have already been seeking to create man made or non-biological nanomotors, which isn’t the topic of the review. Nevertheless, before talking about the natural nanomotors it might be beneficial to briefly review nonbiological nanomotors as well. The goal of creating non-biological nanomotors by mimicking the natural nanomotors is certainly to get the required physiological function performed inside the living systems. Oddly enough, the non-natural nanodevices generally are actually less efficient in comparison to their natural counterparts. Scientists in neuro-scientific nanotechnology are regularly reconnoitering the chance of fabricating molecular motors with a complete molecular size of ~530?kDa possesses eight different subunits, namely, and F0 to stomach2c10C15. In chloroplast and mitochondria the overall framework is comparable to except that we now have two isoforms and 7C9 extra subunits, respectively. Additionally it is known that being a complicated they contribute and then a part of extra mass and could have regulatory jobs [16C18]. F1F0-ATP synthase may be the smallest known natural nanomotor, within virtually all living microorganisms including plants, pets, and bacterias. This enzyme is FTY720 (Fingolimod) supplier in charge of ATP synthesis by oxidative or photophosphorylation in membranes of bacterias, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. FTY720 (Fingolimod) supplier Hence, ATP synthase may be the central method of cell energy creation in animals, plant life, and virtually all microorganisms. An average 70?kg individual with a comparatively sedentary lifestyle will create around 2.0 million?kg of ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) within a 75-season lifespan. Present knowledge of the F1F0 framework and system are available in sources [4, 11, 14, 19C41]. Open up in another window Body 1 ATP synthase in the easiest form contains drinking water soluble F1 and membrane destined F0 areas. Catalytic activity ensues on the user interface of F1 sector. Many inhibitors also bind towards the F1 sector which comprises five subunits (subunit in the F1 sector, whereas proton transportation takes place through the membrane inserted F0 sector. Proton gradient-driven clockwise rotation of (as seen in the membrane) network marketing leads to ATP synthesis and anticlockwise rotation of leads to ATP hydrolysis [15]. The forms the component of rotor, while b2 may be the component of stator in ATP synthase [38, 42C44]. The creation of ATP response in the three catalytic sites ensues sequentially. Within this PPP3CA response system, the three catalytic sites possess changed affinities for nucleotides at at any time, and each goes through conformational transitions which outcomes in direction of substrate (ADP + Pi) bindingATP synthesisATP discharge. Quite simply catalysis needs sequential participation of three catalytic sites where each catalytic site adjustments its binding affinity for substrates and items since it proceeds through the cyclical system referred to as binding transformation system initially suggested by Boyer [45C51]. Proton purpose force is transformed in F0 to mechanised rotation from the rotor shaft, which drives conformational adjustments from the catalytic domains in F1 to synthesize ATP. Conversely, hydrolysis of ATP induces invert conformational adjustments and therefore reverses rotation from the.
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Top
20
Doctor insights on: Patching For Amblyopia
Share
1
1
Will eye patching help strabismus?
Will eye patching help strabismus?
Improve vision: In childhood strabismus, patching is used when the brain starts to ignore the vision from one eye. A patch is placed over the better eye to force the brain to pay attention to the vision from the supressed eye. This is why you can see children wearing eyepatches at times. ...Read more
Dr. Dean Bonsall
312 doctors shared insights
Amblyopia (Definition)
loss not due to a structural problem such as myopia or hyperopia and develops early in life. For ...Read more
2
2
Treatment for amblyopia?
Treatment for amblyopia?
Only in the young: Amblyopia indicates an eye seeing less well than normal as a consequence of childhood dysfunction - most commonly eye misalignment or strongly hyperopic correction. To prevent it children are patched in the good eye. Once beyond 8 years of age, it cannot be altered so adults with amblyopia cannot be improved. ...Read more
3
3
Are prism glasses effective for strabismus?
Are prism glasses effective for strabismus?
Sometimes: Small amounts of ocular misalignment can be successfully managed with prism in glasses. Larger amounts of misalignment require surgery to repair. ...Read more
4
4
Is eye surgery for nearsighted and farsighted eyes?
Is eye surgery for nearsighted and farsighted eyes?
Yes: There are procedures for farsighted eyes and for nearsighted eyes as well. See an ophthalmologist to discuss your options. ...Read more
5
5
Is prk (operation for eyes for sight correction) usually successful?
Is prk (operation for eyes for sight correction) usually successful?
Yes: Prk is generally chosen (over lasik) in eyes that have higher powers, thinner corneas and some surface opacities. The military tends to prefer it due to its stability under stress. The final results of prk and lasik are generally equivalent although prk causes a more painful recovery period. ...Read more
6
6
Is there surgery for squint (strabismus)?
Is there surgery for squint (strabismus)?
Yes: Strabismus surgery is usually done by ophthalmologists that have done additional training in this delicate area of eye muscle surgery. Many are affiliated with children's hospitals (more kids need it than adults) or located in larger metropolitan areas. ...Read more
8
8
Can lasik correct amblyopia?
Can lasik correct amblyopia?
Amblyopia: Amblyopic therapy is specific and if there is a refractive error difference between the two eyes that is responsible for the amblyopia then lasik surgery could be considered depending on the age and other circumstances. If the amblyopia is uncorrected before the age of six, it is usually not correctable. ...Read more
See 3 more doctor answers
9
9
Glasses for exotrophic?
Glasses for exotrophic?
Sometimes: Glasses with prisms or with minus correction are sometimes used to decrease the amount of exotropia or minimize symptoms. ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
10
10
Lazy eye treatment?
Lazy eye treatment?
Several possible: Lazy eye is the process where the brain ignores the "camera" picture from one eye because it is less clear or causes double vision. It can sometimes be improved if the weaker eye is strengthened (glasses), the stronger eye is patched or if the eye is lined up better with surgery. If the process has gone on too long, the brain ignores the fix & surgery is simply cosmetic. ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
11
11
Do lazy eye exercises correct amblyopia?
Do lazy eye exercises correct amblyopia?
No: Amblyopia is corrected by forcing the brain to use the weak eye more (not prune neural connections) -- so make the image sharper or remove double. ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
12
12
Can lasik correct an amblyopia?
Can lasik correct an amblyopia?
No: There is no surgical procedure that will correct amblyopia. In fact, in my opinion, lasik surgery should never be done in a patient with amblyopia. This advice is from a surgeon who has done thousands of lasik procedures. ...Read more
See 2 more doctor answers
15
15
Can vision therapy treat lazy eye?
Can vision therapy treat lazy eye?
Generally no: Vision therapy is an untested procedure, advocated by "vision therapy optometrists". It has never been subjected to clinical trials and more experienced clinicians feel that it is of no benefit. For adults with a 'lazy' eye, it is definitely not worth doing. ...Read more
16
16
Does lasik also correct esotropia or strabismus?
Does lasik also correct esotropia or strabismus?
No: Laser vision correction eliminates the glasses prescription but foes not correct strabismus. Depending on your case, control of strabismus may improve after laser vision correction. ...Read more
See 2 more doctor answers
17
17
How much would treatment for anisometropia or strabismic amblyopia cost?
How much would treatment for anisometropia or strabismic amblyopia cost?
Speak to your doc: Whomever diagnosed you should be happy to discuss cost and financing options. Your insurance company may also be able to help. ...Read more
18
18
Is there an easy eye surgery for lazy eye?
Is there an easy eye surgery for lazy eye?
Confusing question: Proper vision requires brain input of 2 similar sharp images by well aligned eyeballs.If one eye is sharper than the other, or alignment is bad,the brain may turn off one eye to stop a blurred image.If the vision is off in one eye for an extended period(yrs), amblyopia (lazy eye) can be permanent. Alignment surgery may not hold without vision to keep it on tract but may provide cosmetic benefits. ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
19
19
Is lasik operation for eye vision correction effective and safe?
Is lasik operation for eye vision correction effective and safe?
Yes: Yes. For appropriate candidates, lasik is an effective and safe operation. See data on pubmed or www.Fda.Gov. Lasik is one of the most common and safest elective surgeries. ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
20
20
How's monovision laser eye surgery helpful for presbyopia?
How's monovision laser eye surgery helpful for presbyopia?
Trade-Off: Monovision is the correction of one eye for distance vision, the other for near. Although it allows some people to avoid glasses or contact lenses, it is a trade-off, since the difference between the eyes may disrupt depth perception or cause blurring due to ocular competition. It is wise to try this using contact lenses (reversible) before consenting to a surgical correction (irreversible). ...Read more
See 1 more doctor answer
Dr. Sandra Lora Cremers
306 doctors shared insights
Lazy Eye (Definition)
Occurs when (1) one eye does not see as well as another eye or (2) does not align properly ...Read more
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Endometriosis Awareness Month
Posted by Kassidy Finch
March is Endometriosis Awareness Month.
Endometriosis affects an estimated 1 in 10 people around the world. Many people have received a delayed diagnosis due to a lack of awareness.
Often healthcare professionals can assume this pain is a normal part of menstruation. Unfortunately, there is a negative stigma surrounding people’s reproductive health and discussions surrounding period pain are looked at as taboo. It is not normal for pain to take control of your life, with appropriate pain management suffering can be controlled.
Endometriosis is an overlooked condition affecting thousands of people a year, and awareness must be spread.
What is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition where endometrial-like tissue, similar to the lining in the uterus, is found outside the uterine cavity invading the pelvic and abdominal areas. As hormones naturally fluctuate throughout the month, this triggers the endometrial-like tissue to become reactive and inflamed.
Symptoms of Endometriosis
Symptoms of endometriosis can include pain during periods, ovulation, during/after intercourse, when urinating or while passing bowel movements. It can also cause heavy bleeding during menses, chronic pelvic pain or abdominal pain, extreme fatigue, and infertility.
Endometriosis can place a huge negative impact on one’s lifestyle and social well-being. If you have any of these symptoms, please consult with your general practitioner. There, they can offer an ultrasound scan, further testing (eg. blood work/ MRI scan /biopsy), and/or a referral to see an ObGyn specializing in endometriosis. Hormone contraceptives, or hormone therapy and surgery may become options for treatment.
Diagnosis of Endometriosis
There is no usable set of symptoms that can accurately predict a diagnosis of endometriosis. Surgery is a definitive way to determine a diagnosis for endometriosis. However, a study performed by the University of Aberdeen analyzed primary care records and found that pain and menstrual symptoms occurring within the same year accompanied by lower gastrointestinal symptoms occurring within 90 days of gynaecological pain was a good predictor for endometriosis (1).
• Specialized ultrasound technology has been improving for detection of endometriosis, but a normal ultrasound cannot rule out endometriosis. Endometriosis takes many appearances, making it difficult to differentiate from other conditions, without sampling the tissue itself.
• Laparoscopy (a surgery to examine the pelvic and abdominal area) can be performed to cut or burn out any lesions or fibroids to be taken for further diagnostic testing. While this surgery is the only reliable way for a diagnosis and can take away some of the pain, it is invasive and follow-up studies have shown it may not be curative (1). 20-28% of patients did not feel a reduction in pain post-operation and 40-50% required another surgery after 5 years. Given that surgery may only fix endometriosis temporarily, what are solutions that will help cope with endometriosis pain?
Acupuncture For Endometriosis
This chronic condition can take its toll on someone’s mental and physical well-being.
Chronic pain is inconsistent – there are good days and bad days. It is important to have resources and a toolkit that can help alleviate life hindering symptoms.
Acupuncture can help with controlling endometrial pain. Acupuncture works to increase blood circulation, decrease inflammation, and balance hormones.
A Cochrane study enrolled 67 endometriosis patients suffering from dysmenorrhea (painful periods) to receive a 15-point acupuncture prescription and auricular (ear) acupuncture to help relieve their symptoms (2). The study’s primary outcome measure was decrease in pain and the secondary outcome measures were improved quality of life, pregnancy rates, and reduced recurrence of endometriosis. The auricular therapy group came out with a 91.9% success rate and dysmenorrhea pain scores were lower with the group receiving the 15-point acupuncture prescription.
Another study performed in China at Guangzhou University (Department of Gynaecology) shows abdominal acupuncture for 3 months to be effective in treating dysmenorrhea in patients with endometriosis (3).
Diet
Endometriosis is hormone-dependent and susceptible to foods that leave inflammatory markers.
Trans-unsaturated fatty acids, red meat and ham, as well as alcohol are found to potentially exacerbate the risk of developing endometriosis (4).
A Nurses’ Health study followed approximately 81 thousand participants’ diets from 1991 to 2013 (1). They found people consuming more than two servings of red meat per day had a 56% higher risk of endometriosis compared to those consuming one or less red meat products per week.
Being mindful of the amount of refined sugars and grains consumed is also optimal for decreasing inflammation.
Consuming colourful vegetables (rich in antioxidants and vitamins), as well as supplementing with B-group vitamins, calcium, vitamin D, and fish oils including Omega-3 may decrease the prevalence of endometriosis and pain associated with it (4).
Moving Forward
Let’s end the negative stigma by being open to discussing endometriosis and people’s reproductive health. If you feel like there’s something wrong with your reproductive system, don’t be afraid to advocate for your health by seeking a diagnosis and treatment.
Acupuncturists don’t want to see you in constant physical and mental pain, even if you don’t have a diagnosis, we can help bring balance back to your system to repair any ailments and provide lifestyle support.
For more information on how we can support you with endometriosis symptoms, feel free to contact us for a free 15-minute Q&A consult.
Image from fieldandsea.com
References
1. PMID: 32089831
2. PMID: 21901713
3. PMID: 21442808
4. PMID: 29944729
5. PMID: 28326519
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/30219
Title: Effects of metformin on inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in a rat model of periodontitis
Authors: Araújo, Aurigena Antunes de
Pereira, Aline de Sousa Barbosa Freitas
Medeiros, Caroline Addison Carvalho Xavier de
Brito, Gerly Anne de Castro
Leitão, Renata Ferreira de Carvalho
Araújo, Lorena de Souza
Guedes, Paulo Marcos Matta
Hiyari, Sarah
Pirih, Flávia Q.
Araújo Júnior, Raimundo Fernandes de
Keywords: Oxidative stress;Metformin on inflammation
Issue Date: 28-Aug-2017
Publisher: Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, UNITED STATES
Citation: ARAÚJO, Aurigena Antunes de et al. Effects of metformin on inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in a rat model of periodontitis. PLoS One, v. 12, p. 1-21, 2017. Disponível em: <http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183506>. Acesso em: 21 mar. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183506
Portuguese Abstract: Aim To evaluate the effects of metformin (Met) on inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Materials & methods Male albino Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups of twenty-one rats each, and given the following treatments for 10 days: (1) no ligature + water, (2) ligature + water, (3) ligature + 50 mg/kg Met, (4) ligature + 100 mg/kg Met, and (5) ligature + 200 mg/kg Met. Water or Met was administered orally. Maxillae were fixed and scanned using Micro-computed Tomography (μCT) to quantitate linear and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) volumetric bone loss. Histopathological characteristics were assessed through immunohistochemical staining for MMP-9, COX-2, the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, SOD-1, and GPx-1. Additionally, confocal microscopy was used to analyze osteocalcin fluorescence. UV-VIS analysis was used to examine the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, IL-1β and TNF-α from gingival tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR reaction was used to gene expression of AMPK, NF-κB (p65), and Hmgb1 from gingival tissues. Significance among groups were analysed using a one-way ANOVA. A p-value of p<0.05 indicated a significant difference. Results Treatment with 50 mg/kg Met significantly reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde, IL-1β, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Additionally, weak staining was observed for COX-2, MMP-9, RANK, RANKL, SOD-1, and GPx-1 after 50 mg/kg Met. OPG and Osteocalcin showed strong staining in the same group. Radiographically, linear measurements showed a statistically significant reduction in bone loss after 50 mg/kg Met compared to the ligature and Met 200 mg/kg groups. The same pattern was observed volumetrically in BV/TV and decreased osteoclast number (p<0.05). RT-PCR showed increased AMPK expression and decreased expression of NF-κB (p65) and HMGB1 after 50 mg/kg Met. Conclusions Metformin, at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, decreases the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
URI: https://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/30219
ISSN: 1932-6203
Appears in Collections:CB - DBF - Artigos publicados em periódicos
CB - DMOR - Artigos publicados em periódicos
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The Real Reason Why Some People Cry More Easily Than Others
Do you find yourself tearing up over the simplest things, maybe even a cute puppy video? For some, crying isn’t a rare occurrence. The tears can flow for seemingly no reason at all, and although people may accuse you of being too sensitive, experts say there may be an actual scientific reason why you cry.
There isn’t a definitive reason as to why some of us cry more than the average person, but experts point to a range of factors including gender and whether a person may have experienced trauma in their past.
And while it’s true that some women are more prone to waterworks during that time of the month, other factors that may come into play include birth control pills and hormonal fluctuations that happen around menopause.
According to a Health.com article, “past studies have found that crying can have soothing, mood-
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Dietary attention in patients with renal failure
Dietary attention in patients with renal failure
Renal failure is a degeneration of our kidneys. So what should we pay attention to if we suffer from kidney failure? Next, let's look at the 7 dietary concerns of patients with renal failure.
First, eat less aluminum and purine food, avoid aluminum poisoning and gout.
High aluminum diet: 1. tea; 2. cheese; 3. tea cake; 4.; 5. in containers made of aluminum cooking.
High purine diet: 1. gravy; 2. lentils; 3. concentrated broth; 4. lean meat, duck 5.; brain; 6. mushroom; 7. viscera (liver, kidney, heart); 8. sardines; 9. eel; 10. asparagus.
Second, to maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus
Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in the body, and the two maintain good growth of the bones and teeth and enable the muscles and nerves to function properly. Calcium deficiency, should eat milk, calcium and vitamin D, can reduce the occurrence of continued hyperparathyroidism. Phosphorus exists in all protein foods, if there is sufficient nutrition, but also reduce the phosphorus absorption, only when eating at the same time that taking aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate phosphate binder to combine food phosphorus.
Note: high phosphorus foods and products (whole grains such as brown rice, germinated rice, whole wheat bread), offal (liver, kidney and brain), nuts (peanuts, cashews, walnuts) and butter products (Hua Shengjiang), chocolate, egg yolk, milk, dairy products intake.
Third,Be careful of moisture control
When kidney failure and reduce urination, water will accumulate in the body, the cardiovascular system load increases, there will be no vitality, body weight gain, edema, cough, shortness of breath, lie down and hematocrit (Hct) decreased, and the complications of hypertension, heart failure, pericardial inflammation, and dialysis due to dehydration, too much, prone to headache, vomiting, muscle cramps, nausea and other imbalance syndrome.
Daily weight gain was less than one kilogram, while drinking water was 500~700 milliliters (ML) of the previous day's total urine volume. If the amount of urine the day before is 500ml, then 500cC + 500 (7D0) ml = 1000 to 1200ml is the amount of water that can be drunk all day long, including boiled water, porridge, milk, soup and drinks. Avoid drinking most of the water, water can gargle, chewing gum or squeeze a bit of lemon juice to reduce the feeling of thirst, as far as possible will be taking time to eat soup, reduce the amount of water.
Fourth, beware of potassium ion is too high
Because potassium ions can not be discharged by serious damage to the kidney, cause hyperkalemia, may cause finger numbness, fatigue, weakness, chest pain, stiff tongue, difficulty speaking, loss of consciousness, severe arrhythmia or cardiac arrest. Including the reasons of hyperkalemia: 1. dialysis insufficiency; 2. had no appetite; 3. constipation; high potassium intake of 4. food, high potassium content of vegetables, can be peeled and cut into small pieces, with plenty of water for 3 ~ 5 minutes to salvage, then to the oil mix or stir fry; potassium content of coffee, tea, spices and herbs the juice made high hyperkalemia.
High potassium vegetables: green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, amaranth, spinach, lettuce), mushrooms, seaweed, kelp, carrot, potato.
High potassium fruits: bananas, tomatoes, dates, oranges, oranges, mango, persimmon, muskmelon, grapefruit, Carambola (easy to burp), it is recommended that each with a fruit weight, about 1 / 6.
Low potassium fruit: pineapple, papaya, watermelon, water pear, strawberry, lemon and so on, but also should not eat a lot.
pre：Do chronic renal failure have to be dialysis?
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Keto Mojo Blood Testing Kit - 7 Rules To Make The Weight Fall Off
A ketogenic diet for beginners Keto Mojo Blood Testing Kit
A Keto or ketogenic diet is a low-carb, moderate protein, higher-fat diet plan that can help you burn fat better. It has lots of advantages for weight loss, health, and efficiency, as shown in over 50 studies.1 That's why it's advised by so many medical professionals.
A keto diet can be particularly beneficial for losing excess body fat without appetite and for improving type 2 diabetes.
Here, you'll learn how to eat a keto diet based on genuine foods. Begin with our visual guides, dishes, meal plans, and easy 2-week Start program. It's everything you require to succeed on keto.
>>> Click Here To Get Started With A Custom Keto Plan
1. What is a keto diet?
The keto diet is an extremely low-carb, higher-fat diet plan. It's comparable in lots of methods to other low-carb diet plans. While you consume far less carbs on a keto diet, you preserve moderate protein consumption and may increase your consumption of fat. The reduction in carb consumption puts your body in a metabolic state called ketosis, where fat, from your diet and from your body, is burned for energy.
What "keto" indicates.
A "keto" or "ketogenic" diet is so named due to the fact that it triggers your body to produce little fuel molecules called "ketones." This is an alternative fuel source for your body that can be utilized when blood glucose (glucose) remains in short supply. When you consume extremely few carbohydrates or really couple of calories, your liver produces ketones from fat. These ketones then serve as a fuel source throughout the body, particularly for the brain. The brain is a starving organ that consumes lots of energy every day, and it can't operate on fat straight. It can only run on glucose-- or ketones.7. On a ketogenic diet, your entire body changes its fuel supply to run primarily on fat, burning fat 24-7. When insulin levels drop extremely low, fat burning can increase drastically. It becomes easier to access your fat stores to burn them off. This is terrific if you're attempting to reduce weight, but there can likewise be other benefits, such as less cravings and a consistent supply of energy-- without the sugar peaks and valleys that often happen when consuming high-carb meals. This may help keep you alert and focused. When the body produces ketones, it gets in a metabolic state called ketosis. The fastest method to get there is by fasting-- not eating anything-- but nobody can regularly quick permanently. A keto diet plan, on the other hand, likewise leads to ketosis and can be consumed forever. It has a lot of the benefits of fasting-- including weight loss-- without having to fast long term.
>>> Click Here To Get Started With A Custom Keto Plan
Who should NOT do a ketogenic diet plan?
There are controversies and misconceptions about a keto diet, but for the majority of people it appears to be very safe. Nevertheless, 3 groups frequently require unique consideration:.
• Do you take medication for diabetes, such as insulin?
• Do you take medication for hypertension?
• Do you breastfeed?
2. What to consume on a keto diet.
Keto Mojo Blood Testing Kit
Here are common foods to take pleasure in on a ketogenic diet. The numbers are net carbs per 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of food.13 To stay in ketosis, lower is normally better:. Keto diet plan foods: Natural fats (butter, olive oil); Meat; Fish and seafood; Eggs; Cheese; Veggies that grow above ground.
What's the most essential thing to do to reach ketosis? Prevent eating too many carbs. You'll likely require to keep carbohydrate intake under 50 grams of net carbohydrates per day, ideally listed below 20 grams.14. The fewer the carbohydrates, the more efficient the diet plan appears to be for reaching ketosis, dropping weight or enhancing type 2 diabetes.15. Counting carbs can be valuable in the beginning. But if you stay with our recommended foods and dishes you can stay keto even without counting.
Attempt to avoid.
Here's what you should avoid on a keto diet plan-- foods containing a lot of carbs, both the sugary and the starchy kind. This includes starchy foods like bread, pasta, rice and potatoes. These foods are really high in carbohydrates. Foods to avoid on a ketogenic diet: bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, fruit, beer, soda, juice, candy. The numbers are grams of net carbs per 100 grams (3.5 ounces), unless otherwise kept in mind.16. Likewise prevent or restrict extremely processed foods and rather follow our whole foods keto diet
advice. You need to likewise prevent low-fat diet products. A keto diet ought to be reasonably high in protein and will probably be greater in fat, because fat offers the energy you're no longer obtaining from carb. Low-fat products generally supply a lot of carbohydrates and not enough protein and fat.17. More particular recommendations on what to consume-- and what not to eat.
What to drink.
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Keto beverages: water, coffee, tea, dry white wine. What can you consume on a ketogenic diet plan? Water is the ideal beverage, and coffee or tea are great too. Preferably, use no sweeteners, particularly sugar. A splash of milk or cream in your coffee or tea is OKAY, but beware that the carbohydrates can add up if you drink numerous cups in a day (and definitely prevent caffe lattes!). The occasional glass of white wine is fine too. Have a look at our complete guides to keto drinks and keto alcohol.
How low carb is a keto diet?
A keto diet plan is an extremely rigorous low-carb diet plan, including less than 20 grams of net carbohydrates daily. We advise beginning by following the dietary guidance as strictly as you can. When you enjoy with your weight and health, you could carefully attempt consuming a few more carbs (if you wish to). Learn more.
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3. Keto benefits: Why eat a keto diet plan.
The benefits of a ketogenic diet plan are similar to those of other low-carb and higher-fat diets, however it seems more effective than liberal low-carb diet plans.19 Think about keto as a super-charged, low-carb diet plan, maximizing the benefits. However, it may likewise increase the danger of negative effects a bit.
Drop weight.
Turning your body into a fat-burning machine can be helpful for weight loss. Fat burning is significantly increased, while insulin-- the fat-storing hormone-- levels drop considerably. This appears to make it far easier for body weight loss to take place, without cravings. More than 30 top quality clinical studies reveal that, compared to other diets, low-carb and keto diet plans lead to more reliable weight-loss.
Appetite Control
On a keto diet you're likely to gain much better control of your cravings. It's a really common experience for sensations of hunger to decrease drastically, and research studies prove it.23. This generally makes it easy to consume less and lose excess weight-- just wait up until you're starving prior to you eat.24 It also makes periodic fasting much easier, something that can boost efforts to reverse type 2 diabetes and speed up weight loss, beyond the results of keto only.25. Plus, you might save time and money by not having to treat all the time. Many individuals just feel the requirement to eat twice a day on a keto diet (often avoiding breakfast), and some simply eat once a day.26. Not having to fight sensations of hunger could also possibly aid with issues like sugar or food dependency.27 At last, feeling pleased can be part of the solution. Food can stop being an enemy and become your buddy, or simply fuel-- whatever you choose.
Low carbohydrate and diabetes reversalControl blood sugar level and reverse type 2 diabetes.
Research studies prove that a ketogenic diet plan is outstanding for handling type 2 diabetes, sometimes even leading to complete turnaround of the illness.28 It makes ideal sense, given that keto reduces blood-sugar levels, reduces the requirement for medications and lowers the potentially negative impact of high insulin levels.29. Since a keto diet may reverse existing type 2 diabetes, it's likely to be efficient at preventing it, in addition to reversing pre-diabetes.30. Keep in mind that the term "reversal" in this context merely means that the disease improves, enhancing glucose control and reducing the need for medications. In the best case, it can be a lot improved that blood glucose go back to regular without medication, long term. In this context, reversal suggests the opposite of the disease progressing or getting worse. However, way of life modifications only work when you do them. If a person go back to the way of life he or she had when type 2 diabetes appeared and progressed, gradually it is most likely to return and advance once again.
Improved health markers.
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Many research studies show that low-carb diets enhance numerous crucial danger elements for heart disease, consisting of the cholesterol profile, that includes high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are normally affected modestly. It's likewise typical to see improved blood sugar levels, insulin levels, and high blood pressure.32. These frequently improved markers are linked to something called "metabolic syndrome," an insulin-resistant condition that low-carb diets deal with effectively.33.
Keto diet and consistent energy and mental performance.
Some individuals utilize ketogenic diet plans particularly for increased psychological performance. Likewise, it prevails for people to experience a boost in energy when in ketosis.35. On keto, the brain does not require dietary carbs. It's sustained 24-7 by ketones along with a smaller sized quantity of glucose manufactured by your liver. There is no need for dietary carbohydrates.36. Therefore, ketosis lead to a consistent flow of fuel (ketones) to the brain, thus avoiding issues experienced with huge blood glucose swings.37 This may sometimes result in improved focus and concentration, and resolution of brain fog, with improved psychological clarity.38.
Keto and IBS.
A keto diet can result in a calmer stomach, less gas, fewer cramps and less pain, frequently leading to enhancements in IBS signs.39. For some people this is the leading benefit, and it often only takes a day or more to experience it.40.
Increased physical endurance.
Ketogenic diet plans can in theory increase your physical endurance by improving your access to the large quantities of energy in your fat shops. The body's supply of saved carbs (glycogen) just lasts for a number of hours of extreme exercise, or less. However your fat stores carry enough energy to potentially last for weeks. Beyond this impact, another possible advantage is the decrease in body fat percentage that can be attained on a keto diet plan (see weight reduction, above). This reduction in body fat weight is possibly valuable in a variety of competitive sports, consisting of endurance sports.
Keto diet plans and epilepsy
The ketogenic diet plan is a tested and typically efficient medical treatment for epilepsy that has actually been utilized considering that the 1920s. Traditionally it was utilized primarily for children, but over the last few years adults have actually taken advantage of it as well. Using a ketogenic diet plan for epilepsy can enable some people to take less anti-epileptic drugs or none at all, while potentially still staying seizure-free. This might lower drug side effects and thus increase mental efficiency.
More possible keto benefits.
A keto diet can also help treat high blood pressure,46 may lead to less acne,47 and might help control migraine.48 It may likewise assist improve lots of cases of PCOS and heartburn, while also typically decreasing sugar yearnings. Lastly it may assist with certain mental health issues and can have other prospective advantages. It may sound like a keto diet is a wonder treatment for anything. It's certainly not. While it can have lots of advantages, it's not for everyone. Discover more about if a low-carb or keto diet is right for you.
4. How to enter ketosis on a keto diet plan.
Here are the seven most important things to increase your level of ketosis, ranked from many to least crucial:.
Limit carbs to 20 digestible grams daily or less-- a rigorous low-carb or keto diet plan. Fiber does not have to be restricted, it may even be advantageous for ketosis.50. Often, just limiting carbohydrates to extremely low levels leads to ketosis. So this may be all you require to do. But the remainder of the list below will assist make certain that you're successful.
Consume enough fat to feel pleased. A keto low-carb diet is typically a higher-fat diet plan, because fat supplies the energy that you are no longer receiving from carbohydrates.51 This is the huge distinction between a keto diet and starvation, which also results in ketosis. A keto diet plan is sustainable while hunger is not.52. If you feel as if you're starving, you're most likely to feel worn out and wish to quit your diet plan. However a ketogenic diet ought to help you prevent getting too hungry, making it sustainable and perhaps making you feel great.53. So eat enough protein foods and low-carb veggies, with enough included fat to feel satisfied. If you're starving all the time, check that you are getting sufficient quantities of protein at most meals and, if so, include more fat to your meals (like more butter, more olive oil, or some delicious sauces). Our keto recipes have lots of fat consisted of, but you can adjust up or down, according to your own needs.
Maintain a moderate protein intake. A keto diet plan is not meant to be a very-high-protein diet. We suggest 1.2 to 1.7 grams of protein per kg of reference body weight each day.54 This suggests about 100 grams of protein per day if your lean body mass weight is around 70 kilos (155 pounds). Take a look at our target protein varies to discover just how much protein you should be going for each day. Despite concerns that individuals on keto diet plans consume "excessive" protein, this does not appear to be the case for the majority of people. Because it is extremely filling, most people find it hard to eat way too much protein.55. Although amino acids from protein foods can be transformed to glucose, under experimental conditions, only a small portion actually are.56 This may be related to specific elements, such as degree of insulin resistance.57 Nevertheless, even individuals with type 2 diabetes generally succeed with the adequate levels of protein Diet plan Doctor suggests, if their diets are likewise low carb.58. At the same time, insufficient protein intake over extended time periods is a major concern. It can result in loss of muscle and bone, specifically as you age.
Avoid snacking when not starving. Eating more often than you need, simply consuming for fun, or eating due to the fact that there's food around, reduces ketosis and slows down weight reduction.59 Though using keto treats might reduce the damage when you're hungry in between meals, attempt to adjust your meals so that treats end up being unnecessary.
If needed, add intermittent fasting. For instance, skip breakfast and only consume throughout 8 hours of the day, fasting for 16 hours (i.e. 16:8 fasting). This works at boosting ketone levels, in addition to accelerating weight loss and improving insulin resistance.60 It's likewise normally easy to do on keto.
Add workout. Adding any type of physical activity while on low carb can increase ketone levels moderately.61 It can likewise assist accelerate weight-loss and enhance type 2 diabetes.62 Workout is not required to enter ketosis, but it might be handy.
Sleep enough and reduce tension. The majority of people benefit from a minimum of seven hours of sleep per night, typically. And attempt to keep tension under control. Sleep deprivation and stress hormones raise blood sugar levels, slowing ketosis and weight loss.63 Plus they might make it harder to stay with a keto diet plan and resist temptations.64 So while managing sleep and stress will not get you into ketosis by themselves, they are still worth thinking of.
Keto supplements are not needed. Note what's not on the list above: you do not require expensive supplements, like exogenous ketones or MCT oil (medium-chain triglycerides). These supplements will likely not assist you slim down or reverse illness. At least there's no evidence for that.65 Find out more in our ketosis guide.
Bottom line: To enter ketosis, restrict carbohydrates to extremely low levels, preferably listed below 20 net carbohydrates daily. That's a ketogenic diet plan, and it's by far the most important thing for ketosis to take place. Should you need to increase the effect, execute more steps from the list above, starting from the top. Got questions? Our Facebook group has responses.
5. How to know you're in ketosis.
How do you know if you remain in ketosis? It's possible to determine it by checking urine, blood or breath samples. However there are likewise obvious symptoms that need no screening:. Symptoms of ketosis: dry mouth, thirst, regular urination.
Dry mouth and increased thirst. Unless you drink enough water and get enough electrolytes like sodium, you might feel a dry mouth. Try a cup of bouillon or 2 everyday, plus as much water as you require. You may also feel a metallic taste in your mouth.
Increased urination. A ketone body, acetoacetate, might end up in the urine. This makes it possible to evaluate for ketosis utilizing urine strips. It also-- a minimum of when beginning-- can result in needing to go to the bathroom more often. This may be the main cause of the increased thirst (above).
Keto breath. This is because of a ketone body called acetone leaving via our breath.68 It can make an individual's breath smell "fruity," or comparable to nail polish remover. This smell can often likewise come from sweat, when exercising. It's frequently short-lived. Other, less specific however more favorable signs consist of:.
Lowered hunger. Many individuals experience a marked reduction in cravings on a keto diet plan.69 In fact, many individuals feel fantastic when they eat just once or twice a day, and may immediately wind up doing a kind of intermittent fasting. This conserves time and money, while likewise accelerating weight reduction.70.
Possibly increased energy. After a couple of days of sensation worn out (the "keto influenza") lots of people experience a clear increase in energy levels. This can likewise be experienced as clear thinking, a lack of "brain fog," or even a sense of ecstasy.71.
Determining ketosis.
There are 3 methods to determine for ketones, which all included benefits and drawbacks. For a detailed comparison, see our complete guide to the very best way to evaluate ketones. Urine strips. Breath ketone analyzers. Blood ketone meter.
6. Practical keto diet plan guides.
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A keto diet is simple, however it helps to find out some fundamental new abilities. How do you prepare simple keto breakfasts? Have you avoided fat for many years and do not know how to get more in your diet? How do you eat out and still remain on strategy? These tips and guides answer common keto concerns.
Breakfast.
How should you begin your day? If you enjoy bacon and eggs, dig in! If you do not, some incredible keto breakfasts have no eggs at all. Have you been informed that "breakfast is the most crucial meal of the day"? That's likely not real.73 If you're not hungry when you awaken, do not hesitate to skip breakfast or simply have a cup of coffee. Reduced cravings prevails on a keto diet, so do not fret about avoiding any meal.74. If you're hungry when you get up however are short on time, many keto breakfasts are yummy, filling and quick. All keto breakfasts.
Meals.
Hmmm, what to eat for lunch or supper? Daily meal preparation can be as simple as meat, fish or chicken mains with a salad, or veggie side-- with melted butter, cheese, or a yummy full-fat sauce. We have hundreds of options for delicious keto meals.
A keto diet on a budget.
Many people believe that a keto diet plan is pricey, and it can be. After all, good-quality food costs more than unhealthier choices. However there are numerous methods to stay budget-friendly, and in this guide you'll learn everything about them.
Consuming more fat on a keto diet plan.
How to eat more fat. For decades we have actually been informed to fear fat, a position that we have proof to seriously question.75 We now have factor to believe that fat is most likely not damaging, plus it is satisfying and makes food taste excellent. Do you need suggestions on how to add fat back into your food? What fats should you utilize, olive oil or butter? And just just how much fat do you need every day? Idea: if you are continuously feeling hungry on a keto diet plan, you may require more protein or fat, or both.
Bread.
Bread is among the most common things that individuals miss on a ketogenic diet. Fear not! There are plenty of great keto bread options. Keto Mojo Blood Testing Kit
Eating in restaurants on a keto diet plan.
How do you consume keto at a buffet, a friend's home, or a snack bar? Prevent starchy foods (like bread, rice, or pasta) and request additional natural fat, like butter or olive oil, if you require it. Dining out on keto.
How to cheat on a keto diet.
To carb or not to carb? This guide will help you decide, and how to do it smarter.
Avoid processed foods on a keto diet. Avoiding special items.
Don't be deceived by the imaginative marketing of special "low-carb" items. Keep in mind: An effective keto diet plan for weight loss does not include fine-tuned and industrially processed foods. Low-carb items like chocolate, candy, pasta, and bread typically use all type of deceptive marketing, while being simply processed food-- including carbs-- in camouflage. Learn more.
7. Potential adverse effects of a keto diet plan.
• Headache.
• Feeling exhausted.
• Nausea.
• Leg cramps.
• Constipation.
• Halitosis.
• Heart palpitations.
• Workout problems.
• Alcohol tolerance.
• Hair loss.
• Cholesterol.
• Rash.
When you all of a sudden change your body's metabolism from burning carbohydrates (glucose) to fat and ketones, you may have some adverse effects as your body gets used to its new fuel, especially throughout days two through 5. Signs might consist of headache, exhaustion, muscle fatigue, cramping, and heart palpitations. These adverse effects are short-term for many people, and there are methods to reduce or cure them (see listed below).76. To decrease possible adverse effects, you may decide to gradually decrease your intake of carbohydrates over a few weeks. However with a slower start you'll likely not see results as quickly. While the short-term outcomes may vary, the long-term outcomes must remain the same.77. We advise you stop sugar and starches simultaneously. You will likely lose a number of pounds within days. While much of the initial rapid weight reduction is water weight (from decreased swelling), it's still a highly encouraging way to start your keto journey.
Keto flu
Many people who begin a ketogenic diet plan will experience some signs of the "keto flu." This is what you may feel, basically, a couple of days after you've begun a keto diet plan: Headache Tiredness Dizziness Light nausea Difficulty focusing (" brain fog"). Absence of inspiration. Irritation. These preliminary signs frequently disappear within a week or two, as your body adapts to increased fat loss. The primary cause of the keto flu is that carb-rich foods can result in water retention (swelling) in the body. When you start a low-carb diet plan much of this excess fluid is lost. You might observe increased urination, and with that some extra salt is lost too. Prior to your body adapts, this can result in dehydration and a lack of salt. These appear to be behind most of the symptoms of the keto flu. You can reduce or perhaps remove these symptoms by making sure you get sufficient water and salt. One basic method to do this is to drink a cup of bouillon or broth, one or two times a day.8081.
Keto diet debates.
A lot of negative effects of a keto diet are minor and momentary. But there are a lot of debates and misconceptions that frighten individuals. [next_page anchor="Keto Mojo Blood Testing Kit"] Have you heard that your brain will cease working unless you eat great deals of carbs? It's a misconception, based upon an absence of understanding of the way the body operates in ketosis (switching the fuel supply of the brain to ketones). Find out more. Another typical misunderstanding is mixing up normal ketosis-- arising from a keto diet plan-- with the hazardous medical emergency ketoacidosis. Do not stress! They are 2 extremely various things. Ketoacidosis does not take place just from consuming a keto diet.82. The keto diet plan debates don't stop there. Will keto kill your kidneys or destroy your bones? Will it stop your thyroid from working? See our low-carb and keto controversies page, or choose below. Hydrogenated fat. Cholesterol. Brain needs carbohydrates. Environment. Nutrients. Thyroid. Kidneys. Depression. Workout. Gut germs. Osteoporosis. Ketoacidosis.
8. Keto FAQ and other resources.
Keto concerns and answersThere are numerous common concerns about keto, and we do our finest to address them all. Feel free to take a look at our complete keto diet plan FAQ, or choose listed below:. Wikipedia
How much weight will I lose on a keto diet plan? Results differ extensively. Many people lose 2-4 pounds (1-2 kg) during the first week. This is mainly water weight. After that, it prevails to lose about 1 pound (0.5 kg) of excess weight per week. However, some lose much quicker (often younger guys), some a bit slower (often women over 40). You can accelerate the process or break a weight loss plateau by following our leading ideas. When you approach your regular body weight, the weight-loss will slow. Just keep in mind, a "typical" body weight differs from person to person depending on our genes and environmental direct exposures and might not fit what we see in the popular media. The weight loss won't go on forever. As long as you follow the suggestions to eat when you are hungry, you will eventually support your weight.
How do I track my carb intake? If you use our keto dishes and keto meal prepares you'll stay under 20 net grams of carbohydrates per day, with no requirement to count. Utilizing our keto foods standards and visual guides will make it basic to estimate approximately the number of carbs you eat in a day. If you want to count carbs exactly, the most popular method is with apps like MyFitnessPal, Chronometer or others.
What occurs after I reach my health and weight goals on a keto diet? Once you reach your goals you can either keep eating keto (to maintain the result), or you can attempt including a bit more carbohydrates. In the latter case the effect of the keto diet plan will be a little weaker, and you may or might not restore some weight. If you revert to your old habits, you'll gradually go back to the weight and health situation you had in the past. It resembles exercising-- if you stop doing it, you'll gradually lose the benefits. As you might anticipate, a keto diet, like workout, only works when you do it. Disclaimer: While the ketogenic diet has numerous tested advantages, it's still questionable. The main potential danger regards medications, e.g. for diabetes, where doses might require to be adjusted (see above). Go over any modifications in medication and pertinent way of life modifications with your physician. Complete disclaimer. This guide is composed for grownups with health concerns, including weight problems, that could take advantage of a ketogenic diet. Questionable subjects related to a keto diet, and our take on them, include hydrogenated fats, cholesterol, whole grains, red meat, whether the brain needs carbs and restricting calories for weight-loss.
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Understanding Your Weight and Health
Causes of Obesity
Obesity is simply not a result of overeating. It is a chronic disease that needs to be prevented and treated. The causes of obesity are widespread but target three main contributors: behavior, environment and genetics.
Behavior
Obesity FactorsIn today’s fast-paced environment, it is easy to adopt unhealthy behaviors. Behavior, in the case of obesity, relates to food choices, amount of physical activity you get and the effort to maintain your health.
Americans are consuming more calories on average than in past decades. The increase in caloric intake has also decreased the nutrients consumed that are needed for a healthy diet. This behavioral problem also relates to the increase in portion sizes at home and when dining out.
While Americans are consuming more calories, they are not expending them with enough physical activity. Physical activity is an important element in modifying and molding behaviors. The influence of television, computers and other technologies discourage physical activity and add to the problem of obesity in our society.
Environment
Environment plays a key role in shaping an individual’s habits and lifestyle. There are many environmental influences that can impact your health decisions. Today’s society has developed a more sedentary lifestyle. Walking has been replaced by driving cars, physical activity has been replaced by technology and nutrition has been overcome by convenience foods.
Genetics
Science shows that genetics play a role in obesity and severe obesity. Genes can cause certain disorders which result in obesity. However, not all individuals who are predisposed to obesity will be affected by severe obesity. Research is currently underway to determine which genes contribute most to obesity.
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Hartford Hospital
Conditions In Depth
Search for
Hearing Aids
Hearing aids are small devices that are worn in or behind one or both ears to make sounds louder. A hearing aid may correct a conductive hearing loss to a normal or near-normal level if it is caused by a malformation of the middle or outer ear. For a significant sensorineural hearing loss, a hearing aid may help but will not bring hearing back completely.
Hearing aids come in many sizes, shapes, and styles. Some fit in the outer ear or ear canal and are for mild to severe hearing loss. Others fit behind the ear and are attached to a plastic ear mold that goes inside the outer ear. These hearing aids are for people with mild to profound hearing loss. Some people with profound hearing loss use a body aid. This is a larger hearing aid that is attached to a belt or put in a pocket and connected by a wire to the ear.
A hearing aid is made up of a 1) microphone to bring in sounds, 2) an amplifier to increase the volume of sounds, 3) a speaker or earpiece to send the sounds to the ear, and 4) a battery for power.
The electronic mechanisms in hearing aids can be analog or digital. More advanced analog aids can be programmed by the wearer to accommodate different sound environments. Digital aids use a computer chip and provide even more flexibility in accommodating to different environments. However, they are the most expensive type of hearing aid.
It can take time and patience to get used to a hearing aid because things sound different. Some people need to try more than one hearing aid to find one that works well for them.
An assistive listening device (ALD) is any kind of device that can help you in your communication activities. It can be used with or without hearing aids to deal with problems of background noise, distance, or poor room acoustics.
Some examples of ALDs include:
• Personal frequency modulation (FM) systems—The system has a transmitter microphone that the speaker uses and a receiver that you, the listener, use. If you use a hearing aid, the receiver sends the sound to it. This type of system is useful in many settings, such as classroom lectures, meetings, or restaurants. In large group settings, such as auditoriums, movie theaters, and places of worship, the transmitter may be built into the main sound system.
• Infrared systems—These are often used in your home with TV sets, but can also be used in large settings like meeting halls. Sound is sent by infrared light waves.
• Many other types of equipment are made with amplifying devices for people with hearing loss. They include telephones, cell phones, answering machines, computers, and wake-up alarms.
• There are also different types of alerting devices that can give you a visual signal or a vibration you can feel. These are made for things like doorbells, telephones, alarm clocks, smoke detectors, and paging systems. Other systems that work visually are text telephones, which enable conversations to be typed and read, and captions on TV and movies.
A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that can help provide sound to a child or adult with a severe hearing loss or profound deafness. It is surgically implanted under the skin behind the ear. This device picks up sounds through a microphone, processes them, converts them into electrical impulses, and transmits them past the damaged or nonworking parts of the inner ear to the brain. The microphone and transmitter are worn in a headpiece just behind the ear, and the sound processor is placed in a pocket or on a belt. The receiver and electrode system are implanted.
A cochlear implant does not create or bring back normal hearing. However, it can help many people understand their environment and speech and communicate fully in person and over the telephone. The amount it can help depends on a number of factors, including how long you have been deaf or severely hard of hearing, age at hearing loss and at implant, how quickly you learn, and the health and structure of your cochlea.
The decision to have an implant should be made with medical specialists, such as an otolaryngologist (a surgeon specializing in ear, nose, and throat conditions). The procedure involves some risk of complications, as does any surgery, and is expensive. It also takes time and patience to learn to understand sounds from the implant.
The Esteem system is used to treat sensorineural hearing loss in adults. Like the cochlear implant, this is another type of device that is implanted behind the ear. Esteem consists of three parts:
• Sensor—senses vibrations and changes them into electric signals
• Processor—amplifies the signals
• Driver—changes the electric signals back into vibrations and amplifies the vibrations, allowing the person to hear the sound
Esteem has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so the device is not yet widely available.
• Face the person with whom you are talking so that you can see their facial expressions and lips moving.
• Ask other people to speak louder and more clearly.
• Turn off background noise, such as from a TV or radio.
• In public places such as restaurants, choose a place to sit that is away from noise.
Lip reading (also called speech reading) involves paying close attention to how a person’s mouth and body are moving when they talk to help you understand what they are saying. Special trainers can assist you in learning how to do this.
American Sign Language (ASL) is the most common form of sign language used in the United States. It uses signs made with the hands, facial expressions, and other body movements. ASL is a separate language from English with different rules for grammar, punctuation, and sentence order. There are other types of sign language that are based on English, for example spelling out English words with hand signs.
References:
American sign language. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website. Available at: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/health/hearing/asl.asp. Accessed August 16, 2005.
Assistive technology. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website. Available at: http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/treatment/assist_tech.htm?print=1. Accessed August 10, 2005.
Cochlear implants. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website. Available at: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/coch.asp. Accessed August 10, 2005.
FDA clears Envoy's Esteem hearing aid. Mass Device website. Available at: http://www.massdevice.com/news/fda-clears-envoys-esteem-hearing-aid. Published March 18, 2010. Accessed March 19, 2010.
Hearing aids. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website. Available at: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/hearingaid.asp. Accessed August 10, 2005.
Hearing loss. Mayo Clinic website. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00172. Accessed August 10, 2005.
Hearing loss and older adults. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website. Available at: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/older.aspx. Accessed August 12, 2005.
Hearing loss. NIH SeniorHealth, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website. Available at: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/hearingloss/hearinglossdefined/01.html. Accessed August 10, 2005.
What is a cochlear implant? US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ImplantsandProsthetics/CochlearImplants/ucm062823.htm. Accessed August, 10, 2005.
3/19/2010 DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: FDA approves first totally implanted hearing system. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm204956.htm. Published March 17, 2010. Accessed March 19, 2010.
Last reviewed September 2012 by Kari Kassir, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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This site is sponsored by Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers Call us toll-free to discuss your case: (888) 424-5757
Tag: meningitis
Can Group B Strep infections contribute to birth injuries?
Group B Strep infections can be particularly scary for expectant mothers because anyone, even healthy mothers, can carry GBS and may not even display any symptoms.
What is Group B Streptococcus?
Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, group B strep, or GBS) is a gram-positive streptococcal bacterium commonly found in the intestines and lower genital tract. In adults, it is… more »
What are the causes of cerebral palsy?
There are many factors that can lead to the diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is caused by a brain abnormality or injury that usually occurs during pregnancy or a botched labor and delivery. There are several factors that can lead to problems with brain development.
Problems during labor and delivery:
• Lack of oxygen to the baby during labor and
more »
Secure Your Child's Future
Put Our Team To Work For You Today!
All consultations are free
About the injured person:
Yes No
Yes No
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Spasticty Seizures Respiratory difficulties Facial Deformaties Learning Disabilities Brain Injury Vision Problems Bone deformaties Other
53 + 1=?
All information submitted through this site is confidential.
|
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What to Do When Your Child Has the Flu
Can you spot the flu in your child? If you know its symptoms, causes, and treatments, that will help you care for your little one.
What causes the flu?
There are three types of viruses that cause it: types A, B, and C. The two that cause the yearly epidemics are influenza A and B. Public health efforts target these types of viruses. Influenza type C is usually milder with few to no symptoms.
How does it spread among children?
The flu spreads quickly in tight quarters, so schools and nurseries tend to be breeding grounds for these viruses. Your child may catch one if he gets close to a sick person who is coughing or sneezing. Or he might handle infected items like doorknobs, pens, pencils, or toys, and then touch his eyes, nose, or mouth.
Children have a higher chance of getting a flu virus, because their immune systems aren’t as developed as adults’.
How long does it last?
Children are already contagious a day before they show symptoms, and that makes it hard to keep the virus from spreading. They stay contagious for up to 5 days after they get sick. Most kids get better within a week, but they may still feel weak for up to a month.
What are the symptoms?
For kids they're generally worse than a cold. Your child may feel sick suddenly and, even though flu is a respiratory illness, he may feel achy all over.
Other symptoms include:
How can I help my child avoid catching it?
The best way to protect your son or daughter is to get a flu vaccine every year. The CDC says healthy children 6 months or older should get the shot or the nasal spray or the shot. They should not be used in children with compromised immune systems or who are allergic to the flu vaccine or any of its ingredients. Do not use the nasal spray for the 2016-17 flu season.
Continued
The vaccine is considered safe even for children with egg allergies. If your child has severe egg allergies (anaphylaxis), make sure the shot is administered by a health care official who can treat a severe allergic reaction -- either at your doctor's office, a hospital, a clinic, or a health department. Many children with egg allergies are at risk for complications from the flu, so it’s important for them to get the flu shot.
Thorough hand washing may also lower the chance of infection.
Are there ways to treat the symptoms?
There’s no cure for the flu, but your doctor may suggest over-the-counter medicine to ease symptoms.
Here are some home remedies that also may help your child:
• Layers of clothes to remove as needed for chills and fever
• Lots of fluids to prevent dehydration
• Plenty of rest
• Acetaminophen or ibuprofen to help with aches and bring down fever. Never give aspirin to children (it may lead to Reye’s syndrome).
Your doctor may suggest antiviral drugs to help your child feel better quicker. Doctors typically prescribe oseltamivir (Tamiflu), which comes in liquid and capsule forms, to children younger than 1. They tend to prescribe zanamivir (Relenza), an inhaler, to children 7 and older who don’t have chronic conditions like asthma.
Antiviral drugs work best if you give them to your child within the 48 hours after symptoms appear.
Are there complications?
The flu can be more dangerous for children.
Kids younger than 2 have the highest risk of flu-related complications like pneumonia, dehydration, and seizures, which can lead to brain damage. Chronic health conditions, such as asthma or diabetes, add to the risk.
Should I take my child to the hospital?
Get emergency care if your child:
• Has blue skin or lips
• Has serious or constant throwing up or stomach pain
• Has trouble breathing or is breathing fast
• Isn’t drinking enough
• Is very irritable
• Is very sleepy, not waking, or not interacting with you
• Has symptoms that improve and then get worse
WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Jennifer Robinson, MD on August 07, 2016
Sources
SOURCES:
CDC: “Children, the Flu, and the Flu Vaccine.”
FamilyDoctor.org: “Colds and the Flu”
Flu.gov: “Children & Infants.”
H. Dele Davies, MD, pediatric and infectious diseases consultant, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Healthychildren.org: “The Flu: Seasonal Influenza 2014-2015.”
John Hopkins Medicine: “Influenza (Flu) in Children.”
KidsHealth.org: “Influenza (Flu),” “Is it a Cold or the Flu?”
© 2016 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
Pagination
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Prostate Cancer | www.regalhospital.comwww.regalhospital.com
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Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer, Symptoms & Surgery
Prospate Cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate—the walnut-size gland in the male reproductive system. It is located below the bladder in front of the rectum and surrounds the upper part of the urethra, the tube that empties urine from the bladder. The prostate helps regulate bladder control and produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men.
TURP is usually done to ease symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate. It’s the surgical removal of part of the prostate gland and is by far the most common surgical procedures used for benign prostate disease.
It is usually diagnosed by a combination of some of the following methods:
• Digital rectal examination
• Measurement of the urine flow using a flow-meter (uroflowmetry)
FAQ’S
What causes prostate cancer?
It is not yet known what specifically causes prostate cancer, but there are several risk factors for the disease, including age.
What are symptoms or signs of prostate cancer?
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Typically it is found by a PSA test or digital rectal exam.
When should I start testing for prostate cancer?
There are benefits and risks to being tested. Three key groups—the American Cancer Society, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Urological Association—have urged family physicians to discuss the value and risks of routine testing with all male patients, taking into consideration their unique medical history. However, it’s worth noting that the majority of studies of prostate cancer prevention, screening, treatment and outcomes dramatically underestimate the risk to African American men, who are 60 percent more likely to get prostate cancer.
If I have prostate cancer, should I see a urologist or an oncologist for treatment?
The main types of doctors who treat prostate cancer include:
• Urologists: surgeons who treat diseases of the urinary system and male reproductive system (including the prostate)
• Radiation oncologists: doctors who treat cancer with radiation therapy
• Medical oncologists: doctors who treat cancer with medicines such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy
• Surgical oncologists: doctors who treat cancer by removing tumors and surrounding tissue during an operation. Surgical oncologists also perform certain types of biopsies.
Depending on your case, you may see one or a combination of those doctors.
What are the potential side effects of prostate cancer treatment?
There are possible risks and potential side effects with any type of treatment for prostate cancer. They include incontinence, urinary issues, sexual dysfunction, hot flashes, hair loss, nausea and fatigue. Other side effects, such as lymphedema, are also possible, depending on the type of treatment. Some of these may be temporary, while others are long term.
Treatment for prostate cancer depends on many factors, including the type and location of the disease. Here are the answers to some common questions about prostate cancer treatment:
Should I consider surgery?
Candidates for surgery to treat prostate cancer have one or more of the following characteristics:
• Overall good health
• No spread of cancer to bone
• Tumor confined to the prostate gland (stages T1 and T2)
• Under the age of 70
• Expected to live another 10 years or more
Depending on the extent of your disease, there are two main surgical options: radical (open) prostatectomy or robotic or laparoscopic prostatectomy.
Is radiation an option for me?
Radiation therapy uses targeted energy, similar to X-rays, to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors and provide relief of certain cancer-related symptoms. Radiation may be used instead of surgery in men with early-stage prostate cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body. It may also be used in combination with surgery to ensure that all cancerous tissue has been removed.
At Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA), our radiation oncologists use a variety of therapies and tools to deliver maximum radiation doses to tumors, with less damage to healthy tissues and organs. Focusing the radiation directly on the tumor may lower the risk of side effects. Our range of radiation therapy options includes external beam radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, high-dose rate brachytherapy and low-dose rate brachytherapy.
Can I treat my prostate cancer with chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy is the use of strong drugs to kill cancer cells. It is not a common treatment for prostate cancer, but it may be used if cancer has spread outside the prostate gland and hormone therapy has been unsuccessful. Typically, chemotherapy drugs for prostate cancer are usually given intravenously (injected into a vein). Doctors give chemotherapy in cycles, with each period of treatment followed by a rest period to allow the body time to recover. Each cycle typically lasts for a few weeks.
What is active surveillance?
When you receive a prostate cancer diagnosis, your natural inclination may be to remove the cancer immediately. But not all prostate cancers are aggressive and many do not spread at the same rate. For some patients, the recommended treatment may just be to keep a close eye on the disease, through a strategy known as active surveillance. Active surveillance may be recommended for patients with:
• A small tumor that is confined to the prostate
• A slow-growing cancer
• Cancer that is at low risk of growing locally or spreading
Active surveillance is not the recommended treatment for every patient with localized prostate cancer. A number of men, given the possibility that cancer could become more aggressive, prefer to eliminate even the smallest tumor and accept the risk of side effects from treatment. It’s a very personal decision, and we’re here to explain all of your options and answer your questions or concerns.
How does hormone therapy work?
Male hormones (androgens, the most common of which is testosterone) typically fuel the growth of prostate cancer. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer is treatment that decreases the body’s levels of androgens (called androgen deprivation therapy, or ADT) and shrinks the size of the cancer in the prostate as well as other areas (metastases).
Am I a candidate for immunotherapy?
In patients with metastatic prostate cancer, immune therapies may be recommended as a second-line treatment for patients who have not been successful with hormone therapy.
Asking questions of your doctor may help you make more informed decisions about your care. Open communication between a patient and his doctor is extremely important. Here are answers to some common questions prostate cancer patients should ask their doctors:
What is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level?
PSA is a substance produced by the prostate. It is mostly found in semen. The levels of PSA in the blood may be higher in men who have prostate cancer or other conditions. A PSA test is used primarily to screen for prostate cancer. A PSA test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. Small amounts of PSA ordinarily circulate in the blood. The PSA test may detect high levels of PSA that could indicate the presence of prostate cancer. However, many other conditions, such as an enlarged or inflamed prostate, may also increase PSA levels.
What is a Gleason score?
The Gleason scale, developed by physician Donald Gleason in the 1960s, provides a score that helps predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Pathologists assign two grades to prostate cancers ranging from one to five based on how they look under a microscope. This is called the Gleason score. The first, called the primary grade, is determined by observing the area where the prostate cancer cells are most prominent. The secondary grade considers the area where the cells are almost as prominent. These two numbers added together to produce the total Gleason sum. This is a number between two and 10. A higher score means the cancer is more likely to spread.
A Gleason score between two and six means the cancer is likely to grow and spread very slowly. If the cancer is small, many years may pass before it becomes a problem. Thus, you may never need cancer treatment.
A Gleason score of seven means the cancer is likely to grow and spread at a modest pace. If the cancer is small, several years may pass before it becomes a problem. To prevent problems, treatment is needed.
A Gleason score between eight and 10 signifies the cancer is likely to grow and spread fast. If the cancer is small, a few years may pass before the cancer becomes a problem. To prevent problems, treatment is needed now.
How likely is my cancer to progress without treatment?
Oncologists who treat prostate cancer take a number of factors into consideration that predict how fast the cancer will grow. These factors include the clinical stage of the cancer, the PSA level and the appearance of the prostate cancer cells under the microscope (the Gleason sum). Together, these factors may be used to predict an individual’s risk of prostate cancer progression.
How much experience do you have treating my type and stage of prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer may be quite dangerous. But when caught early, it may be treated with a high success rate. Oncologists who are not only experienced in treating cancer but in treating your type of cancer are better equipped to explain the comprehensive treatment options available. When it comes to prostate cancer surgery, often the experience and skill of a surgeon is a major factor in the success of the operation. Don’t hesitate to ask whether your oncologist has experience treating prostate cancer and whether he or she is a board-certified specialist.
By,
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION TEAM
REGAL HOSPITAL
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Joint Applied Mathematics and Statistics Seminar 28.4
Date: 28.04.2016, Thursday
Time: 12:30-14:00
Place: Room M2, Quantum
Speaker: Jing Tang
Title: Mathematical modeling for the rational selection of personalized cancer drug combinations
Abstract: Making cancer treatment more personalized and effective is one of the grand challenges in our health care system. However, many drugs have entered clinical trials but so far showed limited efficacy or induced rapid development of resistance. We critically need multi-targeted drug combinations, which shall selectively inhibit the cancer cells and block the emergence of drug resistance. Utilizing pharmacological screening data from cancer samples, we have developed a logic-based network modeling approach called TIMMA to predict effective drug combinations. The TIMMA algorithm starts by identifying a set of essential drug targets that are most predictive of monotherapy responses. A drug combination is then treated as a combination of the essential targets, the effect of which can be estimated based on the set relationships with the observed target profiles. The TIMMA approach has been applied on the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line using 41 drugs and 384 targets. The predicted drug synergy scores were found significantly correlated with the experimental validation results. To further facilitate the statistical testing of drug combination experiment data, we have also developed a novel mathematical model called ZIP to score the drug interactions. Compared to the existing models such as Loewe additive and Bliss independence models, the ZIP model captures the drug interaction relationships by comparing the change in the potency and shape of the dose-response curves between individual drugs and their combination. We utilized a Delta score to quantify the deviation from the expectation of zero interaction, and proved that a non-interaction is equivalent to both probabilistic independence and dose additivity. Using data from a large-scale anticancer drug combination experiment, we demonstrated how the ZIP model captures the experimentally confirmed drug synergy while keeping the number of false positive lower than with the other scoring models. Further, rather than relying on a single parameter to assess drug interaction, we proposed the use of an interaction landscape over the full dose-response matrix to identify and quantify synergistic and antagonistic dose regions. Taken together, the computational-experimental pipeline for drug combination discovery offers an increased power to predict and test the most potential drug combinations and finally translate into treatment options by clinical collaborators.
All interested are warmly welcome!
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Daily Archives 20.09.2015
Loses erection why?
Loses erection why?
0408_14-300x167
Lost erection — what to do? This is a question asked by millions of men who first confronted with this problem. Typically, it occurs after the age of thirty, but in recent years, erectile dysfunction is getting younger, and at the crucial moment can bring even very young guy.Before you start the treatment of erectile dysfunction (and not all men in the end did not take it), need to figure out why a man loses erection. This result can give a whole range of factors from undertreated infectious diseases to normal stress. For an effective treatment it is necessary to consider a special case, most likely, research health conditions and lifestyle men will answer all the questions.
Most often the reason before intercourse erection disappears, is the poor condition of the...
more
Selection means for enhancing male potency: Viagra or Impaza?
Selection means for enhancing male potency: Viagra or Impaza?More recently, there was a very active advertising viagra — tools for enhancing male potency. Now, more and more advertised another drug Impaza: supposedly it’s even better increases the potency. What is the difference between them? Not dangerous for health?
0_2994c_8e755729_L
Before talking about impose, say about viagra, because these drugs have a lot in common. For example, viagra and Impaza, operates on natural mechanisms of erection. Both tools increase the blood flow in the penis.
But keep in mind: this is, first, not immediately, but after an hour after ingestion, and secondly, only in an erotic situation, the intimacy must precede the love of the game, affection...
more
Tools to help you conceive
A decoction of plantain for menWill not be superfluous for your men to drink a decoction of plantain, it has a positive effect on sperm motility.
A decoction of plantain is prepared by a Spoonful of psyllium pour hot water and heated on water bath for 5-10 minutes. Then an hour insist.
tikva
Ready broth drink two tablespoons twice a day before meals.
Pumpkin will help to get pregnantPumpkin around the head. In addition, pumpkin contains vitamin E, it also is the main regulator of the hormonal balance of the female body. Therefore, eat pumpkin, all kinds: pumpkin juice, pumpkin pie, gratin of pumpkin and stuff like that.
Infusion knotweed for pregnancy
Another grass-assistant. To prepare a decoction of knotweed: two cups of herbs pour two cups of boiling water. Infused for 4 hours.
Ready broth...
more
Upland uterus for pregnancy
Very useful
borovaja-matka
decoction ortiliya one-sided or upland uterus, which can easily be purchased at the pharmacy.How to prepare a tincture of upland uterus for pregnancy: Two tablespoons herb pour water and bring to a boil. Then put half an hour in a dark place, then strain and drink one tablespoon 4 times a day.The duration of intake usually determined by the circumstances and can reach up to four months.
more
Vitamin E for pregnancy
Very useful will be the
e
consumption of vitamin E, which is found in large quantity in wheat grains, sea buckthorn, soy oil, olive oil, hazelnuts, walnuts, cashews, beans, oatmeal, pears, carrots, tomatoes, oranges, cheese, bananas.
more
Red brush and pregnancy
One such means is a red brush, a great tool to help you cope with women’s diseases, helps to rejuvenate the body and contribute to a rapid onset of pregnancy.
krasnaya-schetka-300x221
But it should be remembered that the red brush can not be used with other phytohormones or any other hormonal products.A decoction of the red brush to prepare: a tablespoon of chopped red brush root pour hot water and put in a water bath for 15 minutes. Then insist for 45 minutes, strain.
more
Sage for pregnancy
Sage for pregnancy
113
As for herbs and decoctions, the very popular sage. It contains the phytohormone, acting similar to female hormones. Regular intake of decoction of sage enhances “the effect of surging” when almost all the sperm reach the egg.
Method for the preparation of a decoction of sage for pregnancy: a tablespoon of herbs pour one Cup of boiling water and infused for hours.
The decoction is taken one tablespoon twice a day. During menstruation drink it is not recommended.
If pregnancy does not occur, take a break in one cycle, and then continue to take a decoction.
more
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• Health Articles
• 1
Are Check-ups worthwhile? by Dr.Iain Corness
Check ups
For many of our patients, the end of the year is “check-up” time. Unfortunately, there is so much BS written about the whole concept of routine check-ups, that I just have to add my two BahtSworth (and not contracted to BS either).
Simple fact: Check-ups do play an important part in Preventive Medicine. This is the real situation. Ignore the doom-sayers and the financial conspiracy theorists.
Every year I hear people expound on the principle that they would rather not know about any underlying or sinister medical conditions they may have. After all, we are all going to die one day, aren’t we? I have always said that despite all advances in medical science, the death rate will always be the same – one per person!
However, check-ups are inherently involved in that important feature called the Quality of Life. Longevity alone, with no quality, just isn’t worth it in my book.
The guiding principle behind check-ups is to find deviations from normal health patterns at an early stage. Early enough that the trend can be reversed, before damage has occurred. Examples of this include Blood Pressure (BP), a significant factor in poor health in the future if unchecked now. High BP can affect many organs in the body, not just the heart. But an elevated BP generally gives no warning symptoms – unless you go looking.
Another example is blood sugar. Again, it requires sky-high sugar levels before the person begins to feel that something might be wrong. And by then the sugar levels have affected vision, the vascular system and many other systems, all of which can decrease your Quality of Life in the future. Amputation of a limb is a common result of unchecked blood sugar levels. Life in a wheelchair is hardly a good Quality of Life.
Cardiac conditions and abnormalities, be that in anatomy or function, can also very adversely affect your future Quality of Life, but are very easily found during a routine check-up. Various blood tests and an ECG can show just how well the cardiac pump is functioning, and give an indication as to how well it will continue to function in the future. The inability to walk more than 50 meters certainly takes the fun out of shopping, yet this can be predicted – if you have some serial records!
Another of the silent killers can be discovered in your lipid profile, with Cholesterol and its fractions HDL and LDL, being intimately connected with your cardiac status. Again a situation where detecting abnormalities now can mean that you can get through the deadly 50-60 year age bracket in the future with clear coronary arteries and a clean bill of health.
There are actually so many of the conditions that can affect your enjoyment of the future that can be discovered early. Renal (kidney) function and liver function can be monitored through an annual check-up, as can prostate size (indicated by the PSA blood test) or breast tumors (by mammogram).
The ultimate value in Check-ups lies in serial values of specific tests. It then becomes easy to spot trends which will produce problems in the future.
A future with a good Quality of Life.
bikini01
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A large brief current is passed through a wire coil that is placed on the front of the head which is near the areas that regulate mood. The transient current creates a magnetic field that produces an electric current in the brain and stimulates nerve cells in the targeted region. The current typically only affects brain regions that are 5 centimeters deep into the brain which allows doctors to selectively target which brain regions to treat. Typical sessions lasts 30-60 minutes and do not require anesthesia. Sessions are administered 4-5 times a week for about 6 weeks. Although the procedure is painless, patients may experience a gentle tapping in the area of the head where the current is being administered. Neuromodulation has very few side effects but they may include headaches, slight tingling or discomfort in the area in which the coil is placed. rTMS may be administered alone or in combination with medication and/or psychotherapy.
The cause of panic attacks is unknown but there are several theories, including a chemical imbalance in the brain or a genetic predisposition. They can be triggered by a variety of conditions and situations, including the presence of a mood disorder, such as anxiety or depression; extreme stress over a long period of time; a physical health problem such as a heart, respiratory, or thyroid condition; overuse of alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine; and the side effects of some medical and recreational drugs. Frequent panic attacks generally indicate a panic disorder. Panic attacks can also occur while an individual is sleeping, causing them to wake up suddenly with feelings of fear and dread. Adolescents and young adults who have panic attacks often have other mental health issues or are at significant risk of developing other issues, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, or other mood disorders, eating disorders, and problems with substance abuse.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the handbook used for diagnosis of mental health disorders, and is widely used by health care professionals around the world. For each disorder, the DSM has a description of symptoms and other criteria to diagnose the disorder. The DSM is important, because it allows different clinicians and/or researchers to use the same language when discussing mental health disorders. The first DSM was published in 1952 and has been updated several times after new research and knowledge became available. In 2013, the most recent version of the DSM, the DSM-5, was released. There are a few important differences with its predecessor DSM-IV regarding anxiety disorders. First, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is not part of the anxiety disorders any more, but now has its own category: Obsessive-Compulsive, Stereotypic and related disorders. Second, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) now also has its own category: Trauma and Stressor-related Disorders.
The causes of anxiety attacks are not well understood. Some traumatic life events can set off anxiety attacks if the person is prone to depression or anxiety disorders. Also, medical conditions and some medications may trigger anxiety attacks. Many believe anxiety attacks run in families with a genetic predisposition. In other words, if your mom and her sister had anxiety attacks, it’s likely you will, too.
Although your gut response might be to leave the stressful situation immediately, don’t. “Let your anxiety level come down,” advises Carmin. Then you can decide if you want to leave or if there's a way to get back to whatever you were doing when the anxiety attack started. Staying in the moment will help you overcome anxiety, but it’s hard to do this at first.
Everyone here has issues, but what happens when you’re blue as hell and CANNOT figure out the source of the problem? There is no quote, no book, no video, no saying or phrase, no motto, which is helping me right now. I feel like absolute total HELL. And I damned well know it’s not going to last, and that it’s probably a result of thinking too hard, too long, too deeply. Anyway, thank you all for sharing your pain with strangers. It shows that you’re way stronger than you think.
Many medical conditions can cause anxiety. This includes conditions that affect the ability to breathe, like COPD and asthma, and the difficulty in breathing that often occurs near death.[63][64][65] Conditions that cause abdominal pain or chest pain can cause anxiety and may in some cases be a somatization of anxiety;[66][67] the same is true for some sexual dysfunctions.[68][69] Conditions that affect the face or the skin can cause social anxiety especially among adolescents,[70] and developmental disabilities often lead to social anxiety for children as well.[71] Life-threatening conditions like cancer also cause anxiety.[72]
A form of psychotherapy called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found by several studies to be the most effective treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. During CBT, you will work with a therapist on relaxation training, restructuring your thoughts and behaviors, mindfulness, exposure treatment, and stress reduction. Many people that suffer from panic attacks start to notice a reduction within weeks, and symptoms often decrease significantly or go away completely within several months.
Everyone here has issues, but what happens when you’re blue as hell and CANNOT figure out the source of the problem? There is no quote, no book, no video, no saying or phrase, no motto, which is helping me right now. I feel like absolute total HELL. And I damned well know it’s not going to last, and that it’s probably a result of thinking too hard, too long, too deeply. Anyway, thank you all for sharing your pain with strangers. It shows that you’re way stronger than you think.
Whenever i make mistakes i feels like im useless and a burden to everyone around me.. i feels like want to run away and go to someplace that i cant “hurt” anyone.. the feelings that i feel in my head and my chest i hate it very much. I wanted to scream and punch but i cant.. i dont want people to see me that i crazy or something so i shut the feelings inside. I am a person who can go happy easily and can get very down after a second.. i dont know what to do.. i thought this feelings i can control it.. i thought i was getting better if i just stay positive but whenever my actions are “hurting” my bestfriends or someone that i love.. this uncomfortable feelings just hit me so hard that i wanted to just go somewhere that nobody can see me again.. what should i do? I dont like this situations
4) Ice, Ice Baby. For nighttime panic attacks, Kirstie Craine Ruiz keeps about 4 ready-to-go ice packs—2 big and 2 small– in her freezer. When she feels panic coming she puts two small ones in her hand and the 2 large ones on my lower back. “If your heart is really racing and your breathing is bad, I would suggest taking the one on your belly and rubbing it from the middle of your chest down to the bottom of your belly, slowly, and over and over until your heart rate starts to mellow (over your shirt, of course- you don’t want to make yourself freezing!). I feel like when I do this, it literally moves the hyper energy down from my chest and alleviates any chest pain. This method always helps me when it feels like my heart is in my throat. Once you feel as though you can breathe again, place the packs on your lower belly or lower back, and in the palms of your hands. I don’t know if it’s pressure points but holding small smooth ice packs in both hands with palms up, does wonders for my panic, to this day.”
Although there are not specific causes for panic attacks in adults, teens, or children, like most other emotional symptoms, panic is understood to be the result of a combination of biological vulnerabilities, ways of thinking, and environmental factors like social stressors. According to one theory of panic disorder, the body's normal "alarm system," also described as the body's fight or flight system, the set of mental and physical mechanisms that allows a person to respond to a threat, tends to be triggered when there is no danger. Scientists don't know specifically why this happens or why some people are more susceptible to the problem than others. Panic disorder has been found to run in families, and this may mean that inheritance (genetics) plays a role in determining who will develop the condition. However, many people who have no family history of the disorder develop it. Studies differ as to whether drugs like marijuana or nutritional deficiencies like zinc or magnesium deficiencies may also be risk factors for developing panic disorder.
Acceptance Affection Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Despair Disappointment Disgust Distrust Ecstasy Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Loneliness Love Lust Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Social connection Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Self-confidence Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Suffering Surprise Trust Wonder Worry
Panic disorder is thought to have a psychobiological conceptualization (Craske & Barlow, 2007). This does not mean that panic attacks are due to a biological disease. What this does mean is that there are certain biological factors that may be inherited or passed on through genes, and thus may lead some people to be more likely than others to experience panic disorder symptoms. This is likely why panic disorder seems to run in families. In other words, if one family member has panic disorder, the other family members are more likely to experience panic symptoms or panic disorder compared to people without a family history of panic disorder. It is very important to note that just inheriting these vulnerabilities to panic does not make the onset of panic attacks inevitable or unalterable. In fact, it is possible to think and act in ways that prevent panic attacks.
Dr. John Grohol is the founder, Editor-in-Chief & CEO of Psych Central. He is an author, researcher and expert in mental health online, and has been writing about online behavior, mental health and psychology issues -- as well as the intersection of technology and human behavior -- since 1992. Dr. Grohol sits on the editorial board of the journal Computers in Human Behavior and is a founding board member and treasurer of the Society for Participatory Medicine. He writes regularly and extensively on mental health concerns, the intersection of technology and psychology, and advocating for greater acceptance of the importance and value of mental health in today's society. You can learn more about Dr. John Grohol here.
Repeated and persistent thoughts ("obsessions") that typically cause distress and that an individual attempts to alleviate by repeatedly performing specific actions ("compulsions"). Examples of common obsessions include: fear that failing to do things in a particular way will result in harm to self or others, extreme anxiety about being dirty or contaminated by germs, concern about forgetting to do something important that may result in bad outcomes, or obsessions around exactness or symmetry. Examples of common compulsions include: checking (e.g., that the door is locked or for an error), counting or ordering (e.g., money or household items), and performing a mental action (e.g., praying).
Simple Phobias and Agoraphobia: People with panic disorder often develop irrational fears of specific events or situations that they associate with the possibility of having a panic attack. Fear of heights and fear of crossing bridges are examples of simple phobias. As the frequency of panic attacks increases, the person often begins to avoid situations in which they fear another attack can occur or places where help would not be immediately available. This avoidance may eventually develop into agoraphobia, an inability to go beyond known and safe surroundings because of intense fear and anxiety. Generally, these fears can be resolved through repeated exposure to the dreaded situations, while practicing specific techniques to become less sensitive to them.
Paula had her first panic attack six months ago. She was in her office preparing for an important work presentation when, suddenly, she felt an intense wave of fear. Then the room started spinning and she felt like she was going to throw up. Her whole body was shaking, she couldn’t catch her breath, and her heart was pounding out of her chest. She gripped her desk until the episode passed, but it left her deeply shaken.
Prolonged exposure therapy is a specific type of CBT used to treat PTSD and phobias. The goal of this therapy is to help patients overcome the overwhelming disstress they experience when reminded of past traumas or in confronting their fears. With the guidance of a licensed therapist, the patient is carefully reintroduced to the trauma memories or reminders. During the exposure, the therapist guides the patient to use coping techniques such as mindfulness or relaxation therapy/imagery. The goal of this therapy is to help patients realize that trauma-related memories (or phobias) are no longer dangerous and do not need to be avoided. This type of treatment usually lasts 8-16 weekly sessions.
Panic disorder is a diagnosis given to people who experience recurrent unexpected panic attacks— that is, the attack appears to occur from out of the blue. The term recurrent refers to the fact that the individual has had more than one unexpected panic attack. In contrast, expected panic attacks occur when there is an obvious cue or trigger, such as a specific phobia or generalized anxiety disorder. In the U.S., roughly 50% of people with panic disorder experience both unexpected and expected panic attacks.
We all tend to avoid certain things or situations that make us uncomfortable or even fearful. But for someone with a phobia, certain places, events or objects create powerful reactions of strong, irrational fear. Most people with specific phobias have several things that can trigger those reactions; to avoid panic, they will work hard to avoid their triggers. Depending on the type and number of triggers, attempts to control fear can take over a person’s life.
To activate your parasympathetic nervous system, use this simple meditation technique: focus your gaze on an imaginary point in front of you; relax your focus and use your peripheral vision, as if you are trying to take in everything around you with soft focus. It signals to your brain to relax. The more you practice this technique – the faster it will help you to relax in any situation.
An anxiety or panic attack often comes on suddenly, with symptoms peaking within 10 minutes. For doctors to diagnose a panic attack, they look for at least four of the following signs: sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, a choking sensation, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, fear of losing your mind, fear of dying, feeling hot or cold, numbness or tingling, a racing heart (heart palpitations), and feeling unusually detached from yourself.
When we’re anxious, the body produces a stress response. The stress response is designed to give us an extra ‘boost’ of awareness and energy when we think we could be in danger. The stress response causes a number of physiological, psychological, and emotional changes in the body that enhance the body’s ability to deal with a perceived threat – to either fight or flee, which is the reason the stress response is often referred to as the ‘fight or flight response.’
Be smart about caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine. If you struggle with anxiety, you may want to consider reducing your caffeine intake, or cutting it out completely. Similarly alcohol can also make anxiety worse. And while it may seem like cigarettes are calming, nicotine is actually a powerful stimulant that leads to higher, not lower, levels of anxiety. For help kicking the habit, see How to Quit Smoking.
People who experience frequent panic attacks will often make lifestyle changes, like trying to avoid events and settings where symptoms are more likely to occur. Unfortunately, this can lead them to develop specific phobias, like agoraphobia, and avoid numerous social situations for fear of triggering a panic attack. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help change the way you think and react to situations that create fear. Relaxation and mindfulness exercises, such as deep breathing, meditation, yoga, massage, guided imagery, and progressive muscle relaxation, can help reduce the anxiety and stress that can lead to a panic attack. Antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications are also used to control symptoms.
A collection of activities focused in which an individual consciously produces the relaxation response in their body. This response consists of slower breathing, resulting in lower blood pressure and overall feeling of well-being. These activities include: progressive relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, and self-hypnosis and deep-breathing exercises.
Here’s another way to differentiate those feelings. Let’s say you’re someone who suffers from panic attacks. If you’re worried about having the next panic attack, that’s “anticipatory anxiety—the worry of, Oh, no, I’m going to have a panic attack,” says Brown. On the other hand, “The emotion I’m feeling when I’m having a panic attack we would think of as fear.”
Separation anxiety disorder: Separation anxiety is often thought of as something that only children deal with; however, adults can also be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. People who have separation anxiety disorder have fears about being parted from people to whom they are attached. They often worry that some sort of harm or something untoward will happen to their attachment figures while they are separated. This fear leads them to avoid being separated from their attachment figures and to avoid being alone. People with separation anxiety may have nightmares about being separated from attachment figures or experience physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated.
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The Review
What is Dolastatins (Dolastatin 10 and Dolastatin 15)?
Structure of Dolastatin 10 Dolastatin 10 Systematic name: N,N-Dimethyl-L-valyl-N-amino}propyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl}-5-methyl-1-oxo-4-heptanyl]-N-methyl-L -valinamide Molecular Formula: C42H68N6O6S Molecular weight 785.09092 g/mol Average mass: 785.091 Da Monoisotopic mass: 784.492126 DaStructure of Dolastatin 15 Dolastatin...
What is Centanamycin (ML-970; Indolecarboxamide)?
Chemical name: N--5,6,7-trimethoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxamideCentanamycin, also known as ML-970, AS-I-145 and NSC 716970, is an indolecarboxamide synthesized as a less toxic analog...
Calicheamicin and DNA-cleaving
Calicheamicins, isolated from Micromonospora echinospora ssp. calichensis, combine unprecedented and extraordinary chemical and biological properties. This includes activity in the biochemical...
Calicheamicin
What is Calicheamicin?
Calicheamicin (also known as LL-E33288 antibiotics) was first discovered in the mid-1980s by a scientist from American Cyanamid Company’s medical research division, Lederle...
Cytotoxic Agents and Antibody-drug Conjugates
Drug name Target Mode of Action ExampleAuristatins α-Tubulin Prevent tubulin polymerizationMonomethyl Auristatin E (MMAE) Monomethyl Auristatin F (MMAF)Maytansinoids α-Tubulin Prevent tubulin polymerizationCalicheamicins Sequence-specific minor groove of...
What is Cryptophcin analog?
The cryptophycins are a group of cyanobacterial depsipeptides with a remarkable biological activity against multi-drug-resistant(MDR) cancer cells. As a potent...
What is Alpha-Amanitin?
Fig 1.0 Structure of α-Amanitin Systematic name: (cyclic(L)-asparaginyl-4-hydroxy-L-proly-(R)-4,5-dihydroxy-L-isoleucyl-6-hydroxy-2-mercapto-L-tryptophylglycyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-cysteinyl) cyclic (4 → 8)-sulfide(R)-S-oxide. Molecular Formula: C39H54N10O14S Molecular weight: 918.97 g/mol Average mass: 918.970 Da Monoisotopic mass: 918.354187 Da CAS Registry: 23109-05-9 Solubility: Soluble in...
Featured Image: Cancer cell Courtesy: © 2018. Fotolia. Used with permission.
What are Cytotoxic Agents?
In this section:Highly potent cytotoxic anticancer agents Mechanism of Toxicity Use in Antibody-drug ConjugatesAuristatins Tubulin polymerase inhibitorMaytansines Tubulin depolymerisationCalicheamicins DNA cleavageDuocarymycins DNA...
What are PEG Peptides?
PEG Peptides are a featured class of PEG-linked peptides which can be used in antibody-drug conjugation (ADC).
What are PEG Linkers?
Hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG-linkers are particularly attractive as a linker for conjugation. Water solubility, lack of toxicity; low immunogenicity...
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Several types of plants are referred to as ginseng, but most studies have used American ginseng. They've shown some sugar-lowering effects in fasting and after-meal blood sugar levels, as well as in A1c results (average blood sugar levels over a 3-month period). But we need larger and more long-term studies. Researchers also found that the amount of sugar-lowering compound in ginseng plants varies widely.
Kidney damage from diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. The onset of kidney disease and its progression is extremely variable. Initially, diseased small blood vessels in the kidneys cause the leakage of protein in the urine. Later on, the kidneys lose their ability to cleanse and filter blood. The accumulation of toxic waste products in the blood leads to the need for dialysis. Dialysis involves using a machine that serves the function of the kidney by filtering and cleaning the blood. In patients who do not want to undergo chronic dialysis, kidney transplantation can be considered.
^ O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW (January 2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 127 (4): e362–425. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6. PMID 23247304.
When pain is a source of fear, anger, or grief, it usually hurts more. Cancer patients may experience worse pain, because they fear it means their disease is worsening or that they may be dying. Because your thoughts about your pain have a major effect on how bad it feels, it can help to change your thoughts. For example, you might try changing a negative thought such as, “This pain keeps me from doing everything I like,” to a more realistic, positive one such as, “This pain makes it harder to do things, but I can sometimes find different ways to do them.” Doing this can actually turn down your pain level.
This medical-grade polyester is currently used in teeth guards that kids and adults wear at night, in tiny tubes used to guide the growth of damaged nerve fibers and in surgical sutures. Researchers are also looking at PCL’s potential as an implant to deliver medications directly to the eyes and to tumors and as a scaffold for growing human tissue. PCL may be an ideal package for islet cells, the studies note, because it can be used to create thin, flexible membranes with pores that let in glucose and nutrients, let out insulin and exclude bigger immune-system molecules.
As of 2015, an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide,[8] with type 2 DM making up about 90% of the cases.[16][17] This represents 8.3% of the adult population,[17] with equal rates in both women and men.[18] As of 2014, trends suggested the rate would continue to rise.[19] Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.[2] From 2012 to 2015, approximately 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes.[8][9] The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be US$612 billion.[20] In the United States, diabetes cost $245 billion in 2012.[21]
The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans.[123]
Insulin — the hormone that allows your body to regulate sugar in the blood — is made in your pancreas. Essentially, insulin resistance is a state in which the body’s cells do not use insulin efficiently. As a result, it takes more insulin than normal to transport blood sugar (glucose) into cells, to be used immediately for fuel or stored for later use. A drop in efficiency in getting glucose to cells creates a problem for cell function; glucose is normally the body’s quickest and most readily available source of energy.
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple genes, including certain HLA genotypes, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people, the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors,[41] such as a viral infection or diet. Several viruses have been implicated, but to date there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans.[41][42] Among dietary factors, data suggest that gliadin (a protein present in gluten) may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism is not fully understood.[43][44]
The reason they need it: Their own insulin-producing islet cells, located in the pancreas, aren’t working. Now, scientists across the US are racing to develop effective ways to transplant new islet cells in people with diabetes—an alternative that could make daily life easier and lower risk for insulin side effects like dangerous low blood sugar episodes.
Several studies show laughter is among the best medicines for pain. In Japanese studies of arthritis, people who watched a humorous show reduced their pain by more than 50% for as long as 12 hours. You can watch funny videos or read humorous writing, watch kids or puppies play, or do whatever it takes to make you laugh. You can also laugh for no reason at all. The effect seems to be the same.
Regarding age, data shows that for each decade after 40 years of age regardless of weight there is an increase in incidence of diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in persons 65 years of age and older is around 25%. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain ethnic groups. Compared with a 7% prevalence in non-Hispanic Caucasians, the prevalence in Asian Americans is estimated to be 8.0%, in Hispanics 13%, in blacks around 12.3%, and in certain Native American communities 20% to 50%. Finally, diabetes occurs much more frequently in women with a prior history of diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestational diabetes).
Apart from these medications, treating diabetes effectively means taking a well-rounded approach: You’ll need to eat well, exercise, and manage stress, because all these factors can affect your blood sugar levels. Staying healthy with diabetes also requires caring for yourself — like protecting your feet, practicing oral hygiene, and tending to your mental health.
^ Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M (May 1993). "Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee". Diabetic Medicine. 10 (4): 371–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x. PMID 8508624.
Doctors, pharmacists, and other health-care professionals use abbreviations, acronyms, and other terminology for instructions and information in regard to a patient's health condition, prescription drugs they are to take, or medical procedures that have been ordered. There is no approved this list of common medical abbreviations, acronyms, and terminology used by doctors and other health- care professionals. You can use this list of medical abbreviations and acronyms written by our doctors the next time you can't understand what is on your prescription package, blood test results, or medical procedure orders. Examples include:
At present, the American Diabetes Association does not recommend general screening of the population for type 1 diabetes, though screening of high risk individuals, such as those with a first degree relative (sibling or parent) with type 1 diabetes should be encouraged. Type 1 diabetes tends to occur in young, lean individuals, usually before 30 years of age; however, older patients do present with this form of diabetes on occasion. This subgroup is referred to as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). LADA is a slow, progressive form of type 1 diabetes. Of all the people with diabetes, only approximately 10% have type 1 diabetes and the remaining 90% have type 2 diabetes.
Antidepressants most commonly treat depression. However, they can be prescribed for diabetic nerve pain because they interfere with chemicals in your brain that cause you to feel pain. Your doctor may recommend tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, imipramine (Tofranil), and desipramine (Norpramin). These can cause unpleasant side effects like dry mouth, fatigue, and sweating.
American Diabetes Association Joslin Diabetes Center Mayo Clinic International Diabetes Federation Canadian Diabetes Association National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Diabetes Daily American Heart Association Diabetes Forecast Diabetic Living American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes affects the way the body uses insulin. While the body still makes insulin, unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not respond to it as effectively as they once did. This is the most common type of diabetes, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and it has strong links with obesity.
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Home » medicines for quit smoking » Smoking – Techniques to Quit the Smoking
Smoking – Techniques to Quit the Smoking
by Ana
168 views
Most of the people don’t know the reason, why they smoke. They just do it. Knowing the reasons of when and why you smoke, can help you to quit the smoking.
Reasons for Smoking
Following may be the reasons of smoking
1. To Relieve Tension
After arguments and after stressful time, people mostly feel depressed, angry or upset so, they smoke.
2. To Control Weight
Some are afraid of weight gaining and some wants to keep it down so, they smoke and they do not quit because gaining weight again.
Quit Smoking
Image by : wikimedia
3. Improve Concentration
People usually smoke to enhance the mood, improve concentration or boost the energy, when they feel low and dull.
4. In the Company of Friends
Some people smoke in the company of other friends, who also smoke. They enjoy Cigarette in the company of other friends.
Why Teenagers Smoke?
Most of the children and teenagers smoke just because their friends also smoke.
Cigars and Cigarettes seem very attractive to the teenagers, as they see their favorite character smoking in movies and other TV programs.
Teenage girls smoke because they want to control their weight in this way, which may rise otherwise.
Teenagers may think that smoking can give a very mature, independent and wise impression to others in society.
Children may also smoke to rebel against their loved ones. Most of the teenagers do not know, how much addictive they are to the smoking.
Photo by : mor gnar...
Source by : Flickr
If your child smokes, you should help to talk to him or her about the reasons of smoking. Try to help him or her about quit smoking. If you use to smoke or have quitted it, then share the experience with your child that how difficult was it to quit the smoking?
The chances of smoking for children increase, if their parents smoke too and the chances of quitting smoking increase, if their parents quit.
Reasons for Quit Smoking
It is important to know about the reasons of quitting smoke. Try to discover yourself, what can motivate you to quit smoking.
Following can be the Reasons for quitting Smoking
• To stay healthy is the most common reason of quitting Smoking.
• People should stay in control of life rather than being in control of Tobacco, which can damage their life.
Risks Related to Smoking
Following can be risks related to smoking
1. Health Problems
Smoking can cause difficulty in breathing, in walking, going on to the stairs etc. Asthma and cough can develop.
2. Long Term Health Risks
It can contribute to the long term risks of health including Heart Attack, Stroke, Lung Diseases or Cancer etc.
3. Risks During Pregnancy
Pregnant women may have the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in their babies and Ear Infections etc.
Reward for Quitting Smoking
Following will be the rewards that an individual will experience, if they quit smoking
1. You will feel energetic and better.
2. You will have a younger appearance.
3. You will enjoy good health.
4. Set best examples for your children, if you smoke, your children may also smoke.
5. Save the money of Cigarettes by quitting smoking.
6. You will develop a control on your habits.
Techniques for Quit Smoking
It is good to plan the strategy of quitting smoking. If you are planning, first of all ask some questions to yourself like how confident are you that you will be successful in quitting? Asking questions will be a way to prepare you for this plan.
Photo by : mag3737
Source by : Flickr
Following can be the Techniques, in order to Quit Smoking.
Some are given below
1. Knowing Reasons
It is really good to know reasons about giving up Smoking. Reasons can be any. If the reasons are your own, not someone else’s then it would be easier for you to follow the plan for quit smoking.
2. Get Ready
Consult the doctor to know about the medicines and help available in your area for the people, who want to quit smoking.
You can also consult your insurance provider to know about some medicines and counseling that are available in your health plan, if you are taking services of health insurance.
3. Set Your Goals
• It is easy to follow small goals so, you should break the goals in to smaller one because they become easier to achieve.
• Try to set the clear goals. Set a quit date and time and follow it strictly.
• Reward yourself on achieving the goals.
• It takes several weeks in quitting smoking, it takes sometime so, don’t give up your efforts and lose heart, if initially you are not achieving your goals.
• Try to plan realistic goals because you cannot quit smoking in 10 to 20 days.
4. Make Few Changes
• Try to take off all the Cigarettes, Ashtrays and lighters from the home. Try to avoid the smell of smoke. Clean the house, clothes etc to throw away all the reminders etc.
• Don’t let people smoke at your place.Try to avoid the company of those, who smoke.
• Take all the reminders from your car as well.
• Try to read the Smoking Journals etc it would help you in getting information about the tough things about quitting smoking.
5. If Tried to Quit in Past
If you have tried to quit smoking in past, try those attempts again, those may be helpful for your success.
6. New Skills and Behaviors
• Think about ways, you can avoid Smoking.
• Think about situations, in which you want to smoke and try to stay away from them. Also plan to deal with those situations.
• Change your daily schedule, adopt a different way to work, have meal at different place and try stay happy.
• Try to avoid Stress, calm yourself keeping yourself busy in different activities etc.
• Try to spend time with non-smokers.
7. Support of Loved Ones
Support of parents, friends and other loved ones is an important motivator of quit smoking. Their support makes the process easier for an individual.
8. Use of Medications
The U.S food and Drug Administration has approved many medicines to help the people to quit smoking. These medications are available on the medical stores etc.
• Medication helps a lot in quit smoking. It makes the process easier by lowering the temptations.
• Medications do not long forever, it just remains as long as you want to quit.
• If the medication and other efforts are accompanied are combined, results are successful.
• Counseling plays an important role in quitting smoking.
• Don’t care about the cost of medications required to quit smoking, still it would not be as much costly as Cigarettes.
Photo by hegarty_david
Source by : Flickr
Following are the Medicines for Quit Smoking
1. Nicotine Replacement Therapy
This includes Nicotine Gum, Patches, Lozenges and Inhalers. You can buy these things without doctor’s prescription.
2. Bupropion SR
It is a non- Nicotine prescription medicine that an individual can buy himself along with the other Nicotine Replacement products.
3. Varenicline
This medicine is prescribed by a doctor and it helps in the withdrawal symptoms and decreases the pleasure that you while smoking.: Smoking is the habit of many people, which is really not a good habit and spoils the health. Addictive people should try to get rid of smoking in any case, otherwise it can lead to diseases and ultimately cause death.
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Open Access
A cohort description and analysis of the effect of gabapentin on idiopathic cough
• Charlotte Van de Kerkhove1,
• Pieter C Goeminne2Email author,
• Pascal Van Bleyenbergh2 and
• Lieven J Dupont2
Cough20128:9
https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-9974-8-9
Received: 11 August 2012
Accepted: 7 October 2012
Published: 1 November 2012
Abstract
Background
Chronic idiopathic cough (known as cough hypersensitivity syndrome) is defined by cough in the absence of an identifiable cause. Gabapentin has been suggested as a treatment but evidence is scarce. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical features of patients with unexplained chronic cough and to investigate the effect of gabapentin (600 mg twice a day for a minimal duration of 4 weeks) in reducing cough symptoms.
Methods
A patient cohort analysis was performed. Patients were retrieved using a query in our medical database for the words ‘cough’ and ‘gabapentin’ in 2011. Patients without a clear etiology of cough despite having performed a stepwise diagnostic approach, were included. Medical records of these patients were analyzed. A telephonic survey was performed and patients were asked to retrospectivally rate their cough when they attended the outpatient clinic. They were then asked to rate their cough after treatment with gabapentin. A scale from one to ten was used to score cough severity. They were also questioned about the triggers inducing cough. To evaluate the cough severity score, the results were correlated with questions of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire.
Results
We recruited 51 patients (87% female) with a mean age of onset of 47 years (± 14 y) and an average cough duration of 48 months. The most frequently reported cough triggers included change of temperature (57%), talking (49%) and odours (45%). In 67% of patients, the urge to cough was located in the throat area. Thirty-five patients effectively took the prescribed gabapentin. The average improvement in cough score was 2.8/10 (p<0.0001). Of the 35 patients, 20 achieved improvement of their cough symptoms. Responders had a higher pre-treatment cough severity score (p=0.02) and were more likely to have a history of pre-cough airway infection (p=0.04). Current cough severity score negatively correlated with the Leicester Cough Questionnaire scores (p=0.05).
Conclusion
Chronic idiopathic cough were predominantly middle-aged women, frequently reporting various cough triggers. We also demonstrated that gabapentin can significantly improve cough in these patients. Responders tend to have higher pre-treatment severity scores and have a history of an airway infection.
Background
Chronic cough often remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It is associated with a significant impaired quality of life and health care cost. Current guidelines suggest the use of both diagnostic tests and empirical treatment trials in its management [1]. The most common conditions associated with chronic cough are gastro-esophageal reflux disease, asthma syndromes and upper airway disorders such as rhinitis or rhinosinusitis [2]. A final diagnosis of chronic idiopathic cough is made when there is no identifiable cause [3, 4]. A universal characteristic of these patients is an abnormally sensitive cough reflex. Therefore the term ‘cough hypersensitivity syndrome’ was recently introduced [5]. The greatest challenge in these patients is downregulating this cough hypersensitivity. Fortunately, several novel mechanisms have been identified, which may lead to the identification of targets that could lead to new effective antitussives [6]. As pathophysiological mechanisms are thought to be similar between chronic cough and neuropathic pain, gabapentin was recently tried as a potential treatment for chronic idiopathic cough [7, 8]. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Ryan et al. show that gabapentin is a well-tolerated therapy that significantly improves cough-specific quality of life, frequency of cough and severity [8].
The aim of this article is to describe the clinical characteristics of the patient cohort with idiopathic cough seen at our chronic cough outpatient clinic and recent empirical experience of efficacy of treatment with gabapentin in this population.
Methods
Patients were recruited using a query in our medical database. The keywords ‘cough’ and ‘gabapentin’ and an outpatient clinic visit in 2011 were the selection criteria. All hits were analyzed for presence of chronic idiopathic cough. We defined idiopathic cough as a cough that lasted for more than eight weeks in the absence of any abnormality in the clinical examination, chest radiograph, CT sinuses, lung function, negative histamine provocation test, differential cell count of induced sputum and no pathological reflux during a 24 hours pH/impedance monitoring. In addition to the diagnostic work-up, all patients underwent empirical treatment trials with proton pump inhibitors (≥ 6 weeks of omeprazole 40mg twice daily), nasal decongestants, (≥ 6 weeks fluticasone 100μg twice daily or equivalent) and inhaled steroids ((≥ 6 weeks fluticasone 250μg twice daily or equivalent).
Individual files were then analyzed for patient characteristics looking at gender, age of onset, prior upper airway infections, duration of cough symptoms, smoking habits, cough triggers and response to trial therapies given.
Patients who did not improve under the previous therapies were put on gabapentin. A minimum therapy duration of at least four weeks was suggested using an initial dose of 300 mg for four days, increasing with 300 mg each four days until a maintenance dose was reached of 600 mg twice daily. Patients needed a treatment period of four weeks or more to be included into the analysis.
All patients were seen at the outpatient clinic one to two months later to evaluate therapy. Patients were asked about the nature and severity of their cough by means by a pre-set list of questions. We also contacted all patients using a telephone survey. They were asked to retrospectively score their cough severity on a scale of ten before they attended the outpatient clinic. A score of zero was equal to no cough and a score of ten was the worst cough possible. Subsequently they were asked to score their present cough severity (after gabapentin treatment).
To validate this cough severity scale, we also added four questions of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire [9], using the Dutch version [10], to correlate these scores with the cough severity scale. The Leicester Cough Questionnaire questions asked were: In the last 2 weeks, my cough has interfered with my job, or other daily tasks; In the last 2 weeks, has your cough disturbed your sleep?; In the last 2 weeks, how many times a day have you had coughing bouts?; In the last 2 weeks, my cough has interrupted conversation or telephone call. Each question is scored from one to seven and a lower score indicates higher impact of cough on quality of life.
Approval was obtained from the local ethical committee of UZ Leuven, Belgium and patients were asked by telephone if the data could be used for anonymous analysis.
Results were expressed as mean with standard deviation in case of normal distribution or as median with interquartile range for non-normal data. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used according to distribution of the data as were unpaired t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Correlations were analyzed using a Pearson analysis for parametric data or Spearman’s rank analysis for non-parametric data. P-values reached significance if lower than 0.05 and two-tailed testing was used. Analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 4.01.
Results
Patient characteristics
We collected data from 51 patients. Forty-one (80%) were female, with a mean age of onset of cough of 47 years (SD ± 14 years). Median duration of chronic cough before outpatient visit was 48 months (IQR 2 – 192) and 28% had a history of an airway infection. Patients almost universally complained of a dry, non-productive cough, with irritation and discomfort localized in the throat (67%) or in the chest area (33%), leading to paroxysms of coughing. Diurnal variation showed daytime predominance in 69% of the population and nocturnal predominance in 12%.
Strong associations were also seen when triggers of cough were investigated. Changes in temperature, mainly transition to cold outside, was a trigger in 57% of patients. Other triggers such as talking (41%), strong odors (31%), physical effort (20%) and eating (29%) were also common (Table 1). Patients pointed out that even a minimal trigger induced their cough which is indicative of their increased cough reflex sensitivity.
Table 1
Triggers of cough: Table showing total number of patients (and percentage) suffering coughing bouts if exposed to the specific trigger
Cough triggers
N (%)
Temperature change
29 (57%)
Talking
21 (41%)
Strong odors
16 (31%)
Smoke
19 (37%)
Meals
15 (29%)
Exercise
10 (20%)
Stress
8 (16%)
Dust
5 (10%)
None
4 (8%)
Effect of gapapentin
Our retrospective analysis showed that 43 patients effectively took gabapentin. Eight subjects discontinued during treatment due to adverse effects (fatigue (5) and dizziness (3)). Another eight subject did not start the treatment because of a fear of side-effects. Of a total of 35 patients who completed their treatment with gabapentin, a mean reduction in cough severity score of 2.8 was seen (p<0.0001) (Figure 1). Subanalysis showed that an improvement in cough score was seen in 20 (57%) of these patients with complete remission (cough score 0) in two patients. No patient reported an increase in cough symptoms during their treatment.
Figure 1
Cough Severity score before and after the start of gabapentin: A significant improvement is seen of the cough severity score after start of gabapentin (p<0.0001; 95% Confidence interval 1.7–3.9).
We investigated if there were certain characteristics that predicted response to gabapentin. There was a significant difference in pre-treatment cough severity score between responders and non-responders. Responders have a higher subjective cough severity score before the treatment compared to non-responders (p=0.02) (Figure 2). Patients with a history of an upper airway infection also showed a significant higher improvement after gabapentin use than the other patients (p=0.04). There was no difference between responders and non-responders in terms of age, duration of cough, number of triggers, reflux or day/night predominance.
Figure 2
Comparison of cough severity score before gabapentin treatment between responders and non-responders: responders to gabapentin treatment showed significant higher pretreatment cough severity score (p=0.02).
Current cough severity score correlated with the average of the four Leicester Cough Questionnaire scores, indicating that cough severity score is a reliable tool to score cough severity (p=0.05; r= −0.28) (Figure 3).
Figure 3
Correlation between cough severity score and average of the four Leicester Cough Questionnaire scores: a significant negative correlation was seen between Leicester Cough Questionnaire and cough severity score (p=0.05; r= −0.28). Lower scores in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire signify a higher impact of cough on daily life. LCQ = Leicester Cough Questionnaire.
Discussion
Our results suggest that chronic idiopathic cough patients were predominantly middle-aged women, frequently reporting various cough triggers. Change in temperature, talking and strong odours are the most frequent triggers. We also show that gabapentin, 600 mg twice daily, might improve cough in patients with chronic idiopathic cough. Patients were more likely to respond to gabapentin if they had a history of an airway infection before the onset of the chronic cough and if they had a pre-treatment cough severity score higher than eight. The cough severity score, where patients score their cough severity on a scale of zero to ten, correlated with questions from the Leicester Cough Questionnaire.
Our patient characteristics are in line with the results from Haque et al. They reported that patients with idiopathic cough, often had an upper respiratory tract infection preceding their cough [11]. This was also seen in our patient cohort. We found that patients with chronic idiopathic cough were often middle-aged women with a long history of cough, confirming the distinct clinical phenotype suggested by Haque et al. and also found in the recent trial by Ryan and colleagues [8]. Patients clearly present with a longstanding cough problem. This is due to the fact that patients often have a long history of investigations and trial treatments before attending a tertiary outpatient clinic.
The improvement of cough severity with gabapentin treatment we see has previously been suggested in case reports [7] and in the recent randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Ryan et al. [8]. The latter shows a mean improvement in cough severity of 11.1 mm while we saw a slightly higher improvement of 2.8 (which equals 28 mm). A similar rate of side effects was seen with fatigue and dizziness in 19%, but with a lower rate of nausea of 9% in our cohort. This might be due to the lower maximum dose of gabapentin we used (1200 mg vs 1800 mg) [8]. We found that a subset of patients did not benefit from gabapentin treatment. This reflects the heterogeneity of chronic idiopathic cough where refractory cough is caused by many disorders [1215]. The analysis of the cough scores showed that it is particularly effective in a subgroup of patients with a high initial cough score and in patients who previously had an airway infection. Further studies are warranted to unravel the exact mechanism of action of gabapentin in chronic idiopathic cough.
The triggers found to be associated with cough in chronic idiopathic cough patients are more or less in line with literature where temperature changes, talking, eating and smoke or fragrances are described as the most prominent [16]. Patients that responded to the gabapentin therapy also mentioned that their cough response to these triggers was decreased. This is in contrast with the findings of Ryan et al. who could not show a significant change in peripheral cough reflex sensitivity, suggesting that gabapentin did not act by reducing peripheral sensitisation [8]. In our analysis, the decreased response to those triggers was a subjective feeling the patient had following the use of gabapentin, whereas Ryan et al. used an objective single-dose capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity method.
There are however limitations to our results. Patients were asked to recall severity of cough before onset of treatment and therefore recall bias might influence the results. We do not think that this will influence the results much as each patient clearly recalled whether gabapentin improved their cough. As this was not a placebo-controlled trial, the effect could also be attributed to a placebo effect. Nonetheless we have to bear in mind that these patients previously had multiple other treatments without any benefit. Subsequently, the majority of them were very reluctant in trying yet ‘another’ treatment. Our uncontrolled, open-label study results confirm the recent findings of Ryan and colleagues [8].
Conclusion
In conclusion, we show that chronic idiopathic cough were predominantly middle-aged women and demonstrated that gabapentin can significantly improve cough in these patients. Responders tend to have higher pre-treatment severity scores and have a history of an airway infection. Further randomized, placebo controlled studies are warranted to confirm these findings and more research is needed to unravel the mechanisms by which gabapentin improves cough.
Authors’ information
Van de Kerkhove C and Goeminne P.C are joint first authors.
Abbreviations
CT:
Computed tomography
IQR:
Interquartile range
SD:
Standard deviation
LCQ:
Leicester Cough Questionnaire.
Declarations
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Internal Medicine
(2)
Department of Respiratory Disease
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Copyright
© Van de Kerkhove et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Which Medications Are Safe During Pregnancy?
You can continue using some medications that you used prior to your pregnancy. But others you have to watch out for. Here are healthy ways to soothe those aches and pains during pregnancy.
Pain Relief
Over-the-Counter Medications During Pregnancy: Safe or Not?
When you're pregnant, treating a simple ailment can seem complicated. While you may be tempted to reach for the remedies you used before pregnancy, you're probably concerned about their safety. The truth is, many medications are safe to take when you're expecting, but there are some that can hurt your baby.
In general, it's best to avoid any unnecessary medications early in your pregnancy. During the first trimester, fetal organs develop rapidly, making them extremely vulnerable to the potential risks of drugs.
But that doesn't mean you have to suffer. If you truly can't get by without medication, your doctor can tell you which over-the-counter and prescription drugs are safe to take at your stage of pregnancy. Your healthcare provider can also suggest drug-free options to ease your symptoms.
Pain Relief
A cold compress and rest can help alleviate headaches and muscle pain during pregnancy, but if you need additional relief, your doctor may recommend acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol). When this drug is used as directed, it's a safe option. However, it's best to avoid aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen (the painkiller in Advil and Motrin) and naproxen (the active ingredient in Aleve). Some studies suggest that taking these medications near conception or in early pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage and birth defects.
Colds & Allergies
Few women get through nine months without cold or allergy symptoms. The safest way to go is to try nondrug remedies: Rest, drink lots of fluids -- especially warm ones -- and use a saline nasal spray to help relieve stuffiness. The good news is that while a cold can make you miserable, it poses no special risks during pregnancy. The flu, however, can be more serious in pregnant women, and sometimes results in pneumonia. Since flu shots are safe for both you and baby, it's wise to get one during flu season if you're in your second or third trimester.
If cold or allergy symptoms interfere with your ability to eat or sleep, your healthcare provider may recommend medication, especially if you're past the first trimester. Many doctors believe the antihistamine chlorpheniramine (found in Chlor-Trimeton) is the safest option, as it has been used for many years by pregnant women and isn't known to cause birth defects. Unfortunately, little is known about newer drugs like loratadine (found in Claritin), so it's wise to avoid them.
If you need a decongestant, your doctor may suggest a nasal spray that contains oxymetazoline, (such as Afrin or Dristan Long Lasting), because only a small amount of the drug is absorbed into your system.
To relieve a cough, doctors often recommend a suppressant called dextromethorphan (found in Robitussin and Vicks Formula 44). However, you should avoid cough products that contain iodine, which can cause potentially life-threatening thyroid problems in the fetus, as well as those that contain high levels of alcohol.
Digestive Discomforts
Heartburn, constipation, and hemorrhoids are among the most common complaints of pregnancy. Luckily, there are several drug-free solutions you can use to prevent these problems. To head off heartburn, avoid eating large meals, especially in the evening, and opt for smaller, more frequent ones instead. You should also steer clear of rich, fried, or spicy foods, which often trigger stomach irritation. Sleeping on an incline can also prevent the contents of your stomach from splashing into your esophagus, causing heartburn.
If symptoms persist, your doctor may recommend a safe antacid, such as calcium carbonate (Tums). But if further relief is needed, your doctor may suggest sucralfate, commonly known as Carafate, a drug that coats and protects the stomach lining.
To prevent constipation and the hemorrhoids that often follow, drink plenty of water and eat fiber-rich foods. Exercise, with your doctor's approval, can also help to keep constipation at bay. If problems persist, your doctor may suggest a bulk-fiber laxative, such as Metamucil or Fiberall. However, you should avoid stimulant laxatives, like castor oil, which can trigger labor. When treating hemorrhoids, use products that contain glycerin or witch hazel, but avoid hydrocortisone, which hasn't proven to be entirely safe and can be absorbed into your system.
Prescription Drugs
Pregnancy Skin Problems: What Skin Care Ingredients Should I Avoid?
If your doctor prescribes a medication for you during your pregnancy, rest assured that the drug probably poses far fewer risks than the effects of an untreated illness or infection. In fact, antibiotics such as penicillin are frequently prescribed during pregnancy to treat a variety of bacterial infections. While most of these drugs are considered safe for mother and baby, there are some exceptions. The antibiotic erythromycin estolate can affect a pregnant woman's liver function, while a newer group of drugs called fluoquinolones may harm your baby's developing bones and cartilage. Tetracycline, another commonly used antibiotic, is not recommended after the fourth month of pregnancy because it may stain your baby's primary and permanent teeth.
Fortunately many moms-to-be can now safely cope with chronic health problems by using medication. High blood pressure can be treated with methyldopa or a number of other medications. But it's best to avoid a group of drugs called ACE inhibitors, commonly used to treat high blood pressure. These drugs can damage fetal kidneys after the first trimester. While most asthma medications are considered safe, (including inhaled steroids and bronchodilator sprays containing terbutaline sulfate or albuterol), less is known about sprays containing salmeterol, so consult your doctor before use.
Recent studies also show that the most commonly prescribed depression medications (such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine [Prozac]) are not associated with an increased risk of birth defects or pregnancy complications. Babies exposed to these drugs late in pregnancy may be more jittery than usual for the first few days after birth, but appear to develop normally thereafter.
While it's wise to avoid unnecessary medications during pregnancy, you don't have to suffer to protect your baby. As long as you follow your doctor's advice, you can get the relief you need without undue risks to anyone.
Dr. Schwarz, obstetrical consultant to the March of Dimes, is past president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; vice chairman for clinical services, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center; Emeritus Distinguished Service Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, both in Brooklyn.
Originally published in American Baby magazine, April 2004.
This quiz is for entertainment and/or educational purposes only. All content here, including advice from doctors and other health professional, should be considered as opinion only. Always seek the direct advice of your own doctor in connection with any questions or issues you may have regarding your own health or the health of others.
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5eff3d1f6f98e57329caed0ceb9053d3
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4,099,309,464,862,110,000
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Medical Research
Does Vitamin D Impact Fertility and IVF Success Rates?
The vast majority of women who have difficulty conceiving have insufficient levels (less than 30 ng/ml) of vitamin D. It’s been debated as to whether that’s a problem because vitamin D receptors are found in the endometrium and a handful of studies have shown that women with extremely low levels of vitamin D experience lower embryo implantation rates. On the otherhand, studies have looked at this from a variety of angles but with often conflicting conclusions.
What's New
This month's Journal of Human Reproduction published a meta-analysis of the five best run trials examining the subject. The studies did a nice job collecting vitamin D serum (in the blood) levels before a woman’s treatment and recorded the most relevant endpoint, Live Birth Rate (LBR). What’s more, the studies used were from a variety of clinic locations and patient types, which is a strength when trying to determine if these results can be universally applied.
What the Study Showed
Women who had a sufficient level of vitamin D were over 30% more likely to have an IVF cycle that led to a live birth. This comes after correcting for such confounders like age and underlying diagnosis. It appears that higher pregnancy rates drove the improvement (as opposed to lower miscarriage rates) and lends credence to the notion vitamin D has a role to play in implantation.
Study Limitations
This is a meta-analysis, which requires selecting a number of studies to include in the analysis and then pooling the different datasets to come up with a finding. This creates a few issues. The most important of which is we cannot say whether the groups being compared, aside from their varying vitamin D levels, are otherwise similar. This makes it slightly harder to attribute the differences found here to the varying vitamin D levels, or possibly some other factor.
Expert's Perspective
A Healthy Fertility Diet
Diet can play a crucial role in a woman's ability to conceive and carry a healthy pregnancy. While chatboards are rife with myths on the subject, there is plenty of peer-reviewed literature on what foods can be beneficial or deleterious.
Expert's Perspective
Fertility and Chinese Herbs
Chinese herbs have been used to treat fertility issues for centuries. Thinking through how to acquire them, when to use them, and how to coordinate them with an IVF cycle requires great care.
Expert's Perspective
How Acupuncture Impacts IVF Success Rates
While more clinics and patients have begun to embrace Traditional Chinese Medicine broadly, and acupuncture specifically, there is still plenty of confusion around how the treatment works, and what the data says.
+ Show More Articles
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3,918,122,347,907,115,000
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One of the main causes of COPD is prolonged exposure tocigarette smoke, especially if the smoke is inhaled. Butbreathing in secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes or dust from the workplace also can cause thecondition².
These inhaled particles can cause the mucus glands thatline the bronchi to produce more mucus than normal. Inaddition, the inflammation that they trigger causes thewalls of the bronchi to thicken and swell. Environmentalfactors and genetics may also play a part in thedevelopment of COPD ²∙⁵.
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How do we help support Breastfeeding Mothers?
Photo by Dominika Roseclay on Pexels.com
Breastfeeding is a practice that has the single largest potential impact on childhood mortality. It not only provides optimal nutrition for the infant, it also protects the child from respiratory and diarrhoeal illnesses and in the longer run has a protective effect against obesity and non-communicable diseases.
However, research suggests that many mothers perceive that their healthcare professionals are not supportive of breastfeeding and in turn, contribute to early cessation of breastfeeding.
So how can we help mothers breastfeed for as long as they can?
1. It is unusual that a woman physiologically do not have adequate milk. What usually happens is that they have problems with breastfeeding and are not sure how to improve the situation. When a mommy says they have no milk, you can do two things. If you are equipped with breastfeeding training, ask them to clarify. Take time to troubleshoot. If you don’t, offer to refer to a lactation counselor.
2. If you are treating a breastfeeding mother, use LactMed database on toxnet as guidance. It is also available as an app on Googleplay!
Most of the common medications are safe to use in breastfeeding mothers. And those that are not safe, have alternatives. Rarely will you have to ask the mother to stop breastfeeding.
3. If for any reason, you think the mother needs to supplement with formula, please protect the mother’s supply by advising her to pump her milk. You’re right, formula isn’t poison. At times, it is a necessity. But supplementing with formula without protecting milk supply jeopardises the long term journey unnecessarily.
4. Be an advocate, similar to how we believe in immunisation. Breastfeeding saves lives and reduces morbidity. Get that message across, whenever you see pregnant women and mothers. Encourage them to have a peer support group, or create one at your Klinik Kesihatan/general practice/paediatric department.
5. Praise them for doing a good job. We hear about motherhood guilt, burnt out and the feeling of being invisible too common amongst mothers today. Sometimes just saying well done for their hard work makes a mother’s day 🙂
Dr. Aliyyah Mohammad Khuzaini,
MBChB (Bristol), MRCPCH
IBCLC (International Board Certified Lactation Consultant)
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About admin 78 Articles
IKRAM Health Malaysia merupakan sebuah NGO dibawah Pertubuhan IKRAM Malaysia (IKRAM) yang ahlinya terdiri daripada mereka yang terlibat dalam industri kesihatan.
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Nerve Block for Sciatica
Nerve Block for Sciatica
A nerve block for sciatica is a moderate injection-based treatment option commonly used for a host of lower back and leg pain conditions. In this specific instance, the injection is given into the lower lumbar spine in order to mitigate the symptoms of sciatica complaints. Nerve blocks are some of the most widely utilized types of epidural injections throughout the back pain treatment sector.
Nerve blocks are popular with doctors and patients alike, but for very different reasons. Although they can be effective, these injections certainly demonstrate a variety of negative characteristics that should make every patient think twice before acquiescing to invasive care.
This focused essay explores the use of long lasting epidural nerve blocks in sciatica sufferers. We will detail the positive aspects of this particular form of injection therapy, as well as provide a balanced view of the limitations and downsides of treatment.
Nerve Block for Sciatica Benefits
When performed correctly, nerve blocks can be very effective at reducing the severity of sciatica pain in many patients. Nerve blocks deaden the nerve’s ability to signal correctly, making it incapable of sending pain messages to the brain. The cocktail of drugs in most epidural nerve blocks consists of hormones, steroids and a long-term anesthetic agent. These compounds work in different ways to essentially mitigate discomfort and neurological symptoms in the buttocks, legs and/or feet.
In ideal circumstances, the positive effects of nerve blocks can last 2 to 3 months. A small minority of patients cite relief lasting 4 to 6 months. The potential for 6 solid months of decreased pain is very appealing for patients with chronic sciatic nerve suffering. Since doctors love giving these injections, usually all it takes is the hope for such improvement to get the patient on board for one or more rounds of injection therapy.
Physicians cherish these treatments, since they are quick to administer and are highly profitable, especially when the doctor can bill for “extras” such as the use of fluoroscopy for maximum injection precision. Doctors have certainly added nerve blocks into the “average” progression of ever-more invasive therapies for persistent dorsalgia complaints. Typically, these injections are provided once more conservative methods begin to fail or after several unsuccessful attempts at noninvasive therapy. If nerve blocks are not enough to end the pain, the doctor will usually recommend spinal surgery for most patients eventually.
Nerve Block for Sciatica Limitations
Under ideal circumstances, epidural nerve blocks can be very effective, but in many instances, patients do not enjoy these types of results. At least half of the total number of nerve block recipients do not enjoy more than a single month of improved symptomology following each injection. This is especially true after multiple rounds of nerve block therapy. Some patients do not enjoy more than a few days or weeks of relief from similar therapeutic interventions. A few patients do not cite any noticeable relief at all after the treatment. Unfortunately, there is no way to ascertain how any given patient will react to any particular round of epidural nerve block therapy. Some patients report great results from their first injection, but virtually no relief provided thereafter.
Even when epidural nerve blocks work well and provide lasting relief for several months, eventually the patient will suffer pain again and will be confronted with the exact same treatment scenario as before. Do they choose another round of injection therapy? If so, for how long can they continue on this path? How many shots will the doctor allow before changing their recommendation to one leaning towards surgical intervention?
The point of this section is simply that even when all goes well and the patient benefits from the injection, no lasting solution has been provided and the patient will be placed in the same position of choosing a treatment path repetitively. Nerve blocks are never curative and only qualify as symptom-targeting care, at best.
Nerve Block for Sciatica Risk Factors
Limitations of nerve block treatment do not begin to tell of the potential true downsides of epidural therapy. Therefore, in order to provide a comprehensive and balanced view of this treatment option, we warn patients to be well aware of all the many significant risks associated with this path, including all the negative factors cited below:
All epidural injections can do lasting damage to the spinal anatomy. Some of the typical consequences include damage to the spinal nerves or spinal cord, rupture of intervertebral discs, or damage to the spinal meninges that might result in cerebral spinal fluid leaks. All of these potential consequences are more common when the doctor administering the injection does not utilize fluoroscopy technology.
Allergic reaction is common and may become severe or even life-threatening. Infection is also possible and can create the ideal circumstances for such serious health conditions as discitis or meningitis.
Some patients have bad reactions of an idiopathic nature to epidural injections and cite much worsened pain after treatment. Post-procedural pain escalation affects at least 10 to 20% of all patients and tends to linger in about 40% of those affected.
Maybe it’s not the worst immediate physical consequence, but the simple fact is that once patients tend to begin epidural nerve block therapy, they are herded towards eventual spinal surgery. Since back surgery is to be arduously avoided whenever possible, simply starting with nerve blocks might be counterproductive, especially since the patient should already know that the best they can hope for is temporary respite from pain with an eventual, and possibly very quick, return to agony.
Sciatica > Sciatica Treatment > Nerve Block for Sciatica
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Skip Navigation LinksHome Page > Tests during the pregnancy > Choroid Plexus Cyst
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Choroid Plexus Cyst
What is this?
On a cross-sectional scan using the ultrasound transducer it can be seen that the brain is divided into two hemispheres. Within each hemisphere there is a ventricle (cavity or chamber) that contains fluid that lines and protects the surrounding soft brain tissue. The fluid in the ventricles is produced by spongy tissue, known as the choroid plexus, that appears to float in the ventricular cavity. This tissue actively secretes fluid. Sometimes it secretes the fluid into the spongy system itself, creating a fluid-filled cyst. This is one of the most common ultrasonic findings, appearing in about 1% - 2% of fetuses between the 16th and the 18th week of gestation. In about 90% of cases it resolves and disappears by the 28th week, and in other cases it resolves later. It sometimes occurs in both ventricles and sometimes only in one.
What is its significance?
The cyst itself is of no clinical significance - it is situated within the ventricular cavity and does not come into contact with the brain tissue. This means that the cyst has no detrimental effects.
According to a number of studies, the presence of a choroid plexus cyst is only of statistical significance for certain chromosome disorders such as trisomy 18.
In earlier studies a correlation with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) was reported, but this correlation is currently considered statistically weaker and less significant than that with trisomy 18.
It is important to note that in most cases in which trisomy 18 has been diagnosed, other defects in addition to the choroid plexus cyst have also been found, and in only two cases of trisomy 18 reported in the literature was the cyst the only fetal finding.
When a choroid plexus cyst is associated with additional defects, the risk of a chromosome disorder in the fetus is estimated as being about 15%, whereas when it is an isolated finding, the risk is less than -%. The risks do not vary if the finding is unilateral or bilateral or with the size of the cyst.
The choroid plexus cyst as part of a group of parameters for evaluating the statistical risk for chromosome disorders
There are several parameters that determine the statistical probability for trisomy 18, so the presence of a choroid plexus cyst can be considered as part of the aggregate of these parameters. Normal nuchal translucency, young maternal age, absence of other signs or defects on ultrasonography, and a normal biochemical screening result are all factors that indicate a significantly reduced risk for trisomy 18. The result of the biochemical screening test has parameters that allow for a statistical calculation of the risk of trisomy 18 - in some laboratories a specific calculation for this syndrome is made.
What should be done if this is diagnosed?
There are differing opinions. Amniocentesis (or chorionic villus sampling) is undoubtedly the only test that can categorically rule out chromosome disorders. However, it is neither medically indicated nor recommended that every pregnant woman should undergo amniocentesis - only those who are at high risk of having a specific problem that can be examined by this test (see information sheet titled: Why is there no medical recommendation for amniocentesis in all cases?). Most opinions hold that in the majority of the cases in which the choroid plexus cyst is the sole finding, and taking into account the other parameters mentioned above, which do not raise the risk for a chromosome disorder, the weighted risk is not in the high-risk range for which amniocentesis is indicated. However, it should be noted that at the present time there are no accurate statistical data that allow for a precise calculation of the weighted risk taking the results of all the tests into account.
For practical purposes:
A directed system ultrasound scan in order to look for additional defects associated with trisomy 18 should be performed in the 22nd week of pregnancy. If any other defects are found, then amniocentesis should be performed.
The "gold-standard" threshold for recommendation of amniocentesis is a risk of Down syndrome greater than 1:386 based on the results of the biochemical marker screening tests, and when the weighted risk is equal to or higher than this amniocentesis is generally recommended. However, the presence of a choroid plexus cyst in the fetus may statistically increase the risk of Down syndrome. Therefore in these cases some physicians suggest that this should be integrated with the results of the biochemical screening tests and the new threshold for recommending amniocentesis is a risk for Down syndrome of greater than 1:1000 in the biochemical marker screening tests. Similarly amniocentesis is recommended if the risk of trisomy 18 is greater than 1:4000 rather than the usual 1:386. If other abnormal findings are also present, these guidelines are insufficiently established and the woman should be referred for genetic counseling.
In genetic counseling, the necessity for amniocentesis can be assessed. It is particularly important to recommend counseling in all cases where other signs or defects are present, or if the cyst persists after the 28th week. It is also worth considering referring the family for genetic counseling in cases where the cyst is the sole finding.
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What You Should Know About Shoulder Pain
Did you know that your shoulder is one of the most flexible joints in your body? However, as such, it is prone to injury. In fact, there is a long list of potential conditions that may be causing your shoulder pain - ranging from a slight strain to a rotator cuff injury. The good news is that when you're dealing with common stress and strain in your shoulders, there's an easy and effective solution to help you overcome it. Heat therapy, nature's original pain reliever, can help ease discomfort in your shoulders and more.
Read on to discover what's helpful to know about shoulder pain:
Causes
One potential cause of discomfort in the shoulder is the wear and tear of tissue that tends to happen with age. As you get older, those shoulder tissues break down and don't support your joints the way they once could. Sometimes shoulder pain is the result of an injury in the another part of the body nearby, such as the neck or back. As the shoulder tries to compensate for those areas, it may cause added stress. Overuse or bending or moving your shoulder the wrong way may also result in discomfort. Pinching a nerve or dislocating the shoulder are other possible causes of pain.
While aches may be more common among those who engage in physical labor each day, tight and stiff shoulders may be likely among those who sit or stand at a computer desk each day. Without that regular movement or range of motion, the muscles tend to tighten up.
Remedies
If your shoulder pain is the result of a sudden injury such as a pull or strain from sports, lifting or other physical activity, it's best to ice the area right away until the swelling goes down. One convenient solution that offers both hot and cold therapy is the Sunbeam® Body-Shaped Heating Pad with Hot & Cold Pack. Designed to conform to the area of your body that needs heating or cooling therapy, this cold pack is great for helping to reduce swelling and improve blood circulation after an injury. The removable hot/cold gel pack even enables on-the-go therapy.
Don't let shoulder discomfort get in your way.
Compressing the area if there is an injury can also help to reduce swelling. Epsom salt baths are another remedy you can do right at home to help reduce shoulder strain or discomfort. Simply add the salts to a hot bath and then soak for at least 20 minutes. The salts are meant to relax muscles, which can help to reduce tension. They also help to increase blood flow. Other remedies for shoulder discomfort include staying hydrated, massaging the area and getting rest.
Heat Therapy
Another great option for relieving stress, tension and discomfort in your shoulder is to apply the healing qualities of heat to the area. This can be done with hot towels, steam baths or heating pads. Designed specifically for the neck and shoulders, the Sunbeam® Massaging XL Renue® Heat Therapy Neck & Shoulder Wrap provides not just heat therapy, but massaging techniques as well so that your shoulders get the treatment they deserve.
The innovative design and weighted beads in the trim of this heating pad help keep contact with your shoulders so that the therapeutic heat and vibrating disc massaging feature can deeply penetrate the areas that need it most. The soft cover provides a gentle touch and you have the flexibility to choose from a number of different settings until you find that one that's best for your shoulders. Sit back and let the heat therapy work its magic.
Let heat therapy bring comfort to your shoulders.
Prevention Methods
One of the best ways to avoid shoulder pain in the first place is to practice prevention methods. This means ensuring that you don't overextend or overwork the joints and muscles in your shoulders. Similar to the rest of your body, allowing proper rest for your shoulders, particularly after an arm workout or stressful day, is important. Working to improve flexibility and strength in the shoulder area can also help to reduce the risk of injury. Flexibility may be improved through practices such as yoga and stretching. Here are some simple stretches to practice:
The Chair Twist:
This move can be easily done when sitting in your desk chair at the office or in your kitchen chair right at home. Start by sitting up straight with your knees together. Place your left hand on the outside of your right thigh while slowly twisting your body to the right. You should keep your eyes in the direction you're turning and push gently against your thigh. Hold for several seconds before switching sides.
Cross Stretch:
The arm-across-chest stretch is one of the most common ones seen in the gym or on the running trails. With your right arm by your waist reach your left hand behind the right elbow to pull your arm across your chest. You should feel a good stretch without it hurting. Hold for about 1 minute before switching arms.
Head Tilt: Stretching the neck is good for your shoulders too. Tuck your right cheek to your chest with your head down and roll your head slowly down and around. Do this in both directions.
Shoulder Rolls: This is another stretch that can easily be done at your desk. Sit up straight and start by rolling your shoulders forward, then up and back in a motion that feels circular. Repeat this several times.
Pain Relief
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Inject Botox into the Jaw Muscle or Salivary Glands for Gustatory Sweating?
Doctor Answers 3
You can inject it into the jaw muscle, but that is usually to treat TMJ
You can inject it into the jaw muscle, but that is usually to treat TMJ. I would inquire with a BOTOX specialist regarding your particular situation.
New York Oculoplastic Surgeon
4.7 out of 5 stars 66 reviews
Botox for Frey's syndrome or sweating instead of salivating
This is commonly caused when the nerves that produce saliva production are diverted to the skin and produce sweating instead. Injecting the effected skin with Botox will minimize the effect of the nerves on the sweat glands.
Otto Joseph Placik, MD
Chicago Plastic Surgeon
4.9 out of 5 stars 77 reviews
Botox for Frey's syndrome
What you describe is Frey's syndrome which involves sweating skin on the cheek when the parotid gland is stimulated by food to produce saliva. There may be a nerve miscommunication in this Syndrome and Botox injected into the skin may minimze the sweating.There may be unwanted side effects of affecting important facial muscles so see an expert in this field.
Ronald Shelton, MD
Manhattan Dermatologic Surgeon
4.9 out of 5 stars 37 reviews
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.
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FDA-approved Nonbenzodiazepine Receptor Agonists for the Management of Insomnia
Jon P. Wietholter, PharmD, BCPS; Renier Coetzee, BPharm, MPharm, PharmD
Disclosures
US Pharmacist. 2017;42(1):29-32.
In This Article
FDA-approved Pharmacotherapy
Treatment goals of insomnia should center on improving sleep quality and quantity and minimizing insomniarelated impairments.[14] Knowledge of potential pharmacotherapeutic options is pertinent for every pharmacist. Previous guidelines mentioned benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZDRAs; i.e., temazepam, zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon) as potential first-line options for the management of insomnia.[14] However, other guidelines suggest only short-term use of these agents on a case-by-case basis due to their significant adverse-effect profiles.[15] BZDRAs are controlled substances and can lead to significant adverse effects that include but are not limited to cognitive impairment, falls/fractures, delirium/dementia, anterograde amnesia, altered sleep activities (e.g., sleep-eating, sleepdriving, sleep-walking), and carryover sedation.[2,11,15] Because of these concerns, many clinicians and patients prefer options that work outside the BZDRA mechanism of action. The following is a review of agents that work via non-BZDRA mechanisms and are FDA-approved for the management of insomnia. Dosing recommendations for each agent are contained in Table 1.
Diphenhydramine and Doxylamine
It is estimated that >60% of pharmacotherapy for insomnia is via nonprescription medications.[2] Diphenhydramine (e.g., Sominex) and doxylamine (e.g., Unisom SleepTabs) are firstgeneration antihistamines that work via competition with histamine at H1 receptors as inverse agonists. They exert their mechanism centrally, which leads to drowsiness and their potential effectiveness in the management of insomnia. Both OTC agents have carried historical FDA approval as safe and effective options for the management of insomnia for over 25 years, but their utility in this patient population is still controversial due to a dearth of large, well-designed trials.[11,16] Additionally, rapid tolerance to their sedative effects renders them ineffective for chronic use. Small studies of diphenhydramine have suggested significant improvements in overall sleep time, efficacy, latency, and nighttime awakenings, while others contradict these findings.[17–20]
Contrary to diphenhydramine, doxylamine lacks even small studies directly confirming its efficacy in the management of insomnia. From an adverse-effect standpoint, these agents can cause confusion, carryover sedation, urinary retention, and multiple other anticholinergic effects due to muscarinic receptor antagonism.[21] These effects are particularly concerning in the elderly, and the 2015 Beers criteria update gave a "strong" recommendation to avoid both agents in elderly patients.[22] Additionally, patients with glaucoma, thyroid disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or significant urinary retention should use these agents cautiously or completely avoid their use. Due to the relative lack of efficacy data and significant adverse-effect profiles, diphenhydramine and doxylamine are not currently recommended as routine options in the management of insomnia.[14,15,21]
Doxepin
Doxepin (Silenor) is a tricyclic antidepressant with central H1-receptor antagonism that produces a sedative effect. While it has been utilized as an antidepressant for over 50 years, it only gained FDA approval for the treatment of insomnia in 2010.[23] The ability to use low doses (≤6 mg) for insomnia is derived from its high selectivity for histamine receptors.[21] Multiple studies evaluating doxepin's safety and efficacy in the management of insomnia have summarized that doxepin significantly improves Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores and also improves sleep duration, maintenance, and efficiency when compared to placebo.[11,21,23,24]
Regarding adverse effects, somnolence was the most commonly noted, with dizziness, nausea, upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, hypertension, and headache all also being documented.[23,24] Additionally, doxepin is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma or severe urinary retention and should be used cautiously in patients with concomitant depression, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, seizures, chronic respiratory disease, or OSA. Of particular note is that anticholinergic effects are not seen frequently with ≤6 mg of doxepin, which provides a treatment benefit when compared to diphenhydramine, doxylamine, or the significantly higher doses of doxepin used to treat depression.[15,21,22] Doxepin could potentially cause a decrease in next-day psychomotor function, although a meta-analysis suggested no significant difference when compared to placebo.[23,24] Of note, neither rebound insomnia nor withdrawal symptoms seem to be of concern upon discontinuation of doxepin.[23] In summary, doxepin appears to be a safe and effective option for the management of insomnia at low doses.[11,15]
Ramelteon
Ramelteon (Rozerem) is a melatonin receptor agonist (MT1 and MT2) that gained FDA approval for the treatment of insomnia in 2005.[25] Ramelteon's activity at the MT1 receptor is thought to induce sleep, while its activity at the MT2 receptor is thought to influence the circadian rhythm. It is significantly more selective for these receptors when compared to melatonin itself. Clinical trials have primarily supported ramelteon's efficacy in improving sleep latency. Additional benefits on sleep quality, efficiency, and duration have been noted but are relatively minor when compared to placebo and may not carry clinical relevance.[26]
Ramelteon's adverse-effect profile includes somnolence, dizziness, nausea, myalgias, and upper respiratory tract infections. Interestingly, some patients (roughly 3%) reported a worsening of insomnia symptoms when using ramelteon. Other concomitant disease states that may be of concern are OSA, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe hepatic impairment, and depression. Ramelteon does not appear to have any abuse potential and has a limited ability to cause carryover sedation, rebound insomnia, or withdrawal upon discontinuation. In summary, ramelteon appears to be a safe and effective option for the management of insomnia caused by difficulty falling asleep.[11,14,15]
Suvorexant
Suvorexant (Belsomra) is a schedule IV controlled substance and is the most recently FDA-approved agent for the management of insomnia, having garnered approval in 2014.[27] It works through inhibition of the binding of orexin-A and -B to the orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Orexins are thought to be wake-promoting neurotransmitters, so that by blocking OX1R and OX2R, suvorexant essentially "turns off " wakefulness. Clinical trial data have summarized that suvorexant significantly improves sleep latency, sleep maintenance, sleep duration, and ISI scores when compared to placebo.[11,28]
Somnolence/excessive daytime sleepiness was the most commonly noted adverse effect (and was dose-dependent), with abnormal dreams and dry mouth also being documented more frequently than placebo.[27] Interestingly, most adverse effects appear more commonly in females (particularly obese females) due to higher drug exposure in this population. Suvorexant is contraindicated in patients with narcolepsy due to its unique ability to "turn off " wakefulness.[27]
Similar to ramelteon, concomitant OSA, COPD, or depression may be of concern when using suvorexant. Additionally, certain trials have suggested that suvorexant may cause impaired driving performance or balance deficits the morning after use.[27] However, no difference in rebound insomnia rates or withdrawal symptoms has been seen when compared to placebo.[28] In summary, clinical trial data support suvorexant as a safe and effective option for the management of insomnia.[28]
Other Therapies
Guidelines have also discussed other pharmacotherapeutic options that may have utility in the treatment of insomnia. Mirtazapine and trazodone may be beneficial in certain patient populations, particularly those with concomitant depression or unintentional weight loss.[14,15,21] Trazodone has little to no anticholinergic activity but may cause excessive daytime sleepiness and psychomotor impairment, while mirtazapine can lead to anticholinergic adverse effects and significant weight gain.[2,15,21,29] Because these medications do not have quality clinical trial data backing their efficacy and are not FDA-approved for the management of insomnia, they are not currently recommended for that purpose and should only be considered in patients who have concomitant diseases that may also benefit from their usage.
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Tuesday, July 24, 2012
Genetics 101: Questions and Answers (Hopefully)
There's a day for everything, and last April 20Th was DNA'S day, in which there was an open chat with all the geneticists, microbiologists and people involved in the Human Genome Project. (mind you that their minimum level of education was a PhD.) They were answering questions for the everyday street walker like me, with no more prior knowledge of the cell division than a model of play-doh made in the fourth grade, and a biology class in middle school were I probably was doing more important things like writing a love letter to whoever was my crush at that time. Darn it!
I did jump in the chat with my list of questions, at least the ones that would get a shot at being answered on this side of heaven, I hope and pray that this post reaches someone walking a similar path, because at my times of Goggling myself to death I wish that there had been such a post when I was new to the whole thing. Without more ado, this were the questions and answers from the chat. Most of the questions were mine, but some others were from other fellow chatters, and I though that they were worth the copy-pasting. Unfortunately, I cannot give the credit were is due, since some questions were anonymous, please understand.
1. When a baby is born with a genetic syndrome, is there anything that one of the parents could have done different to prevent that?
No, when a baby is born with a genetic syndrome there is not anything a parent could have done differently.
Answer by: Kelly Donahue. Prenatal genetic counselor. I speak with families that are at risk to have children with genetic conditions. This risk may be based on their family history or be signaled by results of specific blood work or ultrasound during their pregnancy.
2. What are three things that every human should understand about DNA?
In my opinion: 1) DNA is the "blueprint" necessary for life 2) it transmits hereditary information from generation to generation 3) it controls the production of proteins.
Answer by: Sandy Woo: I work with patients and their families who either have a genetic condition or birth defect, are at risk for one or have a risk to have a child with such. I provide education, facilitate genetic testing decisions and psycho-social support.
3. What can DNA tell us about a person?
That's a good question. Something like 99.9% of our DNA is the same no matter the person. The remaining DNA that's different makes us who we are compared to any other person.
We also have mutations which alter the protein products of any given gene, and these are what we spend a lot of time and money researching. That's because many diseases either have a single gene mutation that causes them or different mutations that predispose one to certain diseases.
A genome is the totality of all of our DNA spread over our 46 chromosomes. In the past, if we looked at an entire genome we wouldn't be able to tell much about the person. But now we're getting to the point scientifically that we can analyze an entire person's genome for a relatively low cost and in a shorter period of time. It won't be long that it will be very cheap to scan an entire genome to know every disease risk someone has, but we're not there quite yet. This is where most of science is focused, but note that DNA doesn't tell us many important things about a person, such as their character, values, or insights on life. Those traits are all influenced by genes, but are something DNA analysis will never be able to completely tell us.
Answer by: Ian Wallace: I am a clinical genetic counselor who recently launched a new genetics clinic in a rural area. I see patients for any genetic indication, to include prenatal, pediatric, adult, cancer referrals.
4. What are all the things that happen when the cell divides?
Cell division is a complicated process. Let's think about mitosis, which is where one cell basically replicates itself, so you end up with two identical cells.
What needs to happen is all of the structures of that starting cell needs to be copied. For example, all of the chromosomes need to be doubled and then halved into each ultimate cell.
If you remember the process of mitosis, that's where the cell goes through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and then telophase. The chromosomes become solid, they line up in the middle of the cell in an orderly fashion, and then structures on each end of the cell "pull" the right number of chromosomes to each new cell. And that doesn't even address what happens with the other cell organelles!
Answer by: Angela Filose: I work as a full-time genetic counselor for a Kaiser hospital, working with prenatal, pediatric, and hereditary cancer patients.
5. If a "mistake" were to happen, what happens to the DNA that was copied wrong?
When DNA is being copied, there are different possible outcomes if there is a mistake. The cell actually has a few "proofreading" mechanisms to help fix some errors. For example, there is a group of proteins called "mismatch repair" enzymes, which helps to correct an error where the wrong base pairs are put together (like a G to a T, rather than a G to a C). So in some cases, the cell can correct the error.
Other times, an error like a deletion, a duplication, or a point mutation within a stretch of DNA might happen, and this could be missed. This might be an example where a permanent mutation could then continue with that gene, and possibly could change the function of that gene.
Answer by: Angela Filose.
More Q&A to come,
Image from : http://meship.com/Blog/2011/07/27/dna-sent-to-the-cloud/
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PMCC PMCC
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1. Correlation Between Low Bone Density and Disease Activity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
BACKGROUND
Different clinical and epidemiological studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry have shown an increased prevalence of low bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between bone density and the disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 52 patients with ulcerative colitis (duration of the disease less than 5 years) were invited to our research center, Golestan province, northeast of Iran, during February 2012 up to August 2012. A demographic checklist and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index was completed for each patients and 5 cc of blood sample was taken after obtaining the informed consent. We used colorimetry method for measuring serum calcium, UV method for serum phosphorus and ELISA for serum vitamin D. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was done to evaluate the bone density. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 16. Normality of data was assessed using Kolmogorov– Smirnov test. T and ANOVA tests were used if data had normal distribution. Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for the remaining data. Correlation between qualitative variables was evaluated by Chi-square test.
RESULTS
The mean (±SD) age and disease activity of the patients were 37.72 (±12.18) years and 4.78 (±1.98), respectively. There were no correlation between disease activity and mean age. Low bone density was seen in 30.8%, 11.5%, and 15.4% in spine, femur neck, and hip, respectively. There was no relationship between Z-score of total hip, spine, and femur neck with disease activity, age, and duration of disease (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION
Our results showed an acceptable rate of low bone density in patients with ulcerative colitis without any correlation with the disease activity index.
PMCID: PMC4293797 PMID: 25628850
Ulcerative colitis; Z-score; Bone densitometry; Low bone density
2. Cohort Profile: Golestan Hepatitis B Cohort Study- A Prospective Long Term Study in Northern Iran
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most common cause of end stage liver disease in Iran and in Golestan province. Large-scale population-based prospective cohort studies with long term follow-up are the method of choice to accurately understand the natural course of HBV infection. To date, several studies of HBV epidemiology, natural history, progression to cirrhosis and association with HCC have been reported from other countries. However, few of these are prospective and fewer still are population-based. Moreover, the underlying molecular mechanisms and immunogenetic determinants of the outcome of HBV infection especially in low and middle income countries remains largely unknown. Therefore, the hepatitis B cohort study (HBCS), nested as part of the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS), Golestan, Iran was established in 2008 with the objective to prospectively investigate the natural course of chronic hepatitis B with reference to its epidemiology, viral/host genetic interactions, clinical features and outcome in the Middle East where genotype D HBV accounts for >90% of infections. In 2008, a baseline measurement of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was performed on stored serum samples of all GCS participants. A sub-cohort of 3,505 individuals were found to be HBsAg positive and were enrolled in the Golestan HBCS. In 2011, all first degree relatives of HBsAg positive subjects including their children and spouses were invited for HBV serology screening and those who were positive for HBsAg were also included in the Golestan HBCS.
PMCID: PMC4208926 PMID: 25349681
3. Potential Mutations Associated With Occult Hepatitis B Virus Status
Hepatitis Monthly 2014;14(5):e15275.
Context:
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) status (OHBS) is simply defined as the presence of HBV DNA in the liver (with or without detectable HBV DNA in the serum), in the absence of serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Importance of OHBS is mostly clinical, related to its possible role in spreading through blood transfusion and liver transplantation; causing classic forms of HBV. Mechanisms underlying this entity are poorly defined. Several possibilities have been suggested, with major classification into two groups: defective host immune response and viral replication activity through mutations of HBV DNA sequence. Mutations are extensively investigated in all four overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) of HBV genome, to define their possible role in the pathogenesis of OHBS. Some of these mutations like S-escape mutants could not be detected by the routine available assays, making them difficult to diagnosis. Therefore, trying to detect this covert condition could be more helpful for defining better preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Evidence Acquisition:
In the present study we provided an in-depth review of the most important new data available on different mutations in HBV genome of patients with OHBS, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of OHBS. The data were collected through reviewing the full-text articles, identified by the PubMed search, using the following keywords and their different combinations: occult hepatitis B, HBV genome, "a" determinant, HBV open reading frames, S mutations, X mutations, P mutations and C mutations.
Results:
Variants within the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the HBsAg, deletions in the pre-S1region, codon stop in the S open reading frames (ORF), sporadic non common mutations, some mutations affecting the posttranslational production of HBV proteins in the S ORF like deletion mutations, mutations in start codon and nucleotide changes in the X ORF, deletion and point mutations in P ORF and sometimes, nucleotide substitution in the C ORF are among the assumed mutations detected to have a role in OHBS appearance.
Conclusions:
Studies mostly lacked a control group and the whole-length HBV sequencing was scant with conflicting results, suggesting that OHBS is often a result of multiple mechanisms. Additional studies on full-length HBV genomes from occult and non-occult HBV cases may shed more light on the interplay between different mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of OHBS.
doi:10.5812/hepatmon.15275
PMCID: PMC4013497 PMID: 24829588
Hepatitis B; Mutation; Virus Diseases
5. Modifiable Risk of Breast Cancer in Northeast Iran: Hope for the Future. A Case-Control Study
Breast Care 2011;6(6):453-456.
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Its prevalence is increasing annually by 2%. The determination of modifiable risk factors has been the subject of various studies. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors of breast cancer in women in Golestan Province.
Patients and Methods
This case-control study was conducted among women with breast cancer recorded in the cancer registry system between 2004 and 2006 (n = 134), and their age-matched healthy neighbors (n = 133). Data were statistically analyzed.
Results
Age at marriage, menarche and pregnancy, breast feeding, positive family history, marital status, and educational level were not significantly correlated with risk of breast cancer, but age at menopause (< 46.6 years) was significantly correlated (95% confidence interval 1.15–7.37; p = 0.021). Live births, still births, and infant deaths were not significantly different between the 2 groups. For other variables, such as smoking history, no odds ratio was calculated.
Conclusion
Results show that there is no significant correlation between variables and risk of breast cancer in our population, except for age at menopause. A large cohort study is recommended.
doi:10.1159/000335203
PMCID: PMC3290010 PMID: 22419899
Breast cancer; Risk factors; Golestan; Case-control study
6. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pregnancy withUnusual Presentations
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very rare during pregnancy and has a worse prognosis in pregnant women compared to those who are not pregnant. We present a case of HCC in a 41- year-old pregnant patient who was referred to our academic hospital.The patient presented with chief complaints of abdominal pain, jaundice, edema and hypertension. Laboratory results were notable for elevated liver enzymes and features of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with normal alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and elevated cancer antigen 125 (CA125). At laparotomy for termination of pregnancy, multiple massive lesions were detected in the liver. Histologic evaluation showed features of HCC.HCC must be included in the differential diagnosis of any pregnant patient who presents with elevated liver enzymes and hemolysis.
PMCID: PMC3990127 PMID: 24829662
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Pregnancy; Prognosis
7. Frequency and Perception of Sexual Activity during Pregnancy in Iranian Couples
Background
Pregnancy stimulates partners to search for ways to preserve their mutual emotional relations and satisfy their sexual needs, with some limitations. This study evaluates the frequency and perception of sexual intercourse during pregnancy in a group of Iranian couples.
Materials and Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 155 pregnant women were recruited from two academic clinics in Tehran. The exclusion criteria were: any underlying disease, history of pelvic surgery or gynecologic and obstetric complications, abortion or sterility, and previous preterm labor. A checklist was administrated in the labor room, that included: demographic data, partus and their viewpoints about sexuality. Frequency of sexual activity in each trimester, vaginal intercourse, coitus position, orgasm, breast stimulation, condom usage, and pregnancy outcome were recorded. Data were analyzed with t- and chi-square tests.
Results
Women and their husbands with sexual behaviors during pregnancy had a lower mean age; the majority were nulipara (p<0.05). The biggest reason for decreased intercourse in the first trimester was fear of abortion (39.45%). No significant relationship between sexual activity in pregnancy and preterm labor, gestational age, membrane rupture, and fetal outcome was shown. There was a significant negative relationship between intercourse in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and need to induction.
Conclusion
Although our results showed that sexual intercourse had no adverse effect on the fetus and was a proper stimulus for the induction of delivery, its frequency was reduced during the gestational stage due to parents’ fear of adverse effects.
PMCID: PMC4258238 PMID: 25493167
Sexual Intercourse; Pregnancy Outcome; Adverse Effect
8. Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) toxicity
BMJ Case Reports 2009;2009:bcr06.2008.0134.
Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) can cause toxic effects when eaten. Wild lettuce grows in the north of Iran and some natives consume it unaware of its adverse side effects. We describe eight patients with manifestations of wild lettuce toxicity, admitted to a general hospital affiliated to the Golestan University of Medical Sciences. All the patients recovered (although one had to spend 48 h in the intensive care unit) and no chronic complications were reported. A clinical suspicion of toxicity caused by wild lettuce intake and an accurate history formed the basis of the diagnosis. Conservative treatment, vital sign monitoring, control of patient intake and output, and reducing patient agitation provided the basis for treatment.
doi:10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0134
PMCID: PMC3031874 PMID: 21686920
10. Inoperable esophageal cancer and outcome of palliative care
AIM: To determine the outcome of esophageal cancer patients referred for palliative care, in Gorgan and Gonbad gastrointestinal clinics, northeast of Iran.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done on inoperable esophageal cancer cases referred to gastrointestinal clinics in Gorgan and Gonbad city (2005-2006). Demographic data were collected during the procedure and cases were followed up every one month. Improvement proportion was calculated with 95% confidence interval, to determine the rate of improvement. Survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate the duration of palliative care effectiveness.
RESULTS: We recruited 39 cases into the study. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent (92.3%). The middle third of the esophagus was involved predominantly (51.3%). Dilation was the most preferred method (89.7%) and stenting was done in 4 cases. Decreasing dysphagia score was not related to palliation method or pathology type of carcinoma. Age of the patients was significantly related to the improvement of dysphagia score. Mean survival time was 137.6 d and median was 103 d.
CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed a low survival rate after palliative care in esophageal cancer cases despite dysphagia scores’ improvement after dilating or stenting.
doi:10.3748/wjg.14.3725
PMCID: PMC2719235 PMID: 18595139
Esophageal cancer; Palliative care; Survival; Dysphagia; Iran
11. Role of silis in esophageal cancer
Association of silica with diseases like cancers has been determined previously. This study was designed to determine the quantity of silis in flour produced in Golestan Province, and its relation to esophageal cancer (EC). We took flour samples from all flour millings in Golestan Province. Base-melting method in nickel cruise was used at 550°C. The extract was reduced with acids. Different silis concentrations in various regions were compared. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The median silis concentration was 0.0030 g, the mean silis concentration was 0.008760 ± 0.004265 g in each 100 g flour. The difference of mean silis concentrations in various regions was not significant. No high level of silica was found in the flour of Golestan Province. We could not find any significant difference in various areas between silica contaminations. Studies on the consumed bread and rice in various regions of Golestan Province can be helpful.
doi:10.3748/wjg.14.3106
PMCID: PMC2712187 PMID: 18494071
Silis; Esophageal cancer; Flour; Miling; Iran
Results 1-11 (11)
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Alport Syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes kidney, vision and hearing problems
Alport Syndrome: a genetic disorder that causes kidney, vision and hearing problems
Alport syndrome is an uncommon disease of a genetic origin that occurs mainly in children, mainly affects men, and women who have this disease have mild symptoms or none at all. It is an inherited disorder (usually linked to chromosome X) which affects the kidneys, ears and eyes, resulting in deafness and vision disorders.
It is transmitted from mothers to children, being boys whom have more marked symptoms and go on to develop the disease faster.
Alport syndrome
Alport syndrome
Causes:
The disease is due for alteration or missing of a5 chain of IV collagen. Occurs an alteration in the basal membrane structure that affects eyes, ears and kidneys.
Inherited, usually, as a genetic trait with dominant inheritance sex-linked, have been described more than 200 different mutations in COL4 A5 gene, located on the X chromosome (2q34).
Epidemiology:
The incidence of the disease is 1-2/10000 inhabitants and affects both sexes differently, progressing more quickly and more severely in men.
Symptoms:
There renal tissue inflammation (nephritis) of progressive evolution associated to sensor neural deafness, which usually starts before 10 years of age and eye abnormalities.
The inflammatory process leads to progressive renal accumulation of fluids and residues in the body that leads to terminal renal functional failure early, between adolescence and forty.
Risk factors include having a family history of Alport syndrome, nephritis, end stage renal disease in male family relatives, hearing loss before age 30, blood in the urine, glomerulonephritis (advanced stage of a group of kidney disorders, resulting in inflammation and the gradual and progressive destruction of the glomeruli, which are structures inside the kidney) and similar problems.
In women usually the disorder is mild, with minimal or no symptoms, but can pass the gene for the disorder to their children even if no symptoms.
By: Enrique Arias Estabridis
2 Responses to “Alport Syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes kidney, vision and hearing problems”
1. Tachojustierung
Aug 16. 2013
WOW just what I was looking for. Came here by searching for
action disability
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2. Hello, this weekend is nice in favor of me, since this moment i am
reading this fantastic educational article here at my house.
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Here’s What You Need to Do to Recover After a Massage
Posted by OSIM on Dec 03, 2019 10:00:48 AM
Getting a massage is a wonderful way to take care of your body and your mind. Massages help reduce stress, relieve muscle tension, provide pain relief, and circulate blood and lymph so our bodies can heal and repair. Given all these health benefits, massage should be a part of everybody’s self-care routines.
Even though getting a massage seems very relaxing, it’s actually hard work for our bodies. What happens to the body after a massage?
When muscle tissue is manipulated during a massage it’s the equivalent of a light workout for the muscles. This creates temporary systemic inflammation, which is a normal healing response. A massage also helps to cleanse our bodies, which sends the systems that process and remove toxins into overdrive.
Since getting a massage kicks off so much hard work for our bodies, it’s important to do certain things to recover. Do these things when you leave your appointment so you can feel your best and get the maximum benefits from your massage.
Drink Lots of Water (Only Water!)
Any good massage therapist will tell you to drink lots of water after your massage. Unfortunately, most of us don’t listen. But we really should because water is an essential part of taking care of your body after a massage.
There are several reasons why you should focus on hydration after a massage.
The most important is that drinking water helps flush out your system. When you get a massage, the pressure applied to your muscles moves lymph through the body, encouraging the lymphatic system to flush toxins.
Drinking water after your massage assists the lymphatic system and other organs that process toxins while cleansing our bodies of all the toxins that build up over time. If you don’t hydrate well after a massage, you might be left with a headache and sore muscles because the process of toxin-removal is slowed down by improper hydration.
Being properly hydrated also helps reduce the slight inflammation that occurs from the muscles being manipulated during a massage. This will help your muscles recover from the massage and help reduce any soreness you might feel after a massage.
You should also avoid drinking alcohol or caffeine right after a massage. Both of these beverages are dehydrating, so they’ll work against your body’s recovery process.
To feel your best and get the most out of your massage, stick to water and only water for at least a few hours after your massage.
Have a Snack
During and after a massage your body is doing a lot. All of your systems, including your digestive system, are in overdrive. This means it’s totally normal to feel a little hungry after a massage.
Eating a full meal after a massage probably won’t make your body feel great, but having a light snack definitely will. Grab something that’s nutrient-dense, with a lot of vitamins and minerals. Your body needs this healthy fuel in order to properly recover from your massage.
The best foods to eat after a massage are those that help reduce inflammation. Since your body produces slight inflammation to help your muscles heal, your body will be dealing with more inflammation than normal. Anything you can do to reduce that inflammation will assist with the recovery process.
What are some good anti-inflammatory snacks for after your massage? Grab some blueberries, almonds, or some probiotic yoghurt. Or even better, combine the three for a filling but light anti-inflammatory power snack.
Take It Easy
You just spent an hour or more lying down on a massage table, so you shouldn’t need more rest, right? Actually, you do! Your body is going through a lot after a massage and it needs more rest in order to recover properly.
The muscle manipulation that occurs during massage, especially deep tissue massage, can cause microtears in the muscle. While this may sound scary or dangerous, it’s not at all. The same kind of microtears happen when we exercise. This is also why you may feel sore after a massage.
You need to rest after a massage for the same reason you need to rest after a workout – to let your muscles heal from these microtears.
You definitely shouldn’t head to the gym after a massage. If you do, you can exacerbate the microtears that occurred during the massage. This will lead to more soreness and inflammation, which makes it harder for your body to repair itself. Though light massage can help prepare your muscles for the gym, any massage with deeper pressure shouldn’t be followed by a workout.
If you can, you should take it easy for the rest of the day. Rest both your body and your mind. If possible, schedule your appointment so you don’t have to go back to work or any other appointments after your massage. Also, try to avoid stressful situations.
You just spent time and money to chill out with a massage, so keep the vibe going by treating your body and mind as gently as possible.
Go For a Slow Walk and Enjoy the Outdoors
Taking it easy after a massage doesn’t have to mean lying down for the rest of the day. Going for an easy, slow walk after a massage gets your blood pumping. Increased blood flow will help your muscles heal after your massage.
Taking a gentle stroll also encourages mobility in your joints and muscles. This can help reduce stiffness and tightness you might feel after lying on the massage table for so long.
Going for a walk outside is a great way to oxygenate your body with some fresh air. This will help assist the healing process as well. And connecting to your breath while enjoying the outdoors will help keep your mind calm and relieve stress.
Do Some Light Stretching
Though heading to the gym to lift or run on the treadmill won’t help your body recover from a massage, doing some light stretching or some gentle yoga will.
Because the muscles have experienced the equivalent of a light workout during a massage, many people experience some muscle soreness after a massage. You might also experience some tightness in areas that received deep pressure.
Stretches help lengthen and loosen the muscles that were massaged. So, doing some very easy stretches or 15-20 minutes of very slow, gentle yoga, can help relieve the muscle soreness and tension you might experience after a massage.
Take a Hot Bath
Heat is a wonderful and soothing way to relax your body and your mind. So, it’s the perfect follow up to a full body massage.
Taking a hot bath will help your body recover from a massage in a few ways. The heat of the water will help the muscles relax even further. The heat will also soothe any muscle soreness you might be experiencing post-massage. The hot water will also get more blood to the muscles, which helps repair the microtears in the muscle tissue.
Plus, a hot bath after a massage will help relieve even more stress, which creates the perfect internal environment for recovery.
If you’d like, you can add some Epsom salt to the bath as well. The Epsom salt will dissolve in the water and soaking in it can aid in muscle recovery.
Ice Sore Muscles
If your muscles are particularly sore after a massage it may be because of the extra inflammation. Putting ice on sore muscles helps to reduce the inflammation. It also helps numb the pain.
Though heat can help soothe muscle soreness, it doesn’t really address the inflammation. A combination of ice and heat may be the best post-massage recovery routine. Start with icing sore muscles, then use a heating pad or hop in a hot bath to let the heat finish the job.
Take Time and Space to Process Emotions
A common saying in the massage therapy industry is that we “store our issues in our tissues.” Basically, this means that our bodies keep a record of all of our emotions, positive and negative and that our bodies retain our stress.
Most of us are familiar with the knotted muscles that accompany a stressful job or stressful time in our lives. So, it makes sense that the muscles are holding onto some of our emotions and that they get released as our muscles get released during a massage.
Because of this, it’s common for people to have powerful, emotional responses either during or after a massage. Some people find that they’re crying and don’t know why. Others find themselves recalling difficult times in their life. Some experience feelings that don’t seem connected to what’s happening in their lives.
While these emotional experiences are a bit jarring, they’re completely normal after getting a massage. Give yourself the time and space you need to process any emotions that might come up.
Taking Care of Yourself After a Massage
Though getting a massage is very relaxing, your body goes through a lot during a massage. That’s why it’s so important to take care of your body and your mind after a massage. Take the time to do these things after your appointment so your body can properly recover.
For more information about how to take care of your body, check out the Wellness Tips section of our website.
Topics: Massage
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When Can I Drink After Flagyl
At its best, this powerful network of soldiers can prevent up to 99 percent of free radicals from causing damage to our cells.EIRs are hired by venture capital firms temporarily (6 to 18 months) and are expected to develop and pitch startup ideas to their host firm, although neither party is bound to work with each other.Many African Americans left the state in the, from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs.Specialty CourtsRosecrance clinicians provide Drug Court clients substance use disorder assessments group, and individual counseling services.Some jurisdictions have exemptions that let someone practice marriage and family therapy without meeting the requirements for a license.Kale contains vitamin C enhance the immune system which can help prevent cancer and other ailments such as the common cold and flu.Daft Punk show was chosen by the CBDNA (College Band Directors National Association) as one of ten in the nation to be presented at their National Conference in March 2015.McCollum and the rebellious Jobs (who had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture) would eventually clash and Jobs began to lose interest in the class.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to help identify and monitor variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.Green tea as well as the isolated green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) cisplatin, and cyclosporine in animal models.To make them edible, they are soaked to soften the tough outer skin and then mashed to form a dark purple paste.Appropriations-Public Safety; Cities and Villages; Housing; Human Services; State Government AdministrationSworn in September 9, 2011.Get treatment if needed- Get free follow-up chats for 3 days (or as often as you need with a membership)PRIVACY AND QUALITY ABOVE ALL- We will never sell or share your personal health information.ARDC became the first institutional private-equity investment firm to raise capital from sources other than wealthy families.Being responsive to acute and chronic health concerns within reason of someone living independently may be intensive.Community Health when can i drink after flagyl Psychology: Individuals working in this sector of health psychology frequently concentrate when can i drink after flagyl on establishing community-based treatments and preventative strategies.Can help to lower cholesterolThe anthocyanins compound in acai berry also shows potential for lowering cholesterol.Other Health-Related ResourcesThe mission of the Arkansas Minority Health Commission (AMHC) is to assure all minority Arkansans equitable access to preventive health care and to seek ways to promote health and prevent diseases and conditions that are prevalent among minority populations.Our Central Austin OBGYNs at Women Partners in Health specialize in diagnosing and managing everything from abnormal Pap smears to high-risk pregnancies.These 16 need-based scholarships will be provided to students throughout the United States, ranging from coverage of tuition to dental loupes and equipment.II: Sacred and Other Spiritual Causes This second of the three volumes addresses the various aspects of Catholic Theology as they affect mental health.Triggers of suicide ideation and protective factors of actually executing suicide among first onset cases in older psychiatric outpatients: A qualitative study.From the first day to sitting here writing this as you read I feel life blossoming in large part due to the treatment given by all staff and doctors.Also a powerful prebiotic which helps to grow beneficial bacteria, responsible for eating up kidney waste and supporting normal digestive health and function.These points are arranged vertically along the axial channel (in Hindu texts, Avadhuti in some Buddhist texts).Mental health psychologists may also work with other professionals to come up with appropriate and effective methods of treating a patient.With these lines, Hume attempted to explain that reason and further action would be subject to the desires and experience of the self.Each form field that has an error is also indicated and the screen reader will say "invalid entry" if the form field has an error.ACCBO will accept virtually all counseling related Ethics Courses CGAC Registration - CGAC CandidacyRegistration with MHACBO will place a CGAC Candidate on the and bind them to the.
Drink after i when flagyl can
Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake.This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages.The programming offered is focused on stabilization and enhancing the personal growth of each patient so that a happy healthy life care be realized.In the late 1850s and early 1860s, scientific expeditions led by and explored the prairie region of the province.Especially in markets that are under spending pressure, and where quality and ease of access to healthcare providers could be improved.February 7, 2022 This test involves using a nasal swab to collect mucus and determines whether the COVID-19 virus is currently present.People will need help and support either intermittently or continuously gender, personality or any other aspect of their identity.While the concert is free and open to the public, those tuned in will have the opportunity to donate to the in real-time throughout the live stream.It has been revealed to lower cholesterol in medical research and increases the HDL: LDL ratio by up to 27 percent!Getty ImagesGreen tea leaves consist mainly of antioxidant-packed polyphenols known for warding off cell damage and inflammation.The billing when can i drink after flagyl departments response: while they do take BCBS they are not actually in network for the particular type of BCBS I carry.And lastly, perform a physical evaluation where you may be required to fill a questionnaire to help them understand the situation.In the Western art music tradition, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era.Jobs later told his biographer that Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me.The guidance of a professional can help minimize injuries while helping to ensure that the maximum mental health benefits of exercise are achieved.For many, mental health treatment and recovery is a process of engaging with those who care and professionals who can support their journey toward a healthy mental state.While instituted the death penalty for practicing pagans (see the what would later become also spread among the the, the and some.These are encouraging words about overcoming obstacles and stopping stigma from helping you understand that you are never alone in your struggle and that there are people out there fighting to make the stigma disappear.In any case, we will respond to your request to exercise these rights within a reasonable time but no later than within 30 days of receiving a request.Investigating the degree and severity of untreated emotional mental disorders throughout the world is a top priority of the (WMH) survey initiative, which was created in 1998 by the (WHO).On this bright occasion of Mental Health Awareness Day, we must get active and spread awareness of mental health.I came to realize that OCD was very much something I could recover from; in fact and the only thing keeping me there was myself.Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) is committed to a learning and working environment free from all forms of discrimination.They come here to hunt and fish; to trade; to live; to love; to have great victories; to taste bitter disappointment; but above all to engage in that very human act of building community.Craving acai berries during pregnancy could happen probably because the body is not receiving enough nutrients.Concentra is a leader in occupational health and urgent care, in addition to physical therapy and well-being services.USDA organic and Halal Certified green superfood Over 25 powerful and antioxidant ingredients when can i drink after flagyl Made with organic greesn and vegetables They may also support general wellness when combined with a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.A le Afno mitralai C le Chandrama lai sunayer E le Ek patak F le Face 2 face G le Garama garam aawaz ma bhanchhu H le happy birthday to you.At governmental organizations, a social services assistant may screen clients to determine if they are eligible for certain services and then later follow up with them to ensure they still meet eligibility requirements and are continuing to follow their program.This can lead to a lighter-colored product appearance or a darker-colored product appearance in the Beef Organs capsules, depending on the lots used.This technique is when can i drink after flagyl commonly used to help clients identify emotions and develop their emotional regulation (Kircanski et al, 2012).Like the Catholic Church though the of its component parts is emphasized, and most of them are national churches.Ben Taub Hospital HealthcareAs the largest hospital in the Harris Health System from outpatient general medicine and pediatric clinics, to the most complicated surgical procedures.Aids in Protecting EyesightKale also contains the vitamins lutein and zeaxanthin, which contribute to healthy eye cells and help lower the risk of.
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In the creolization process which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery.Denis WaitleyThe awareness that health is dependent upon habits that we control makes us the first generation in history that to a large extent determines its own destiny.What I recommend you do is make sure that you have proof that you made payments to the Connector for your premium during the time you got care.The results page shows a list of outcomes experienced by people in similar health circumstances, along with a percentage indicating the likelihood of each diagnosis.By being high in fiber and monounsaturated (healthy) fats, when can i drink after flagyl the berries can be linked to protecting against various heart and brain diseases.Additional case-management, including warm-referrals and advocacy services as needed to help clients access other benefits and social services.I was furious because any time that I have had this issue in the past, I have always been prescribed steroids and an when can i drink after flagyl antibiotic which work like a charm.Contra Costa County Treasurer and Tax Collector Contra Costa County Finance Building Martinez, CA 94553 Phone: (925) 957-5280 or (877) 957-5280 Fax: (925) 957-2898 Free Search It will do.In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music.Host a Bring Your Pet to Work DayPets are more than just family members who live in our house that we have to feed.Student Health Services provides links to other web sites for the convenience of sitevisitors in locating information that may be of interest.The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the when can i drink after flagyl contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia.COVID-19 Testing Call CenterIf you prefer to speak to someone by telephone, you may call our COVID-19 Testing Call Center at.Main article:agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain emotional experiences.The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see).Upper East Side 201 East 65th Street Organizations and agencies that are interested in offering Rapid HIV Testing must be registered as a limited service laboratory with the NYSDOH Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (CLEP).Average1124677642103Source: and Weather Atlas Climate data for Springbank Hill : 71860; coordinates ; elevation: 1,200.They believed that a regenerated life becomes the experience of an adult who counts the cost of following Christ and is therefore baptized as a sign of such commitment and life.Rejuvenate and support normal kidney function, so your kidney is free of the extra burden so you experience overall wellness.Most venture capitalists treat information confidentially they do not typically enter into because of the potential liability issues those agreements entail.A noticeable increase in the number of applications for divorce during the coronavirus pandemic also occurred in Sweden.Alabama Governor viewed the facility in February 1967 mentally challenged nine-year-old attempted to hug her Mama!Alfalfa sprouts juice contains a myriad of valuable nutrients such as calcium magnesium molybdenum potassium sodium, zinc.
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DNA Topoisomerase I Domain Interactions Impact Enzyme Activity and Sensitivity to Camptothecin [DNA and Chromosomes]
March 20th, 2015 by Wright, C. M., van der Merwe, M., DeBrot, A. H., Bjornsti, M.-A.
During processes such as DNA replication and transcription, DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) catalyzes the relaxation of DNA supercoils. The nuclear enzyme is also the cellular target of camptothecin (CPT) chemotherapeutics. Top1 contains four domains: the highly conserved core and C-terminal domains involved in catalysis, a coiled-coil linker domain of variable length, and a poorly conserved N-terminal domain. Yeast and human Top1 share a common reaction mechanism and domain structure. Yet, the human Top1 is ~100-fold more sensitive to CPT. Moreover, substitutions of a conserved Gly717 residue, which alter intrinsic enzyme sensitivity to CPT, induce distinct phenotypes in yeast. To address the structural basis for these differences, reciprocal swaps of yeast and human Top1 domains were engineered in chimeric enzymes. Here we report that intrinsic Top1 sensitivity to CPT is dictated by the composition of the conserved core and C-terminal domains. However, independent of CPT, biochemically similar chimeric enzymes produced strikingly distinct phenotypes in yeast. Expression of a human Top1 chimera containing the yeast linker domain proved toxic, even in the context of a catalytically inactive Y723F enzyme. Lethality was suppressed either by splicing the yeast N-terminal domain into the chimera, deleting the human N-terminal residues or in enzymes reconstituted by polypeptide complementation. These data demonstrate a functional interaction between the N-terminal and linker domains, which, when mispaired between yeast and human enzymes, induces cell lethality. As toxicity was independent of enzyme catalysis, the inappropriate coordination of N-terminal and linker domains may induce aberrant Top1:protein interactions to impair cell growth.
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