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Would putting a thin film/covering on your teeth stop tooth decay?
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[
"[Dental sealant](_URL_0_) is already used in the fissures of the teeth. I guess that's the kind of thing you're talking about?"
] |
[
"YouTube has a gigantic database both for audio and video copyrights. When you upload something that match the wave forms (in case of audio) of an existing song from that database, the system automatically sends you a message alerting that the content is not yours. But it also sends a message to the owner of that song, asking if they let that video be shown with their music or if they want to block it. So it totally depends on the owners, if they approve your movie or not... Usually when it's big YouTube channels they let it pass, because it's a way to market the songs... When is small homemade videos in small channels, they dont get any gain from that, so they block it."
] |
every organism on the planet tries to live and replicate, right? But viruses invade the host and kills it? Wouldn't be more logical for a virus to keep the host alive?
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[
"Many do. Like the Rhinovirus (common cold). And about a bajillion others. :) Very few virii kill the host. And in the cases where they do, you have to ask if the virus evolved for that host. Ie: HIV is a virus (human immunodeficiency virus). But the virus that is HIV didn't evolve in, or for, humans. It evolved to live with the host animal. The fact it jumped to us, and we die from it, is secondary to the fact that it lives symbioticly with its intended host."
] |
[
"I like to think of it like this: Lets say you are fixing a roof on a house (you are the only one that can do this), right after you tear off the roof, but before you you start rebuilding the roof, you get shot. Damn no one can use that house, as you are the only one that could fix the roof. * \"You\" -- Update Program * \"house\" -- The computer * \"roof\" -- A Program or other thing being updated with in the computer (OS or otherwise) * \"get shot\" -- Power turned off If there is luck involved, you might turn into a zombie and finish the roof. Thus the house can be used again. But most of the time you are in the ground, and the house has no roof. * \"Zombie\" -- Update program restarting itself upon reboot."
] |
Why are some criminals given outrageously long sentences (150+ years)?
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[
"It serves two purposes, First its a message. \"What you did was so wrong that one lifetime is not enough to atone\". Second its a practicality. Sometimes sentences get overturned or a lawyer gets clever. One life sentence is beatable, but 5? Forget it. This is a way for the court to bury someone behind enough stuff that they will die in prison."
] |
[
"Well, you can take the costs that you pay for your everyday life. Rent, food, hygeine, medical care, dental, etc. Then add to those the costs of having guards, cooks, janitors, and lawyers involved.... it gets pretty expensive quickly."
] |
Why do one of my plugs sometimes have a bigger side?
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[
"So you don't have to stretch up two sizes, just maybe one. The flare is to hold it in place and you should be able to maneuver it even if at a smaller size. Also, aesthetics. Generally, they are usually the same flare size on reach end so I'm not sure if I'm reading this correctly."
] |
[
"The ear without the headphone is listening to the live mix, what the audience hears. And the ear with the headphone is listening to a track that hasn't yet been mixed in -- usually for the purpose of matching the tempo to the live mix so when it's faded in the live mix the transition is smooth and natural."
] |
Do animals feel shame or any other emotion the same as people?
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[
"It's hard to tell; because emotions are so subjective, and we have no way of personally participating in \"being an animal\", but rather equate certain behaviors we observe to what we \"think\" is happiness, etc. That being said, animals seem to undergo the same physiological changes in the their brains that indicate for emotions as happen in human brains. So, it's a good bet that they do feel emotions, at least to some degree. When they indicate joy, or shame, or frustration, or sadness, the feeling they have is likely similar to the equivalent emotions. _URL_0_ _URL_1_ Edit: also, I just assumed you were referring to mammals, and primarily pets, so my answer in reference to those types of animals."
] |
[
"Hi OP, this is a cultural question, so it would greatly assist anyone considering answering if you could specify which culture you're asking about. For example, the name of a cultural group / country / geographic region, plus a rough time period. Otherwise, this question is simply too broad, as it encompasses almost the entirety of human existence. Thanks! Also, it may be worth cross-posting the question to /r/AskAnthropology or /r/AskSocialScience for their insights on this subject."
] |
(physics) why are waves (sound,light), in the shape of waves?
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[
"I think you're asking this question: *Why do waves look like sines and cosines when you plot amplitude versus time (or space)?* The answer is... they don't. Take sound, for instance. Sound waves are really fluctuations in air density (or pressure). A flute or a recorder will produce what is called a \"pure tone.\" If you look at a particular volume of space and plot the density of air molecules as a function of time, you'll see something that looks more or less like a sine wave as the air's density oscillates. On the other hand, if you say the word \"hello,\" then the air density does all sorts of wacky things. It obviously can't oscillate forever--the way a sine wave goes on forever--since the word is very short. Instead, a \"wave packet\" is formed. Wave packets are complicated shapes, not sine waves. Hope this helps!"
] |
[
"It's not voodoo magic. It's kind of like brushing your hair. When you get up in the morning, your hair (assuming you have more hair on your head than I do) is all tangled from tossing and turning and all that other jazz. This is what regular light coming from, say, a light bulb looks like. It's all tangled and scattered. What do you do to fix your hair? You comb it, of course. You brush it again and again, until it's all straight and perfect and just the way you want it. The laser unit does the same thing to the laser light, only instead of a comb, it's got a set of mirrors that comb the light back and forth until it's just right--at which point the light is allowed to shoot out from the tip of the laser and entertain you while you use it to drive the cat crazy."
] |
So I'm colorblind, there has to be a measurement for how colorblind a person is, right?
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[
"There are several, the standard in the field of vision research is the [Ishihara Color Vision Test](_URL_1_). A slightly more detailed test you could also try is the [Munsell Hue Test](_URL_0_), which is not specifically for colorblindness but will give more info about your color sensitivity overall."
] |
[
"because eyes aren't the same. Some eyes are too short (leading to far farsightedness), some eyes are too long (leading to nearsightedness). sometimes the lense is too hard or soft, sometimes there are clouds on the eye, e.t.c. Small variations are often enough so that the lense improperly casts the image on the nerves and cause an incorrect or blurry reading"
] |
Why is it that when you cut a magnet in half you get 2 magnets and not a South Pole and a North Pole?
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[
"All [atoms](_URL_0_) have a magnetic N and S so there's no way to have two N poles or two S poles Edit: grammar"
] |
[
"This question is pretty tough to imagine. Here's something that might help: Imagine you live on a [Möbius strip](_URL_0_). You're facing straight down at all times. You leave a ghost image of yourself as you go around the strip. Travel fully around and you get back to where you started, still looking the same way. Travel halfway around? You're back where you started, but you see a mirror image of yourself where you started! Someone correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm pretty sure this example works."
] |
Quantum Computers Vs. Normal Computers
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"Imagine you have a valley filled with hills and trees and houses and telephone poles and someone says \"find the highest point in the valley\" One way to solve the problem would be to run around with a ruler and measure how tall everything is. Another would be to take an ENORMOUS piece of saran wrap and drape it over the valley. Whatever pokes through the saran wrap first is the highest point. In this example, a classical computer is like a ruler and the giant sheet of saran wrap is a quantum computer, and your valley is a stock market function or a factory that needs to run at peak output. I could get into simulated annealing algorithms and hardware design, but that leaves the ELI5 zone so fast. You might get better results asking in /r/askscience Source: HPC Engineer. Edit: missed fully explaining the valley analogy"
] |
[
"Probably the most notable property that quarks have due to their spin is that two quarks can't ever be in the same state at the same time. This is because quarks have spin 1/2, and any particle with spin 1/2 has that property. The property is called \"being a fermion\"."
] |
does plugging my ears with earplugs do any damage to my ears?
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[
"No, soft foam earplugs can cause no damage unless you leave them in for days at a time or somehow manage to stick them in far enough to hit your eardrum. This should be next to impossible though."
] |
[
"You could have [tinnitus](_URL_0_). You should see a doctor if you want any further information, since asking for medical advice is not allowed in this forum."
] |
What on earth is WWE wrestling about
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[
"Hey... uh... you know all those movies and TV shows you watch? They're not real either. You still watch those despite knowing it's acting, don't you?"
] |
[
"Have you ever been to a WNBA game? Its not very action packed."
] |
Why is a fast reentry from space back to earth a better option than a slow decent?
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[
"Well, two issues, spacecraft in orbit are already moving at orbital speed, which is 7.8 KPS for LEO, and varies depending on the orbit. So, that speed has to be scrubbed in order for the spacecraft to intersect the surface at nearly zero velocity, otherwise, its a crash. The most efficient way to scrub that speed is by friction with the air. A powered descent (Like the Apollo LEM) is possible, but that would require lifting massive amounts of fuel into orbit to make it happen, which means much larger rockets for launch, etc..."
] |
[
"Imagine you have a machine that reads a ribbon of symbols and follows an instruction based on those symbols, such as \"advance one step\", \"rewind 3 steps\", or \"stop\". Now imagine some kind of glitch occurs and the machine finds itself unable to continue acting the way it's supposed to due to getting the wrong symbols in the wrong places. It's easier to correct this by resetting the machine than it is to figure out which step the error pictures in and going back to that step. The same is true of computers. If they're stuck in the wrong mode, resting it starts you back at the begining and this time maybe the glitch won't occur."
] |
I thought diplomats could not be arrested, or is diplomatic immunity a myth?
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"Diplomatic immunity in practice has qualifications and restrictions. Serious crimes or crimes unrelated to a person's diplomatic service, are often prosecuted. The punishment might still be permanent expulsion instead of imprisonment, in some cases. Also, the diplomat's own country can revoke their immunity if they believe the crime is great enough or poliically sensitive enough."
] |
[
"_URL_0_ The short version is they were recorded during a sting operation in which police were informed of the show's activities. You have no expectation of privacy during the commission of a crime in most jurisdictions. Local law varies, though."
] |
Were there any planets like ours in the M-87 galaxy?
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[
"Probably, but they're currently too far away to detect."
] |
[
"I think Neil Tyson put it best in this video. Answered this same question for me. _URL_0_ TL;DW we are made of the most abundant chemicals in the universe with carbon being the most reactive chemical known. It makes sense that other life would also have similarities to \"known\" life due to the sheer abundance of these same chemicals/elements."
] |
What is actually happening in the brain when I'm trying to remember something and then it finally clicks?
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[
"From another post I vaguely remember, your brain is like a freeway, billions of points that all connect together. Let's say the memory is on exit 7 of Interstate 17. Well you know its on the I17, you just don't know where exactly. When it clicks, your like Oh shit my exit is right there, better get off before I miss it"
] |
[
"Kind of like if you're looking through some legos for a number of different parts, you usually come across one that you need so your search goes quickly until there's one last part you need. It might take you awhile to find that last specific part. That explanation is probably wrong but that's what I would say to a five year old."
] |
How does gravity actually work?
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[
"Imagine if you took a cushion or a mattress and covered it with a lot of marbles. Those marbles just kinda sit there and don't do much right? Sit down on the mattress and what happens? The marbles all begin to slide towards you. This is basically how gravity works but in a much more advanced form. Space is like a fabric and each time an object collects more mass, it adds more pressure on the fabric of space and increases their gravitational influence."
] |
[
"Watch this video by Veritasium: _URL_1_ I think it answers your questions."
] |
Why do we shudder and get that weird tingly feeling in our chests after taking a drink of liquor?
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[
"Alcohol - especially high-proof alcohol like liquor - irritates the membranes that line your mouth, esophagus, and to some extent the stomach. We interpret this feeling as mild burning. When you take a shot, you're lightly irritating your esophagus the whole way down, which might feel like tingling. Blood may also quickly rush to the tissues around those areas, contributing to the tingling feeling."
] |
[
"It's your \"instinct\" getting your fight or flight response ready. Your body is anticipating an emergency and starts dilating blood vessels and increasing adrenaline so you can act faster if/when it happens. Edit: To clarify, this is not a prediction of the future, conscious or otherwise. It's your body picking up on signs you may not piece together or even be consciously aware of and fearing danger. It's better to have the defense mechanism ready to spring into action and not need it than to be caught off guard."
] |
If the FDA allows rounding in food labels, which allows food labels to say something has 0g of trans fat when it actually has > 0g, why don't we measure trans fat in milligrams like with sodium?
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[
"Fat is a macronutrient and is measured in grams. Sodium and other minerals and vitamins are micronutrients and measures in smaller increments."
] |
[
"It was mostly marketing. In the days when CPUs started achieving GHz speeds, the “GHz” portion was heavily, heavily advertised as being ultra crazy fast! Look we don’t even measure it like those other puny CPUs! When GHz speeds came out, the CPU market was a fierce advertising space. RAM on the other side took far longer to achieve GHz speeds, and by then, convention of RAM speeds was pretty established to be described in MHz, such as DDR3–800, DDR3-1600 etc. RAM doesn’t get the kind of marketing that Intel and AMD throw at their CPUs and few consumers even understand (or care) what speed their RAM is. There’s actually a different way to spec RAM as well, but it’s lesser upfront/customer facing than the one above and generally not important except to some heavy enthusiasts."
] |
Are there specific reasons why sexual assault and rape are so rampant in the Catholic Church?
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[
"You know how people like to say \"if only they could get married, this wouldn't happen.\" That's not really the case. Predators go where their prey is. And they know that in the Catholic Church, they will be defended, and moved around, rather than go to prison. So you have predators (pedophiles, rapists, etc) who know they will have access to prey, and if they are caught, may possibly get away with it. So it draws them in. This is why you'll see it more in the Church than, say, a public school, where they won't get protected."
] |
[
"What you fail to recall are the sword polishing scenes in *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight*, the abduction of a virile young man by Marjorie, Countess of Carrick, and a whole slew of medieval rumpy pumpy of the \"How about I show you my jugs, they're quality French slipware\" variety. There was a bit of a rewrite of women's roles from the Victorian era onwards and that filtered image has coloured your 'recollections'."
] |
How clean is "clean coal," as opposed to regular fossil fuels?
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[
"The idea behind clean coal is that you are capturing the carbon dioxide before it's emitted, compressing it, and injecting it back into the earth. The main sources of pollution with coal are: 1) Environmental damage during mining 2) Carbon dioxide emitted during burning 3) Other pollutants emitted during burning (sulfur dioxide leads to acid rain; heavy metals; black dust) We already control (3) to some extent through scrubbers, by washing the coal before burning, etc. Clean coal hopes to control (2) as well. But (1) will still be a problem. You can't really compare coal to other fossil fuels -- coal cannot directly replace oil (since it is used to produce electricity rather than for transportation). But, clean coal is a lot \"cleaner\" than oil, since we can stop most of the carbon dioxide from being emitted. Carbon capture is not plausible for individual cars."
] |
[
"Ha, I wrote a paper on this once. If I had to boil it down to one cause... I would say its the fact that in the US railroad infrastructure is (mostly) owned by private companies, which is fairly unique in the world. The US has the most sophisticated and impressive freight railroad transportation in the world (think about how that cheap toy you bought at walmart got to new york, or chicago.. a train had to take it very cheaply from the ports in the west coast where it was brought into from china). So, because the railroads are privately owned, publicly operated amtrak trains do not get priority. This is actually a source of constant tension, where the freight companies want their trains to be on time, but by law, they need to give some space for amtrak trains, which ends up costing them money. So in the US, passenger trains end up getting low priority, while elsewhere in the world, where the railroads are owned by the govt, passenger trains get highest priority."
] |
EL15: How does reddit make money?
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[
"People [buy ad space on reddit](_URL_1_). (In the sidebar, disable adblock on reddit if you have it on and want to see the ads). People buy membership for additional features, [Reddit gold.](_URL_0_) Reddit sells stuff in the [Reddit Store](_URL_2_)."
] |
[
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How did we figure out how many protons each element has? ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: How did scientists figure out how many protons are in an atom? Or, even, what an atom is made of? ](_URL_1_)"
] |
Do honeybees know they will die if they sting?
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"The bee's sting was evolved to be used against other insects and small animals like wasps and birds. When used against these animals, the sting does not fall off. The human skin is too thick compared to what the sting is adapted to and causes the barb to get stuck. When the bee tries to fly off, it subsequently dies. So no, it does not know that it will die by stinging humans, because instinct tells them that their sting is reusable and should be used against all threats."
] |
[
"A racehorse usually doesn't need to be taught competition because they're born with it. Over hundreds of years people bred horses to be very fast, aggressive, and competitive. Does this mean they understand when they've won a race? Not really. But they definitely want to show the other horses that they're the toughest and fastest. In fact, sometimes the jockey has to actually slow his horse down, because otherwise the horse will run too fast too early, and get exhausted and lose the race."
] |
This is a stupid question, but why exactly can't we feel our body weight? (E.g. Your head which weighs a roughly 8lbs)
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[
"Because of [adaptation](_URL_0_). Same reason you can't feel your clothing on your body. If you were to put a heavy hat on your head, you would initially feel it, but over time you would notice the hat less and less."
] |
[
"Look at it like a phone and charger. If you put a load of energy into the phone (more than it's rated for), it'll do serious damage almost immediately. If you use an underrated charger, it'll put only a little energy in, but the phone will use more than it's getting and eventually die. Heat is just a form of energy, and your body needs just a certain amount. Too much and it'll damage you, quickly. Too little and eventually, when demand outstrips supply, it'll start to die."
] |
Question about eyes that change color with emotion...
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[
"Mood eyes do not exist. There are a great many things that can contribute to perceived eye color including the surrounding illumination, dilation of the pupils, clothes color, wetness, etc. I used to have a photo that showed how the same eyes look under different illumination sources. There is a big difference between sunlight, incandescent, and fluorescent lit eyes."
] |
[
"It's called Heterochromia iridum and can appear in people, too. It's a fairly rare, recessive, genetic, trait. Dog breeds are created through inbreeding to bring out desired recessive traits but often bring along negative or neutral traits as well. In huskys one such trait is Heterochromia."
] |
How exactly does an MRI work?
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[
"Basically different part of the body realign themselves at different speeds with the magnetic field so show up differently. For more information - _URL_0_"
] |
[
"Imagine you have a word spelled out in iron shavings under a piece of glass. Then you run a magnet over it. The word no longer looks like that word."
] |
How come AliExpress can afford to provide free International Shipment on low-cost products, some even under $1?
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[
"Chinas postal service is heavily subsidized by the government to increase exports and therefore offers very low shipping rates."
] |
[
"There are a lot of people in the world who don't care about laws, or the laws of other countries, or the property rights of other people. For example if you stole a piece of art from someone in England that a wealthy member of the royal family in Saudi Arabia wanted they probably don't care at all that it was stolen. African warlord/dictator? You could sell them a stolen baby much less art. Drug cartel leader? They break laws all the time, why would they care about that? Many really wealthy people can basically ignore many laws in their own countries much less the laws of foreign countries. How is Scotland Yard going to search the palace of a Saudi prince? They aren't and they couldn't arrest the prince even if they wanted to."
] |
Whats so great about USB-C and why are people saying it is the "connector of the future"?
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[
"Ya know how USB ports suck because you can never get them in right? USB C is the solution to the Heisenberg uncertainty port! There is no right way or wrong way, there is just the way That is by far its biggest upgrade over classic USB 3.0 & nbsp; Other than that it can provide *a lot* of power. USB PD specs it for 60W or 100W depending on the setup, that's enough to charge a laptop Its fast, it can support 10 Gbit/s, that's faster than SATA (3 the cable that connects to your hard drive) Its not fairly universal. Over the last couple years different organizations have been making specs on how to send their data over USB C cables. It is now supported by Display Port, MHL, Thunderbolt, and HDMI. So that gives it power, speed, diversity, and most importantly, no frustration Pretty nifty huh?"
] |
[
"When you watch a video it only needs to send the video as fast as it needs to in order to play it back. When you download a large file from Steam it attempts to get you the file as quickly as possible."
] |
What do we know about the bathroom habits of American Indians?
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[
"Generally they buried it. We often find coprolites (what archaeologists call poop) near or in trash middens and pits. It's actually one reason we like studying middens, because coprolites are a great way to analyze diet and certain types of disease in historical populations. I've even seen the poop content of middens used to estimate Hohokam populations in Phoenix. With that being said, occasionally coprolites are found in less *respectful* places. That's the kind of crap archaeologists spend years arguing over."
] |
[
"This is kind of a vague question, maybe if you could narrow it down to a specific place and year or decade? Mannerisms and culture change within society on a very quick turnaround (think about the differences in culture between now and 1990 alone) so it would help if you could specify"
] |
How do WIFI enabled lights work?
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[
"It'll be drawing enough energy to run the wifi card and microprocessor whenever plugged in, but will draw more power to run the light when switched on."
] |
[
"Fluorescence is not found in clothing materials, but in the dye. Fluorescence is much like color in that it is a property of photon absorption and emission. The material doesn't fluorescence just like cotton isn't blue by itself. It becomes this way from one dye or another. There are special dyes to create fluorescence. But many bleaches used on materials happen to contain fluorescence. This is partial by coincidence and partial since a fluorescent dye makes the white color seem brighter and cleaner. But some materials don't use bleach, such as rubber, and some don't use a fluorescent bleach such as leather."
] |
how underwater cables are protected from damage and wiretapping by other countries
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[
"They are buried a small distance under the ocean floor which prevents most damage. Countries such as the US definitely do tap such lines with specialized subs."
] |
[
"No computer which controls a power plant should ever be directly connected to the Internet. Stuxnet worked because of the incompetency of the operators. Nuclear accidents never happen as acts of god, they _always_ happen because people made layers upon layers of mistakes."
] |
Have any firsthand written accounts from survivors of the eruption of Vesuvius from Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 A.D. been discovered?
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[
"Only Pliny the Younger's two famous letters to the Historian Tacitus: Letters [6.16 and 6.20](_URL_0_). In these accounts, Pliny describes the eruption as he witnessed it from Misenum (across the Bay of Naples from Pompeii). He also recounts the tragic death of his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who was overwhelmed by volcanic gasses as he attempted to rescue with people of Pompeii with ships from the Roman fleet."
] |
[
"[Hiroshima](_URL_0_) is safe, there's over a million people living there now. The other reactors of Chernobyl continued to operate, they only started decommissioning them in 2015. They evacuated the area and limit how long people can stay near the power plant, but they still allow it. The reason Hiroshima quickly recovered is that there was only as much nuclear material as could fit in one bomb, Chernobyl had a lot more stuff on hand and a lot more stuff got out."
] |
Why is it so difficult to understand radio comms between aircraft and ATCs when it'd be much more beneficial for it to be crystal clear.
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[
"Your question has been answered but I'd like to point out that to a non pilot these transmissions may sound weird and bad and crazy, but to a trained, experienced pilot, you know this stuff and this is how it works, it's no big deal, youve trained like this your whole time flying. When you start flying it's crazy hard, it's fast, difficult to understand, use slang and jargon. Very quickly you figure it all out. This is a pretty major part of the learning process"
] |
[
"Data. Pure, gooey, delicious data. Seriously though - the Airlines are collecting data on a massive scale. If they notice an uptick in travel to/from one city they will use that information to update how their resources are distributed."
] |
Why will electric cars destroy OPEC? We still need to CREATE the electricity to power the cars, right?
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[
"Yes, you still need to create electricity. But electricity is seldom generated by oil. It's coal, natural gas, hydro, nuclear power, renewables ... Meanwhile, oil is pretty much the only supplier of fuel for transportation. (Well 93%) If it looses that position, it will be forced to compete with other energy sources, and as such, will suffer lower prices."
] |
[
"Imagine you have a computer on your house. Now you want to connect that computer to your friend 100 miles away. How do you do it? You could lay a 100 mile cable, but do you have the permissions to dig up roads and pathways? You would use a company whose cables were already there, and just use that network of cables to access you friends computer. This is exactly what these power stations do - along with a large amount of other businesses. However there are ways to keep the data being transferred secure; like VPN and encryption etc but that's a little more than ELI5."
] |
Grapes grow all over so why is wine only made in very specific regions?
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[
"It's not. Wine is produced pretty much everywhere. Those regions are just where a lot of large producers happen to be. Why the specific regions? Tradition, high soil quality, ideal climate. The regions also act as kind of a brand. Do you want wine from Lincoln, Massachusetts or Bordeaux, France?"
] |
[
"Holy cow batman, this has so many answers. I'm an amateur cheese maker myself, but I know for starters you have different kinds of milk, different techniques to make the cheese, whether it have more or less water, then there are different aging times, different temperatures used, different molds added to the cheese, the list goes on and on."
] |
How can we detect the difference between a missile test launch vs one aimed at say Washington D.C?
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[
"Ballistic missiles have that name because they follow a \"ballistic\" trajectory. They fly on a curved path that's fairly straightforward to calculate. A launch from North Korea aimed at a US city would have a very specific launch angle and velocity that should be apparent when the missile is initially detected on radar by the US Navy or Japanese/South Korean allies. Modern ballistic missiles have some ability to alter their trajectory for greater accuracy, but they don't have aircraft-like controls that allow significant course changes in flight."
] |
[
"No computer which controls a power plant should ever be directly connected to the Internet. Stuxnet worked because of the incompetency of the operators. Nuclear accidents never happen as acts of god, they _always_ happen because people made layers upon layers of mistakes."
] |
what is the main differences between air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles?
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[
"There are a lot of differences, and a lot of similarities based on the missiles in question. The one largely Universal difference is in Explosive Yield. Air to air missiles tend to pack less explosives, because aircraft take less force to destroy than a reinforced bunker, and the missile may have to pull hard Gs so too much weight is a bad thing. They are also ridiculously fast, pulling up to and exceeding mach 5. ATGMs tend to have higher explosive mass and specialist warheads to destroy hard ground targets like tanks, bunkers and large structures, they also do not have to pull hard Gs to get on target and so can be larger, heavier and carry more momentum. They also tend to be much slower, after all the target isn’t going anywhere."
] |
[
"CPU cores communicate cache line locking and staleness information between each other using a bus protocol such as [MESI](_URL_1_) or [AMBA/AXI](_URL_2_). These protocols are then used by the CPU to implement atomic instructions such as `lock xadd` on x86 and `ldrex/strex` on ARM. Edit: Here's an article that gives a good overview of the basics and some specifics for an AMBA4 ACE system, along with clear architectural diagrams: _URL_0_ Key excerpt: > Memory barriers help ensure correct operation in systems with shared-memory communications and out-of-order execution. ARM defines two types: the data memory barrier (DMB) and the data synchronization barrier (DSB). > The DMB prevents any re-ordering of loads and stores by ensuring that all memory transactions before the barrier appear to have completed before any transactions following the memory barrier. > When coherency extends beyond the MPcore cluster, the ACE protocol must broadcast the memory barrier on the ACE interface."
] |
Is there a reason why our fingers are at different lengths?
|
[
"I don't know for sure, but the configuration of the arm and hands (one bone, two bones, lots of bones) is ancient and originated in our fish ancestors. It is shared by virtually all vertebrates. The bones of our hands correspond to the lateral fin bones in ancient fish. The different bone lengths are what shape the fin. Presumably it carried over all the way down the line."
] |
[
"These sort of questions are really hard to answer under the auspices of \"science\". Someone can probably tell you a story based on a sort of \"evolutionary reasoning\" (and these stories are where a lot of evolutionary studies begin), but unless they can cite a serious research program that has investigated this question, I'd be skeptical of any response you get."
] |
How do clicky pens work, and what is the mechanism called?!
|
[
"Here is a great animation: _URL_0_ As you can see from the animation, the inner surface of the pen is grooved. The button has a \"holder\", which holds the pen shaft in place and slides back and forth on the grooves. The shaft has a complementary part that fits into the holder. The holder is designed such that the shaft's part always wants to be one section over (it's hard to explain, but if you take apart one of the clicky pens you must have, you can infer from there). The shape of the holder, however, is such that the shaft has to fit in one of the spots in the holder. The spring forces the shaft into these spots. Once you push the button, however, you lift the shaft out of the spot, allowing it to go one spot over. These spots are elevated differently so that the pen has two modes: out and in. The difference in elevation is also why you have to push the button further to open the pen than to close it. As for what it's called, I have no idea."
] |
[
"Penn & Teller: Bullshit! did a show on this, its very worth a watch, they break it down quite well and understandable. [Link to the full episode](_URL_0_) on youtube. Warning, NSFW language and boobies in like the first 2 seconds, because its Penn & Teller and thats what they do"
] |
If I google any given surname there are websites claiming to show their coat of arms, is there any truth to these and if not who made them up?
|
[
"Hi, it would probably be worth x-posting to /r/heraldry (or maybe even /r/genealogy?), but while you're here, you might be interested in a couple of recent threads on coats of arms * [Did noble families in the middle ages have a family sigil and/or motto like in Game of Thrones?](_URL_1_) * [Irish family crests/coats of arms](_URL_0_)"
] |
[
"Plenty of people have actually done this research: the implementation know as Tor is open-source, it's plain to see what code is used for each Tor node and each Tor client."
] |
Why is Haiti so much worse off then the Dominican Republic?
|
[
"Question re the premise...is Haiti *actually* worse off (economically?) and by what measures?"
] |
[
"\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..."
] |
Why does load order matter when you install mods for a game like Skyrim?
|
[
"Some mods require code from other mods. You basically teach the game arithmetic so it can understand algebra."
] |
[
"From the NHS website (UK health service) \"To reduce side effects of stomach irritation, including indigestion, stomach inflammation or ulcers. \" So basically, some medications have irritants which can irritate your stomach, especially with the large concentration of the pill going straight into one place. Food provides a lining of sorts, so the medicine spreads out with the food. For the other way around, you should take it on an empty stomach because it was found that some foods may affect it. So it is easier to just say take before food rather than find out exactly which foods affect it. As you said, this would be the case of trying to absorb it faster and some foods may prevent that from happening."
] |
Why are razors so expensive?
|
[
"They're not. Only the 5 million blade Gillettes etc are expensive. Buy a double edge safety razor and enjoy cheap blades that last."
] |
[
"Here's a pretty good explainer. _URL_0_ Basically it comes down to different memory, different promises (reliability and service life), and different marketing."
] |
What is a college fraternity?
|
[
"It's a social club for university guys. (Girls' clubs are called sororities). They are invitation-only and collect dues from members. In return, members can hang out at the off-campus private frat house and are invited to private parties, among the usual benefits of club membership."
] |
[
"I could try to explain it to you, but this video is all you really need: _URL_9_"
] |
In what way is spin related to the standard model?
|
[
"The Standard Model is a quantum field theory that describes a particular set of fields, and their interactions. Excitations of each of those fields can carry intrinsic angular momentum, called \"spin\". Excitations of the electron field carry spin 1/2 (in units of ~~h~~), excitations of the photon field carry spin 1, excitations of the Higgs field carry spin 0, etc. > And how come the bosons have 1 as spin number and the fermions 1/2? Bosons and fermions are defined based on their symmetry or antisymmetry under exchange of identical particles. The spin-statistics theorem then relates symmetric particles (bosons) with integer spins, and antisymmetric particles (fermions) with half-odd-integer spins."
] |
[
"> Is it true that stars orbit the galactic center at the same speed, regardless of their distance from it? Yes, or pretty close to that. Remember, too, this is speed, not angular speed. > Is this still thought to be an effect of dark matter? Yes. > How would dark matter need to be dispersed to create the result we observe? Roughy, filling a ball that encompasses the galaxy."
] |
Why do you sometimes wake up with a headache if you've slept for too long (i.e. more than 9 hours)?
|
[
"It's usually dehydration. When you go 9 hours or more without drinking water you become dehydrated regardless of whether you're awake or asleep. Try drinking a glass of water before you go to bed and keeping another full glass by your bed so you can drink if you wake up during the night."
] |
[
"Dehydration causes your brain to shrink. As your braincase is essentially sealed, this shrinkage causes negative pressure between your brain and skull, which has the effect of pulling on the inside of your skull - like being squeezed, but from the inside. This is what causes the pain."
] |
How does castor angle in automobiles help return the steering wheel to normal position after a turn?
|
[
"Ok I tried for a good 10 minutes to type this out in a way that makes sense in basic terms. And I failed. Waiting to see how others can phrase it though."
] |
[
"In this case, when you cast to your chrome cast, through an app such as say Twitch or Youtube, all your phone does is act as a remote. The chromecast does all the work and pulls the data directly from your source. Your phone is no longer involved, again its just like a TV remote in this sense. You can change the channel, stop, rewind or whatever, but your remote doesn't send the signal to your TV."
] |
Why is the ocean blue?
|
[
"Remember the kids toy with the different shapes that fit through different holes? Of all the shapes, only a bunch fit through the holes while the others do not. Now assume the light has different shapes (wave lengths). The water acts as a filter that absorbs some of the wave lengths, while letting others through. What you see is only the light that is let through, but not the light that is absorbed. This is why the ocean looks blue: it is absorbing the other wavelengths and blue light is left over. If you are staring down straight into the ocean, you still see sunlight. Sunlight that passed down into the ocean and was reflected back. The red light is absorbed on the way (filtered) and thus the ocean appears to be blue."
] |
[
"I made a science: I took a 3 1/2 quart steel bowl and filled it with water in my kitchen sink with the faucet on max, producing a flow comparable to the average kitchen sink I have seen. After the bowl was full, with the water pouring roughly into the center, I squirted red food coloring into the outflow. I was easily able to observe the food coloring being blasted directly to the bottom of the bowl. Of course, my bowl was empty besides water. Next time you defrost meats, use a thermometer and time both ways."
] |
Why do viscous liquids like honey coil when poured?
|
[
"Smarter Every Day covered [this phenomenon](_URL_0_). Basically, the stream of honey has to get out of its own way when it comes to into contact with the bottom, so it naturally starts going around in a circle."
] |
[
"I like this. However, pictures are awesome. Your pictures with the flame on the drawing board? Good stuff. The video with candle/flame? Good stuff. Your face? Great face for TV, but I don't want to see it the majority of the time. It makes the viewer lose interest over a period of time. Personally, I liked learning about this stuff and watching it, but a face explaining things is like a political debate about why the sky is blue: only politics-minded people will watch it. If you want to keep a good crowd, show more visualizations while explaining things the way you already do. Your visualizations with your finger (e.g. wick curling) is okay, but a picture/visualization does wonders and it allows the viewer to understand it by hearing the explanation and seeing how it works. tl;dr Pictures of drawing board/actual objects discussed are better than your face talking to the camera. Good luck and thanks for doing this!"
] |
Why are we told to take a deep breath when trying to calm down?
|
[
"It supplies all your systems with oxygen, which makes you feel better and helps you think more clearly, and it helps to prevent you from hyperventilating, or breathing too quickly."
] |
[
"When you add a file to your computer, it gets put in the first available space - even if that space isn't big enough to fit the entire file in. If the space isn't big enough, the file gets SPLIT into several pieces and put in different places. Over time, constantly adding and deleting things means that all the stuff you use is split up and scattered all over the place. Defragmenting your computer puts things back together and puts them all at the start of your hard drive. This means when you open a file, your computer doesn't have to jump around all over the place finding bits of file to put it all together and use."
] |
Why do Americans talk differently than Brits, even though they emerged from them only a few hundred years ago.
|
[
"Bear in mind that there are 150 British accents."
] |
[
"Thar be prosodic cues be makin' English sound English, e'en ye canna hear all the words over the wind whippin' through the sails. Summat these be the way the pitch be risin' and fallin' o'er the sentence; summat others be the ways we be combinin' sounds or no in English. I reckon ye may be findin' these rules fer combinin' sounds called *phonotactics* by them highfalutin' landlubbers in that ivory tower o' theirs. There also be rhythm classes varied languages be usin' - English happens to place mostly the same amount o' time between stressed syllables, makin' it one o' the stress-timed languages. Them Spanish piratas be speakin' a language where every syllable be gettin' equal time, makin' their tongue syllable-timed."
] |
Since entropy always increases in a closed system, would any material object eventually turn into a gas if left completely isolated? And by what means?
|
[
"Entropy doesn't always increase, Helmholtz free energy always decreases. Helmholtz free energy is internal energy minus temperture times entropy, so it decreases both when internal energy decreases and when entropy increases. The higher the temperature, the more likely the evolution of the system is to be driven by entropy and vice versa. So, at low temperatures, there may more of an energy benefit to being a solid than there would be an entropic benefit of being a gas."
] |
[
"The complexity comes in the fact that \"calories in\" and \"calories out\" aren't as simple as they sound. Not every person digests food exactly the same way, which lends some fuzziness to \"calories in,\" and human basal metabolism can be surprisingly variable, which makes \"calories out\" hard to estimate accurately as well. From a strictly thermodynamic standpoint, it is impossible to not lose weight if you are consuming fewer calories than you are expending. However, ensuring that that is indeed the case is more complicated than plugging numbers into nutritional facts panels and exercise calculators."
] |
Why does too hot water in the shower hurt and too cold doesn't?
|
[
"My though on it would be cold water could never be “cold enough” to actually hurt us, like freezing cold water because our bodies are more resilient to cold, but hot water, can burn because our bodies/skin can’t take that high of a temperature, like boiling water, you’d never stick your hand in that."
] |
[
"This phenomenon is called the *\"Pain Gate Theory\"*. When you injure yourself, pain signals travel from the site of injury to your brain. When you do something else to that part of the body, for example rubbing it with your hand, this also sends signals to your brain. However, because both signals are coming from the same part of the body, only one signal can \"enter\" your brain at a time. And this can be thought of as a gate. The **gate only allows one signal at a time**. And it just so happens that other stimuli such as pressure, vibrations, touch, etc. have priority over the incoming pain signal. You feel less pain because you are interpreting other signals form the injured body part, instead of the pain Hope that helps. Source: Medical Student"
] |
Why is Ecuador consistently getting hit with earthquakes months after the 7.8 one in April
|
[
"Equador is a highly geologically active region. It receives a number of earthquakes a day on a normal basis. Earthquake activity will normally settle down to normal levels a few weeks after a big earthquake but depending on the fault lines it can last longer."
] |
[
"Some of my uni professors in the dendrochronology lab (tree rings) at the U of Arkansas did research on this by studying the climate of the area all the way back to about 1100. The research revealed that the 3 year period surrounding the colony was the driest, most extreme period of drought in the 800 years studied. Here is a little info from NOAA on their research: _URL_0_"
] |
If urine is sterile, why can't we drink it?
|
[
"Sterile means there are no bacteria in it, not that it's not bad for you. Bleach is sterile, but if you drink you'll die. Urine has water and waste products in it. You can redrink it a couple of times in survival situations to save some of the water as other posters have pointed out, but after that the waste becomes too concentrated to make it okay to drink. Edit: Urine isn't totally sterile, though it doesn't have as much or as harmful bacteria as feces do. Also, it's generally not a good idea to drink urine in a survival situation though sometimes it might be. Seems to depend on how hydrated you are and if any muscles or organs got crushed that might release harmful chemicals into the blood that will end up in your urine."
] |
[
"Because the costs associated with developing and maintaining the infrastructure to get seawater (or unprocessed fresh water) into buildings outweighs the costs of using clean water (specifically the cleaning process) which is already required in buildings."
] |
How are modern microprocessors designed when they currently have upwards of 1.4 billion transistors.
|
[
"Modern computer chips are made with a technology called **Photolithography** or also called **Nanophotolithography**. First a block of pure silicon is produced from sand. This is called the *silicon substrate* or *wafer*. Next hundreds of individual steps are used: add a layer on top, cut it into 1.4 billion pieces, add another layer, cut into 1.4 billion pieces, over and over until the chip has 1.4 billion little transistor sandwiches. The process to cut a layer into 1.4 billion precision rectangles is the photolithography machine. Modern production plants use lasers (currently UV **excimer lasers**.) It would take too long and produce too many errors for a thin directed beam to do the cutting. Instead, Intel and other chipmakers use **photomasks**, which are reusable stencils. The UV light is directed through this template onto the wafer's top layer. The photomasks have billions of small details and are difficult and expensive to produce, but they can be used thousands of times."
] |
[
"Farming, intensive breeding, and the fact that one cow can product hundreds of cuts of meat (at minimum). Cows are like a ton, a normal steak is about 600 grams ish. There are plenty of cows"
] |
How is there still room in the brain to learn new things as we get older?
|
[
"The brain doesn't work like a regular silicon based computer which has a finite storage space. On your computer there's a specific spot for \"stuff\" and it's stored as zeroes and ones. In the brain your brain literally builds the information out of connections between neurons. It's not putting stuff in a slot which was vacant, it's literally building a slot for the information to go."
] |
[
"\"Information\" is a deep concept in computer science and physics, and understanding the full meaning of that term is not exactly straightforward - But no, information is an abstract entity, so it does not take up space. It is *represented* by magnetic alignment states on a hard drive, or flip-flop states in flash memory, or charge carrier flow patterns on a cable, or EM field propagation patterns in a wireless link. Some of those things could be said to take up space, others not, depending on your viewpoint. Bigger cables aren't necessarily better. Parallel protocols can send more bits of data at once, but they suffer from other issues that ultimately make serial protocols superior at high data rates. This is part of the reason that SATA has replaced PATA, and USB has replaced parallel ports."
] |
Is the History Channel's "Vikings" accurate with regards to hairstyles?
|
[
"According to the series' [creator Michael Hirst](_URL_3_) & [stylist Dee Corcoran](_URL_1_), Ragnar's style was invented on the spot, when the actor arrived for shooting with shorter hair than expected. Solution: add extensions to the top & shave the rest off! You'll find comments in the linked interviews regarding the other two. Beyond that, I'll give you a few related posts & leave the rest to the experts in Norse culture / archaeology * [How did the vikings wear their hair?](_URL_2_) * [Did Scandinavians shave half of their heads?](_URL_0_) * [What kind of effects would be had on the hair of the Vikings (who have been said to bleach blond/white of their hair colours)?](_URL_4_)"
] |
[
"Hi - we as mods have approved this thread, because while this is a homework question, it is asking for clarification or resources, rather than the answer itself, which is fine according to [our rules](_URL_1_). This policy is further explained in this [Rules Roundtable thread](_URL_3_) and this [META Thread](_URL_2_). As a result, we'd also like to remind potential answerers to follow our rules on homework - please make sure that your answers focus appropriately on clarifications and detailing the resources that OP could be using. Additionally, while users may be able to help you out with specifics relating to your question, we also have plenty of information on /r/AskHistorians on how to find and understand good sources in general. For instance, please check out our six-part series, \"[Finding and Understanding Sources](_URL_0_)\", which has a wealth of information that may be useful for finding and understanding information for your essay."
] |
Why doesn't the US do military parades?
|
[
"Many military bases host regular events showing off their war assets. Around here (DC Region) there's the Joint Service Open House, a weekend-long event held at Andrews AFB where just about every military land/sea/air unit you can think of is on display. It's essentially a huge airshow with military aircraft, while a huge area of the tarmac is dedicated to static displays of stuff like tanks/boats/launchers/etc. It may not be a parade, but it's more or less a way for the military to show off their skills and fleets. The JSOH is a huge event for the region, but plenty of military bases host events like this all the time."
] |
[
"For starters the extra costs to the manufacturer and the customer are not worth it. And second saftey, they could be dangerous closing down on little children & even adults."
] |
What is the purpose of capacitors and resistors in electronics?
|
[
"Resistors are used to limit current from a known voltage, since many components can handle a much larger range of voltages than they can currents. A capacitor stores power which can be used for many things from creating timers like in a toaster (if you run a capacitor and a resistor in series then you can actually determine how long it will take for a capacitor to discharge) but it can also be used to smooth the current/voltage like if you rectify AC into DC then you will get a very bumpy output but if you use a capacitor then it will be slightly less so (actually a lot less, it's hard to explain it)"
] |
[
"A Congressman in the House represents the interests of individual districts where you live. A Senator in the Senate represents the interests of the state at large. The reason we have two chambers is because the Framers were concerned with balancing out the power between the states. If we only had the House, then the large states would outnumber the small states and run everything. If we only had the Senate, then the large states would be deprived of a larger voice on issues that they would likely have to lead the way on. So, the Framers created a bicameral legislature to balance it out."
] |
That low-frequency, tuneless sound effect in sci-fi/action movies nowadays, and why is it so popular?
|
[
"well, it's a sound effect. Making a scene more dramatic. And its a movie about robot cars, so of course its gotta sound a little electronic. Its just an iconic sound effect. Not sure about the origin, but I actually think it became popular because of battlefield, as its used a lot in there and i can't recall hearing it before battlefield bad company 2."
] |
[
"I don't feel my intelligence is insulted. Laughter is actually a group activity. Studies have backed this up: on being told a joke, you're much more likely to laugh if you're with other people than if you're on your own. Movies don't need laugh tracks, because they're designed to be watched in an auditorium with a large group of people -- so the live audience is there with you. But TV shows are often watched by people on their own, or in groups of two or three. Audiences are, in that situation, much less likely to laugh, even though they do \"get\" all the jokes. So a laugh track is there to simulate the experience of being in a larger group, making laughter more likely."
] |
What is the origin of Prussian militarism?
|
[
"The first Duke of Prussia was an ex grandmaster of the Teutonic Order. He converted to Lutheranism and pledged a personal oath to King Sigismund I of Poland. He was invested with the Dutchy in 1525. He obviously could not continue as grandmaster as a protestant, but the militarism of that order helped to shape the country for hundreds of years to come."
] |
[
"I would like to pose a follow up question: Were stimulants like Pervertin (Methamphetamine) only common in the ranks of 'normal' soldiers, pilots, tank crews etc., or were they also used by high ranking officers?"
] |
Who did Washington report to before he was President?
|
[
"Simple Answer: continental Congress. It was not split up into sub committees or anything like the modern day congress or senate so it would be to the group as a whole likely."
] |
[
"[Yes.](_URL_0_) A bunch of adults from an adult school in Georgetown got together and figured it out. Click on the link above to learn more."
] |
Why does water cause electronic devices (I.e. cellphones) to malfunction even after said devices have completely dried?
|
[
"Unless it's distilled water, water is actually pretty dirty. It's full of little particles and sediment. Take a really close look at a glass of unfiltered drinking water and you might probably see some. Anyway, when a device gets wet those particles settle on the microchips shorting out some of the connections (creating paths for electricity to go where it shouldn't). That's why people say to soak a phone in distilled water then leave it on rice. The distilled water washes away the sediment and the dryness of the rice pulls the water out of the phone, like a tissue dipped into a cup of water. I hope this is all accurate and simple enough, feel free to tell me if any of that is wrong or if there are better analogies. :)"
] |
[
"There are 2 types of touch screens, 1 of them works by touch, the other one is more complicated one. Phones use the more complicated solution, as this allows you to use a nice looking glass screen. Multiple times a second, your phone sends an electric signal on an layer behind the screen, starting in an corner, and then detects it at the other corners.\\* Since electricity is predictable, the signal always comes in at the same voltage and time. This changes when you hold your finger near the the touchscreen, because your finger will alter the electric field, and change the voltages received at the other ends of the screen, then the device applies a smart calculation to see where you touched the screen. & #x200B; \\* In most phones, the way this gets done is even more complicated, as most phones support multi touch, see [_URL_0_](_URL_1_)"
] |
How did inheritance work with twins?
|
[
"In my economic history course there was a comparative study of landownership in pre-industrial France and England, in which differences in the size of estates and smallholdings was due to the fashion in which properties were consolidated or split up through the generations. In France (maybe this held true for elsewhere on the continent) inheritance was partible, thus tending towards smaller holdings; in England, it was by primogeniture, which tended to enlarge estates. That's very broadly speaking, and tangential to the actual question; in regions where inheritance was by primogeniture, how were twins handled?"
] |
[
"A follow-up question of sorts: Did other monarchies, Duchies etc. use legendary people as part of the numbering for names? Like, suppose the Duchy of Toyota had a legendary founder Duke Camry, did the first actual Duke Camry take the name \"Camry II\""
] |
Are there alternative treatments to antibiotic resistant infections?
|
[
"Billions are spent annually funding many avenues of research looking for new drugs. The catch is, as soon as a new drug get through trials and FDA or similar for approval, bacteria have already developed resistance to it. To keep from being a total storm cloud, the hope is that these new drugs can target different points of weakness in an infection, and combinations of drugs can be used in a treatment."
] |
[
"NIH provides good objective information about the current status of these topics and _URL_5_ has good information about their history. Here are those pages for the topics you asked about: **Homeopathy:** _URL_4_ _URL_0_ **Acupuncture:** _URL_1_ _URL_2_ **Chiropractic:** _URL_3_ http://www._URL_5_/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/chiropractic I hope this helps."
] |
in an age of digital downloads why is pre-ordering more popular than ever?
|
[
"Pre-orders typically offer some sort of bonus. Might be extra content, might be some collectible items, so on. There is also a nice satisfying feeling of having a tangible, physical copy. Add on top of that, some people might not want to wait for 60GB of crap to download if they have slower internet, or are stingy with HDD space, or whatever."
] |
[
"If I told you I was going out of town and could pick up something you wanted, I could ask for the money up front. We both know what it's worth now. However, when I actually get there, the price has dropped, and I just pocket the difference."
] |
What does adrenaline do with your brain that you feel sharpend and stronger?
|
[
"Why do people that suffer panic attacks feel like they cannot breathe even though one of the functions of an adrenaline rush is to increase oxygen intake?"
] |
[
"[Rogue](_URL_1_), but seriously there are several studies on this. [Here](_URL_2_) is a news article. [This](_URL_0_) is a scientific article that relates epinephrine to loss of pigment. Epinephrine is linked to flight-or-fight response system. Hypothetically stress, or a \"shocking experience\" indirectly would cause whitening of hair."
] |
why people can't just follow the story line of the book when making a film adaptation.
|
[
"It's less about accuracy not being interesting, more about the fact that cinema and literature are very different mediums. Action scenes are hard to write in a book. 15 minutes of dialog can make for a dull film, badly handled. To take the Harry Potter movies as an example, in the later movies, a few sub plots and side details from the books were left out. As a big fan of the books, I was disappointed not to see certain parts brought to life on the screen, but I have to admit that leaving them in would have made the movies overly long and badly paced. You get the essence and feel of the plot, without getting bogged down in enjoyable but superfluous details."
] |
[
"I'm not a camera pro, but basically: A smartphone camera lense or even a Go pro doest have 1/10th of a cinema camera quality. There is much more than resolution and megapixels when it comes to cameras. Why does some 8mp phone camera does a better job than some 13mp ones? Same stuff. Lense, picture processing, etc..."
] |
How does a nuclear bomb work?
|
[
"You and your friend each have a large, thick water balloon. You have gotten bored of playing with them so you decide to throw them into the sink because you are five and that seems fun. You both throw your balloons into the sink at the same time and they compress together, they were tough but the combined weight of both of them being pressed together is too much force. Now the 2 balloons have been forced together, the water from both of them combined now splashes out of the sink in an \"explosion\", leaving your whole bathroom contaminated with water and you have to explain to the National Parental Society why you were playing with weapons of mass saturation."
] |
[
"Media companies \"Nuking\" torrent files with data. Nuking basically means they put some kind of trojan horse in a movie/video game file, so when you download it, they can track it and report you to your ISP."
] |
Does pressure in a system increase linearly or exponentially?
|
[
"Air can typically be assumed to follow the ideal gas law, where PV = nRT Pressure x volume = #molecules x constant x temperature Lets assume you are filling a tire with a bicycle pump. It starts off at 0psi. When you fully extend the pump, a certain number of molecules will fill the pump. And when you depress, they will be forced into the tire. Regardless of the current pressure of the tire, the same number of molecules will enter the tire. Since PV=nRT is a linear equation, each pump will increase the pressure of the tire by the same amount. However, more work is required each time to actually do the pump. You may notice that as you pump, the tire gets hotter and hotter. This is due to compression of the air in the pump, and would actually make the tire seem to fill faster the more full it is. This all assumes the tire does not expand significantly. Also, not sure how a mechanical pump would be affected."
] |
[
"Your whole high school is in the gym for an assembly. The presentation comes to an end and everyone needs to leave all at once. If you never open the doors, people will never leave. If you open one door, how long will it take for everyone to leave? If you open all the doors, how long will it take for everyone to leave? Relate this to your problem. Basically, it doesn't matter how fast or slow you open the bottle, the air will equalize anyway. It's only a function of how fast it equalizes."
] |
What happens to a fully decomposed female body with breast implants? Would they just be in the coffin or something?
|
[
"Yeah, pretty much. Same goes for other implants: metal pieces, non-biodegradable materials, and the like. Of course, if you're cremated, the heat there is hot enough to melt or burn some of these implants. YMMV."
] |
[
"urgh, the tasteless side of my brain was automatically like \"by walking into them, haha\" the more tasteful side of my brain doesn't know, and is also intrigued by this."
] |
How did the first polar explorers know they had reached the pole and they weren't actually off by kilometers?
|
[
"Astronomy. They used sextants to measure the positions of the sun (expeditions were made during the summer, so stars couldn't be used). In theory, if you are standing at the exact pole, the sun should stay at the (almost) exactly the same angle with respect to the horizon (it technically moves a tiny bit up/down the sky every day to the change of the seasons, but not at all due to the daily rotation). Sextants are pretty accurate (down to a few hundred meters in ideal conditions). Apparently the first explorers to the south pole made a bunch of measurements are the pole itself, to \"box\" it in and prove they definitely, at some point, were on top of the pole proper."
] |
[
"A few different ways; - [Lasers](_URL_0_) for really close things like the moon. - [Parallax](_URL_2_) used for nearby planets and stars. - [Standard candles](_URL_1_), the brightness of a specific type of supernova which gives a good range. - [Red Shift](_URL_3_) for things very far away. For more detail on how astronomers measure distance this Wiki page has a good list of techniques; - _URL_4_"
] |
Do animals besides humans develop anything resembling wisdom in old age?
|
[
"Perhaps accumulated conditioning would be analagous to our crystalized intelligence, but I'd imagine it would happen earlier in the life-course. While we continue to accumulate information, conditioning in animals would likely reach a peak at early adulthood, after a few seasons at reproductive age. It may change with the environment, but wouldn't be any more effective than that of a young adult. A constantly changing environment might see younger adults adapt more easily than older adults, which might be analagous to our fluid intelligence, as we also lose some adaptive capacity/fluid intelligence with age."
] |
[
"How do you know a year has passed without looking at a calendar? I imagine they sense the temperature/climate changes like anything else."
] |
Why does cold water taste better than room temperature water?
|
[
"The temperature of what we eat or drink, has an effect on our \"taste receptors\". When warmer, certain taste receptors will send a stronger electrical signal to our brain. When colder, certain *aspects* of its taste won't be noticed as easy. With water, when it's colder, we just taste less of it. It's like ice cream. When ice cream is frozen, it won't taste as sweet. We only taste the sweet when it's melting."
] |
[
"It is a matter of heat transfer. Specifically the heat transfer coefficient. Compare the coefficients of the two and you will see that your body (mostly fluid water) transfers heat energy more effectively through fluid rather than air."
] |
I just made a post which says it has 9 comments. When I look I only see 5. What's happening?
|
[
"Deleted comments are still counted in the total comment count, even though they're not visible. Your post probably has 4 deleted replies (if you're talking about an ELI5 post, then it's probably because /u/AutoModerator deleted them for being too short)."
] |
[
"This is related to the [Pulfrich effect](_URL_0_) and can be enhanced by doing in a dark room or with a strobe light (can set up on your computer to have your screen flicker and turn off the light in your room). If you do the strobe light, the text might appear *outside* of the phone, floating in space. The effect is thought to be due to differences in the processing speed of light at different intensities: brighter light is processed more quickly than dim light. As a result, the position of the screen and the position of the text are not lined up in your visual system -- by the time the information about the position of the text is processed, the screen's position is already ahead."
] |
How do we know a fundamental particle decaying into another does not reflect/show that it is not actually a fundamental particle?
|
[
"It's not what it decays to that tells you about compositeness. What *can* tell you about compositeness is the form of the probabilities for the processes (such as cross-section for scattering, and decay width for decay). Typically you can predict almost exactly these probabilities if you assume the particles are actually pointlike and not composite. The real data, if the particles are actually composite, will deviate from these predictions. Typically the most drastic deviations will appear when the momenta involved are such that the wavelengths are smaller than the structural size of the particles and can therefore probe the internal structure. For example, the proton's compositeness becomes obvious when the collision energy is at least of order hbar * c / (size of proton ~ 1 fm)."
] |
[
"In addition to the point about momentum, real mirrors aren't perfect and absorb some of the light that hits its surface. That absorbed radiation could potentially affect the surface (e.g. oxidizing a silver coating). If you pointed a powerful laser at a mirror it might absorb enough to heat up and thermally degrade or melt. Both of those scenarios don't happen commonly, though."
] |
when its very quiet in a house or building, why do they tend to have a 'humming' sort of sound?
|
[
"The electricity coming to a house or building is alternating current (AC), switching at a rate of 50 or 60 Hz. Typically, the range of human hearing goes as low as 20 Hz, so the frequency of the AC switching could be heard as a humming sound."
] |
[
"You could have [tinnitus](_URL_0_). You should see a doctor if you want any further information, since asking for medical advice is not allowed in this forum."
] |
How does my GPS know there is traffic ahead?
|
[
"You know how apps require permission for your location? It's like that. GPS networks process information from other users currently stuck in traffic. In some cases, like Google Maps and Waze apps, the permission for your location is exactly the reason they are so accurate for traffic."
] |
[
"Because the software re-tuned the engine to use far less fuel than it normally does which results in it producing far less power than advertised. If it was on all the time no one would buy the cars because they would be extremely expensive, under powered cars that while extremely efficient are not practical for every day use."
] |
Why does a glass break if someone screams at a high enough pitch?
|
[
"its not how high the pitch is, its what is called \"resonant frequencies\" if the frequency of your voice coincides with a frequency that the glass naturally vibrates at, it becomes timed perfectly to increase the amplitude of that wave until the glass can no longer handle the stress. A good way to think about resonant frequencies is swinging on a swing. A tiny amount of force, you swinging your legs, can eventually increase the amplitude of your swing VERY high because those little energy bursts are applied at JUST the right time. You could get that high on the swing in other ways, but it would require a lot more hard work. Singing the right pitch to a glass is the same as giving it all those little pushes at just the right time."
] |
[
"Placing a chicken bone in vinegar for 2-3 days is a classic elementary/middle-school science demonstration; overtime, the acetic acid slowly strips the calcium from the bone leaving behind only the elastin and collagen fibers. At this point you can easily bend the bone (within reason) without breaking it. Once bent, I suppose you could fix the bone back into place if you had a way to add calcium back into the elastin scaffold. This isn't as simple as placing the bone in a calcium solution, since the mineralization process in-vivo is largely driven by glandular secretions, vitamin-D, and other processes that could be hard to reproduce outside the body."
] |
why do people pass out on roller coasters?
|
[
"There could be multiple factors but probably they couldn't take the G-forces so the brain isn't getting enough oxygen causing it blackout."
] |
[
"[Rogue](_URL_1_), but seriously there are several studies on this. [Here](_URL_2_) is a news article. [This](_URL_0_) is a scientific article that relates epinephrine to loss of pigment. Epinephrine is linked to flight-or-fight response system. Hypothetically stress, or a \"shocking experience\" indirectly would cause whitening of hair."
] |
If we could see UV light, could we see new colors?
|
[
"It depends. The different colors are not a direct result of the different wavelengths, but rather, of how well each wavelength is absorbed by each of the 3 types of color-sensing cone cells in the human eye. Every color we see is due to an interaction between these 3 types of cones cells. So, the answer to your question depends on *how* we become able to see ultraviolet light. If we did so by obtaining a 4th type of cone cell that was sensitive to those wavelengths, then yes, it would probably create a whole spectrum of new color experiences, as well as changing our color experience of the wavelengths we can already sense now. If, on the other hand, we did so by changing the absorption characteristics of the 3 existing cone cells, such that they responded to a wider range of wavelengths including UV, then it's likely that we would still see the same set of colors, although probably in response to different wavelengths than before."
] |
[
"We do, it's called radio. We've been using patterns in light waves to communicate for almost a century now. Those radio (and other) waves have echoed out into space away from our planet. If other intelligent life is out there, close enough, and listening, they've already \"heard\" us"
] |
Why do we get birthmarks
|
[
"Birth marks are actually a result from an abnormal development of pigment cells. And over 80 percent of babies get then busy most fade away over the years."
] |
[
"[ > Moles are benign tumours with unusually high concentrations of melanin -- tumours are abnormal tissue growth (longer) and melanin is pigment (darker).](_URL_0_)"
] |
Do other animals realise that our species is sentient?
|
[
"Disregarding the argument about solipsism, or anything else anyone said, dogs bark at us when asking for food. They bark to go outside. Sometimes they just keep barking until we fix whatever they find wrong. They assume that we will be able to respond to their stimuli, so yeah, I think they do realize we are sentient."
] |
[
"How do you know a year has passed without looking at a calendar? I imagine they sense the temperature/climate changes like anything else."
] |
Why are fish and other seafoods not considered meat by Catholicism?
|
[
"The theological reasons are because the words used for meat in Greek and Hebrew were different for land, sea, and \"air\" animals. So when they were inventing the traditions of Lent and other dietary rules (which do not exist in the bible) including the practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays the decided to follow the same model as the Greek and Hebrew languages where the word meat only applied to land animals."
] |
[
"To give a slightly different example that /u/Vampire_Seraphin's a current excavation off of the coast of Sri Lanka at a fishing village called Gotavaya is the first marine excavation of an ancient shipwreck in Indian waters. It is dated from the first century BCE/CE, which was the peak of the ancient trade, but as of yet there has been no marine archaeology to help fill, out our picture, which is an enormous gap when one considers how much marine archaeology has added to our picture of trade in the Mediterranean. The excavation has only just begun so there is no published material, but the team [maintains a blog](_URL_9_)."
] |
Why does low gear act as a brake when going down hill?
|
[
"The resistive force is the engine compressing the air in the cylinders. When you use a low gear you are spinning the engine the fastest for your speed. Therefore the most compression events happen per time, and you get the most breaking. Tldr, your converting kinetic energy to hot air"
] |
[
"It's how the bricks are made. The LEGO term is \"clutch power\". You have the top cylinders on the top of the bricks and then on the inside you have inner cylinders. They do give out but after a LONG time. Here's an example _URL_0_"
] |
Is it possible to ignite Saturn, and if so how would you go about doing it?
|
[
"No. Saturn is primarily hydrogen, only a minority of its material is helium. Helium is not flammable. The chemical process of combustion does not occur in the Sun; the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, in which hydrogen atoms merge to form helium atoms. Also, Saturn would need about 200 times more mass than it currently has to be able to sustain hydrogen fusion, and even then it would be far, far smaller and dimmer than the Sun."
] |
[
"By matching its speed. Ever see a movie where someone runs up beside a train that is leaving the station, matches its speed, and then jumps inside? It's kind of like that, but a lot faster, and with rockets."
] |
Are William C. Davis and James I. Robertson good historians on the Civil War?
|
[
"Robertson I would say is very well regarded. He is essentially the best living historian in particular on Stonewall Jackson and the Shenandoah Valley during the war. In his youth and many of his earlier books he was in instances particularly scathing of his conduct and performance as a general, though that softened to a degree with age. And he only recently retired from teaching at Virginia Tech, and I unfortunately was never able to get into any of his classes while an undergrad. He was also named the chairman of the federal U.S. Civil War Centennial Commission by JFK back in 1961. I would say he may be a very Southern focused historian but he does not espouse any sort of apologism or doctrine like that. Though he was the chief consultant for the film Gods and Generals which does er quite a bit towards veneration of the Cause, but as with any film how often do they actually listen to the people they bring in as experts, we will likely never know."
] |
[
"You may be interested in this answer I gave on this very topic about a week ago. It focuses on all the survivors of the Kido Butai, but the former crew of the Hiryu would have been given no special treatment. _URL_0_ Remember the Allies landed on Guadalcanal 8 weeks after Midway, and the forces fought two more carrier battles that fall, along with daily or near daily air battles over the islands. This meant that especially the fighter squadrons rom Rabaul were bleeding out men at a prodigious rate. For more on the KB I would also suggest Shattered Sword by Parshall and Tully. For the fighting in the Solomons I would suggest Islands of Destiny by Prados or First Team at Guadalcanal by Lundstrom."
] |
Why does it sometimes cost more to fly from A - > B than it does to fly from A - > B - > C?
|
[
"Supply and demand. People are willing to pay more to shave a few hours off of their trip and there's only so many seats on the plane. Airlines aren't priced by how much it costs them to fly; they charge you (or try to charge you) the maximum you're willing to pay."
] |
[
"If you have thin film of transparent material the light reflect on both top and bottom surfaces of this film the additional distance the light that reflect on the bottom of the film makes difference in the phase of the light wave function. As the phase of wave functions of the same light are shifted now, they start to interference and change the white light to colored light. The angle of light to surface determines the distance that is traveled in the film. Different distance means different shift of the phase. Different points in the surface have different distance from your eye the angle of the light that hits your eye is then also different."
] |
What is a photon made of?
|
[
"No, they're fundamental. Not made of anything. You can look at an electromagnetic wave as perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields, as well as as a collection of photons."
] |
[
"There are only two \"inherent\" speeds that particles can have - the speed of light, and less than the speed of light. If it's the latter, they can travel at any speed in that range."
] |
If a scientist took a group of Chimpanzees (or another intelligent species) and found the most intelligent 30%, then bred them, and found the most intelligent 30% of the children, and repeated this for generations, how many times would it take before they began to show signs of higher intelligence?
|
[
"After 50 years (25 generations) the foxes are docile enough to be sold as pets. [Wikipedia Link] (_URL_0_)"
] |
[
"As far as students are concerned, gifted is a hold-over term for people with an IQ of 135 or higher (highest ~~5%~~ 2% of the population). Research has shown that high IQ students require a very different method of teaching and do not perform well in standard classes. This makes the child unable to learn in an environment and curriculum that works for 90% of other children. This is technically a disability in the same way the lowest 5% IQ children are unable to learn in a standard curriculum. We now know that high IQ children that do not receive special classes (gifted programs) are more likely to drop out, do illegal drugs, and to violate the law. With all that said... Many parents, teachers, and schools confuse the difference between high IQ and high achievers. A high achiever works hard and *wants* to have the best grades and be top of the class. A high IQ child is capable of having the top grades, but must feel challenged to do so. Edit: top 2%, not 5%"
] |
Rocket science: Why cant you use liquid oxygen as a fuel in rockets, and why cant we use fluorine for a stronger oxidizer?
|
[
"Well, lox *is* used in most rockets. But it's the oxidiser, not the fuel. Its job is basically to grab electrons from the fuel and react explosively. The fuel's job is to react nicely with the oxidiser, usually politely offering it some Hydrogen atoms or something. I'm not sure if it's even possible for oxygen to play the role of fuel; and either way it's not the best way of using it. Fluorine has been looked at before as an oxidiser. There ought to be a description of it somewhere in John D. Clark's excellent book [Ignition!](_URL_0_) -- well worth a read if you're interested in rocket fuel. Basically, it's just incredibly nasty to work with, i.e. it corrodes all the pipes, and if there's any water, it forms a very strong acid. So chemically, it's a wonderful oxidiser, but nobody without a death wish would ever want to work with it."
] |
[
"Do the best with what you have. Florida and California are US launch sites because they are good enough. There's certainly an advantage to an equator launch, but logistically and practically its far easier to launch from home... and cheaper! Baikonur (Kazakhstan) fits a similar idea... although being the USSR's launch site, there a lot of crazy complications regarding that location, that are way out of scope to the core question. > What stops countries such as Russia or America from acquiring a plot of land closer to the equator? Is it simply a political reason? Certainly they could do this, but again, most of this stuff is just cheaper and easier to do at home ... even more so if you don't want anyone snooping on what you're doing, its a lot easier to protect Florida than it would some random place near the equator."
] |
[META] What are the qualities of a good source?
|
[
"It is not the case that the submission was removed simply because of the sources used, and the comments you reference are from users, not moderators. The topic in question is a highly controversial one, and in our original estimation, we felt that the response, while pushing a narrow, and contentious viewpoint, should be allowed to stand and be contested. However, we soon after received credible reports, confirmed by the Admins, that the submission was part of a coordinated upvote brigade intended to push this controversial stance on the topic of the Famine. While we are not averse to controversial topics, or even posts that entertain views which go counter to the mainstream historiography, we do not play host to astroturfing like this. A response in the future that references those sources would be allowed to stand, if it was part of a larger, balanced explanation of both sides of the issue, or at the very least a less disingenuous treatment of the topic."
] |
[
"Basically, even if you're reporting news there are a lot of things that make it possibly biased: * what type of news they choose to show * how they word the headlines/how the reporters describe the news * how long they choose to focus on a certain segment or topic These sorts of things."
] |
What is the sensation I get in between my eyes on my forehead when I hold something like a pen or my finger close to it? What causes it?
|
[
"This is a more scientific answer than it sounds: it's all in your head. Try having a friend hold a pen there randomly half of the time. You guess when it's there, the more you guess the closer to chance you should get."
] |
[
"Think of a marbel in a field at night, you know it is somewhere on the field but you just cannot make it out. Now imagine it's moving. On the other hand, imagine a street light with a fly buzzing around it. You cannot see the fly but if you look at the light long enough you can just make out something changing in the light on a regular basis, a slight flickering where the light is usually steady."
] |
Why when it's cold outside do you get a runny or blocked nose?
|
[
"When we breathe in, our noses warm the air and add moisture to it as it travels down into our lungs. Cold, dry air irritates your nasal lining, and as a result, your nasal glands produce excess mucus to keep the lining moist. Or at least that's what I could find on the internet, hope it hepls."
] |
[
"It is supposed to be a natural reaction that our ancestors used to survive. It would keep them away from the nests of dangerous insects such as termites. It was the body's way of trying to avoid the danger and keep alive. If you believe in evolution you could say that it is part of evolution."
] |
Since Kepler has a fixed field of view, how many Keplers would it take to survey the entire sky?
|
[
"Kepler has a 105 square degree usable field of view, the sky is 41,253 square degrees, so you'd need about 400 Keplers to cover the whole sky."
] |
[
"> does the satellite emits one signal that is interpred by every single user on his own or do the satellite do any calculus that it send to the user. The satellite emits one signal. This signal contains, among other things, information on the time that it was emitted. GPS receivers collect this signal from multiple satellites and perform the calculations to determine the location themselves. GPS is a one-way system, the satellites send and the GPS-devices receive. Because of this, there's no limit to the number of devices a satellite can service."
] |
What's the point of the commonwealth?
|
[
"Re ._URL_3_. The co has nothing to do with the commonwealth. The UK chose to have a second level to the .uk web address. This means there are lots of .uk web addresses. There's ._URL_3_ for companies There's ._URL_0_ for organisations that don't like to be called a company, like charities. There's ._URL_2_ for the UK government. There's ._URL_4_ for the national health service. There's ._URL_1_ for universities (academic institutions). ETC. EDIT: I'd also thank you to not call our web addresses \"retarded\", young whippersnapper."
] |
[
"This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_"
] |
How did early space probes like the Voyager send back pictures in absence of digital photography?
|
[
"The Voyager spacecraft were launched in the 1970s. They actually did use (and still do today!) digital transmission. They were one of the earliest successful uses of a type of error-correcting digital code known as Reed-Solomon. Quite a triumph of 1970s technology. (Today, CDs and DVDs use a similar form of digital error correction.) Some earlier spacecraft, such as Mariner, also sent back digital encodings of black-and-white pictures. Those spacecraft *were* from the 1960s."
] |
[
"They use [spectrographs](_URL_0_), a device which measures the light that comes off that planet. This works because most substances have their own spectral fingerprint, which is very recognizable. For example, if you hold salt in a candleflame and look at the spectrum, it will have a bright orange emission line, which stands for sodium. [pic](_URL_1_)"
] |
What unsolved technical issues remain that prohibit a manned mission to Mars?
|
[
"From a technical perspective I think there are not really many purely technical challenges that are not solvable with current technology.] Outside of money, I think the biggest barrier is that we are not yet exactly sure how to keep people healthy on such a long mission."
] |
[
"How would you get it there? Pound for pound, going to the moon is expensive. Really expensive. How would you service them? Getting a technician up there is really really expensive. How would you protect them? Earth has mild temperatures and magnetic protection from solar flares. The Moon doesn't."
] |
Why is temperature sensitivity not considered one of the main senses?
|
[
"Because the 5 sences were first popularized by Plato _URL_0_ Plato was a public speaker and his job was to simplify knowledge for the masses. So he came up with 5 senses. But _URL_1_ has a large number of other sense's such as kinetic, temperature and balance."
] |
[
"Look at it like a phone and charger. If you put a load of energy into the phone (more than it's rated for), it'll do serious damage almost immediately. If you use an underrated charger, it'll put only a little energy in, but the phone will use more than it's getting and eventually die. Heat is just a form of energy, and your body needs just a certain amount. Too much and it'll damage you, quickly. Too little and eventually, when demand outstrips supply, it'll start to die."
] |
Why does horseradish burn your sinuses? Like why your sinuses and nothing else, and why does the feeling shoot up your sinuses like that?
|
[
"It's got stuff in it that irritates the mucus membrane. A biological defense mechanism that stops animals eating the plant. Instead of just smelling bad, it smells painful. \"The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes.\" _URL_0_"
] |
[
"The sense we call \"Taste\" is actually sensing the chemical makeup of whatever you're putting in your mouth. Various nerve endings in your taste buds will only send a signal to your brain if they are triggered by a certain chemical. Since different foods have different combinations of chemicals, we experience each as a unique taste. Essentially, your brain gets a combination of chemical signals from your tongue and labels that specific combination \"corned beef\" or \"Mountain Dew.\""
] |
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