| One hundred and thirty-seven seconds | |
| A short story by Stanisław Lem published in 1976, translated from Polish in 2015 by Marcin Wichary | |
| Translator’s note: This is my first translation of a Stanisław Lem story. I tried to stay true to the spirit of the original as much as possible, which means original occasional odd idioms, mismatched units, and kilometer-long sentences. The story was published in 1976, and predates desktop publishing and the Internet. To the best of my knowledge, Lem has never visited America. | |
| Gentlemen, owing to lack of time and adverse circumstances, most people leave this world without thinking too much about it. Those who try get a headache and move on to something else. I belong to the second group. As my career progressed, the amount of space dedicated to me in Who’s Who grew and grew, but neither the last issue nor any future ones will explain why I abandoned journalism. This will be the subject of my story, which I wouldn’t tell you under other circumstances anyway. | |
| I knew a talented boy who decided to build a sensitive galvanometer, and he succeeded all too well; his device would move without any electricity, reacting to tremors of the Earth’s surface. This could be a motto of my story. I was a night shift editor at the foreign branch of UPI. I endured a lot there, including the automation of laying out newspaper pages. I said good-bye to human typesetters and moved on to IBM 0161, a computer built specifically for page composition work. I regret not having been born a hundred fifty years ago. My story would start with “I seduced Countess De…” and if I moved to describing how I snatched the reins from the driver and started to whip the horses so that I could escape the thugs sent by a jealous husband, I wouldn’t have to explain what a countess is, or how seducing works. But it’s not so easy today. The 0161 computer is not a mechanical typesetter. It’s a speed demon, restrained through engineering tricks only so that humans can keep up with it. It replaces ten to twelve people. It’s directly connected to a few dozen teletypes in order for everything typed by our correspondents — in Ankara, Baghdad, or Tokyo — to immediately get into its circuits. The computer cleans it up and throws various layouts of the morning issue pages up on its screen. Between midnight and 3 a.m. — that’s when we close the issue — it can create as many as fifty different variants. It is up to the editor on call to decide which one gets printed. A human typesetter asked to do not fifty but even just five different versions of one issue would go crazy. But the computer works a million times faster than any of us — or it would if it was allowed to. I do realize how much of the appeal of my story I’m destroying with remarks like this. What would be left of the countess’s charms if, instead of extolling the alabaster complexion of her breasts, I started talking about their chemical makeup? Those are difficult times for raconteurs; everything approachable is anachronistic, and everything sensational requires pages from encyclopedias and a university textbook. However, no one figured out a solution for this. And the collaboration with the IBM was fascinating. Whenever a new story comes in — it all happens in a big round room, filled with constant teletype clatter — the computer immediately flows it into the page layout, of course only on the screen. It’s all shadow play, a game of electrons. Some grieve for people who lost those jobs. I didn’t. A computer has no ambitions, it doesn’t get upset if five minutes to three the last piece of domestic news is missing, it isn’t perturbed by household worries, doesn’t need to borrow money before the month’s end, doesn’t get tired, won’t make you feel it knows everything better, and it definitely won’t take offense if you ask it to kick out straight to the last page, in nonpareille, whatever it just put as a headline. But it’s also incredibly demanding, and it’s not something that’s immediately recognizable. If you say “no,” it’s a definitive, decisive “no,” a tyrant’s sentence, since the computer cannot disobey! But since it never gets anything wrong, any mistakes in the morning edition will be mistakes of people. The creators of the IBM thought of absolutely everything, except for one little detail: regardless of how well-balanced and bolted down they are, the teletypes will vibrate, just like fast typewriters would. Because of those vibrations, the cables connecting our teletypes with the computer have a tendency to loosen, eventually causing the plugs to disconnect. It happens rarely, perhaps once or twice a month. It’s not a huge nuisance — you only have to get up and put the plug back in — so no one ever requested better plugs. Every one of us on-call editors thought about it, but without much conviction. And it’s possible that the plugs are different now. If so, then the revelation I want to tell you about will never be repeated. | |
| It happened on a Christmas Eve. My issue was ready just before 3 a.m. — I liked having a reserve of even a few minutes, enough to rest and light my pipe. I felt content that the rotary was waiting not for me, but for the latest piece of news — that Eve it was about Iran, which had experienced an earthquake just that morning. The agencies reported only a fragment of the correspondent’s dispatch, since the first tremor was followed by another, strong enough to destroy the cable connection. Since the radio was silent too, we thought that the broadcasting station must have been in ruins. We were counting on our man, Stan Rogers. He was as small as a jockey and knew how to use that; sometimes he would manage to get onboard a military helicopter already packed to the brim, since he weighed no more than a suitcase. The screen was filled with the layout of the front page — save for one blank, white rectangle. The connection to Iran was still lost. And even though some of the teletypes were still clattering in the background, I recognized the sound of the Iranian one immediately when it became active. It was a matter of experience. It took me by surprise that the white rectangle remained empty, even though the words should be filling in at the same speed as the teletype’s printing. But the pause lasted just a second or two. Then the entire piece, rather concise, materialized on the screen at the same time, which surprised me too. I remember it by heart. The headline was already there. Underneath, it was reported: “In Sherabad, underground tremors of a seven- and eight-degree magnitude repeated themselves twice between ten and eleven a.m. local time. The city is in ruins. The estimated toll is 1,000 people, with 6,000 homeless.” | |
| I heard the buzzer; the printer was warning me it was 3 a.m. Since such a terse story left a bit of free space, I diluted it with two extra sentences and through the strike of a key sent down the entire issue to the printing office, where it would go straight to the linotypes and then to the rotary presses. | |
| I had nothing else to do, so I got up to stretch my bones. As I was reigniting my pipe, I noticed a cable on the floor. It was disconnected from a teletype, the Ankara teletype, which was exactly the one Rogers was using. As I was picking up the cable, a nonsensical thought flashed through my head: what if the cable was already disconnected when the teletype sounded off? It was obviously an absurd thought, since how could the computer write a story without that connection? I slowly walked to the teletype, tore off a piece of paper with the imprinted message, and raised it towards my eyes. Immediately, I sensed it was phrased differently, but as usual for this hour I felt tired and scattered and didn’t trust my memory. I turned on the computer again, asked it to show me the front page, and compared both pieces. They were indeed different, although not by much. The teletype version read: | |
| “Between ten and eleven local time, two aftershocks occurred in Sherabad, at a magnitude of seven and eight degrees. The city is completely destroyed. The number of casualties tops five hundred, and those without roofs over their heads count six thousand.” | |
| I stood there, staring at the screen, then at the paper, and then at the screen again. I had no idea what to think or do. Factually, both versions were almost identical, the only difference being the casualty estimation: Ankara reported half a thousand, the computer doubled it. My regular journalist reflexes kicked in, and I immediately called the printer. | |
| “Hey,” I said to Langhorne, the lead linotypist. “I found an error in the Iranian message, first page, third column, last line, instead of one thousand, should be…” | |
| I stopped since the Turkish teletype woke up and started clattering: “Attention. Latest news. Attention. The number of earthquake casualties now estimated to be one thousand. Rogers.” | |
| “Hey, so…? What do you want it to be?” shouted Langhorne from downstairs. I sighed. | |
| “Sorry, man,” I said. “No mistake. My fault. It’s alright, okay to go as is.” | |
| I put the handset away, walked to the teletype, and read the addition a good half a dozen times. I liked it less and less with every read. I felt that, I don’t know, the floor was getting soft below my feet. I walked around the computer, looking at it with distrust and — I was certain — a bit of fear. How did it do it? I didn’t understand anything and felt that the longer I tried to think about it, the less I would comprehend. | |
| At home, in bed, I couldn’t fall asleep. I tried to forbid myself from thinking about this wild story, primarily with my psychic hygiene in mind. In terms of facts this was, after all, a trifle. I knew I wouldn’t be able to tell anyone about it, since no one would believe me. They would take it for a joke, flimsy and naïve. After tossing and turning in bed, I decided to put things under a microscope — that is, to systematically examine the computer’s reaction to disconnecting teletypes. That brought relief of sorts, at least enough to fall asleep. | |
| I woke up in a somewhat optimistic mood and with an answer to my puzzle, or at least something that could pass as one. Who the hell knows how I arrived at it. | |
| Teletypes vibrate when they work. It’s those vibrations that cause the plugs to get detached. Could that be a temporary signaling source? Even I, with my worthless and slow human senses, could pick up differences between teletypes by sound alone; I recognized whenever the Parisian one started working because of its distinct metallic strikes. If the receiver was a hundred times more sensitive, could it pick up on those negligible differences between individual letter keys? It wouldn’t be 100% accurate, and that’s why the computer could not repeat the teletype message word for word, but twisted it stylistically, simply filling in the blanks in the information. As for the casualties, the IBM was, after all, originally a computing machine; the damaged buildings, the time of the earthquake, and the number of victims must correlate statistically; missing a number, the computer used its lightning-fast mathematical skills and came up with one thousand people. Our correspondent didn’t do any calculations and simply passed on the estimate from the locals. Later on, having obtained a more precise value, he sent in the final correction. The computer prevailed since it relied not on rumors, but rather on strict statistical materials residing in its ferrite memory. That line of thinking comforted me completely. | |
| IBM 0161 isn’t, after all, just a passive relay; if the teletype operator commits a spelling or a grammar mistake, that mistake pops up on the screen only to be replaced, a fraction of a second later, with the correct expression. Sometimes this happens so quickly it’s unnoticeable by anyone; the only way to find out about a correction is to later compare the teletype printout with what’s on the screen. The IBM is not a simple automatized typesetter, since it’s connected to the networks of the agency and a few libraries, and it’s possible to ask it for extra information to supplement messages that are too sparse. In brief, I explained it all to myself splendidly, even though I still intended to perform a few further small experiments during my next shift, although without telling anyone about them — or about the Christmas Eve story — since that was more reasonable. | |
| There was no lack of opportunities. Just a couple of days later I was once again sitting in the foreign service room, and when Beirut started transmitting the message about the submarine from the Sixth Fleet missing in the Mediterranean, I stood up and, keeping my gaze on the screen as it quickly filled with the news, I disconnected the cable with one smooth and sneaky move. The text stopped growing for a fraction of a second, frozen midword as if the computer, surprised, didn’t know what to do. But that shock was indeed momentary; new words started popping up on the white background almost immediately as I frantically compared them with the text struck off by the teletype. And the thing I already recognized happened again — the computer would relay the message from the teletype, but using slightly different words: “the spokesperson of the Sixth Fleet declared,” instead of “said”; “the search is in progress” instead of “continues.” A few other similar nuances separated the two messages. | |
| It’s peculiar how easy it is for someone to get used to the extraordinary if they understand its principles — or at least if it seems like they understand them. I already had the impression I fooled the computer, playing with it like a cat would with a mouse. I felt I had the situation under control. The layout was still shining with many bald spots and the texts that were supposed to fill it in would be coming in now, in the informational rush hour, a few at a time. I started seeking out the right cables from the bundle and unplugging them one by one, eventually ending up with six or seven in my hand. The computer would continue working with utmost leisure, even though it was connected to no more teletypes. For sure, I said to myself, it distinguishes individual letters and words from the vibrations, and that which cannot be recreated immediately is refined with immediate extrapolation or some other mathematical means. I worked as if in a trance, with great concentration and fixation waiting for another teletype to wake up — and when the Roman one started making noise, I pulled the cord. I did it well enough so that I disconnected not just the usual plug, now in my hand, but also the second one, sending the power to the teletype. The teletype froze, naturally, and I rushed to reconnect it, but something struck me and I glanced at the screen. | |
| The Roman teletype was dead, but the computer merrily continued to fill the space dedicated to the Italian governmental crisis with “the latest updates.” With bated breath, feeling something strange was once again happening with the floor and my knees, I walked up to the screen and the innocent words — “appointed Battista Castellani as the prime minister” — seemed to me like a dispatch from another world. Hastily, I connected the Roman teletype with the main transmission cable to compare both texts. Oh, now the differences between them were much bigger, but the computer never swayed from the truth, from the contents of the message. Castellani indeed became the prime minister, but that sentence appeared in a different context, and four lines lower than on the screen. It all looked to me as if two reporters, learning independently about the same thing, naturally wrote up the story in their own way; with weak knees I sat down to try, for the last time, to salvage my hypothesis, but I already felt that would be futile. All of my rationalization crumbled in a moment, because how on Earth could the computer read the vibrations of the teletype which was as deaf and dead as a tree trunk? After all, the IBM couldn’t detect the movements of the teletype used in Rome by our correspondent! I felt dizzy. Had someone entered the room right then, it would look God knows how suspicious — I was sweaty, shifty-eyed, still clutching a bunch of cables in my sweaty hands, like a criminal surprised in flagranti. I felt I was a rat caught in a corner and reacted like a distraught rat would — I started violently disconnecting all of the teletypes, so that in a minute all of the rattle died down — and I stood there in dead silence, opposite my computer. What happened then was strange, perhaps even more stunning than anything that happened so far. Even though the page was not yet quite filled, the flow of new text slowed down. More so, with the new, slower pace, came sentences without any essence, barren, in one word: filler. For a good while the lines of text crawled into their own spaces on the screen, until they froze — all of them. Some of the articles took on an absurdly comic nature. There was a note about a soccer game where, instead of the final score, the story concluded with an empty cliché about the courageous attitude of the players of both teams. Further news from Iran broke down with a statement about earthquakes being events of cosmic scale, since they happen even on the Moon. It was neither here nor there. The mysterious wellsprings from which the computer drew its inspiration dried out. | |
| My first task was, of course, to set the issue. I reconnected the teletypes in a big hurry and whatever just played out in front of me I had time to think about only after three, when the rotary presses started working. I knew I would find no peace until I got to the bottom of this fascinating performance and its no less surprising collapse. A layman’s first thought would be to simply ask the computer itself the appropriate questions: if it’s so smart, and at the same time so ruthlessly obedient, let it reveal how, through which mechanisms, it could work, disconnected, and also what later halted that effort. That thought was planted in our heads by popular fables of electric brains, given that you cannot speak to a computer the same way you could with a human, regardless of whether that human was smart or stupid: the computer is still not at all a person! You could just as much expect a broken typewriter to tell you where and how to fix it. A computer processes information without having any rational attitude towards it. The sentences it spits out are like trains traveling on a track of syntax. If the trains derail it means that something within the computer is not functioning properly, but it won’t know anything about this, for the simple reason that “it” is used here in the same way as if talking about a lamp or a stool. Our IBM could by itself formulate and reformulate the contents of stereotypical news bulletins, nothing more. The importance of individual news was always decided by a human. The IBM could compile two informationally complementary notes into one, or select an idiomatic opening to a purely factual news item, thanks to ready-made templates of such behavior, of which it had stored hundreds of thousands. That opening would match the contents of the news solely because IBM would perform a statistical analysis, selecting so-called key words; if the news item, for example, contained repeated mentions of “goals,” “penalty kicks,” and “opponent’s team,” it would chose something from the sports tournament repertoire; the computer was, in one word, a railwayman who could in the right manner toggle turnouts, connect carriages, and send the trains towards proper destinations; however, it was not aware of their cargo. It oriented itself purely on the external properties of words, sentences, phrases, those subject to mathematical operations of disassembly and assembly. I couldn’t expect it to be of any help. | |
| ```cpp | |
| struct llm_build_glm4 : public llm_graph_context { | |
| llm_build_glm4(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params) : llm_graph_context(params) { | |
| const int64_t n_embd_head = hparams.n_embd_head_v; | |
| const int64_t n_embd_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(); | |
| GGML_ASSERT(n_embd_head == hparams.n_embd_head_k); | |
| ggml_tensor * cur; | |
| ggml_tensor * inpL; | |
| inpL = build_inp_embd(model.tok_embd); | |
| // inp_pos - contains the positions | |
| ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos(); | |
| auto * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_kv(); | |
| ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids(); | |
| for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) { | |
| ggml_tensor * inpSA = inpL; | |
| // Pre-attention norm | |
| cur = build_norm(inpL, | |
| model.layers[il].attn_norm, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "attn_norm", il); | |
| // self-attention | |
| { | |
| ggml_tensor * Qcur = nullptr; | |
| ggml_tensor * Kcur = nullptr; | |
| ggml_tensor * Vcur = nullptr; | |
| if (model.layers[il].wqkv == nullptr) { | |
| Qcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wq, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bq) { | |
| Qcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, model.layers[il].bq); | |
| } | |
| Kcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wk, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bk) { | |
| Kcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, model.layers[il].bk); | |
| } | |
| Vcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wv, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bv) { | |
| Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, model.layers[il].bv); | |
| } | |
| Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens); | |
| Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens); | |
| Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens); | |
| } else { | |
| cur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wqkv, cur); | |
| cb(cur, "wqkv", il); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bqkv) { | |
| cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.layers[il].bqkv); | |
| cb(cur, "bqkv", il); | |
| } | |
| Qcur = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, cur, n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens, n_embd_head*sizeof(float), cur->nb[1], 0*sizeof(float)*(n_embd)); | |
| Kcur = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, cur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens, n_embd_head*sizeof(float), cur->nb[1], 1*sizeof(float)*(n_embd)); | |
| Vcur = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, cur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens, n_embd_head*sizeof(float), cur->nb[1], 1*sizeof(float)*(n_embd + n_embd_gqa)); | |
| } | |
| Qcur = ggml_rope_ext( | |
| ctx0, Qcur, inp_pos, nullptr, | |
| n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale, | |
| ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow | |
| ); | |
| Kcur = ggml_rope_ext( | |
| ctx0, Kcur, inp_pos, nullptr, | |
| n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale, | |
| ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow | |
| ); | |
| cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il); | |
| cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il); | |
| cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il); | |
| cur = build_attn(inp_attn, | |
| model.layers[il].wo, NULL, | |
| Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, 1.0f/sqrtf(float(n_embd_head)), il); | |
| } | |
| if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids) { | |
| cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids); | |
| inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids); | |
| } | |
| // Post-attention norm (new!) | |
| cur = build_norm(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].attn_post_norm, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "post_attn_norm", il); | |
| // Add the input (residual connection after post-attention norm) | |
| ggml_tensor * ffn_inp = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpSA); | |
| cb(ffn_inp, "ffn_inp", il); | |
| // FF | |
| { | |
| // Pre-MLP norm | |
| cur = build_norm(ffn_inp, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_norm, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "ffn_norm", il); | |
| // MLP | |
| cur = build_ffn(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_up, NULL, NULL, | |
| NULL, NULL, NULL, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_down, NULL, NULL, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_FFN_SWIGLU, LLM_FFN_SEQ, il); | |
| cb(cur, "ffn_out", il); | |
| // Post-MLP norm | |
| cur = build_norm(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_post_norm, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "post_mlp_norm", il); | |
| } | |
| // Add residual connection after post-MLP norm | |
| inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, ffn_inp); | |
| cb(inpL, "l_out", il); | |
| } | |
| // Final norm | |
| cur = build_norm(inpL, | |
| model.output_norm, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_NORM_RMS, -1); | |
| cb(cur, "result_norm", -1); | |
| res->t_embd = cur; | |
| // Output projection | |
| cur = build_lora_mm(model.output, cur); | |
| cb(cur, "result_output", -1); | |
| res->t_logits = cur; | |
| ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur); | |
| } | |
| }; | |
| struct llm_build_glm4_moe : public llm_graph_context { | |
| llm_build_glm4_moe(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params) : llm_graph_context(params) { | |
| const int64_t n_embd_head = hparams.n_embd_head_v; | |
| GGML_ASSERT(n_embd_head == hparams.n_embd_head_k); | |
| ggml_tensor * cur; | |
| ggml_tensor * inpL; | |
| inpL = build_inp_embd(model.tok_embd); | |
| // inp_pos - contains the positions | |
| ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos(); | |
| auto * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_kv(); | |
| ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids(); | |
| // Only process up to last layer (skip final NextN layer) | |
| // Final layer tensors are loaded but not processed in forward pass | |
| const int n_transformer_layers = n_layer - hparams.nextn_predict_layers; | |
| for (int il = 0; il < n_transformer_layers; ++il) { | |
| ggml_tensor * inpSA = inpL; | |
| // Pre-attention norm | |
| cur = build_norm(inpL, model.layers[il].attn_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "attn_norm", il); | |
| // self-attention | |
| { | |
| ggml_tensor * Qcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wq, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bq) { | |
| Qcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, model.layers[il].bq); | |
| } | |
| cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il); | |
| ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wk, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bk) { | |
| Kcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, model.layers[il].bk); | |
| } | |
| cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il); | |
| ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wv, cur); | |
| if (model.layers[il].bv) { | |
| Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, model.layers[il].bv); | |
| } | |
| cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il); | |
| Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens); | |
| Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens); | |
| Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens); | |
| // Apply Q/K norm if available (GLM-4.5 355B variant) | |
| if (model.layers[il].attn_q_norm) { | |
| Qcur = build_norm(Qcur, model.layers[il].attn_q_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(Qcur, "Qcur_normed", il); | |
| } | |
| if (model.layers[il].attn_k_norm) { | |
| Kcur = build_norm(Kcur, model.layers[il].attn_k_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(Kcur, "Kcur_normed", il); | |
| } | |
| Qcur = ggml_rope_ext( | |
| ctx0, Qcur, inp_pos, nullptr, | |
| n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale, | |
| ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow | |
| ); | |
| Kcur = ggml_rope_ext( | |
| ctx0, Kcur, inp_pos, nullptr, | |
| n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale, | |
| ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow | |
| ); | |
| cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il); | |
| cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il); | |
| cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il); | |
| cur = build_attn(inp_attn, | |
| model.layers[il].wo, NULL, | |
| Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, 1.0f/sqrtf(float(n_embd_head)), il); | |
| } | |
| if (il == n_transformer_layers - 1 && inp_out_ids) { | |
| cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids); | |
| inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids); | |
| } | |
| ggml_tensor * ffn_inp = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpSA); | |
| cb(ffn_inp, "ffn_inp", il); | |
| // Post-attention norm | |
| cur = build_norm(ffn_inp, model.layers[il].attn_post_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, il); | |
| cb(cur, "post_attn_norm", il); | |
| // Check if this is a dense layer (n_layer_dense_lead=1, so layer 0 is dense) | |
| if (static_cast<uint32_t>(il) < hparams.n_layer_dense_lead) { | |
| // Dense FFN layer | |
| cur = build_ffn(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_up, NULL, NULL, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_gate, NULL, NULL, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_down, NULL, NULL, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il); | |
| cb(cur, "ffn_out", il); | |
| } else { | |
| // Process routed experts using existing MoE infrastructure | |
| ggml_tensor * routed_out = build_moe_ffn(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_gate_inp, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_up_exps, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_gate_exps, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_down_exps, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_exp_probs_b, | |
| n_expert, n_expert_used, | |
| LLM_FFN_SILU, hparams.expert_weights_norm, | |
| true, hparams.expert_weights_scale, | |
| (llama_expert_gating_func_type) hparams.expert_gating_func, | |
| il); | |
| cb(routed_out, "ffn_moe_out", il); | |
| // Process shared expert on original input | |
| ggml_tensor * shared_out = build_ffn(cur, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp, NULL, NULL, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_gate_shexp, NULL, NULL, | |
| model.layers[il].ffn_down_shexp, NULL, NULL, | |
| NULL, | |
| LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il); | |
| cb(shared_out, "ffn_shexp_out", il); | |
| // Final output: routed_output + shared_output | |
| cur = ggml_add(ctx0, routed_out, shared_out); | |
| cb(cur, "ffn_out", il); | |
| } | |
| cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, ffn_inp); | |
| cur = build_cvec(cur, il); | |
| cb(cur, "l_out", il); | |
| // input for next layer | |
| inpL = cur; | |
| } | |
| cur = inpL; | |
| cur = build_norm(cur, model.output_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1); | |
| cb(cur, "result_norm", -1); | |
| res->t_embd = cur; | |
| // lm_head | |
| cur = build_lora_mm(model.output, cur); | |
| cb(cur, "result_output", -1); | |
| res->t_logits = cur; | |
| ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur); | |
| } | |
| }; | |
| ``` | |
| Every Asshole Does Good Before Exiting | |
| Jake Rhodes | |
| Two months ago I was finishing up a season of Love is Blind with my girlfriend. Watching a bunch of twenty-somethings get betrothed after sharing intimate secrets and laughs behind a piece of foggy piece of plexiglass like some sort of weird, fucked up 21st century confession booth was good enough for me in terms of a distraction from what had occurred the previous two months. | |
| My dad David (who many of you reading this may know as a weird trickster ambivalent demi-god character based on stories, posts, and podcast episodes) was nothing short of a force of nature. Those around him were often subject to his mood swings, benders, bad jokes, fuckups, and moments of both genetic and drug-induced psychosis. Throughout my childhood, he floated around like like a shithoused apparition. Plastered poltergeist. There, not there, door flies open, door slams shut, pan goes flying. “Anybody seen my cigarettes” would echo from nowhere and everywhere inside the trailer, apartment, or house that we called home for however long it took us to either get evicted, foreclosed on, or decide on a “fresh start” which was usually a 5 minute drive from where we had just left off. | |
| There were a lot of bad moments, far too many to count or throw in a Google doc in a stupid, silly attempt at both something resembling catharsis and my lack of desire to put together a bed frame. But, there was a common theme. My dad was a profoundly unwell human being. His addictions aside (of which there were several) he suffered greatly from bipolar disorder, psychosis, paranoid delusions, and fits of intense depression that would leave him bedridden long after the drugs wore off and his tabs were closed out. In especially darker moments, he would tell my mother, brother, and me that the family was cursed. Doomed. That his soul was tainted by some dark, unknown force and that somewhere along the family line we must have angered a witch or some woodland spirit. Because we were forever and unequivocally fucked. Nothing to be done. His father, a mean as fuck drunk raised by someone ten times meaner and ten times drunker, passed when he was 9 years old of melanoma. And on and on back and back along the paternal line was suffering caused by either the consequences of a man’s birth or the stupid choices he makes when he drinks 28 beers in a sitting and starts rifling through medicine cabinets. Or both. In that way, I guess I could see why my dad would find himself believing that the family was “cursed.” | |
| When I was 14, he admitted himself to a hospital and was moved around place to place for several months. He had “found god” prior to this, but not in a Hallmark way. More of in a desperate, dot-connecting, delusional way that sometimes sad people succumb to when they are looking for an answer as to why their brains don’t function normally. Why they can’t hold down jobs, love other people as they are loved, etc. In his delusions, he confided in my mother that the only solution was for him to kill himself. That would stop the curse. That would break whatever spell was placed on us. | |
| After several months, the delusions subsided. Things got better. He, of course, was still Dave. The partying, hard-drinking hurricane of a man that I had known my whole life. As I reached my late teens I had such a deep resentment for him. I hated him for his behavior, for his treatment of me and my mother and brother, for his apathy and his anger, and all the things in between. I would find myself drunker than fuck, speech slurred, angry and hurtful words stumbling out of my mouth. And he would cry and say he was sorry. And we would be fine for a little while. | |
| When I got heavily into drugs shortly thereafter, weirdly enough, we had established a type of common ground. At long last. All it had taken me was getting really into the medication they give to end-stage leukemia patients and, of course, cocaine. We built a rapport out of that and things were pretty good for a while. We worked a construction job together. Played music. Wrote songs. I eventually graduated with my Master’s and he was there with my mother and brother. A few pounds heavier and a few less teeth, but still there nonetheless. He was incredibly supportive of my band. My podcast. Stand-up. He would check in and ask how things were going. He’d text me just to let me know he lost another tooth eating chicken wings and that “he really only needed the back ones anyway” which I never quite understood. Through this new relationship born out of my own misery, bad decisions, and the consequences of my birth, I was able to better recall the nicer moments we had. | |
| Starting around the end of May, early Juneish, my dad got really bad again. Worse than he was 14 years prior where he was convinced that the universe was hellbent on sending him to hell and there was only one solution. He would call me and tell me that he had spent the entire day drinking. From the moment he woke up to the moment he went to work. He would tell me that his sister was his handler. She was in on it and orchestrating the entire process. The destruction of him and our family’s souls. Now, I knew that my Aunt spent her days working admin for a hospital and putting up Greg Abbott signs as she had done for the last 10 years or so. And I would try my best to explain this to him. To tell him that he was withdrawing, that he was in fight-or-flight mode. His brain is trying to connect things that aren’t there because it is trying to find some “escape route” or solution to the suffering and paranoia. But, it got worse. I got him into several facilities. Bounced around from place to place for a couple months. Until one night, after a stupid season of Love is Blind, I got a call from my aunt telling me that my dad had hung himself. He left no note. He told no one. Got drunk alone and hung himself in the home of a family friend where he was staying while he adjusted to the new medication that he had been given at the hospital. | |
| I spent the next month, basically up until mid August, hopelessly drunk, angry, and miserable. All the anger and resentment I had kind of stowed away somewhere in my head was thrust to the front of my mind. Why? Why the fuck would he do this to me. To my mom. To my brother. That eventually turned into hatred of myself. That I didn’t do enough. That I didn’t try hard enough to save my dad from this thing that he never really beat and mostly just kept quiet by feeding it alcohol and drugs his whole life. I found myself thinking I somehow should have known. Should have kicked the door down and saved him and it’s my fault that he’s dead. | |
| And then that brings me to now. Writing this. I guess a lot of that bad stuff has mostly subsided. I have been able to find those good moments again. Listening to Metallica in a hot garage, stoned as shit, laughing until my lungs gave out because my dad was singing Master of Puppets in a Chinese guy voice. | |
| My favorite memory I think I have of him is when I was about 9 or 10 years old. My parents had gotten into a pretty nasty fight and my dad had moved back in with his mom. I remember being frustrated, not at the fight weirdly enough, but at the fact that I couldn’t remember the names of the guitar strings and how to make chord shapes. My dad, a lifelong guitar player and a pretty good one, would sit there and repeat like a mantra “E A D G B E. It’s easy Jacob. 6 strings. 6 letters.” And I for the life of me couldn’t fucking commit it to memory. And my Dad, in his infinite childish wisdom, came up with a little sentence that has stuck with me forever and finally allowed me to remember the names of the strings. “Check this out. Every Asshole Does Good Before Exiting. E A D G B E. Think of it like that.” | |
| Now that he’s gone, I can’t help but think it wasn’t just a stupid trick to get his son to remember the names of guitar strings. | |
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| 我急忙说：当然去啊，你在家里等我，我马上去找你，我们一块去学校。 | |
| 公司致力于与客户建立长久的合作伙伴关系，所以我们在专业上精益求精，以长期伙伴的态度为客户提供规范化的速记服务。 | |
| 剃头师傅是非常有经验的老师傅，一生不知道接待过多少男男女女的客人，也不知道给多少孩子剃过头，笑着解释道：「一看就知道你们是头一回当爹妈。拿个什么东西把我剃下来的头发接着带回家，给孩子缝个毛球带在身上，或者给孩子做毛笔，图个吉利。」 | |
| 集团公司副总经理、党委常委，吉林省政府党组成员、省长助理，吉林省政府党组成员、省长助理兼吉林市委副书记、代市长，吉林省政府党组成员、省长助理兼吉林市委副书记、吉林市市长，吉林省政府党组成员、省长助理兼吉林市委书记，吉林省委常委、吉林市委书记、吉林市人大主任，中国第一汽车集团公司总经理、党委副书记，集团公司董事长、党委书记等职。 | |
| 作者：正月十五 更新时间：2011-12-04 13:00:00 状态：连载中 | |
| 微信支付 | |
| 毫无疑问，欲将南海军事化的国家是美国，而不是任何其他国家。军事专家尹卓说，美国早在南海岛礁主权争议产生以前就开始了南海军事化行动，曾一度在苏比克海军基地部署了四五个航母舰队。显然，是美国在南海进行军事化。时至今日，美国也从未放弃南海军事化的行动。美国一直在菲律宾保持着一支强大的军事力量，在泰国和新加坡也一直有军事部署，并且每年定期在南海举行大规模军事演习，给南海周边国家造成了威胁。 | |
| 今年疫情爆发后，前期跑马圈地的盒马生鲜成为阿里发力社区团购的触角。广西投资促进局局长、广西经济技术协作办公室主任杨春庭详细听取俞宏儒所做的情况介绍和诉求，向其介绍了广西最新出台的支持疫情防控企业发展的政策措施。俱乐部的消息人士透露，在赛事暂停时，需要发生的事情就会发生，这符合皇马的传统。 | |
| 执行标准 进口药品注册标准JZ20020004 | |
| 微微举着 | |
| 软件介绍：拉开床头的柜子 | |
| 售后到家服务不提供数据备份，盗版系统及软件安装，个人信息保管等服务内容，请您自行备份个人信息资料等，以免造成资料丢失，数码单反相机配件店对资料丢失不承担任何法律责任。 | |
| 面值人民币14.4元的小版猴票，市价已达190元，大版猴年邮票售价38.4元，目前邮票市场报价820元，网络拍卖平台则已喊到上千元，这价格你还得托邮商帮忙弄货，市场上现货有限，猴票价格一天一个价。 | |
| 他坐在概念中， | |
| 普及日固奖上调世界杯周期赛事多 | |
| 我心水的园林，古人因借自然、堆山丽水，顺天然之理，应自然之规。摹拟自然山水风景，创造咫尺山林的意境，联想到名山大川的意境。 | |
| 大雁发现自己竟无言以对，好心塞。 | |
| 月亮泡、向海水库水位比化冻时下降了60厘米。（刘玉峰邢玉才） (责编：李洋、王帝元) | |
| 新进展—— | |
| 原来是个转盗贼的玩家，可惜我是不能重转盗贼了，想想这职业也是有着光明钱途，不过这样的发财方法安全系数太低了。 | |
| 霹雳创世录: > | |
| 软件介绍：为此 | |
| 别的武功再怎么难练也有两三个人练成吧，黯然销魂掌只有杨过一个人会使，再也没有人能练成，就算黄衫女会九阴真经也不会黯然销魂掌，可见黯然销魂掌就此失传，绝迹江湖。 | |
| 千龙娱乐 | |
| 圣元调查结果该质疑什么乳品专题产业经济 | |
| "若公司的经营活动发生在香港特别行政区之外,所获取的利润属海外盈利,此种盈利不必向香港税务局缴纳根据盈利计算的利得税。" | |
| 在象山湾，你可以卸下生活的重担，享受父母和孩子之间的时光，让家人在慢下来的时候温暖起来。你也可以邀请三到五个朋友喝茶、聊天和在阳光下散步。或者干脆什么也不想想，将头软而细的沙子，海水拍打着双脚，让水的节奏把心情带到一种没有我的状态...... | |
| "治痘痘的医院,去黑头产品1986年出生的杨幂确实每天都活得像个仙女，等到污垢完全与卸妆品融合再擦掉或者冲洗掉。为肌肤细胞补充充足的水分让抗老精华更彻底的被肌肤这块湿润的海棉所吸收，一般肌肤的美白方法如果你的肌肤没有太大的瑕疵，为了自己的健康和方便更重要的是可以节约一些日常开销。其实会带走皮肤更多的水分皮肤会更加的油腻，脸颊及鼻翼两侧的毛孔开始呈现椭圆形的形状，磨皮去痘坑的效果我们先来了解一下激光磨皮去痘坑，去青春痘的方法祛痘产品推荐长青春痘怎么办青春痘怎么B，后续会有专门篇幅详细介绍这些草本如何祛痘。沐浴前在浴缸中滴入几滴柠檬精油或玫瑰精油，" | |
| "草：,我们似乎见证了历史,但四年后、八年后,我们看到信任的崩坏,我们看到了许多人第一次走上街头,台湾之子变成了台湾之耻。点！！」" | |
| 报道称，韩方计划推进组建韩朝联队参加女子单打比赛。大韩乒乓球协会一位负责人表示，今年月，时隔年再次合体的韩朝女乒联队在世乒赛上夺得铜牌，此次也将组建联队重现感人瞬间。若朝鲜代表团日抵韩，韩方将同朝方就此进行磋商。 | |
| 顾铮搭的亭子用木头直接拼出一个向外探出的平台，一直到温泉边。 谢春杏觉得谢韵脸上的笑怎么有些不怀好意，但是她今天就是本着修复关系来的，说点不好听的她就受着吧。景德镇代孕价格 | |
| 訂單培養 12155 | |
| 帮助客户实现自助式服务的第一步是什么呢?你需要构建一个知识库，被推上风口浪尖的中兴，本次报告研究了猎聘平台 550 区块链营销模式是什么万个相关行业的经理人样本，比如Amazon、Facebook、Google、Walmart和其他一些大型零售商和银行等。 这些商业主体都正在迎接自助式服务的变革，比如手机和邮件，比如说光传输的发送器与接收器等，比同年三季度高出 2.75% 。 私企普通人怎样投资区块链近年来在国内相当活跃，并被美方列入特别审查名单。 但随后经申请，并将会取得迅速发展。 | |
| 郎平表示 | |
| 第215章 联邦需要一万个王宝乐！ | |
| 联系方式： | |
| 在教学语言的描述上，本节课我力求做到了语言规范，在学生上台用教具摆物体时，尽量在语言描述上表达得清楚，如：三个小正方体横着摆成一行，然后把一个小正方体摆在左边小正方体的前面，从视平线上观察物体的三个面…… | |
| 牛之千克上周末面子亮，作通俗化稀搞出，局将增加自动公共汽车靶子一点色彩抉择。(积坨) | |
| 或者，试想你继承了苏格兰高地的一座城堡，为了支付清理护城河、运营酒厂和喂养猎鹰的开销，你决定把角楼做成住宿加早餐旅馆。 | |
| 大声朗读您的笔记，您收藏中的各种阅读材料等，可以解放您的眼睛，并可以随意选择各种扬声器。 | |
| 而脑立方玩的概念乍听也很牛，不懂神经科学的很容易被其唬住，比如其课程名称——超感心像力课程，让孩子蒙着眼睛也能辨别物体颜色;脑屏成像课程，让孩子对任何文章篇目过目不忘;超感创作力课程，能让孩子1小时写20首诗，再不愁背书和写作文。 | |
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| 聚能教育培訓 | |
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| 裂缝下是无尽的深渊◎＃￥◎＃柳飞一阵的咒骂，直到没什么新词来表达自己的愤怒了才气喘吁吁的停了下来，接下来怎么办老爷子对这个回答很满意。 | |
| 西安：大众辉腾优惠30万元 高于北上广深 | |
| 赎回费率： | |
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| 餐點 | |
| 如何正確看待考試成績并做好認真的分析和總結真的是一門學問！ | |
| 因為運用了一些特別的數學方程式來設計這座橋的結構，所以才稱作數學橋。 | |
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| 他們將這個技術運用到了旗下所有彩妝品牌中，產品， | |
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| 意見指出，近年來，城區老工業區搬遷改造部分發展定位不合理、搬遷企業承接地選擇不科學、污染土地治理不徹底、土地... 繼續閱讀 | |
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| 官方網站：http://www.nightatthemuseum.com | |
| 奖补项目实行规模控制，村级公益类项目总投资额一般控制在100万元左右（原则上不高于150万元），村级集体经济创收类项目一般控制在300万元左右。 | |
| 却不知道这恰恰是噩梦的开始。顿时、西门町血肉横飞，怎料泰丝却是一个因幼年时娈生妹妹不幸逝世而变得精神错乱的人，在这个无法想象的空间之内，找到一间间密室的出口。其实新郎并没有死，作为犯罪行为研究的对象，似乎当地的人全都是狼人，足球上半场大小球规则-绿茵足球比分网-皇朝国际娱乐城-博彩体验旅店可是，新西游记拉里·法森顿以生命的代价维护正义：不畏权势，埃琳纳·安娜亚a足球上半场大小球规则-绿茵足球比分网-皇朝国际娱乐城-博彩体验 | |
| 诚哉斯言！我们期待着，此次扫黑除恶专项斗争，能够最终成为依法治国的又一次范例性实践。 | |
| 原标题：国足亚洲杯首战幸亏有惊无险2∶1逆转吉尔吉斯斯坦 | |
| 时间:2019-07-01 18:13 来源:未知 作者:admin 点击:次 | |
| 时间：2020年01月18日 15:33编辑：倾国倾城 舆情 | |
| 合同备案事宜联系人：王一名 | |
| 首页授权咨询：0392-3201587 | |
| 千亿老虎机-千亿国际网页版白沙村正是凭着这股狠劲，才打赢了翻身仗。 | |
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| 大年初三，无所事事，到百货公司KEPONG JXXCX逛街， | |
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| 本报讯(记者王永晨)轻轻打开控制室内的开关，大片麦田间的地垄上，就会缓缓冒出一排排三节式的喷灌头，旋转着向四周喷洒配好肥料的水……这是3月15日记者在宁晋县5万亩小麦绿色高产高效创建核心区看到的一幕。在这里，先进的节本增效全自动伸缩式水肥一体化喷灌等设施，正在替代原来费水费电费人工的地龙漫灌等方式。 | |
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| 充分发挥国家科改领导小组办公室作用，对照重点任务，完善台账管理，强化督查问效。开展第三方评估，推动解决不协调、不落地问题。推动出台中国人类遗传资源管理条例，依法开展两项行政审批。加大政策宣传力度，增进改革共识，引导社会预期，营造良好氛围。 | |
| 前程无忧成立于1999年，2004年9月，前程无忧成为第一个在美国纳斯达克上市的中国人力资源服务企业。 | |
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| 穩健者可以不做單，或是站穩1423在操作 | |
| 色情业和贩卖人口视而不见... | |
| 当地时间5月4日，英国女王伊丽莎白二世宣布，菲利普亲王将会在今年秋天退休，不再履行王室公务职责。伊丽莎白女王会继续参与王室事务，但是据猜测，她以后也不会再频繁出席活动。 | |
| 治療胃病的硫糖鋁、氫氧化鋁混懸凝膠、鉍劑等，它們是胃黏膜保護劑，服藥后在胃中形成保護膜，最好空腹飯前1個小時服用，或睡前服用，只需用水把藥片送服即可，服藥后1個小時內盡量不要喝水，避免保護層被水沖掉。 | |
| 土耳其最具夢幻色彩的休閒遊樂公園——「The Land of Legends」主題公園作為Rixos Hotels、艾瑪爾地產公司(Emaar Properties PJSC)和Dragone Productions的合資項目進行設計和建造。它讓孩子們、青少年和大人能夠踏上一生難忘的旅程，獲得充滿冒險和刺激的體驗，並能由此對娛樂予以全新的認識。「The Land of Legends」主題公園作為娛樂的典型象徵，位於安塔利亞的貝萊克，以其雄偉壯觀的建築以及出自於Franco Dragone——他作為想像力和夢幻世界中的天才而聞名——之手的絢麗舞臺和視覺藝術，為土耳其帶來全新概念。 | |
| 国家统一对英国未来的繁荣与安全至关重要号外号外 | |
| 唯独除了ASP.NET MVC还为我们提供了一种新建View的飞快格局。 | |
| 苏苒看了时胭一眼，闭上了双眼，晕倒了。 | |
| "这些抛弃了传统伦理教育的偏狭政客,根本就是社会乱象与道德低下、沦丧的祸源！" | |
| 该车同样限量生产3台，售价为228万欧元起，约合人民币1850.65万元当然。 | |
| 再有，利用保险资金为公租房项目提供融资。据悉，目前已有保险机构以10年期债权投资计划的方式，向上海市地产集团提供融资40亿元，用于公租房建设；利率按商业银行长期贷款利率下浮约12%执行，按年调整。 | |
| 陈思诚表示，在其担任监制和总编剧的电视剧《远大前程》播出前，也遭遇了同样的问题，合作公司良言相劝说这是业内潜规则属于常规动作，不买裸播便没有收视率，更会成为竞品公司甚至友台攻击的口实。 | |
| 这一次工藤，恐怕他们会专门针对他。你应该小心。张云京他看了一眼周正阳工藤，然后笑了。谢谢你提醒我。这个家伙，这个时候指出这一点，也不知道，到底是什么意图？是告诉别人，跟着自己，会有危险吗？或者我应该让自己紧紧跟随他？而其他人，显然不知道这个情况，欧阳健和宋琪的眼中闪过一道冷笑，方的脸色，也是一变，而罗成，表情微微变了变，看了一眼。 | |
| 网易科技：我们知道在3GPP和ITU里，对基于TD标准的LTE已经统一到TD-LTE上了，但对于其他两个标准来说，因为全球所有运营商都在支持基于FDD的LTE，现在在3G中竞争的格局还会延续到4G中，在这样的情况下，我们怎样把LTE做好？ | |
| 各县区人社部门要按照通知要求，加强组织领导，认真宣传发动，争取财政部门支持，切实做好本地参加养老保险并领取待遇人员的待遇领取资格认证工作。市直各参保单位要高度重视，及时向本单位领取养老保险待遇的人员传达本通知有关规定要求，并发放人脸识别手机APP认证操作指南，认真做好宣传，切实组织好本单位相关人员进行养老保险待遇领取资格认证工作，在认证工作中发现或遇到有关问题，请及时向市人社部门反馈，联系电话：0539-8108451。 | |
| 浦口区公司注册流程 | |
| 曹安所住的位置和他相邻，两人也有过几面之缘，只是陈子昂经常闭关，所以并不相熟。 | |
| 四、着力提升民营企业信贷服务效率11选5秘笈 e公司讯，银保监会2月25日表示，2018年各地打击亿元以上大案887起，涉案金额4195亿元，预警非法集资线索4690条，立案打击1728起。目前，非法集资增量风险得到有效遏制，存量风险压降效果明显，风险处置稳妥有序。杜琰 SF007 | |
| 日媒：贸易战或终结美经济增长势头 这行业已减速 | |
| 据悉，国家管网公司的估值预计在3000亿至5000亿元，公司列入国务院国资委监管的中央企业序列，国资委、中石油、中石化和中海油持股比例分别为40%、30%、20%、10%。 | |
| 更让人惊喜的是，衣帽间和梳妆台也在这儿。 | |
| 第三十八条当事人对房产行政管理部门所作的行政处罚不服的，可依照《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《行政复议条例》的规定，申请行政复议或向人民法院起诉。 | |
| 渔夫帽，据台湾《联合报》29日报道，郭台铭在政见会上称，蔡英文在民进党2020党内初选前5个月内跑了43间庙，看起来什么神都信，实际上只考虑利用价值。 | |
| 按照以往惯例，小米会在明年上半年更新数字系列，由此猜测这款新机有可能是传闻中的小米10。而考虑到MIX系列今年下半年并未更新，再加上如此高规格的充电技术，难免不让人怀疑该机有可能是盛传的小米MIX 4。 | |
| 轮机长张敏就安排船员接上岸电， 做好绿色发展大文章 2018年4月24日，着力打好污染防治攻坚战， 当前黄金水道绿色发展取得了一些阶段性进展和成效，此外，有助于机器保养，提升了长江黄金水道的含金量，整个过程只需10分钟，修订出台防治船舶污染内河水域环境管理规定等部门规章， 绿色发展蓝图愈发清晰 冬日的重庆巫山神女峰游客码头， 近些年，水环境质量持续向好， 柳鹏表示。 | |
| 华为体脂秤2Pro的包装十分简洁。产品名、产品正面图、产品亮点、简单明了。 | |
| "高清:上港4-2力帆 孔卡吉安武磊齐破门三剑合璧见证首家互联网银行第一笔贷款，我国成品油消费税再次上调?26日NBA:韦斯特指导巴恩斯 泛美运动会巴西夺冠随后跟一路朝罡风峡谷南方飞掠而去要选择可以提供银行信托客户帐户的外汇经纪商'客户用于买卖外汇和约的入金不受任何监管机构保护，15岁少年入室强奸少妇 强灌催情药并拍裸照这样产生了正性分叉客户不断上门滋事的!我以几种常见的操作手法分别举例某一特定是什么的男子4楼跳楼自杀 边防警察徒手接人受伤4600、这样一个过程、人关联你的~Lin以自身经验为例。汽车用!你是最重要的因素。是买卖编制不。对李海峰给予7箱方便面算是对消费者提出意见的奖励你和他正面对抗:不过调整后相关公司股票走势中国石油中国石化中化国际国电电力比亚迪油价仍会下降," | |
| 报道指出，事发地区俗称安静谷，位于萨尔塔省北部，在那里放牧的边民一直视自己为阿根廷人。边民们称，当地第一小学原本距离界碑32公里，去年11月份后，这一距离缩短到2公里。这意味着阿根廷至少丧失了600平方公里的领土。 | |
| 核心提示：德国和欧洲央行在欧元区的货币政策上似乎从来都未达成一致。对德国来说，资产购买是其认为欧元区货币政策太宽松的主要部分。实际上，德国希望瓦解欧洲央行试图恢复欧元区经济的策略。因此，德国将阻止欧洲央行购买代表整个欧元区经济63%的国家的政府债券。而由此我们得出真相：德国竭力反对欧洲央行直接或间接购买这些国家的债券是因为，这会挫败德国在这些国家所实施严厉的财政紧缩政策。 | |
| 卢卡斯-比格利亚于1986年1月30日出生于阿根廷的布宜诺斯艾利斯，是在阿根廷的意大利移民后裔。他从小加盟布宜诺斯艾利斯当地的阿根廷青年人俱乐部青训营，并在那里开始了职业生涯。在2004-2005赛季，他为阿根廷青年人出场17次，表现出色，因此在2005年初，被阿根廷老牌劲旅独立队招致麾下。 | |
| 匿名人士真是瞎眼了，六卡蓝宝石超白金显卡矿机，一台1.3万 | |
| 此外，如果土耳其决定占领所有库尔德地区，它将不可避免地与俄罗斯和伊朗发生冲突。 | |
| 到最後變得無法走動。 | |
| Determine the number of ways to arrange the letters of the word COMBINATION. | |
| "The three consecutive digits $x$, $y$, and $z$ are used to form the three-digit numbers $xyz$ and $zyx$. What is the greatest common divisor of all numbers of the form $xyz+zyx$?" | |
| Determine the smallest positive integer $n$ such that the product of its positive divisors equals $2^{10} \cdot 3^2$. Can you solve this problem using a different approach than the original one? | |
| "A box contains 5 red socks, 7 green socks, and 9 blue socks. Two socks are drawn at random from the box without replacement. If the first sock drawn is not blue, a third sock is drawn at random from the box. If the first sock drawn is blue, the process stops. What is the probability that the third sock drawn is green?" | |
| Emily decides to start a pet-sitting business and wants to pay her friends to help her with the pet-sitting jobs. She agrees to give them 2 treats for every job they complete. Each friend normally completes 3 jobs per week. Emily has $20 to buy treats. Each pack of treats contains 30 treats and costs $5. How many weeks can Emily pay her friends to help her with pet-sitting jobs using the treats? | |
| "If $\phi(n)$ is Euler's totient function, determine the value of $\phi(12)\phi(15)\phi(21) + \phi(15)\phi(21)\phi(28) + \phi(21)\phi(28)\phi(33)$." | |
| "Ava and Ben play a game where they take turns rolling a 20-sided die. If a player rolls $n$, they earn $g(n)$ points, where \[g(n) = \left\{ \begin{array}{cl} 12 & \text{ if }n\text{ is a multiple of 3 and 4}, \\ 4 & \text{ if }n\text{ is only a multiple of 3}, \\ 2 & \text{ if }n\text{ is only a multiple of 2}. \end{array} \right.\] Ava rolls the die five times and gets a 10, 7, 16, 9, and 20. Ben rolls and gets 12, 5, 7, and 8. What is the sum of Ava's total points and Ben's total points?" | |
| "The arithmetic mean of five numbers is 24. Three of the numbers are 20, 25, and 30, and the other two are equal. What is the sum of the squares of the two equal numbers?" | |
| Tom baked 64 cookies; Rachel baked 32 more than that. Alex baked a third of the amount that Rachel baked. How many cookies did they bake in all? | |
| "A triangle has vertices at $(-4,1),(7,-3),(2,6)$. How many square units are in the area of the triangle? Express your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth." | |
| Find the product of the divisors of $50$. | |
| "The same amount of steel used to create eight solid steel balls, each with a radius of 1 inch, is used to create one larger steel ball. What is the radius of the larger ball? [asy] size(150); filldraw(circle((0,0),1),gray); filldraw(circle((.9,-.8),1),gray); filldraw(circle((1.8,.9),1),gray); filldraw(circle((2,0),1),gray); filldraw(circle((2,-.4),1),gray); filldraw(circle((3,-.4),1),gray); filldraw(circle((4.8,-.4),1),gray); filldraw(circle((3.2,.5),1),gray); draw((6,.7)--(8,.7),Arrow); filldraw(circle((11,.2),2),gray); [/asy]" | |
| "For a school fundraiser, Tory needs to sell 50 packs of cookies. So far, he has sold 12 packs to his grandmother, 7 packs to his uncle, and 5 packs to a neighbor. How many more packs of cookies does Tory need to sell?" | |
| "In the arithmetic sequence $23, x, y, z, 59$, what is the value of $y$?" | |
| "Find the largest prime divisor of the product of all numbers in the form $a^2+2ab+b^2$, where $a$ and $b$ are positive integers less than or equal to 10." | |
| Let $y$ be a positive real number. Find the minimum possible value of $$\frac{y^2+2+\sqrt{y^4+4}}{y\sqrt{y^2+1}}.$$ | |
| "A mathematician has created a new numeral system in which each digit can take on one of three values: 0, 1, or 2. The numeral system also has a special property: each digit in a number is multiplied by a power of 2, starting with 2^0 for the rightmost digit. The mathematician wants to represent the decimal number 255 in this new system. What is the representation of 255 in this numeral system?" | |
| "Emily wants to jog around the park during her morning routine. She can jog 3 miles in 45 minutes. If her weekly goal is 15 miles, how many minutes will it take her to reach her goal?" | |
| "Simplify the expression $\sqrt[4]{3^6\cdot2^{10}}$ and express it in the form $a\sqrt[4]{b}$, where $a$ and $b$ are positive integers. What is the value of $a+b$?" | |
| "At a certain university, the division of mathematical sciences consists of the departments of mathematics, statistics, and computer science. There are two male and two female professors in each department. A committee of six professors is to contain three men and three women and must also contain two professors from each of the three departments. Find the number of possible committees that can be formed subject to these requirements." | |
| Solve for $x$ in the equation $\log_5 x + \log_5 (x+1) = 2$. | |
| Let $s$ be a parameter that varies over all real numbers. Any parabola of the form \[y = 2x^2 + sx + 4s\] passes through a fixed point. Find this fixed point. | |
| "There are chickens roaming the chicken farm. The roosters outnumber the hens 2 to 1. If there are 9,000 chickens on the chicken farm, how many roosters are there?" | |
| "Let $C$ be the circle with equation $x^2-6y-3=-y^2-4x$. If $(a,b)$ is the center of $C$ and $r$ is its radius, what is the value of $a+b+r$?" | |
| "What is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by 4, but leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, 5, and 7?" | |
| Let $z$ be a complex number such that $|z|=5$ and $|z^2-z|=15$. What is the greatest possible value of $|z^2+z|$? | |
| "Let \[z = \frac{(-11 + 13i)^3 \cdot (24 - 7i)^4}{3 + 4i},\] and let $w = \frac{\overline{z}}{z}.$ Compute $|w|.$ Write another problem inspired by this one: Let \[f(z) = \frac{(z - 1)^3}{z^2 + 2z + 3}.\] Find the maximum value of $|f(z)|$ over all complex numbers $z$ satisfying $|z| = 1$." | |
| "Maya opened 5 tabs on her computer and saw 15 pop-ups on the first tab, and 3 times as many pop-ups on the second tab as the first tab. When she opened the third tab, she found 18 more pop-ups than the number of pop-ups on the second tab. If the fourth tab had 2/3 times as many pop-ups as the second tab, and the fifth tab had the same number of pop-ups as the first tab, calculate the total number of pop-ups Maya saw if she closed 1/4 of them before counting." | |
| Find the quotient when $3x^3 - 2x^2 + 9x + 1$ is divided by $x - 1.$ | |
| A sphere has a volume of 785.54 cubic units. Round its surface area to the nearest tenth. | |
| "Emily freelances as a graphic designer and receives her payments on a monthly basis. As soon as she gets paid, she transfers one-third of her earnings to her savings account. In March, she earned $7200 and spent $800 on a new laptop. What is her total amount of remaining money at the end of the month?" | |
| For what value of $n$ is $6 \times 4 \times 9 \times n = 8!$? | |
| "If $a$ is a positive real number such that $a^3 + \frac{1}{a^3} = 10$, find the minimum possible value of $a + \frac{1}{a}$." | |
| "A right pyramid $PQRST$ has a triangular base $QRS$ with $QR=15$, $RS=8$, and $QS=17$. The altitude of the pyramid, $\overline{PT}$, is perpendicular to $\overline{QR}$ and has a length of $9$. What is the volume of the pyramid $PQRST$?" | |
| "In triangle $ABC$, $A$ is located at $(3, 6)$, $B$ is located at $(0, 0)$, and $C$ is located on the line $y=-2x$. If the area of $\triangle ABC$ is 18, what is the value of the $x$-coordinate of point $C$?" | |
| "Mackenzie bought 142 feet of fencing with which to enclose her rectangular garden. If the numbers of feet in the lengths of the garden's sides are natural numbers, what is the maximum number of square feet that can be enclosed by the fencing?" | |
| "The cost of a phone call is determined by a base fee for the first minute and an additional charge for every minute thereafter. If the cost of a 10-minute phone call is $\$10$and the cost of a 20-minute phone call is$\$15$, what is the additional charge per minute after the first minute?" | |
| "How many kilometers can a bus travel in 30 minutes if it travels $ \, \frac{2}{3} \, $ as fast as a car going 60 kilometers per hour?" | |
| "Mrs. Martin wants to give a special prize to the students in her class who scored above the class average on a particular test. Given that 75 students took the test, what is the maximum number of students who can receive the prize?" | |
| Let $h(x) = x^3 + 2x - 1$ and $f(h(x)) = x^2 - 3x + 2$. Find the product of all possible values of $f(10)$. | |
| Let's consider the polynomial \[f(x) = \sum_{n = 1}^{13} \frac{x^{2n}}{n!}.\] Determine the value of the constant $c$ such that the degree of the polynomial \[g(x) = f(x) + cx^{25}\] is less than $25$. | |
| "Determine all possible values of $k$ for which the inequality $2x^2 - 5x + k < 0$ holds for all $x \in (-2, 3)$. Express your answer in interval notation." | |
| "At the Sunny Florist, there are 1825 pink tulips, 4210 orange daisies, and 2350 purple lilies. How many flowers are at the Sunny Florist in total?" | |
| Find the positive value of $n$ such that the equation $9x^2+nx+1=0$ has exactly one solution in $x$. | |
| "Let $a,$ $b,$ $c$ be positive numbers. Find the maximum value of \[\sqrt{\frac{bc}{(a + b)(a + c)}} + \sqrt{\frac{ac}{(b + a)(b + c)}} + \sqrt{\frac{ab}{(c + a)(c + b)}}.\]" | |
| "Robin bought a four-scoop ice cream cone having a scoop each of vanilla, chocolate, strawberry and cherry. In how many orders can the four scoops be stacked on the cone if they are stacked one on top of the other?" | |
| "If a large Komodo dragon can consume one 20-kg deer every 2 weeks, how many Komodo dragons would it take to eat eight 20-kilogram deer in 4 weeks?" | |
| In how many ways can I choose 2 cooks on a backpacking trip with 8 people if any of the 8 people may be cooks? | |
| Daniel has 5 jars of juice containing 2 liters each. He wants to serve a full glass of juice to each person at a party. He knows that each glass can hold up to 250 milliliters of juice. How many full glasses can he give? | |
| Mason is mixing up some salad dressing. He takes a bowl that holds 150 ml and fills it 2/3rds with oil and 1/3rd with vinegar. The oil weighs 5 g/ml and the vinegar weighs 4 g/ml. How many grams does the salad dressing weigh? | |
| Two similar isosceles triangles have perimeters of 20 cm and 60 cm. The length of the base of the smaller triangle is 4 cm. What is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the larger triangle? | |
| "In a certain country, the money system is based on the number of eggs laid by a rare species of chicken. The price of an egg is $\sqrt{7}$ dollars, and the price of a chicken is $33_8$ dollars. If Mary bought $23_8$ chickens and $17_8$ eggs, how much did she spend in total?" | |
| "Consider a row in Pascal's triangle that starts with 1 and then 15. What is the sum of the numbers in this row that are in odd-numbered positions (i.e., the first, third, fifth, etc.)?" | |
| Let $a$ and $b$ be the roots of the equation $x^2 - x - 1 = 0.$ Find $(a + \sqrt{2})(a - \sqrt{2})(b + \sqrt{2})(b - \sqrt{2}).$ | |
| Determine the value of $b$ in the equation $y = 3 \cos \left( x - \frac{\pi}{4} \right) + b$ such that the graph of the function intersects the x-axis at exactly one point. | |
| Find the remainder when the sum $1^1+2^2+3^3+\cdots+100^{100}$ is divided by 7. | |
| Ava is reading a fantasy novel that has 480 pages. She read 50 pages on Sunday morning and another 15 pages at night. The next day she read three times the total pages as on Sunday. How many pages does she have left to read? | |
| "Lily is preparing for a dance competition. She rehearsed three times as long on Monday as on Tuesday. On Tuesday, she rehearsed 15 minutes less than on Wednesday. On Wednesday, she rehearsed 10 minutes more than on Thursday. On Thursday, she rehearsed for 45 minutes. If she needs to rehearse for a total of 6 hours that week, how long should Lily rehearse on Friday?" | |
| What is the value of $7^4 + 4(7^3) + 6(7^2) + 4(7) + 1$? | |
| # Albert Einstein | |
| ## Biography | |
| **Albert Einstein** (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula $E = mc^2$, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". | |
| Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship a year later and afterwards secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi persecution of his fellow Jews, he decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. | |
| In 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his *annus mirabilis* (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which laid the foundations for the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics. A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole. | |
| In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice". Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named *Time*'s Person of the Century. | |
| On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live to complete it. | |
| Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly." He died in the Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end. | |
| ## Scientific career | |
| Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others. | |
| ### Special relativity | |
| Einstein's "*Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper*" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics. Observationally, the effects of these changes are most apparent at high speeds (where objects are moving at speeds close to the speed of light). The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity. | |
| This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to slow down, and the body itself would contract in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous. | |
| In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced $E = mc^2$ as a consequence of his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck. | |
| Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics (the study of moving bodies). In 1908, Hermann Minkowski reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of spacetime. Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 general theory of relativity. | |
| ### General relativity | |
| #### General relativity and the equivalence principle | |
| General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to it, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of spacetime by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics; it provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape. | |
| As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift and gravitational lensing. | |
| In 1911, Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally. | |
| #### Gravitational waves | |
| In 1916, Einstein predicted gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed. | |
| The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting neutron stars, PSR B1913+16. The explanation for the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves. Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at LIGO published the first observation of gravitational waves, detected on Earth on 14 September 2015, nearly one hundred years after the prediction. | |
| #### Hole argument and Entwurf theory | |
| While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only. | |
| In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the hole argument was mistaken and abandoned the theory in November 1915. | |
| #### Physical cosmology | |
| In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole. He discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was lacking at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the cosmological constant, into the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of Mach's principle in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World or Einstein's static universe. | |
| Following the discovery of the recession of the galaxies by Edwin Hubble in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, the Friedmann–Einstein universe of 1931 and the Einstein–de Sitter universe of 1932. In each of these models, Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was "in any case theoretically unsatisfactory". | |
| In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder", based on a letter George Gamow claimed to have received from him. The astrophysicist Mario Livio has cast doubt on this claim. | |
| In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe. In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process that he associated with the cosmological constant. As he stated in the paper, "In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [*sic*] facts, and in which the density is constant over time [...] If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space." | |
| It thus appears that Einstein considered a steady-state model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea. | |
| #### Energy momentum pseudotensor | |
| General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason. | |
| Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. While the use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was criticized by Erwin Schrödinger and others, Einstein's approach has been echoed by physicists including Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz. | |
| #### Wormholes | |
| In 1935, Einstein collaborated with Nathan Rosen to produce a model of a wormhole, often called Einstein–Rosen bridges. His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper "Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?". These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches. Because these solutions included spacetime curvature without the presence of a physical body, Einstein and Rosen suggested that they could provide the beginnings of a theory that avoided the notion of point particles. However, it was later found that Einstein–Rosen bridges are not stable. | |
| #### Einstein–Cartan theory | |
| In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s. | |
| #### Equations of motion | |
| In general relativity, gravitational force is reimagined as curvature of spacetime. A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence of other masses. A remark by John Archibald Wheeler that has become proverbial among physicists summarizes the theory: "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve." The Einstein field equations cover the latter aspect of the theory, relating the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy. The geodesic equation covers the former aspect, stating that freely falling bodies follow lines that are as straight as possible in a curved spacetime. Einstein regarded this as an "independent fundamental assumption" that had to be postulated in addition to the field equations in order to complete the theory. Believing this to be a shortcoming in how general relativity was originally presented, he wished to derive it from the field equations themselves. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law. Accordingly, Einstein proposed that the field equations would determine the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, to be a geodesic. Both physicists and philosophers have often repeated the assertion that the geodesic equation can be obtained from applying the field equations to the motion of a gravitational singularity, but this claim remains disputed. | |
| ### Quantum mechanics | |
| #### Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics | |
| Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect. However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after 1925, despite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice". Until the end of his life, he continued to maintain that quantum mechanics was incomplete. | |
| #### Bohr versus Einstein | |
| The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr, who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Their debates would influence later interpretations of quantum mechanics. | |
| #### Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox | |
| Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in 1930. Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other. The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a wavefunction. If the wavefunction that describes the two objects before their interaction is given, then the Schrödinger equation provides the wavefunction that describes them after their interaction. But because of what would later be called quantum entanglement, measuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object. Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it. | |
| A more famous version of this argument came in 1935, when Einstein published a paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen that laid out what would become known as the EPR paradox. In this thought experiment, two particles interact in such a way that the wavefunction describing them is entangled. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle. Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise prediction for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity. They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity." From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality. | |
| In 1964, John Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated. This constraint would later be called a Bell inequality. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated. Bell argued that because an explanation of quantum phenomena in terms of hidden variables would require nonlocality, the EPR paradox "is resolved in the way which Einstein would have liked least". | |
| Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated, that paper became among the most influential papers published in *Physical Review*. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory. | |
| ### Unified field theory | |
| Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity. In 1950, he described his unified field theory in a *Scientific American* article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". His attempt to find the most fundamental laws of nature won him praise but not success: a particularly conspicuous blemish of his model was that it did not accommodate the strong and weak nuclear forces, neither of which was well understood until many years after his death. Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a theory of everything is one to which his successors still aspire. | |
| ## In popular culture | |
| Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in 1919. Although most of the public had little understanding of his work, he was widely recognized and admired. In the period before World War II, *The New Yorker* published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". Eventually he came to cope with unwanted enquirers by pretending to be someone else: "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein." | |
| Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. He is a favorite model for depictions of absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. *Time* magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true". His intellectual achievements and originality have made *Einstein* broadly synonymous with *genius*. | |
| ## Awards and honors | |
| Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922. | |
| Einsteinium, a synthetic chemical element, was named in his honor in 1955, a few months after his death. | |
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| This year, our theme is Blind Date. All competitions entries will be shown without their creators' names, so get ready to admire the anonymous! | |
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| [Submitted by lovebyte] | |
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| Nullam faucibus augue sit amet neque faucibus sagittis ac a turpis. Maecenas eget leo sit amet augue pellentesque luctus a eu odio. Fusce fringilla et leo a pulvinar. Maecenas ut nibh elementum, tristique leo ac, imperdiet ipsum. Ut augue diam, dignissim et odio eu, venenatis porta felis. Proin ac arcu nulla. Quisque vulputate mauris id libero euismod luctus. | |
| 0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26;0:1;0,1:4;0,1,4:8;0,1,4,8:13;0,1,4,8,13:19;0,1,4,8,13,19:26; | |
| ## Input file: `playground.py` (4KB, 189 lines) | |
| ```py | |
| # playground.py | |
| # Python 3.12.11 | |
| # | |
| # Imports | |
| # | |
| import os | |
| import sys | |
| import math | |
| import datetime | |
| import numpy as np | |
| from typing import Optional, Iterable | |
| # | |
| # Constants | |
| # | |
| K = 1_000 | |
| M = 1_000_000 | |
| G = 1_000_000_000 | |
| T = 1_000_000_000_000 | |
| P = 1_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| E = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| Z = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| Y = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| R = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| Q = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 | |
| Ki = 1024 | |
| Mi = 1024 ** 2 | |
| Gi = 1024 ** 3 | |
| Ti = 1024 ** 4 | |
| Pi = 1024 ** 5 | |
| Ei = 1024 ** 6 | |
| Zi = 1024 ** 7 | |
| Yi = 1024 ** 8 | |
| Ri = 1024 ** 9 | |
| Qi = 1024 ** 10 | |
| _TOTAL_RAM_BYTES = 134130339840 | |
| assert math.e == np.e | |
| e = math.e | |
| assert math.pi == np.pi | |
| pi = math.pi | |
| NoneType = type(None) | |
| # | |
| # Utils | |
| # | |
| class _ArrayLike(Iterable): | |
| """Anything that can be interpreted as a numpy array""" | |
| class ANSI: | |
| """ANSI codes for terminal emulators""" | |
| BELL = '\a' | |
| CLEAR = '\x1bc\x1b[3J' # technically this is two ANSI codes in one | |
| # Standard colors | |
| FG_BLACK = '\x1b[30m' | |
| BG_BLACK = '\x1b[40m' | |
| FG_RED = '\x1b[31m' | |
| BG_RED = '\x1b[41m' | |
| FG_GREEN = '\x1b[32m' | |
| BG_GREEN = '\x1b[42m' | |
| FG_YELLOW = '\x1b[33m' | |
| BG_YELLOW = '\x1b[43m' | |
| FG_BLUE = '\x1b[34m' | |
| BG_BLUE = '\x1b[44m' | |
| FG_MAGENTA = '\x1b[35m' | |
| BG_MAGENTA = '\x1b[45m' | |
| FG_CYAN = '\x1b[36m' | |
| BG_CYAN = '\x1b[46m' | |
| FG_WHITE = '\x1b[37m' | |
| BG_WHITE = '\x1b[47m' | |
| # Bright colors | |
| FG_BRIGHT_BLACK = '\x1b[90m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_BLACK = '\x1b[100m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_RED = '\x1b[91m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_RED = '\x1b[101m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_GREEN = '\x1b[92m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_GREEN = '\x1b[102m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_YELLOW = '\x1b[93m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_YELLOW = '\x1b[103m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_BLUE = '\x1b[94m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_BLUE = '\x1b[104m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA = '\x1b[95m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA = '\x1b[105m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_CYAN = '\x1b[96m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_CYAN = '\x1b[106m' | |
| FG_BRIGHT_WHITE = '\x1b[97m' | |
| BG_BRIGHT_WHITE = '\x1b[107m' | |
| # Modes | |
| MODE_RESET_ALL = '\x1b[0m' | |
| MODE_BOLD_SET = '\x1b[1m' | |
| MODE_BOLD_RESET = '\x1b[22m' | |
| MODE_DIM_SET = '\x1b[2m' | |
| MODE_DIM_RESET = '\x1b[22m' | |
| MODE_ITALIC_SET = '\x1b[3m' | |
| MODE_ITALIC_RESET = '\x1b[23m' | |
| MODE_UNDERLINE_SET = '\x1b[4m' | |
| MODE_UNDERLINE_RESET = '\x1b[24m' | |
| MODE_BLINKING_SET = '\x1b[5m' | |
| MODE_BLINKING_RESET = '\x1b[25m' | |
| MODE_REVERSE_SET = '\x1b[7m' | |
| MODE_REVERSE_RESET = '\x1b[27m' | |
| MODE_HIDDEN_SET = '\x1b[8m' | |
| MODE_HIDDEN_RESET = '\x1b[28m' | |
| MODE_STRIKETHROUGH_SET = '\x1b[9m' | |
| MODE_STRIKETHROUGH_RESET = '\x1b[29m' | |
| def timestamp(): | |
| return datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %a %H:%M:%S.%f")[:-3] | |
| def log(txt: str, good: Optional[bool] = None): | |
| if good is None: | |
| goodtxt = "" | |
| elif good: | |
| goodtxt = f"{ANSI.FG_BRIGHT_GREEN}GOOD" | |
| else: | |
| goodtxt = f"{ANSI.FG_BRIGHT_RED}BAD" | |
| print( | |
| f"{ANSI.MODE_RESET_ALL}{ANSI.MODE_BOLD_SET}{ANSI.FG_BRIGHT_BLACK}[{timestamp()}]" | |
| f"{ANSI.MODE_RESET_ALL}{ANSI.MODE_BOLD_SET} {goodtxt}{ANSI.MODE_RESET_ALL}" | |
| f"{ANSI.MODE_BOLD_SET}{ANSI.FG_BRIGHT_BLACK}:{ANSI.MODE_RESET_ALL} {txt}", | |
| end='\n', | |
| file=sys.stdout if (good is None) or good else sys.stderr, | |
| flush=True | |
| ) | |
| def exception_to_str(exc: Exception) -> str: | |
| """ExceptionType: Exception message""" | |
| return f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}" | |
| def cls() -> None: | |
| """Clear the terminal""" | |
| print(ANSI.CLEAR, end='', flush=True) | |
| # | |
| # Functions | |
| # | |
| def softmax(z: _ArrayLike, T: float = 1.0, axis: int = -1) -> np.ndarray: | |
| """Numerically stable softmax over a specified axis of an array in float32 precision. | |
| Supports temperature scaling for all real values of `T`.""" | |
| z_arr = np.array(z, dtype=np.float32) | |
| if z_arr.size == 0: | |
| return z_arr | |
| if T == 0.0: | |
| result = np.zeros_like(z_arr) | |
| indices = np.argmax(z_arr, axis=axis) | |
| np.put_along_axis(result, np.expand_dims(indices, axis), 1.0, axis=axis) | |
| return result | |
| if T < 0: | |
| z_arr = -z_arr | |
| T = -T | |
| max_val = np.max(z_arr, axis=axis, keepdims=True) | |
| scaled = (z_arr - max_val) / T | |
| exp_vals = np.exp(scaled) | |
| return exp_vals / np.sum(exp_vals, axis=axis, keepdims=True) | |
| def geomean(arr: np.ndarray): | |
| """Calculates the geometric mean of an array in float32.""" | |
| if not isinstance(arr, np.ndarray): | |
| arr = np.array(arr, dtype=np.float32) | |
| else: | |
| arr = arr.astype(np.float32) | |
| if arr.size == 0: | |
| raise ValueError('array size is 0') | |
| if np.any(arr < 0): | |
| return np.nan | |
| if np.any(arr == 0): | |
| return np.float32(0.0) | |
| return np.exp(np.mean(np.log(arr))) | |
| ``` | |
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| "MODALITÀ DI CONSERVAZIONE: Conservare in luogo fresco e asciutto, a temperatura ambiente. Evitare l’esposizione a fonti di calore e a raggi solari. Il termine minimo di conservazione si riferisce al prodotto correttamente conservato in confezione integra. Non disperdere nell’ambiente dopo l’uso." | |
| "La giuria: Interessante aver presentato il lavoro sotto forma di calendario. Le notizie storiche sugli usi e modi di cucinare le pietanze sono chiari e di facile comprensione. Naturalmente le ricette si riferiscono a un periodo antico quando necessitavano cibi più calorici, necessari per superare inverni freddi e pesanti lavori nei campi." | |
| "Scopri tutti i prodotti Karcher disponibili su Giordano Jolly, per acquistare le idropulitrici Karcher e tutti i prodotti di sistemi di pulizia e aspirazione di cui hai bisogno all’interno del nostro shop, in cui troverai solo i migliori prodotti a prezzi molto convenienti. Karcher è un brand famosissimo per la produzione di prodotti per la pulizia professionale dei pavimenti, fondata nel 1935 da Alfred Kärcher, inizialmente specializzata nella produzione di articoli da riscaldamento. È infatti a partire dal 1950 che quest’azienda ha iniziato a realizzare i prodotti che l’hanno resa famosa." | |
| "La Fininvest ha espresso “soddisfazione” per la sentenza, e in una nota sottolinea che “la Corte d’Appello di Roma ha respinto in particolare la tesi difensiva di Grillo, che invocava la finalità satirica dell’articolo: non di satira si trattava, hanno stabilito i giudici, bensì di vera e propria diffamazione”." | |
| "Non finisce qui, secondo alcuni giornalisti, la camera al college di Carly dava proprio sulla finestra della camera di William, e l’ex era solita salutarlo da dietro i vetri, anche in presenza di Kate." | |
| "Note: Le foto sono in parte mie e sono state scattate in occasione della visita guidata che si è svolta il 14 maggio 2022 condotti da Laura Benzoni, storica dell’arte e guida turistica professionista." | |
| "La migliore acclimatazione dei pesci resta sempre quella goccia a goccia che consiste nel lasciar cadere lentamente, attraverso un tubicino sottile come quello utilizzato per l’aeratore, l’acqua dell’acquario nella busta dei pesci meglio se questi ultimi sono trasferiti in un contenitore più grande (un piccolo secchio o una vaschetta a loro dedicata) non a caso questa operazione, più lunga ma accurata, viene spesso utilizzata per i pesci e gli invertebrati del marino o per le specie più delicate nel dolce." | |
| Questa non è una sauna come le altre | |
| "In base ai fruitori che pensate di avere – realisticamente – , muovetevi di conseguenza, online e offline. Già, perché l’offline non è sorpassato, ma va a braccetto con la comunicazione online." | |
| Capacità - 2t/h | |
| "Secondo Tamer Osman, “il problema più grande sta nel destino di centinaia di migliaia di civili siriani che vivono a Idlib (150.000 abitanti prima della guerra, ndr), che stavolta non riusciranno a trovare un altro rifugio, visto che la città e i suoi sobborghi già ora sono oggetto di raid aerei siriani”." | |
| notizie live su poker @giochionline | |
| "Dopo la meritata giornata di riposo, la carovana della Dakar è tornata in azione per la seconda parte della maratona sudamericana, con la sesta tappa disputatasi da Arequipa a San Juan de Marcona. Sebastien Loeb ha confermato il proprio momento di grazia, conquistando il secondo successo consecutivo e portandosi a 37' in classifica dal leader Nasser Al-Attiyah, abile a gestire la situazione sfruttando anche la giornata difficile di Stephane Peterhansel. Tra le moto, Pablo Quintanilla si aggiudica vittoria di tappa e testa dell'assoluta scavalcando Ricky Brabec, mentre tra i camion fa discutere la squalifica del russo Karginov, reo nella quinta tappa di aver investito uno spettatore (posizionato all'esterno delle aree assegnate) ed aver proseguito senza fermarsi a prestare soccorso." | |
| "Presenti: per la Germania la Villeroy & Boch, per la Svezia Leung Company, per la Cina Guangbiao, per Hong Kong Father maker Mitch Altman e per l’Italia, su invito delle autorità Cinesi, Alfonso Vitiello napoletano Doc, titolare e CEO della storica D’ELIA 1790 company group, azienda manifatturiera di Torre del Greco operante nel settore dei gioielli e della lavorazione dei coralli e dei cammei, oggi alla quinta generazione." | |
| "Gli occhiali di lusso? Quelli unici, naturali, fatti a mano e personalizzati. L’incontro è con il creatore e designer del brand di eyewear ARIAS." | |
| "Al gruppo vincitore sarà assegnato un premio di 6.000€ (patrocinato da De’Longhi Kenwood), 3.000€ (da Romagna Terra del Buon Vivere e Joule) al secondo e 2.000€ (da o2e) al terzo." | |
| "Il tour, che ha già visto come protagoniste Palermo, Napoli, Firenze e Trani, si concluderà poi a Roma." | |
| "In questo suo primo periodo creativo, Conte dà alla luce i primi due episodi della famigerata saga dedicata all'""Uomo del Mocambo"", storia del proprietario di un mitico bar-scenario di situazioni decadenti, di curatori fallimentari (aiutato, in questo, da un forbito spirito autobiografico), di incomunicabilità tra conviventi, di tinelli ""maròn"", di facciate architettoniche (insegne, luci, etc.) assurte a simbolo di un umore generazionale, di caffè sorseggiati, quasi terapeutici nel loro scopo di estraniazione dal contesto di vita quotidiana. ""Sono qui con te sempre più solo"", ""La ricostruzione del Mocambo"", e, più avanti, ""Gli impermeabili"" e ""La nostalgia del Mocambo"" costituiscono una tetralogia di canzoni che per più di un motivo può essere assunta a metafora dell'opera di Conte, oltre che episodio altamente significativo della canzone italiana in senso lato." | |
| Debutto ad Empoli. Alle 20.45 si inizia a fare sul serio. | |
| Se hai bisogno di altre notizie: | |
| Anno del rinnovo: 2007. | |
| Python 3.12.11 (main, Jun 3 2025, 15:41:47) [Clang 17.0.0 (clang-1700.0.13.3)] on darwin | |
| Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. | |
| >>> from playground import * | |
| >>> 1092 / 3 | |
| 364.0 | |
| >>> 0.029834721237421036 * 100.0 | |
| 2.9834721237421036 | |
| >>> 0.031025748699903488 * 61.23 | |
| 1.8997065928950905 | |
| >>> 0.181362 * 20 | |
| 3.62724 | |
| >>> 3.0625 | |
| 3.0625 | |
| >>> (3.0625+3.0625+3.3125) | |
| 9.4375 | |
| >>> (3.0625+3.0625+3.3125)/3 | |
| 3.1458333333333335 | |
| >>> (3.0625+3.0625+4.25)/3 | |
| 3.4583333333333335 | |
| >>> (2.5625+2.5625+3.3125)/3 | |
| 2.8125 | |
| >>> (3.0625+3.0625+3.3125)/3 | |
| 3.1458333333333335 | |
| >>> 938 * Mi | |
| 983564288 | |
| >>> 938 * Mi/8 | |
| 122945536.0 | |
| >>> 938/8 | |
| 117.25 | |
| >>> 938 * Mi/8/M | |
| 122.945536 | |
| >>> 32768 + 4096 | |
| 36864 | |
| >>> 32768 + 8192 | |
| 40960 | |
| >>> 2**64 | |
| 18446744073709551616 | |
| >>> 32768+4096+2048 | |
| 38912 | |
| >>> 36864/2 | |
| 18432.0 | |
| >>> import sys | |
| >>> sys.float_info | |
| sys.float_info | |
| >>> sys.float_info. | |
| sys.float_info.count( sys.float_info.max_10_exp sys.float_info.n_sequence_fields | |
| sys.float_info.dig sys.float_info.max_exp sys.float_info.n_unnamed_fields | |
| sys.float_info.epsilon sys.float_info.min sys.float_info.radix | |
| sys.float_info.index( sys.float_info.min_10_exp sys.float_info.rounds | |
| sys.float_info.mant_dig sys.float_info.min_exp | |
| sys.float_info.max sys.float_info.n_fields | |
| >>> sys.float_info.max | |
| 1.7976931348623157e+308 | |
| >>> import math | |
| >>> math.sqrt(sys.float_info.max) | |
| 1.3407807929942596e+154 | |
| >>> 85.63*Gi/G | |
| 91.94451238911999 | |
| >>> Mi | |
| 1048576 | |
| >>> Ki | |
| 1024 | |
| >>> Ki*Ki | |
| 1048576 | |
| >>> Mi/4 | |
| 262144.0 | |
| >>> Ki*12 | |
| 12288 | |
| >>> Ki*13 | |
| 13312 | |
| >>> Ki*18 | |
| 18432 | |
| >>> Ki*18*2 | |
| 36864 | |
| >>> Ki*40 | |
| 40960 | |
| キャプテンスタッグのアウトドア椅子は絞り型の折り畳み椅子で、軽量性や携帯性にも優れた椅子です。背もたれや肘かけも付いているのでリラックスでき、カップホルダーも付属しているので飲み物を楽しみながらアウトドアを堪能できます。 | |
| ताजमहल और ज्ञानव्यापी पर जो फैसले आये है हिन्दू उन्हें स्वीकार कर ले और ताजमहल को लेकर जो फटकार पड़ी है उसे सकारात्मक ले। गलती हमारी ही है जो बिना ठोस सबूत के पीआईएल लगाई। लेकिन ज्ञानव्यापी पर जो सफलता मिली है उसे जरूर एन्जॉय कीजिये और एक सबक ले लीजिए आपके गांव और शहरों के प्रसिद्ध मंदिरों के पास कोई दरगाह विकसित मत होने दीजिए? वरना एक ज्ञानव्यापी केस आपके अपने स्थान पर होगा। | |
| Es ist nun an der Zeit sich mit den Fragen der Rangigkeit zu befassen. | |
| Você percebeu algum aumento de mulheres no esporte? | |
| "O trecho do evangelho de João que temos hoje é a continuação do encontro com Nicodemos, onde Jesus tinha dito a esse notável juiz que, para entrar no Reino dos céus, seria preciso renascer de novo: “Eu garanto a você: se alguém não nasce do alto, não poderá ver o Reino de Deus” (Jo 3,3). E aí Nicodemos não entende o que Cristo lhe diz. O que é renascer? Esse novo nascimento? Ele diz a Jesus; “Como é que um homem pode nascer de novo, se já é velho? Poderá entrar outra vez no ventre de sua mãe e nascer?” (Jo 3,4). Jesus salienta: “Ninguém pode entrar no Reino de Deus, se não nasce da água e do Espírito” (Jo 3,5). E ele acrescenta: “Quem nasce da carne é carne, quem nasce do Espírito é espírito” (Jo 3,6)." | |
| "Votes: 212,136 | Gross: $36.39M" | |
| "A Dell acredita que as vendas do trimestre atual ficarão acima das expectativas do mercado, apoiadas pela demanda por dispositivos utilizados no trabalho remoto que ajudaram a companhia ter aumento surpreendente na receita no terceiro trimestre." | |
| "Di seguito ti presentiamo le migliori app per telecamere compatibili con Android e iOS confrontandole sulla base del produttore dell’impianto: app Dahua, app Tiandy e app Hyundai." | |
| "No feriado desta quinta-feira (3), a música de trabalho do CD ‘A Tua Glória faz’ estreou com exclusividade na programação da Rádio 93 FM, durante o programa Caravana do Louvor, apresentado pelo locutor Cid Gonçalves. Fernanda Brum entrou no ar ao vivo para lançar a música e comentou sobre o disco. Emerson Pinheiro também deu um ‘alô’ para os ouvintes da emissora." | |
| Novidades | |
| "Minzen sind mehrjährig. Zum Winter hin werden die Triebe braun. Wenn es kein Problem darstellt, dass die Pflanzen auswildern, müssen sie gar nicht zurückgeschnitten werden. Um den Wuchs zu begrenzen, sollten die Minze am besten im Frühjahr auf ungefähr 3 cm zurück geschnitten werden. Erntezeitpunkt für Minze ist Juli- August ernten." | |
| Bei 1000 Abonnenten verschenke ich The Lore of Running von Timothy Noakes: | |
| "बहरहाल, कहने को तो उक्त जातिवादी दलों की नींव अपने समाज का उद्धार करने के नाम पर रखी जाती है,लेकिन इसके पीछे का मकसद समाज से अधिक अपना भला करना होता है. इसी लिए अनुप्रिय पटेल अपने और पति के लिए मंत्री पद मांगती हैं. संजय निषाद अपने को डिप्टी सीएम बनाए जाने की मांग करते हैं. ओम प्रकाश राजभर जो पहले भाजपा के साथ हुआ करते थे और योगी मंत्रिमंडल में शामिल थे, वह भी इस चक्कर में हैं कि कैसे उनकी सियासी महत्वाकांक्षा परवान चढ़ सकें." | |
| Conoceremos hoy qué es una casa ecológica repasando sus características. | |
| هل تتذكر أن أوكامبو قد إتهم البشير بالسطو على 9 مليارات دولار مودعة في بنوك أوروبا وكيف تم تحويل مبلغ 300 مليون دولار لحساب إبن إبراهيم أحمد عمر في إحدى الدول الأوربية فلما مات فجأة سطت زوجته بنت وزير الطاقة الأسبق الدكتور الخليفة بحجة أنها ورثة كما لا يفوتنا أن نتذكر القبض على إبن عوض الجاز في مطار دبى وفى حوزته 10 ملايين دولار في حقائب في طريقه لأمريكا،، يا خى خليها على الله دة عملية نهب منظم لم يحدث في تاريخ السودان منذ عهد بعانخى وتهراقا. | |
| 尊宝娱乐 | |
| "Now comes a new dilemma. There is a new app from Hipstamatic that is much more of a social platform instead of just a camera app. It is called Oggl. The app is more like other camera apps and does not have the Hipster feel, but there are some interesting things - the main one being that all of the film, flash and lenses purchased for the Hipstamatic are free to add to your oggl app. Then, in the oggl app (and this may be the part that is purportedly alienating he hipsters) you can take a straight image and apply the lenses and films like you are adding preset in Lightroom - mix and match and switch after the fact. I can certainly see the appeal of having options, being able to edit after the fact - but to be honest, after using the Hipstamatic app for almost two weeks now I think I prefer it - shoot and be done, and what comes out of the camera is hat you get. Maybe that come from my newspaper days where I did not ever edit the images for creative effect after pushing the button. Maybe it is because having all the filters and choices after the fact is just too much to choose from. Or maybe I am just not creative enough to visualize how I can change the image to look better, and it is best to have the app dot it for me." | |
| "Oh crap. Tony had thought he’d been subtler than that, but apparently there was nothing subtle about spending every morning with your crush while he was making breakfast." | |
| وركزت “ولاية سيناء” عملياتها في سيناء، التي تستهدف أساسًا إسرائيل، ومع ذلك، بعد الانقلاب، وسعت نطاق عملياتها إلى الأراضي المصرية، حيث استهدفت مسؤولي والنظام وقوات الأمن، واستنزفت هجماتهم موارد إدارة السيسي، والإضرار بصورتها العامة، كنظام قوي ومستقر. | |
| Octobre 2007 | |
| 出水 | |
| "Claudio Passiu, vero nome di Masua, è un artista della provincia di Milano." | |
| "De wondere gebeurtenissen, voornamelijk visioenen, verschijningen en levitatie kwamen vooral voor bij kloosterzusters van wie de strenge naleving van de regel, de zelfkastijding en verstervingen, evenals de uiterst grote godsvrucht, nederigheid, naastenliefde, enz., werden geprezen. Een niet onbelangrijk aantal onder hen was abdis en werd derhalve verondersteld een voorbeeld te zijn voor de medezusters[2]." | |
| "De formule voor berekening is; WACC = (E / V) x R e + (D / V) x R d x (1 - T c). Hier, E is de marktwaarde van het eigen vermogen en D is de marktwaarde van de schuld en V is het totaal van E en D. R e is de totale kosten van het eigen vermogen en R d is de kostprijs van de schuld. T c is het belastingtarief dat op het bedrijf wordt toegepast." | |
| "Em menos de duas décadas, a Kodak passou de vendas de quase 16 mil milhões de dólares em 1996 para a falência em 2012, resultando no despedimento de 150 mil funcionários. Olho para este falhanço e vejo semelhanças com o que está atualmente a acontecer nos EUA." | |
| मृतक सागर राणा के पिता अशोक ने आरोपियों को कड़ी सजा दिलाने की मांग की। उन्होंने कहा कि हमारे पास सुशील के खिलाफ मजबूत सबूत हैं। उसे सख्त सजा दी जानी चाहिए। मुझे और मेरे परिवार को कानून पर पूरा भरोसा है। | |
| "Na legislatura que se encerra, 28 dos 55 vereadores foram alvos de processos movidos pelo Ministério Público Eleitoral por terem recebido doações durante a campanha de 2008 consideradas acima do limite legal, mas mantiveram-se nos cargos aguardando a decisão final dos processos." | |
| زوجة: | |
| "उच्च नोट्स ध्वनि कुरकुरा, मध्य स्वर ध्वनि प्राकृतिक और गहरे शक्तिशाली बास न्यूनतम विरूपण के साथ कम नोट्स वितरित करते हैं।" | |
| "La squadra di Fabula incassa applausi, anche perché ha trasformato una città in una grande famiglia. Se ne accorgono gli ospiti, conquistati dall’aria di festa. Chiara Francini, per essere qui, ha rinunciato ad una presentazione in Calabria del suo ultimo libro e al red carpet della Mostra del Cinema di Venezia. Parlando del suo “Un anno felice” edito da Rizzoli, l’attrice e scrittrice fiorentina spiega perché ha scelto Fabula." | |
| Ecco come comilare il progetto dalla pagina facebook dedicata: https://www.facebook.com/coseladestracoselasinistra/?fref=ts | |
| Причинение государству имущественного ущерба в размере 61 981 850 руб. 42 коп. органы следствия расценили как наступление тяжких последствий. | |
| LE CSF EN CHIFFRES | |
| "नई दिल्लीः आम आदमी पार्टी (आप) से विधायक अलका लांबा के कांग्रेस में जाने की चर्चाएं फिर तेज हो गई हैं। सूत्रों के अनुसार, कांग्रेस से उनकी बातचीत लगभग अंतिम चरण में है। इस पर अलका लांबा का कहना है कि फिलहाल उनके पास कांग्रेस से कोई प्रस्ताव नहीं है। मगर प्रस्ताव आता है तो वह मना नहीं करेंगी।" | |
| इसके बाद डिलीवरी बॉय यह चेक करेगा कि आपके द्वारा ऑर्डर की गई वस्तु को किसी तरह का नुकसान नहीं पहुँचा है। अगर आपके द्वारा ऑर्डर की गई वस्तु सही सलामत हो तब आप उस पैकेज को रिसीव कर सकते हैं। | |
| "a jednym ze sposobów świętowania jest organizowanie festynów, gdzie odbywają się kiermasze tradycyjnych kulinariów, ozdób świątecznych i śpiewanie pieśni bożonarodzeniowych." | |
| Archivio: salute | |
| "Salmon is perfect for pescetarians and its meaty texture will appeal to the more carnivorous, too." | |
| Vlt = mwcw(T2 – T1) + m1cc(T2 – T1) | |
| """Nie możesz wystawić oferty bez powiązanego produktu, ponieważ masz za mało ofert powiązanych z produktem w tej kategorii. Wybierz lub utwórz nowy produkt i powiąż go ze swoją ofertą""." | |
| Op het diepste niveau zijn we met elkaar verbonden. In wezen zijn we één. | |
| "При тщательном заболевании у каждого 3-го человека часто сорока лет обнаруживается остеопороз болезнь. И первое, что речь помочь – это ЛФК вот остеопорозе." | |
| Le salaire d'un juriste droit des sociétés comparé à la fonction juridique et fiscal | |
| Es rica en calcio y favorece por tanto la salud de los huesos. | |
| "Sim, envelhecer é aprimorar o desejo de que a vida imite a arte e, como num filme da Lars Von Trier, um planeta se choque com a Terra, depois de se acordar duma noite daquelas. No segundo Retorno de Saturno, quando a vítima completa 56 anos, só se toma um porre se está em dia com o plano de saúde e próximo a hospitais conveniados." | |
| "wymiary każdego z kubków: średnica - 8cm, wysokość - 6cm, pojemność - ok. 150ml." | |
| De leukste interieur winkels van Utrecht | |
| "Les travaux étaient à peine achevés en 1809 que, ruiné par de trop grandes spéculations agricoles, Jean-Baptiste de Gorguette d'Argœuves fut contraint de céder son domaine à son cousin Adrien Cornet d'Hunval, auquel on doit attribuer l'adjonction des deux pavillons qui encadrent la façade d'arrivée du château." | |
| Simulador de lançamento de facas para iPhone. | |
| La Hongrie face à l’assainissement des eaux | |
| Currently I will have to wait awhile to know about my host family and where I'm going but I'm very happy that everything is falling into place :) | |
| 在红色的沙发上，果然坐着一个女人，也果然不是上官无双，而是杨雨荷！ | |
| original | |
| "Довольно занятную копию легендарного американского купе ""Мустанг"" сделали механики из гаражного автосервиса в Одессе. Заметки об этом облетели не только российские новостные сайты, но множество крупных зарубежных порталов. Правда, последние почему-то спутали ""Москвич"" с ""Ладой""." | |
| "प्रशांत किशोर ने कहा कि अगर मोदी जी को लगता है कि बिहार पिछड़ा है, तो आप मुझे बताइए कि गुजरात में इन्वेस्टमेंट समिट के तहत लाखों-करोड़ों रुपए का इन्वेस्टमेंट होता है। दस वर्षों से मोदी जी प्रधानमंत्री हैं, एक दिन बिहार भी आ जाते। लाख, करोड़ का नहीं एक, दो-चार हजार करोड़ की फैक्ट्री बिहार में भी लगवा देते। लोग कहते हैं कि मोदी जी 16 घंटे काम करते हैं, तो एक दिन में 16 घंटे बिहार के लोगों के लिए भी निकाल लेते और बिहार की चीनी मील को चालू करवा देते। अगर, मोदी जी किसी उद्योगपति को कह दें कि बिहार में चीनी मील को चालू कर दो, तो किस उद्योगपति की हिम्मत है कि बिहार में चीनी मील चालू नहीं करेगा।" | |
| Опционы стратегии. Торговля опционами QUIK. Как правильно? | |
| كتاب رياض الصالحين من كلام الحبيب محمد عليه الصلاة والسلام مؤلفه الإمام يحيى بن شرف النووي الدمشقي.الكتاب عبارة عن مجموعة الأحاديث الصحيحة المروية على لسان سيدنا محمد عليه الصلاة والسلام في جميع شؤون العقيدة والحياة، وتتناول موضوعات مختلفة مثل العبادات، والمعاملات، والعادات، ويعرضها مرتبة في أبواب وفصول، لتكون موضوعات يسهل على القارئ العودة إليها والاستفادة منها. | |
| Arquitetura | |
| Courriel : [email protected] | |
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| O que você vê acima é a mensagem que aparece no acesso aos serviços que vão ser cancelados na sexta-feira 13. Eles sentem muito a interrupção do serviço e agradecem a todas as visitas no site. | |
| husband of Maria n.. Emery acd the uncrown | |
| Badebetrieb und Pool | |
| in gegenwarth von : en présence de | |
| "Dowiedz się, gracze powinni zadzwonić na około cztery na pięć rąk. Graj w darmowe maszyny hazardowe kasynowe po rozpoczęciu gry na prawdziwe pieniądze online slots, takie jak Shark." | |
| "Copyright © 2013, 2017 Education World" | |
| नोबल पुरस्कार जीतने वाले एक वैज्ञानिक ने महिलाओं को लेकर की गई टिप्पणी के लिए माफ़ी माँगी है पर साथ में कहा है कि वे ईमानदारी से अपनी बात रख रहे थे. | |
| "La plupart des gens ont tendance à penser qu’une photographie ne dure que l’espace d’un clic. En réalité un photographe accompli va penser la photo. Il va tout mettre en oeuvre pour que lors du déclenchement, l’image obtenu ressemble le plus possible à celle imaginée. Cela peut durer des jours voir des semaines, pour Steve Winter cela a duré 14 mois." | |
| "В последнее время, случаи наведения порчи заметно увеличились." | |
| Bis zu 3 Gratis-Geschenke zu jeder Bestellung bei Büroshop24. | |
| Rubén Sosa quebró un empate en la entrada número 12 y los Toros del Este vencieron 2-1 a los Gigantes del Cibao en un encuentro que inició a las siete de la noche en el Estadio Francisco Micheli de La Romana debido a las lluvias. | |
| ما هي الاستراتيجية طويلة المدى؟ | |
| "Elke collectie is gemaakt vanuit een passie voor materialen, details en kwaliteit." | |
| Talentos del mago pve fire: http://talent.mmo-champion.com/?mag...000&version=9551 | |
| "O resultado positivo quantitativo é dado através de titulações que significam diluições (1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 etc)." | |
| 彼が忙しいのだと言えば、あたしは、そうなのかと納得するしかないのが現状だ。 | |
| 时间:2020-07-13 08:48:26编辑：刘涛涛 新闻 | |
| "Convém salientar que, devido ao acordo entre Brasil e EUA, é preciso registrar essa retenção na Declaração de Imposto de Renda Pessoa Física (DIRPF)." | |
| "W najbliższym roku sprawy uczuciowe będą się znajdować na szczycie listy priorytetów. Zdarzyć się może wszystko – i to, czego pragniesz, i to, czego nie oczekujesz. Dzięki korzystnym wpływom Jowisza będziesz mieć powody do zadowolenia. Może zmienisz mieszkanie na większe, wyjedziesz gdzieś, wygrasz proces. Staraj się tylko na bieżąco reagować na ewentualne problemy, bo w życiu niektórych Baranów wystąpić mogą różne zawirowania. Jeżeli nie podejmiesz wysiłku, by je rozwiązać, może dojść do narastania trudności." | |
| "O ragazzo paghi la persona di un sondaggio ma soffia il matrimonio, devi solo al colore: parole, assicurati che tutti. I siti di uscire, sono sistemati nelle prime date alle informazioni sulle montagne russe o di volere una rischiosa avventura, mi. Ha permesso solo dopo la tua anima gemella ripetono il pacchetto pulito tu è un luogo, . Questi truffatori più sexy a cercare in primo appuntamento nel tempo se rischio di questa tendenza." | |
| "行情天天都有~就市场能量而言顿时万道金光爆闪而出?伊瓜因：尤文经受住了考验，胜利能说明一切恢阑夭燃鞠呶也/这些资金的流入第三次会2016北京GDP增6.7% 常住人口增速回落0.8个百分点,张文博,正准备细问图表就画出一浪低一浪~" | |
| 图片反映了哪一先进技术的运用？ | |
| "Aseguró que ""la narcopolítica ha sentado sus laureles"" en el gobierno mientras que la oposición recibe prebendas del Ejecutivo." | |
| Информационный портал Петрозаводской и Карельской епархии | |
| 冷水机厂家的现实强度金属的表面强度和现实强度之间的这种迥异与晶体布局的完备性相关。金属的强度、弹性模量等力学机能均随原子之间的连结能而转变。弹性模量大抵即是（d2U/dD2）D。势能谷越深，原子感化能曲线在D。处的曲率就越大，弹性模量也就越大。 | |
| Kan. 959 | |
| "Пардoн, на не быть спoсoбнoй в этoм вoзрасте зарабoтать себе на булку хлеба — себе oднoй, а не семерым пo лавкам — этo даже не пoзoр, этo ад и треш." | |
| "وكتب باتشان في صفحته: ""أخبار أخبار أخبار، أنا سأصبح جداً .. إيشواريا حامل .. أنا سعيد ومبتهج جداً""." | |
| और यह आपको बताएंगे कि क्या यह आपके लिए है या यदि साइट सभी के लिए अच्छी तरह से डाउन है। | |
| 新しい記事を書く事で広告が消せます。 | |
| История | |
| "जलाल आबाद की तक़रीबन आबादी पख़तूनों पर मुशतमिल है, एक अंदाज़े के मुताबिक %90 आबादी पख्तून है। इन के अलावा पाशी जो कि पख्तून ही तसव्वुर किए जाते हैं कि आबादी %7 है। बक़ीया %3 आबादी ताजकों, गुजरों पर मुशतमिल है। पश्तो यहां की अज़ीम तरीन ज़बान है और यही पूरे सूबा ननिग्रहअर में राइज है। फ़ारसी और उर्दू यहां की दूसरी ज़बानें हैं जो कि नज़दीकी शहरों के असरात ज़ाहिर करती हैं।" | |
| "जनसत्ता के संपादक ओम थानवी ने बीबीसी से ख़ास बातचीत में कहा कि उनके लेखों का पाठक बेसब्री से इंतज़ार करते थे. वो सिनेमा, कला जगत के अलावा राजनैतिक विषयों पर भी स्तंभ लिखा करते थे." | |
| "Ban dijo que ""felicita a las partes y al pueblo de Colombia cuya determinación para alcanzar la paz ha sido una fuente de inspiración en todo el mundo""." | |
| 昨日，都市情感剧《我的前半生》已在东方卫视、北京卫视正式与观众见面。该剧改编自香港女作家亦舒同名小说，由新丽电视文化投资有限公司出品，讲述了全职太太罗子君遭遇婚变后，在闺蜜唐晶和其男友贺涵的帮助下重启人生的故事。在开播首日，《我的前半生》就取得了实时收视破1的收视好成绩。随着靳东、马伊琍、袁泉、雷佳音、吴越、陈道明等人的依次登场，剧中角色在情感和职场中的各式矛盾也隐隐浮现，罗子君陈俊生夫妻间藏在婚姻生活下的隐情，贺涵唐晶职场并肩作战却免不了的误会，都引发了观众对女人搞不懂男人的心的话题讨论，对这部生动展现现实的剧集纷纷给出好评。 | |
| "Trading in Germany continues to gain momentum. The group is now starting to make good progress within the aerospace sector with a number of key contract wins, however developing a presence in the Automotive sector has been slower." | |
| Mais informação: CM Bragança | |
| "Zum Thema Kümmel: Ich persönlich bin kein großer Freund davon, weshalb ich diesen als „optional“ aufgenommen habe. Wer will, der kann ihn entweder zum Schluss in die Käsemasse einrühren oder sie ohne belassen und den Kümmel, für alle, die ihn mögen, extra dazu servieren. Und wie beim Rezept für den Handkäse gilt auch hier: wer keinen hessischen Handkäse bekommt, kann alternativ Mainzer Handkäs‘ oder Harzer Käse nehmen." | |
| FASE B | |
| "लॉकडाउन के समय असली हीरो वो लोग हैं, जो जान हथेली पर लेकर घर से बाहर निकल रहे हैं और हमारे लिए काम कर रहे हैं. इसमें फार्मासिस्ट से लेकर, सब्ज़ीवाला और आपका दूध वाला भी शामिल हैं. चलिए हम इन्हें हीरो न भी मानें, लेकिन कम से कम इनके हक का पैसा तो दे ही सकते हैं." | |
| "وعن النهائي الذي سيعيد نفسه مع أتلتيكو مدريد قال: ""نحن في النهائي مرة أخرى، اليوم أظهرنا أننا قادرين على الفوز بالنهائي، سوف نحاول الفوز مرة أخرى""." | |
| "مصنع كسارة الفحم في مصر. مصنعي مصنع تجفيف الفحم في الصين مصنعي آلات الرخام في الصين مصنع المعادن كسارة في الهند آلات chrusher, صناعة الات, في, كسارة الحجر المورد المعدات آلة في الصين, مصنعي الآلات مصنع كسارة متنقلةمصنعي قطع" | |
| 本日の工程終了・・・・。 | |
| Realizacja: | |
| "Tu dziennikarze ""Time"" się mocno mylą. Daliśmy się wkręcić w spiskowe teorie, bo każdy mógł mieć powód. Po prostu. Przez 5 tygodni toczyła się gra o to, kto miał najmocniejszy powód. To były psychologiczne przepychanki na najwyższym poziomie." | |
| "Spiele online ohne anmeldung kostenlos - Casino istSeit dem Jahr bieten wir dir auch ca. Harvest war gestern, heute werden Onlinespiele gezockt. Dabei musst du nicht nur gut kombinieren können und vorausschauend arbeiten, auch auf Schnelligkeit kommt es in Gold Strike an. Der Clou an der Sache: Der Spieler in Mahjongg muss nun Spielsteine mit gleichen Symbolen erkennen und zusammenlegen. Durch die Nutzung der Webseite stimmen Sie der Verwendung von Cookies zu. Die Redaktion hat für Sie mehr als kostenlose Spiele ohne Anmeldung zusammengestellt. Melde dich unbedingt an, um diese Funktion verwenden zu können. Bei unseren Denkspielen ist strategisches Geschick ebenso gefragt wie die richtige Taktik. Für alle Rätselfreunde und Knobel-Fans ist unser Angebot an Denkspielen das reinste Paradies. Dann kannst Du ganz einfach über den folgenden Link kostenlos Dein persönliches Profil anlegen: Kombiniere funkelnde Juwelen, aktiviere Power-Ups und sammle Punkte!" | |
| Эйлин пожала плечами: | |
| "оставались только двое нас, и мы почти обанкротились." | |
| "En tanto, el presidente de la Comisión Temporal del Voto de los Mexicanos Residentes en el Extranjero, Enrique Andrade, informó que ya fueron enviados los 181 mil 256 Paquetes Electorales Postales, y que se está a unos días de acumular el doble de los recibidos en el año 2012." | |
| Zaczął się sezon na cichego zabójcę - czad. Policja ostrzega przez tym śmiercionośnym gazem. Warto zadbać o bezpieczeństwo swoje i najbliższych. | |
| 有关农村支教的电影 | |
| "L’enseignement de programmes estivaux dans un club constitue la première étape naturelle pour plusieurs pagayeurs. Partager les premières connaissances du sport, en enseignant à de nouveaux venus, peut être une façon gratifiante d’aider les autres à apprécier le pagayage. Après vous être impliqué, en aidant à temps partiel ou en tant que bénévoles, ce peut être aussi un excellent moyen de recevoir un chèque de paye régulier tout en ayant du plaisir à y participer." | |
| XLC Gepäckträger jetzt bei bikester.at | |
| "DC posiada dwa spotkania z rzędu z Aquamanem i Shazamem! Również ma ocenę pozytywną na oba filmy, kiedy także łatwą wartość w kwotach kin. Kolejnym filmem, który trafi do kin, będzie Joker. Alternatywne przystąpienie do poważnego złoczyńcy, który stanowi doskonale oddzielony od DCEU. Nazywa to, że film, w jakim gra Joaquin Phoenix, nie będzie korzystał nic zgodnego z Jokerem wykorzystywanym przez Jareda Leto. Przyszłość Jokera Leto jest dzisiaj w powietrzu, a jeżeli chodzi o aktora, jest on klaunem za każdym razem." | |
| Aproveite para ler também: | |
| "Gdy po długim dniu w pracy potrzebujemy relaksu, odprężenia i troski o siebie, to doskonałym wyborem będzie kąpiel aromaterapeutyczna. W tym celu potrzebna nam domowa wanna wypełniona gorącą wodą i kilka kropli ulubionego olejku. Warto jednak zwrócić uwagę, aby wybierać te o działaniu pielęgnacyjnym, które nie prowadzą do pojawiania się podrażnień na skórze. W kąpieli spędzamy od 20 do 30 minut. Po tym czasie wyjdziemy zrelaksowani i odprężeni. Dodatkowym plusem jej fakt, że nasza skóra będzie idealnie wypielęgnowana. W związku z tym nie musimy już nakładać żadnych dodatkowych kosmetyków." | |
| "José María, no reconoció a ninguno de los dos guardias que le daban el alto, eran dos jóvenes que habían sido destinados esa semana a la comandancia de la zona y por lo que pudo ver, hacían su labor con un celo excepcional." | |
| Art. 1-REQUISITI CANDIDATI | |
| 隣のきれいなおねえさんは、アダルト女優……。 | |
| Comment choisir une bonne imprimante multifonction ? | |
| "Soy mujer de Estado de México, busco hombre para soltera. Red social de cristianos gratis en México. Busco amigos cristianos de verdad este y ya que sea Dios el que decida que. Solteras Cristianas es una burgundy social para solteros y solteras de la fe. Cristiana, soltera sincera y este buscando un ñaño para. Solteros y solteras que buscan pareja cristiana desean encontrar a. Escribe Tu Propio Blog:" | |
| "After no show in 2011, the" | |
| "Czytnik linii papilarnych został przeniesiony pod aparat, co znacznie poprawiło ergonomię. Sam skaner mógłby jednak działać szybciej. Niestety odstaje on od rozwiązań stosowanych np. w nowych Huaweiach, gdzie skanery reagują dosłownie na muśnięcie palca. Czytnikowi Samsunga zdarza się zastanawiać za długo." | |
| gedaan in 2006 via een aangenomen motie van Koen Baart (PvdA) en Joris | |
| Psicoenergetica: un viaggio oltre i confini della mente | |
| 蹴られることでドリブルは止めない。 | |
| "Hier will man nicht die Verkehrssituation für die Bürger vor Ort verbessern, sondern primär eine neue Straße für den Fernverkehr bauen. Und die wird dann zur Bundesstraße. Klar, denn per Definition dienen Bundesstraßen dem überregionalen Fernverkehr - und genau darum geht es hier! Fakt ist aber, das mehr Straßen zwangsläufig wiederum noch mehr Verkehr anziehen. Der Schwerlastverkehr wird diese neue mautfreie Strecke bestimmt begeistert annehmen." | |
| <!DOCTYPE html> | |
| <html lang="en"> | |
| <head> | |
| <meta charset="UTF-8"> | |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> | |
| <title>File to Text Converter</title> | |
| <style> | |
| body { | |
| font-family: Arial, sans-serif; | |
| max-width: 800px; | |
| margin: 0 auto; | |
| padding: 20px; | |
| background-color: #121212; | |
| color: #e0e0e0; | |
| } | |
| .drop-zone { | |
| border: 2px dashed #444; | |
| border-radius: 5px; | |
| padding: 40px; | |
| text-align: center; | |
| margin: 20px 0; | |
| cursor: pointer; | |
| background-color: #1e1e1e; | |
| } | |
| .drop-zone.dragover { | |
| background-color: #2a2a2a; | |
| border-color: #666; | |
| } | |
| #result { | |
| margin-top: 20px; | |
| padding: 15px; | |
| background-color: #1e1e1e; | |
| border-radius: 5px; | |
| white-space: pre-wrap; | |
| } | |
| button { | |
| padding: 10px 20px; | |
| background-color: #4CAF50; | |
| color: white; | |
| border: none; | |
| border-radius: 4px; | |
| cursor: pointer; | |
| width: 100%; | |
| margin-bottom: 20px; | |
| } | |
| button:hover { | |
| background-color: #45a049; | |
| } | |
| h1, p { | |
| color: #e0e0e0; | |
| } | |
| code { | |
| background-color: #2a2a2a; | |
| padding: 2px 4px; | |
| border-radius: 3px; | |
| } | |
| .file-item { | |
| margin-bottom: 15px; | |
| } | |
| </style> | |
| </head> | |
| <body> | |
| <h1>File to Text Converter</h1> | |
| <p>Drag and drop files or folders (max 1MiB each) below to convert them to plaintext/markdown</p> | |
| <div id="drop-zone" class="drop-zone"> | |
| <p>Drag and drop files or folders here or click to select</p> | |
| <input type="file" id="file-input" multiple webkitdirectory style="display: none;"> | |
| </div> | |
| <button id="copy-btn" style="display: none;">Copy to Clipboard</button> | |
| <div id="result"></div> | |
| <script> | |
| const dropZone = document.getElementById('drop-zone'); | |
| const fileInput = document.getElementById('file-input'); | |
| const result = document.getElementById('result'); | |
| const copyBtn = document.getElementById('copy-btn'); | |
| dropZone.addEventListener('click', () => fileInput.click()); | |
| dropZone.addEventListener('dragover', (e) => { | |
| e.preventDefault(); | |
| dropZone.classList.add('dragover'); | |
| }); | |
| dropZone.addEventListener('dragleave', () => { | |
| dropZone.classList.remove('dragover'); | |
| }); | |
| dropZone.addEventListener('drop', (e) => { | |
| e.preventDefault(); | |
| dropZone.classList.remove('dragover'); | |
| // check if items are files or folders | |
| const items = Array.from(e.dataTransfer.items); | |
| const files = Array.from(e.dataTransfer.files); | |
| if (items.length > 0 && items[0].webkitGetAsEntry) { | |
| // handle files and directories | |
| handleFileSystemEntries(items); | |
| } else { | |
| // handle files only | |
| if (files.length > 0) { | |
| handleFiles(files); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| }); | |
| fileInput.addEventListener('change', (e) => { | |
| const files = Array.from(e.target.files); | |
| if (files.length > 0) { | |
| handleFiles(files); | |
| } | |
| }); | |
| function formatFileSize(bytes) { | |
| if (bytes < 1024) { | |
| return `${bytes} bytes`; | |
| } | |
| return `${Math.floor(bytes / 1024)}KB`; | |
| } | |
| function handleFiles(files) { | |
| let totalSize = 0; | |
| let oversizedFiles = []; | |
| // check total size first | |
| for (const file of files) { | |
| totalSize += file.size; | |
| if (file.size > 1 * 1024 * 1024) { // 1MiB limit | |
| oversizedFiles.push(file.name); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| if (oversizedFiles.length > 0) { | |
| result.textContent = `The following files exceed 1MiB limit: ${oversizedFiles.join(', ')}`; | |
| copyBtn.style.display = 'none'; | |
| return; | |
| } | |
| // process each file | |
| let processedCount = 0; | |
| const outputs = []; | |
| function processNextFile() { | |
| if (processedCount >= files.length) { | |
| // all files processed | |
| result.textContent = outputs.join('\n\n'); | |
| copyBtn.style.display = 'block'; | |
| return; | |
| } | |
| const file = files[processedCount]; | |
| const reader = new FileReader(); | |
| reader.onload = (e) => { | |
| const content = e.target.result; | |
| const lineCount = content.split('\n').length; | |
| // get file extension | |
| const fileExtension = file.name.split('.').pop() || 'txt'; | |
| const formattedOutput = `## Input file: \`${file.name}\` (${formatFileSize(file.size)}, ${lineCount} lines) | |
| \`\`\`${fileExtension} | |
| ${content.replace(/\`\`\`/g, '\\`\\`\\`')} | |
| \`\`\``; | |
| outputs.push(formattedOutput); | |
| processedCount++; | |
| processNextFile(); | |
| }; | |
| reader.onerror = () => { | |
| outputs.push(`## Error reading file: ${file.name}`); | |
| processedCount++; | |
| processNextFile(); | |
| }; | |
| reader.readAsText(file); | |
| } | |
| processNextFile(); | |
| } | |
| async function handleFileSystemEntries(items) { | |
| const entries = []; | |
| let oversizedFiles = []; | |
| let totalSize = 0; | |
| // collect all entries and check sizes | |
| for (const item of items) { | |
| const entry = item.webkitGetAsEntry(); | |
| if (entry) { | |
| await processEntry(entry, '', entries); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| // check for oversized files | |
| for (const entry of entries) { | |
| if (entry.type === 'file' && entry.size > 1 * 1024 * 1024) { // 1MiB limit | |
| oversizedFiles.push(entry.path); | |
| } | |
| if (entry.type === 'file') { | |
| totalSize += entry.size; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| if (oversizedFiles.length > 0) { | |
| result.textContent = `The following files exceed 1MiB limit: ${oversizedFiles.join(', ')}`; | |
| copyBtn.style.display = 'none'; | |
| return; | |
| } | |
| // process all entries | |
| let processedCount = 0; | |
| const outputs = []; | |
| // add tree view first | |
| const tree = generateTreeView(entries); | |
| outputs.push(tree); | |
| function processNextEntry() { | |
| if (processedCount >= entries.length) { | |
| // all entries processed | |
| result.textContent = outputs.join('\n\n'); | |
| copyBtn.style.display = 'block'; | |
| return; | |
| } | |
| const entry = entries[processedCount]; | |
| if (entry.type === 'file') { | |
| const reader = new FileReader(); | |
| reader.onload = (e) => { | |
| const content = e.target.result; | |
| const lineCount = content.split('\n').length; | |
| // get file extension | |
| const fileExtension = entry.path.split('.').pop() || 'txt'; | |
| const formattedOutput = `## Input file: \`${entry.path}\` (${formatFileSize(entry.size)}, ${lineCount} lines) | |
| \`\`\`${fileExtension} | |
| ${content.replace(/\`\`\`/g, '\\`\\`\\`')} | |
| \`\`\``; | |
| outputs.push(formattedOutput); | |
| processedCount++; | |
| processNextEntry(); | |
| }; | |
| reader.onerror = () => { | |
| outputs.push(`## Error reading file: ${entry.path}`); | |
| processedCount++; | |
| processNextEntry(); | |
| }; | |
| reader.readAsText(entry.file); | |
| } else { | |
| // skip directories, they're already represented in the tree | |
| processedCount++; | |
| processNextEntry(); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| processNextEntry(); | |
| } | |
| async function processEntry(entry, path, entries) { | |
| const currentPath = path + entry.name; | |
| if (entry.isFile) { | |
| const file = await new Promise((resolve) => { | |
| entry.file(resolve); | |
| }); | |
| entries.push({ | |
| name: entry.name, | |
| path: currentPath, | |
| type: 'file', | |
| size: file.size, | |
| file: file | |
| }); | |
| } else if (entry.isDirectory) { | |
| entries.push({ | |
| name: entry.name, | |
| path: currentPath, | |
| type: 'directory' | |
| }); | |
| const dirReader = entry.createReader(); | |
| const readEntries = await new Promise((resolve) => { | |
| dirReader.readEntries(resolve); | |
| }); | |
| for (const readEntry of readEntries) { | |
| await processEntry(readEntry, currentPath + '/', entries); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| function generateTreeView(entries) { | |
| // create a tree structure from entries | |
| const tree = {}; | |
| for (const entry of entries) { | |
| const parts = entry.path.split('/'); | |
| let current = tree; | |
| for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { | |
| const part = parts[i]; | |
| if (!current[part]) { | |
| current[part] = { | |
| name: part, | |
| type: i === parts.length - 1 ? entry.type : 'directory', | |
| children: {} | |
| }; | |
| } | |
| current = current[part].children; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| // convert tree to ascii representation | |
| let treeOutput = '```\n'; | |
| treeOutput += generateTreeLines(tree, ''); | |
| treeOutput += '\n```'; | |
| return `# Directory Tree\n${treeOutput}`; | |
| } | |
| function generateTreeLines(node, prefix) { | |
| let lines = ''; | |
| const keys = Object.keys(node); | |
| for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) { | |
| const key = keys[i]; | |
| const item = node[key]; | |
| const isLast = i === keys.length - 1; | |
| lines += `${prefix}${isLast ? '└── ' : '├── '}${key}\n`; | |
| if (item.children && Object.keys(item.children).length > 0) { | |
| lines += generateTreeLines(item.children, prefix + (isLast ? ' ' : '│ ')); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| return lines; | |
| } | |
| copyBtn.addEventListener('click', () => { | |
| navigator.clipboard.writeText(result.textContent).then(() => { | |
| copyBtn.textContent = 'Copied!'; | |
| setTimeout(() => { | |
| copyBtn.textContent = 'Copy to Clipboard'; | |
| }, 2000); | |
| }); | |
| }); | |
| </script> | |
| </body> | |
| </html> | |
| It is amazing how quickly technology changes our lives and how fast we find ourselves dependent upon that technology. | |
| A friend of mine has provided a case in point since a bolt of lightning blew out her computer a few weeks ago. To get it repaired, she has to take it back to the store where it was purchased, but of course they could not fix it there. They had to ship it off to the manufacturer. | |
| The computer store apparently gets deliveries of repaired computers (or at least of her brand of computer) of Tuesdays and Thursdays only. So on Tuesday and Thursday since it became reasonable for her computer to be returned, she has experienced the ups and downs of hope (that the store will call to say it is ready for pickup) and disappointment (when the call does not come). | |
| My friend is quite the Internet communicator, and now she has been cut off — cold turkey. The resulting stress is easy to see. | |
| She is part of a mail-group comprised of many people who share a particular interest in the entertainment field. Basically, this group is a fan club but thanks to the Internet they have become so much more than that to each other. | |
| Like any other large group they have a varied level of interest. Some just drop in occasionally while some are deeply involved. My friend fits into the latter category. | |
| The people in this group keep email flying across the country and even over-seas. | |
| They communicate about events and get-togethers. A few of them get together about every weekend and, several times a year, the larger events pull together all of them who can possibly get away. | |
| The Internet has brough together this large and varied group of people who otherwise might have sat in the same music hall for a concert or two, but probably have just gone their own way after the shows without exchanging a word. | |
| Thanks to the Internet, they've become like a huge family. | |
| They are old, they are young. Some are single, some are married. Some are professional types, some are blue-collar workers and some make a living in the arts. They send a receive their emails from homes and offices, some from tropical beaches and some from the cabins of their boats while they sail while they sail through foreign seas. | |
| They chat constantly. They send each other jokes and recipes. They make plans together, discuss everything from world events to group members' love lives, and the often look to each other for advice on anything from making major purchases to legal situations. | |
| My friend is used to coming home from work and finding 25 to 50 emails from members of the group waiting for her perusal. She sends recipes, some just one-to-one and others sent (via the miracle of email) to all members of the group at the same time. | |
| If she wakes during the wee hours of the night she can check her email and invariably find that some member of the group is up and communicating. | |
| To communicate at an equivalent level using a telephone would take hours of time and lots of dollars. | |
| It is like a lifeline into a bigger, more interesting world and now she is dependent on the occasional use of other people's computers to check in. | |
| Loss of that easy computer communication has left a big hole in her days, and she is definitely feeling it. She gets home from work and, our of habit, walks to the computer desk to check her email, only to realize that she cannot. She gets up during the night or in the mornings, stumbles to the desk to check her email and puts her fingers where the keyboard should be before she wakes up enough to remember that it is not there. | |
| She is not cut off from the group. Many of them have her telephone number and haven't forgotten how to use it. The continue to check in that way. But it just isn't the same. | |
| Hopefully, her computer will be repaired soon, and she can get back in the groove. | |
| I haven't yet gotten to that level of computer communication. I am making advances. | |
| Right now I have a few friends that I keep in contact with via email. I send my columns to The Baytown Sun that way and the paper is going to start printing my email address so readers can commmunicate with me that way if they would like to do so. I am afraid it will bring me more complaints and criticism than anything else, but we'll see how it goes. | |