Dataset Viewer
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction
Evidence: "Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists
Evidence: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.
Evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Evidence: CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.
Evidence: When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded
Evidence: The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Evidence: "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Evidence: Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’
Evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory
Evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]
Evidence: Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Evidence: 1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred."
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Evidence: During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]
Evidence: : 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']"
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Evidence: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.
Evidence: Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.
Evidence: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC
Evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years
Evidence: Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.
Evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records
Evidence: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
Evidence: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.
Evidence: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature
Evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Evidence: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.
Evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.
Evidence: A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse
Evidence: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska
Evidence: As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s
Evidence: As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture
Evidence: In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Evidence: "Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.
Evidence: ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is "real" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change…in Britain, Canada, and the United States.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did
Evidence: Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Evidence: For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Evidence: In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.
Evidence: While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.
Evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.
Evidence: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.
Evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Evidence: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.
Evidence: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Evidence: Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Evidence: All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
REFUTES
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Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Evidence: Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.
Evidence: Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]
Evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Evidence: The life and death of planet Earth.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.
Evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
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NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.
Evidence: Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.
Evidence: If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
REFUTES
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.
Evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature
Evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
REFUTES
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later
Evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
REFUTES
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Evidence: After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable
Evidence: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods
Evidence: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.
Evidence: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
SUPPORTS
|
Task: Based on the given claim and evidence, determine the relationship between the claim and evidence. Choose one of following the options.
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)
Evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
Options: ["REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS"]
|
NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
|
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