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0.492936670780... | 9801 | of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from "Federalist 39", describes the change this way: In May 1786, Charles ... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.5362082719802... | 9802 | a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts. Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.5957045... | 9803 | institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines. Rakove (1988) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from s... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.7769432067... | 9804 | a war-weary populace." The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.494540333747... | 9805 | off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government. Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.66246461868286... | 9806 | its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges." According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously: [T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetua... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.6880701780... | 9807 | would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity: The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, an... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.348288327455... | 9808 | and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did ... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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... | 9809 | the Articles' unanimous consent rule". In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be vie... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.6629313826560... | 9810 | Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution". By the end of July 178... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.3023495376110077... | 9811 | that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederat... | "Articles of Confederation" |
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0.5291900038... | 9812 | Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World". The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin ext... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.43955180048... | 9813 | and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N. Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition, the German ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.2888351678... | 9814 | around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): "Atlantis thalassa" (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: 'Sea of Atlantis' or 'the Atlantis sea') where the name refers to "the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. Thus, on one hand, the name refers to Atlas, the Titan in Greek myt... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.42674213... | 9815 | this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as Oceanus, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the S... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.3767336... | 9816 | as the mid-19th century. During the Age of Discovery, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the Great Western Ocean. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953, but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not used by ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.32901710... | 9817 | Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea–one of its marginal seas–and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Oce... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.211300... | 9818 | numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies. Including these marginal seas the coa... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.135687783360... | 9819 | has a volume of . The North Atlantic covers (11.5%) and the South Atlantic (11.1%). The average depth is and the maximum depth, the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench, is . The bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). It runs from 87°N or south of ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.049622815102... | 9820 | is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the Romanche Trench near the Equator and the Gibbs Fracture Zone at 53°N. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other. The MAR rises above the surrounding ocean floor and its rif... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.01077108178287744... | 9821 | The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault, the boundary between the Nubian and Eurasian plates, intersects the MAR at the Azores Triple Junction, ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.061726257205... | 9822 | parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or: Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a World Heritage Site for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Valu... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.218246698379... | 9823 | South America, and north-eastern Europe. In the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas, for example the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise. The Atlantic is surrounded by passive margins except at a few locations where active margins form deep trenches: the Puerto Rico Trench ( maximum depth) in the weste... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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-0.054450139... | 9824 | oceanography occurred. The USS Stewart used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straight forward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. The deep ocean ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.14739306271076... | 9825 | mean depth between 60°N and 60°S is , or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between . In the South Atlantic the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise form barriers to ocean currents. The Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada. Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.12224180996417... | 9826 | variations, values may vary by . From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.235185816884... | 9827 | parts per thousand (3.3 – 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the hig... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.242564857... | 9828 | Leakage/Rings, which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic, and the "Atmospheric Bridge", which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific. The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper water masses with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Wate... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.006565553601... | 9829 | subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean Water. North Atlantic Central Water flows into South Atlantic Central Water at 15°N. There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporat... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.19... | 9830 | number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water. The North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean — Classical and Upper Labrador Sea Water — and two... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.3674291074275970... | 9831 | a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since man-made substances were introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced through... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
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0.2056625336408... | 9832 | by three inter-connected currents: the Gulf Stream which flows north-east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras; the North Atlantic Current, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks; and the Subpolar Front, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.04833758622407913,
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0.24939420819282532,
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0.042843807488679886,
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0.018564069643616676,
-0.025673... | 9833 | variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation. Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Curr... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.11369822919368744,
0.090937934... | 9834 | Sea. A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The NADW, in its turn, feed the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century sc... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.0364995114505291,
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0.071011982858181,
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0.08969872444868... | 9835 | of the circumpolar region, near the Drake Passage and Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast the small cyclonic Angola Gyre lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced Ekman layer.... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
0.1408335119485855,
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0.40529143810272217... | 9836 | encircled by the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, and North Equatorial Current. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former Tethys Ocean and has, if so, maintained itself by vegetative growth, floating in the ocean for millions of years. Other species en... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.23186944425106049,
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0.26934978365898... | 9837 | possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the Carpathians in the mid-20th century, often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.08871491253... | 9838 | it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the European and American eel and that the former migrate more than and the latter . Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and Northern Africa. Recent ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.22268784046... | 9839 | to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures. The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through eva... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.0965045839548111,
0.09588281065... | 9840 | cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas. The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.39356499910354614,
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0.10857918858528137,
0.0994004011... | 9841 | not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Icebergs are common from earl... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.05287845805287361,
0.42692771553... | 9842 | autumn. Due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone, they are practically unknown in the South Atlantic. The break-up of Pangaea began in the Central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This per... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.05656164512038231,
0.4352285563945... | 9843 | Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth's history associated with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, one of Earth's major extinction events. Theoliitic dikes, sills, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.162531986832... | 9844 | isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the Great American Interchange, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the ist... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.36358600854... | 9845 | Iapetus Ocean, and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages: Iberia–Newfoundland, Porcupine–North America, Eurasia–Greenland, Eurasia–North America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot. West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the E... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.1576119... | 9846 | introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates. Geologically the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments: Equatorial segment, fro... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.2279226630926... | 9847 | Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of . It covered an area of in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and in Africa. Dyke swarms in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore b... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.21553263068199158,
0.29034477472305... | 9848 | began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge–Rio Grande Rise. In the central ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.28106421232223... | 9849 | this segment. The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of sea-floor spreading in this segment to the period 120–96 Ma. This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or result... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.22534111142158508,
0.21958614... | 9850 | Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an Eocene–Oligocene climatic deterioration and the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet. An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the Central Atlantic where it joins the co... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
0.13179944455623627,
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0.2217997461557... | 9851 | the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic Wilson cycle. Humans evolved in Africa; first by diverging from other apes around 7 Ma; then developing stone tools around 2.6 Ma; to finally evolve as modern humans around 100 kya. The earliest evidences for the complex behavior associated with this behavioral mod... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.38491091132164,
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0.3826099038124084... | 9852 | of modern humans — probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals — survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the Cape Fold Belt and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of whi... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.20726032555103302,
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0.410885155200958... | 9853 | African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from Blombos Cave, South Africa. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies indicate that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral comple... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.08044444769620895,
0.1602813750... | 9854 | had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by Magdalenian culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the Laacher See... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
0.035403188318014145,
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0.11352936178445816,
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0.19262531399726868,
0.52397453784... | 9855 | in Ysterfontein on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12–11 ka-old Late Stone Age (LSA) middens fou... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.19803756475448608,
0.414340734481... | 9856 | were deposited over 10 ka. In contrast, 8–7 ka-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The Ertebølle middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in th... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.342308104... | 9857 | exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland. During the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.380838006734848... | 9858 | southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey." Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the Bering Land Bridge. These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the settlement of the Americas, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discov... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.205609902739... | 9859 | "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. A proposed route across the Pacific to South America could explain early South American fi... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.39696359634... | 9860 | and Iceland began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on Greenland was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early Little Ice Age. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, wh... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.3519891798496... | 9861 | settled 865–930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of . The "Landnámabók" ("Book of Settlement") records disastrous famines d... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.5505074262... | 9862 | Vasco da Gama reached India under Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the Cape of Good Hope, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the South Atlantic Gyre. Following t... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.4506745934... | 9863 | nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Po... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
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0.28226438164711,
-0.2365642786026001,
-0.3330143988132477,
0.7874799370765686,
... | 9864 | Americas to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them — a trade that became norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when Brazil became the last part of the Americas to end slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.08079839497804642,
-0.3245764672756195,
0.4985246956348419,
0.12509028613567352,
0.43849977850914,
0.06021495163440704,
-0.2006421834230423,
0.7125943899154663,
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0.27406081557273865,
-0.23181281983852386,
-0.022655274718999863,
0.565429210662841... | 9865 | Civil War. From Columbus to the Industrial Revolution Trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with a direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500–1800 was a period of sustained growth durin... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.15871335566043854,
-0.1914278119802475,
0.6770308017730713,
-0.06903283298015594,
0.26567327976226807,
0.08129595220088959,
-0.1835084706544876,
0.3924313187599182,
-0.6089617013931274,
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0.29973921179771423,
-0.15362465381622314,
0.0954848974943161,
0.30622047185897... | 9866 | as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies. Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in an increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% i... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
0.2009664922952652,
0.30201590061187744,
0.2734503448009491,
-0.04580410197377205,
0.704224705696106,
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0.3208061456680298,
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0.08976380527019501,
0.1560521423816681,
-0.046868946403265,
0.20842158794403076,
... | 9867 | development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gra... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.08377476036548615,
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0.7827678918838501,
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0.05959620326757431,
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0.01896656... | 9868 | reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea. The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest fishing resources. The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.18520812690258026,
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0.3027377128601074,
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0.15689370036125183,
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-0.08859939128160477,
0.48411756753... | 9869 | observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the Eastern Central and South-West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. In t... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.35407504439353943,
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0.28152400255203247,
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0.00919347908347845,
0.108505301... | 9870 | cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s–1980s but is now recovered. Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vu... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.29381296038627625,
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0.40210312604904175,
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0.25583875179... | 9871 | century some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including Greenland halibut, yellowtail flounder, Atlantic halibut, haddock, spiny dogfish, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod, witch flounder, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stock... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.3296317756175995,
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0.5717734694480896,
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0.2081107199192047,
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0.192417263984... | 9872 | centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock, mackerel, and lobster. From the 1950s to the 1970s the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and number of exploited species. It also expanded the expl... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.39460912346839905,
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0.178920418... | 9873 | any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including American plaice, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier. In the Eastern ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.3624227046966553,
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0.3458940684795... | 9874 | fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in 2010. In the Western Central Atlantic catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area, Gulf menhaden, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s b... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.32642102241516113,
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0.2410234957933426,
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0.30523800849... | 9875 | 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels. In the South-East Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013. Horse mackerel and hake are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia deep-wat... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.20324349403381348,
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0.214840948581... | 9876 | 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the Argentine shortfin squid, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfishe... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.06972308456897736,
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0.432429343461... | 9877 | lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean S... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.3174659013748169,
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0.14531370997428894,
0.18408356606... | 9878 | Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) or to anthropogenic climate change. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. F... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.2927330732345581,
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0.11494530737400055,
0.06436372548341751,
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0.209973990917... | 9879 | and has a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise. 21st century global warming will probably result in an equilibrium sea-level rise five times greater than t... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
0.3338586390018463,
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0.11221012473106384,
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0.321654856... | 9880 | off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature. Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer ... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.1165817528963089,
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0.38507759571075... | 9881 | coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the... | "Atlantic Ocean" |
[
-0.751753032207489,
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0.12094621360... | 9882 | Abugida An abugida (from Ge'ez: አቡጊዳ "’abugida"), or alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit: each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, an... | Abugida |
[
-0.4543817639350891,
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0.004220156464725733,
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0.07322410494089127,
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0.33478987... | 9883 | extensive Brahmic family of scripts of South and Southeast Asia, Semitic Ethiopic scripts, and Canadian Aboriginal syllabics (which are themselves based in part on Brahmic scripts). As is the case for syllabaries, the units of the writing system may consist of the representations both of syllables and of consonants. Fo... | Abugida |
[
-0.6097097396850586,
0.24604696035385132,
0.06367864459753036,
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0.11578837037... | 9884 | gi da", in much the same way that "abecedary" is derived from Latin "a be ce de", "abjad" is derived from the Arabic "a b j d", and "alphabet" is derived from the names of the two first letters in the Greek alphabet, "alpha" and "beta". As Daniels used the word, an abugida is in contrast with a syllabary, where letters... | Abugida |
[
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0.1139860600233078,
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-0.0259178970... | 9885 | 1997 by William Bright, following South Asian linguistic usage, to convey the idea that "they share features of both alphabet and syllabary." Abugidas were long considered to be syllabaries, or intermediate between syllabaries and alphabets, and the term "syllabics" is retained in the name of Canadian Aboriginal Syllab... | Abugida |
[
-0.6336885094642639,
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0.2762076258659363,
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0.007878730073571205,
-0.4933776259422302,
-0.057249505... | 9886 | abugidas but not alphasyllabaries, and some are alphasyllabaries but not abugidas. An abugida is defined as "a type of writing system whose basic characters denotes consonants followed by a particular vowel, and in which diacritics denote other vowels". (This 'particular vowel' is referred to as the "inherent" or "impl... | Abugida |
[
-0.6556793451309204,
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0.337802916765213,
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-0.319322019815444... | 9887 | order in speech". Bright did not require that an alphabet explicitly represent all vowels. Phagspa is an example of an abugida that is not an alphasyllabary, and modern Lao is an example of an alphasyllabary that is not an abugida, for its vowels are always explicit. This description is expressed in terms of an abugida... | Abugida |
[
-0.2969977557659149,
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0.10262256860733032,
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0.716046929359436,
0.018040556460618973,
0.00550191244110... | 9888 | but in 'practice' this is not a problem, for then the interpretation with the never used inherent vowel sound will always be a wrong interpretation. Note that the actual pronunciation may be complicated by interactions between the sounds apparently written just as the sounds of the letters in the English words "wan, ge... | Abugida |
[
-0.6101679801940918,
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0.5005750060081482,
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0.02679347... | 9889 | a consonant and the inherent vowel, or a letter with a modification to indicate the vowel, either by means of diacritics, or by changes in the form of the letter itself. If all modifications are by diacritics and all diacritics follow the direction of the writing of the letters, then the abugida is not an alphasyllabar... | Abugida |
[
-0.4655989110469818,
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-0.029692674055695534,
0.12932083010673523,
-0.4524390995502472,
0.0572099983... | 9890 | a consonant. This is common in Semitic languages and in languages of mainland SE Asia, and for such languages this issue need not arise. For some languages, a zero consonant letter is used as though every syllable began with a consonant. For other languages, each vowel has a separate letter that is used for each syllab... | Abugida |
[
-0.42401111125946045,
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0.3035942614078522,
-0.33313682675361633,
0.1726165860... | 9891 | writing systems, independent vowels may be used to represent syllables beginning with a glottal stop, even for non-initial syllables. The next two complications are sequences of consonants before a vowel (CCV) and syllables ending in a consonant (CVC). The simplest solution, which is not always available, is to break w... | Abugida |
[
-0.521859884262085,
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0.060552410781383514,
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0.237194806... | 9892 | Hindi. When not handled by decomposition into C + CV, CCV syllables are handled by combining the two consonants. In the Indic scripts, the earliest method was simply to arrange them vertically, but the two consonants may merge as a conjunct consonant letters, where two or more letters are graphically joined in a ligatu... | Abugida |
[
-0.3946441113948822,
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0.405913770198822,
-0.1624523550271988,
0.4932502508... | 9893 | two consonants side by side. In the latter case, the fact of combination may be indicated by a diacritic on one of the consonants or a change in the form of one of the consonants, e.g. the half forms of Devanagari. Generally, the reading order is top to bottom or the general reading order of the script, but sometimes t... | Abugida |
[
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-0.0966523289680481,
0.0921211913228035,
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0.1665255129... | 9894 | However, sometimes phonetic CVC syllables are handled as single units, and the final consonant may be represented: More complicated unit structures (e.g. CC or CCVC) are handled by combining the various techniques above. There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modify... | Abugida |
[
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-0.09644008427858353,
-0.2515275776386261,
0.2210234254... | 9895 | (although replaced by Perso-Arabic in Urdu, Kashmiri and some other languages of Pakistan and India), mainland Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia), and Indonesian archipelago (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, etc.). The primary division is into North Indic scripts used in Northern India, Nepal, Tibet a... | Abugida |
[
-0.4034917950630188,
-0.00348370848223567,
-0.10372325032949448,
-0.2519341707229614,
-0.21464553475379944,
0.5131818652153015,
0.04978180304169655,
0.12600305676460266,
0.06037834659218788,
-0.141515851020813,
-0.1902281790971756,
0.18476112186908722,
-0.42061856389045715,
0.3569728434085... | 9896 | Indic scripts do not. Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs (diacritics) around the consonants, often including a sign that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel. If a consonant has no vowel sign, this indicates a default vowel. Vowel diacritics may appear above, below, to the left, to the righ... | Abugida |
[
-0.7619611620903015,
-0.4460070729255676,
0.027678532525897026,
-0.07827021181583405,
-0.1316135823726654,
0.2904706597328186,
-0.07436567544937134,
0.07376963645219803,
0.1360761672258377,
-0.07686895877122879,
-0.05113980919122696,
-0.12185090035200119,
-0.2697370946407318,
0.54475593566... | 9897 | becomes a final closing consonant at the end of a word, in this case "k". The inherent vowel may be changed by adding vowel mark (diacritics), producing syllables such as कि "ki," कु "ku," के "ke," को "ko." In many of the Brahmic scripts, a syllable beginning with a cluster is treated as a single character for purposes... | Abugida |
[
-0.583924412727356,
-0.06808128952980042,
0.2615063488483429,
-0.3448673486709595,
-0.38524162769317627,
0.4146016538143158,
-0.035671863704919815,
-0.20432057976722717,
-0.04377857595682144,
0.08031918853521347,
-0.16042688488960266,
-0.027849609032273293,
-0.3026949167251587,
0.331547826... | 9898 | the consonant cluster , not before the . A more unusual example is seen in the Batak alphabet: Here the syllable "bim" is written "ba-ma-i-(virama)". That is, the vowel diacritic and virama are both written after the consonants for the whole syllable. In many abugidas, there is also a diacritic to suppress the inherent... | Abugida |
[
-0.7769251465797424,
-0.11870002746582031,
0.31424659490585327,
-0.11047470569610596,
-0.1599387228488922,
0.5787160396575928,
-0.10584507882595062,
-0.04448559880256653,
-0.07030955702066422,
-0.029015978798270226,
-0.2203344702720642,
-0.1136380285024643,
-0.3545137941837311,
0.425996690... | 9899 | Sanskrit, a default vowel consonant such as क does not take on a final consonant sound. Instead, it keeps its vowel. For writing two consonants without a vowel in between, instead of using diacritics on the first consonant to remove its vowel, another popular method of special conjunct forms is used in which two or mor... | Abugida |
[
-0.5820491909980774,
0.04112879931926727,
0.23535233736038208,
-0.2778613865375519,
-0.36825066804885864,
0.49977216124534607,
-0.10655933618545532,
0.01971154659986496,
-0.16492608189582825,
-0.15547741949558258,
-0.35280105471611023,
-0.08435573428869247,
-0.38017573952674866,
0.17778180... | 9900 | syllable such as "kal" requires two "aksharas" to write. The Róng script used for the Lepcha language goes further than other Indic abugidas, in that a single "akshara" can represent a closed syllable: Not only the vowel, but any final consonant is indicated by a diacritic. For example, the syllable [sok] would be writ... | Abugida |
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